^ Tc or C Canadian forestry journal Vol. X. Ottawa, C \ v ^ r- \ , J ax u ary . 1 ^ M 1 CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL. Published monthly by the Canadian Forkstry Associatio\, Canadian Building, Ottawa, Canada. Devoted to the cause of forest conservation. Subscription $1 per year. Advertising Rates on Application. CONTENTS: Page. Editorial 1 Mr. Aubrey White, C.M.G i' Modern Maple Grove 3 Commission of Conservation 7 Dominion Forestry Branch 11 With the Forest Engineers Ko Prairie Bluffs la Ottawa River Conservation 14 Tree Seed Notes U CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General. Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden. Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Lacrieh. President, Hon. W. A. Charlton. Vice-President, Wm. Power, M. P. Secretary, Jas. Lawler, Canadian Building, Slater St., Ottawa. Treasurer, Miss M. Robinbon. Directors : William Little, Hiram Robinson Aubrey White, E. Stewart W. B. Snowbalh Thomas Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y- Chown, John Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H- Campbei'., J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E. Fernow, EUwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C Whitman, G. C. Pich6, Alex. MacLaurin: Mgr. 0. E. MathJeu, Bisbop of Regina; A. P. Stevenson, Wm. Pearce, C. E. E Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson Booth, Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve, W. C. J. HaU, J. S. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J. Zaviti, Geo. Chahoon Jr., R. D. Prettie. TetTli.>rial Vice-Presidents : Ontario: — Hon. W. H. Hearst. Quebec: — Hon. Jules Allard. New Brunswick: — Hon. J. H. Flemming. Nova Scotia: — Hon. O. T. Daniels. Manitoba:— Hon. R. P. Roblin Wince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson. S»skatchewan- — His Honor G. W. Brown. Aijerta: — Hon. A. L. Sifton. British Columbia:— Hon. W. R. Rosa. Yukon: — Geo. Black, Commissioner. Mackenzie: — F. D. Wilson. Keewatin: — His Honor D. C. Camaron. Ungawfe: — Hij Grace Mgr. Bruche«i, Archbishop of Montreal. 1 ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING Everytliint: is now in n>atlinp.48 for tlio Annual HusinossMfeting to be held in the Chat«'a»i Lauritr. Otta- wa, on AVcdne.sday, Fchruary 4. b«*- ginninij at 10 a.m. it i.s hoped thrre will be a gootl attendance of our members, as in addition to the re- view of the work of the year, the election of officers, etc., several im- portant matters will be diseussetl for presentation to the Government durinof the coui-se of the day. The Canatlian Lundn-iinen's Association meets on the i)receding day, conclud- ing with a banquet in the evening. THE MAPLE SUGAR INDUSTRY Attention is directed to the article in this issue by Dr. Geo. V\sk, of ^lontreal, who, as the developer of a maple sugar grove on moor. To many a farmer who has a wood lot and taps a few trees that nature has given him. the return is not large for the labor, but the same thing i)revailed in the apple industry, when the farmer attemj)ted to sell a few seed- ling apples from accidental fruit ti-ees al>out the fences and clearings. To-day select orchard lands are j)lanted, ilrainetl, cultivated, and carefully tended, and I am free to say that, considering the initial cost of suitable apple tree land, and the subsequent expense of planting and caring for the orchard, the return is not greater, nor the investment more secure, than would be a nuiple or- chard well located and well admin- istered. Furthermore, much of the land suitable for maple trees is quite unsuitable for fruit trees, and young nuii)le trees are found on every hand i-eady for planting, and recpiire no spraying or cultivating. The neces- sary capital to plant a maple or- chard is far below the amount re- quired to plant a fi'uit orchai-d. If our Government should wisely limit the use of the word 'maple' to absolutely pure nuiple products, it would then be a perfectly safe com- mercial venture to reforest nuiny of the waste areas, and develop those gorgeous maple groves which are at once the glory and salvation of our northern hillsides. Commtssion of Conservation Fifth Amiual Meeting a Notable Event. The fifth annual meeting of the Commis- sion of Conservation of Canada Avas held in the Board Eoom of the new offices of the Commission, Masonic Temple, Ottawa, on Jan. 20 and 21. The Chairman, Hon. Clifford Sifton, who was unavoidably absent last year, occupied the chair, and the proceedings throughout were of the most interesting and important character. The meeting opened with the address of the Chairman, in w-hich he reviewed the work before the Commission. The head- ings of the different paragraphs indicate the wide scope of this important pro- nouncement. These are: Water and Water Powers, Fisheries, Game and Fur Bearing Animals, Oyster Culture, Minerals, Agri- culture, Agricultural Survey, Illustration Farms, Public Health, Town Planning, Forestry, The Trent Watershed Survey, Fire Protection, Investigation of Forest Eesources, Fore.stry on Dominion Timber Berths, Permanency of Forest Service. Address of Hon. Clifford Sifton. .As the address of Hon. Mr. Sifton would in itself fill nearly the whole of this issue of the Journal, it will be possible, on this occasion, to give only a few of his most striking points in regard to forestry. In dealing with the cut-over territory in the Trent watershed of Ontario, he suggested Dominion, provincial or municipal owner- ship of the territory in question, the redrafting of regulations governing the timber limits still active there, and the appointment of a forester to have charge of the region. Fire protection work along the railway lines (under Mr. Clyde Leavitt acting for the Dominion Kailway Commis- sion and in co-operation with the Dominion and provincial forest services), was gone into with great care. The results which had been secured by the co-operative handling of the railway fire protection work had been admirable. In the West practically no criticism could be made in this matter. The eastern provinces were more conservative and comj)letion of the organization was slower. However, as- surances received indicated a much more satisfactory organization in the East in 1914. For the most i)art, the railways had endeavored to comply honestly with the various requirements. In order to com- plete the work of fire protection along railways, further action was necessary respecting lines not under the Railway Commission. These were the Government railways and the provincially chartered railways. New legislation was required regarding provincial railways, and in- creaseil administrative action in regard to 8 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1914 Dominion railway's. The situation along Government railways had shown marked iniproveemnt during the year, but much remained to be done before the system would be as intensive as that now required on lines subject to the Railway Commis- sion. The suggestion had been made to the Minister of Railways and was now under his consideration, that the Govern- ment railways be placed under the regula- tions of the Railway Commission. Forestry on Dominion Timber Berths. In discussing 'Forestry on Dominion Timber Berths,' Mr. Sifton said: 'Duriag the past summer a tention has been given to forest conditions on the public domain in Alberta, >Saskatche\van and Manitoba and the Railway Belt of British Columbia. In this work particular a tention was paid to the matter of fire prevention through brush disposal, and to the question of securing a natural reproduction of the forest through control of the methods of cutting. In addition to certain technical fea- tures, the question of organization is involved, owing to the fact that jurisdicion of the timber lands of the Dominion Government is divided be- tween three separate branches of the Department of the Interior. 'As to the timber berths, responsibility rests upon the Timber and Grazing Branch, which is to a large extent in practice, a fiscal organiza ion, charged with such work as the collection of reve- nue, the prevention of trespass and the admin- istration of grazing leases. 'The question of brush disposal as a fire pre- ventive measure, and of so controlling the methods of cutting as to ensure the ])erpetuation of the forest, are the principal technical features of present-day forestry practice. Provision for these matters is made in the licenses covering all timber berths, but, unfortunately, none of the Iranches of the Departments having to do with Forests have at work a sufficient staff of trained men to enforce these provisions. The Crown Timl er Agents and their office staffs are obviously un- able to devote any personal at ention to these matters in the field. The Inspectors under the Crown Timber Agents are the only men upon whom this work can fall under the present plan of organization. Of these, there are one at New Westminster, one at Kamloops, one at Calgary, si.x at Edmonton, four at Prince .Vlbert, and five at Winnipeg. The time of these men has pre- viously been fully occupied with the duties regu- larly incident to their positions, and it is hope'.ess to expect that anything like adequate results can be accomplished by trying to impose upon these already fully occupied men the responsibility for the enforcement of the technical forestry provi- sions of the licenses. These provisions have not been enforced in the past on the licensed timber berths, nor can they by any possibilitv be enforced without the appointment of skilled of^cers especial- ly charged with this duty. Thus we have the anomalous situation of a lack of technical super- vision of logging operations upon lands con ain- ing the greater quantity of the accessible mer- chantable timber which is now the propertv of the Dominion Government. 'The particular way in which the remedv should be worked out is, of course, strictly a " Depart- mental matter. The main considera'tion is that the results ought to be accomplished in some ■way. 'The above remarks are not intended, and should not be considered, as an unfriendlv criti- cism. The situation simply appears to be that no effective provision for the administration of forestrj' regulations upon the timber berths of the public domain has yet been made. As a result, the protec'ion and perpetuation of the forest upon the best timbered areas, both within and outside the forest reserves and parks, is most seriouslv endangered. 'While this is the case it gives me pleasure to draw attention to the excellent work of the same Department in connection with o'her branches of forestry work, the care of reserves, prevention of fire and the encouragement of tree planting. There seems no reason to doubt that the officers of the Department will make effective use of any powers bestowed upon them. Permanence of Forest Service. 'Following the last annual meeting, representa- tions were made to the Dominion and Provincial Governments favouring the extension of the merit system of appointment in forestry and fire-pro- tection work. 'I regret to say that as yet very little has been done toward carrying out the recommendations made. With regard to this measure it is essential that the Commission should not cease to reiterate its views. Whatever may be said of other branches of the service, it is an unquestionable fact that not even a moderate degree of efficiency and economy can be a'tained in forest service without a permanent and specially trained staff. 'It frequently happens that men appointed in the ordinary political method from business life make very good officers while they have to deal only with collection of revenue and with what has heretofore been considered the usual work of a Crown Timber Officer, but, as fire rangers and supervisors of forestry regulations, such men are, when first appointed, absolutely useless. They will learn if they devote themselves to the work and stay long enough in' one position, but at best such a system is extravagant and inefficient. '.A.t this stage of our work the prime necessity is to get the Governments of the Dominion and the Provinces to place the forestry staffs upon a permanent basis providing for appointment and promotion only for merit and qualification through the Civil Service Commission.' Other Forestry Work. The other items on the program directly referring to forest conservation were as follows: — 'Work of the Committee on Forests,' bv Mr. CIvde Leavitt; 'Forestry Work in the Trent Watershed,' by Dr. B. E. Fernow, and ' Work of the Dominion Forestry Branch,' by Mr. R. H. Campbell. Mr. Leavitt 's paper was a review of the work of the year on the lines of his report for 1912, which was reviewed in the Journal last month, and a report of this will be printed later. Dr. B. E. Fernow, dean of the Faculty of Forestry of Toronto University, in his report on the Trent watershed, showed the serious consequences which have followed the agricultural settlement of a district which, for the most jtart, was essentially non-agricultural in character. The soil having cjuickly become impoverished from cultivation, the people who remained on the poorer lands were existing under undesirable economic conditions. Repeated fires had destroyed a young growth having a potential stumpage value of millions of dollars, besides facilitating erosion and so changing the composition of the forest that its possible futui'e value was greatly decreased. Moreover, the destruction of the forest had had a very detrimental effect on the water supply of the Trent Canal. This was a question of serious import to the Dominion Government, which had already spent something like $10,000,000 on the canal project. The provincial government Comv2is6ion of Conservation. 9 hail also a jj'"'^'''*^ intiMost in the matter, since it still controlled approximately one- thiril of the area in (piestion. The problem of efficient fire protection and of the reforestation of the non-agricultural areas was so imi>ortant as to justify a confer- ence between representatives of tlie two governments, lookinij toward the adoption of a definite co-operative [>lau for its solution. Mr. R. II. Campbell, Dominion Director of Forestry, maile a brief statement cover- ing tlie work of the Dominion Forestry Branch, which will be published later. Among the members of the Canadian Forestry Association who attended the meeting were Senator Edwards, Ottawa; Mr. W. I^. Snowball, Chatham, X. B.; Sir Edmund Osier, Mr. J. F. MacKaj-, Dr. C. C. James ami Mr. G. F. Beer, of Toronto; Hon. J. A. Matheson, Premier of P. E. I.; Dr. C. C. Jones, Chancellor of the Univer- sity of New Brunswick; Dr. Howard Mur- ray, Dalhousie L'niversity, Halifax; Lt.- Col. Jeffrey H. Borland and Dr. Frank D. Adams. Montreal. Recommendatious of Committee on Forests. The recoiniiit^ndations of the Committee on For- ests whii-h were signed by Hon. W. C. Edwards, Chairman, Dr. B. E. Fernow, and yW. W. B. Snowball, were adopted as follows : The Comini tee on Forests finds that, since the last annual meeting, the situation, to which its reioniinendations at that time refirred. has chans- I'd but lit le, and that it run with propriety repeat most of the propositions then formulated, with some additions. 1. The pri)tection from forest fires, in whieh a decided progress has been made, slill requires assiduous effort to make it effective in all direc- tons. ■J. The mailer of fij-eprotection along Govern- ment railways should be further taken up with the Dominion tioverninent, and such railways should be made subject to the fire reuuiations prescribed by the Board of Railway Commissioners for lines subject to its jurisdiction. •t. Representations should be made to the Gov- ernments of Nova .Scotia, New Brunswick, On- tario and .\lberla, urRing that both legislative and administrative provision be made for requiring provincially chartered railways to take ade(|uate steps to safeguard the adjacent country from tires due to railway causes. 4. The ascertainment or inventory of timber supplies has been properly begun in British Col- umbia, in cooperation with the Provincial Forest Branch and with the Forestry Branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and" in Saskatchewan in cooperation with the Dominion Fores'.ry Branch. This work .should be persistently con- tinued. Cooperation of the provincial government of New Brunswick for the same purpose should l)e encouraged, and the governments of Ontario and Quebec invited lo pursue a similar course. 5. The attention of the Dominion and Pro- vincial Governments should be again drawn to the vital necessity of withholding from settlement all lands which canno properly be classed as atri- lultural, and of setting suci\ lands apart for the permanent production of timber supplies. The importance should be especially accentuated of reserving and protecting from tire the vasi areas of young forest growth, in order that they may Antiquated Systems of Boiling Still in use in Backward Sections. 10 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 191 4- reach merchantable size and form a future source of local revenue and industry. 6. The Governments of Ontario and Quebec should be urged to undertake a systematic classifi- cation of land in the Clay Belt in advance of settlement, in order to have settlement properly directed. 7. A strong effort should be made to secure co-operation between the Dominion Government and that of the Province of Ontario, to solve the problem of protection and recuperation of the Trent watershed. 8. The extension of forest reservations in the public lands of the west should be forwarded, as the surveys l)y the Dominion Forestry Branch develop their desirability. 9. The organization of forestry branches should be urged on the two forest provinces. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, which are still with- out such an agency. 10. The Commission reiterates its opinion that in the forest services of the Dominion and Pro- vincial Governments, more than in any other ser- vice, the appointments should be based on capa- bility and experience, such as may be secured by civil service examinalions. 11. Representations should be made to the Dominion Government looking toward the adop- tion of some plan, whereby adequate provision may be made for the enforcement of the techni- cal provisions affectin? lumbering opera. ions on the licensed tim))er berths. 12. The immediate establishment of a game preserve in the southern portion of the Rocky Mountains, in Alberta and British Columbia, ad- jacent to the Glacier National Park of Montana, should be urged upon the Dominion Government and the Government of British Columbia. Im- mediately favorable action upon this recommenda- tion is imperative in the interests of game preser- vation. 13. In the opinion of the Committee, an ex- penditure of $25,000 per annum for the next four years is urgently needed, to furnish the basis for formulating and forwarding a forest policy for the Dominion. 14. In vi&w of the importance for water power development of the forest cover on the upper waters of the Winnipeg River, and especially on the watershed of the Lake of the Woods, steps should be taken to secure a forest reservation on these headwaters, and to segregate as a forest re- serve the area drained by this river. GIVING AWAY NATURAL RESOURCES Nothing eonld more clearly demonstrate the folly of permitting the Government to part with the natural resources of the coun- try than the experience the United States is now passing through. The Government of that country for many years seemed to be mainly engaged in giving the resources away for a mere song to private interests. Every cent 's worth of the natural advant- ages of that territory belonged once to the Government as represented by the peoi^le. Had they been conserved as they shoukl have been, they would have been owned by the Government to-day, and those who wished to exercise their indt;stry in taking the raw products from the earth and finishing them and selling them to their customers would be doing so just as they are to-day — but the Government, instead of particular individu- als, would be receiving the annual value or rental of the resource itself. The revenue from this would be greater than the United States Government ever enjoyed. But be- cause private ownership of a common herit- age has been permitted, the annual value goes to private pockets, and the Government must resort to iniquitous methods, such as imposing income taxes and taxes on the in- dustry of the citizens at large, in order to raise its revenues. Canada still has much of her natural re- sources. She can no longer sin in ignorance, with the United States going through the agonies of a readjustment of economic re- lations right before her very eyes. But in Canada as in other countries each citizen is looking after himself. If you or I can see a chance of grabbing a timber area or an iron or coal area or a waterfall we will un- doubtedly do it if the others will let us. So long as they, the plums, are available, and we have a chance to get them we would be fit for the asylum if we did not take them. Hence, we' cannot object if someone else gets them. There is nothing to be done, consequently, but to fix it that neither we nor anyone else may get them. In the interests of all and as a most important measure for the protection of the present as well as of the future, the sale of the natural resources of whatever nature of the country must stop finally and for ever. — Toronto Saturday Night. VIEWS OF MEMBERS. There has been an unusual amount of correspondence of late and the tenor of it indicates a steady growth in forest conser- vation sentimnet throughout the country. A few extracts are appended. From an Ontario Senator I have read with a great deal of plea- sure of the meeting held in Winnipeg, dur- ing the summer. . . I read about the Mani- toba timber, and I trust that the Association may go on to even greater things in the future. From a Lady Member You may be sure we are interested in the work being done by you and we wish you the best of success in it. From a Montreal Manufacttirer I am pleased to notice the good work your Association is doing. It is certainly a very necessary one in Canada at the present time. From a Winnipegger Enclosed herewith find $1 annual- fee for membership in the C. F. A. You have my warmest sympathy in the work, and I will do what I can to forward this very import- ant development in the wealth of our great heritage. The Dominion Forestry Branch Past, Present and Prospective Developments. Whoii, in 1900, the Honourable Clifford Sifton, then Minister of the Interior, asked for a grant of $15,000 to establish a Forestry Branch, the proposal met with considerable opposition in the House. It was an experiment, the success of which was doubtetl. But from the very start the Branch amply justified its existence, and each succeeding year has seen an amplifi- cation of its activities. In the short period of thirteen years a forest fire pro- tection system has been develojied, which, measured by results, is second to none on the continent; forest surveys have been carried on, which have revealed the previously unknown timber resources of the Canadian West, and have secured the setting aside of thirty-six thousand square miles of Dominion forest reserves; a Tree- planting Division has been built up, which annually distributes more trees for prairie planting than any similar agency in America, and, exclusive of the annual Branch Reports, over forty comprehensive bulletins have been published, containing information on Canada's forest resources and the industries dependant thereon, of acknowledged value to layman, lumber- man and forester alike. The year of 191.3 was marked by the greatest progress in the history of the Forestry Branch, due, in large measure, to the appropriation for forestry purposes being increased to $.541,720, almost double that of 1912. This permitted a large in- crease in the i)ersonnel, which had a sum- mer strength in 1913 of over 400, of whom 27 were technical foresters. It also made possible the carrying out of proposed im- provements, the extension of fire-patrol, and the developments of new phases of forestry work. ' Perhaps the most out- standing feature of the development of Dominion Forestry work recently,' as pointed out by Mr. R. H. Campbell, the Director of Forestry, 'has been the con- solidation of the forest reserve adminis- tration on a well organized basis, and with a fair proportion of scientifically-trained foresters, with the result that it will be increasingly possible to apply good fores- try methods in the handling of the timber and other resources of the reserves. This is a development made possible by the fact that technical training in forestry is now being provided by some of the colleges in Canada, and when this is supplemented by ranger schools, in which the forest rangers lan also be given special instruction, it should not be long before the Dominion Forest Service will be as /well organized an institution as in any other country which has reached the same stage of de- velopment. ' Mr. Finlayson, Chief Fire Inspector, re- fers to this 'distinct improvement in organization and administration' as the chief reason for the remarkably low loss from forest fires on Dominion forest re- serves and fire-districts in 1913. On the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve, which has an area larger than that of all the reserves in Ontario combined, the total value of the nmture timber reported destroyed by fire was only $150. Even in the fire-districts, where the fire-rangers were unaided by lookout-towers, telephone lines, trails, fire-guards and other fire- fighting facilities found on the Reserves, the fire loss was the lowest on record. It is true that rains were frequent, but so were also fires. In one district in the Railway Belt of British Columbia, 110 liros occurred during the three summer mouths, yet owing to the alertness of the patrol, all were extinguished before any damage was done to standing timber. It is probable, when complete records are available, that the area burnt by forest fires, and consisting principally of natural meadows and cut-over land, will not ex- ceed one-fiftieth of one per cent, of the total area of Dominion forest lands under jirotection, a result even better than that attained by the United States Forest Ser- vice, which also had the most successful fire season in its history. In the summer of 191.'5 the Dominion Forestry Branch had eleven survey parties in the field, and over 15,203 s(|uare miles of wooded country were examined, at an average cost of only eighty-nine cents a square mile. The technical foresters in charge of these parties are qualified to report not only on the forest conditions, but also on the geology and character of the soil in the regions examined, and if the latter is clearly unsuited for agricul- ture the area is recommended to be re- served in order that the young trees may be better protected from fire, which, in the last fifty years, has destroyed over half the original stand of timber on the area examined by the Branch. This area comprises about 25% of a belt from 40 to 150 miles wide, stretching from Lake 11 12 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1914- Winnipeg to the British Columbia bound- ary. In the Railway Belt practically all of the Coast District and the Dry Belt has also been examined by Dominion foresters. Approximately three million trees were distributed in 1913 by Dominion Forestry Nursery Station at Indian Head, making a total of twenty-four million trees fur- nished by it to the settlers on the western prairies. The trees chiefly planted are green ash, Manitoba maple, cottonwood, willow and Eussian poplar; and of the conifers, spruce, larch and pine. In 1901 only four acres were devoted to tree- culture at Indian Head. Sixty-seven acres are now required, and there has been such an increase in the demands for trees that a branch nursery was established in 1913 at Saskatoon, which will take a share in the distribution of tree seedlings this coming spring. Smaller nurseries have also been developed on some of the re- serves to provide trees for reforestation. The Spruce Woods nursery now contains over 200,000 seedlings and transplants. Conifers are preferred for planting on reserves, and to secure seed for this pur- pose the rangers, last summer, collected over 100 bushels of cones. But although the development of field forestry has been rapid, other branches of the work have not been neglected. The administrative and office staff at the Braucli headquarters in Ottawa now num- bers forty, of whom eight are technically trained foresters. These latter are en- gaged in administrative work, in the accumulating of statistics concerning the lumber and allied industries, in the draughting of forest maps from field re- ports, and in the preparation and editing of Branch Bulletins, circulars and news- paper articles designed to stimulate public interest in practical forestry. The head office library now contains 1,300 books on Forestry and allied subjects, and in Am- erica is second only to the library of the United States Forest Service. Forty-five periodicals are subscribed for, not includ- ing forestry publications received in ex- change from all over the globe. There are also 5,000 good negatives now on file in the library, which are available to public speakers and journalists for illustration of lectures, or press articles on forestry topics. Statistical information for similar use is also furnished free. Not the least important branch of head-office work is the keeping of a cost record of improve- ment work. This, in the words of Mr. Dwight, who is in charge of the Adminis- tration Office, ' is now a valuable source of information in regard to the expendi- tures of money and rangers' services, and the progress of the actual work on the various projects under construction.' This is sound business tactics, w^hich many disparagers of forestry practice would do well to emulate. The scientific side of forestry is also being developed at the Forest Products Laboratories recently established by the Forestry Branch at McGill University. Mr. A. G. Mclntyre, the Superintendent, has already found emjjloyment for two as- sistants in the work of investigating the physical properties and possible new uses of Canadian woods. The results obtained will be extremely valuable to pulp and paper manufacturers, and to contractors and builders who seek cheaper native substitutes for expensive imported woods. The tendency is for government forestry to become more and more self-supporting as time progresses. It has long been so in British India, where forestry practice is highly developed; it is rapidly becoming so in the United States in spite of an annual expenditure of over 4% million dollars for forestry purposes, it will soon be so in Canada in spite of the fact that the revenue from Dominion Forest Re- serves for the fiscal vear ending March 31, 1913, barely exceeded $23,000, derived principally from the disposal of small amounts of timber to settlers and miners. But since the passage, in 1913, of the new Forest Reserve Regulations, permitting the grazing of stock to the full capacity of these reserves, a very important new source of revenue has been provided. The revenue from grazing on the National Forests of the United States last year amounted to over one million dollars. On Dominion Forest Reserves four million cattle, at the minimum charge of twenty- five cents a head, would produce a similar annual revenue, and the forest reserves should ultimately provide range for the number. The present revenue from Dominion timber lands under licence now approxi- mates one-half million dollars, but al- though a considerable portion of these timber limits are within forest reserves, the revenue is at present handled by an- other branch of the Department of the Interior. Other natural resources are exhaustible; the forests can be rendered permanently productive; other resources are valuable for themselves alone; on the maintenance of the forests depends the perpetuation of Canadian game, and also all industries relying for their existence on a continuous water supply, which the forests alone can adequatelv regulate. G. E. B. Authorities agree that at least 60 per cent, of the tree as it stands in the forest is wasted in converting it into lumber, and that 25 per cent, of the trees remain in the forests to rot or be destroyed in forest fires. With the Forest Engineers* (Contributed by the Ganadian Society of Forest Engineers.) The Secretary announces the election of the followinfj new members: — Active. — Whiting Alden, E. H. Finlay- son, S. S. Sadler. Associate. — L. R. Andrews, F. G. Edgar, R. M. Brown, il. A. Grainger, R. G. Lewis, B. R. Morton, J. W. Ottestad, W. L. Scandrett, L. C. Tilt, C. McFayden. Ottawa Forestry Club. At a meeting held at the offices of the Forestry Branch on January 21st, the forest engineers of Ottawa formally organized the Ottawa Forestry Club, and elected the following officers: — President, R. H. Campbell. Vice-president, Clyde Leavitt. Sec.-Treas., R. G. Lewis. The Club is intended to bring the mem- bers into closer and better acquaintance with one another, and to aid in the study and discussion of forestry problems. The exact nature of its relation to the Cana- dian Society of Forest Engineers has not been formally settled, but it will be con- sidered by the members as practically a branch of the Society. The membership is not to be confined to professional foresters, but a class of mem- bers, for whom the name of ' local asso- ciates' has been suggested, w'ill be admitted, consisting of those who, though without the regular forestry training, have some direct interest in forestry questions. The office of president of the Club, however, is restricted to members of the Canadian Society of Forest Engi- neers. Local associates, however, have all the other privileges of the Club, except that of voting on business directlv con- cerning the C. S. F. E. Meetings will be held at least once a month, from October to April (inclusive), and otherwise as determined on by the committee of management (i.e, the officers of the Club). The meetings will frequently take the form made so familiar by the Canadian Club gatherings, viz., a luncheon followed by a speech, or paper, or the discussion of some topic stated beforehand. The finances will be managed by an assessment system. Owing to the crowded state of the Canadian Forestry Journal's columns this month, a number of items have had to be held over till the Februarv issue. THE SPREADING OF THE BLUFFS. Bij John Leggat, Foxicarren, Man. As the writer has lived for a number of years among the blufYs of Northwestern Manitoba, it might be interesting to your readers on the great treeless prairies to hear something of how Nature strives to re- forest these districts when prairie fires are held under control. Northwestern Manitolia comprii-es the Riding Mountains and the country which lies between the mountains and the Assiniboine river to the south. The mountains are low hills of about two or three hundred feet in height and covered with spruce and poplar with numerous small lakes and hay swamps in the valleys. The Little Saskatchewan, Bird Tail and Shell Rivers, which are tributaries of the Assini- boine, take their rise in the mountains and flow southward. This tract of country be- tween the mountains and the Assiniboine river is now all dotted over with poplar bluffs or groves, many of which have grown up since these lands were homesteaded and {)rairie fires held under better control; es- j)ecially is this so of the odd numbered sec- tions which were vacant for a number of years. The reason why we find the poplar and willow spreading over the prairie is that the seed-biul comes on the tree in May, a little ahead of the leaf, and by the end of the month, when the leaf is formed, the seed- bulbs burst, and the little seeds which are imbedded among the woolly down contain- ed in the seedbuds are carried across the prairie with the breeze like the thistle. In this natural way many districts of the prairie have become reforested and partly wooded. Along the main line of the C.P.R., between Medicine Hat and Calgary, young poplars were observed which had taken root in the moist soil of the railway ditches, the seeds of which would probably be carried from the bush along the banks of the Bow River a few miles to the south. When we find that nature has provided the seeds of the poplar to spread over the prairie like the thistle, it must be in har- mony with Nature for the farmer to re- forest these fertile prairies, which no doubt have been denuded of trees and tree growth prevented by the prairie fires which must have swept the country before the advent of the settlers. The fact of coal underlying nuich of these prairies is an indication, we believe, that the country was at one time 13 14 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1914. •wooded; and the farmer who cultivates a few acres of trees in the form of wind- breaks and shelter belts will be in harmony with nature and enhance the picturesque beauty of the landscape, the value of which -will increase with age. In Northwestern Manitoba since these bluffs increased and grew up there have been no dry seasons to amount to anything, the fields are shel- tered and the influence of a hot wind, bliz- zard or dust storm is nothing compared with what these are on the treeless prairies. The experimental farm at Indian Head is an object lesson for the farmers of the great prairies to copy, and now that mixed farming is preferred, everyone knows the benefit of shade and shelter for stock, and as such a valuable heritage has passed into the hands of the people, without conditions of tree planting, and as there is no clearing to do, the farmer should be more anxious to take advantage of the free distribution of trees by the government and improve the beauty and increase the value of the surroundings. The C. P. E. is also giving valuable prizes for best wind-breaks and shelter belts for lands purchased from the company, and providing one half of the trees free of cost. These wind-breaks and shelter belts might be referred to as re- presenting the wisdom and genius of the great prairies. WHY PLANT A TREE? Why plant a tree? Because the birds That 'trance the listening air, May nest among the rippling leaves And sing your praises there. Why plant a tree? Because the beasts, As seasons come and go. May shelter underneath the boughs And there mute thanks bestow. Why plant a tree? Because you may, As aging years invade, Eat of its fruit, admire its form. Or rest beneath its shade. Why plant a tree? Because your son, And his son's son again. For this alone in future years May rise and bless your name. OTTAWA RIVER CONSERVATION. This is the first fall that the two conser- vation dams of the Upper Ottawa have been working to their full capacity and consequently there will be a great deal of interest particularly among power owners concerning the effect these dams will have on the volume of water available at the Chaudiere. So far it would seem that these (lams are very effective in holding back the water for the low water seasons. This has been a very dry season and conse- quently the amount of water coming down to the Chaudiere would be expected to be very much reduced. However, it has held up remarkably well. At the very low wat- er period a few years ago there were only 7,000 cubic feet of water per second flow- ing at the Chaudiere, while now the flow is about 24,000 cubic feet, or over three times as much. The two dams, at Kippewa and at Timiskaming, are both in operation this year. They hold back the water in the wet seasons and let it out in the dry sea- sons in order to keep the level of the river more nearly uniform all year. Then they begin about November to store up water again from the fall rains and let it out during the winter. The Government is now building a third dam at Lake Quinze, which is farther up and will increase the storage capacity considerably. To give an idea of the vast amount of water these dams conserve, it is equal to a body of water with an area of 4,000 square miles and a depth of one foot. Besides making the water higher in the low water periods it will to a certain extent relieve the floods of the spring bv holding back the water. The work has been conducted by the Do- minion Government and will cost about $1,- 000,000. — Canadian Engineer. TREE SEED NOTES. The crop of seeds harvested this season will be about the same as in past years. Some kinds of trees are again producing a good crop of seeds, while others are a fail- ure. The Acer saccharinum, sugar maple, has not produced any seed whatever this year, the entire crop having been blasted before maturing. Larix Americana is also a fail- ure. A good crop of cones set last spring but the collectors found upon gathering them that the contents were of poor qual- ity. The seeds did not test over five per cent, of good germinating quality. Abies balsamea seed is also a total fail- ure, none of the collectors being able to obtain a single pound of this seed. American collectors rei^ort an abundance of 1913 crop of Finns strobus, white pine, and they state that it is of the highest germinating quality. Here is a chance for nurserymen and foresters to replenish their stock of this fine lumber tree. Collectors also report a good crop of Pseudotsuga Douglassi, green variety, and state that the quality is very fine. Finns Banksiana is also producing a good crop. Finns Fal- iistris is now being extracted from the cones and there seems to be a good sup- ply.— National Nursery m an. Tl iih the Forest Engineers. 15 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. The Canadian Forestry Association is the organization in Canada for the propagation of the principles of forest conservation. This it does by means of copventions, meet- ings, lectures and literature. It is a popular organization supported by the fees of members, assisted by some gov- ernment grants. There is a vast field of work before the Association which is only limited by the funds at the disposal of the Association. Those who are not already members are invited to join and assist in the work. The membership fee is one dollar per year, and this entitles the member to attend and vote at all meetings and to receive the Annual Report and the Canadian Forestry Journal. Women as well as men are eligible for mem- bership. Applications for membership and requests for literature and information may be ad- dressed to The Secretary, Caandian Forestry Association, Canadian Building, Ottawa, Can. Objects of the Association. (1) The exploration of the public domain, so that lands unsuitable for agriculture may be reserved for timber production. (2) The preservation of the forests for their influence on climate, soil and water supply. (3) The promotion of judicious methods in dealing with forests and woodlands. (4) Tree planting on the plains and on streets and highways. (3) Kel■o^o^tution where advisable. (6) The collection and dissemination of information bearing on the forestry problem in general. HARDY NORTHERN FOREST TREES and shrubs at forest prices. Native and foreign tree seeds. Edye-de- Hurst & Son, Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont. SHIPPERS TO H. M. GOVERNMENT, BTO% Oorrespondance Fran^aisa. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, FORESTRY THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE, LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY For information, apply to the Registrar of the Univeraity, or to the Secre- taries of the respective Faculties. OnivcrsilY of New Brunswick FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Estailisktd in igoS Four years' course lending to the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestrv Special facilities' for practi- cal forest work. Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other expenses correspondingly moderate. Fffr further information address:— DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. — ~ C. C. JONES, Chancellor 1 THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY at SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY Syraccuse, Ne-w York. Undergraduate course leading to Bachelor of Science ; Post- graduate cotirse to Master of Forestry ; and one and two-year Ranger courses. Summer Camp of eight weeks in Catskills. Ranger School held on the College Forest of 2,000 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Experiment Station of 90 acres and excellent Forest Library offer unusual opportu- nities for research work. : : : : Far particulars address HUGH P. BAKER .D. Oec.Deo.r\ Forestry Dept. TIMBER CRUISES \ FORESTRY SURVEYS J Montreal Engineering Company, Limiied Consulting & Operating Engineers 164 ST. JAMES STREET, MONTREAL R. O. Sweezey, General Manager 's Seedlings & Transplants \ LSU Ticc .-L-tu, for Hefurusting. Be^t for -^ over half a century. Immense stooK 01 leading haidy sorts at low prices. \\ rite lor price list and mention this magazine. FOREST PLANTERS GUIDE FREE. TheD. Hill Nursery Co Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in .\merica. Box 503 Dundee 111 . U.S.A. FOREST ENGINEERS. Forest Surveys Logging Maps TIMBER ESTIMATES Water Power Water Storage CLARK & LYFORD 403 Crown Building, VANCOUVER !Rl[ilV[!lSinmiSWL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A. A two vears' course in fo- restry is offered leading to the degree of Master oi Forestry The Forest School is a graduate department of Yale University requiring for admission a college training. Graduates of universi- ties, colleges, or scientific ins- titutions ot high standing are admitted upon presentation ot their diplomas, provided they have taken courses in the tol- lowing subjects in their under- graduate work : at least one full year in college or LniveiSity Botanv, and at least one course in Zo.Mogv. Physics, Inorganic Chemistry, Geology, Econom cs Mechanical Drawing, French or German and the completion of Mathematics throngh Trigo- nometrv. , Candidates for advanced standing n,av take examinations in anv subject but are required in addition to present ev-idence ot a specified amount of work done in the field or laboratory. The school year begins m earlv luly and is conducted at I the school camp at MILFOKU, I Pennsylvania. For further informatien addrtss Canadian forestry journal Vol. X. Ottawa, Canada, February, 1914. No. 2 CANADIAN FOKESTRY JOURNAL. Publisheil monthly by the C.\NADi.\N Forestry Association, Journal Building. Ottawa, Canada. Devoted to the cause of forest conservation. Subscription $1 per year. Advertising Rates on Application. CONTENTS: Page. Editorial 17 Annual Meeting 19 Directors' Report 23 Constitution 25 Canadian Lumbermen's Association. . . 27 St. MauriL-e Protective Association... 28 Annual Meeting Canadian Society Forest Engineers 20 B. C. Foresters Organizing 29 Ottawa Forestry Club 'M) CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Patron, H. R. H. the Go^^:RNOR General. Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Bobden. Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sib Wilfrid Laurikr. President, Wm. Powee, Esq., M.P. Vice-President, llB. F. C. Whitman, Annapolis Royal, N.S. Treasurer, Misa M. Robinson 1 Journal Building, Secretary, James Lawlor f Ottawa, Can. (For full list of officers see page 21.) CHANGE OF ADDRESS. The office of the Canadian Forestry Association is now in the Journal Building, Ottawa, and to this address all communications should be sent. 'Mail which has been addressed to the old office will, however, reach us safely. Be sure to make arrangements to take in the Halifax Convention, Sept. 2, 3 and 4. HO! FOR HALIFAX. It has been decided that the 1914 Forestry Convention is to be held in the fine old city of Halifax, and the date definitely decided upon is Wed- nesday, Thursday and Friday, Sep- tember 2, 3 and 4, The friends of tiie forest in Xova Scotia have been urging the claims of Halifax for six or seven years, and members of the Canadian Forestry Association in other provinces have backed up the effort, but until now the claims of Central and "Western Canada proved too strong. This time, however, the Government of the province and the lumbermen united in a strong invitation, and, at the annual meeting, this invitation was accepted, and ]\Ir. F. C. Whitman, of Annapolis Royal, N.S., who has for many years, both as a director of the Association and as a lumberman, worked for forest conservation, was elected Vice-President. Mr. William Power, ]\I.P., of Quebec, the new Pre- .sident, also believes that it is now the turn of Nova Scotia for a meeting. The date first suggested Avas in the month of August, but after carefully considering aU the factors involved, and con.sulting with tho.se on the spot, it was decided that the best time was Sept. 2, 3 and 4, and these days have been fixed upon. There has never been a convention more generally accepted than tliis one, and everything points to one of the mo.st successful and useful conven- tions in the history of the Association. Halifax, with its many attractions, hi.storic, scenic and commercial, is one of the great convention cities of Can- ada, and many hundreds of Cana- dians from the central and western 17 18 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1914 parts of the Dominion now annually go down to the Land of Evangeline to take their recreation period in the beautiful country by the sea. Fuller details of programme, railway rates, etc., will be given in the next issue of The Canadian Forestry Journal, and all members who can possibly do so should make a point of taking in the convention, helping on the good work of forest conservation, and seeing the Maritime Provinces at the best season of the year. THE PUBLIC AWAKENING. When the Canadian Forestry Jour- nal was started in 1905 tliere was practically no news al)out forest con- servation. The editors wrote articles and secured articles from others on the subject, but there was scarcely anything to record in the way of action in regard to forests. Today there is hardly a week when there is not a meeting of some organization directly or indirectly connected with the subject. The meetings of the Canadian Lumbermen's Association and the St. Maurice Valley Forest Protective Association are noted in this issue. People are approaching forest protection from a dozen dif- ferent points. The fact that at least fifty per cent, of Canada's area is absolute forest land, unsuited for or- dinary forms of agriculture, is be- coming known, and all classes of the community are beginning to awake to the need for developing this great source of revenue and power and fer- tility and health to the highest point. It is a time for the friends of forest conservation to rejoice and to put in their best strokes to further the cause. THE ANNUAL MEETING. Most of this issue is taken up with the report of the annual business meeting. The interview with the Prime Minister and the Minister of the Interior was an important event, and the whole meeting contains much important information. The Direc- tors' Report summarizes the work of the year, and the revision of the Con- stitution was necessary in order that the association may cope with its growing work. LONG ESTABLISHED LUMBER FIRM. The announcement, in the Canada Lum- berman of November 1st, of the incorpora- tion of the firm of W. & J. Sharpies, Que- bec, P.Q., referred to provisions which were made by Mr. Wm. Power to continue the firm under its old name. Readers of the Canada Lumberman will recall that Mr. Power's two jiartners, Hon. John Sharpies and Mr. R. Harcourt Smith passed away during the present year, leaving Mr. Pow- er the sole surviving member of this old established firm. The firm was established in 1816 and Mr. Power has been connected with it for over a half a century. — Canada Lumberman. POLITICAL PATRONAGE. Instances of the nefarious operation of the jiatronage system could be cited and the cases multiplied. Executive officers get less than the subordinates. In one case an executive officer desires to report one of his staff who has gone off his head, but cannot do his duty for fear of ' ' the heelers coming on his neck." A cashier getting $500 below the usual pay for such officers cannot get recognition without a heeler's recommendation, which he cannot do without losing his dignity or sacrificing his honesty. — Ottawa Civilian. NEW DOMINION FOREST NURSERY. A recent news note from Saskatoon says: Splendid progress has been made- this season on the new Dominion Forestry Farm, a few miles to the north of this city. The area of the farm is 320 acres, 160 acres of which are now ready for seed- ing. The necessary buildings are well ad- vanced, while a largS amount of planting- has already been accomplished. The land is laid out very artistically, and ere very long will be one of the beauty spots of the district, in addition to providing a source of supply for all manner of suitable trees and shrubs which are in such demand. — Nor West Farmer. Fifteenth Annual Meeting February 4, 1914. The fifteenth annual meetinpr of the Canadian Forestry Association was liehl in the Bamiuetinij Kooni of the Cliateau Laurier on AVoduesday, Feb. 4, 1914, the President, Hon. W. A. Charlton, in the Chair, and a fjood number of members in atteudaiu'e. On motion of Mr. Goodeve, seconded by Mr. Denis Murphy, the min- utes were taken as read. The President nominated the following as members of the Nominatinij Committee: Senator Bostock (Convener), and Messrs. Goodeve, Ussher, J. B. Miller, R. H. Camp- bell, Gordon Edwards, and J. B. White. On motion of Mr. Iliram Kol)inson, seconded by Mr. Denis Murj)hy, tliese gentlemen were elected by the meeting. Resolutions Affecting Federal Government. The resolutions to be presented to the Prime Minister and Minister of the In- terior were then taken up. On motion of Senator Bostock, seconded by Mr. Ell wood Wilson, it was resolved that resolutions 2 to 9, as passed at the Winnipeg Convention, with a slight change in clause 5, be among those presented to the Government. These were as follows: (2) Eesolved, that this Convention ap- proves the action of the Dominion Govern- ment in extending the areas included in Forest Rei^erves on watersheds and non- agricultural lands, and would urge on the Governments of the Dominion and of the Provinces the necessity for continuing the extension of such reservations until all lands of that character are included. (3) Resolved, that before any lands bear- ing timber or lands contiguous to timbered areas are opened for settlement an examin- ation of such lands should be made to de- termine ^^hethe^ they are best suited to the growth of timber or whether their opening would emlanger the timber. (4) Resolved, that this Convention would urge upon the Dominion Government the necessity for the afforestation of the sand lands throughout the prairies and the set- ting apart of such lands for this yjurpose. (5) Resolved, that the Fire Ranging Ser- vice should be extended and made more effi- cient and that the rangers should be selected on the basis of their special qualifications for the work. (6) Resolved, that the Canadian Forestry Association express its approval of the ener- getic polic.v which is being followed by the Dominion Commission of Conservation in investigating the important forest problems of Canada. (7) Resolved, that the Canadian Forestry Association express its appreciation of the eft'ective numner in which the Dominion Board of Railway Commissioners and tho officers of the leading Canadian railway companies have worked together for the [ire- vention and control of forest fires arising from operating railroad lines, (8) Resolvod, that this Convention again records its approval of the work of the Tree Planting Division of the Dominion Forestry Branch, not only in the free dis- tribution of trees to settlers and the super- vision of their gro\vth, Itiit also in thereby proviiling ju-actical demonstrations to set- tlers in all parts of the country of the possi- bility of forest growth on the i>rairies. (9) Resolved, that this Convention recom- mend that exiierimcnts lie carried out by the Dominion and Provincial Governments affected to obtain data regarding the best methods of disposal of debris resulting from hunbering operations. The other resolutions ailopted for pre- sentation to the Cabinet Ministers were as follow: Moveil bv Col. Ilarkom, secondeil bv Mr. J. B. White, and Resolved, that this Association again expresses the opinion that it is important that all appointments in the forest service of the Dominion ami Provincial Go\ern- ments should l>e based on capability and experience. Moved by Mr. Chown, seconded by Mr. Goodeve: Whereas, the Canadian Forestry Asso- ciation, for several years jiast, has urged upon the Government of Canada the neces- sity for the establishment of a wood pro- ducts laboratory, in order that the cpiali- tiea and possibilities of our Canadian woods for structural, puljt, chemical and other purposes might be better under- stood, so that our forest products might be handled to the best advantage, and Whereas, the Government of Canada has, in the j)ast year, begun the establishment of a wood products laboratory at McGill University, under the Dominion Forestry Branch, therefore Resolved, that this Association desires to place on record its appreciation of the action of the Government of Canada, and esj)ecially of the Minister of the Interior, in establishing this laboratory, and pledges itself to do what in it lies to rendering the work of the laboratory as useful and wide- reaching as po.ssible. Moved by Mr. .J. A. Lefebvre, seconded bv Mr. Hiram Robinson, and 19 20 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1914. Eesolved, that this meeting recommends that the serious attention of the Govern- ment be drawn to the decrease of the maple sugar industry, and to the denuda- tion of large areas formerly covered by the maple tree following the effect on the maple sugar industry of the adulteration and imitation of maple tree products, w^hich can only be obviated by restricting the use of the word "maple" to pure products of the maple tree. Interview With Government, At 12.15 most of those present proceeded to the office of the Prime Minister, in the East Block, where they were received by Et. Hon. E. L. Borden and Hon. W. J. Eoche, Minister of the Interior. The President stated the objects of the deputation, and briefly reveiwed the points of the different resolutions presented, the same being handed to the ministers in writing. He was followed by Hon. Clifford Sifton, Chairman of the Commission of Conserva- tion, who was present by request, and who spoke at considerable length on three sub- jects, namely: 1. The necessity of prevent- ing settlement on lands unsuited for farm- ing. 2. The lack of a scientific policy on Dominion timber berths, and 3. The need of a trained forest service under Civil Ser- vice regulations. He briefly illustrated each of these points. In regard to the sec- ond, he pointed out that the Branch of the Department of the Interior, which sold the timber, had no scientific foresters in it, and nad no officers to see that the regula- tions as to cutting, disposal of slash, etc., were carried out. On the other hand, the branch which had the trained officers and field staff' was not charged with the care of the timber on the licensed timber berths. In connection with the third point he held that both the Dominion and the provinces needed a trained staff, and also needed to have the appointments to the same made in a way that would insure that good men would get the positions, and that promotions would be upon merit. He gave instances where men appointed by the ordinary political methods could not travel a quarter of a mile into the fore§t without being lost, and of search parties being sent out to find forest rangers. He urged that the service should be classified and put under a Civil Service Commission. He promised that if that were done that within five years such an advance would be made in forest conservation that it would astonish them all. He pointed out that Canada was pro- gressing in regard to trained men, for whereas in 1899 he was informed there was not one trained forester in Canada, there was now as head of Toronto Univer- sity Forest School Dr. Fernow, the greatest forester in America, and this and other schools were turning out trained men. Hon. Mr. Sifton concluded by read- ing a letter written in 1871 by Sir John Macdonald, then Premier of Can'ada, to Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, then Premier of Ontario, in which he said that the sight of huge timber rafts continually passing under his window made him anx- ious that something be done to protect the forests, and he was, constrained to wonder what would become of the Ottawa Valley after all the timber was gone. Mr. Geo. Y. Chown pressed the necessity for employing trained foresters. He re- minded the Prime Minister that in 1912 a deputation from the Association had pressed for the extension of Civil Service regulations to the outside service. The Prime Minister had said at that time that he thought some action would shortly be taken, and the deputation was again ap- pearing to urge that that be done. Hon. Mr. Borden, in replying, said he appreciated the importance of the matters which had been emphasized. So far as a trained forest service was concerned, it was not only desirable, but necessary. In the pressure of Parliamentary matters, the subject had escaped his attention, and pos- sibly the same was also true of the Minis- ter of the Interior, but he was prepared to take this matter up with him as soon as possible. He had been thinking about the subject of a Forestry Congress, of which Sir Wilfrid Laurier had spoken to him, and he wished to know if the deputation were prepared to express any views on this matter. Hon. Mr. Charlton said that, speaking offhand, he could only say that the Cana- dian Forestry Association would be im- mensely pleased if the Government would call such a national gathering. The Prime Minister, on being informed that the annual meeting was still in ses- sion, asked them to consider this question before they concluded, and to give him their views on this whole subject. The deputation then withdrew. Afternoon Session. The meeting reassembled at 2.30, Hon. Mr. Charlton again in the chair. The report of the Treasurer, Miss M. Eobiuson, for the year 1913, was presented by the Secretary as follows: Receipts. Balance from 1912 .* $2,234.37 Membership fees 2,466.00 Copies of Journal 30.46 Advertising in Jouriiiil 97.13 Eefunds 19.00 Grant from Dominion Government 2,000.00 Grant from Ontario Government. 300.00 Grant from Quebec Government. 400.00 Grant from B. C. Government.. 200.00 Fiftliteenth Aimnal Meeting. 21 Grant from N. B. Government.. 100.00 Interest 5t».19 Total $7,906.11 Expenditure. Salaries $3,241. 12 Fnnstri/ Journal Siin.2l Printing and supplies lS7.S-t Annual reports (two) 69G.25 Winnipeg Convention 1,444.05 Telegrams ami telephones 21.39 Lantern slides 12.40 Expenses of Secretary 197.08 Commission on cheques 12.03 Postage 177.00 Rent of chairs, Victoria Conven- tion 31.25 Refund of fees 1 . 00 Subscription to monuments .... 50.00 Advertising re Victoria Conven- tion 2.00 Cabinet for card index 8.00 Balance 925 . 19 $7,906.11 Audited and found correct and in accord- ance with the books and vouchers of the Canadian Forestry Association. (Sgd.) Frank Hawkins, T. E. Clendinnen, audi- tors. Ottawa, Jan. 13, 1914. On motion of Col. Harkom, seconded by Senator Bostock, the report of the Trea- surer was received and adopted. Mr. R. H. Campbell presented the report of the Committee on the Revision of the Constitution, which was considered clause by clause, and finally adopted as printed on another page. Forestry Congress Urged. After discussing at considerable length the matter of a Forestry Congress, as re- quested by the Prime Minister, it was moved by Mr. Chown, seconded by Mr. Piche, and Resolved, that in response to the ques- tion of the Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden, P. C, this Association would suggest that the Prime Minister do call a Dominion Fores- try Congress, to be held at some convenient time, possibly when Parliament was in ses- sion, say January or February, 191. j. On motion of Mr. Goodeve and Mr. J. B. Miller, it was' further. Resolved, that Messrs. R. H. Campbell, Leavitt, Piche, Zavitz, Goodeve, the Secre- tary and the Ottawa Directors be a com- mittee, with power to all to their number, to prepare an outline of what they deem desirable in the programme, and to submit the same to the Prime Minister, and that the Secretary inform the Prime Minister of the action taken by the Association, and that a report is being prepared. Next Convention in Halifax. Moved by Mr. Denis Murphy, seconded by Senator Bostock, and Resolved, that the invitation of the Gov- ernment of Nova Scotia and the lumber- men of the same [irovime to hold the next forestry convention in Halifax in August, 1914, be accepteil, the exact dale lo bo fixed upon consultation with those issuing the invitation. Senator Bostock jjresenteil the report of the Nominating Committee, and move!-oer, 1912) was issued early in the year. Then in pur- suance of a new policy the report of the Winnipeg Convention held in Jidy was is- sued early in the Autumn. This plan of issuing a report of a Convention while the gathering is still fresh in the minds of the people results in a more wide>pread circulation of the report. For no previous report has the deman«l been as great as for this one. The policy has been so sat- isfactory that it is proposed to continue it as far as possible. The issue of two reports, of five thousand copies each, ac- counts for the amount of $696 expended for this purpose. The preparation of a comprehensive r^ port in French containing the most salient points of the three latest Conventions was begun in the Autumn, but owing to the illness of the translator was not in the printer's hands at the end of the year. The Canadian Forestry Journal is now issued monthly instead of bi-monthly, but owing to the reduction in size and the sav- ing in postage it is costing practically the same as last year. It has proved that a monthly publication keeps interest alive bet- ter than one issueervation Association, comprising the associations of Montana, Iilaho, Wash- ington, Oregon and California, and of Bri- tish Columbia, met in Canadian territory, thi> sessions being held in Vancouver on Dec. ir, and 16, 1913. About one hundred lumbermen were pre- sent when President A. L. Flewelling of Spokane opened the meeting. With him on the jilatform were ^Ir. E. T. Allen, Forester and Manager of the Association, and Mr. Geo. M. Cornwall, Editor of the Timberman, Portland, Oregon, Secretary-Treasurer. After the President "s address, Mr. Allen gave his review of the year 's work, concluding with the following epigrammatic summary: 'A season of average fire hazard, but a loss of less than $1,000, is the compiled report of the local associations. The area patrolled was 22 million acres. This contains over 500 billion feet or one-fifth of the nation's entire supply. The area of merchantable tinilier burned over was 2,810 acres, or one- eightieth of one per cent. Actual destruc- tion was 583,000 feet, which is one-one- thousanilth of one per cent. This is far bet- ter than the best previous record, that of 1911. The cost of this year's work was about $200,000, which is less than Ic an acre for the area guarded, although nearly a two cents per acre charge on contributing holdings. About 475 regular patrolmen were employed. Hundreds of miles of trail and telephone line were built. Hon. W. R. Ross. Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands for British Columbia, dealt in some detail with the work of the B. C. Forest Branch. Pro- bably seventy per cent, of British Colum- bia 's two hundred and fifty million acres, he said, was under some kind of timber. Timber was destined to be the greatest crop that could be raised in the province, and since the bulk of the forest land was Crown property and the chief source of public revenue (yielding three million dollars an- nually) the protection of the forest and the most scientific method of obtaining rev- enue from it, were two of the most im- portant functions of the Government. Eight and one-half million acres of the forest lands had been placed under a license system which calleil for payment by the operator at the time when the principles of modern forest finance require that it should be paid, name- ly, when the timber crop was cut and mar- keted. He believed that they had in British Col- vmibia an almost ideal method of co-opera- tion between Government and private inter- ests, in the form of the forest protection fund an o O e> H 42 Canadian Forestry Journal, March, 1914 The Convention City — View in Public Gardens, Halifax. CO-OPERATION EXTENDING When last month we stated that we should return to certain features of the work of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association, we did not think events would occur so rap- idly. As a result of the successful two years' work of that association, another has been organized to protect the forests in the valleys of the Nation, Lievre, Eouge and Gatineau rivers. Upon invitation from some leading lum- bermen, representatives of the St. Maurice Valley Association came to Ottawa on March 11, and explained the work of the former association to a number of gentle- men owning timber on lands to the west of the St. Maurice. The chair on this occasion was occupied by Senator Edwards, and the workings of the association were explained by Mr. S. L. de Carteret, President; Mr. Ellwood Wilson, Vice-President; and Mr. Henry Sorgius, Manager and Secretary. Their reports so favourably impressed those present that on March 20 a second meeting was held at the Chateau Laurier, Ottawa, when Senator Edwards again occu- pied the chair. A committee was formed to organize an association to be called the Can- adian Forest Protective Association to take steps for its incorporation, and to appoint a manager. It is expected that the organization will be so far complete that the work of pro- tection on a co-operative basis may be begun this year. Lookout stations will be erected, trails opened, and telephone connections made as far as possible. The work will be on the lines of the older association. Among those who explained the work of the St. Maurice Association on this latter occasion were Messrs. de Carteret, Wilson, and Mr. J. B. White of Montreal. Mr. Overton Price of Washington, D.C, considtiufr for ester of British Columbia, was present, and from his experience strongly urged the for- mation of such an association. Mr. W. C. J. Hall, Chief of the Forest Protective Branch of the Quebec Department of Lands and Forests, represented the Department. The committee appointed to organize the association consisted of the following gen- tlemen: Senator Edwards, Mr. J. B. White, Mr. E. M. Kenny, Mr. George H. Millen and Mr. Ward C. Hughson. Among the firms and their representatives present were: — Senator Edwards, Gordon C. Edwards and J. A. Cameron, of the W. C. Edwards Co.; George H. Millen and J. F. Rochester, E. B. Eddy Co.; P. C. Walker, Shepherd-Morse Lumber Co.; Sir Henry K. Egan, Hawkesbury Lumber Co. ; J. C. Browne, Eraser & Co., Ottawa; J. H. Black, of J. E. Booth & Co.; Grant P. Davidson and James Davey, Davidson Estate; W. C. Hughson and A. E. Maxwell, Gilmour & Hughson; E. M. Kenny, E. J. Graham and J. E. Eothery, of James MacLaren & Co., Buckingham ; J. B. White, Charles Eead, Jr., and John Gwynne, Eiordon Pulp and Paper Co. ; Clyde Leavitt, forester, Commission of Conservation, and Arthur H. Graham, Gov- ernment forest agent, Arundel, Que. British Columbia Timber Royalties The Timber Royalty Act, fixint; new royalties on different classes of timber, has been introduced in the British L'ohijnbia Legislature by Hon. AV. R. Ross. Minister of Lands. The Minister, in introducing the Bill, pointed out that tlie plan adopt- eil came as the result of long, careful study and consultation with lumber- men and timber owners. He said he had never looked on this question merely as a means of raising money, but as fundamentally affecting forest policy. He desired to do three things in this Bill : ' First, so to settle this royalty question as to insure to the highest practical degree the welfare of all the people in British Col- umbia as far as the forests contribute to their welfare, and that is very far. Second, so to handle this question that the Govern- ment co-operates to the fullest legitimate extent in establishing and maintaining a permanent and profitable lumber imlustry in our Province; and third, so to handle this matter as to make forest conservation not a remote, but a nearer and more probable thing upon all timber limits. ' He felt that this was a conservation measure, and he ^\^shed to say that he had not applied by wholesale plans framed for some other country, but had worked out a Bill drafted for British Columbia conditions. He con- tinued : ' The Royalty Bill comprises these four things: It fixes the royalty increase for 1915, and establishes a level of lumber prices on which future increases will be ba^ed. It provides seven five-year periods for royalty adjustment; and it provides that for each of these periods a given percentage of the price increment for lumber shall be added to the royalty. This percentage is twenty- five per cent, for the first five years, and rises gradually to forty per cent for the last five-years period. The fourth of the accomplishments of the Royalty Bill is to re-adjust the rentals between the coast and the interior, and fix them for the whole period of the Act. ' * First, the royalty increase for which the bill provides takes effect on January 1, 1915. The bill provides that these in- Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands for British Columbia. creases shall be, for coast lumber, from the present royalty of fifty cents to seventy- five cents, an increase of fifty per cent. This increase, however, is not applied arbitrarily, but is the result of raising the royalty on different classes of logs in a proportion which puts the highest increase on the best logs, and no increase at all on logs of such low value that the increase would mean that they would be left lying in the woods. . . . 'The royalty increase in 1915 provides that in the interior royalty shall be increa.s- ed by the use of the B. C. scale instead of the Doyle. That means an increase of pro- bably forty-five per cent in royalty to the Government, and as far as I and my ad- visors can figure it out is an equitable ad- justment of royalty between the coast and the interior. In the central and northern in- terior, regions of great prospective timber ilevelopment, the Government has imposed in the Royalty Bill a royalty charge of sixty- five cents per thousand board measure. This again, in my best judgment, fairly repre- sents the relative conditions as to lumber 43 44 Canadian Forestry Journal, March, 1914 values in that region, as compared with the interior and coast. 'These three increases take place in 1915, and hold good for five years, or until 1920. Then comes the first readjustment based on increase on the actual lumber price of $18.00 fixed by the bill.' That readjustment is explained in the following clause in the Bill: 'for a period of five years from the first day of January, 1920, the foregoing royalties shall be increased by an amount equivalent to twenty-five per cent of the increase (if any) in the average wholesale selling price of lum- ber, free on board point of manufac- ture, above eighteen dollars. Similar readjustments occur in 1925, 1930, 1935, 1940, 1945 and 1950. Hon. Mr. Ross said that coincident with its enactment the Bill would in- crease the timber rovalty between $50,000 and $60,000. By 1914 if the annual lumber cut increased by an average of five per cent annually, and the price went up to $21 per thousand feet, the increase to the Government would be nearly $250,000 per year. He held the Bill was a fair one all around and satisfactory to both the people of British Columbia, for whom the Government were trustees, and to the lumbermen. The tie question is becoming a very im- portant one on the railways throughout the country. With the decrease in available timber ties comes the demand for a substi- tute for wood. In a recent report the Com- mittee on Ties for the American Eailway Engineering Association submitted the fol- lowing conclusions, which show that, as yet, a perfect substitute for the wood tie has not appeared. The committee states that the concrete tie, a combination of concrete and metal tie, has not yet proved a success because of fracture caused by vibration, ex- cessive weight, and consequent difficulty in handling, and the deterioration of the as- phalt filling. A combination tie of steel and wood gives promise of developing an economic substitute. They add that the all- Bteel tie has proved a satisfactory substi- tute for the wood ties under heavy medium street traffic. It is durable, line and sur- face can be maintained, has sufficient resili- ency, and can be insulated. The fastening 60 far in use can, and no doubt will, be im- proved.— Canadian Engineer. ENCOURAGING WORDS. In connection with the annual meeting the Canadian Forestry Association is in receipt of a number of encouraging letters from good friends of forest conservation. Several of these are given below. « From H.B.E. the Governor General. Lieut. -Colonel Farquhar, Governor Gen- eral 's Secretary, writes : ' I am commanded by HIS EOYAL HIGHNESS THE GOV- EENOR GENERAL to acknowledge receipt of your letter of March 9th, enclosing a copy of the resolution passed at the annual meeting of the Canadian Forestry Associa- tion. 'His Eoyal Highness commands me to say in reply that he is very glad to continue Patron of the Canadian Forestry Associa- tion, and that he sends his very sincere thanks to the members for the kindly word- ing of their resolution on the restoration of the Duchess's health, which he is glad to in- form them, continues to improve from week to week.' From Directors. HON. W. J. ROCHE, Minister of the Interior, Canada, writes that he has much pleasure in acceding to the request that he allow his name to be presented for election as Director. HON. GEOEGE H. PEELEY, Ottawa, one of Canada's leading lumbermen, in ac- cepting the office of Director, writes: 'I quite agree that the objects of your Asso- ciation are good and that everything pos- sible should be done to impress on the people of Canada the necessity of preserving and perpetuating our forest wealth. ' HON. N. CUEEY, SENATOE, of Mont- real and Amherst, N.S., who, as head of several large manufacturing companies, is greatly interested in timber, especially in Nova Scotia, writes that he is glad to accept the post of Director, and adds : ' I am, of fourse, an extremely busy man, but will en- deavour to attend the meetings as far as possible. ' From Territorial Vice-Presidents. HON. W. H. HEAEST, Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, Ontario, writes: ' I have your letter of the 9th instant, and am grateful for the honor done me by your Association in electing me Vice-President for the Province of Ontario. ' I further note that I will be kept in- formed of the work of the Association, all of which will be of very deep interest to me. Encouragimj M'ords 45 ' \Vi.>;hing yourself an«l the AshOciatimi all success during the coming year. " HON. JULES ALLARD, Minister of Lands and Forests, Quebec, acknowledges the notification of his election, and adds: ' I have had opportunity to appreciate the round work of the Association, espeiially in the study of means to be adopted for the intelligent management and the effective j>rote(tion of our forests. The Canadian Forestry Association can rely upon my hearty support. ' HOX. W. R. ROSS, Minister of Lands, British Columbia, writes: 'I beg to ac- knowledge receipt of your letter of the 9th February advising me of my re-election as Vice-President for the Province of British Columbia of the Canadian Forestry Associ- ation, and wish to express my appreciation of the honour thus conferred.' HOX. O. T. DANIELS, Attorney General and Commissioner of Lands, Nova Scotia, in accepting the office, adds: 'I shall be very glad to be kept informed of the work of the Association in connection with the care and preservation of the forests of the country and the development of forestry generally. ' The Vice-Chancellor of the Archiliocese of Montreal, acknowledges the notification of the election of HIS GRACE, ARCH- BISHOP BRUCHESI, and continues: 'Archbishop Bruchesi wishes to thank you for this kind information and appreciates the honour very much, also your kindness in promising to send him information con- cerning the work of the Association. ' From a Saskatchewan Merchant Many thanks for your kind letter of the 4th inst. which reached me today, and am very glad to learn that your lantern slide showing part of the green ash plantation has turned out so well and is creating inter- est in your good work lecturing to the pub- lic. I shall feel well repaid for my labours if I can be the means of inducing others to follow my example. From a Winnipeg Eailiray Man 1 have the object of the Association very much at heart, and if any experience I may have had dealing with forestry may be of any use to you, I shall be more than glad to place it at your disposal. That the rail- roads are alive to the importance of fire prevention and forest protection is evi- denced by the action of the C. N. R. in hav- ing a man specially detailed to look after that end of the work. Washing your Asso- ciation all success. From a Member who lives mtich abroad. Do you make it clear enough that when our coal has all gone, if we keep the woods they will supply our heat through water power, by electricity. If not we shouM have to get out of North America; proltably, something like the Chinese who at one time held and governed the j)resent City of Dres- den and had probably to retire into Asia because of successive dry years which could not support their nation. From an Old Resident of Xorfolk County, Ont. My memory goes back to the latter 50*8, CO's and 70 's when I saw Norfolk County's lovely forest wealth in all its glory and beauty. As Mr. Geo. Hotchkiss, the Secre- tary of the Northwestern Lumbermen s As- sociation with headquarters at Chicago, wrote nu^, Norfolk County had the finest pine timber that ever grew out of the earth. But it is all gone now, and ignorance, greecl and stupidity have destroyed in the past, and now are destroj'ing every woodland beauty spot we had. There are roads I will not travel on if I can help it because of the absence of our former lovel}' timber wealth. There is one word that for me expresses the way our forest riches in Norfolk County have been use, namely, * brutal '. HIS CONTRIBUTION. Town Councillor. — 'Have you heard, Mr. Skinflint, that our generous townsman, Mr. Cashbags is defraying the cost of a new promenade all around the tow-n? We think a wealthy man like yourself might also do something for us.' Skinflint. — 'Well, what do you say to my giving you a park of oak trees?' Town Councillor. — 'Oh, you noble-hearted philanthropist! AMiv, do vou really mean to— SkinflintJ — 'Yes, yes; I'll make the town a present of an oak forest. You have only to find the land and I'll supply you with aa many acorns as you may wish for seed.' Strenuous Life in B.C. Echoes of the strenuous life of a District Forester in northern British Columbia are found in the following extracts from a re- cent letter from H. S. Irwin, of Prince Rupert: — 'We get all kinds of excitement out of logging inspcj'tion during the storms and fogs of a northern winter, in a small launch, anil, as logging regulation is our chief worry in this district, trouble never ceases. We 'get ours' all the year round, while the average forester out here gets most of his ' bumps ' concentrated into the summer season. ' With the Forest Engineers* (Contributed by the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers.) Officers for 1914. The following officers have been elected by acclamation for 1914:— President — Dr. B. E. Fernow. Vice-president — R. H. Campbell. Secretary-Treasurer — Ellwood Wilson, Grand 'Mere, Que. The remaining four members of the executive committee, as decided by the last (1914) annual meeting, consist of the chairmen of the district executives, and will be elected later. New Members. The Secretary announces the election of the following new members: Active— P. Z. Caverhill, D. C. A. Galar- neau, Axel Gold. Associate — R. D. Prettie, S. H. Clark, Alan Parlow, G. E. Bothwell, H. R. Christie, F. McVickar, B. M. Winegar, H. Sorgius. Student— A. W. Bentley, J. F. L. Hughes. New Brunswick Notes. When in the Maritime Provinces Mr. James Lawler, the Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association called on Professor R. B. Miller, in the Forestry Department of the University of New Brunswick at Fred- ericton. He briefly addressed the class and learned some particulars of the work. Pro- fessor Miller has been asked to take over the care of the shade trees of the City of Frederieton in addition to his work at the University. Mr. H. C. Belyea, a graduate of the class of 1911, was at Frederieton to give a two-weeks' course in cruising to the class. The University forest lands, lying immediately behind the college buildings, which comprise several thousand acres, were to be estimated and mapped in this work. The annual 'hammerfest' or dinner of the class was most successful this year. A Summer in the Trent Valley, Ont. Dr. C. D. Howe, of the University of To- ronto Faculty of Forestry, writes: — 'My summer was spent with two as- sistants, Messrs. Aiken and Burford, making a detailed survey of limited areas in the Trent valley. The work was confined to the townships of Burleigh and Methuen in Pe- terborough county. Our object was to deter- mine the effect of repeated fires upon the rate of reproduction of the commercial spe- cies, especially upon that of pine. These townships offer excellent opportunities for such study, for they contain areas ranging in character from those that have been burn- ed but once down to areas that have been burned a dozen times since lumbering. We ran lines through the old burns of different ages and calipered all the trees above one inch in diameter. As you may imagine, this was slow work where the young trees aver- aged over 3,000 to the acre. On the other hand, it was easy work on the much-burned areas, where sometimes we found only half a dozen small poplars to the acre — this, too, in places where the stumps showed that an average of 25 or more pine trees per acre had been removed. ' The results of the work have not all been compiled as yet, but I may say in general that I was surprised and gratified with the abundance of young pine on the areas which have been burned only once. It is coming back again in commercial quantities. Such areas will prove a valuable asset to the Province, if they could only be protected from fire. On the other hand, the young pine on areas burned several times is about as scarce as hen's teeth in February.' New Regulations in B.C. Introducing a novelty in the form of graz- ing regulations is not all fun. Witness the following (written in December last) from the Dominion District Inspector of Forest Reserves at Kamloops, B.C. — 'A meeting of stockmen held recently at Kamloops to con- sider the new grazing regulations of the Do- minion Forestry Branch developed consider- able opposition to these regulations. This opposition, however, when analyzed, is found to arise more from a natural objection to the Government's putting an end to free range than from a fundamental objection to the policy of administration itself. The writer took occasion, while at the Forest Fire Conference at Vancouver, to ask some questions of Mr. Silcox, U. S. District For- ester for District One, where natural condi- tions are the same as at Kamloops. It was ascertained from him that the transition from free grazing to administration and revenue collection by the Government was accompanied by *the same opposition there. Enforcement of the Government's policy, however, showed the stockmen in a very few years that they were much better off than formerly. The writer is convinced that a reasonable test will demonstrate this fact equally favourably to the stockmen in the Kamloops district.' 46 Canadian Forestry Associatiqn. 47 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. The Canadian Forestry Association is the organization in Canada for the propagation of the principles of forest conservation. This it does by means of conventions, meet- ings, lectures and literature. It is a popular organization supported by the fees of members, assisted by some gov- ernment grants. There is a vast field of work before the Association which is only limited by the funds at the disposal of the Association. Those who are not already members are invited to join and assist in the work. The membership fee is one dollar per year, and this entitles the member to attend and vote at all meetings and to receive the Annual Report and the Canadian Forestry Journal. Women as well as men are eligible for mem- bership. Applications for membership and requests for literature and information may be ad- dressed to The Secretary, Canadian Forestry Association, Journal Building, Ottawa, Can. Objects of the Association. (1) The exploration of the public domain, 60 that lands unsuitable for agriculture may be reserved for timber production. (2) The preservation of the forests for their influence on climate, soil and water supply. (3) The promotion of judicious methods in dealing Asith forests and woodlands. (4) Tree planting on the plains and on streets and highways. (5) Reforestation where advisable. (6) The collection and dissemination of information bearing on the forestry problem in general. HARDY NORTHERN FOREST TREES and shrubs at forest prices. Native and foreign tree seeds. Edye-de- Hurst & Son, Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont. SHIPPERS TO U. M. GOVERNMENT, ETOi Ckyrrespondance FYan^iaa. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, FORESTRY THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE, LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY For information, apply to the R^istrar of the University, or to the Secre- taries'of the respective Faculties. JniversilY of New Branswick FREDERICTON, N,B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in igoS Four years' course leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry Special facilities for practi- cal forest work. Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other expenses correspondingly moderate. For further information address: — DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. — — — C. C. JONES, Chancellor THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY at SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY Syra^ctxse, Ffe'v^ York Undergraduate course leading to Bachelor of Science ; Post- graduate course to Master of Forestry; and one and two-year Ranger courses. Summer Camp of eight weeks in Catskills. Ranger School held on the College Forest of 2,000 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Experiment Station of 90 acres and excellent Forest Library offer unusual opportu- nities for research work. : : : : For particulars address HUGH P, BAKER. D. Oeo. Dea.i\ TIMBER CRUISES \ FORESTRY SURVEYS / Forestry Dept. Montreal Engineering Company, Limited Consulting & OpArating- Engineers 164 ST. JAMES STREET, MONTREAL R. O. Sweezey, General Manage FOREST ENGINEERS. Forest Surveys Logging Maps TIMBER ESTIMATES Water Power Water Storage CLARK & LYFORD 403 Crow^n Building, VANCOUVER Hiirs Seedlings & Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for ■^^ over half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. FOREST PLANTERS GUIDE FREE. The D. Hill Narsery Co Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers In America. Box 503 Dundee, 111., U.S.A. rniE mmm west mm NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A. A two years' course in fo- restry is offered leading to the degree of Master of Forestry. The P'orest School is a graduate department of Yale University requiring for admission a college training. Graduates of universi- ties, colleges, or scientific ins- titutions of high standing are admitted upon presentation ot their diplomas, provided they have taken courses in the fol- lowing subjects in their under- graduate work : at least one full year in college or University Botany, and at least one course in Zoology, Physics, Inorganic Chemistry.Geology, Econom cs, Mechanical Drawing, French or German and the completion of Mathematics throngh Trigo- nometry. Candidates for advanced standing may take examinations in any subject but are required in addition to present evidence ot a specified amount of work done in the field or laboratory. The school year begins in early July and is conducted at the school camp at MILFORD, Pennsylvania. For further information address JAHES W. TOUnEV, Director NEW HAVEN - - - - CONNE0TI6UT Canadian forestry journal Vol. X. OiTAWA, Canada, A?rii.-May, 1914. Nos. 4 - Pres.. Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden. THE HALIFAX CONVENTION. Honorary Past Pros., Rt. Hon, Sir Wilfrid — L^^'-RiKR Matters arc progres.sing satisfae- President. wm. Power, Esq., M.p. torilv ill regard to the Canadian For- vicePresident, Mr. f. c. Whitman. estrv Convention at Halifax. Septeni- Treaj.urtr, Miss M. ROBINBON ) Journal Building, bei" 1-4. A llUinher liaVe already sig- Secretarj-, j.\me3 l.vwler ' Ottawa, Can. njiled to tile Secretary tiieir intention of attending, and there is no donbt ^'"''*°'^^- tfiere will be a good attendance. This Directors: William Little, Hiram Robinson, ami the arrangements M'itll the rail- Aubrev White, E. Stewart, W. B. Snowball, ,„.,... ,, ,i i *i \ • .• . Thomas South^orth. Hon. W. C. Edwards. Geo. Y. ^HN S enables the A.SSOCiatlon tO pro- Chown, John Hendry, Hon. W. A. Charlton. Hon. ipiSe single fare rateS for tile rOUIld W. J. Roche^ Hon. Geo. H. Perley Hon. Sydney ^rip tO members actnallv attending Ftsher, R. H. Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon *-• , , • , ,. ' ^ Edwards. Dr. B. E. Fernow, Ellwood Wilson, Slid their ladlCS. Senator Bostock, F C. Whitman. G. C. Piche, Railway Arrangements. Alex. MacLaunn, Mgr. P. E. Roy, A. P. Steven- son, Wm. Pearce, c. E. E. Ussher, Denis Mur- Kailway arrangements are on the phy, C. Jackson Booth, Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, ^, . , / y-, i ■ r i in \> ii • A. S. Goodeve, W. C. J. Hall, J. S. Dennis, J. B. ^I'^ldanl Crrtlfuatc I'luH. By tlus White, E. J. Zavitz, Geo. Chahoon, .Jr., R. D. Relegates purchasc one-wav first class Prettie Hon^ N. Curry A. C. Flumerfelt, H. R. ^j^.j.,.^,^ ^^ Halifax and SeeillV a Certi- MacMillan, Clyde Leavitt. /. p i -i n- fieate irom the railway agent stdliiig Territorial Vice-Presidents. the ticket. These certificates will be Ontario:-Hon. w. H. Hearst. Signed by the Secretary at the Hali- Quebec:— Hon. Jules AUard. fgX Conventioil. and whell tluiS siglled New Brunswick: — Hon. J. K. Flemming. -^.iH }j,> hoiiored for r«'turn tickets tO Nova Scotia :-Hon. O. T. Daniels. ^j startilliT poilll. Manitoba: — Sir R. P. Roblin. ' ' Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson. Eastern Canadian Points. Saskatchewan:— His Honor G. W. Brown. ^,.^,1^ .^,„j i,„.lmliiig Fort Wil- Alberta: — Hon. A. L. Sifton. ,. /-\ ^ • a. i^-ii -n British Columbia. -Hon. w. R. Ross. Ijam. Ontario, eastward tickets will Yukon: — Hon. Geo. Black, Commissioner. \\e On Sale at all railway StatioUS in Mackenzie:— F. D. Wilson. Canada Aug. 28 to Sept. 3. inclusive, Patricia:— His Honor Sir Douglas Cameron. ^^^^^ propeHv Validated Certificates Ungava: — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop .,, , i ' i ^ tt i-i; c j.- ^ j. of Montreal. ViH bt' lioiiored at Halifax for tickets 49 50 Canadian Forestry Journal, March-April, 1914 for the return journey up to and in- cluding SeptenilK'r 8. Western Canadian Points. In Western Canadian territory (namely, west of Fort William to the western boundary of Alberta) the dates of sale will be August 24 to 27, inclusive. Properly validated certi- ficates will be honored for return tickets at Halifax up to and including September 19 for tickets back to starting point. From British Columbia Points. From British Columbia points the dates of sale will be August 22 to 26, inclusive. Properly validated certi- ficates for return tickets will be honored at Halifax up to and includ- ing September 19. Lake and Rail Routes. These dates for British Columbia and Western Canada points will ac- commodate those desiring to travel by steamer across the Great Lakes. The usual arbitraries will apply for pas- sengers desiring to use the lake route. Delegates are requested to acquaint themsleves thoroughly with these dates and rules, as failure to observe them will render it impossible for them to get the reduced rate. The Secretary is anxious to get the names of those who expect to attend, and will gladly give information on any point not clear. Address: The Secre- tary, Canadian Forestry Association, Journal Building, Ottawa. SPRING FOREST FIRES. As this issue of the Canadian Fores- try Journal goes to press forest fires are reported in all parts of Canada. The open winter, with comparatively little snow, was followed by a dry spring, with the result that fires have been unusually widespread. The only gratifying feature is the greater ac- tivity which is being displayed on the part of governments, co-operative or- ganizations and private companies in fighting the fires. CONVENTION NOTES. From those who have already sig- nified their intention of attending the Convention at Halifax Sept. 1-4 it is evident it is going to be one of the best yet held. A number are going to make it a holiday trip, on which they will take their ladies, as well as an occasion to help along the cause of forest conservation. The Secretary is shortly making a brief trip to Nova Scotia to make prelim- inary arrangements, but correspond- ence addressed to him at Ottawa will receive prompt attention. Write to him for information, and let him know you are going to attend. THE PRESS IS WITH US. The votes of thanks passed at our An- nual Meeting are not formal, but mean what they say. It is pleasing to know tliat they are received in this spirit. The following note from Mr. John Imrie, Sei?- retary of the Canadian Press Association, shows that the Canadian Forestry Asso- ciation has the support and good will of this most powerful agency, without whose aid it would be impossible to carry on our propaganda work with anything like its present eflfectiveness: 'I am pleased, indeed, to learn from your letter of the 9th inst. that the Cana- dian Forestry Association appreciates so heartily the co-operation of the press of Canada in its work for the cause of forest conservation. It will give me pleasure to present the resolution of the Canadian Forestry Association on this matter to our Executive Committee at their meet- ing.' CONCERTED ACTION NEEDED. A member writing from Muskoka says: 'Foi-estry vitally affects us here in Mus- koka, where hard and soft timber abounds, and its care anort comprises 156 pages and is illustrated with 32 half-tone engrav- ings and three maps. The district covered by the report is in the central part of Southern Ontario, and lies along the line of the Trent Valley Canal, Avhich is ultimately to connect Lake Ontario with Georgian Bay. The region surveyed is about mi(hvay between these two bodies of water. It takes in part of the counties of Haliburton, Peterborough and Hastings. This district was once a great j^ine forest. Owing to the fact that the Dominion Gov- ernment has invested .$10,000,000 in the Trent Valley Canal, and owing to the fur- ther fact that the navigation and water- powers on the canal are vitally related to the forest cover in the district, the Do- minion Government is more directly inter- ested than in other parts of the country. The Ontario Government is interested in the matter of timber dues and land sales, while all the municipalities are interested because of the municipal needs of the district and the question of the taxes to be derived therefrom. The report states that the area is typical of much of the cutover lands of Eastern Canada for which it is desiraVjle to formu- late a policy of recuperation. The surface of the country is broken and hilly, inter- spersed with innumerable small lakes. The soil is underlaid with rock which is laid bare by repeated burning of the timber and young growth. The report covers farming, forest, indus- trial, mining and tourist traffic conditions in the area considered. It states that only 15,000 people inhabit the 2,100 square miles of the watershed (a decrease since 1901 of 15 per cent.), and that hardly 10 per cent, of the region has been cleared for farm purposes. The soil is altogether unsuitable for agriculture, and run-doMn and abandon- ed farms are to be fouml in large numbers. Nearly 200 farms were for sale for unpaid taxes in 1911 at 6 cents per acre. Practically all the pine has been removed. The whole area has been burned over at least once. Almost one-half the area is cov- ered with young and second-growth trees of the poplar-birch type, the result of fires. It was found, however, that enough hard- wood and wood of the poplar-birch type remain to warrant the adoption of a policy of conservation, and Dominion, Provincial or municipal ownership of the territory in question is suggested by the Commission as an initial step in that direction. Other re- commendations are: the re-possessing by the Province of the licensed lands which have practically ceased to produce the quantity of logs contemplated under original licenses; the imposing of restrictions on existing limit holders, tending to protect the forest growth; the appointment of a forester charged with the surveillance of the region; the perfecting of a fire-protection organiza- tion, building of look-out stations and watch towers, and appointment of the game- wardens as fire-wardens. Copies of this report may be had by those interested by applying to the Commission of Conservation, Ottawa. COMPLIMENT BRITISH COLUMBIA. Many compliments have been received by the Honorable W. E. Eoss, Minister of Lands of British Columbia, upon the new Timber Eoyalty Act, in which the prin- ciple of profit-sharing in the timber re- source is a feature. Among those who have written warmly commending the new act are: Hon. Clifford Sifton, Chairman of the Canadian Commission of Conserva- tion; Mr. Henry S. Graves, Chief Forester of the LTnited States; Hon. David Hous- ton, United States Secretary of Agricul- ture, and Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean Faculty of Forestry of the University, Toronto. At a meeting of Timber License Holders, held in the office of the B. C. Lumber and Shingle Manufacturers' Association, the subject w^as discussed, and t-he report states that all present ajjpeared well satis- fieil with the new act. The letter of the United States Secre- tary of Agriculture was as follows: 'The plan of readjusting stumpage values of timber at stated intervals in sales from public lands, whereby the public will de- rive a fair share of the increase in lumber values, is one with which I am in hearty accord. You will doubtless be interested in learning that a provision of this char- acter is included by this dej^artment in all contracts for sales of timber from national forest lands where the period of contract is in excess of five years, and that it has been accepted as equitable by timber operators. I »feel that you are to be heartily congratulated on this progressive legislation. ' Dr. Weiss, Director of the United States Forest Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A., is to go to British Columbia this summer at the request of Hon. W. E. Eoss, Minister of Lands, to study the utilization of waste products in lumber manufactur- ing. Toronto University Forestry School. GRADUATING CLASS. 1914. The firailuatinn class of the Forest School of the University of Toronto for 1914 i-on- sists of seven men, which is slij;;htl.v smaller than for the two years previous. All the men have seciire4 emi'loymeiit an:ickground, ami yet we say, "Wait and see what nature will do." M'oupled with intelligent work in the direition of reforesting, it goes without saying, of course, that there should be adei|uate fire protection all the time, and I was particularly interested in that por- tion of your letter which tol>l what work has been done in Qnebei-. ' The Late Sir William Whyte, formerly Vice-President Canadian Pacific Rail- way and a warm friend of forestry. He presided at the opening of the Winnipeg Convention, 1913. CANADA'S GRAVE RESPONSIBILITY. A member of the Canar nominat- ing eoniinittee to nominate uft'icers for tiie «nsuing vear: — Dr. J. F. Clark, and Messrs. J.' H. White an. I T. W. Dwight. Ottawa Foresters' Club. The Ottawa Foresters' Club held its concdudiiifj meeting for the season at the I'niversity Club, Ottawa, on April S. The President, Mr. K. H. Campbell, Director of Forestry, was in the chair. There was a good attendance of members. The oc- <'asion of the gathering was an address bv Mr. H. R. MacMillan, Chief Forester of British Colundiia. on work in that Prov- ince. Mr. MacMillan spoke in an easy, conversational way for over an hour, and then for half an hour more answered the numerous questions submitted by members of the Club, and discussed points brought up. It is intended to have a number of similar meetings during the coming autumn and winter. British Columbia Society of Foresters. Sixteen members were present at the organization meeting of the British Co- lumbia Society of Foresters, held in Van- couver. Dr. Juilson F. Clark was in the chair, and Chief Forester MacMillan ex- plained the object of the meeting. After discussion, Dr. Judson Clark was elected President, and, according to the constitu- tion, he chose the following Executive: Messrs. H. R. MacMillan, D. R. Cameron, G. D. McKay and W. J. VanDusen, the latter to be Secretary-Treasurer. At a subsequent meeting of the Executive a constitution was drawn up, the objects of the Association to be the develoi>ment of interest in Forestry in British Columbia. Meetings v.ill be held regularly, quarter- ly, with extra meetings upon call of the President upon special occasions. As the name of the society is not ileemed entirely satisfactory in some quarters, this will be further discussed at the next regular meeting. A new member writes: 'Being so thor- oughly in sympathy with the work which you have undertaken, we consider it a privilege to be included in the roster of vour Association. ' Sir Douglas Cameron, Lieut. -Governor of Manitoba, one of Canada's leading lumbermen, and a friend of conserva- tion, recently knighted by King George. The Editor of the Courier of Crystal City, Manitoba, writes in an appreciative way of the grove on the farm of Mr. J. J. Ring near that jdace. He notes that during the winter time liriving into this grove out of the .-"torm was like going into a house. He also tells of the other advantages of this grove. These trees were planted by Mr. Ring, the grove being among the lirst to be set out under the plan of the Dominion J'^orestry Branch and from seedlings grown at Indian Head. Mr. Ring was one of the earliest members of the <"anadian Forestry Association, and is an enthusiast on this subject. The number of agricultural and forestry colleges and schools in Austria in 1912-Kl was 226. These incduded three colleges, four academies, nine agricultural and five fores- try middle schools and eleven lower grade forestry schools. 61 G2 Canadian Forestry Journal, April-May, 1914- Canadian 'Forestry Association. 63 CANADIAN FORESTIIY ASSOCIATION. The Canadian Forestry Association is the organization in Canada for the propagation of the principles of forest conservation. This it does by means of conventions, meet- ings, lectures and literature. It is a popular organization supported by the fees of members, assisted by some gov- ernment grants. There is a vast field of work before the Association which is only limited by the funds at the disposal of the Association. Those who are not already members are invited to join and assist in the work. The membership fee is one dollar per year, and this entitles the member to attend and vot« at all meetings and to receive the Annur 1 P-»port and the Canadian Forestry Journc V. omen as well as men are eligible for mem- bership. Applications for membership and requests for literature and information may be ad- dressed to The Secretary, Canadian Forestry Association, Journal Building, Ottawa, Can. Objects of the Association. (1) The exploration of the public domain, so that lands unsuitable for agriculture may be reserved for timber production. (2) The preservation of the forests for their influence on climate, soil and wator supply, (3) The promotion of judicious methods in dealing with forests and woodlands. (4) Tree planting on the plains and on streets and highways. (5) Reforestation where advisable. (6) The collection and dissemination of information bearing on the forestry problem in general. HARDY NORTHERN FOREST TREES and shrubs at forest prices. Native and foreign tree seed.^. Edye-de- Hurst & Son, Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont. SHIPPERS TO H. M. OOVER.NMENT, ETCH Correspondance Franqaisc UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, FORESTRY THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE. LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ^ FORESTRY For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secre- taries of the respective Faculties. Canadian Torcstrv journal Vol. X. Ottawa, Canada, -IrNE-JiLY. 1914. No.s. (I cV: 7 CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL. Published monthly by the Canadian Forestry Association, Journal Buihling. Ottawa, Canada. Devoted to the cause of forest conservation. Subscription $1 per year. Advertising Rates on Application. CANADIAN FORESTRr ASSOCIATION. Patron. H. R. H. the Governor General. Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden. Honorary Past Pres.. Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier. President, "Wm. Power, Esq., M.P. Vice-President, Mr. F. C. Whitman, COXTKNTS: Pago. Halifax Convention Postponed 65 \()va Siotia, Lectures in 6G Forest Laboratories New lle.ad 60 The Late Overton Price 67 t'orcst Kire.s 67 Prince Edward County Sand Dunes. . . 6>S Queensland Forests 70 Ponnsvl\;inia Forests 70 Roche', Hon. \V. J 71 St. Maurice \alley Protective Asso- ciation 72 Yukon Tindier Protection 74 Ontario Beaver in Minnesota 74 The Summer Camp 74 Reforestation of Sands Lamia 73 What is Forestry 76 British Columbia Forestry Publicity.. 77 Forests and Mines 78 Treasurer, Misa M. Robinbon ) Journal Building, Secretarj-, James Lawler / Ottawa, Can. Directors. Directors: William Little, Hiram Robinson, Aubrey White, E. Stewart, W. B. Snowball, Thomas Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y. Chown, John Hendry, Hon. W. A. Charlton, Hon. W. J. Roche, Hon. Geo. H. Perley, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H. Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E. Fernow, EUwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C. Whitman, G. C. Piche, Alex. MacLaurin, Mgr. P. E. Roy, A. P. Steven- eon, Wm. Pearce, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Mur- phy, C. Jackson Booth, Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve, W. C. J. Hall, J. S. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J. Zavitz, Geo. Chahoon, Jr., R. D. Prettie, Hon. N. Curry, A. C. Flumerfelt, H. R. MacMillan, Clyde Leavitt. Territorial Vice-Presidents. Ontario: — Hon. W. H. Hearst. Quebec: — Hon. Jules AUard. New Brunswick: — Hon. J. K. Flemming. Nova Scotia: — Hon. O. T. Daniels. Manitoba: — Sir R. P. Roblin. Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson. Saskatchewan : — His Honor G. W. Brown. Alberta: — Hon. \. L. Sifton. British Columbia: — Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon: — Hon. Geo. Black, Commissioner. Mackenzie: — F. D. Wilson. Patricia: — His Honor Sir Douglas Cameron. Ungava : — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, .-Archbishop of Montreal. HALIFAX CONVENTION INDEFINITELY POSTPONED Owing to the disturbed situation caused by the war, it has been de- cided by the President and Directors of the Canadian Forestry Associa- tion to cancel the arrangements for the Forestry Convention, which was to be held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Sept. 1 to 4, and to postpone the meeting till further notice. 'I'wo tliiiij;>i iiiiioiig others aro ii('C(-'S.sary to tlic success of a forestry convention. One is the attendance of a larwe niiinl)er of deleofates, and the other is the reading; of the i*e- ports of tlie papers and discussions by the people who aro not able to at- tend. It was felt tliat it would bo impos- sible to secure either of these factors under conditions bound to prevail for some time in Canada. Members are urrired to take note of this change and to let it be known that all railway arrangements for the Convention are now cancelled, ;!ud that anyone going to Halifax on ■Jin OF Ff^HESiay 65 S^P 1 4 1914 66 Canadian Forestry Journal, June- July, 1914 the dates previously advertised with the expectation of being a delegate v/ill have to pay full return fare. In the meantime, it may be said that much of the work done in pre- paration for the Convention, such as the Secretary's lecture trip and dis- tribution of literature, will not be lost, and also that whatever is done in regard to this or other future meetings the members and the public will be dulv notified. Meeting's in Nova Scotia. Carrying out a plan formed last winter, a series of meetings was held throughout Nova Scotia to ex- plain the objects of the Convention. At these meetings addresses illus- trated by stereopticon views were delivered on forest conservation, j^articularly as it aifects Nova Sco- tia. At the close of each meeting discussion was invited upon the sub- ject. While the convention is not now to be held as originally planned, much information was spread throughout the province and much interest aroused which will bear fruit later. The Secretary devoted from June 18 to July 18 to this work. He first visited Prince Edward Island and interviewed the Premier, Hon. J. A. Matheson, and Hon. M. ]\IcKinnon, Minister of Argiculture, in regard to the representation of the Province at the Convention. The first lecture Avas delivered at New Glasgow, and the others, in order, were held at Sydney, Antigonish, Liverpool, Shel- burne, Yarmouth, Weymouth, Bear River, Annapolis, Middleton, Bridge- water and Kentville. A second visit was also made to Liverpool to ad- dress the Annual Meeting of the Licensed Guides of Nova Scotia. A brief visit was also paid to Windsor. In Halifax the Secretary, along with Mr. F. C. Whitman, Vice-Presi- dent, consulted Hon. G. H. Murray, Prime Minister of Nova Scotia; Hon. O. T. Daniels, Commissioner of Lands, and other members of the Government, and met a number of prominent citizens. During most of this trip the Secre- tary was assisted by J\Ir. B. R. Mor- ton, B. Sc, F. of the Dominion For- estry Branch, who is conducting an investigation into certain forest features of Nova Scotia. Mr. J. B. Whitman, Deputy Commissioner of Crown Lands for Nova Scotia, was also present at several of the meet- ings. On his Avay to and from Nova Sco- tia, the Secretary was in consulta- tion with the President, Mr. William PoAver, ]\I.P., at Quebec, and through- out the ti'ip he was in constant touch with Mr. F. C. Whitman, of Anna- polis Royal, Avho drew up the plan of the meetings and assisted in every ])ossilile way. The meetings Avere of particular interest in the lumbering districts, and the ncAVspapers throughout the Province gave very full reports. The discussions shoAved that the OAvners of Avood lots are becoming alive to the necessity of properly cutting their timber in order to keep up a continual supply from their lots. New Head of Forest Laboratories. Mr. John S. Bates has been ajipointed Superintendent of the Dominion Forest Pro- ducts Laboratories in connection with Mc- Gill Uiiiverhity, to take the place of Mr. A. G. McTntyre, who resigned to take charge of a new paper mill at Bathnrst, New Brunswick. Mr. Bates was born at Woodstock, Ont., and is a graduate of Acadia University in arts and science. After leaving Acadia he went to Columbia University, New York, and graduated in chemical engineering, spe- cializing in pulp and pa2)er. He made a study of the utilization of Southern pine waste ^\hile at Columbia, and since the con- clusion of a brilliant course there has had practical experience with the Union Bag and Paper Co., of New York, and Arthur D. L. Little, Inc., chemists, of Boston. Mr. Bates has begun his new duties with the most favorable prospects. The Late Overton Prica 67 The Late Overton Price. Foii-tiTs and fores^t eonforvationists throughout America learnt with very ileep regret of the recent lanientaV)le death of Mr. Overton W. I'rice. Mr. Price, while only thirty-nine years oM at the time of his death, had heen connected with forestry work for al)Out twenty years, and his repu- tation was international. During Dr. Giffonl I'inchot's term as I'nited States Forester, ^^r. Price was his assistant. He resigned shortly after Dr. Pinchot left the service, and since that had been practising as a consulting forester. He was also Vice- Presiclent of the National Conservation As- i-ociation. He visited Canada on many oe- ca.'-ions. and at the time of his death was consulting forester to British Columbia. Mr. H. R. McMillan, Chief Forester of British Coluinliia, sends the following ap- preciative note on Mr. Price's work: — 'Canadian forestry will long feel the loss of Overton W. Price. Mr. Price 's first ser- vices to Canadian conservation were in- direct. Under his influence, working in as- sociation with Mr. Pinchot, the educational effect of the United States Forest Service knew no international boundary. ' The crystallization of forest sentiment in Canada, the springing into life of Cana- dian forest organizations can be traced directly to the international forest leaders of the United States, of whom Mr. Price was one.* ' Mr. Price 's direct services to Canadian forestry began in 1906 when, as representa- tive of the United States Forest Service, he attended the Canadian Forestry Associa- tion Convention in Vancouver. His greatest service to Canada was rendered while act- ing as consulting forester to the Province of British Columbia during the two and a half years previous to his death. 'The Royal Commission on Forestry, with Mr. M. Allerdale Grainger as secretary, hail shown the necessity for a Provincial Forest Service, and had outlined an or- ganization, but the work from the ground up remained to be done. The credit of the organization belongs to Mr. Price. His breailth of vision conceived it, his zeal car- ried it through, his counsel guided it, his standards are and will be its inspiration. His memory will live long with foresters in British Columbia. " Strength of Hickory. Hickory is the strongest Canadian wood. When yiroperly seasoned a hickory column will support a weight of twelve tons per square inch cross-section, which is con- siderably more than what could be borne by a pillar of cast iron or steel of the same length and weight. Forest Fires. The reports received from east and west indicate that this was in some re- spects the worst season for forest fires since an organized attempt has l>een made to tight these conflagrations. In most parts the snowfall was unusually light. It was hoped that copious spring rains wouM make up for this, but, on the con- trary, spring opened very ilry and cold, with the result that by the jniildle of .lune vegetation was scarcely more advanced than ordinarily it is in the early part of May. The result was that the very dan- gerous fieriod extended at least a whole month longer than usual. More effort to discover and fight fire was jiut forth than ever before, with the result that in spite of the bad season losses were kept down much below what was feared. Such a season as this indicates that under or- dinary conditions thorough organization of the fire fighting forces can almost com- pletely eliminate forest fires. Protect Young- Timber. Mr. Clyde Leavitt, chief fire inspector of the Railway Commission, stated, in an interview, that the railways were doing everything in their power to prevent bush fires near the railway tracks from spread- ing. 'It seems to me,' said Mr. Leavitt, 'that there is too little attention paid to the fires in the cut over areas, and too much protection eoncentrate Ou June 4 a meeting was held in Mont- real to consider the question of the foi-ma- tion of a forest fire protection association by the representatives of a number of camping and summer cottage associations. By request the gathering was addressed by Mr. Ellwood Wilson, A^iee-President of the St. Maurice Valley Fire Protection Asso- ciation and the Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association. The territory lies north and west of Montreal, embracing the Lake Manitou, Trembling Mountain and Mt. Laurier District. A committee was formed to deal with the matter, of which Mr. E. A. Outhet, 54 Beaver Hall Hill, Montreal, is Chairman, and Mr. A. R. Whitall, 734 Mullins street, Montreal, Secretary. As this territory lies between the St. Maurice Valley and the eastern edge of the Lower Ottawa Forest Pro- tection Association territory, it is pos- sible that a new association will be formed here, so that the whole area between Three Rivers and the Gatineau will be covered by fire protection associations. Lumbering is the greatest American manufacturing industry and is exceeded only by agriculture -n supplying the essen- tials of life. A gentleman writes : ' In regard to the ])lan of improving forest conditions by pro- paganda carried on by an indepndent or- ganization like the Canadian Forestry As- sociation. ' He says : ' Instead of the indi- vidual subscription, helping to make the Hurrah, should not the Government take up the burden? Is it not a most important matter to the Government? Have they not in the past been lax in control, and have they not reaped all the revenues from the forests? and when improvements are made bv reforestry will not they reap the bene- fit?' This is a question frequently asked. Doubtless if our conditions were ideal and all citizens took a keen interest in public , affairs, and governments were truly repre- sentative of this intelligent activity, there would be no need of independent societies like the Canadian Forestry Association. But as it is, those citizens who really care about forests or mines or any other national asset are at present, probably, in the minority. In this case it is the minority who urge re- forms for the good of the whole country. Gradually the public is becoming aroused, and when it is thoroughly awake then or- ganizations like the Canadian Forestry As- sociation can disband, but until then they are a necessity and the larger and more Sf Mdurice Valley Protective Association vigorous they an- the more rapid «ill the process of awakening he. Government lej)endent organiza- tion and that is the field of our Associa- tion. Fiesides this it is a very short-sighted view which sees only increase in government reve- nues in improved forest management. 'Ph(> governments gain, but the general public gains ten times as much in increased trade, in improved farming conditions, in safe- guarded waterpowers and navigation, and in inerea>ed rail anle ahead of us. A child will in 90 per cent, of circumstances support itself and he of assistance to the community at the age of twenty-one ; a tree likewise planted by seed or sap)ling will support itself and likewise be proiluctive from twenty-one years of growth. It will be of value com- mercially speaking, and from the same area an everlasting growth of timber can be maintained, reaching a maximum value at the end of 100 years. More figuratively speaking, an acre of small trees at the age of, say 21 years, will be worth $1.5.00; at .% years, .$7.J.OO; at m years, .$200.00; and at 100 years, .$1,000.00. ' The above figures would vary with the species of timber and the demand, and are used only as an argument. To my mind this work should not fall upon the individual but upon the Govriiniifnt. ' What is Forestry ? (So mucJi interest lias been expressedin the Circular recently issued by the Association entitled 'What is Forestry. '' that it is here reproduced.) What Is Forestry? Forestry is the science and art of mak- ing the best permanent use of the forest. For What Purpose? To increase the wealth and comfort of man. It seeks to preserve forests only in so far as these may minister to man 's well being. Does It Demand That No Trees Be Cut? No. It aims to have every acre of land in the country put to its highest use: Wheat land to wheat, pasture land to l>asture; pineland to pine; spruce land to spruce, and so on. It would clear farming lands as soon as that may be done profit- ably, but it urges that absolute forest land be so cut over that a new and bettter crop of trees will take the place of the virgin crop. What Is Absolute Forest Land? Land that will never grow anything profitably but trees. What Interest Has Canada in Forestry? Over half the soil of habitable Canada is fit only to grow trees. Is Not Lumber Going Out of Use? On the contrary, in spite of concrete, steel and other substitutes, more lumber is being used today the world over than ever before. The price of timber is con- stantly rising. Nearly all the countries of the world are importing timber. Can- ada is one of the very few timber-export- ing countries. In her large forest area Canada has a resource which should go on increasing in value every year. Would Forest Preservation Kill Lumber- ing? No. Forestry does not prohibit the cut- ting of ripe trees any more than agricul- ture forbids the cutting of ripe wheat. It simply asks that cutting on non-agri- cultural lands be done in such a way that a new and better crop will come on. It also asks that timber areas be protected from fire and from injurious insects, so as to save both the mature trees and the young forest, the hope of the future. It looks to riiaking lumbering (timber har- vesting) just as permanent a business as farming. Would Not Forests Crowd Out Farms? No. All the land that the forester asks for permanent forests is land unfit for farming — too poor, too hilly, too stony. The attempt to farm this land results in poverty, abandoned farms, man-made deserts. On the other hand, the mainten- ance of forests on such lands means a distinct gain to agriculture, especially in regard to moisture conditions, wood sup- ply, wind-breaks, covers for insectivorous birds and evenness of stream flow. Every interest in the country, in fact, is bene- fited and none injured by retaining forests on non-agricultural lands. Is Forestry Worth While? It is. The value of forest products in Canada in their first stage of manufacture (in the sawmill yard) is estimated by the Dominion Forestry Branch at $170,000,000 per 3'ear. This timber is at the base of all our manufacturing. It forms a great pro- portion of our transportation business, and the maintenance of forests on the up- lands keep our streams in even flow, thus preserving our water supplies and water powers. Forests are also great health re- sorts and game preserves. Have We Not Plenty of Timber? We used to think so, but now we know that a few decades will see the remainder of our virgin timber cut. Some authorities think the United States will have ex- haustetl their virgin timber by 1930 or 1935. Then, if they should come to Can- ada to get their supply, our authorities tell us our timber would last seven years. What Can Be Done? The first thing to do is to stop forest fires which consume at a dead loss seven or eight times as much timber as the axe of the lumberman. The great factor in this is the educating of public opinion. When the pifblic is aroused forest fires will stop. Much can be done by disposing of the debris left after lumbering, by screen- ing smokestacks of locomotives, regulating times of settlers ' brush-burning, and by patrolling timber lands to reduce the dan- ger from tourists, campers, prospectors and from lightning. When forests are pro- tected, then will come methods of refor- estation. 76 British Columbia Furc.stry Publicity 77 Does Anybody Care? Mauy care, l)Ut not all. Last year tli.> different governments in Canada spent considerably over one million ilollars in forest protection and a.lministration, chiefly in lire jtrotectioii. Liimheriii},' ami railway coni|'aiiies an.l private in.Uvidiials si>ent half a million more. This iucludod trail and telejdione line building and the introduction of oil-burning locomotives on some railways. How Can I Help? One of the most efficient methods is by joining the Canadian Forestry Association. This is the national organization which has for its objeit the awakening of the public to the need and value of forest protection. In numbers there is strength, and those who believe in forest conservation have, by banding together, done much more in getting governments, corporations and pri- vate individuals to adopt better methods than they ever could have done by sepa- rate effort. The work of the Association, which is constantly growing, has been en- dorsed by leading j.ublic men. Joining the Association will keep you informed of what is being done and show you how you can help. The membership fee is the nominal one of One Dollar j)er year, and this entitles members to receive, without further charge, the Canadian Forestrii Jour- nal (monthly) the report of the addres.'-es, papers and discussions at the Annual Con- vention, and other pul)lications issued from time to time. If you are already a member you can assist by sending in the names of those who mav be interested. Timely Reminders. The British Columbia Forest Branch is not only en.kavouring to i)revent and fight forest fires but it has entered upon the work of educating the public to help in fire pre- vention. The Branch has distributed a pic- ture, a copy of a painting entitled 'Putting Out the Camp Fire.' These pictures are being distributed chiefly among school children of the Province, but also to coun- try hotels and banks, sawmills and logging camps, post offices, stopping jdaces, stores, government buildings, steamships, etc. The Branch has also issued a pocket whet- stone bearing on the back the following: — WHEN YOr AKI-: IX THE WOODS Keep Your Axe and Knife Sharp and BE CAREFUL Xot to Start FOREST FIRES. Presented hi/ the Forest Branch Dcpt. of Lands, Victoria, B.C. The pocket whetstones' wore distributed among men of the woods of all kin.ls, as loggers, hunters, fishermen, surveyors, pros- pectors, .wettlers, rural mail carriers, and cruisers. Samples of the material were ^ont also t^o iie\\vpj,per e.litors and to clergymen. Altt.gether over .-.->,000 of the various' post- ers, pictures, whetstones, and circular letters were distributed throughout the j>rovince. In most cases explamitory letters acconi- I)ani.'d the articles to the snn.lry re<-ipients. It is conlidently expected that the char- acter of the material and the method of its le who are afraid of bears, it af- fords an interesting insiglit into the con- tempt entertained for these 'varmints' by the real backwoodsman. The ranger writes to Mr. Gillies as follows: — 'Pears are a little troblesome this month. They have broken into the hut at Catfish several times during my absence, and have eaten my provisions and upset everything. I had the window nailed uji witli inch boards and five-inch spikes, and they tore that oft" anil got in again. They come at night, too, and waken me up. 1 "struck one in the face one night as he was trying to climb in the window, and I scared "another away when he started to pull down the barricade. The park men told nu^ I should get a heavy revolver. I am not afraid of bears, but they are more troublesome than the mice and squirrels.' — Rod and Gun. Minnesota State Forests. Xe.xt Xovendjer the electors of Minnesota will vote on an amendment to the constitu- tion. The .state has fifteen million a.-res of land unsold, ami under present laws this must be sold for agricultural jiurposes. The object of the amendment is to have such of these lands as are unfit for farming turned into a state forest and managed on modern forestry lines. The Minnesota For- estry Association has inaugurated a cam- paign in favor of the amendment. It is stated that most of these lands are absolute forest lands, and if attempts are made to farm them they will become desert like much of the land that has already been stripped of timber in the state. Forests and Mines A. Lakes, Ymir, B.C. The only redeeming features of the great forest fires in a mining way are, that after them if the plant has survived, there is less danger of another fire and the burning off of timber and brush makes the following of leads on the surface and prospecting more easy. But these com- pensations are incomparable with the ir- reparable loss of necessary timber and the protection the growing timber affords against the miner's worst enemy, the snowslide. The burning off of the country has a per- nicious influence on the storage and equable dstiribution of water necessary for all kinds of mining. The baring of a mouutan-itop and its denudation of soil, trees and bushes, causes the water it re- ceives to gather so quickly that it will discharge in torrents into the river below, washing out flumes and filling reservoirs with silt and gravel, whilst forests grow- ing on mountain summits and protecting water-sheds, not only collect and retain the moisture and snow, but let the water out gradually and advantageously in the sea- son when most needed. The rapid thawing in spring of a great fall of snow accumulated during the win- ter, so far from being advantageous to the mines, and especially the placer mines, and supplying them with an abundance of water, may be detrimental, and often after destroying flumes leaves the area dry and waterless or nearly so. The writer who has passed some winters in the mountains of British Columbia near Nelson, has had ample opportunity of noting the influence of forest fires in or- iginating and promoting snow slides and of standing timber in preventing and ar- resting them. Snow slides great and small are very common on either slope of Wild- Horse Creek. The entire valley has more than once been swept by forest fires, leav- ing patches of timber here and there, us- ually a thousand feet or more above the river, that next to the river having been burnt out. Above this standing timber some high peaks rise for another thou- sand feet. Snow slides abound on the latter but rarely reach the valley, being arrested by the standing timber in the intermediate zone. Nearly all the slides of a damaging nature to mining works, start from bare places immediately below the timber but not from within it, al- though snow there lies deep. In a recent wide slide that skimmed off the snowy crust of a hill for a width of half a mile and a downward length of 1,000 feet, it was noticeable that when the great sheet started it broke off invariably at points just below the standing timber in an irregular line. The great sheet left this line of parting in a well-defined bench five to ten feet high all along the hill side resembling an irregular brush fence and rolled down into the valley and river in a mass of foaming snow. On the opposite mountain our mine has ben troubled by small slides rolling down from the timber above. These would at times block the entrance to the tunnel and separate it from the blacksmith shop. Larger slides in an adjacent gulch frequently disturbed our pipe line supplying power to the com- presser. Sections of flumes were carried away causing power to be shut off for a day or more. The difference such annoy- ances made in mining was shown in the drilling returns and progress of the tunnel. During the summer months the average cost was about $12 per foot. In March (the worst .snow-slide month) it was $30.00. Many small slides descending from the slopes on either side obstructed our wagon-road to town and train for mail and supplies. These slides had to be dug through for the x^^ssage of teams and sleighs. Winter expenses due largely to snow slides, directly or indirectly are us- ually far in excess to those of the summer months. Tlie existence of these slides is almost entirely due to the burning off of the timber. Before the great fires, slides were few and confined to well-known gulches. Since the fire they have appeared in every direction as much on the open face of the hills as in the gulches. Some- times the whole snow face of a hill will slide off bodily, in other cases, the slopes are literally channelled by them and at times there is an epidemic in which the hills are said to 'rain slides' only a few yards apart. From our cabin window you can count thirty slides within the space of a mile. Whilst the burning off of tim- ber has removed further fear of fire to the camp and has exposed some prospects on the opposite hill side such could not be worked in winter through fear of slides, whilst those being worked on the other hill are constantly annoyed by them. The aim should be to prevent fires and to stop snow slides from forming by leaving timber to stand and grow at least above the mine. A miner would be very foolish to clear the timber back of and above his mine and use it because it was 'handy' thereby ex- posing himself and his men and mine to the snow slide. On the other hand it is advisable to clear a certain space around the plant in view of a possible forest fire. In felling such timber all branches should be cut off and piled away and burnt by themselves as 'Slashings' are fire traps and common starter of fires. 78 Canadian Forestry Association. 79 CANADIAN FORESTIIY ASSOCIATION. The Canadian Fore.-tr.v Assoi'iation is the organization in Canada for the propagation of the principles of forest cons-ervation. This it does by means of conventions, meet- ings, lectures and literature. It is a popular organization supported by the fees of members, assisted by i-ome gov- ernment grants. There is a vast field of \vork before the Association which is only limited by the funds at the disposal of the Association. Those who are not already members are invited to join and assist in the work. The membership fee is one dollar per year, and this entitles the member to attend and voto at all meetings and to receive the Annu; "* P^port and the Canadian Forestry Journc \\ omen as well as men are eligible for meni bei^hip. Applications for membership and requests for literature and information may be ad- dressed to The Secretary, Canadian Forestry Association, Journal Building, Ottawa, Can. Objects of the Association. (1) The exploration of the public domain, 60 that lands unsuitable for agriculture may be reserved for timber production. (2) The preservation of the forests for their influence on climate, soil and wator supply. (3) The promotion of judicious methods in dealing with forests and woodlands. (4) Tree planting on the plains and on streets and highways. (5) Reforestation where advisable. (6) The collection and dissemination of information bearing on the forestry problem in general. HARDY NORTHERN FOREST TREES and shrubs at forest prices. Nati\e and toreij^n tree seeds. Edye = de- Hurst & Son, Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont. Smi'PERS TO H. .M. GOVERNMENT, ETC Correspondance FroTK^aise. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, I ORI.STRY THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE, LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secre- taries of the respective Faculties. llnivcrsitY of New Brai]§wick FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Eitabhshed in igo8 Four years' course leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestrv Special facilities for practi- cal forest work. Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other expenses correspondingly moderate. For further information address: — DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. — — — C. C. JONES, Chancellor THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY at SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY Syrak.ctxse, Ncwr York. Undergraduate course leading to Bachelor of Science ; Post- graduate course to Master of Forestry; and one and two-year Ranger courses. Summer Camp of eight weeks in Catskills. Ranger School held on the College Forest of 2,000 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Experiment Station of 90 acres and excellent Forest Library offer unusual opportu- nities for research work. : : : : For particulars address HUGH P. BAKER .D. Oec. De&n TIMBER CRUISES \ FORESTRY SURVEYS J Forestry Dept. Montreal Engineering Company, Limited Consulting & Operating Engineers 164 ST. JAMES STREET, MONTREAL R. O. Sweezey, General Manage ill's Seedlings & Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Keforesting. Best for ■^ over half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low price?. Write for price list and mention this magazine. FOREST PLANTERS GUIDE FREE. The D. Hill Narsery Co Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers In America. Box 503 Dundee. 111., U.S.A. FOREST ENGINEERS. Forest Surveys Logging Maps TIMBER ESTIMATES Water Power Water Storage CLARK & LYFORD, Ltd., 520-24 Vancouver Block, VANCOUVER m[ lllilfERSIllf f ORESI SCiOOL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A. A two years' course in fo- restry is offered leading to the degree of Master ot Forestry. The Forest School is a graduate department of Yale University requiring for admission a college training. Graduates of universi- ties, colleges, or scientific ins- titutions ot high standing are admitted upon presentation of their diplomas, provided they have taken courses in the fol- lowing subiects in their under- graduate work : at least one full year in college or Univesity Botany, and at least one course in Zoology, Physics, Inorganic Chemistry,Geology, Econom cs, Mechanical Drawing, French or German and the completion of Mathematics throngh Trigo- nometry. Candidates for advanced standing may take examinations in any subject but are required in addjiion to present evidence ot a specified .imount of work done in the field or laboratory. The school year in 1914 begins July 1 and is conducted at the school camp at MILFORD, Pennsylvania. For further infortnatien address JAHES W. TOUHEY, Director NEW HAVBN ... - CONNECTICU Canadian forestry lournal Vol. X. Ottawa, Canada, Aug.-Sept.. 1914. Nos. S &: 9 CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL. Published monthly by the Canadian Forestry Association, Journal Building. Ottawa, Canada. Devoted to the cause of forest conservation. Subscription $1 per year. Advertising Rates on Applicjwon. CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Patron. H. R. H. the Govkrkor General. Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden. Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid L.WKIER. President, Wm. Power, Esq., MP. Vice-President, Mr. F. C. Whitman, Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson ) Journal Building, Sccretan,-, James Lawler ( Ottawa, Can. Directors. Directors: William Little, Hiram Robinson, Aubrey White, E. Stewart, W. B. Snowball, Thomas .Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards. Geo. Y. Chown, John Hendry, Hon. W. A. Charlton, Hon. W. J. Roche, Hon. Geo. H. Perley, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H. Campbell, J. B. Miller. Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Ellwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C. Whitman, G. C. Piche, Ale.x. MacLaurin, Mgr. P. E. Roy, A. P. Steven- son, Wm. Pearce, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Mur- phy, C. Jackson Booth, Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve, W. C. J. Hall. J. S. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J. Zavitz, Geo. Chahoon, Jr., R. D. Prettie, Hon. X. Curry, A. C. Flumerfelt, H. R. MacMillan, Clyde Leavitt. Territorial Vice-Presidents. Ontario: — Hon. W. H. Hearst. Quebec: — Hon. Jules AUard. New Brunswick: — Hon. J. K. Flemming. Nova Scotia: — Hon. O. T. Daniels. Manitoba: — Sir R. P. Roblin. Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson. Saskatchewan: — His Honor G. W. Brown. Alberta: — Hon. A. L. Sifton. British Columbia: — Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon: — Hon. Geo. Black. Commissioner. Mackenzie: — F. D. Wilson. Patricia: — His Honor Sir Douglas Cameron. Ungava: — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi. .Archbishop of Montreal. CONTENTS. Page. "War and After 81 The Late Dr. Saunders 82 I)iro< 83 Nova Scotia's Forest Opportunities.. 84 Tamarack in Nova Scotia 86 (- are of the W'oodlot 87 Wood Using Industries of tlie Mari- time Provinces .H7 Larch Dying in Nel.sou District .... 89 Salt Water Preserves Timber 90 Lower Ottawa Protective Association. 90 Maple Day 91 Civil Service Reform 92 With the Forest Engineers 9."i Coii.-rcte Ties Inferior to Wood 94 THE WAR AND AFTER. Tile war and all its eonseqiK^ifes must be accepted. At the same time we must not forget that tliei-e will be a time when the war will be over, and then, as in the pa.st, we desire the nation to go on with the greatest amount of prosperity possible. For- ests have been burned in Europe as a terrible necessity of war, but they were prol)ably not one-tenth part so hirge or so valuable as the forests which have been l)urned in North America because of the terrible care- lessness of peace. Whatever strain the war puts on citizens, we must not let go our hold on those ba.sal things on which not only the wrll-bfing, but even the very b( incj of the nation and of the world depends. No matter what happens, it will not do any good to so badly till our fields that they will produce less, or to so neglect our forests that they will bui-n down. All our civic, provincial, and national in- stitutions must be maintained in full vioror iCULTY Of FOfJESIRr OCT 5 2924 81 82 Canadian Forestry Journal, August-September, 1914. The Canadian Forestry Association could not hold its intended Conven- tion, and some other lines of work will be shut off, but the remaining lines that are not shut off must be worked, so that a year hence, fifty years hence, the cause will be further ahead than it is today. Keeping up the regular institutions of the coun- try is not such spectacular work as some other kinds, but it is just as necessary to the well-being of the state. DR. WILLIAM SAUNDEES. Dr. William Saunders, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C, for twenty-five years Director of Dominion Experimental Farms, died at his residence in Lon- don, Ont., on September 13, in his seventy-ninth year. He had been ill for about two years. Dr. Saunders' work for agriculture in Canada is so well known that it is necessary only to refer to it briefly. Born in Devon- shire, England, he came to Canada when he was twelve years old. He was in early life a wholesale and manu- facturing chemist, and was one of the founders of the Ontario College of Pharmacy, of which he was president for two years. He was founder and president for several years of the Ontario Entomological Society, and for tliirteen years edited the Cana- dian Entomologist, He was president of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation, of the Association for the Pro- motion of Agricultural Science, and of the Biological Section of the Royal Society of Canada, and was made an honorary member of many important societies. In 1885 he was selected by the Do- minion Government to inspect experi- mental farms in different countries, and in the three years following the Government established the five orig- inal experimental farms and appoint- ed him Director, which post he held till about two years ago, when failing health compelled his retirement. In that period Dr. Saunders built up an international reputation, especially in the field of cereal development. He also did much to develop the plums and other native fruits of western Canada. At the time of the estab- lishment of the experimental farms agriculture in the Canadian West was still in the doubtful stage, and the success of wheat growing in the west has been, in a large measure, due to the work of these farms. S.-m;4^V5:^ v. V 0.S-- The Late Dr. Saunders. It will be seen from the above that Dr. Saunders was a man of wide sympathies, one who looked upon farming as part of the national life. In this outlook he included forestry, and he was one of the earliest mem- bers of the Canadian Forestry Asso- ciation, and one of its first Directors. In those days, before conservation was popular,^ or even tolerated, it had a vigorous champion in Dr. Saunders. Not only did he believe in forestry in the forests, but he believed in farm forestry. The arboretum and forest belts at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, the plantations at Dr. William Sounders 83 Bramluii. Maiiitolia. and liuliaii Ilt-ad, Saskatc'lu'waii, liavf been a soiiroe of inspiration and information in farm forestry, and the westiM-n plantings were the forerniniers of the system of fn-e distribution oi trees to farmers for phintin^ about their homesteads, whieli lias now grown to sueii innnense i>ropoi'tions under the Domiinon Forest r\' liraneh. View at Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, in Arboretum laid out under the direc- tion of the late Dr. Saunders. DIRECTOR OF FORESTRY RETURNS. Mr. R. H. Campbell. Dominion Director of Forestry, Ottawa, return- ed early in September from a visit of over two months in Europe. He first attended the fiftieth annual meetinstry Branch, I>opartnieiit of the In- terior. It may be had free by those in- terested upon application to the Director of Forestry. Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa. This (in-ular of sixteen pages is intended to be of a pojiuiar character, so that the owner of a woodlot may gain the necessary in- formation upon M'hich to proceed to improve the same. Information from the Depart- ment is to the etVect that it has also proved l)opular. requests for it ha\iiig been very wind. Next it takes up improvement cut- ting and thinning. The fullest section is that on Keproduction, which deals with natural seeding, artificial seeding, disad- vantages of seeding, ])lanting, and sprout or coppice method, and adds a table of quanti- ties and distances to show how nuich >eed and how many plants are reipiired per acre when artificial reproduction is followed. Those of our members who are contemplat- ing improving their woodlots, or who would like to place something of a brief and popular character in the hamls of those who The Bad Results of Grazing. In the foreground of the picture a wire fence has been erected. The one side has been grazed clean, while on the other ungra/.ed side the good reproduction to be noted further back has sprung up. — From Care of the Woodlot. numerous. It is the first publication of the kind issued by the Dominion Forestry Branch dealing with the care of wood lots in eastern Canada, all the similar publica- tions previously issued by the branch having dealt with western and prairie conditions. The constantly increasing demand from eastern Canada, particularly the Maritime Provinces, rendered necessary the issue of a publication dealing with conditions where the rainfall is much greater than in the prairies. The writer is ^Mr. B. R. Morton, who is the officer in the Forestry Branch in charge of farm forestry and woodlots in eastern Canada. The circular deals, first, with Protection from grazing, fires and should be improving their wooillots, should send for copies of this circular. The Province of Ontario has issued a pamphlet liy Mr. F. J. Zavitz, Provincial Forester, Parliament Buildings, Toronto, which has already gone through two edi- tions, and this is available for citizens of Ontario, but not for the other provinces. Wood I'sinff Industries of the Maritime Provinces, by R. G. Lewis, B.Sc.F., assisted by W. Guy H. Boyce. It is safe to say that the wood using in- dustries of a wood producing country like Canada are always underestimated. The raw material is largely produced locally, and keeps up local industries, which are not 87 88 Canadian Forestry Journal, August-September, 1914 regarded at their true worth until they have disappeared from lack of material. The Dominion Forestry Branch is doing a national service in bringing the different parts of the country under review in this way. The above is Bulletin No. 44 of the Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior, and it may be had free ujion ap- plication to the Director of Forestry, Otta- wa. It has been compiled from reports re- ceived from over six hundred manufacturers in the Maritime Provinces, which statement itself shows the importance of the industry. Since it is a study of conditions rather than a census, its figures are likely to be under, rather than over, the mark. It shows that, aside from the export trade, at least two hundred million feet of timlier are annually required to supply the wood using indus- tries of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The value of this material is over .$3,684,000. Twenty-eight different kinds of ^vooil are used. The in- dustries are divided into the following: Woodpulp, building construction, cooperage, boxes, cars, boats, furniture, coffins, foundry boxes, vehicles, machinery parts, patterns, agricultural imidements, handles and fruit baskets. The Bulletin forms a pamphlet of one hundred pages, in which the subject is treated in all its relations. Those who de- sire to keep in touch with this industry in these provinces should send for a copy. Fmt Annual Bepor-t of the Botanical Of- fice of the Province of British Columbia, 191."., by J. Davidson, F.L.S., F.B.S.E., Pro- vincial Botanist, printed by the King's Printer, Victoria, B.C. This is a handsome report of thirty pages on heavy paper, illus- trated by many inserted maps and engrav- ings. The object of the Botanical Office is to form a provincial herbarium of the native flora, to collect information and literature relating to the same, to make recoi-ds of native species, etc. The report shows that this work has been entered upon energetically, and that the reproach that the best collections of British Columbia flora are to be found in Ottawa and Washington will soon be removed. DROUGHT TESTS FOREST FIRE PRO- TECTION PLANS. The efficiency and resources of all forest- protective organizations in Canada have been put to a severe test this year l)y the prolonged drought which prevailed through- out the greater portion of Canada during the early part of August. It seems prob- able that 1914 will be recorded as the worst fire year since 1910. The situation in southern British Columbia has been very serious, and great areas have been burned over in Alberta, on the east slope of the Rocky Mountains. Northern Ontario has suffered severely. The railways are no longer the chief source of forest fires, and the necessity for a stricter control of the setting of fires by settlers for clearing land is becoming in- creasingly apparent. AlsOj in many sections, especially on cut-over lands, where most of the fires originate, the establishment of a more adequate patrol system is essential to ])rotect young growth ami prevent the spread of fires into old timber. The exten- sion of the merit .system in the appointment of fire rangers in the services of both the Dominion and Provincial Governments is necessary if the best residts in fire protec- tion are to be secured. — Clyde Leavitt, in Conservation. NEW FORESTRY JOURNAL. Tlic Bilimorean is the name of a cpiarter- ly publication Issued in Cadillac, Michigan, to take the place of The Biltmorc Doings, which ceased when Dr. Sehenck gave up the \\ork of the Biltmore Forest School. In the opening editorial it is stated that The Bilt- morean is the result of a desire on the part of many of the graduates of the Biltmore Forest School for a school paper which should serve as a medium of correspond- ence between all Biltmoreans, as a tie to l)ind the friendships formed in the school- days, as a fitting record of the achieve- ments of graduates and their opinions and methods, and as the upholder of the good name of the Biltmore Forest School among the host of other institutions dedicated to Forestry, and the allied pursuits. FIRE PREVENTION NOTICES. The Crown Lands Dej^artment of Nova Scotia has, for the most part, discarded the old method of printing extracts from the laws against fire as fire notices, and has adopted the plan of printing short, pithy sentences to remind the camper of the immediate need. Here are some of the posters: — FOREST FIRES CAN BE PREVENTED. Use your influence against CARELESSNESS, And Make 'Caution' the By- Word When in the Woods. Breach Forest Protection and Practice it . Too. Pipes, Cigars, and Cigarettes are DANGEROUS. A Fire from Your Pipe Means That You Alone Are RESPONSIBLE. Be Careful. Killing of Larch in Nelson Forest District* Mr. II. U. MiuMillan, Chief Fort. •s of * ii'il-tops ' were notioed ainouijst the mixed stands of western lan-h on tlie mountain slopes above the Arrow Lakes. The trees affected were eomparatively few in lunnher, and were ehielly at an elevation of about .'5,500 feet. It was not found convenient to make a stuily of the causes of the damage during the season, the attention of Mr. Swaine being devoted to the more im- portant outbreaks of insect^ nn other species. The affection, whatever it may bi', has spread with e.xtreme rapidity, and may bo expected to l>e reportecl soon from other localities. The larcdi in this district is not a very important tree. Jn the forest it appears as tall, clean timber. Its proiluct does not justify its appearance. The butt is heavy, and trees which are to be lloated or ilriven must be long butted four to eight feet. The butt logs are usually very shaky, and when dry practically fall to Birch Planted Too Far Apart. This picture shows an undesirable, grassy condition, the result of idanting too far apart a tree which naturally jiroduces little shade. — From Care of the U'uudlot. In May, 1914, a trip through the same country showed an enormous increase in the number of * red-tops. ' Api)arently the greater part of the larch on both shores of the Arrow Lakes, from water level to the up[)er limits of the species, is affected so seriously as to cause the destruction of the foliage. The affected trees, in many cases, form a third or more of the forest stand. The burns of several years ago have, in many places, reforested, one- quarter to one-half of the young stand being larch. The young larch, as well as the old, appears to suffer. pieces, and, therefore, the trees are usually long butted, even where the logs are not to be floated to the mill. The lumber is heavy and pays a higher freight charge than other interior tind)ers. As is true with other western timbers, the defei-ts and characteristics vary in different dis- tricts. There are places where it is not necessary to long butt western larch. It is not, however, a favorite tree with the manufacturer or timber owner. Should the killing of the larch result in its disi>lacement in the forest by either bull pine or western Avhite pine, its tw» 89 90 Canadian Forestry Journal, August-September, 1914 most valuable f-onipetitors, or even by Douglas fir, which, in this particular dis- trict, is only a medium grade timber, the forest will "be improved. The great dan- ger from this infestation is not so much the loss of the larch, but the increased fire hazard. Over contiguous areas of a hundred or more scpiare miles the larch forms ten to thirty per cent, of the forest. Should this timber be killed, as appears likely, the danger of destructive fire will be g'reatly increased, and it will be prac- tically iiiipossible to cheek a fire which escapes into a forest containing such a large proi)ortion of dead timber. The appearance of large areas affected by insects, as this one appears to be, sug- gests that the great fires of the past in the western forests have, perhaps, been fed to the maximum destructive pitch by 'bug- killed ' timber. Xo remedy for a large scale insect at- tack has yet appeared possible. Perhaps parasites may be introduced which will hold in check the insects most destructive on yellow pine, white pine and larch, the three western species most aflfecteil. If such parasites are not found it is likely that we may look for some seriously destructive beetle attacks. The insects are present, and it only requires a combina- tion of conducive natural conditions to prepare a wholesale devastation of some districts. Their spread is probably en- couraged by the absence of birds in British Columbia and the increased number of favorable breeding grounds, which are being provided in the weakened trees of clearing and logging operations. The study of destructive forest insects by the Entomological Division is wel- comed in British Columbia. LOWER OTTAWA FOREST PROTEC- TION. The Lower Ottawa Forest Protective As- sociation, which was organized last spring, has had a very active season, due to the dry periods of May, July and August. The association employs 49 permanent rangers, four inspectors, and as many temporary labourers as may be recpiired for the con- trol of individual fires. During the dry spell in May more than 500 extra fire fight- ers were on duty at one time in the employ of the association. Since the organization of the association the area protected by it has been increased by 2,000 square miles, through the accession of new members. The total area now guarded is 11,812 square miles, or upwards of 7,500,000 acres. The association has recently secured convictions against 40 settlers in the Ste. Agathe, Mont Laurier, and Maniwaki districts for setting fii-es without permits, and it is expected that these convictions will result in greater care with such fires in the future. In all jirobability the excellent results secured by the Lower Ottawa and St. Maurice associa- tions will lead to the formation of similar associations in other sections of the coun- trv. — Clvde Leavitt in Conservation. SALT WATER PRESERVES TIMBERS. Professor John Macoun's O'bservations Confirmed. In replacing a railroad trestle recently burned along the north shore of Great Salt Lake, engineers have just found that the piles are still perfectly sound, after 43 years of service. Looking for the cause, since these were only of local pine and fir, they found the timbers were impregnated throughout with salt from the lake. The first transcontinental telegraph line, built before the railroad, extended west from Salt Lake City through the j^ros- perous mining camps of Eureka, Austin and Virginia City. When the railroad was built the telegraph line was transferred to follow its right of way, and the old l^oles sawed off at the ground. An engi- neer who recently examined the butts left in the ground in the salt desert near Fish Springs found that, although fifty years had passed since the poles were cut off, the old butts were perfectly sound. Telephone and electric companies in the Salt Lake Valley have used the local salt for preserving poles. When set up about 75 pounds of salt is placed around the pole on the ground. This method cannot be used, however, when the pole is on or near a lawn, or in any place where vegetation is desired. It is pointed out that the reason why the waters of Salt Lake act as a strong preservative, as distinguished from ocean waters, is because the lake water is so much saltier, being practically a saturate solution. Preservation with salt is of no use in ocean piling against the attack of teredos and other marine borers. Experts in the forest service who have been investigating the preservative treat- ment of timber offer the suggestion that tiies and poles which have been immersed for some time in the waters of the lake ought to be impervious to decay if the salt is not leached out by the action of the elements. It has bene suggested that this can be gnarde?! against, for example, by painting the butt of the pole with a coat of creosote, which will keep out the mois- ture and keep in the salt. In this connection it is interesting to note that for many years Prof. John Macoun, of the Canadian Geological Sur- vey, has advocated this method of pre- serving timber. In the Summary Eeport of the Geological Survey for 1908, page Maple Day 'Jl 187, Prof. Macoun jjave facts on this mat- ter. At the Canadian Forestry Associa- tion Convention in Ottawa, in February, VJ\'2. Prof. Maiouu, speakinjj; on the pre- servation of railway ties, said that he had been on both Atlantic anil Pacific coasts for many years, and that he had never seen a tree subject to the tides and well soaked with brine that ever produced a fungus, in otlier words, that ever rotted. Yet, go back into the bush a short distance and you would find logs of the same kind which had begun to rot as soon as thev were felled. To this Mr. E. A. Sterling, then forester for the Pennsylvania Railroad, said: 'This is a very interesting bit of information, and I am glad to have it as confirming our own idea. I have a lot of ties in j)ickle in Great Sale Lake. They were put there because of the high percentage of salt carried bv the water.' MAPLE DAY. The co-operative fire prevention asso- ciations are not the only bodies that find it advisable to distribute literature and articles that will attract attention to the cause in hand. Makers of maple sugar in Quebec, this year, made July 1 'maple day, ' and sent out to the largest hotels, all the railway dining cars and steamships little boxes containing a piece of pure maple sugar, to be served to every guest that day. Accompanying this, the Gov- ernment of Quebec Province sent out a little booklet explaining the extent of the maple sugar iiidustry in that province, and the efforts that have been made to improve the quality of the product. The object was to draw the attention of the public to this product, and to promote its use. The jdan attracted widespread at- tention, and was very favoraldy com- mented on. In sympathy with this, the Canadian Pacific Railway issued a spe- cially designed menu card on this day in all its hotels, steamships and dining cars, bearing a picture of the maple leaf, in which was included for each meal a num- ber of dishes in which maple syrup had been incorj)orated. In this campaign over 28,000 ]iamidilets and sample^ were used. As was pointed out some time ago in these pages, the new clause added to the Adulteration Act of Canada this spring, dealing with maple sugar and maple syrup, is very stringent. Henceforth it will he possible to get pure maple products in Canada, and this fact, it is believed, will stimulate the trade in maple products and exert a wholesome effect on the movement to prevent the cutting down of maple groves on soils unfit for ordinary agricul- ture. The new section of the Act is as follows: — ' Xo person shall manufacture for sale, keep for sale, or offer or expose for sale, as maple sugar any sugar which is not pure maple sugar, nor as maple syrup any syruj* which is not pure mai>le syrup, and any maple sugar or maple syrup which is not up to the standard prescribed by the sixth schedule to this Act shall be deemed to be adulterated within the meaning of this Act. ^ 'The word "Maple" shall not be used either alone or in combination with any other word or words on the label or other mark on a package containing any article of food or any article of food itself which is or which resembles maple sugar or ma{)le syrup, and any article of food labelled or marked in violation of this subsection shall be deemed to be adul- terated within the moaiiiiiir of this Act.' HON. GEO. H. PERLEY, One of Canada's Leading Lumbermen, who recently became a director of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. The forests of Corsica, the little island upon which Napoleon was born, are man- aged by the French government. They produce lumber, firewood, and turpentine, and all parts of the tree are far more closelv utilized than in America. 92 Canadian Forestry Journal, August-September, 1914 PRIVATE CITIZENS AND FORESTRY. A member of the Canadian Forestry As- sociation, who is the owner of a flour mill and water power in Central Ontario, writes: — ' I have been interested in the cause of forestry since I was a boy in my teens. I am a lover of trees and woods. I own here some four hundred acres, about half of it covered with woods. I have control- led this for about thirty years. I am gen- erally considered pretty liberal in money matters for my limited means, but I must plead guilty to being a miser when it comes to cutting down a tree. I never cut a tree down except I have to, or where they require thinning, have reached ma- turity, or are badly shaped. 'I can look back to the time when I was a boy and see acres of mere saplings that are "now of merchantable size. When I reach the alloted three score and ten years — if I do — I will have cpiite a valuable property in trees. The only thing I don 't like about it is that after I am through with it, whoever follows me may see in each tree so much cash, and into cash they will go. However, I supjiose when I reach the Happy Hunting Grounds, that forestry matters will not trouble me. ' My woods, of course, were cut over be- fore I got them, and the largest and best trees taken out. I have done no planting except along fences, but I am protecting and helping w^hat I have. It is really a shame to see bare hillsides that were once covered with valuable timber, cleared of all timber and undergrowth, so that now the largest plant on them is a mullein. They will now grow nothing of any use, not even pasture. I can understand good farming land being claered to get the land to raise grain, but why steep hillsides and sand hills were cleared of every vestige of tree life I can never understand. Had they taken the merchantable trees and left the saplings there would have been some excuse. 'I can see a great difference in the stream that drives my mill. We used to waste as much water as we now have al- together. In summer and early winter the stream is low. Warm days in winter and early spring and a little rain gives us larger floods than we used to have. Years ago a rain would slowly raise the water. It would be higher than usual for, per- haps, three or four days, but not any flood about it. Now, however, it means a flood in a few hours and back to normal flow. The floods cut into the banks and carry away hundreds of tons of good soil every year on this small stream. This is only an index of what is taking place all over the country. ' I hope the governments will make imicli more stringent laws for forest pro- tection and forest reproduction. Private individuals can do a lot in saving our woods and forests, but the great responsi- ])ility now rests with the governments and such organizations as the Canadian Porestrv Association. ' REFORM FOR THE OUTSIDE SERVICE. Professor Adam Shortt, commissioner of the Civil Service Commission of Canada, has just returned from the United King- dom. He has been making an extensive investigation into the workings of the inside anU outside branches of the Civil Service of Britain, and has gathered much valuable information, which will be em- lioilied in a report which he is preparing. Referring to the question of appoint- jnents, he stated to a newspaper inter- viewer that in the outside service the in- fluence of politicians had been completely elin)inated in the appointment of postmas- ters, customs' and inland revenue officials. In the staffs of these departments there was no interference on the part of mem- bers of paidiameut or local politicians. All appointments were settled by the various heads of departments in London, and the district inspector. The Civil Service Com- mission system worked very well in all the centres visited. An extensive system of promotion exists in the postal and inland revenue branches, whereby officials from any part of the country are eligible for appointments in any other part of the country. 'This shows the complete ])rac- tic ability of the efficient working of the service without political interference,' said the Commissioner. — Ottawa Civilian. NATIONAL CONSERVATION CON- GRESS REPORTS. Two books have been published rajrie reserves, which are mostly without any tree growth at present, graz- ing permits have been granted for the running of stock, and many of the settlers surrounding these areas are gladly taking advantage of the privilege. On the older established reserves, the improvement work is going ahead rapidly. The erec- tion of ranger houses, steel look-out towers, and the construction of telephone lines is under way. Fireguarding the boundaries and the jilowing of the same is keeping some of the rangers busy. The railroad fire patrol has been doing good work thus far, and most of the roads travelling the bush country have their right-of-way well cleaned up, things being in better condi- tion than at any previous season. The fire ranger service in the north country is doing well. Another new patrol boat was installed this spring on the lower Beaver River and in the vicinity of Isle a la Crosse. The forest nursery on the Pines Reserve is in fine shape, and the beds that were planteil last year are making a re- markable growth this season. 'The newly located gold-fields at Beaver Lake, north of Cumberland House, are at- tracting considerable attention, and the infiux of prospectors is keeping the fire rangers in that district very busy." NOTES FROM KAMLOOPS. Mr. P. Z. Caverhill, District Forester of the British Columbia Forest Service at Kamloops. writes: — ' This district embraces that portion of British Columbia extemling north from the Dominion Ry. Belt to the head waters of the Clearwater, North Thompson, Adams ainl the Columbia Rivers. ' In taking charge, I found that the dis- trict was wholly lacking in transportation facilities. In fact, even the rudiments of trails usually made by Indian hunters were missing, no doubt owing to the semi coast tyjie of the timber and the difficulty of getting through owing to the amount of down timber. Improvements were there- fore our first consideration. One hundred and twenty-two miles of the most needed trails were constructed, and si.xty miles of telephone, this being only a start. 'A start was also made in the disposal of brush after logging oj>erations. The debris, after a coui)le of operations, was burned broadcast last spring. On tie per- mits the brush was piled, but has not yet been burned. An interesting sequonce of this operation is the keen interest whi.h the settlers are taking in brush disposal. They are now reipiiring almost all ojiera- tors on their land to i)ile the brush. This is going to be a great help in the future fire situation. ' HARVARD COURSE IN LUMBERING. At the re(|uest of piomineiit lumber in- terests, a two-years' course in the business of lumbering is to be given next year by the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, in co-operatioji with the HarvaPil Forestrv School. LAVAL FOREST SCHOOL. The Laval Forest School reopened for the session of 1914-1.5 on Tuesday, Sept. 15. The school resumes its sessions in the new building especially erected for it in conjunction with the School of Surveying and the Law School. A couple of changes have occurred in the faculty. Prof. Paradi.s, C.K., professor of mathematics and topograidiical survev- ing, lias resigned, and his courses are being given by Prof. Mercil, professor of mathe- matics. Mr. Maheu, F.PJ., a graduate of the school, has been ai)j)ointeil instructor in entomology and mycology, anci will also act as secretary of the Director. There are now thirty-one students in attendance in the three undergraduate classes. Of the twenty-seven graduates, all are employed. P>ighteen of them are in the employ of the Provincial Government, and nine are with other governments, or in private emidoyment. It is proposed to have a committee of three members of the Quebec Limitholders' Association as an advisory committee to consult with and advise the arlministration of the school, with a view to bringing the S3 94 Canadian Forestry Journal, August-September, 1914- course into the greatest possible con- formity with actual operations and condi- tions, and so make the graduates increas- ingly valuable to the lumbering industry. The"^ members of this advisory committee would represent, respectively, (1) the eastern, (2) the central, and (3) the west- ern districts of the province. QUEBEC NOTES. Bulletin No. 2 of the Forest Service of the Province of Quebec will be issued shortly. It will consist of a general des- cription of the forests of the province. Bulletin No. 1, the list of sawmills and other wood-using industries, will be revised and re-issued, the industries being classi- fied by industries as well as places. A co-operative arrangement has been entered into by the Dominion and Quebec (Provincial) Governments for the joint collection of statistics in regard to wood- using industries. CONCRETE TIES INFERIOR TO WOOD. Mr. L. M. Ellis, Assistant Superintend- ent of Forestry for the Canadian Pacific Eailway, has been securing data regarding the use of concrete ties as compared with wood. The Chicago and Alton Eailroad has found concrete ties distinctly inferior, as given in a letter to Mr. Ellis. The Chief Engineer says: — 'There were 60 concrete ties placed in the track in October, 1903. They were placed in the track and ballasted with stone, where they had good drainage and were kept in good surface. In 1906 there were 12 concrete ties changed out; in 1911, 32; in 1912, 10, and 1913, 6. These ties were changed out on account of crushing and breaking down under the rail and un- safe to remain in the track. Ties were constructed of cement, iron girder and oak block. There were two blocks of concrete 7" thick, 9''' wide and 3' long. There was an iron girder that ran through the blocks that was 2'' thick and 2'' wide; there was an oak block 3" thick and lO"' wide and 24'' long, set on top of the con- crete tie to use for cushion of rail and to spike rail. There was a wooden plug in the concrete to hold the spike to place. ' These ties weighed about 450 lbs., and when track was surfaced the ballast had to be dug out from between the ties. If this was not done the rail would lift up and ties would stay in ballast on account of their weight. When track heaved slightly in the winter it caused track to become slightly uneven. The ties under the heavy part of the track would crush and break, and this left the track unsafe. We were compelled to place oak track ties between the concrete ties to hold track to gauge. After the six years' test I have concluded that concrete ties of this make are a failure. ' C. S. F. E. DISTRICT EXECUTIVE COM- MITTEES. The "District Executives" ^jrovided for at the last (1914) annual meeting of the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers have been elected as follows: — Ontario. — Clyde Leavitt, chairman; T. W. Dwight, J.'H. White. Quebec and Alaritime Provinces. — G. C. Piche, cliairman; A. Bedard, R. B. Miller. Prairie Provinces. — N. M. Ross, chair- man; L. M. Ellis, W. Alden. British Columbia. — H. R. MacMillau, chairman; D. R. Cameron, W. J. YauDu sen. NEWS OF FOREST WORK. Survey parties are beginning to come in from their season 's work, and other field work for the year is nearing completion. The Canadiun Forestry Journal desires to get from leaders of parties and other fores- ters notes of their work, and items of in- terest to foresters generally. Address, James Lawler, Editor, Canadian Forestry Journal, Journal Building, Ottawa. CAMPBELL-RUSSELL. Mr. Roy L. Campbell, B.A., B.Sc.F. (To- ronto, 1914), son of Mr. and Mrs. A. C. Campbell, of Ottawa, was, on Sept. 9, married to Miss Helen Russell, B.A., daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Russell, of St. Mary's, Ont. The wedding was solemnized by Rev. R. Fowlie, of Colling- wood, uncle of the bride. Miss Jessie H. Russell was bridesmaid, and Mr. Gordon Bole, B.A., of Winnipeg, groomsman. Mr. and Mrs. Campbell have taken up their residence in Montreal, where Mr. Camp- bell is the editor of The Pulp and Paper Magazine. OUR FEATHERED HELPERS. The birds* not only make our woods, forests and parks more beautiful and en- joyable, but they are of the greatest prac- tical value from an economic view-point. They are the greatest foes of, and protec- tion against, the insects, which annually destroy or injure crops and trees to the value of hundreds of millions. — Rochester Times. Canadian Forestry Association. 95 Canadian Forestry Association 'T'PIE Cimaclian Forestry Associai ion is an iiulcpcntloni urfj;anizati»)n * of patriotic citizens, which has for its object the hij^liest ile- ^elopmenl of the soil and resources of Canada hy urfj;inp; s', James Lawler f Ottawa, Can. Directors. Directors: William Little, Hiram Robinson, Aubrey White, E. Stpwart, W. B. Snowball, Thomas Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y. Chown, John Hendry, Hon. W. A. Charlton, Hon. W. J. Roche, Hon. Geo. H. Parley, Hon. Sydney Fisher. R. H. Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Ellwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C. Whitman, G. C. Piche, Alex. MacLaurin, Mgr. P. E. Roy, A. P. Steven- son, Wm. Pearie. C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Mur- phy, C. Jackson Booth, Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve, W. C. J. Hall, J. S. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J. Zavitz, Geo. Chahoon, Jr., R. D. Prettie, Hon. N. Curry, A. C. Flumerfelt, H. R. MacMillan, Clyde Leavitt. Territorial Vice-Presidents. Ontario: — Hon. W. H. Hearst. Quebec: — Hon. Jules AUard. New Brunswick: — Hon. J. K. Flemming. Nova Scotia: — Hon. O. T. Daniels. Manitoba: — Sir R. P. Roblin. Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson. Saskatchewan : — His Honor G. W. Brown. Alberta: — Hon. A. L. Sifton. British Columbia: — Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon: — Hon. Geo. Black, Commissioner. Mackenzie: — F. D. Wilson. Patricia: — His Honor Sir Douglas Cameron. Ungava: — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of Montreal. CONTENTS. Page. French Report 97 Tree Distribution 93 Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society .Jubilee 99 Ontario Forests: Annual Report 101 Forest Insect Investigation in British Columbia lOl' Prominent Members Pass Away lO."! Quebec Timber Sales 103 Birds and Forest Protection 104 House of the Trees (Poem) 107 Reindeer Herd in N. W. T 108 Algonquin Park 108 With the Forest Engineers ' 109 Forest Products Laboratory 110 Pit Props for Great Britain Ill C. F. A. REPORT IN FRENCH. iULTY ef FS.^ESIRlf After many delays the report in French of the work of the Canadian Forestry Association covering tlie Ot- tawa, Victoria and Winnipeg Conven- tions has been printed and maih^d to a long list of members and others. It has been sent to the bishops and cures of Quebec, to heads of educa- tional institutions, and to the secre- taries of school districts. The latter are in most ca.ses municipal secre- taries also. The effort lias been to take the best things, tiie things most useful to the Province of Quebec es- pecially, out of these three conven- tions and place them in one volume. The result is a l)Ook of one hundred pages, which it is believed will be very useful. Those of our members ulio desire a copy and have not yet received one will be supplied without charge by applying to the Secretary. Canadian Forestry A.ssociation. Ottawa. Copies will also be available for general dis- tribution so long as the supply lasts. 97 98 Canadian Forestry Journal, October-November, 1914. U. S. LUMBER PRODUCTION IN 1913. The United States Forest Service reports that the production of lumber in the United States in 1913 was 38,- 387,009,000 board feet, which repre- sents a decrease of al)out three-quar- ters of a billion feet from the total reached in 1912. The high water mark of lumber production was at- tained in 1909 when the cut exceeded forty-four billion feet. In 1913 there was an increase as compared with the previous year in the cut of Douglas fir and yellow pine, and a decrease in white pine, hemlock, spruce, oak and maple. This change in the quantities of certain woods indicates increased production in Washington and Ore- gon and the Southern States and de- creased production in the Northern, Central and Atlantic States. Of the total production in 1913 soft woods contributed a little over thirty billion feet. FOLLOWING CANADA'S LEAD. The good work done by the Do- minion Forestry Branch in the past twelve or thirteen years in distribut- ing trees to settlers in the prairies for windbreaks, and ultimately for fuel and timber, is to be followed by the United States Forest Service. Mr. W. A. Peterson, Superintendent of the newly established Field Station at Mandan, North Dakota, U.S.A., re- cently visited the Dominion Forestry Branch Nursery at Indian Head in order to get information as to the methods employed in handling the trees to settlers in Canada. It has been decided that the United States Forest Service will in the future dis- tribute trees to prairie settlers from ^Mandan in the same manner as the Dominion Forestry Branch has been distributing them from Indian Head. The province of Ontario has for a number of years been distributing trees to farmers from Guelph and latterly from the nursery station at St. "Williams. In both the above cases the trees (except special kinds for which a small charge is made) are dis- tributed free, the recipient paying the express and undertaking to give cul- tivation for a period of three years. The province of Quebec during the past two years has distributed trees at a very low price from the provin- cial forest nursery at- Berthierville. It is interesting to know that Canada lias l)een leading in this matter, but some of the other provinces, notably the Maritime provinces, might well as- sist in the work of farm forestry by similar methods. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY ACTS. In order to relieve the unemploy- ment caused by the war, the Canadian Pacific Railway management, at the end of September, decided to take "on six thousand extra labourers for two months, to do work along its lines. It is understood that a good deal of this work ^\'ill consist in clearing debris from the right of way. to reduce the risk of fire spreading from the locomo- tives. This is a satisfactory action from whatever standpoint it is viewed, and the only regret is that the other rtiilways do not see their way clear to do likewise. UTILIZING MAIL CARRIERS. The United States Post Office De- partment, in its postal guide, instructs rural mail carriers to report forest fires which they observe when on their routes to the proper authorities. The railways in Canada, the Bell Tele- phone CompaJiy, and other companies have inserted instructions regarding forest fires in their time tables and directories, and this idea of having rural mail carriers linked up with the protecting agencies is one worthy of the consideration of the Canadian Post Office Department. Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society Jubilee The aeconipauyiiijj j)icturc represents the group of distinguished visitors who were the guests of the Koyal Scottish Arboricul- tural Society on the occasion of the cele- bration of the sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the society. The picture was taken at Bcnmore, where the party were inspecting some forest work. In addition to distinguished foresters from different parts of the British Isles and British Do- minions, there were representatives from France. Denmark, Holland, Sweden and Russia. Mr. R. H. Campbell. Dominion Director of Forestry, who represented Can- ada, was tlie only visitor from North Am- criiii. Mr. Campbell may be recognized as the sixth from the left in the secoud row. In its sixty years of work, this, the old- est forestry propagandist organization in the British Isles, has learned many things which are of use to Canadians in their work. It is curious to note that with the exception of the question of ownership (nearly all the forests of Scotland being privately owned) the jirobiems presented Excursiou Party of R. S. A. S. at Beiimore, Scotlaud. are much the same as in Canada. There is the same apathy of the general public, the same difficulty in getting large bodies to hove, and there is the education difficulty. The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society meets the situation in inuch the same way as the Canadian Forestry Association. It carries on its work by meetings and by literature. It holds its annual meeting in the winter and in summer it holds a sum- mer meeting in the nature of an excursion. Some years ago a departure was made in extending these excursions, not only to England and Ireland, but also to continen- tal Europe. This has bene a most im- ]>ortant and successful jjlan. ^lembers who go to- France, or Germany, or Sweden, come back with an increased store of knowledge and enthusiasm. These excur- sions abroad are taken on alternate sum- mers, the intervening year the excursion being held in Scotland. So benellcial has this plan of alternate home and foreign excursions proved that the society has taken on new life from the time of its in- troiluction. One of the special aims of this year 's excursion was to have foresters from abroad see the forests of Scotlanil and suggest methods by which the situa- tion might be improved. This year tlie leading mendjers of the society and the special guests began their toui: on June 27, and, after visiting estates on the west and east coasts, met the main body of the society at Oban. Three days more were si)ent in visiting forests in the neighbourhood in which about two hundred participated, and the excursions were con- cluded at Benmore, where the above photo- graph was taken. 99 100 Canadian Forestry Journal, Odoher-Novemher, 1914 Because of the stirring up by the so- ciety a good deal of information has been gathered. It is considered, on a careful estimate, that there are about nine million acres in Scotland which might profitably be retained in forest. Some of this is now in forest, but the greater part is in the so-called 'deer forests,' which are really not forests at all, and in grazing lands. In some cases a number of crofters till small patches of land in the valleys, and graze sheep and cattle on the uplands. It is not ijroposed to turn everything upside down at once, but a careful review has shown that part of the poorest of the land used for grazing might be put into forest, with the result that not only would the districts sustain a considerably larger population, but the people would be better off, as they would have winter work in the woods. To accomplish, the society has chiefly to convince individual owners. Some owners are convinced, but lack the necessary capi- tal to turn their grazing lands, which bring them in an annual return, into forests, which, in the beginning, will not turn them in cash for a good many years, even though eventually the profits will be greater. In regard to the part the Government is playing in this question, this has been so far chiefly confined to demoTistration for- ests, and the aim of the society has been to secure more and better demonstration stations So far all the examples are of forest plantations, none of them more than a comparatively few years old. They de- sire the Government to secure some lands already forested, so that experiments in cutting, thinning and rotation may be made at once for the benefit of private owners. One thing that they have learned in Scotland is that the rapidity of growth of different trees varies greatly in different districts, even though separated by a com- paratively short distance. In the High- lands and on the east coast the Scotch pine thrives well, but in the very damp districts of the west coast, where the rainfall runs from 90 to 120 inches per year, its growtli is much surpassed by the Douglas fir im- ported from British Columbia. And again, where the position is both wet and ex- posed to liigh winds, the latter cedes first place to the Sitka spruce, also an importa- tion from the Pacific coast. We are accustomed to think of Great Britain as an old country of small area, all of which has been so carefully surveyed and examined that all resources are fully known and are in process of full develop- ment. This is a mistake. There is a body, known as the Development Connnission, charged with the duty of examining into any features of agriculture, forestry, min- ing, fishing and the rest that may promise increased wealth for the country, and to make recommendations in regard to their development. It is this body which, in the first instance, provides the funds to pur- chase demonstration forests, and these forests are then placed under the direction of the Woods and Forests Branch of the Government. In regard to forestry education, Scot- land, like North America, is now suffering from too many schools. One good school would supply all the foresters required for Scotland if all the available land were now covered with forests, but at the present there are three schools, no one of which is willing to make way for the others. Mrt. K,. H. CAMPBELL, Dominion Director of Forestry, Made an Honorary Member R. S. A. S. These are some of the problems before the people of Scotland, problems which the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society is helping to solve. The society has gone at its task with enthusiasm and perseverance, and there are a number of features of its work, notably that of the annual excursion to forest districts, which the Canadian Forestry Association may study to advan- tage. To be consistent, the man who sits back and expects that nature will replace the burned forest might also expect the supply men and the mechanics to replace, free of cost, that which they had sui)plied or pro- duced, and which, through carelessness, had been destroved bv fire. Ontario Forests: Revenue and Protection Extracts from the Beport of the Minister of Lands. Forests and Mines for Ontario for the year ended Oct. 31, 19i:5: Reveuues. Total revenue ainrue'l from woods and forests for the year: $2 1:27,222, an iu- ereasre of $59,1G2. Revenue eollectes5 ; rangers employeil by lumbermen on their limits, 350; grand total, 935 fire fighters. Forest Reserve Ranging. Temagami reserve: area, 6,000 sq. miles; 137 rangers^ and 4 chiefs. Mississaga reserve: 3,000 sq. miles; 32 rangers, and a chief ranger. Nepigon reserve: 7,300 sq. miles; 20 rangers, in addition to those on railway construction in the reserve. Quebec reserve: 1,500 sq. miles; 14 rangers under the Crown Timber Agent. Eastern reserve in the county of Adding- ton, 100 sq. miles: 0 rangers and a chief ranger. Algomiuin National Park: 2,741 sq, miles; Id ranges in addition to the regular park rangers. Railway Lines Ranging. Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Rail- way: 5,s rangers, .3 superintendents. National Transcontinental Railway: 68 rangers, 3 chiefs. Algoma Central Railway: 26 rangers, 2 chiefs. Expenditure on Fire Ranging. On Crown lands $65,000, on railways $80,000; on forest reserves $88,000, total $233,00(t. This is in addition to the amount spent by the lumbermen which outsiders (not the report) estimate at $lo5,0()0. Grand total sjjent on forest fire protection in Ontario, $338,000. HON. W. H. HEARST, Premier of Ontario. Hon. W. H. Hearst, Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines in the Government of Ontario, who, since the death of Sir James Whitney, has been made Prime Minister of Ontario. 101 Forest Insect Investigation in British Columbia In response to a request for information in regard to the work during the past sum- mer in British Columbia Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, sends the following: — ' The forest insect survey in British Col- umbia which was undertaken last year in co-operation with the Provincial Forest Branch, has been continued during the past summer. Mr. J. M. Swaine, in charge of Forest Insect Investigations, spent June and July in continuing this work, and Mr. E. N. Chrystal, Field Officer for Forest In- sects, has been stationed in British Columbia throughout the season. Our knowledge of the districts infested and the extent of the more serious outbreaks has been greatly extended and valuable additional informa- tion has been obtained in regard to the habits of some of the destructive species involved. We have also been making de- tailed studies of the injurious insects which have brought about the present unfortunate conditions in Stanley Park, Vancouver. ' It is found that the amount of dead hemlock in Stanley Park is now much greater than in September of last year, many trees having died during the fall and winter. The spruce trees along the drive- ways are now so badly injured by the Spruce Gall Aphid that few of them are worth saving. Fortunately the greater part of this foliage is hemlock and Douglas fir and is still (August 1st) in fair condition. The large spruce in the interior of the Park are now attacked by the Sitka Spruce Bark- beetle. This infestation is serious and con- trol measures will be necessary this winter if the remaining large spruces are to be saved. ' The dead timber in the interior of the Park is chiefly hemlock and of this there are large areas. The trees have been killed by repeated defoliation by Therina caterpillars, assisted by woolly aphides during the early season. The caterpillars are not so numerous this season and there is as yet little de- foliation. It is possible that their parasites have already obtained control and that the worst of the outbreak is now over. If this proves to be true the spraying which has been recommended will not be so necessary for the present. The dying and recently killed trees are serving as breeding places for injurious insects and fungi that will later help to weaken and kill the healthy trees. The Western Hemlock Bark-beetle, a destructive species, is already established in these dying trees. It will, therefore, be necessary to remove and properly dispose of this dying and dead hemlock during the coming fall and winter; and if the areas thus denuded are reforested to Douglas fir, the most healthy timber tree of the pro- vince, such portions of the Park will be put in perfect condition for all time. It should be made a settled policy to replace the hem- lock_ as it gradually dies, by the much more healthy Douglas fir. ' The Bark-beetle infestation in yellow pine in the Okanagan district is more ex- tensive than at this time last year and ap- pears to be spreading rapidly. The amount of new infestation for the present season will 1)0 estimated later. The infested area surrounds Okanagan Lake and extends as far west as Princeton and Nicola. In the dis- tricts which have been infested longest the destruction is enormous. Above Peachland, on Okanagan Lake, the yellow pine and the black pine have been practically killed ofl' l)y the beetles, and the hillsides appear as though swept by a great fire, only the islands and strips of Douglas fir remaining green. This infestation of the yellow pine and the black or 'jack' pine is a very serious matter and timber owners in the in- fested region and about its extending mar- gin should take due precautions to check its spread. Fortunately, such outbreaks can be controlled, if taken in time, and under favourable conditions in districts which can lie lumbered profitably the control measures do not involve much expense. ' The infestation of Western white pine by the Western White Pine Bark-beetle is reported from additional localities this sea- son. If present conditions continue the white pine in many parts of British Colum- bia will soon be entirely killed off. The owners of any valuable stands of Western Avhite pine should be on their guard against this most destructive enemy. ' The great loss already caused by the Bark-beetle outbreaks and the apparent cer- tainty of still greater destruction, demand vigorous control measures in many districts. The proper disposal of pine slash is a very important factor, for the beetles frequently breed to immense numbers in such abundant supplies of breeding material and spread thence into the green timber. It should be a settled policy in British Columbia to burn all pine slash each season 'between October and May, as an aid to Bark-beetle control. The activity of other species of Bark- beetles in Spruce and Douglas fir will ap- parently soon render the burning of spruce and fir slash equally necessary. 102 Prominent Membtrs Pass Away 103 ' The habits of these destructive Hark- heotles and the proper measures to be taken for I'ontrol of this outbreak are dealt with in a bulletin shortly to be issued by the Kn- toinological liranch of the Department of Agri.ulture. ' The areas of diseased larch along the Arrow lakes, and in other parts of the Kootenays, are nuiih less numerous and smaller in extent this season than for the last two years. Material from the affected trees was referred to ^fr. II. T. Giissow, the Dominion Botanist, who reports the dis- ease as a leaf-destroying fungus, Lophodcr- viinm laricinum. The majority of the trees atta>kod last season have recovered; but it is probable that if severe outbreaks should occur on the same areas for several years in succession, much timber would be killed, and opjiortunity offereil for the destructive Bark-beetles to obtain a foothold in the large number of weakened trees. ' PROMINENT MEMBERS PASS AWAY. Death has taken heavy toll of our mem- bership iluring the past summer and autumn, and in some cases death came in tragic form. This was so in the case of Mr. H. H. Lyman, hear! of the great drug house of Lymans Limited, Montreal, who, with Mrs. Lyman, perished in the Empress of Ireland disaster. Mr. Lyman left a number of charitable bequests. Among these were: To McGill University, Lyman's Entomological Library and cases and $26,- 000; to aid in the establishment of a Mont- real Public Library, .$125,000; to the Chil- dren 's Memorial Hospital, $25,000, etc., etc. Mr. M. M. Boyd, of Bobcaygeon, Ont., died in Philadelphia, where he had gone for moclical aid on June 8,- in his fifty- ninth year, and was buried in the family plot in Peterboro, Ont. Mr. Bovd, along with his brother, Mr. W. T. C. Boyd, early assumed charge of the business founded by his father, the late Mossom Boyd, and in this way became acquainted with all the details of lumbering. As a practical lum- berman, he always deprecated any Govern- ment policy, which, for the sake of imme- diate revenue, would cause a too rapid de- pletion of the forests. Mr. Boyd did not confine his energies to the lumber business, but took a keen interest in stock breeding, especially in the development of Polled Hereford cattle, which was carried on at the firm's ranch near Prince Albert, Sas- katchewan. In fact, he was greatly in- terested in all that pertained to agricul- ture, and since his death the resolutions of sympathy passed by the different agricul- tural organizations show the esteem in which he was held and the value of his work. Lieut. -Col. Jeffrey H. Burland, of Mont- real, who had gone to England as head of the Canadian Red Cross organization at the front, was stricken with a fatal attack of angina pectoris on the night of Oct. 8, after being until a few hours before in hia usual good health. Col. Burland, who was born in Montreal in IStH, was a memlier of a leailing family of that city, anil was prominent in many business enterprises. He was president of the British America Bank Note Company, of the Prudential Trust Company, etc. He was a generous patron of jiractically every hospital and charitable institution in 'Montreal, and, among many other benefactions, founded the King Edward Tuberculosis Institute of Montreal. He had commanded the Sixth Fusiliers of Montreal, was a member of the small arms committee umler the Canadian Government, and President of the Domin- ion Kifle Association. He wa sone of the originators of the moveiiu-nt for sending a Canadian battalion to England on tlie oc- casion of Queen Victoria's diamond .iubilee in 1SJ>7, and was present by invitation at the coronation of King Edward VII. and King George. Col. Burland was strongly impressed with the necessity of ]>reserving our natural resources, and was among the earliest members of the Canadian Forestry Association. His energy and his strong personality, in addition to his wide busi- ness and social connections, made his in- fluence felt throughout Canada, and that influence was always exerted for the l)ene- fit of his country. TELEGRAPH POLES ALSO. The Secretary of the High Commis- sioner's office in London recently inter- viewed the British Post Office Department in regard to purchasing telegraph poles in Canada. He was informed that whereas comjietition with Kussia and Norway for smaller poles would ])robal)ly be tod keen for Canada to meet, the Department would consider the question of placing trial or- ders for larger size poles in Canada. U. S. and N. Y. Timber. In the United States as a whole four- fifths of the standing timber is privately owned, and one-fifth is owned by various states and the Federal Government. New York owns one-fifth of the forest land of the state, and one-fourth of the standing timber. Owing to a clause in the Constitu- tion, this timber can not be cut, even though it is dying, or dead, and a menace to healthy timber about it. The state should allow careful cutting of mature timber in the Adirondacka. — .V. T. Forest CoUcije BnUetin. Birds and Forest Protection Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, whose work in regard to injurious forest insects is well known to all members of the Canadian Forestry Association, has always endeavored to impress upon all citizens, and particularly upon the young, through the Boy Scouts and other organizations, the value of our birds as destroyers of injurious in- sects and of weed seeds. In a recent address, Dr. Hewitt went into this subject in detail, and from that lec- ture, as it appeared in the Ottawa Naturalist, the following parts relat- ing more particularly to the forest side have been taken: — ' The motives behind the widespread and increasing movement respecting the pro- tection of our native birds may be includ- ed in two classes, namely, sentimental and practical. Most people, even in this ma- terial age, are sensible of feelings of affec- tion towards our birds, and are delighted when the return of the first spring mi- grants announces the termination of our long birdless winter But the practical considerations underlying the movement are not so generally appreciated, and for that reason aesthetic feelings will be as- sumed and the practical motives discussed. 'Few people realize the place of insect pests in the general economy of life, but when it is understood that were it not for their controlling factors insects would, in a few years, destroy every form of vegeta- tion, and consequently all animal life on the face of the globe, the significance of such controlling factors will be appreciat- ed. In the United States it is estimated, on a conservative basis, that the annual loss on agricultural and forest products is about eight hundred million dollars ($800,000,000). I have estimated that in Canada, on our field crops alone, the mini- mum annual loss due to injurious insects cannot be less than fifty million dollars; this does not take into account the enorm- ous aggregate cost of controlling insect pests. And yet the most valuable insecti- cidal agencies we have are not only not encouraged, but, in many cases, ruthlessly destroyed. Such a short-sighted and waste- ful policy cannot and must not be con- tinued. ' The quantity of insect food consumed by birds is almost incomprehensible, but the facts set forth by various investiga- tors on this continent and in Europe give us some idea of the extent to which in- sects go to make up the diets of birds. Insects constitute 65 per cent, of the total yearly food of woodpeckers, 96 per cent, of that of fly-catchers, and 95 per cent, of the 3^early food of wrens. Upwards of 5,000 insects have been found in a single bird's stomach. The value of the birds is increased by the fact that at the time when insects are most abundant birds are most active and require most food, espe- cially animal food, to feed their young. 'A young crow will eat twice its weight in food; a robin weighing three ounces was found by ' Nash to consume five and one-half ounces of cutworms in a day. It is calculated that a pair of tits and the young they rear will consume about 170 pounds of insect food during a year. These facts and others to be given later will in- dicate the enormous destruction of insect life that is accomplished by the presence of birds. They constitute one of the for- tunate balances of nature. But man is constantly upsetting the balance. Wood- lands are cut down and give place to open fields; snake fences give way to wire; sub- divisions and town lots obliterate the waste places and often the swamps. All these circumstances tend to drive away the birds formerly resident and breeding in such localities. Then outbreaks of in- jurious insects occur and their depreda- tions are increased and prolonged by rea- son of the absence of such important ene- mies. Therefore, our aim should be to restore the balance by attracting the birds back to our parks and natural reserva- tions. 'Not only do birds destroy insect pests, but they contribute to the destruction of weeds. Certain species of our native spar- rows are large consumers of such weed seeds as bindweed, lamb 's quarters, rag- weed, amaranth, pigeon grass, etc. 'The feeding habits of a few of our common species of birds which should be protected may now be considered. The Robin {PlaneMlcus migratorius) probably comes first. Early in the year it feeds ex- tensively on cutworms, those insidious enemies of our garden plants and crops; in March they constitute over a third of the robin's food. It is accused of fruit eating, and yet of all the vegetable mat- er it consumes a large proportion consists 104 Birds and Forest Protection 105 House for Winter Bird Feeding at Thirlmere, England. of wild fruits; 3^0 stomachs contained 58 per cent, vegetable matter, of which 47 per cent, consisted of wild fruits and 4 per I'ont. cultivated fruits. The Bluebird {Sialic sialic) is not so common as former- ly in the Ottawa district, having probably been driven away by the encroachments of man. CharniiTig in its habits, it re- spone your doors and take me in, Spirit of the wood : Take me — make me next of kin To yolir leafy Itrood. — Elhclwyn Wcthcrald. It is stated that Professor Adam Shortt, Chairman of the Civil Service Commission of Canabec. ' This is largely a compilation and shows: the forested areas by Provinces of Canada, the value of the forest jiroducts of Canada by kinds of uses to which the wood was put, the areas of forest in Quebec and how divided, Govern- ment licensed, unlicensed, privately owned, reserves, etc._ a count of the whole number of trees by species on -io acres of land, list of Government reserves, list of names of trees occurring in Quebec, scientific, French and English, total quantities of wood cut since 1S71, and total revenue therefrom. Mr. W. X. Millar has taken the Professor- ship made vacant by the resignation of Mr. A. II. 1). Ross at the I'niversity of Toronto. Mr. Ellwood Wilson has finished the sur- vey of 2,500 sq. miles for the Laurentide <"onipany. Limited, showing the water- courses, roads, trails, boundary lines, tele- phone lines, etc., also timber conTlitions, burns, cut over areas, etc. This survey was built up on closed traverses with an average error of closure of 1:.300. Some reindeer have also been imported from Newfoundland and will be trained to take the place of sled dogs. Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto. Registration in the Faculty has now filled U]> the ranks of students to prac- tically the same number as last year, namely 50. Of this number 20 are new- comers, precisely the same number as enter- ed last year. Just half of last year's fresh- man class did not return for various reasons^ four ha.ving enlisted. The students of the third and fourth years went into practice camp at the be- ginning of the term under the guidance of Professors Millar and Howe. The camp is located in N'ernon township, north of Nairn ami west of Sudbury, where the Graves, liigwood Company is operating. The men returned on Oct. 2!>, having had an unusually successful campaign on the usual lines. Professor Willis N. Millar, fornu^rly in- sj>ector of Forest Reserves in the Dominion Forestry Branch at Calgary, takes the place of Mr. A. U. I). Ross as lecturer on Men- suration, Utilization ami Protection. lie comes with a wide practical experience both in the United States and Canada. Dr. Howe was employed during the sum- mer on reproduction studies in British Col- umbia for the Commission of Conservation, and will jiresently have interesting data for publication on that score. New Brunswick Forestry School. The war does not seem to have material- ly affected the Forestry Department of the University of New Brunswick and the classes, with the excei)tion of the freshman are larger than usual. There are four seniors, twelve juniors, twelve or more sophomores, and three freshmen, besides a few men taking the combined five-year course in Forestry and Engineering. During the past summer the majority of the students were engage^ Canadian forestry lournal Vol. X. Ottawa, Canada, December. 1914. No. 12 INDEX FOR 1914 IN THIS ISSUE. CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL. Published monthly by the Canadk\n Forestry Association, Journal Building. Ott.iwa, Canada. Devoted to the cause of forest conservation. Subscription $1 per year. Advertising Rates on Application. CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General. Hoiioiaij I'rcs., Kt. Hon. Sir KoHEiiT Bokoen. Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier. President, Wm. Power, Esq., MP. Vice-President, Mr. P. C. Whitman. Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson ) Journal Building, Secretarj', James Lawleu ' Ottawa, Can. Directors. Directors: William Little, Hiram Robinson, Aubrey White, E. Stewart, W. B. Snowball, Thomas Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y. Chown, John Hendry, Hon. W. A. Charlton, Hon. W. J. Roche, Hon. Geo. H. Parley, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H. Campbell. J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E. Fernow, EUwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C. Whitman, G. C. Piche, Alex. MacLaurin, M^. P. E. Roy, A. P. Steven- son, Wm. Pearce, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Mur- phy, C. Jackson Booth, Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve, W. C. J. Hall, J. S. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J. Zavitz, Geo. Chahoon, Jr., R. D. Prettie, Hon. N. Curry, A. C. Flumerfelt, H. R. MacMillan, Clyde Leavitt. Territorial Vice-Presidents. Ontario: — Hon. W. H. Hearst. Quebec: — Hon. Jules Allard. New Brunswick: — Hon. J. K. Fleraming. Nova Scotia: — Hon. O. T. Daniels. Manitoba: — Sir R. P. Roblin. Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson. Saskatchewan: — His Honor G. W. Brown. Alberta: — Hon. A. L. Sifton. British Columbia: — Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon : — Hon. Geo. Black, CommiBsioner. Mackenzie: — F. D. Wilson. Patricia: — His Honor Sir Douglas Cameron. Ungava: — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of Montreal. CONTKXTS. Page. P'.inisliod for Setting Forest. Fires .. 11."! Nova Scotia Opi.ortuiiity IM P'M\' .\[ai)le Sugar n.", Lnndes Desert, Made to Blossom .... ]\r, Dominion Forestry Bramdi Work .... 1 Hi Tiie Solitary Woodman 117 Douglas — The Man and the Tree lis Algonquin J'ark Selling Live Beaver, ll'.i Obituary 120 Forestry T'rogress 122 Puli>wood Production for 1l diine.s intersperseil with marshes and shejiherds goinjj alioiit on stilts. Lamles still e.\ists, ))ut through the energy of the French forest service the desert has been aliolished and the district turned into a pro- ductive part of France. Though Mr. H. II. Cainpliell, Dominion Director of Forestry, was not able to complete his projected tour of Furopean forests, he was able to visit southwestern France to see the district of the Landes. The country a century ago con- sisted of sand dunes for a long distance back from the sea with marshes lying be- tween the dunes. Seventy-five years ago the French Government began to reforest this district. To-day it is covered with timber in all stages of growth, and while it was originally planted, reforestation is now secured by natural regeneration by fol- lowing good cutting methods. The exposure to wind is too great to permit the growth of trees on the dune nearest the sea and this is covered with beach grass to hold the sand. The next row of dunes is covered with trees .stunted and lient inland l>y the wind, but inland from that good straight tindier is grown. The outer dunes are never deforested but inland clean cutting is prac- tised. The prevailing tree is the maritime pine. The fixing of the sands has allowed agriculture to be carried on where previously it was impossible. As an evidence of in- creased prosperity caused by the foresting of the country Mr. Campbell noteil one parish among others, which before jdanting began had a jiopulation of 1,000 and which now has a j)Opnlation of 14,000. The i)ic- turesque shepherds on stilts have disappear- ed, but forests and prosperity have come in their place. The Lanectors. Fires. Tiic lire record for the season was very satsftictory, only one imjiortaiit Jin- occur- ring. This was near (Jolden, B.C.. the result of a spark from a logging engine. Wood Bison. ' The j)atrol of the country in which the wooil bison are located \vas contiinied_ and nuudiers of the bison were seen. It is esti- mated that they number between 2er footsteps I'nafraid the s(|uirrels i)lay. On his roof the red leaf falls, At his door the l)luejay calls. And he hears the woodmice hurry Up and down his rough log walls. Hears the laughter of the loon Thrill the dying afternoon, — Hears the calling of the moose 1^ ho to the earlv morn. ^'"b-irles G. D. Roberts. KEEP PEGGING AWAY. A Toronto mend)er writes: I sympathize with you in the uphill work which you must iind in attracting attention to a mat- ter which is naturally overshadowed by the catastroj)he in Europe, but the work done by the Association in connection with forestry is more appreciated than you, jirobably, are aware. Approximately 750 ai n-^ xu the Oregon national forest were planted with young trees this spring. Douglas— The Man and the Tree Romantic Life of the Man After Whom the Douglas Fir Was Named. Douglas was the family name of Lonl Selkirk, founder of the Red River Settle- ment, and it was the name of other men who have been prominent in Western Can- ada, so that considerable doubt exists in the popular mind as to the particular man after whom the famous Douglas fir was named. It is found that it was not named after a founder, governor, or chief justice, but after a remarkable man in a humbler sphere of life. It should also be noted, too, that while the name of Douglas will always be associated with the common name of this magnificent tree, yet the scientific name fails to show any connec- tion. It is called scientifically Pseinlotsuga, literally, false hemlock. It is not false hemlock, and it is a much finer tree than any hemlock, and it is to be hoped that a later generation of botanists will change the name and give Douglas a place in it. Regarding Douglas, Dr. Charles S. Sar- gent, Director of Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University, has this to say of him in a footnote in his famous work ' Silva of North America': — 'David Douglas (1798-18.34), a Scotch gardener sent by the Horticultural Society of London to explore the forests of the Northwest Territory, is, from his eoiL'Ci.ge, energy and success in the presence of great difficulties and dangers, and from his un- timely and horrible death, a conspicuous figure in the annals of American botanical exploration. Douglis, who had been train- ed by Sir William Hooker, and had made a short botanical journey in eastern Am- erica in 1823, was sent, in 1824, by way of Cape Horn, to the Columbia River, where he arrived in April, 1825. He spent two years in Oregon, discovering some im- portant trees, including Abies nobilis (noble fir), Ahlcs amali'iUs (lowland fir), and Pinus Lambertlaiia (sugar pine), the largest of its race. 'In March, 1827, Douglas started from Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia River, crossed the continent by Hudson 's Bay Among the Big Trees that Douglas Discovered on the Pacific Coast. 118 Douglas — The Man and the Tree. 119 Company posts, ami embarked for Eng- laiiil. wliifh he reacheil in October of the same year. Two years later he left Kng- laml for the last time, and reached the mouth of the Columbia on June 3, IS.'IO, remaining in Oregon until the autumn, wlien he sailed for Monterey. Here he re- mained until the next summer, discovering no less than a hundred and fifty species of unilescrihed plants, and then sailed for the Sandwich Islands. In the autumn of this year he returned to the Columbia River, and in the following summer extended his exploration as far north as the Fraser Kiver. in which he was wrecked, losing his collections and instruments, and barely escaping with his life. But the beauties of troj)ical vegetation lured him from the awful solitude of the sombre fir forests of the northwest, and in October, 183.3, he sailed again for the Sandwich Islands. Here he passed the winter, and on the 12th of July. 1s.".4. wliilo I'liiraired in cx-ploring tlie high i»eaks of the island, he fell into a pit in which a wild bull had l)een captured, and several hours later was found dea■ Algonquin Park, Live Beaver in a Trap. Animals in Algonquin Park Algonquin Park is the property of the people of the Province of Ontario, and lies in the heart of the province between the rich farm land of the southern border along Lake Ontario and the great clay belt, now being opened to settlement on the slope into James Bay. The south- western corner of the park is about 150 miles north of the City of Toronto. It contains 1,750,000 acres, and is roughly a square of a little over fifty miles a side. A number of cutting licenses existed in the park when it was set aside as a provincial park and game refuge eighteen years ago. Some of the licenses have been bouglit out and some remain. The shooting and trap- ]>ing of game has been prohibited, with the result that the numbers of game ani- mals have very greatly increased. The park, occupying a watershed, con- tains within it the source of a number of important rivers and streams, which ferti- lize the surrounding lands. In the same wav this game refuge has become a reser- voir of game from which the deer and other animals spread out into the surround- ing part of the highlands of Ontario, great- ]v improving the sport in those parts of iv ^ ae ^ J 120 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1914 the province where hunting is allowed. The game refuge side of the worli has been so successful that the park is in some respects overstocked with game animals, and these can now be taken in consider- able numbers from year to year, without endangeiing the park as a source of supply and without diminishing the number below a safe point. It was first suggested that the Ontario Government would conduct a great fur farm and trap a])out 1,000 beavers per year, selling the skins. This is done to a considerable extent. But the growth of fur farming and the demand from zoological gardens for live animals has made it more profitalde to eatcli the animals alive. engravings shown lierewith It is inter- esting to Ivnow that since this trap has been used very few animals have been caught only part way in it and killed, while, on the other hand, two animals have been caught alive at one time. The beaver and other animals, after being caught, are fed in a jjlace proi^erly protected until ready for shipping, when they are shipped in the boxes covered with wire netting, .shown in one of the engravings. Beaver skins, when sold in cpiantities, a\'erage around .$10 per pelt, but the live lieaver bring much more. If you think of starting a fur farm, or keeping some pet fur-bearing animals, you can be supplied by the Ontario Government from Algon- quin Park at the following rates per pair: Minlv, $35; beaver, $.50; martin, $80; fisher, ^150; otter, $150. OBITUARY. Taking Out a Live Beaver. Various expedients were devised for this, and the most successful is a cage trap invented by Mr. James Bartlett, son of Mr. G. W. Bartlett, who has been Superin- tendent of the Park for the past seventeen years. This trap is like an old-fashioned vahse or carpet bag, with sides made of chains. The animal steps on the baited spring and the trap closes around it, with- out hurting it, and at the same time hold- ing it securely. In the case of beaver, and other aquatic animals, the trap is set under water, but in such shallow water that when sprung the top of the chain bag will be above water, so that the animal can get its nose out to breathe. The gen- eral plan of these traps will be seen in the Death has again been busy in the ranks of those who have taken an active part iu forest conservation. After a long illness, Hon. Colin H. Camp- bell, former Minister of Public Works and Attorney General of Manitoba, died at his residence in Winnipeg. Mr. Campbell at- tended the Canadian Forestry Convention at Victoria as the rej^resentative of the I'liixince of Manitoba, and was so much impressed with the need of active mea- sures of forest conservation that he was tlie inspirer of the invitation from the Government of Manitoba to hold the 1913 Forestry Convention in Winnipeg. Un- fortunately, before the convention was held, Mr. Camjjbell suffered from a para- lytic stroke, which was the beginning of the illness which caused his death. He was away in Europe when the convention s held, and was never able to again take I in public affairs. Mr. D. E. Wilkie, President and General Manager of the Imperial Bank of Canada, who, for a number of years, had been a warm supporter of forest conservation, died after a brief illness at his residence in Toronto, on Nov. 16. Mr. Wilkie was a Canadian by birth, a native of the city of (Quebec, and had spent all his business life in Canadian financial in titutions. He was made genera, luauagcr of the Imperial Bank u' on its incorporation, and retained that post until the time of his death, which was wholly unexpected. About eight years ago he was made president as well as gen- eral manager. For the past eight or ten years Mr. Wilkie had taken a personal in- terest in forest conservation, believing that much of Canada's prosperity depended upon the way she dealt with her natural resources. Obiluary. 121 ^firTm^' ^*^fc f ,#»= M. Live Animals Ready for Shipment from Algouquiu Park. One of the best kiiowu residents of the Ottawa ^'alley, Mr. John Gillies, of Brae- sitle, member of the well-known and ex- tensive lumber firm of Gillies Brothers, die and paper men in Montreal have been much interested in an announcement from Washington, published in the daily papers, to the effect that the United States Government wood pulp laboratory at Wausau, Wis., is making experiments with a view to fimling a substitute for spruce in the making of wood {'uip for newsprint. Ex]>eriments alon,' the same lines are being made in the •'anadian Gov- ernment laboratory at Montreal, as Canada has immense su{ij>lies of other timber, wliich might be utiiizeil for the purpose if a suitable treatment could be discovered. It is j)ointed out that with the increasing consumption of newsprint in Canada, to- gether with the ever-increasing demand from tJic United States, it will sooner or biter be necessary to utilize other wooartinent of the Interior, Canada, 'riiljiwood Consuniption in IIH.!,' coinpiletl by H. G. Lewis, Ji.8c.l\, assisted l>y W. Guy n. Boyee, has just been issued. It shows that in 11)13 there was consumed in Canadian mills 1,109,034 eords of pulpwood, valueil at .$7,243,368, and that there was exjiorted 1,035,030 cords, valued at $7,l»70,- 571. The roduced pul|)Wood in the fol- lowing order: Quebec, Ontario, British Co- lumbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia. Only five kinds of wood were used in the manufacture of pulp in the following liroi)ortions: Spruce, 68.1 per cent.; balsiim fir, '2'>.'i; hemlock, 4.3; jack pine, 1.7, and poj>lar, .4 per cent. As to the methods of making pulp, tliese consumed wood in the following propor- tions: Mechanical ground wood, 54.1 per cent.; sulphite pulp, 33.3; sulphate pulp, 12.3. Soda pulp has greatly reduced, only 5,144 cords being used for this purpose in 1913. Copies of this Bulletin may be had free on application to the Director of Forestry, Ottawa. IMPORTATION OF PINE SEEDLINGS PROHIBITED. Dr. IF. T. Gussow, Dominion Botanist, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, sup- ]>lenients his previous information on the subject of legislation concerning White Pine Blister Rust by a note calling atten- tion to the fact that on Nov. 9, 1914, an Order-in-Council was passed by the Gov- ernment of Canada at Ottawa as follows: ' The importation into Canada of the fol- lowing species of the genus Pinus and their horticultural varieties, viz: White jtine (f'iniis strolni.s), western white pine (I'iiiK.s iiiontiroht Doiui.), sugar pine {I'linix Lniubvrtinnn Doug.), stone or cembran pine (I'inits ccnihra L.), and all other five- leaved species of the genus Pinus is pro- hibited. ' A USEFUL HANDBOOK. The Dominion Parks Branch has issueil a 'Handbook of the Rocky Mountains Park Museum, ' prepared by Mr. Harlan I. Smith. The book, which is a volume of 126 pages, is an effort to make the museum at Banff more useful, and this is done by making the handbook as non-technical and as interesting to the layman as possible. The attempt is made to link up the infor- mation contained in the museum with the fund of knowledge that every man has, so that the visitor may at once go on increas- ing his knowledge without having to put nil one side what ho alreaily knows and learn a new system and a new language. Those who are interested in tho musoum, or in the ]ireparation of books with n similar purpose, may obtain a cofiy free upon :ip|)lying to the Commissioner of Do- minion Parks, Department of the Interior, Ottawa. Storms Never Bother This Farmer. Mr. Wm. Wightman, Glengarry Co., Ont., hardly knows when there is a storm raging, so thoroughly are his house and buiMings jnotected by windbreaks. The win02, has become obsolete, espe- cially in the statistics, anil those have been broufjht uji to date. Unt'ortunately, the firm of publishers who have handled this volume have suffered a financial setback, which will delay the printinj; of the new edition jirobably for a year. Dr. Fernow attended the meeting of the Society for the Protection of New Hamp- shire Forests at Gorham, N.IL, in August, and in connection with this the meeting of the Society of Northeastern Foresters at Berlin Mills. This meeting was of un- usual interest, not only in that it brought some 2;j professional foresters to a meet- ing in the woods, but these woods, belong- ing to the Berlin ^^ills Comjiany, were the first on this continent in which a lumber and paper company had employed a fores- ter with a view of improving their logging operations as regards securing clean work and reproduction. Mr. Austin Gary Tvas the forester. Unfortunately in a selection forest, the results can only be realized by him Avho saw the original condition, and hence the excursion without guidance of such a man remained more or less barren of results. But there were other features in the opera- tions of the Berlin ^Mills Company that made the visit profitable. The company owns not only some .':500,000 acres of forest in the States, but controls even larger areas in Quebec, and is an active member of the St. Maurice Fire Protective Asso- ciation. Its paper mills are, perhaps, the largest on this continent, if not in the world, and are organized for efficiency, making by-products which one woul'l hardly exjiect, such as chloroform and crisco, by using the excess of hydrogen re- sulting from the manufacture of the bleaching powder. The company employs four foresters in its wooil ilepartment. QUEBEC FOREST WORK. Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief of the Forest Ser- vice, Quebec, writes: — During the months of July, August and September the activity of the members of the Forest Service was devoted to the classification of vacant lots and the in- spection of settlers' lots. We had 12 parties in the field, besides isolated rangers calling at the wood-working establishments ti) olitain their reports, or watching the movements of timber along the railways, or in tiic harbors of Montreal and Quebec, ctr. Ill all, wo had about Inn men at work. Xow that we liave used the month of Octoher to complete the unfinished jobs ami |>repare the reports of these exi)lora- tions, we are beginning the organization for the control of the logging operations. Until recently there was a good deal of hesitation with our lumbermen, and the |>ros]iects of the cut were v'ery bad, but the thermometer seems to be rising, as very few firms will not be at work this winter, and the timber crop will be aliout as good as last year, j)erhaps, suffering a diminu- tion of to to I'.j per cent. Considering the general situation, I be- lieve tliis is remarkable, ancl it would surprise you, i)erha|)s, to hear that some of the firms, especially the pulp mills, wil! increase their proiluctioii. Kegarding the Forest School, I must in form you that we have entered the new building which has been built by Laval University for the faculties of Law, Sur- veying and Forestry. As we have better legs tlian the others, they gave us the two upper stories of the building (!•() x 50) for our (lasses. Our new quarters are very suitable, and we can hope now to build u]) some nice collections, etc., ami we will rely upon our friends to send us as much as they can. Everything will be welcome. The Forest Service has published a sec- ond bulletin, which deals with the general conditions of the forest lands in this prov- ince. Our first bulletin gave the names of tlie wood-working establishments. Until now we have only a French issue of this liulletin, Iiut we ex|)ect to have the I'^ng- lish version out in a short time. TRIP TO THE YUKON. :Mr. W. J. Boyd, of the Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior, accom- jianieil by Mr. E. S. Davison, another graduate of the University of Toronto Forest ry School, has returned from a five months' tri[) from Prince Albert, Saskat- chewan, to Yukon Territory, and is now at the head ofiFice, Ottawa, i)reparing his report. The object of the trip was to se- cure data regarding forest conditions and forest protection along the lower part of the Mackenzie River, and especially in the Yukon. The start was made from Prince Albert on Mav l.j, when the two men, with their 125 126 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1914 baggage and a sixteeu-foot Chestuut canoe, were taken by train on a logging railway running northwesterly from Prince Albert, a distance of about eighty miles, to Crook- ed Lake, the beginning of that wonder- ful series of watercourses, which, after three and a half months' hard travel, was to land them in Dawson, Y.T. Though this route, by way of a series of lakes, the Clearwater River, Athabasca River and Lake, and the Mackenzie River, to the Arctic circle, is not much heard of nowa- days, it was, for a hundred years, one of the main highways of the Hudson's Bay Comiiany. This part of the trip was ac- complished without incident, the various points where there are Forestry Branch officers being visited and other duties per- formed. This part of the journey was performed without guides, the two foresters paddling, portaging, camping and cooking along this two thousand mile journey without mishap. At Fort Macpherson, near the mouth of the Mackenzie River, Indian guides were en- gaged, as it was important to make good time, and the passage of the divide be- tween the valley of the Mackenzie and the valley of the Yukon is somewhat intricate. The party then ascended the Rat River, which enters the Mackenzie near its mouth. This route is known as Macdougall Pass. After paddling through some small lakes on the divide, they reached a tributary of the Bell River, and then passed into the Bell itself. Traversing the Bell through- out, they entered the Porcupine and paddled down it to the Yukon River, which receives the Porcui)ine at Fort Yukon, in Alaska, U.S.A. They then ascended the Y^ukon River and reached Dawson on Aug. 24. From that time until they left to come out over the White Pass, on Oct. 9, they were engaged in exploring the different valleys and taking note of the state of the timber and the possibility of its protection from fire. Timber is vital to the carrying on of the industries of the Yukon, the dif- ferent mining plants using thousands of cords for fuel every year. Fires have done great damage, and the need for protection was evident, but just what will be recom- mended will be made known in the report to the Branch. It is interesting to know that the trip was made without mishap, and that although the route from Prince Albert lay to the north and east of the Peace River country, into which settlers are now pouring, the travelers went over a comparatively well traveled path, and had no difficulty in securing supplies at the Hudson's Bay Company posts, suffi- cient to carry them over the next stage of the journey. From the White Pass and Skagway they returned down the coast to Vancouver and returned east by railway. Mr. E. S. Davison, who is a native of Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, has enlisted with the second Canadian contingent for the war in Europe, and is now at the training camp at Kingston, where he has the rank of sergeant. BRITISH COLUMBIA FOREST PRO- TECTION. In spite of hard conditions, the British Columbia fire protection system rendered a good account of itself this year. A re- jiort of the work says: — 'AH records indicate that the weather has been drier during the present summer than at any other time during the past twenty years. Streams have run dry which have not been seen dry before. In addi- tion, it has been very hot and windy in the southern portion of the province. Be- tween 2,000 and 3,000 small fires have oc- curred, and it has been necessary to in- crease greatly the number of fire patrol- men and guards and to employ numerous fire-fighters. Fires have been fought re- gardless of their size or location, whether in settled country, range lands, scrub, re- production or timber lands. The result very few fires got beyond those which had done so under control before they had destroyed much merchantable timber. Thus the total fire loss for the province has been extremely small, although the cost of protection this year has been about $350,000. These results prove the value of elasticity of organization, since the forces could be increased quickly wherever weather conditions made such action ne- cessary. Protection has not been restrict- ed to merchantable timber alone, but has has been that control, while were brought covered the whole country, not been able to gain a where. ' and fires foothold have any- ANNUAL CONVENTION OF HOO-HOO. The twenty-third annual convention of the lumbermen's fraternal organization, known as the Order of Hoo-Hoo, held in Winnipeg Sept. 8 to 11, was very success- ful in spite of the outbreak of war, which somewhat reduced the expected attendance. Delegates were present from all parts of Canada and the United States, the total attendance, including delegates and their wives, numbering 524. The business of the Order was despatched at the morning ses- sions, and the afternoons and evenings were devoted to social features. Most of the functions connected with the conven- tion were held at the Fort Garry Hotel. An interesting feature of the meeting was the election of a Canadian, Mr. E. D. Ten- nant, of Winnipeg, to the highest office in the Order, Snark of the Universe. San Francisco was selected as the place of meeting in September, 1915. Canadian Forestry Association. 127 THE DYING TREE. Ah. it is sadiltMiiiig to see a beautiful ami stately tree in process of decay; it took years to reach its height, ami then there fell a deadly blight that ate its heart away. It seems to know it's in the soup, for all its leaves and branches droop, 'tis a despairing thing; and in the zephyr or the gale it seems to moan and sigh and wail, when it should dance ami sing. There's nothing nobler than a tree, there's naught that more appeals to me, and oh, it makes me hot to think such stately things must die, because some derned old worm or lly has given it dry rot. And in our towns a million trees are dying of some punk disease imparted in that way; great elms that pleased our pas and mas are crumbling to the ground because such pests we do not slay. A little hustling out of doors might save the threatened syca- mores, the locusts and the elms; so let us gird our loins today, and spray our friends the trees, and slay the worm that over- whelms. If you would sit supinely by and see a splendid shade tree die, and never lift a haml, if you would rise no doleful Bound, when trees are dying all around, you surely should be canned. WALT \rAF:0>r. Maine has instalieil twenty steel towers with lookout lunisi's on top as jiart of tho State forest protective systeni in the forest districts of the State. A iiundier of prominent citizens of Waterloo County jiave purchased a block of lifty acres of pine wooils to prevent it being cut, as it is one of the few remain- ing jdeces of forest in the county. Just how tills can be made a public possession lias not vet been decided. TKi:i:s, .sHiu i{s AM) .si:i:i).s JIdiili/ Xiirlhi III t'liis mill S/i riih-, iif /■',iri\t J'riris. .\iitirf ami l''ufii{in /'rirSiiils EOYE-OE-HURST &~SON, DENNyHURST ORYDEH, Ont. .siii|i|)tjr>. lo II. M. Uoveinuicnl, Ktc ' 'nrr'spiimh iirr /''rrnii'if and Wind S All Otitario Farmer's I'lantation «) I'laiiiiinir for Street Trees 1(» -Mr. Hury, New Viee President Cana- dian I'acifie Railway 1] The Destructive Match \] .Miiiiiesota'.s Constitutional Amend- ment ]-2 Irrigation Braneh Report 12 (Jreat Sand Hills Forest Reserve .... ];: Smoking in the Wooijs 1;; \aliie of Young Timher ];{ Oliituary j.j JAN 13 1915 Archbi.shop ANNUAL BUSINESS MEEIING The sixteenth aninuil husiiics.s meet- ing of the Canadian Forestry As.soei- jitioii for the eonsidcralion of reports,- passing of aeeoiiiits. (h'aling with hiisi- iie.ss arising ont of the same, the eleetion of offieers, and sneh ()th<'r Imsiness as may properly eome before it. will he held in the a.ss 'inhly IimII of the Carnegie i'uhlie Lilirar.w ()l tawa. on Tuesday. Janiiai-y iDth. at S o'cloek p.m. All memhers in good standing are eligible to atteiul antl vot,-. .Mem- liers having business to bring before the iiiei-ting should eommnnicate with the Seeretary as early as po.ssible. Though the war takes up most of the national attention and energy. yet work so vital to the eontinnerl well-being of the nation as the pro- tection of our natural resources 1 1 1 V 1 1; L' fjCi » rr\y r\-n rnrwr»i\vTin/\ Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1915' should lie pressed forward as vigor- ously as eirciiinstances permit, so that after the war our people will have the raw material out of which to build up renewed prosperity. All who can attend and take part are therefore requested to do so. The Commission of Conservation holds its annual meeting on the morn- ings and afternoons of January 19th and 20th, in its offices opposite the Carnegie Library, so that those at- tending can participate in both meet- ings. Owing to the fact that the Ottawa AVinter Fair will be in progress Jan- uary 19 to 22 fare-and-one-third railway rates will be in force for the round trip from all points in Ontario from Sault Ste. ]\Iarie — Toronto and east and from all points in Quebec. These are obtainable without certifi- cates upon application to the railway ticket agent at point of departure. Tickets are good going Jan. 18 to 21 inclusive, and returning are good up to and includiug Jan. 23. THE PLACE OF THE FORESTS. These are the days when the annual statements of the Presidents and Gen- eral ^lanagers of the Canadian banks are closely studied. It is instructive to note that in these reviews of Can- ada's financial situation the products of the forest are generally mentioned next after those of agriculture. In the views of these leaders farm products are Canada's first resource and forest products her second. Canada has too much fertile land for forest products ever to oust those of the farm from first place. But, on the other hand, there is so much absolute forest land in Canada that unless we are wanton- ly wasteful and negligent in the handling of our forests, forest pro- ducts should never be displaced from their position in the second place of Canada's resources. PUBLIC OPINION GROWING. In the December issue of the Canadian Forestry Journal the fact was recounteil that a man had been pent to jail in Quebec for >etting fire to a forest. It was pointed out that as this was so very unusual in Canada some opposition might be made to his pro- cedure, and friends of forest conservation were urged to support the organization which had the courage to take this step. We have just receiveast, and is being left to- day by nuiiiy other conij>anies, is iieiny cut 1 41 •* ^.«*'.! J 0 It ,^: ■ ' 'Zj Scotch pine planted in 1!; 08 near Grand Mere, kindly loaned by the Pulp and Paper Muga- and d :tnr. The Forestry Division of the Laurentide < "ompany has been in existence for about ten years now. For most of that period the sur- vey work has taken up about all of its time and appropriation. This work, the mapping of water and timber on 2,3.50 square miles of limits, the running out, cutting and blazing of the limit lines; the estimate of the tim- ber, and the other odd pieces of work such as survey of lots, trespass an cuttings, has been almost finished. During this time the Forestry Division has done a lot of the more technical work, ."^uch as careful estimating, construction of volume tables for black and white spruce, l)alsam fir and white pine, growth studies of the same species anany's '.'..l-lo square miles is of the best of this. Most people would think that this amount of territory would keep the mill in logs forever, but cold, hard figures show that even this jm- Canadian Forestry Journal, Junndnj, 191. Clear burn on Laurentide Company's limits on Upper St. Maurice. inense holding is inadequate, and that it will all be cut out in a term of years var- iously estimated at from oO to 7-'. This still distant end of the present supply, and the possibilities of planting as a provision for the future, have long been foreseen by Mr. Chahoon, Vice-President of the Com- pany, and, in keeping with his far-sighted and broad-minded policy the Comjmny has decided to undertake planting o]ierations. Mr. Wilson made the first plantations near Grand Mere in 1908. These consisted of about 20 acres of white, Scotch and jack pine. Since then planting has been done each year. Attention has been given to trees which are used "for pulp. Four species have been specially tested; black and white spruce, balsam fir and Norway spruce. As a result of this, in the opinio. i of Mr. Wilson, the Norway spruce is the most sat- Land formerly having pure stand of pine, cleared for farm 10 years ago, but soil too poor and so abandoned. FlautiiKj Spruce for Coiniuerciul Purposes Underplautiug youug poplar aud white birch with Norway spruce. ivfactory tree. The black spruce grows very -lowly and the see CO Indiana has two Arbor Days, one in April and another in October. The State Board of Forestry is carrying on an active campaign. .4 Reindeer Experiment In Quebec A KEI.NDKER EXPERIMKM IN QUEBEC. l.a>t August Mr. Elhvooil Wilson, Super- intendent of the Forestry Division of the Laureiitide ('onij>aiiy, CJrand Mere, Queliee, j*uriha>ed twelve reindeer from Dr. Gren- fell, the main herd at that time being at St. Anthony. Newfoundland. Mr. Wilson got the deer safely into the St. Maurice X'alley after considerable delay, caused by the war. but one of the deer was so badly injured on shipboard that it died some time after. Four deer were sent to a timber de- ]>ot and three of them died, possibly from lack of experience on the part of those in whose iharge they were. Mr. Wilson, there- fore, had the remaining eight deer, three bucks and five does, brought into the town of Grand ^[ere, and located in a wooded lot adjoining the nursery. Mr. Wilson's idea is that the deer have been allowed to be- come too wild since being brought from Lapland, and his aim is to domesticate them anil keep them accustomed to the presence of man. When this has been attained he sees great possibilities for their use in northern lumber camps to take the j)la(c of «logs, which are vicious ami very subject to mange, and he also thinks that the Indians might learn to herd them, thus becoming possessed of a supply of food and clothitig, besides having a beast of burden which uijl find its own food summer and winter. A PLEASANT REMINDER. The Canadian Forestry Journal hus ve- eop]e of Canada to-day. Something must ])e ass the farm on whiih Mr. Silverthorne lives. seMom fail to notice the evergreen facade which extends far to the right of the main road. The farm i.s sitnated on the level toj) of the high ground skirting a tributary of the Etobi- 1 oke River, and as far as the eye can see the surface of the ridge is hidden by a wonderful growth of June and cedar. A casual glance is enough to convince the jiasver-by that the forest is not the work of nature. Only tho.-e, however, who take the trouble to go in and talk with the |>lanter will hear the history of the jtlant- ing. ' .My father built a mill near this very !-|>ot in |S(I9,' Mr. Silverthorn told me, as we ma^le our way along the ceilar-skirted face of the crest. ' There was lots of bush in those days, and the Indians roamed and cam|)ed all over the neighborhooii. After the < leariiig was done and the onhanl had come into bearing it occurred to uu> that a sjtlendid windbreak could be formed by planting small evergreens all along the face of the riclge. I knew where I lould get any • piaiitity of the small seedling trees, so f \\ ent to work. ' Setti.ng Oit 1(»,()()() Ti:ke.s. ' How many did you set out?' 'About ten thousand trees in all.' (Think of that self-imposeIars; there is another. Now you can see the line of stumps.' 'Von removed all the poplars, then?' I H.sked. ' ^'es, when they were twenty years old. I cut them down to give the other trees a «li:inci> and what i|o you think 1 made of tlicni.' Why, I got i.MT s.doil feet of lum I'cr ami (ifty cords of wood from that pop- lar row. ' I'l Ks Have I)t).NK Hk.st Ok Ar,i., The pojdars, therefore, not only served their turn in the growth of the protective forest, but they also netted .Mr. Silverthorn more than ample return for the work of planting tiiem. Today the visitor ^ees the evergreen growth at its best. All over the face of the hill an forest of pine, cedar and o lil l>irches, .lune- woods, etc. The comnuM'cial p(»ssibi!i- ties of such a proposititation Jire indicated by the pines, which here and there tower above the growth of ci'rlars. Many of thes-e trees are between thirty ami forty feet in height, with a diariu'ter at the ba?e of betNveen lifteen and eighteen inches. That they should attain such a si/e in twenty years' tinu- would be hard to believe were one not aware of their origin and life history. Bl'TTKKXtT Row A!,.SO. Mr. Silverthorn 's tree-planting was not confined to that portion of his farm which, fronting on a much travelleij highway, is in fidl view of passing admirers. .\s we walk- ed toward the back of the farm and down a well-shaded lain^, he pointed to the rows of stately trees rising high overhead, with the terFe comment: ' Hutternut How. All thoe trees were j>lanted at the same tinu-, ami all are butteriuit.' I'rom the very mariiu'r of his sjieech I knew that he looked forward to no word of jiraise or llattery; he was simply recalling an act of his life which he conj-idered as in no way out of the ordinary. Then came a tramp through the multitinteil maple grove, anil here again the love of my guide for the forest mani- fcsteil itself as he spoke of sylvan wonders, Mich as an oM tree 'four hundred and four- teen years old, by actual count.' Mr. Silverthorn, the owner of one thou- sand acres of farm land in the county, is now retired, and no nion- dependent upon his daily toil. He still takes the keenest interest, however, in the affairs of farm life, and with the lioyish wholehcartedness of the real enthusiast delights to show to the stranger the result*- "*" h'- attempt-- :if .i<-o- rative fore.stry. <) Planning for Street Trees. Suggestions for improving conditions in Canadian Towns and Cities. Mr. G. A. Croniie, who some years ago was forest assistant in the Dominion For- estry Branch work in British Columbia, and who is now Superintendent of Trees, in the Department of Public Parks, New Haven, Connecticut, writes giving some hints on how to go about improving shade tree conditions in our towns and cities. While this is not forest conservation in its strict sense, yet good shade trees are so valuable an aid in forming public opinion on this matter that we have jileasnre in publishing Mr. Cromie 's article. He says: On looking over the century-old elms and maples in New Haven, Connecticut, of which I have charge, I can see how much can be aained in such fast growing cities as Yan- (lOO a year, smaller ones placing street trees under the park commissioners, and towns often getting expert advice for a starting plan and doing the work under a local tree warden working part of the year, or a com- mercial nursery. Many of these were forced to take such steps by the large number of old trees that were dying and the poor re- sults from private planting under modern street conditions. Those get the best re- sults in which all the work — planting, treat- ment for insects, tree surgery, maintenance, removal — is done by a city department; the system of private work under permit or supervision has not been a success. Here are some ways in which foresters and other members of our Association can 1 i;fe»P- -^3^. Plane Trees (European Sycamore) Planted one year. Set 35 feet apart. couver, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, and in the newer sections of Eastern cities, if they will follow a systematic plan in street tree plant- ing; and even towns or villages will secure better shade trees where one person or de- partment is responsible for their care instead of leaving them to the general public. Many members of the Canadian Forestry Associa- tion have the necessary training, and can give some time, at actual work of this char- acter in the smaller places, or in larger cities, to organize a movement to place the street trees under a competent civic de- partment. The eastern United States are fast falling into line in this work, cities of 100,000 pop- ulation er larger hiring an expert forester and staff and spending from .$3,000 to $30,- help to start such a movement in their home town : 1. Choose a number of new streets and induce the authorities — or by public sub- scrijDtion raise the needed money — to plant them uniformly with proper species. Ask the best local paper to help you; they are always glad to back any such movement that takes with the people. The interest aroused should help in extending the work. 2. Gather the^ data needed for a good planting plan; count the present trees on each street, by species, using the card sys- tem, with a note on their height or age class and condition; note the number of new trees needed on each street, locating them l\y house number if necessary, and suggest the knds to l)e used. In this way you can 10 Planning for Slnct Trees n tell the minilier ami species of trees in the city, and you have the information for any future j>lanti!ier that street trees have not the protection of tho^e in a grove, and some provsion must be made for watering and mulching. I favor strongly the top mulch of .strawy material in all planting, and wonder at not seeing it used instead of the dust midch in prairie tree planting, where straw is so plentiful, and time is so scarce in the cultivating sea- son. Some of the mistakes liable to be made are too close spacing, trying to plant too large trees, and using fast growing .species at the expense of quality. As to spacing forty feet apart will allow alternate light and shade on the street, and it is not prac- ticable to plant closer with the idea of tak- ing out half the trees later on. In regard to size, trees two in. will be the most satisfactory in the end. Mr. George Bury, Newly Appointed Vice- President of the Canadian Pacific Railway. With the beginning of 191." Mr. George Bury, formerly N'ice-President and General Manager of Western Lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with headquarters at Win- nipeg, became Vice-President of the system with headquarters at Montreal. Mr. Bury as one of the executive heads of the C.P.R.. has naturally had much to do with forest fire protection along the line. At the Win- nipeg Convention of the Canadian Forestry Association, Mr. Bury read a paper on 'The Railway and Forest Protection". Mr. Bury succeeds Mr. David .MiNicoll, who retires because of ill-health. IHIi DESTRLCTIVi: MATCH. r. A. Lund, Sarkvill,, X.B. A \alued forest, long and wide, .\opular belief, forest fires seldom travel more than two or three miles an hour. Even in extreme cases it is ques- tionable whether they burn at a rate of more than six to ten miles an hour. The Diana Paper Company, of Water- town. New York, has jdanted 150,000 spruce seedlings on its property in the Ailirondacks. The company ha,s estab- lished its own nurseries and will continue planting at an accellerated rate from now forward. 12 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1915 MINNESOTA'S CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT. Oil Nov. 3 at the Minnesota elections a number of important amendments to the State constitution were submitted to the voters. These amendments numbered eleven, and of them all only one was carried, No. 9. This amendment was one which changes the method of management of State lands. Up to this time all State lands were handled on the assumption, so common in all parts of this continent, that all lands would even- tually be used for agriculture. In the con- stitution it was provided that the lands still in the possession of the State were to be sold and the proceeds devoted to schools and other worthy objects. In past years the great bulk of the agricultural lands owned l)y the State have been sold and settled upon and the lands that remain are largely forest lands. Yet the constitution made no provision for this, and if something had not ])een done these lands would have Vjeen auc- tioned off, would have been stripped of such timber as they carry to-day, attempts would have been made at settlement ; and by fire and axe and plow a large part of the State would have been reduced to desert. By the amendment carried on Nov. 3 such school and other pnlilic lands of the State as are better ailapted for the production of timber than for agriculture may be set apart as State forests, and the legislature may pro- vide for the management of the same on for- estry principles. The net revenue is to be used for the purpose for which the lands Avere granted to the State. This was a very great victory, and its significance is heightened by the fact that every other proposed amendment was de- feated. This amendment stood ninth on the ballot, and never in the history of the State had an amendment passed which stood lower on the list than fifth. In order i,o carry the amendment it was necessary to secure a majority of the total vote cast on all sub- jects at the polls on election day. The total vote cast was 356,906. Those votes which were not cast on the amendment at all counted against it. The total number of votes cast for the amendment was 178,954, while against it were cast 44,033. The amendment thus had a majority of 501 votes. Great praise is due the Minnesota Fores- try Association which since June last has l)een campaigning to this end. In the fight they enlisted the aid of the newspapers, the women 's clubs, the churches, bankers, com- mercial clubs, telephone companies, farmers ' clubs, manufacturers, school teachers, forest rangers, game wardens and county agricul- tural representatives. The cam^^aign was carried on by means of public meetings, motion picture shows, lantern lectures, ex- hibits at fairs, demonstrations on State For- ests Day, and by the distribution of 300,000 booklets and 47,000 posters. One of the ef- fective means was the calling up by tele- phone, by the members of women's clubs, of voters on Nov. 2 and the reminding of the voter not to forget Amendment No. 9. There are still left in the possession of the State of Minnesota about two and a half million acres of land, much of which is forested, and which w'ill now be avail- alile for management on forestry principles. Minnesota is to be congratulated all around. REPORT ON IRRIGATION. I'p till the end of 1912 irrigation work in western Canada was carried on under the supervision of the Dominion Forestry Branch. At that time, however, owing to the great increase in the work, irrigation was made the work of a se]>arate Branch, with Mr. E. F. Drake as Superintendent. The report for the year 1913, the first as a separate Branch, has now been issued. It is a volume of 180 pages with maps and plates, and an inspection of it shows how important this subject has grown. This ir- rigation work is closely connected with for- est conservation, because practically all the rivers dealt with rise in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and are fed by the forest- erol>!ein.s of an interiiatioiml character. Mere tht'iv are alroaily irrijjatiou jtrojects ill Iteing but two of the i-hief irrigating rivers flow hatk anil forth across the Inter- national lionmlary. B_v afxreenicnt with the Initfil States, Canaila ami that country are to take e<|ual amounts of water from these rivers, ami measurements are in pro- j^ress to iletermiiu' what the regular How is. Measurements are also in progress to ascertain what amount of water can be taken from the Bow ami North Saskatche- wan rivers for irrigation. This will serve to show the e.xtent of the work. Persons tlesiring copies of this report may obtain them upon applying to the Superintemlent of Irrigation, Ottawa. GREAT S.VND II ILLS RESERVE. FOREST Mr. t'harles J. Herriot, of Santlford Dene, .Saskatrohibited in the woods during this season of the year, yet 1 do not see how this could be projierly en- forced; as the men in the logging camps are more or less scattered through various parts of the workings, it is impossible at all times for the foreman to see some of the men, and no doubt unless some one was around where they are working, probably some of them would smoke notwithstand- ing any regulations which might be on the statute boidv. I might say that there is already in the statutes of British <'oluni- bia, llllL', a clause which seeks to restrict this, and is as follows: — ''During the close .season every person who throws or drops any burning match, ashes of a pipe, lighted cigarette or cigar, or any other burning substance, or who idasts wood with any explosive in any forest or brush land, or at a distam-e of less than half a mile therefrom, shall com- jiletely extinguish the fire of such match, ashes of a pipe, or other burnilig sub- stance l>efore leaving the s|iot." ' 1 am not prepared to say whether any- thing more can be 'lone in this direction at the jiresent time. ' THE VALUE OF YOUNG TIMBER. The British ('olumbia Forest Branch, in a recent bulletin, says: — 'It has l)een found by experience that a large jiroportion of the fires which start in slash or young timber will, if allowed to run, sjiread to valuable timber or j»ro- perty, and when beyond control destroy the homes of settlers in the small villages now being built up throughout the prov- ince, and cause loss of life. The j>rotec- tion of the settlers, as well as of the tim- ber, is not assured unless all bush fires are kept under control during the dry season. ' ^'oung timber growing on non-agricul- tural Lands is an asset worth protecting from fire. Nearly every setlter knows how r.apidly young timber grows to pole and tie size. In most districts in Britisli Columbia timber reaches commercial size ill sixty or eighty years. It requires no planting, grows without care or expense, and produces a valuable crop, whiidi now beautifies the hills, protects the water- sheils, and will, in another generation, sujiport industries. These facts are so well understood in British Columbia that the Forest Branch is everywhere securing the co-operation of the residents in preventing destructive fires in the young as well as the old timber.' 14 Canadian Forestry Journal, January^ 1915 OBITUARY It has not beeu the custom of the Cana- dian Forestry Journal to maintain an obit- uary column, but during the past three months so many men prominent in himber- ing and forestry have passed away that special mention has had to be made of the fact. The hope is expressed that it will be many months before a like necessity shall arise again. SENATOR ROBERT JAFFRAY. Hon. Eobert Jaffray died at his home in Toronto on Dec. Ki from the bursting of a ])lood vessel. Mr. .Jaffray was born in Scotland in 1832, liut had lived from his twentieth year in Toronto, where he was identified with many commercial and finan- cial undertakings. Just a few weeks ago, upon the sudden death of Mr. D. K. Wilkie, on Nov. 16, he was elected President of the Imperial Bank of C'anada, which institution thus lost two Presidents in succession in one month. Senator Jaffray, both in his per- sonal and business capacity, as well as in public life, was a supporter of forest con- servation. The family residence, surround- ed by fine old trees, is just across the street from the residence and grounds of the late Alexander Manning, which now forms the home of the Faculty of Forestry of tne University of Toronto. SENATOR J. N. KIRCHHOFFER Hon. J. N. Kirchhoffer died at his apart- ments in Ottawa on Dec. 22 after a long illness. He was born in Ireland in 1847, but had spent all his working life in Canada. In the west he was known as the founder of Souris, Manitol)a, and later for a num- ber of years practiced law in Brandon. He was a great lover of outdoor life, a sports- man and a friend of the forests. MR. V. R. MARSHALL. Mr. Y. R. Marshall, of Brockville, Ont, died after a somewhat lengthened illness on Oct. 2. He was born at Toledo, Ont., in 1849, and in 1874 started in the lumber business in Brockville. This later developed into the Brockville Lumber Company, of which he was the President and Manager until a year ago, when he sold out his in- terests and retired. Mr. Marshall was a man of very observing habits, and his in- terest in forest conservation was quickened by passing over an old farm at a lumber depot which he remembered as a young man being an oat field, and which, at the time of his visit, had a fine gro\Ath of pine which he estimated would in twenty years be ready for the axe. He argued that if Nature could do this unassisted she could do much more by the application of intelligent me- thods. Perhaps the last time Mr. Marshall came to Ottawa was on the occasion of the Canadian Lumbermen 's Association meeting and Canadian Forestry Association annual meeting in 1914 when he spoke with very warm interest of the work. MR. THOMAS CHARLTON. Mr. Thomas Charlton, a well known lum- berman of North Tonawanda, N.Y., died at his home after a long illness on Nov. 29, at the age of 75. Mr. Charlton was a mem- lier of the well known family which made Lyudoch, Ont., their home and center of operations for many years. With his bro- ther, the late Hon. John Charlton, he began ill the lumber business in 1869, purchasing ;>()0,000 acres of timber land on Georgian Bay, Ont. He continued in this business all his life, and was one of the prominent citi- zens of northern New York, and active in the affairs of the Presbyterian Church, of which he was an elder. He leaves a wife and six children, and is also survived by two brothers, Mr. George Charlton, of Los Ange- les, California, and Hon. W. A. Charlton, of Toronto, immediate Past President of the ( 'anadian Forestry Association. MR. A H. HILYARD Mr. A. H. Hilyard, Manager of the Dal- housie Lumber Company, Dalhousie, N.B., died very suddenly of pneumonia on Dee. 3, at the age of 57. Mr. Hilyard had been lumbering all his life, and at the time of his death in addition to being Manager and Vice-President of the Dalhousie Lumber ( 'onipany was a Director of the St. Maurice Ijumber Company. Mr. Hilyard took a warm interest in the forestry convention in Fred- cricton. New Brunswick, in 1910, and since that had been identified with the work. A petition signed by several thousand tax])ayers in Calhoum County, ^Michigan, was presented to the Board of Supervisors at their October session, asking that $1,000 lie appropriated each year for the planting and care of fruit trees along the highways where State Reward Roads have been built. This petition was endorsed by the Central Fruit Growers' Association, the Horticul- tural Society and the Battle Creek Chamber of Commerce. The object is to beautify the roadways and to produce a revenue from the sale of fruit to go toward the upkeep of the roads. Canadian Forestry Associatiun. 15 FORESTRY PROGRESS DEPENDS ON PUBLIC. 'I'lOgress in forestry depeiiils iiioro upon what the public pormits tliaii upon wliat foresters and hiinlH'rmen perforin." This is a eon<-liision of the Forestry Committee, as expressed at the Washington Conserva- tion Congress. 'As a eonsequcncc, ' the committee goes on to say, 'pnhlic e.lucation is of ))rime importance, and the best methods of edu- • ating the public demand special studv. Since no one else has the interest or the requisite forestry knowledge, foresters and lumbermen must learn this trade or pro- fession in addition to their own. It is not forests, but the use of forests, which we seek to perpetuate, and therefore, to be sound and couviiu-ing, educatioTi must in- •dude a knowledge of the lumber business." In presenting .some of the educational devices the committee commended parti- cularly the booklets prepared bv various forest fire j.rotective associations. One device is a paper drinking cup to be folded by (hildren, each fold telling a pictured story of the growth of a forest fire, and of the evils of its effects. Still another is a match box legend which points out that while a match has a head it cannot think tor itself, but is dei)endent on the thought of the user to keep it from doing harnrin the woods. Tty This Stump Puller 'jrf #laa»r DS^l, '111.. .-,M.liU Mini, p l-uii,.r ^: I I .iii(. liy the ro.it-H, ci;-»tli,K- " fiMjri i.uu tj tlirc* «i'r»M » Ui«v. '. ,■ llie work of mcuty iii»i,. WoMai'it > ' <■•• •end (or our 3 y*«r guarun- (r« •ifHinsi hrcflkai;* and our Ircr (rill proixiaiiion AdJrox — 'I W. SiPllh Grubbir Co. '>^ _ Dl .iiiith Sf J .- *^ - L«Crri(-rnf. Minn ,/ . ,^ -^•~-'-<- i^.-i".} f .•s. tki:ks, .siiin it.s and .^^kkds lliinlii Xiirlli, III '/'ric.s fill- Kiiiirr-iiiij:. 1!l-! lui' ■^^ over half a century. Immense stock of leruhne liaidy sorts at low pricei-. Write for Iiiice list iind mention this magazine. KOKKST l'l.,\.\rKHS (JlIIiK IHKK. The D. Hill N jrsery Co Evergreen .Specialists Lartiest Growers in .America. Box 50.1 Dundee. Ill . ISA. Canadian Forestry Association "j"HE Canadian Forestry Association is an indopeiulent organization of patriotic citizens, which has for its object tiic highest 'le- \eiopnient of the soil and resources of Canada bv urging govern- ments, municipahties and owners generally to devote each acre to that for which it is best suited, and particularlv to keep und<'r forest those soils fitted only to grow trees. The Membership Fee is one dollar j .t year. Members receive tree of any additional charge the Ann.ial IJei)ort and Canadian torestry Journal. Application for menbership may be made as below: — Canadian Forestry Association, Journal Building, Ottawa, Canada. Gentlemen :— / desire to become a member of the Canadian Forestry Association and herewith enclose One Dollar member- ship fee. Name Address Date OnivcrsilY of New Brai]swick FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Estabhshed in iqo8 Four years' course leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestrv Special facilities for practi- cal forest work. Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other expenses correspondingly moderate. For further in/ormatioti address: — DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. — — — C. C. JONES, Charvcellor Ylll[ UilfERSllY fORtSI SCHOOL NEW HAVEN. CONNECTICUT, U S.A. YALE University Forest School ib a graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is ths oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any oth?r in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of colleg- iate training including certain prescrib- ed subjects. Men who are not candi- dates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the reg- ular cour.se, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture, Forest Man- agement, Forest Technology and Lum- bering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania. For further information address JAHES W. TOUnEV, Director NEW HAVEN - - - - CONNECTICUT UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 1 AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, FORESTRY THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE, LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secre- taries of the respective Faculties. CmiAm forestry journal Vol. XI. Ottawa, Canada, Febhiauy, 191.3. No. 2 CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL. Published mouthly by the Canadian' Forestry Association, Journal Building. Ottawa, Canada. Devoted to the cause of forest conservation. Subscription $1 per year. Advertising Rates on Application. CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Patron, H. R. H. the Govebnor Genbral. Houorary Pre-.. Kt. Hon. i?iR Robbht Borden. Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier. President, Mu. F. C. Whitm.v.v. Vice-President, Mu J. B. Millkk. Trea&urer, Miss M. Robinbon ) Journal Building, Hon. Secretary, James Lawler ' Ottawa, Can. Directors. Directors: William Little, Hiram Robinson, Aubrey White, E. Stewart, W. B. Snowball, Thomas Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y. Chown. .John Hendry. Hon. W. A. Charlton, Wm. Power, M.P., Hon. W. J. Roche, Sir Geo. H. Perley, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H. Campbell, Cordon C. Edwards. Dr. B. E. Fernow, Elhvood Wilson, .Senator Bo.stock, G. C. Pichf, Alex. MacLaurin, Mgr. P. E. Roy, A. P. Steven- son, Wm. Pearce, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson Booth, Sir Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve, W. C. J. Hall, J. S. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J. Zavitz, Geo. Chahoon, Jr., R. D. Prettie, Hon. N. Curry, A. C. Flumerfelt, H. R. MacMillan, Clyde Leavitt. Territorial Vice-Presidents. Ontario: — Hon. G. Howard Ferguson. Quebec: — Hon. Jules Allard. X.'w Brunswick: — Hon. George J. Clarke. Nova Scotia: — Hon. O. T. Daniels. Manitoba: — Sir R. P. Roblin. Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson. Saskatchewan: — His Honor G. W. Brown. Alberta: — Hon. A. L. Sifton. British Columbia: — Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon: — Hon. Geo. Black, Commissioner. Mackenzie : — F. D. Wilson. Patricia: — His Honor Sir Douglas Cameron. Ungava: — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of Montreal. CONTENTS. Page. .\miual .Mi'ctiug • 17 Wliitinan, F. C., President.. l!» Secretaryshij), The «>o Tapestry Trees oq Commissiou of Conservation, Adiiresses at: Sifton. Sir Clifford ; 21 < 'ainpbell, R. H o.t I'iche, G. C 04 MacMillan, H. R 24 Fernow, Dr. B. E 25 Directors' Report 27 -^ir. A. C. Mac.lonell, M.P., Urges Scientific Investigation 29 Forests I'roducts Laboratorv 30 THE ANNUAL MEETING. The Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association was held in the lecture hall of the Carnegie Library, Ottawa, on Jan. 19, 191.1, at s ji.ni. There was a good number jircsent as will be seen from a list of some of those present in a later part of this issue. In the absence of Mr. William Power, M.P., President, and Mr. F. C. Whitman. Yiee-President. Hon. IF. Bo.stock was elected Chairman. On motion of Messrs. Power and Wilson the minutes of the last jtrevious annual meeting were taken as read. The Chairman nominated the following as the Nominating <'ommittee anil they were elected by the meeting: Messrs. R. H. Campbell, W. C. J. Hall, ITon. Sydney Fisher. Elhvood Wihson, A. S. Goodeve. C. .Jackson Booth and J. B. White. Letters of regret at inability to be pre- sent were read from Mr. William Power, M.P., Presi.lent; Mr. F. C. Whitman. Yice- President, and Messrs. William Little. Au- brey White, E. Stewart, George Y. Chown, .Tohn Hendry, Hon. W. A. Charlton, Denis Murphy, C. E. E. T'ssher, Alex. MacLaurin. William Pearce, and R. D. Prettie, all Direo tors. Letters were read from Messrs. Ellwood Wilson. W. C. J. Hall, W. Gerard Power and Paul G. Owen. Secretary of the Quebec Limit Holders' Association, urging that ef- AGULTY Of FOCESIRy MAR 1 1915 18 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1915 forts be iiiade to induce the Dominion Gov- ernment to place the Intercolonial Eailway and the National Transcontinental Eailway, so far as operated by the Dominion Gov- ernment, under the same regulations as to fire protection as the privately-owned rail- ways of the Dominion are placed by the Dominion Board of Railway Commissioners. A letter was also read from Mr. Sidney Downer of the Macleod Pulp Co., Liverpool, Nova Scotia, protesting against the custom of allowing from thirty thousand to fifty thousand young spruce trees to be cut along the south shore of Nova Scotia every winter for export to Boston as Christmas trees. The Chairman presented the Directors' Eeport as i1» appears on another page, and the same was adopted on motion of Col. Harkom, seconded by Mr. Wilson. Treasurer's Eeport. The Secretary presented the Eeport of the Treasurer for the year 1914 as certified by the Auditors, as follow^: — Beceipts. Balance from 1913 $ 925 19 Membership fees 2,086 21 Sale of reports, etc 13 2.^ Advertising in torestry Journal 125 41 Sale of lantern 35 00 Grant from Dominion Govt 2,000 00 Grant from Ontario Govt 300 00 Grant from Nova Scotia Govt. (for convention) 400 00 Grant from British Columbia Govt 200 00 Interest 54 70 $6,139 76 Ex'penditure. Salaries $2,579 71 Forestry Journal 787 59 Printing and Supplies 253 58 Annual Eeports 505 37 Secretary's expenses 100 00 Telegraph and telephone 8 54 Halifax Convention 524 63 Lantern lectures 128 95 Commission on cheques 10 84 Postage 105 00 Miscellaneous 18 61 Eefund to Nova Scotia Govern- ment of grant for Convention 400 00 Furniture (including addressing machine) ...."• 110 75 Balance 606 19 $6,139 76 On motion of Mr. Hall, seconded by Mr. Wilson, the Treasurer's Eeport as certified by the Auditors was received and adopted. Special Committees. Mr. A. S. Goodeve, convener of the Spe- cial Committee on a Forestry Congress, re- ported that on July 22 Sir Eobert Borden,. Prime Minister, had intimated that he was ready to take up the question of a Dominion Forestry Congress. He (Mr. Goodeve) had immediately replied through the Secretary of the Forestry Association that the Com- mittee was ready to assist in any way pos- sible and asking for infoi-mation on certain points which was necessary before the Com- mittee could act. In a few days subsequent to this war broke out and nothing further had been done. Mr. Ellwood Wilson, convener of the Spe- cial Committee on the formation of Local Associations reported that he had done a good deal of work in the year in endeavour- ing to arouse interest in the formation of local associations, but the parties approach- ed had not resjjonded. It was mpved by Mr. Wilson, seconded by Mr. Power, and Eesolved: That the As- sociation strongly urge the Government to subject the National Transcontinental and Intercolonial Eailways to the same rules and regulations, as to fire patrols and fire pro- tection, as are now imposed on all other railways by the Board of Railway Commis- sioners for Canada. Moved by Col. Harkom, seconded by Chancellor C. C. Jones, and Eesolved: That a committee of five (to be nominated by the Chairman) be appointed to subimit to the Government a copy of the above Eeso- lution, the Committee to hold office until the next annual meeting. Subsequently this committee vpas se- lected as follows: Hon. H. Bostock (con- vener) and Messrs. Denis Murphy, C. Jack- son Booth, Ellwood Wilson and Chancellor Jones. It was moved by Mr. A. S. Goodeve, seconded by Lt.-Col. J. B. Millar, and Ee- solved: That the thanks of this Associa- tion be accorded His Royal Highness the Governor-General for his kindness in act- ing as Patron of the Association; the Gov- ernments, and Chartered Banks which have assisted the Association by way of grants, to the Railways for facilitating the work in various ways, and the Press of Canada for their sympathetic help in the way of publicity. Moved by Hon. Sydney Fisher, seconded by Mr. A. C. Campbell, and Eesolved, That the members of the Canadian Forestry As- sociation learn with regret that impaired health is the cause of the absence from this meeting of Mr. William Little of The Annual Meeling 19 Montreal, one of the pioneers in forest conservation in Canada and one of the early Presidents of this Association, whose i-hunijiiouship of the cause in the days of its unpopularity aided nuich in its subse- quent advancement, and the members hope that Mr. Little will be speedily restored to health and spared for many more years of usefulness in the battle for better for- estry methods. Moved by Chancellor C. C. Jones, sec- onded by Sir. EUwood Wilson and Re- solved: That the trustees of the Carnegie Public Library be accorded the thanks of this Association for their kindness in placing at its disposal for tlie annual meet- ing the lecture hall and committee room of the Library. Mr F. C. Whitman, Annapolis Royal, N.S., President Canadian Forestry Association, 1915-16. Moved by Mr. G. C. Piche, seconded by Dr. Fernow, and Resolved: That Messrs. Frank Hawkins and T. E. Clendinnen be paid the sum of ten dollars each for their services as auditors of the Association in the past year and that they he and are hereby appointed auditors for 1915. It was moved by Mr. A. C. Campbell, seconded by Mr. Thomas Fawcett and Re- solved: That this meeting expresses its condolence with the families of deceased members mentioned in the Directors' Re- port. The Chairman e.xplained that at tlie meeting of the Directors in the afternoon the Secretary, Mr. James Lawler, handed in his resignation, the same to take effect on Jan. ."11, but that .\Ir. Lawler had agreed to carry on the routine work of tiie Asso- ci:ition until a new Secretary was ap- l>oiiited. Mr. Lawler explained that he left the work witli regret. He spoke of the har- mony that liad always existed lietween himself and the Board an