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For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. /' CIRCULATION, JANUARY, 4,700 COPIES Canadian Forestry Journal Vol. XIII CONTENTS FOR JANUARY No. 1 \ Better Apparatus for Forest Fire Fighting 896 Canada's White Pine Possessions Threatened with Extermina- j tion 900 j Two-Thirds of B. C. Forest Lands Devoid of Timber 908 I The Christmas Tree Trade 909 ! Canada's Fur Crop 9U I Free Cartoon Service z 912 | B. C. Premier Pledged to Place Forest Service on Merit Basis. . 913 { Poor Trees in Woodlots 914 j Ontario's Protective Plan Under Way 915 I How Quebec Associations Rid the Forests of Settlers' Hazards 917 1 Fire Protection Convention at Montreal 918 -j Forests in Italian and Balkan War Zones 919 | Ancient Cedars of Lebanon 923 | 1000 New Members Joined in 1916 925 ] Keep The Woodlot Clear of Fire 926 British Foresters in the Cameroons 927 Cost of Clearing Land by Two Methods 930 How British Columbia Protects Forests 931 f New Methods Needed to Sustain Forest Productiveness 933 j I The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association, Cx Vc'^^^'x^'* THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA 896 Canadian Foresiry Journal, Januari/, 1917 BETTER APPARATUS FOR FOREST FIRE FIGHTING Some Results of the First Year's Experience with Portable Pump Under Practical Conditions By H. C. Johnson, Fire Inspector, Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. The writer endeavored in the Jan- uary, 1916, issue of this journal to give a description and explain the proposed manner of using a system of portable gasoline pumping units de- signed by him and built for the Dom- inion Parks Branch for service in the Dominion Parks of Canada to be employed in forest fire fighting. These fire fighting units are also used for the controlling of certain operations carried on in the forest in which fire is used such as slash burning and back firing. Earlier theories in con- nection with the introduction of these units have now been put into prac- tice and actual results have been obtained. The first unit was built and put into service during the summer of 1915. It was used to control slash burning operations in the Rocky Mountains - Park and proved very efficient in this work, enabling burn- ing operations to be safely carried out in very dry weather and com- plete control of the whole situation maintained. During the fire season of 1916 six units were put into service in the Dominion Parks, two units were put into service by the St. Maurice For- est Protective Association in the Province of Quebec and several units were also put into service in other parts of Canada and the United States. Many inquiries from all over the continent were received and, strangely, the majority of these came from private owners of forested lands, which would indicate that private owners of such property are wide awake to the possible destruction of their timber by fire and are anx- ious to provide up-to-date protection. Put To The Test. One of the claims made for this type of power pumping apparatus was that it could be transported prac- tically anywhere or to any point where a man or pack horse could go. During the past fire season this has been confirmed and put into practice by the Dominion Parks Branch in the Rocky Mountains Park and the St. Maurice Forest Protective As- sociation in Quebec. The photo- graphic illustrations shown here well illustrate the various methods used by the Dominion Parks Branch to transport these pumping units. View (1) shows several pumping units to- gether with hose and auxiliary supply of gasoline being transported in a Ford truck along the main highway. View (2) shows two pack horses being used to transport two units, one horse carrying two engines and pumps and a second horse carrying the hose and auxihary supply of gasoline. View (3) gives a good idea of the manner in which power canoes can be utilized to move the outfits from point to point on lakes and rivers. View (4) shows how on railway lines track motor cars are used to carry the outfits to a point nearest the scene of a fire. View (5) shows the method of transporting the engine and pump by two men; slings from the stretcher handles pass over the men's shoulders which enable the men to let go of the handles, if necessary, when passing through rough country or climbing. These five views show Canddian Forestry Journal, Januartj, 1917 897 THE FIRE PUMP IN ACTUAL USE. 1. Automobile Transportation. 2. Two pumping outfits carried by two pack horses. 3. Readily transported in canoes, skiffs or launches. 4. Track motors are used to carry units along railway lines. 898 Canadian Forestry Journal. January, 1917 five difTerent methods of transport- ing the units. In addition to these methods, a specially designed light truck on two wheels to be hauled either by hand or by horse, has been designed and built and a view of this truck appears in the January, 1916, issue of this Journal. Along roads where it is possible for horse drawn vehicles to go, such method of transportation can also be used. Fighting Fires in Quebec. Another theory advanced was that such apparatus could be used to actually fight a forest fire. This theory has been put into practice and judging from the following extract from a letter received from Mr. Henry Sorgius, Manager of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association proved very successful: "During the past season we used the pumping outfit at four difTerent forest fires and it has more than made up for its cost Method of carrying fire pump by two men. in the saving of fire-fighters' wages and timber saved. On two occasions we used the pump for three days, each time from 3 a.m. until 11 p.m. only stop- AT THE UISC;HARGE EM) OF THE HOSE LINE Canadian Forestrij Journal, January, 1917 899 ping when changing it from place to place. We also used it to extinguish two other small fires. "We generally transport the apparatus on our motor speeder to the point nearest the fire, then the rest of the route is covered by canoe or by men on foot along the portages. The pump was a grand success." This particular type of apparatus and manner of employing same is a decided departure from anything that has been previously attempted, and so far as the writer is able to ascertain no forest organization in Canada or the United States have yet brought forward a portable pumping appar- atus, that for portability, compact- ness and efficiency, can approach the apparatus under discussion. The field in which the internal combustion engine can be utilized in connecting it up to pumping appar- atus for use in the forest is very wide and in working out a scheme of forest fire protection in which such pump- ing apparatus is proposed to be used, is not limited by any means to the portable units under discussion. Larg- er outfits can be used, pumping more water per given time, at a greater pressure and through a longer length of hose line. Such outfits would be less portable and in consequence could only be used along the main routes of travel such as roads, rail- ways, lakes and rivers. To secure this, a different type of pump and method of connecting same up to the engine will have to be adopted. This scheme is already under development and it is proposed to employ larger and heavier outfits along valley bot- toms and by using three to four thou- sand feet of hose deliver water back into the higher territory and then use the present lighter and more port- able units from that point on into the rougher ground behind. Fires on St. Maurice In the territory of the St Maurice Forest Protective Association in 1916, 200 fires for the season were caused as follows: Settlers 00 Railways . 77 383^% Laborers 28 14 % Lightning 17 8H% Fishermen 12 6 % Unknown 51 253^% Berrypickers 8 4 % Jobbers 2 1 % Portagers 1 3^% Explorers 2 1 % Trappers 1 3^% Smudge 1 M% 200 Fires The cost of extinguishing fires in 1914 was $13,004.32; m 191o, S7,329.- 47 and in 1916 $2,759.71, thereby showing progress made in patrol efficiency. Pumping from a smalFcreek in the Rocliy Mountains Park. 900 Canadian Forestrij Journal, January, 1917 CANADA'S WHITE PINE POSSESSIONS ARE THREATENED WITH EXTERMINATION An Authoritative Discussion of White Pine Blister Rust Written by H. T. Gussow, Dominion Botanist, Ottawa. The Forest resources of the Dominion of Canada, it has been said, are inexhaustible. This statement, on careful inquiry, may need some modification. The forest wealth of Canada undoubtedly is inexhaustible as far as the present generation is concerned it will be found ample yet for many more generations. We must however, bear in mind the wonderful opportunities Canada offers for settle- ment. With an increased popula- tion such as Canada requires to de- velop its natural resources to the fullest degree the demands on the Dominion forest resources will in- crease simultaneously, very probably in an increasing ratio. We are, as a nation, so convinced of this great forest wealth that little Photos by W. A. McCubhin (a) (b) (c) White Pine Blister Rust Early stage of white pine blister rust showing typical swelling. Branch of white pine completely girdled by disease. Appearance of infected white pine during May and June. Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 191'. 901 thoughl is given by the general pub- lic that things may be different some day; and unless we carefully husband our resources, the lime may come, when it will be realized that Canada's forest wealth is giving out. A word of warning is intended to be sounded in this article,— a word of very earnest and serious warning. At the present moment, if one be asked which forest trees are the most important in Canada, one would un- hesitatingly reply, the Pines— the White Pine proper and Western White Pine. Are you aware that a white pine forest in Northern Europe is a thing of the past? The White Pine, from its original home in America was quickly introduced into Europe, be- cause of its great commercial use- fulness. But now there is no White Pine to speak of; it has been replaced by an inferior pine. Why ? A fungous disease is to blame. It appeared, worked for years in silence, nobody suspected anything wrong, and then trees began dying here and there — slowly at first, rapidly later on. Then the eyes of the people were opened too late, far too late, the disease was so firmly established. Then the governments realized the position, and planted trees not sub- ject to this disease. They fought the disease; but like a vast fire the epidemic was beyond control. They could do naught but look on. Steps were taken to study the disease; but it took years before the cause became known; and, before it could be fought, the white pines had succumbed. The Disease referred to was the White Pine Blister Bust. A DESTRUCTIVE PINE DISEASE IMPORTED FROM EUROPE This disease was unknown in the continent of America; at any rate, if it did exist in early times, it cannot have been a virulent or destructive disease. When the white pine was introduced into Europe, the Blister Rust, which, before this time, must have been present somewhere,— some say in Eastern Europe or Serbia^ — found a very suitable host, and repaid hospitality by killing its host. There existed in European countries great tracts of land suitable for the raising of pine seedlings. Millions and millions were raised in Europe, few for their own use, but mainly for export, for export, curious as it may seem, to their native haunt the con- tinent of America. Had one but lived years ago, and put a stop to this importation! Sure enough the dis- ease came to America's shores with these seedhngs. It doubtless arrived much earlier than its actual discovery, for it probably took years to become acclimatised — or, perhaps, it died out with the first pines it killed before spreading further. Who knows ? Before the year 1914 the disease was, to all intents and purposes, unknown here. But in 1914, it appeared in one or two localities at first, was im- mediately recognized, and is since being persistently fought. Europe has returned America's generosity in the meanest way; the disease found its way from that continent into America, and now threatens our own White Pine forests. THE PINE BLISTER RUST REPRESENTS A SERIOUS FOE Are we going to profit from the experiences of Europe? We mustl This is the only answer possible. We mustprotect this most important lum- ber tree in our country. It is not those alone will suffer, whose interests are in the lumber trade. Think of the thousands of homes depending directly upon the returns from such industry. True there are other trees; but the White Pine, is commercially, the most important tree, and, I shall 902 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 White Pine Blister Rust 1. Young pine seedling showing spore deposit at X of pine blister rust 2. Branch of pine showing roughness of bark after girdhng branch. 3. Currant leaf showing rust stage on lower side of surface of leaf. Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 191'. 903 say a word or two about its value. Think of the many industries in- directly dependent upon the pine lumber trade. Think of yourself, when one of the most important sources of revenue is lost, — what that would mean to you, to your children, to the coming generations. Our forest resources are not in- exhaustible. When that was said, nobody gave a thought to such a destructive enemy! The enemy is now within our borders — it has spread during a few years frorn Ontario, where it was first found in Canada, to Quebec. Its spread is alarming, but not beyond control, it is hoped. It has spread also in the United States widely, far more widely than in Canada, so far as is known. We know the enemy, we know what it has done in other countries. We must do all we can to prevent the destruction of our white pine re- sources. Most of all, those who are holding white pine sections, should co-operate with the government in its battle against this dangerous foe. Combined effort alone may yet save the situation. Let there be slackness, slowness even, and the disease will defeat our efforts. Twenty years, perhaps fifty, perhaps ten,— who can tell how long it will take this plague to repeat what it accomplished before. Now is our day to do what must be done, and, if we succeed, coming generations, our own children and children's children will thank us for the deed. DESCRIPTION OF WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST The first and most essential point is to know the disease. If everybody made it his business, when in the woods, every camper, every hunter, every Boy Scout, every lover of our beautiful forests, and, most of all, every forester and wood man, from lumber-jack to owner — to know, re- cognize, and immediately report, where the disease was observed, and, if in doubt he send a specimen to those who know it, then we may hope to cope with it before it is too late. The disease is most of all dangerous to the young pine. When it attacks the main stem, — and as many as one hundred separate infections and more have been observed on one tree — and girdles it, which it is sure to do eventually, the tree dies. During May and June each year, this disease can be recognized by any one looking for the following symptoms even if he have no training; later on, only experts can determine it. All know the appearance of the fine smooth dark green bark of stem and branches of this white pine. But does every- body know the white pines from other pines? Of course he knows that the white pines have five needles or leaves in a cluster, while others have but two or three. To make sure of this, he need only cut or pull off a cluster of leaves where they are attached to the branch, and count that little cluster held together at the base by a small sheath — if there are five needles it is almost sure to be a white pine — and even if not, (this disease only attacks five-leaved pines) it should be reported nevertheless. During May and June, rarely after the middle of June, the disease is most conspicuous on the pine. The formerly smooth dark green bark will be found swollen, puffed up, "blistered," and breaking through the bark will be seen small whitish- orange scale-like bodies of a dusty floury appearance, composed of the spores or seeds of the disease. There may be a few or many at each point of infection. Often times one can see these from a short distance. They may be on any young branch or on the oljder wood, but they dis- appear after June, and only the blister remains, though far less pro- nounced to the casual observer. Where the scales had been are often small drops of resin, or gum in the popular phrase, though these are not always present, — (or may be present from other causes,) — since even mechanical injuries to the bark, such as squirrel bites, etc., will cause gumming. In time, this bark be- 904 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 comes rough and cracked, the disease slowly makes progress up and down, or around the limb or stem, and kills the branch, or the tree if it has girdled the stem; or the wounded area may give rise to another series of spores, but at no other time of the year except May or June, will the spores be seen. In old pines the disease may live for years; young pines will succumb as soon as the main stem has been girdled. Thus far, the disease on the pines. The symptoms should be carefully borne in mind, and always looked for, when one is in the woods in May and June. ANOTHER STAGE OCCURS ON CURRANTS OR GOOSEBERRIES The fungus, as was said, produced orange white dust — like a coloured flour. This dust, when viewed under a powerful microscope, is composed of thousands of minute grains, spores or, popularly, seeds of the fungus. These spores, like seeds of wheat or other plants, germinate in a similar way. But not in soil like the latter. They require living plant tissues to develop. These little organisms or plants, for they belong to the veget- able kingdom, are parasitic and live exclusively on living plant tissue, somewhat as the mistletoe in Europe grows upon and with its roots within the living apple tree or other tree. The spores produced by the white pine blister rust cannot germinate on the pine direct, but pass the next stage of their life history on another host plant. When they fall upon the leaves of wild or cultivated currants or gooseberries, particularly the culti- vated black currant, they germinate and produce on the lower surface of these leaves minute little spore blisters, from one to a few hundred on one leaf. These blisters are filled with bright orange-red spores, as small as those on the pine; to the naked eye they appear to be merely a reddish dust, which is the early summer stage. This stage may appear on currants in the neighborhood of the pines from which the spores originally came, at any time from June throughout the rest of the season; though, later they produce a second kind of spores. The early summer spores spread the disease known in this stage as currant rust; from currant leaf to leaf, shrub to shrub, planta- tion to plantation, and thus infection may travel for miles in districts where either wild or cultivated host plants occur. These plants are not killed; premature defohation may result, with consequences injurious to the cultivated plants, but the para- site does not kill the plant so essential to the continuation of its life cycle. Towards the end of the season the so-called late summer spores are produced. These occur on very short peg-like protuberances growing from the lower side of the leaves; and these later spores only germinate on white pines anywhere in the neighborhood. This occurs in fall, and it may take several seasons before a blister is produced on the pine, which will give rise to the pine rust stage and the spores already described. This is the life cycle, rounded ofT: From pine to currant — and back from currant to pine. LESSONS FROM THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE DISEASE This mode of life has acquainted us with two very important features. Without currant or gooseberry bushes there can be no pine disease, that is absolutely certain. If there be no pines — then the currants cannot be affected. Please note this point very carefully! If we wish to keep the currants or gooseberries, the pine should be destroyed: if we prefer the pine— the former should be destroyed. When one or other is done, this disease has lost its sting. Can this be done? Would we recommend, for Canadian Forcslii/ Journal, January, 1917 905 instance, the destruction of pines to save the currants, or, vice versa, of the currants to save the pines? These would certainly be the most efficient means to arrest this disease. The next important lesson to be learned from the life history is the modes of spreading of the disease. It spreads of its own accord on currants or gooseberries, for miles in one season, in all directions; and eventually reaches a pine, a pine plantation, or a forest, and these then, in turn, may start new outbreaks. Hence the next lesson to be learned is this: — no currants or gooseberries near pines; no pines near gooseberries or currants. How far apart should these different host plants grow from each other? This point is still an open question — but the farther apart the better. Can this be carried out? Sometimes a single pine, or a few pines menace the cultivated currants; sometimes a few shrubs of the latter, the former. Therefore, whichever, in a given locality, is the more im- portant must remain, and the other be destroyed— certainly if affected, but better at any rate. Most im- portant of all, all wild currants and gooseberries should be destroyed: they are most serious offenders. This should be done everywhere in or near valuable pine woods. There is yet another danger, that currant rust spores may adhere on baskets of currants or other fruit, when shipped from an infected area, and spread the trouble very widely — that the disease will eventually find its way to a pine. So far as now believed, currant bushes in themselves and sold as such, do not appear to carry the disease, once the leaves are gone. Doubt still exists on this point, which we are now endeavouring to settle. Should the disease be con- veyed by infected currant bushes, this would constitute a new menace, and the question become more difficult. Ho^yever, it is generally held that in- fection of currants occurs every year afresh from nearby pines, strange as this may seem. THE DISEASE IS CARRIED ON PINE NURSERY STOCK We know for certain that the pine carries the disease — it was by pine seedlings from Europe that the disease was introduced; hence im- porting pines into Canada should be stopped. This was done shortly after taking up my work in Canada. No pines (five-leaved) can enter Canada from anywhere abroad, reads an order-in-council. QUARANTINE AND CONTROL MEASURES NECESSARY A federal quarantine against white pine seedfings or other five leaved pines, and, if possible, against cur- rants, etc., from infected provinces or areas, or individual nurseries, is desir- able. The first work to do is the accu- rate location of every infected locality — this requires men and time, the more men the shorter time. The shorter the time it takes to know accurately the distribution, the better the chance to fight this disease. Therefore, let all concerned come to the fore! The question is of greatest moment; and the experiences of other countries are on record. Shall we too fail, where others have also failed? It may become necessary, but not until the distribution in Canada of the disease is fully ascertained, to es- tablish a safety belt of considerable breadth in which currants and pines shall be wholly eradicated, isolating, if possible, the infected area from valuable timber limits. Wherever diseased pines are located they should be immediately destroyed. 906 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE During the early season of 1909 large shipments of foreign seedling pines were received in the Continent of America, part of which went to New York, New Jersey, New Hamp- shire, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Vermont, Massachussets, Ohio and Indiana. But a portion of the same shipments was introduced into Can- ada. In all of these States, and also as far as Minnesota, the disease is now established, as well as in parts of Canada. It was first discovered in the year 1914, near Guelph, Ontario, and later in other parts of the Niagara Peninsula, mainly on currants, but, unfortunately, on native pines' also. It is now dis- tributed generally in Southern Ontario, but may not yet have reached the important white pine section, although no systematic search has been possible there. Quite recently the currant rust stage was found in Ottawa; as it was also this season in certain localities of Quebec province. Very urgent need exists for systematical inspection of all pine areas. In the west no inspection has yet been possible. It is gratifying to note also that both the Ontario and Quebec govern- ments have become deeply interested, and much work promises to be done next year. It would be a matter for congratulation if the government in- spectors should be aided by the employees of lumber companies and other concerns interested. VALUE OF WHITE PINE LUMBER CUT IN 1915 In Bulletin 58A, published by the Forestry Branch, Department of the Interior, the white pine lumber, in- cluding both species. White Pine {Pinus Strobus) and Western white pine (Pinus monticola), is valued at $17,584,149 for 1915, or nearly three quarters of the value of the five commercial spruce species of Canada taken together. It is to be hoped that the matter dealt with in this article will be fully discussed at a meeting in the near future, at which all interested parties may be represented. Co-operative effort alone will save the situation. Meanwhile, if, as a result of this article, attention and careful thought become focussed on its subject matter, something will have been accom- plished. In conclusion, I wish to anticipate the probable charge against me of crying out "wolf" causelessly, and of taking too alarming a view of the situation. Let me most emphatically re-iterate, I am an alarmist, and am so of set conviction in this matter. My attitude is based on the ex- perience of other countries, with forest timber diseases, on the already rapid and insidious spread of this particular disease in America, and lastly, but not least, on the import- ance of rousing to action all con- cerned, while there is yet time. So surely as my warnings lie unheeded, will the ultimate loss of trade and revenue fall on all, whether or not interested financially now, in the White Pine Industry, one of the prime factors in our Dominion's vast re- sources. H. T. GUSSOW, Dominion Botanist. NOTE: — Foregoing article has been issued in pamphlet form by the Canadian Forestry Association, and widely distributed. Canadian Forestry Journal, January, li>17 907 YELLOW PINE CONES SPREAD TO DRY ON CANVAS SHEETS. !!*iS^^te*> EXTRACTING YELLOW PINE SEED FROM THE CONES. (Photos by courtesy of United States Forest Service.) 908 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 LARGE PART OF B.C. FOREST LANDS DEVOID OF TIMBER Heavy Inroads of Past Fires — ^Present Supply Ample However For Great Development On November 23, Mr. Roland D. Craig addressed the Forestry Club, Ottawa, on the subject of the forests of British Columbia, which he treated from the physiographic and silvicul- tural standpoints. The province of British Columbia is approximately 740 miles from north to south and averages 400 miles in width, with a total area of about 250,000,000 acres. Running from north to south ranges of mountains divide the province physiographically into four main zones, which differ widely in regard to climate and silvi- cultural conditions. The warm, moisture-laden winds off the waters of the Japan current, in ascending the Pacific slope of the Coast Range of mountains, produce an ecjuable climate and cause a heavy precipita- tion which is conducive to luxuriant forest growth. To the eastward of the Coast range lie the broad interior plateaux where greater extremes of temperature and drier conditions pre- vail owing to the fact that the winds have been robbed of their moisture in passing over the coast mountains. On the eastern side of the province another series of ranges, the chief of which are the Rockies, again cause a large precipitation and another belt of heavy forests, resembling those on the coast, occur. The north eastern portion of the province, comprising approximately one-eighth of the total area, lies to the east of the Rockies and belongs to the Great Plains, on which the forests are of the same type as in northern Alberta and Saskatchewan. From north to south these main zones may be sub-divided following changes in climatic conditions due to differ- ences in latitude and local topo- graphy. Bulk of Timber on Coast Two-thirds of the total stand of the timber in the province is on the coast, though the area is only one-quarter of the total. In the coast region for 150 miles north of the International boundary, and including most of Vancouver Island, the forests are of the Douglas fir-cedar-hemlock type, with balsam, spruce, white pine and yellow cedar as secondary species. For the next 100 miles where the temperature is lower and the precipi- tation heavier, red cedar predominates, with fir occurring only at the heads of the fiords which indent the coast and where the precipitation is lower. Associated with the red cedar are hemlock, balsam, spruce and yellow cedar. On the northern coast the following species occur in order of predominance: hemlock, spruce, red cedar, balsam and yellow cedar. Though confined to a comparatively narrow range on the coast, Douglas fir forms over thirty percent of the stand with red cedar twenty-seven percent, hemlock twenty-four percent, balsam nine percent, spruce seven percent, yellow cedar two percent, white pine one-half percent, and lodgepole pine and cottonwood one- half percent. In the Interior Plateau region drier conditions permit a much wider dis- tribution of the Douglas fir which extends to the north of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and in the southern region western yellow pine and western larch are added to the forest species. Taking the interior forests as a whole, spruce forms over 40% with red cedar, balsam, fir, hemlock, lodgepole pine, yellow pine, larch, white pine and cottonwood in Canadian Forestry Journal, Januarij, 1917 909 order of predominance. The hi.i^h percentage of spruce is due to its prevalence in the northern interior and plains region. 60 Per Cent Waste Land Of the 250 million acres of land in British Columbia, a very large per- centage of it, 60 percent, is estimated to be waste land from the standpoint of agriculture or forestry due either to its high altitude or to local site conditions. Of the area which is capable of producing forests, not over 8 percent, has any agricultural value. Unfortunately, the forests on a greater part of this forest land have been destroyed by fire, only 35 percent of the forest land carrying stands of commercial value at present. These forests reproduce well naturally, and if protected from fire will supply wood crops aggregating many times the present cut of one billion feet per annum. It is estimated that of the species suitable for the manu- acture of pulp this province can sup- ply 250 million cords. THE CHRISTMAS TREE TRADE Is Government Regulation of Cutting Spruce and Balsam for Decorative Purposes Practicable; the Children's Side Every year the Canadian Forestry Journal is in receipt of many letters from readers protesting against the ruthless cutting of young spruce and balsam trees for purposes of Christ- mas decoration. The Association in the past has taken objection to the export of millions of these trees to United States purchasers explaining that the Canadian farmer, from whom they were taken, was paid only a few cents each and the country was often a substantial loser in having so much young growth destroyed. It is beyond doubt that the cutting of Christmas trees becomes in some cases an act of vandalism as was recently reported from Hamilton where hundreds of young spruces from a semi-public park were cut down and peddled about the city. That there is another side to the story is suggested by the following comments of Bristow Adams in "Am- erican Forestry," and readers of the Journal are invited to express an opinion as to how any Government regulation could lessen the waste of evergreens each year for these decor- ative uses, without clashing with an undoubtedly vigorous public senti- ment ready to resist the elimination of the time-honored right to brighten Christmas day with a festive tree. "Every year some one starts a cru- sade against the Christmas tree idea^ and every year I wonder why they do not do the same thing against the Easter lily and the football-game chrysanthemum. In Michigan there is a nursery which grows Christmas trees as a regular annual crop; in New England the farmers cut hundreds of thousands out of their fields for the city boys and girls, some of whom rarely get in any closer touch with trees than they do in this holiday season. Every year the dairy farm- ers in the hill counties of New York welcome the chance to get rid of the spruces which work into their pas- tures and use up space that might be growing grass for the cows. The more our family has thought about the use of Christmas trees, the more we have been in favor of them. "One person says, "let's all do without Christmas trees; or, if we must have them, let every one plant two trees for the one that is used on Christmas." Now that might be a good idea in some few places. But how about the many children who live in tenements in the crowded parts of the cities? Are they to go with- out this one glimpse of greenness, or attempt to make two trees grow in a paved court-yard? Even in the large and elegant apartment houses the mighty janitor could not provide 910 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 places for two trees for the children who live there, Oh^ yes, there are some apartment houses that take children. I've seen 'em! Then there are the children on the farm, where father has brought in the home tree from the back pasture, and has sent John down to the freight station, with forty bundles of trees on the big sled. He is glad to have that much more clearing done, and to have the work pay for itself. He wouldn't care, I am sure, to have a tree-planting band go out and put in two new ones. Besides, there is all the trouble and expense of getting the two additional trees, and the very great risk that they will not live after they are plant- ed would make possible a loss of three trees instead of one. "The best way is to have just as much or as little Christmas tree as you wish, but not to try to make other folks do things your way. • In many cases the merriness of the Christmas of the farm child depends on whether there is a good sale for the trees that the farmer hauls to train or town. In any case, could we get the opinion of the tree, it would probably echo what one said in our discussion: "If I were a tree I'd rather be used in making little children happy at Christ- mas than in any other way." The Christmas Tree Trade. It is most unfortunate from a con- servation standpoint that Christmas requires the use of tens and tens of thousands of spruce and other ever- green trees, observes the Pulp and Paper Magazine. These trees are cut down and shipped out by the car load; the annual export making very serious inroads on the future timber supply of the nation. Among cattle men and farmers a movement has been started to put a stop to the killing of calves for veal. It is pointed out that the present very serious shortage in dairy and beef cattle is largely due to the pernicious habit of slaughtering young calves. If a calf is allowed to grow to ma- turity it plays a very much larger part in the economic life of the na- tion than if slaughtered shortly after birth. In much the same way the cutting down of young spruce trees affects our supply of pulp wood. A man gets but a few cents for .a Christmas tree yet it is probably cut from a hillside which is incapable of grow- ing anything else but trees. The cutter never thinks of replacing the destroyed tree with a seedling and so the way is paved for the land to become a barren waste. If the tree is left to mature and then cut and used to make paper the return is much larger and with our growing apprecia- tion of the value of reforestation the probabilities are that a seedling or two would be planted to take the place of the tree cut down. From the standpoint of the paper- men the Christmas tree trade is most hurtful and we would like to see the Pulp and Paper Association and the Commission of Conservation take some action in the matter. Above all others the cry of "Wood- man spare that tree" goes out to the man who cuts down and ships out car loads of young spruce trees. Canada As a Paper Maker. Indications point to Canada as one of the most important pulp and paperproducers of the world for many years. There is no reason, except apathy respecting fire-protectibn in the pulp producing regions, why Can- ada should not produce perpetually a large part of the world's paper. The large spruce forests in the east and north including the sub-arctic forest which has value chiefly for pulp, show Canada's capacity to grow suitable wood in enormous quantities, sufficient, with any kind of protec- tion and management, to supply the demand of all time. Pulp forests are, however, particularly susceptible to fire, and need careful protection. It is gratifying to see that some of the most progressive pulp companies are successfully protecting their lands from fire. On account of the com- paratively rapid growth of pulp tim- ber to a commercial size it appears that pulp companies will be the first who can prove that scientific forest management is good business for a private concern. Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, Janiiaru, 1917 911 k ^•1 ;• J, ki^Mi L FUR TRADING CAMP ON THE NELSON RIVER. NORTHERN MANITOBA. I Canada 's Fur Crop Nearlp $2, 000, 000 J„_. „ „ u„ , , «, .,« « ,_, , , » ,„ ,„ „„_„„_„_.. Recent reports of severe forest fires in the neighborhood of Hudson Bay and James Bay mention the serious effects upon the trapping and fur trading activities of the Indian population. The last Dominion census gives the total value of Canada s fur crop in 1910 as $1,927,550. The item of greatest value in the table is that for "assorted furs", $445,320; muskrats, $256,213; martens, $221,583; and minks, $221,500. Tne largest pro- duction is naturally in the unorgani- zed territories, the value being $500,217. The figures do not apply to production of fur farms or from wild animals in captivity. 1 _.„ „ „_„_. — . 4. Gilmour is a 1908 graduate of the Ontario Agricultural College and also of the Department of Forestry in the University of Toronto. He has had experience in the employ of private lumber companies and also in the Forest Branch of the Canadian Pa- cific Railway and the Forest Branch of the Department of the Interior at Ottawa. Since 1912 he has been on the staff of the Forest Branch of the Department of Lands of British Col- umbia, being district forester at Cran- brook from 1912 to 1915 and on the head office staff at Victoria during the past year. J. D. Gilmour Promoted. John D. Gilmour, formerly with the Forest Branch of the Department of Lands of British Columbia, has re- signed in order to accept the position of general logging superintendent of the Anglo-Newfoundland Develop- ment Company, Ltd., a branch of the Harmsworth Company, owners and operators of imrnense pulpwood hold- ings in Newfoundland. Mr. Gilmour will assume his new duties during January, and will be stationed at Grand Falls, Newfoundland. Mr. B. C.'s Growing Pulp Industry. The increasing production of pulp and paper in British Columbia con- tinues, and it is announced that the plant of the Empire Pulp and Paper Mills, at Swanson Bay, 100 miles south of Prince Rup- ert, will be turning out chemical pulp in commercial quantities, the daily output when the plant is in full running order being between thirty- five and forty tons. Steady expansion in the lumber industry along the line of the G.T.P. in British Columbia is noticeable, notably east of Fort George. 912 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 i Free Cartoon Service of Canadian Forestrv Assoc. I I i Although the interests of the farm and the forest have been regarded in the past as more or less distinct and hostile, the broader outlook stimu- lated by the War has brought in- telligent Canadians to understand the woodsman and the agriculturist as close partners in the great Canadian estate. More than sixty per cent, of the whole area of Canada is adapted by Nature for growing timber or held as permanent barrens and will not produce field crops profitably. On this sixty per cent, no farmer desires an acre. At the same time it ought to be producing revenues for the na- tion. As much of it as possible should be kept under frest growth, producing wood crops regularly. This is the argument for "forest conserva- tion" in a nutshell. No one asks to be allowed to use agricultural lands for tree growing. And no farmer will object if the country maintains non- agricultural lands in their natural money-making conditions, giving tim- ber harvests year by year. but is the ally and supporter of agri- culture. Canada takes $200,000,000 a year from the forests and a very great part of this amount goes to purchase farm products. Until every destructive forest fire is stopped and every timber-growing area restored to its productive condition, Canada's agricultural interests must suffer the chief loss. Of every hundred dollars that come out of the forest, seventy- five dollars go for wages and supplies. The remaining twenty-five dollars pay interest on the lumbermen's invest- ment and help make up the $7,500,000 taken by the provincial and federal governments each year in taxes. Canadian Forestry Association, Ottawa. The Forest Dollar, therefore, is not earned at the expense of agriculture. New B. C. Minister of Lands. The Hon. Thomas Dufferin Pat- tullo, has been chosen as Minister of Lands in the new administration formed by the Hon. H. C. Brewster. Mr. Pattullo, represents the district of Prince Rupert in the provincial legislature, a section of the country containing considerable forest re- sources. Canadian Forestry Journal, Januarij, 1917 913 B.C. PREMIER PLEDGED TO PLACE SERVICE ON MERIT BASIS From the courageous action of the seems every likelihood that the For- new British Columbia Government est Service of British Columbia will under Premier H. C. Brewster in receive substantial benefit, definitely committing itself to an In an effort to re-inforce the Prem- elimination of the patronage system ier's determination to remove the in Civil Service appointments and serious handicap of the patronage other administrative undertakings, plan, the Cajiadian Forestry Associa- and the engagement of Dr. Adam tion directed to him a letter which, Shortt of Ottawa to make recom- with Mr. Brewster's reply, are given mendations toward such an end, there herewith : Ottawa, Nov. 17th, 1916. Hon. H. C. Brewster, Victoria, B.C. Dear Sir: — We have followed with much interest and satisfaction the assurances given during your recent campaign favoring the elimination of the patronage prin- ciple in Civil Service appointments and the conduct of provincial affairs. To the adoption of such a principle by all Canadian Governments, the Can- adian Forestry Association has devoted no inconsiderable part of its educa- tional campaigns, and in successive conventions has pledged its support to the merit system of appointment and promotion. In taking such a stand, the Association has been especially concerned for the welfare of the various forest services. It has been demonstrated be- yond argument that the qualities of skill, energy and devotion, absolutely requisite in a genuine system of forest guarding, are at a severe discount where the 'patronage' plan of appointments is in control. In Canada and the United States, extravagant and inefficient forest protection systems are to be found precisely where the patronage scheme has most freedom. In such instances the public pays heavy tolls not for prevention of timber losses but to keep party followers in well-paid idleness. The Forest Service of British Columbia has built up the best record of any forest service in the Dominion. The reduction of fire losses has been a direct consequence of good organization, close inspection, and a competent personnel. What has been accomplished in four years is a forerunner of even better results in timber saving during the years ahead. We take it for granted that the new Government will not only regard the Forest Ser- vice as the foundation of the whole timber industry, but will see that its ex- pansion coincides with the opportunities and responsibilities certain to de- velop. A forest service takes its character from its executive head. Mr. H. R. MacMillan's work as Chief Forester of British Columbia was largely respon- sible for the creditable results obtained. The capability of Mr. MacMillan's successor in the office will determine whether the Forest Service will main- tain its usefulness to the province or restore the old days of ill-management and heavy waste from forest fires. We are convinced that the next Chief Forester should be a man of high calibre, with administrative ability and that 914 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 he should be in substantial agreement with the policies of his predecessor. The British Columbia Forest Service is to-day on the right road, and any radically-altered direction would, we are convinced, end in misfortune. Having regard to the great tasks awaiting the Forest Service of your Province, this Association feels confident that the Civil Service principle will be followed by you in selecting a new Chief Forester. We do not doubt that a worthy successor can be found within the present staff. It is our hope, equally, 'that your pledged adherence to the merit system in public appoint- ments will lead to the development of a permanent Forest Service staff rea- sonably secure in their appointments and thereby incited to their best efforts. Yours truly, Canadian Forestry Association, ROBSON BLACK, Secretary. HON. MR. BREWSTER'S REPLY Victoria, B.C., Nov. 24, 1916. Robson Black, Esq.. Sec, Canadian Forestry Association, 119 Booth Building, Ottawa. Dear Sir:— I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your communication of Nov. 17th in which you deal at some length with the excellence of the Forest Laws of British Columbia, and the necessity of the careful and judicious admin- istration of these by the appointment to official positions of men who know their work, and can command the respect and confidence of their subordinate officers. I note also your intimation that efficient service could be secured best by the entire elimination of the patronage system in the Forest Service. It will be the intention of the new Government to abolish the evils of the pat- ronage system, wherever these have been in evidence, and the Forestry Ser- vice will, in no sense, be an exception to this rule. I thank you for the courtesy of your letter and can assure you that when a Chief Forester is> selected the appointment of such an official will be upon merit, as far as the new Government is in a position to decide. Yours truly, Signed H. C. BREWSTER. ■"* Poor Trees in Woodlots 1 Many woodlots contain a large in growing more desirable species, number of inferior species, trees that The removal of dead, decayed and have little or no commercial value over-mature trees is also advisable, such as hawthorne poplar, willow. Dead trees or dying trees are a source juneberry, ironwood and blue beech, of danger to other trees. They har- In cutting firewood these should first hour insects and develop rot pro- be removed. They are occupying ducing fungi which spread to sound space which might- be better utilized trees. — B. R. Morton, B. Sc. F. Canndidii Forcslrij JounuiL .hniuuiij, 1U17 915 BRUSH WELL PILED FOR BURNING. AN OPERATION SUPERVISED BY DOMINION FORESTRY BRANCH ON DOMINION LANDS IN ALBERTA. Ontario's Protective Plan Under Wap Mr. E. J. Zavitz, Forester of On- tario, who was recently given charge by Hon. G. H. Ferguson of the new department to re-organize the forest protection service will spend the greater part of the winter in Northern Ontario locating the areas most in need of protection and arranging for co-operative action wherever possible. A Toronto newspaper article has the following: "Hon. Mr. Ferguson has been in communication with representative lumbermen for some time on the sub- ject, and it is expected the lumbering companies, having a common interest with the Province in protecting the forests, will assist in the work of fire prevention and bear their share of the cost. Thousands of bushels of timothy and alsike clover seed are to be sent into the burned-over areas of 'North- ern Ontario next spring to make good the damage to pasturage. The Minister further announced that he intended to have all Govern- ment lands in the burned districts seeded. The seeding would serve a double purpose in that it would by furnishing a green Cover help to pre- vent the starting and spread of fresh fires, and by furnishing thousands of acres of good pasture land for settlers' cattle. The step is an extension of the plan adopted this summer of furnishing free seed to settlers to fix up their pasture. To protect the small municipalities in the North whose safety is menaced by the presence of standing timber near their doors, it is possible that legislation will be introduced this session to give the corporations some authority over wooded lots in the surrounding country. In some sec- tions of the north owners of land close to the towns have left it standing, unimproved for years. It was the proximity of such wooded lots to several of the municipalities in the North that brought about their de- struction last summer. The matter has not been definitely decided upon, but some^ such plan is to be shaped up." 916 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 H a ^ S BS ^ W M S3 4) < *' fa o O «, en w o S o « ^ a Qi O OS « Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Janiiarij, 1U17 917 HOW QUEBEC ASSOCIATIONS RID THE FOREST OF SETTLERS' HAZARDS Remarkable Record Achieved in 1916 on more than 24,000 Square Miles of Timber Lands In the 12,000 square miles of Quebec, patrolled by rangers of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Asso- ciation, 1213 settlers living in tim- bered districts where carelessness with fire is a direct bid for a catas- trophe took out 'burning permits' during the summer of 1916 in accord- ance with the Quebec law. They took out the permits for more reasons than fear of a legal penalty. The written permit to burn the slash in their clearings was equal to an insurance policy on their lives, their homes, and the valuable timber of the neighborhood. By means of the 'permit' a skilled ranger supervised their dangerous slash fires. He made the job a safe one. The settler got a thorough 'burn' to clean up his land, but he made sure of preventing ano- ther 'Claybelt Horror'. No red tape. Nothing unreasonable. Today, the Quebec settler in that district holds up both hands for the 'burning per- mit.' 1213 settlers' fires in 1916 in the St. Maurice area! And not one fire got away. Every fire a safe fire! Only one settler refused to co-operate in playing safe; he was prosecuted and fined. More Proof Over 1000 settlers' permits were issued in another 12000 square miles of Quebec, patrolled by the Lower Ottawa Forest Protective Associa- tion. How many of them escaped from the clearings? One. And it did practically no damage before it was extinguished. Why this remarkable change from the old days when forest holocausts (produced frequently from runaway fires in settlers' land-clear- ing operations) ravaged whole town- ships and destroyed lives and pro- perty? First: a law requiring the settler to take out a 'permit' before burning his slash; second: a vigilant, thorough system of forest patrol by qualified rangers. The Claybelt Horror came to Ontario's northland in 1916 because in the absence of any 'permit law' or patrol system, hundreds of settlers' fires got loose at the hottest part of midsummer and swept like a cyclone across 800,000 acres between Mathe- son and Cochrane. A Warning to the West Most of the new immigration in the prairie provinces is taking up lands in the northern timbered areas, there- by duplicating the forest fire hazard of the Ontario Claybelt. As with Ontario in 1916, and in the old days of the sections of Quebec referred to, settlers' clearing fires can be set out in the hottest weather, on the windiest da^s, with slash piled dangerously against the edge of stand- ing timber. No existing law (except in Manitoba, where it is not enforced) prohibits such disregard of grave risks. Any year of drought may duplicate for Manitoba, Saskatche- wan, or Alberta, the terrible events in Northern Ontario in July last. The only known safeguard against wanton destruction of lives and tim- ber possessions in settled forest lands is the enforcement of 'burning permits' The plan has worked with striking success in British Columbia, Nova Scotia, large areas of Quebec, in many of the States of the American union and will soon be operated in Ontario. It has won the sympathy and co- operation of settlers wherever applied. Is the West ready to protect itself? 918 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 DEATH OF 'DON' BROPHY. John Bernard Brophy, known in athletic circles as 'Don', a member of the staff of the Dominion Forestry Branch, Ottawa, was killed in Eng- land on Christmas Day in an aero- plane accident. He was a son of Mr. John B. Brophy, C.E. of the Public Works Department and after attend- ing McGill University was engaged in the draughting department of the Forestry Branch. Enlisting in October, 1915, he was sent overseas in November and under- went training as an aviator. He saw much active service in the flying corps and after a series of exploits redounding greatly to his credit, was wounded and sent to England. There he was engaged in air patrol duties when an accident occurred to his machine during a flight. Fire Rangers' Annual Meeting. The annual meeting of the Dom- inion fire rangers was held at Revel- stoke, B.C., recently. Reports were presented by all the rangers present, which showed that good results had been secured in the prevention of forest fires. A number of resolutions were adopted, among them being the following : "That the provincial government be requested to extend the permit period for the season from September 15 to September 30." "That the provincial government be requested in future when con- structing new roads to dispose of the debris as they go along, instead of leaving it lying at the roadside, as it is a great fire danger." Waste of Wood in Sawmills. There are more than 48,000 saw- mills in the United States, and their output of waste in the form of saw- dust, shavings, slabs, and other wood refuse is estimated as 36 million cords per year. This is equal to over 43^ iDillion cubic feet of waste, which is the capacity of a bin one-half mile high with a base covering a forty- acre lot. Or, considering each cord to contain eighty cubic feet of solid wood with all the cracks and air spaces taken out, these 36 million cords would make a block of wood more than a quarter of a mile on each edge. Perhaps one-half of this so-called waste product is not, strictly speak- ing, wasted, but serves a useful pur- pose as fuel under the boilers. Much of the remaining 18 million cords not only serves no useful purpose, but in most cases is a source of incon- venience and danger, and costs the mill time and money. Fire Protective Convention Feb. 1 and 2 A rousing convention of those con- cerned with forest fire protective work will be held at Montreal, Thursday and Friday, February 1 and 2. In- vitations have been sent to the lumber companies. Federal and Pro- vincial Goverijment ofTicials, in- spectors of the St. Maurice and Lower Ottawa Forest Protective Associations, etc. The convention has been organized by the St. Maurice Association ofTicials. It is expected that the speakers will include E. T. Allen, Forester of the Western Forestry and Conser- vation Association, Portland, Oregon; A. E. Graham, Manager of the Lower Ottawa Association; T. B. Wyman, Forester, of Munising, Mich., W. R. Brown, Berlin Mills, N. H.; G. A. Gutches, Dominion Forestry Branch, Prince Albert; and others. The topics will have great variety and interest and an invitation is extended to members of the Canadian Forestry Association to be present. Canadian Foreslrij Journal, Janiiari/, J 91 7 91 9 FORESTS IN ITALIAN AND BALKAN WAR ZONES A Graphic and Detailed Picture of Forest Conditions Where Armies Meet for Battle. Bij Prof. J. S. Illick The forests of the Mediterranean peninsulas, viz: The Iberian, com- prising Spain and Portugal; the Italian, including Italy and a few adjoining provinces of Austria; and the Balkan, consisting of Servia, Roumania, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Montenegro, European Turkey, and a few of the southern provinces of Austria have never been favored naturally nor biologically. Nature did not produce there, as in America, vast and dense forests of valuable species. The original forest was, as a rule, only mediocre in density and composition. Furthermore, man and a score of other destructive agencies, particularly goats, have been abusing the forests ever since they have been opened up to such an extent that today one finds in the countries about the Mediterranean some of the poorest forests of continental Europe. They stand in strong contrast with the forests of Belgium, northern France, eastern Prussia, western Russia, and Galicia. In 1911 the writer had the privilege of accompanying Prof. Gustav Hegi, of the University of Munich, on a botanical and dendrological study- tour through a portion of the country now occupied by the contending arm- ies in the southeastern theatre of the war. A considerable portion of the trip was made afoot through rather remote regions. This enabled the participants to observe the forests and other allied rural conditions at close range. It would not be possible to discuss within the space of a short article the forest conditions found on the three Mediterranean peninsulas, nor even of the countries comprising the Italian and Balkan peninsulas, most of which are engaged in the present war. Therefore, it seemed advisable to confine the present article to a limited portion with forest con- ditions fairly representative of the whole. The region about the Austro- Italian front has been selected for this purpose. Once Forested. The principal provinces which Italy hopes to regain from Austria are Trentino and Gorizia. In them most of the recent battles between the Austrian and Italian troops have been fought. The former province projects into northern Italy in the form of a blunt wedge; the latter borders Italy on the extrem.e north- east above the Gulf of Trieste. These two provinces form the backbone of the 'Ttalia irredenta." History in- forms us that these provinces were originally forested with stands of average density yielding a fair quality of material. But conditions have changed; Today forests are con- spicuous by their absence, not only upon limited areas, but over an enormous territory. Thousands of Italian immigrants have never seen a real forest before coming to America. The forests of their homeland have been destroyed by the conjoint de- structive work and devastating abuse of many agencies. Excepting the steep slopes of the Alps, the more inaccessible tops of the Apennines, a few remote plateaus and scattered 920 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 spots bordering bodies of water, the forests of Italy are in reality miserable brushland. Acres of desolation— the result of centuries of forest abuse — abound on every hand. All Europe does not contain a more deplorable picture on so wholesale a scale. Reasons for Neglect One wonders why forest destruction was allowed to continue for so long a time and on so gigantic and intensive a scale, for it seems as if the ultimate outcome of such a process must have been foreseen. The writings of forest- ers as far back as the middle ages bear evidence that the significance of such a destructive tendency was compre- hended. They were, however, unable to accomplish much because political disturbances and inefTicent manage- ment had impoverished the public treasury, and the spirit of the people was antagonistic to anything which implied present sacrifice for future gain. Furthermore, the need of forest products — the real stimulant of forest conservation — was never keenly felt in this sunny and penin- sular southland. The warm climate and the absence of extensive wood- using industries reduced the demand for fuelwood and raw material of larger size, and accessibility by sea made the importation of needed wood material feasible. Not much material was needed; and the small amount which was required could be imported cheaper and easier than it could be raised at home. But these are only the primary causes for the present poor forests. Secondary destructive agencies became operative as soon as the forests had been opened up and partly removed, and have been con- ducting a destructive campaign ever since on such a wholesale and con- tinuous a scale that the resultant damage far surpasses that of the primary causative factors. There are a large number of these secondary destructive agencies which in many cases have impoverished the land almost, if not entirely, beyond re- demption. Fire, goats, erosion and floods, are the principal secondary malefactors, and a brief account of the nature and extent of their de- struction may serve as a valuable lesson to us in America, now in the formative period of forest conser- vation. Heavy Fire Damage Wasteful lumbering was followed by destructive forest fires which burned over the mountain slopes repeatedly. They were aided by the hot and dry climate and high winds; and, as a rule, unhindered by man. Various govern- ing bodies passed laws pertaining to the prevention and extinguishing of forest fires, but were powerless to en- force them. The public gave little attention to them because it was realized that the evil effect was de- ferred rather than immediate. Upon these burnt-over areas there appeared a dense fire-coppice growth of brush consisting of shrubs, many inferior, and a few valuable trees. This shrubby growth afforded ex- cellent pasture for goats, which the inhabitants considered more indis- pensable to their welfare than forests. Under such conditions the goat in- dustry naturally grew, but the forests disappeared; and now, in view of the damage already done, the goat is re- garded as the most destructive enemy of the forests of northern Italy and other nearby mountainous countries. They are present everywhere in large numbers. There is no city, viHage, hamlet, nor hardly a home or an acre of mountain land without them. According to a late census there are about 2,000,000 goats in Italy; that is, about one goat to every 16 inhabit- ants or about one goat to every 5 acres of forest land. As soon as the forest cover with its absorbent carpet of leaf-litter is re- moved or destroyed, the fertile forest soil— the result of centuries of vege- table accumulation and rock disinte- gration— is exposed to the devastating influence of rain and snow water. The process of erosion soon begins on a small scale and increases with each successive rain or snowfall, until practically all the productive soil has been removed and nothing remains except bare rocks, forming abrupt cliffs or strewn over precipitous slopes. In summer these slopes assume a thirsty and parched appearance, and the rivers which they feed are but Canadian Forestry Journal, Januarij, 1917 921 narrow threads trickling through broad beds. In springtime these same slopes are the birthplace of raging torrents which burst forth with un- controllable force in the plains below, inundating fertile fields and deposit- ing enormous quantities of detritus at undesirable places. There arc more than 600 miles of artificial embank- ments along the Poe river, which meanders through a rich but almost treeless agricultural region after bursting forth from the mountains. A large number of protective struc- tures exist along the Adige river, which flows through the center of the province of Trentino in which many fierce battles have recently been fought. Both of the contending armies have suffered severely from heavy rains and spring floods. Re- ports tell us that many groups of soldiers have lost their lives in cross- ing and recrossing this stream when swollen and raging. In order to ob- tain a real vivid and lasting im- pression of this desolate region, one should approach it from the north, that is, immediately after having spent some time in the intensively managed and normally stocked forests of central Europe. In Belgium, France, Prussia, Russia and Galicia, the soldiers seek shelter in woods, cover their batteries with branches and faggots, corduroy roads with poles, line their trenches with poles and props, and finish their subter- ranean chambers with sawed timber. The soldiers of the armies operating in the Tyrolean Alps are not so for- tunate. No wood is at their disposal, for they are located in an almost forestless region. Consequently they are compelled to seek shelter amidst enormous rocks which cover the slopes and to drill chambers into the solid rock formations which crown com- manding heights. Under such con- ditions the contending armies cannot do much damage to the forest growth, but they are certainly making the task of the future reforestation more diffi- cult. The present damage may not be so great, but the ultimate, and in many cases irreparable loss will be felt by many subsequent generations. Itahfs Tree Assets One must not conclude from the foregoing description that Italy is treeless. It has many valuable trees, but most of them occur in orchards and parks, on estates and lawns, and along streets and boundary lines. There are in Italy about 2,000,000 acres in olive groves, and 400,00 acres in chestnut orchards, and thousands of mulberry trees which support the silkworm industry. The lemon in- dustry holds a prominent place about the subalpine lakes, because of the superior fruit produced. An enor- mous number of trees are also re- quired to supply props for the vine- yards which cover almost nine mil- lion acres. The Italian government has not been unmindful of the need of forest conservation and restoration. Num- erous protective and constructive laws have been enacted, but little was accomplished until about 1877. Since then the land has been classi- fied and protection forests have been established on the higher mountain slopes. Special inducements are given to individuals and communities who reforest mountain land. In 1902 it was decided to celebrate a "Feast of Trees" (la festa degli ableri), copied after Arbor Day of the United States. On March 31, 1902, the city of Rome held the first celebration in the presence of the king and the queen, planting about 10 acres with trees. A forestry school is maintained at Vallombrosa, located in the heart of the Apennines, and easily visited from Florence. It is surrounded by magnificent forests, and far removed from the whining beggars, ringing bells, plaintive yells, and ofTensive smells so characteristic of Italian cities. Forests of Austria. The forests of Austria, as a rule, are carefully managed and well stocked. The provinces bordering Italy, however, are an exception to this rule. They bear no evidence of that careful management so charac- teristic of the forests in the interior of the empire. These provinces have been under Austrian rule for more than a century, but no traveller would know it if it were not for the postage 922 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 stamps, money, and laws. The at- mosphere is decidedly Italian, the government alone is Teutonic. A sojourn of a few days in cities and a longer period of travel on foot through rural portions of these provinces fur- nished abundant and convincing proof to the writer that the inhabitants were eagerly and almost unanimously awaiting the day when they would be redeemed or incorporated into the kingdom of Italy. This prolonged political unrest may be at least a partial explanation for the present unsatisfactory forest conditions. The forests of the other countries of southern Europe, most of them now at war, are not exactly like those described but they have many points in common. They are, as a rule, poorly stocked and mismanaged. A general perspective may be obtained by classifying them under two head- ings, viz. : wood importing and wood exporting countries. Wood Importing, Wood Exporting, Italy, Roumania, Servia, Bulgaria. Greece, Spain, Portugal, Turkey. All the above-named wood import- ing countries, except Servia, have a small forest area per capita of popula- tion.- Servia has a total forest area of 3,750,000 acres, about 37 per cent, of which is classified as state forest land. In spite of. this large forest area con- siderably more wood is imported than exported. This is due to the unor- ganized condition of forest utilization. Roumania and Bulgaria, the only countries whose exports exceed im- ports, have forest areas of 6,250,000 and 7,570,000 acres respectively. In both countries the hardwood, chiefly oaks, beech, elm and walnut in the southern part of Bulgaria, comprise more than 75 per cent, of the forest area. These extensive and unex- ploited forests are a valuable asset and will become more valuable as recon- struction progresses after the war. The consequent loss, however, will be enormous and the damage in in- numerable cases irreparable. J. S. ILLICK. From "Among The Trees." Ye have no history. I ask in vain Who planted on this slope this lofty group Of ancient pear-trees that with the springtime burst Into such breadth of bloom. . . . Who was it laid Their infant roots in earth, and ten- derly Cherished the delicate sprays, I ask in vain, Yet bless the unknown hand to which I owe The annual festival of trees, these songs Of birds within their leafy screen, these shouts Of joy, from children gathering up the fruit, Shaken in August from the willing boughs. — Bryant. B. C. Exporters Co-operate. Arrangements have been completed in Victoria, B.C., between all the exporting manufacturers of lumber in the province, with one exception, to pool their output for export pur- poses and have it handled by the Can- adian Trading Company, which was incorporated for this purpose recently under British Columbia legislation. This company, through its connec- tions in London and San Francisco, will be able to guarantee tonnage for lumber shipments within a very short time, and has also chartered all the vessels now being built in British Columbia yards for the lumber trade, with one exception. There are 2,580 daily newspapers in the United States. Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Januaiij, 1!H'. 923 ▼" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" " ' " ' — uii "It IIU III '" "" "*■ "" '" ■■ '■ ■■ ■••• l- The Ancient Cedars of Lebanon By Guij E. Mitchell The great Cedars of Lebanon are among the mosl interesting living records of the past. The grove which is standing to-day is the remnant of the same forest from which the cedars were cut and hewn for the building of the Temple at Jerusalem by Solomon. There are many re- ferences to the Cedars of Lebanon in the Old Testament, the most notable in First Kings, where it is stated that through the cooperation of Hiram, the King of Tyre, Solomon brought great rafts of cedar from Lebanon to Joppa and carried them up the steep mountain-sides to Jerusalem for the first temple. In the building of the second temple, under Ezra and Nehemiah, the tim- bers were procured from the same cedar forest on the slopes of Mount Lebanon. At an earlier period the Psalmist refers to the Cedars as the ornament of Lebanon and one of the great glories of God's creative power and wisdom. Pliny, the Greek naturalist, named the species Ccdrus magna, meaning "great." The impressive thing about this ancient grove of cedars is the know- ledge that the oldest and largest of them were undoubtedly living at the time when' the timbers of their im- mediate predecessors supported the Temple, They are upwards of 2000 years old, not so old as the great Sequoias of our Pacific Coast, but still very ancient. At present there are only about 400 trees left, all very large and old. The best preserved are about 100 feet high and one has a circumference of 47 feet. The grove is now protected by a well-built, high stone wall; but all the balance of the great cedar forest of Lebanon has succumbed to the greed of man, and the grove stands like an oasis in the desert. In considering the otherwise ab- solute destruction of the forest over the entire mountain-side, one cannot help but wonder why this group has been preserved. A probable explanation is found in the name of the stream at the foot of the moun- tain— the Kadisha — which rises in the moraine left by the great glacier which swept down from the summit of Lebanon and on which the Cedars of Lebanon throve during early Biblical times. This word is the Hebrew for "holy" and the grove has undoubtedly been preserved because of its sacred character. The natives to-day will tell you that the grove is sacred because it "was planted by Jesus Christ," — a belief which finds the semblance of justification from a poetical passage in the 104th Psalm referring to "the Cedars of Lebanon which the Lord has planted." As the traveler stands on the sum- mit of Lebanon, nearly 10,000 feet high, and looks down upon this ancient grove, the remnant of a mighty forest, and upon the still more ancient glacial moraine upon which it grew, and sees upon the flank of Lebanon the ruins of ancient temples and the vast expanse of the Mediterranean beyond, and to the east the distant ruins of Syrian Baalbek, he may recall the force of the words of Holy Writ, "all flesh is grass and as the flower of the field it perisheth." Over this expanse, witnessed by these trees and their immediate predecessors, have come and gone all the great nations of antiquity. Here are the relics of the Assyrian, the Babylonian, the Egyp- tian, the Phoenician, the Greek, the Roman, the Moslem, but yesterday, as it seems, the Crusader, and now the warring Turk and Slav, And each has done, and perhaps to-day is doing, his part to destroy the moun- tains' noble covering of forest and to add to the desolation wrought by his predecessor. Could the process but be reversed, and the greed oi man restrained and protection be 924 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 given to the reforesting of the region, the Cedars of Lebanon might again become, as in the days of the Psalmist, the glory of the mountains. — (From American Forestry). "Real Forest Fire Protection for Ontario" ("Canada Lumberman") "The announcement made by the Minister of Lands, Forests, and Mines for the Province of Ontario that his department is coming into line with those of several other Canadian pro- vinces and adopting modern methods of fire prevention, so as to put an end to the enormous annual losses of standing timber, is a welcome piece of news. It means, we feel safe in predicting, that if the methods used in the other provinces are properly adopted and rigidly put into operation in Ontario, we have now experienced the last of our great conflagrations in the forest districts of Northern Ontario such as that which during the past summer wiped out of existence hundreds of settlers, together with their homes and effects, and caused incalculable damage to our standing timber. It means, too, that the fam- ilies going into Northern Ontario to settle can depend in future upon prac- tical protection against such calami- ties, and so feel encouraged to under- take the task of settling in the new country. Undoubtedly the preven- tion of forest fires will have the double effect of saving timber and giving a stimulus to settlement. A great source of difficulty in the past has been the conflict of interests between timber owners, settlers, and prospectors, together with the in- ability of the individual settler to pro- tect himself against the carelessness of others. This can now be entirely done away with. The time of year at which the Minister has made his announcement is a fortunate one, because between now and the next danger season in the summer of 1917 there will be time enough to arrange details and appoint the necessary staff to put the system into effect suiTicicntly to reduce greatly and probably almost eliminate the fire losses that we could otherwise predict with certainty for next year." Paper Suspensions. Eight hundred country newspapers have suspended in the United States since the price of news print paper began advancing, according to a statement made before the California Press Association. Asking The Settlers' Help. The ingenuity of some of the north- ern fire rangers in the prairie provinces in working up publicity schem- es to aid fire prevention has often received a deserved testimony. The Association recently received a unique book of photographs fashioned be- tween birch bark covers, and with typewritten text graphically describ- ing the case for forest protection. It was the work of Jas. T. Blackford, Chief Fire Ranger of the Dominion Forestry Branch at Norway House, Manitoba. The only means of access to the country patrolled by Mr. Blackford and his men is by steam- boat, and the book was placed on a table of the steamer so that hundreds of travellers coming in and out read it through. On the cover are the words: "Manitoba North Fire Rang- ing District, Patriotic Slogan: 'No Fires in 1916.' It is hoped that such happy ideas will be put into practice elsewhere. Lightning Hits Chestnuts. Lightning shows a marked prefer- ence for chestnut trees, according to data based on reports submitted to the U.S. Department of Forestry by its foresters. Of a total of about 2,000 trees struck by lightning on the State Forests in the past four years, 655 were chestnut. Pitch pine comes next with 327 trees struck, and then follow in order rock oak, white pine, hemlock, red oak, white oak, black oak, locust, and sugar maple. Black birch is at the foot of the list with only one tree struck in four years. Poplar and walnut come next, only two of each being struck. Cnnadinn Forestry Journal, January, J9J7 925 1,000 NEW MEMBERS JOINED IN 1916 Successful Ending to Twelve-Months* Effort in Building up Strength of the Canadian Forestry Association The goal of 1000 new members for the Canadian Forestry Association in the twelve months of 1916 has been reached. After a membership campaign car- ried on by the office of the Associa- tion during the year, stimulated from time to time by special appeals to the old members, the final fifty of the thousand arrived after the month of December had come perilously near its close. The total membership is now 4350, which represents an increase of 50 per cent, during the last two years. The period in which this growth has taken place has been most unpro- pitious to the development of any society or movement not directly linked to the War. The promise of a much greater development after the declaration of peace is, therefore, very encouraging. The distribution of the member- ship is approximately as follows: Ontario 1300; Quebec 800; Prairie Provinces 900; British Columbia 500; New Brunswick and Nova Scotia 500; United States and British Dominions 300. There are also 200 newspaper editors who are Special Members of the Association, not being subject to fees. The increase in membership, as noted, does not, of course, take account of any but paying members. The Association also sends packets of free copies of the Journal to Mili- tary Hospitals, Convalescent Homes, reading camps in the woods, camps of the forestry battalions etc., and to many prospective members thus bringing the total circulation of the monthly to 4700 copies. While the great majority of mem- bers have no business connection with forests or forest industries and are giving their support solely from motives of good citizenship and a personal interest in the beauty and utility of flourishing woodlands from the standpoint of camper, fisherman, hunter, etc., it has been a gratifying circumstance that during 1916 a large number of lumber, and pulp and paper firms, their officials and senior em- ployees, became linked to the Fores- try Association. Their assurances of interest in the work have been most hearty. The loss in old members during 1916 was notably small. There were some cancellations of membership by death, a few by change of residence and inability of postal authorities to learn the new address, but fewer than fifteen in a total of over 4000 have voluntarily resigned. It is intended that the Canadian Forestry Journal which has developed during the past eighteen months from 16 to 48 pages shall be further en- larged and much improved in point of appearance and contents. To the many members who have given the Association splendid sup- port in developing our numerical strength the Secretary wishes to ex- press his hearty thanks. 400 Acres Planted. Director of Forestry R. H. Camp- bell recently visited the Laurentide Company, Limited, plantations at Grand'mere, Quebec. There are about 400 acres of plantations all the way from one year to four years old. These consist of Norway Spruce and Scotch Pine in mixture; Scotch Pine; White Pine, and Norway Pine in mix- ture; and Norway Spruce in pure stand. The Norway Spruce has also been planted in the open under- the shelter of White Birch and Poplar, 926 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 and also underplanted on land which has been logged over. The planta- tions are doing very well — the loss in Norway Spruce being less than one per cent, and all of the plantations are now beginning to show up in first class shape. A visit was also paid to a lumbering operation on land which had been heavily cut over for soft wood, the remaining stand con- sisting of large Hemlock and hard wood, mostly White and Yellow Birch, and Maple, and small Spruce, Balsam and Cedar. Practically all of the hardwood has been removed so as to give an opportunity for the soft wood reproduction to take place, and, where this has failed, planting operations will be begun next Spring. Fire lines have been cut, and all the brush cut from them, and in cases operations have been burnt, and this has left the ground in good shape, and is a good example of what can be done along these lines. Mr. Campbell ex- pressed himself as well pleased with the Laurentide Company's opera- tions. Wood Wharves vs. Concrete. The Port Commission of Seattle, Wash., of which J. R. West is chief engineer, in answer to criticism on the use of timber and pile construc- tion in the Seattle wharves, has re- plied that wharves and freight sheds such as have been built by the port will have a life of probably from 20 to 25 years, which is also about the economically useful life of such a structure. The Commission adds that condi- tions of water transportation are con- stantly changing, and this will render terminal structures obsolete after a certain number of years, this period being on the average about 25 years. It has not been demonstrated that concrete made of Portland cement is permanent in salt water. If it does not prove to be permanent, then the added cost is not in any way justi- fied, and if it does prove permanent then the physical life of a wharf would exceed its useful life, which is not economical. Another argument in favor of the cheaper creosoted pile and timber construction which is particularly true of Seattle, says the Commission, is that a given amount of money can be made to produce more terminal facilities to invite new business than could be provided if the more ex- pensive type of construction had been adopted. Keep Woodlots Clear of Animals One of the most important steps to be taken in the care of the woodlot is its protection from fire and ani- mals. Fire should never be allowed to run through it, for not only does this destroy seedling trees and injure large ones, but it also destroys the litter and vegetable matter on the ground and leaves the soil exposed to the drying influence of the sun and wind. Pasturing animals in the woodlot is a great hindrance to the proper development. Cattle, in addition to eating off the tops of small trees, destroy the undergrowth and thus allow the sun to act on the soil and grass and weeds to establish them- selves. The result is the larger trees begin to slowly die at the top and decay sets in. In woodlots that have in the past been neglected and now contain many more or less open and grassy spots it may be advisable to pasture hogs for a time in the fall. These animals by rooting about stir up the soil and put it in good condition to receive the seeds when they fall from the trees and thus a new growth of young trees is started. — B. R. Morton, B. Sc. F. Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 927 British Foresters in the Cameroons The following letter has been re- ceived from Mr. A. H. Unwin who is in the British Forestry Service in Nigeria, Africa. Mr. Unwin was for- merly in the Dominion Forestry Ser- vice, and is a member of the Can- adian Society of Forest Engineers. The letter is as follows: "In Nigeria I am in charge of the Working Plans Division,' but since I came back this time I have been transferred to the British Sphere of the Cameroons (late German Colony) to report on the plantations and forests as well as the Agricultural resources. Needless to say the Southern Forests, such as I have seen of them, are grand with plenty of Mahogany of various kinds, besides Ebony, rubber and bullet wood, also ironwood. Most of the land is really covered with forest, except for the small clearings of the natives here and there. The Ger- mans had not developed the timber industry in this part very much; in fact, compared to Nigeria, they had been very slow in taking up Forestry and only had six men in all, compared to Nigeria's sixteen at th^^ same date. They had, however, done a certain amount of planting at the District Stations, chiefly with Teak, rubber Cocoa, Indian blackwood, as well as what they called German Steamer. I cannot quite make out what they meant by this. They had planned to plant in the drier regions away from the Coast, but little had been done before the war. Now we will hope they will not be allowed to return. Several large rivers for floating logs are found both North and South, notably the Cross River and the Mungo, as well as four other rather smaller ones, the Akwayefe, Ndian, Moko and Meme. On thie whole too it is quite a mountainous country, the Cameroon itself being 13,000 feet high, and then there are several rang- es, such as the Rumpi, 4000 odd, on which they are good stands of tim- ber. The chief difficulty in dealing with tracts is that there are so many different species on a given unit of area that it is almost impossible to make it pay with any great length of haul to a waterway. I have found as many as 73 species of trees in a valuation survey two chains wide and three miles long, and that is not a large number. The known species of timber trees regardless of shrub trees in this part is about 300, quite apart from the unnamed trees. It is like a vast arboricultural collection, all mixed up without labels, and over- grown with creepers and undergrowth into the bargain." The Bird Treaty. All bird lovers will rejoice to know that a treaty has been entered into between the United States and Great Britain to protect migratory birds in this country and Canada. By three great highways the birds and the waterfowl pass back and forth be- tween the two countries. One is along our Eastern Atlantic coast, an- other is by way of the land included in the Mississippi valley, the other is the Pacific slope west of the Rocky Mountains. There is also a north- ern, or breeding zone, and a southern, or wintering zone. While in passage, and while in the north or in the south our migratory insectivorous birds will have the protection of both govern- ments, the game birds also will be protected under laws and regulations agreed upon. The last two or three years have been wonderful years for the birds in the way of the legal protection obtained for them. On the one hand economy, claiming that toward a billion dollars a year is lost to the farmers because of insect pests, which the birds, if not destroyed, might largely have cared for, and on the other hand the sportsman, seeking protection for game birds that he may still have hish unting season, have 928 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 joined with the real lovers of birds to bring this about. Wise men have long insisted that from the point of view of economy alone, the pro- tection of our birds would ultimately arouse, as it has, the interest of the nations. — ("Our Dumb Animals.") New York To Buy Forests. At the recent election the people of New York State voted to tax them- selves $10,000,000 for the purchase of forest preserves. The fact that this was not done by act of legislature, but by a referendum, shows how popular the idea of state forests has become with the people at large, says "American Forestry." The for- est preserves of New York are not only of great economic importance for the preservation of the water supply and of local industries, but serve as an immense park which is visited annually by millions of people. Of the total amount voted, $7,500,000 will be available for further purchases in the Adirondacks and Catskills, where the State owns already 1,814,- 550 acres of forests and lakes, and $2,500,000 for the Highlands of the Hudson Preserve. A private sub- scription of a like sum had already been secured contingent on the passage of this proposition of the referendum. There will, therefore, be available altogether $5,000,000 for the com- pletion of a great interstate park in the Highlands of the Hudson. CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO ^B— ■■- This splendid example set by a wealthy state will undoubtedly have a valuable influence on other eastern states. The fourteen thousand acres which the Vermont Forestry Depart- ment has acquired is a good start in the right direction, but it is only a drop in the bucket compared to the 3,000,000 acres of woodland in the State. BOVRIL Saves Kitchen Waste There will be no more throwing away of good food if you keep a bottle of Bovril in the kitchen. Bovril helps you to make delicious dishes out of cold food. Better soup, better stews — less expense. Canadian Forestry Journal, Januarij, 1917 929 Fuel Value of Wood vs. Coal The fuel value of 2 pounds of wood is roughly equivalent to that of 1 pound of coal. This is given as the result of certain calculations now being made in the Forest Service laboratory, which show also about how many cords of certain kinds of wood are required to obtain an am- ount of heat equal to that in a ton of coal. Certain kinds of wood, such as hickory, oak, beech, birch, hard ma- ple, ash, elm, locust, longleaf pine, and cherry, have fairly high heat values and only one cord of seasoned wood of these species is required to equal one ton of good coal. It takes a cord and a half of short- leaf pine, hemlock, red gum, Douglas fir, sycamore, and soft maple to equal a ton of coal, and two cords of cedar, redwood, poplar, catalpa, Norway pine, cypress, basswood, spruce and white pine. Equal weights of dry, non-resinous woods, however, are said to have practically the same heat value re- gardless of species, and as a con- sequence it can be stated as a gen- eral proposition that the heavier the wood the more heat to the cord. Weight for weight, however, there is very little difference between various species; the average heat for all that have been calculated is 4,600 calories, or heart units, per kilogram. A kilo- gram of resin will develop 9,400 heat units, or about twice the average for wood. As a consequence, resinous woods have a greater heat value per pound than non-resinous woods, and this increased value varies, of course, with the resin content. The available heat value of a cord — .4. Dry Matches After all day in a boat, rainstorm, or wet snow. Ask your dealer for WATERPROOF MATCH BOX If he can't supply you, we will send prepaid for his name and 50 cents. Dry matches may save your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U. S. A. MaRbijs A WELL EQUIPPED j LIBRARY i Think what it means to be able to s have within reach the latest informa- I tion relating to forestry and allied j subjects. J The following books are sugges- I tions. They are worthy of vour in- j spection. Send for copies to-day, and : be prepared to meet the various daily I problems j FOREST VALUATION j By Professor H. H. Chapman, Yale Uni- versity. A valuable book for those not already fam- liar with the economic and mathematical principles on which the theory of forest finance 283 pages, 6x9 Cloth, .2.00 net. ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY By Professors F. F. Moon and Nelson C. Brown, N.Y. State College of Forestry at Syracuse. Covers, in an elementary manner, the gen- eral subject of forestry. 392 pages. 6 x 9, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. LOGGING By Professor Ralph C. Bryant, Yale Uni- versity. Covers the more important features of operation. Discusses at length the chief facilities and methods for the movement of timber from the stump to the manufacturing plant, especially logging railroads. .590 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $3.50 net. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD By Professor Samuel Record, Yale Uni- versity. This volume includes a discussion of the factors affecting the mechanical properties and methods of timber testing. 165 pages. 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $1.75 net. THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS By Henry Solon Graves, The Forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Contains chapters on The Selection Sys- tem, The Coppice Systems, Improvement of the Forest. ^ ,_ 325 pages, 5^ x 8, illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 net. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (Forest Organiza- tion) By Professor A. B. Recknagel, Cornell University. In preparing this book the author has con- stantly kept in mind the experience which he gained while doing active work for the For- est Service in various parts of the United 235 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL, 119 Booth Building, Ottawa 930 Canadian Forestry JournaL January, 1917 of wood depends on many different factors. It has a relation not only to the amount of resin it contains but to the amount of moisture pres- ent. Furthermore, cords vary as to the amount of sohd wood they con- tain, even when they are of the stan- dard dimension and occupy 128 cubic feet of space. A certain proportion of this space is made up of air spaces between the sticks, and this air space may be considerable in a cord made of twisted, crooked, and knotty sticks. Out of the 128 cubic feet, a fair aver- age of solid wood is about 80 cubic feet. — American Forestry. I Cost of Clearing Land Bp Two Methods 4k_., Experimental Farm Bulletin When time is no object, the best way to clear land from timber growth is to let nature and live stock assist. When the growth is removed and the brush burned off clean, which, with most growths, may be made a pro- fitable operation by the sale of the timber and fire-wood, clover and grass seed may be sown, and, while cattle and sheep are pasturing and eating down the sprouts, the stumps will slowly but surely decay, and their removal becomes an easy operation. This process will require from six to ten years before clearing can be completed. At the Experimental Station, Fredericton, N.B., where it was de- sired to bring the land into cultiva- tion at the earliest possible moment, two plans of stump removal have been tried, and herewith are given figures of the relative cost on land from which an average tree growth had been removed. The two methods employed were, stump pulling by power, and removal by dynamite. A stump puller of the drum and long lever type was employed, giving a lifting power of 25 tons with an ordinary team. With one hundred and twenty stumps, 10 inches and over to the acre, and seventy-two smaller stumps, it required an average of twenty minutes with a team and driver and two men to remove each of the large stumps and 5 minutes to remove each of the smaller ones. The 120 stumps required 40 hours, and the smaller ones 6 hours. The relative cost, therefore, stood as follows: — Where Power machinery was used, cost per acre was: 46 hours work team and driver at32c $ 14.72 92 hours work helpers at 18c 16.56 330 hours work cleaning and piling at 18c 59.40 60 hours work burning at 18c 10.80 1101.48 Where explosives were used, the cost per acre was: 150 lbs. Stumping powder at$14.90 1 22.35 500 feet Fuse at 60c 3.00 300 Caps at $1.00 3.00 40 hrs. labor of Dynamite operator at 23c 9.20 40 hrs. team and driver at 32c 12.80 80 hrs. helpers at 18c 14.40 60 hrs. labor piling at 18c .. 10.80 40 hrs. labor burning at 18c 7.20 .75 On other areas, where there were heavy boulders and small stones, the cost of clearing ran up to $186.00 per acre, while, where the land was free from stone, and stumps were small and comparatively few, the land was made ready for the plough at a cost of less than $40.00 per acre. Canadian Foi\s(rii Journal, January, 1917 931 * ♦ EVINRUDE DETACHABLE ROWBOAT AND CANOE MOTOR A practical, powerful and reliable gasoline motor that can be attached to any rowboat in less than a minute; may also be attached to canoes, duck boats and all manner of small craft. Easy to handle and extremely economical to run. Will last a lifetime in ordinary use. Very efficient for towing heavy loads. Exclusive features of the EVINRUDE motor : Built-in-the- flywheel Magneto and Automatic Reverse. In addition to the 2 H.P, and 3H 1 1. P. models offered here- tofore, which are of the 1-cylinder, 2-cycle type, a new model is being placed on the market. This new model is of the 2-cy- linder, 4-cycle type and develops fully 4 H.P. It has been es- pecially designed for speed, giving easily from 8 to 9 miles an hour, with an ordinary boat. All the conveniences and safe- guards which distinguished the 1915 models will be found in the new 1916 EVINRUDE Speed Motor. For catalogue and prices write to MELCHIOR, ARMSTRONG & DESSAU 116-A, BROAD STREET, NEW YORK. * "- — 4. How British Columbia Protects Forests In response to a request from the Canadian Forestry Journal the fol- lowing summary of the advances made in British Columbia's forest management has been received from the Acting-Forester, Mr. M. A. Grain- ger. "Since 1912 the chief advances in fire protection have been: — (1) Each license and lease holder has been assessed Ic per acre in 1912 and l^c per acre in each year since, for forest protection purposes only. This Tax with an equal amount from General Revenue forms the "Forest Protec- tion Fund." Previous to 1912 the Government paid directly all patrol and fire fighting expenses, and spent nothing on improvements. (2) The creation of Forest Dis- tricts, now 10 in number, each in charge of a District Forester. He in turn is assisted by a number of rangers, from 2 to 6, usually employ- ed permanently, and w^ho are able to supervise closely the work of the tem- porary forest protection force. This gives close personal supervision of each man's work. In other words the supervision has been tightened up so that the management has close control of each employee's work. This is the most important thing that has been done. (3) Permanent Improvements. Area Under Patrol. (4) The area under patrol has been increased, from 123 million in 1910 to nearly 150 million acres. This increase is due to large areas in the north having been brought under some measure of patrol. (5) Statistics of fire damage etc., have been standardized, so that re- sults are directly comparable from year to year. More careful reports on all fires, however small, are de- 932 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 manded in order that statistics may be of the utmost value. (6) Various economies have been effected, in modes of transportation, allowances, expenses, and in fire fight- ing. (7) A systematic campaign of edu- cation has been conducted showing every citizen what he gains from forest industries, and how he may assist in perpetuating the industry by using care with fire. About 11 million acres is taxed for Forest Protection purposes, and as previously stated, 150 million acres is patrolled. This Branch has always followed the policy of attacking fires at the beginning, no matter where they originated, whether on lands paying Forest Protection Tax or not. Owners of lands which do not pay such tax are required, however, to give their services, and those of their employees, free until the fire is ex- tinguished. Slash Burning. Slash burning is ordinarily not compulsory, although it usually is made so in the case of timber sales. Operators must, however, burn slash they make within 200 feet of a rail- way right-of-way, and in a number of other places which are considered particularly dangerous. Any area of slash may be declared a public nuisance, if it endangers life and property, and the operator in such cases is required to make it safe, either by burning or by con- structing a fire line. This provision has rarely been used, as better suc- cess has attended a campaign of education, many operators having voluntarily decided to burn their slash. Fire Undermining Canada's Position An interesting view regarding for- est conservation is expressed by Mr. I. H. Weldon, President of the Pro- vincial Paper Mills, Limited, To- ronto, in an interview in the Toronto 'Globe': "Conservation of Canadian forests, which includes, in Mr. Weldon's opin- ion, a restriction of the exports of pulpwood, cannot be too greatly em- phasized. A cord of pulpwood ship- ped Across the line to a mill in the HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA By Romeyn B. Hough. Is photo-descriptive of the leaves, fruits, barks, branchlets, etc , and shows them all with the vividness of reality. Natural sizes ingeniously indicated. Distributions shown by maps. Wood structures by photo-micrographs. "With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees." — Melvil Dewey, Pres. Library Institute. "The most ideal Handbook I have seen." — C. Hart Merriam. "The most valuable guide to the subjects ever written." — Springfield Republican. AMERICAN WOODS By Romeyn B. Hough. Illustrated by actual specimens, showing three distinct views of the grain of each species. Con- tains 897 specimens of 325 species. Of such ex- ceptional value that its author has been awarded by a learned society a special gold medal on ac- count of its production. Write for information and sample illustrative specimens. R. B. HOUGH COMPANX I Box 22. ♦ LOWVILLE, N. Y ASK FOR jThe EXCELSIOR Sportsmen's Belt Safe! Just what I have been look- | ing for — has been the expres- * sion of every man we have | shown it to — Made of Brass,; Nickel Plated, Gun Metal or | oxidized and furnished com- s plete with fancy Canvas Belt I for SI. 00. ■ s Will keep money — jewels — watch — cigarettes or | matches perfectly safe and dry. * HYFIELD MFG. CO., 48 Franklin St., N. Y. City j Canadian Forestrij Journal, Janudii/, 1U17 933 States does not begin to benefit Can- ada as much as if that cord of natural product had been kept here for pur- poses of manufacture. Protection against fire, however, was the main factor to-day in conservation, "We will gain more to-day by preserving our forests from fire than by re- forestration," was the way Mr. Wel- don expressed himself. "After all, fire is destroying more timber than the lumberman is taking out, and if efTorts are concentrated on stopping this waste by an improved system of fire-ranging the country will be great- ly benefited and enriched in the days to come." The future of Canada in the paper industry is unUmited. "In ten years," he said, "I venture to say that all the newsprint in America will be manufactured on this side of the line. We have in Canada unlimited quan- tities of wood and an abundance of water and water-power. This coun- try owns 10 per cent, of the world's supply of pulpwood, and yet we are producing only about five per cent, of the world's paper. The United States has eighteen per cent, of the world's pulpwood supply, and makes about forty-two per cent, of the paper. There is only one conclusion to such a situation." The big de- velopment, Mr. Weldon thinks, will be in newsprint, which offers the greatest opportunity to Canada for expansion. The scene of develop- ment in the immediate future, he thinks, is bound to be in territory lying directly south and east of Hud- son's Bay. NEW METHODS NEEDED TO SUSTAIN FOREST PRODUCTIVENESS An Instructive Survey of Present Forest Management as Shown in Everyday Commercial Operations {Excerpts from an Address by Ellwood Wilson, F.E., before Technical Section of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association) Our forests have been treated like mines from which we expected to draw all the raw material we wanted and if we ever gave the matter of their exhaustion a thought it was to say, "well the young trees are grow- ing up all the time to replace those we cut." Unfortunately this is not the case for in a virgin forest the trees of difTerent species which make up the stand have reached a state of equilibrium where the growth is bal- anced by the death and decay. On cut over lands, the shallow rooted spruce and balsam trees after being thinned out blow down in large quan- tities, the letting in of a large amount of light gives the hardwoods an oppor- tunity of which they quickly avail themselves, to seed in, and the young hardwoods grow up so quickly that they crowd out the softwoods. In our examinations of cut over lands we find that if left to grow for thirty years they will not yield more than three cords per acre which will make the cost of cutting them very high. In Europe more than 100 years ago the same conditions that exist on this continent to-day confronted the peo- ple and after much experiment and many failures they learned how to look after their forests and we have the benefit of their experience. If we are wise we shall take warning and follow their example and adapt- ing their knowledge to our difTerent conditions we will take time by the fore lock. Stocktaking Needed. Already there is anxiety in the United States about the supply of pulpwood for the future and many firms are drawing on Canada and others have already provided them- 934 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 selves with large areas of our timber lands. The pulp and paper industry has grown by leaps and bounds and with the increasing uses to which wood pulp is put and the growing demand for it, we should take careful stock of our resources and utilize them wisely and with an eye to the future. A puip or paper mill can not be taken down like a portable saw-mill and moved from one place to another as the supply of timber is exhausted, millions of capital are invested and only by long term operation can it be made to pay. I do not wish to be taken for an alarmist and I am far from pessimistic but I do think it is time for us to stop guessing about the amount of timber we have, and to face the facts, make a careful inventory and utilize our forests intelligently. My own conclusions are based on facts, care- fully ascertained. Why Costs Increase. The question of accessibility of wood supplies plays an important role in the cost of raw material, in the case of wood, the extra expense of taking men into the woods long dis- tances, of transporting provisions first by rail then by sleighs and the long drives on the rivers all add to the cost per ton of paper. This diffi- culty has been aggravated by our methods of logging. At first all the timber was cut off around the lakes and along the rivers for say a half a mile and this was gradually extended until the haul became too long to be economically possible. Also timber in difficult places was left. The usual method of logging which is still in force nearly everywhere in Quebec is to let a contract in a predetermined district to a jobber for a certain num- ber of thousand logs. The number of logs that can be cut is guessed at and is finally settled by compromise with the jobber. Usually there is more than enough timber in the dis- trict assigned him and he proceeds to lay out his roads radiating from his headquarters and to cut as close to these roads as possible often leaving quite large amounts of timber be- tween them, which necessitates going back to this same section again and as the timber left is the most difficult to get out a higher price must be paid. Unfortunately, until within the last six years the river drivers in- variably set fire to the slashings in the spring and burnt off the timber, so that one could not go back at all. The course of practically every driv- able stream is burnt and I estimate that about 30 p. c. of the St. Maurice Valley has been burnt over in the last fifty years and about 16 p. c. of this area has not yet commenced to reproduce and the balance will not produce a crop for many years. Composition of Forests. The condition of the forests is a matter about which the average man does not have any very clear ideas. In the first place we have very little forest which is composed of just one species. In swampy places we have pure stands of black spruce, growing thickly, hardly ever attaining a larger size than ten inches and most of the trees of great age owing to the un- favorable conditions of growth. I have often seen trees five inches in diameter over one hundred years old. Then on sandy plains we have dense stands of jack pine which has usually come up after a fire and which is so crowded that the trees are very tall and spindling and will never reach commercial size. On large areas too, over which fire has passed we have stands of aspen and white birch neither of which trees growing under such conditions have much merchant- able value as they seldom reach large size, are generally diseased and com- paratively short lived. Our really good forests are composed generally of balsam 61 p. c, white birch 17 p.c, white spruce 15 p.c, black spruce 4 p.c, maple 2 p.c, cedar .5 p.c, other hardwoods .45 p.c. and white pine .05 p.c. Of this about 32 p.c of the total stand spruce and balsam can be cut above the Gov- ernment diameter limit. The way the cutting has been carried on in the past most of the white and black spruce and some of the balsam has been taken off. Where a good deal of light has been let in and conditions were otherwise favorable the balsam has come up in dense groups in which Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, Januarij, 1917 935 the struggle for existence is so great that the trees rapidly become dis- eased and the resulting stand is of small value. Where the conditions are more favorable for hardwood re- production these trees seed in thickly and make it very difficult to obtain reproduction of softwoods. Our pres- ent methods of cuttings are slowly but surely turning our fo-rests from coniferous to hardwood ones and the coniferous will have a difficult time to re-assert their supremacy over the broad leaved trees. We are leaving the whole matter to chance and un- questionably our forests are deterior- ating. The leaving of the debris from lumbering not only increases the p. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General F"orestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. -..—4. PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Technical training and ten years experience, in part with U. S. Forest Service. Timber Estimating and Mapping Supervision of Lumber Contracts Surveying Forest Planting STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. fire hazard but provides ideal con- ditions for the growth of harmful insects and fungi. It is in a sense like leaving unburied corpses in a community. Science in Logging. Now^ the aim of the forester is to regulate all these matters. The pro- per cutting of a forest, unless it is cut clean, is a matter which requires experience and above all, good judg- ment, the balance is delicate and the result of a wrong system of cutting often take very many years to correct. The ideal at which we aim is to make every acre bear as many trees as it will carry of the most useful sorts for 4. — .„ „ — » „. — . . — . — 4. FORESTERS AND RANGERS ' EVERYTHING YOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US Compasses Tapes Scribes Transits &c. Aneroids Log Rules Lumber Gauges Levels, &c. The Ontario Hughes Owens Company [ 529 Sussex St. OTTAWA, ONT. f 4. — +" ■■ .«. -I, 1,11 n, nil nil .. , i,.. nil iiii i 'I'" nu— ■»— — m^— ■» nu^— un-^iui^— pii— nil— — mi— III (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) SLEEP ON AIR with a COMFORT SLEEPING POCKET Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs P X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. Ulustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A., Dealers write 936 Canadian Furestrij Journal, Januari/, 1917 CHEWING TOBACCO is the product of long experience in the manufac- ture of chewing tobacco. Its numerous qualities cannot be explained here, but you will find them all in a plug of this wonderful chewing tobacco Sold everywhere 10c. a plug ('.(inddian Forcslii/ Joiinidl, ./(irjiKirt/, I HI 937 the purpose in view and Lo keep up a sustained yield. This may mean that more trees must be left Ihan under the present system with a slight increase in present logging ex- penses but a large decrease the ex- pense in future operations. In chang- ing over from an unregulated to a regulated forest the expenses for log- ging will be larger for the first felling but thereafter should gradually de- crease as the stand of merchantable timber increases. We also want to utilize every pos- sible tree. At present we have a large amount of hardwood which is left in the woods and as I have said before hinders the growth of the coniferous trees. It is quite possible to use this ior pulp with the soda or sulphate processes but I understand that it cannot be utilized with the sulphite process. I visited a mill in Austria which used beech entirely and made a good quality of pulp. There is, it seems to me, no reason why hardwood should not be used for ground wood; the fibre is, of course, shorter, but it ought to make a good filler. The objections are that it is difficult to float and some difTiculty might be encountered in barking it. The first difficulty can •»•" "" ■" H..^— M-J n..^— ni ,, — .{. i R. O. SWEEZEY I B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E. j FORESTRY ENGINEER f AND TIMBER CRUISER ! 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. 4. — . MIINATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for schools;— colleges — :museums Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY Queens UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Inrluding Mining, Cncmicai, Civil, Mech- anical and Electrical Engineering. MEDICINE During the War there will be continuous sessions in Medicine. HOME STUDY The Arts Course may be taken by cor- respondence, but sludents desiring to grad- uate must attend one session. GEO. Y. CHOWN, P.eaistrar. be overcome by spring cutting and he second might be overcome by peeling in the woods as is done with poplar. This would lengthen the time over which our supply of spruce and balsam w^ould last and add much to the value of our timber limits. The Laurentide Company in co- operation with the Forest^ Products Laboratories hopes to try some ex- periments along these lines this winter. 31,000 Cords Wasted. Then there is the elimination of logging wastes which are at present larger than they should be. The lumber companies usually take logs from a tree until a diameter of six inches is reached but the pulp com- panies take down to four inches. However, a very bad custom still holds .of using logs thirteen and one half feet long and as it is often im- possible to get a log that length out of a tree top much good wood is wasted. We have measured up over two thousand tops and we find that in the St. Maurice Valley about 31,- 000 cords of wood are wasted each 938 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 season. Then too stumps are cut far higher than is necessary and the waste from this source approximates 10,000 cords per annum. A large amount of good pulp wood is wasted in building camps for the men and much is still used for roads although this last waste has been much reduced. In the mill we still have sawdust, slivers, bark and the waste liquor to find profitable uses for. Dividends from Planting. With the growing scarcity of tim- ber and the increasing distance one must go for it with a corresponding increase in costs, our attention must turn to planting: a plantation offers the following advantages. A much smaller area of forest since in plant- ing we use all the land and having only the useful species our yield is very much increased, eight to ten times. The lands near the mill can be utilized and instead of river drives of one to two hundred miles we would have only twenty-five or thirty miles and logging railroads could be profit- ably built and the wood brought from 4.._.u- Pulls the V-- Lareesf umps Stump Pullers * -V The Smith machine pulls the iari?est htiimps at a cost of Sc each . Write today for free catalog and special offer. W. SMITH GRUBBER CO.*'"'™ STA.. LA CRESCENT, MINN. -—.4. TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS j Hardy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest I Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds j EDYE-DE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST j DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- 1 ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. | 4. Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over ^^ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Evergrreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee. HI., U.S.A. YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. YALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in ths number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is ofTered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wUl warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture. Forest Management, Forest Technology "and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania. For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY. Director New Haven - Connecticut DOUGLAS GARDENS OAKVILLE, ONTARIO We specialize on Hardy Herbaceous Perennials. Descriptive Price List sent free on re- quest. ' r JOHN CAVERS. Mention Canadian Forestry Journal ■ ,.— .+ PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mattresses may be used on damp ground with perfect safety — they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary, with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated— may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government. Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. Pneumatic Mfg. Co. ^ rod kL yn'n! V. Canadian Furcslrij Journal, Januarij, J 91 7 939 the stump to the mill doing away witli our huge wood piles, with the expense of piling and unpiling, the loss of interest, the deterioration of the wood and the danger from fire. With our timber areas concentrated the ex- pense of fire protection and adminis- tration would be much reduced and labor afforded for a large number of men. Owing to the much larger amount of wood per acre the logging costs would be much reduced and as only the best trees would be allowed to reach maturity the quality of the wood would be much improved. We would have a steady supply for all time and a uniform cost figure and by having our forests near the mill means could be devised to use up the branches and probably even the needles so that like the packing in- dustry which uses everything of the hog but the squeal, we could use all of the tree but the smell. That this is an economic possibility I am quite convinced as we can plant trees now for $8.50 per acre, where we have to pay $4.20 for our stock. This w^e can raise for $2.80 per acre making a further reduction. Taking the former figure at 6 p.c. compound interest and we can raise wood for $5.00 a cord which is cheaper than it can be bought to-day. STAND OF JACK PINE ALONG THE DAWSON ROAD IN SOUTH- EASTERN MANITOBA. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with P'orestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. 'Everything for the Forester" LOG RULES, SCRIBES, LUMBER GUAGES, ANEROIDS, SURVEYING COMPASSES, PLANE TABLES, ALIDADES, ABNEY LEVELS, TRANSITS, CORKING SETS, TREE CALIPERS, ETC. E.R.Watts&Son.Canada.Ltd. OTTAWA - TORONTO - WINNIPEG Forestry Telephones Bush fires cost millions annually, but the loss is being redueed yearly by stringent vegulations and ini'reased employment of Rangers. The Ranger's greatest aid in effective fire fighting is A Bush Telephone System, which pays for itself by simplifying logging and driv- ing operations and yet is Always available in emergencies. We have perfected special apparatus for installation in permanent camps or look- out stations and also for portable tele- phones which the Rangers^carry with them on their rounds, with which they can make instantaneous connections to the nearest forestry telephone line. Write our' nearest house for full 'par- ticulars. =?i 1 North(^rf/ Ftectr/c Compaf/y UMITtO Montreal, Halifax, Toronto, Winnipeg Regina, Calgary, Vancouver :ty'"'-w,n^ i fAGliin OF FORESTRr MAR 71917 UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICE. THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE, LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY. For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. Eiderdown Robes SLEEPING BAGS FOR CAMP, TRAIL OR FOREST LIGHT, DURABLE, WATERPROOF A robe you can use for a dozen purposes. A robe that has been tried out, and in hundreds of cases has proven its super- iority over other makes and brands. The biggest value for the money and greater value than you can get for two or three times the price in other makes. - WRITE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION TO-DAY SMART-WO"ODS LIMITED CANADA Universal Providers to the British Empire. OTTAWA, MONTREAL, TORONTO, WINNIPEG i CIRCULATION, FEBRUARY, 5,000 COPIES I I Canadian Forestry Journal i Vol. XIII CONTENTS FOR FEBRUARY No. 2 Improving The Farmer's Trees 945 A Children's School in The Forest , 947 New Light on Tropical Forests 954 Vivid Letters From The Front 951 Canadians and Americans Discuss Problems Together 956 Stock Taking on The Public Domain 959 Settling Soldiers in New Ontario 961 To Re-Establish Allies' Forests 961 How Menace To White Pine May Be Controlled 970 Annual Meeting of The Association 973 1 With The Forest Engineers 963 The Ranger At Work 962 Forest Conference at Montreal 958 NeM' Brunswick's Great Opportunity 955 The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press, Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post Ofiice at Woodstock, Ont., as second-class matter. 944 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 A STRIKING ILLUSTRATION OF THE WRECKAGE OF TREE LIFE BY ARTILLERY FIRE. Photograph Taken on the Bank of The Yser. Canadian Forestry Journal, Fcbruarij, 1917 945 Improving the Farmer's Trees How Straggling Growth can be Easily Developed Into Market- able Timber by Careful Pruning. By B. R. Morton, B. Sc. F., Dominion Forestry Branch, Ottawa On many farms, especially in the more outlying agricultural districts of Eastern Canada, are to be found patches of uncultivated clearings. These are areas which are too stony or shallow for plowing or they are situated on hillsides too steep to be profitably worked. They have, there fore, been lying abandoned or ne- glected for many years and a growth of young pine, spruce, balsam, fir or cedar has sprung up on them. This new growth has originated from wind- blown seed of neighboring stands or from a few trees which have escaped the axe during the clearings. This growth should be encouraged since it occupies land unsuited for cul- tivating. In places the growth may be quite dense and if permitted to come ahead will soon be sufficiently crowded to produce desirable clear straight timber. On other areas, however, especially on those at some distance from the seed trees, the growth will be found very open and scattered. The trees are so far apart that their branches will never meet to form a close stand or at least not until the trees have reached a large size. Planting Recommended. Where the trees are still small, two or three feet high, the proper density for producing good material may be obtained by artificial seeding or planting among them. Or it may happen that an exceptionally good seed crop will bring about a thicken- ing of the new stand. Seed years are uncertain, however, and planting is recommended except under very fa- vorable circumstances. In ma,ny such open stands, how- ever, the trees have reached the height of 10 to 15 feet or more and are now too far advanced to be over- taken and effectively crowded by any later growth that may come in, either naturally or artificially. Growing under these open conditions the trees will always remain branchy and when cut will produce only inferior material since every branch which has been allowed to develop on the main por- tion of the trunk will result in one or more knots in the lumber. The strength and value of the material is thereby greatly reduced. How to Prune. It is apparent then that if these larger open-grown trees are to pro- duce valuable timber the^- must be artificially pruned. The following plan is suggested. The pruning should begin, if possible, before the lower branches have died or become over one-half an inch in diameter and before the trunk is over four inches in diameter at stump height. In order that best results may be ob- tained, the branches must be cut off right at the trunk. No projecting stubs must be left. To leave long stubs will obviously have the same effect as leaving branches. They become imbedded in the body of the tree as the new wood is formed around them and the result is a loose knot in the sawn timber. Leave Heavy Top. The branches should not be re- moved too many at a time. They should be cut gradually, that is, two 946 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 or three of the lowest branches to be taken off every three or four years. The top or green portion of the tree should always be maintained not less than one-half to one-third of the total height of the tree. If too little top is left the growth of the tree is seriously retarded. No more green branches are removed after the trunk has been cleared to the height of 19 feet above the ground, since the object is to produce only one sound clear 18 foot log per tree above the one foot allowed for stump height. The branches above the 19 foot mark are left to flourish and extend as they will, until such time as the trunk may have reached the diameter required by the owner and the tree is finally cut down. The Cost Per Tree, This is a simple method of obtain- ing good material from trees which would otherwise produce little better than fence posts or firewood. It is not a costly method when one con- siders that the work can be done dur- ing the winter when there is com- paratively little work being done on the farm. The total value of the labor when the pruning has been completed would probably not am- ount to more than 10 to 15 cents per tree. Removing the branches above the nineteen foot mark is not recom- mended largely because it necessi- tates a ladder of such length and weight being used, that it cannot be readily handled by one man. An- other reason for not removing the green branches above the first log length is the fact that the greater the green, top a tree has the more rapid is its trunk diameter growth. To reduce the size of the top further would mean the lengthening of the time required to produce merchant- able sized material. Lumber For Belgium. Professor Albert van Hecke, of the University of Louvain, Louvain, Bel- gium, is in America to study the most suitable lumber for the re-building of Belgium after the war. SPRUCE AND BALSAM COMING IN ON AN OLD CLEARING. Unless This Stand Becomes Thicker, Much of the Timber Will be of Inferior Quality. Can (1(1 i (in Foirslri/ Journal, Fcbruari/, U)17 947 A CLASS ROOM IN THE OPEN. A Children's School in the Forest Remarkable Results in Improved Bodies and Minds Achieved by the Toronto Board of Education. Since the following description was written by Dr. W. E. Struthers, Chief Medical Officer of the Toronto Board of Education, the School has developed substantially. There are now two Institutions, placed in Victoria and High Parks. Nothing in the modern develop- ment of the public school has given more satisfaction than the "Forest School." From everywhere comes the report of the remarkable mental stimulus received by the child in its outdoor life, and the great improve- ment in its physical development. Such schools have proved to be an economy, not an expense. Children accomplish in half the school lesson- hours as much as their stronger fel- lows n the regular school. The -st," a work which accurately depicted life in the lumber camps and described the vast forest wealth of this Pro- vmce. Investigation Work. As secretary of the Forestry Com- mission which investigated the condi- tions of the industry and the extent of the forest areas of the Province, Mr. Grainger rendered valuable services, the illuminating tables incorporated with that report being special fea- tures of the report. In fact to a great extent the value of the reports issued from time to time by the forest branch are due to his great insight into the industry and his mathemati- cal knowledge. In the legislation which has been drafted relating to the lumber indus- try Mr. Grainger has taken a leading part; he played a very important part in the organization of the branch which aimed to be one composed of men techn cally competent and to-day the British Columbia forest branch is recognized as the best in Canada and its status has on more than one occasion been recognized by the other provinces which have framed their own departments on similar lines. When the organization of the branch was completed Mr. Grainger was appointed assistant chief for- ester in charge of the record office, a position he held until appointed as acting chief forester. "Undoubtedly," remarks the Vic- toria "Colonist," "no more popular appointment could have been made by the minister and there are a host of Victorians who will wish him every success in his new office." Gerard Power Again Mayor. Mr. W. Gerard Power, managing director of the River Quelle Pulp and Lumber Company, St. Pacome, P.Q., and a devoted friend of the con- servation movement, has been hon- ored by the citizens of St. Pacome, by being elected as their mayor sev- eral years in succession. "Through- out his wide accjuaintanceship in the lumber business Mr. Power has a reputation for successful management and for high business ideals which cannot be excelled," says 'Canada Lumberman.' "The result is that the business of his company is one of the best known in the province of Quebec and one of the most pro- gressive. Realizing how fortunate they were in having Mr. Power to look after their municipal affairs the people of St. Pacome have again entrusted him with the duties of mayor, having elected him for the year 1917. Mr. W. Gerard Power is a son of Mr. Wm. Power, M.P., of Quebec, P.Q., who is known to lumbermen throughout eastern Canada and in Great Britain, as a member of the firm of W. & J. Sharpies Regd., one of the most im- portant and successful firms of lum- ber exporters in eastern Canada, Mr. W. Gerard Power, therefore, comes by his ability as a lumberman honestly. Three of Mr. Power's bro- thers have taken their share in pro- tecting Great Britain against Ger- many, and have won honors through their efforts and sustained wounds in behalf of the great cause. Canadian Forcsirij Journal, Fcbniaitj, 1U17 965 Our Need of Trained Men. "What has been said of England may also be said of Canada, namely, that the "idea of science," spelled in capital letters, has been lacking in the national make up. The war has stirred the industries and the public to a realization of the importance of science, but very few plants yet really believe in science, and carry out their programme of development on this basis. Germany in one well- known factory on the Rhine has more chemists than in the whole of Can- ada and much the same proportion holds true of engineers and trained workmen in the industries including pulp and paper. We must have the full co-operation of all if the pulp and paper industry in Canada is to be worthy of its trust and if we hope to progress beyond the range of low grade papers. There must be broad policies for training workmen, super- intendents, and technical managers if we Canadians wish to have a fair share in the development which is going on. Nature has provided un- paralleled forest resources and water powers and trained human intelli- gence must provide the rest. There should be co-operation of mills in manufacturing as well as selling. Secrecy is a relic of tradition and the visiting of mills by members of the association should be encouraged so that all of us may profit to some degree at least by the special ex- perience which has been gained by each mill. Not every mill can have a comprehensive investigative de- partment, but no mill should neglect its department for studying raw ma- terials, controlling the manufacture of products and improving processes and methods. The Technical Sec- tion should be a clearing house for the discussion of problems." — John S. Bates, Chairman of Technical Sec- tion, Canadian Pulp and Paper As- sociation. ^[[Tree-Felling By Machine. P' A dcmonslration of tree-felling by machinery look i)lace recently near Stirling, Scotland. The machine used was a No. 2 tree-feller guaranteed to fell any tree up to 48 inches in dia- meter. Three trees, tough oaks of an aver- age diameter of 16 inches, were felled in about 13 minutes each. Under normal conditions, trees varying from 42 to 48 inches have been cut in from 6 to 8 minutes, and spruce in about half the time. In the course of the demonstration it took four or five minutes to shift the machine, which is fitted with removable wheels, from one tree to another. Usually a small portable 4 nominal horse-DOwer boiler which can be easily moved by one horse, is supplied with the tree-feller. The advantage of the traction engine is that it can drag the trees where recjuired after being felled. The machine accomphshed in a few minutes the work which would have taken two men four or five hours. The trees were all felled at the ground level, and the clean cut made by the saw adds to the selling value of the timber, apart from the saving of wood. Only two men are required to work and shift the whole outfit. With the machine an interchangeable frame is usually supplied by means of which the trees can easily be cut to any recjuired length after they have been felled. 40,000 Forest Fires. It is estimated that in 1915 about 40,000 forest fires occurred in the United States, which burned over about 5,900,000 acres and caused a damarc of approximately $7,000,000. Japan Exports Pulp. Attention is directed to the de- velopment of the manufacture of paper pulp in Hokkaido and Kara- futo by the report that Japan is be- coming a pulp exporter to America and India. Since the outbreak of the war in Europe the manufacture of paper pulp has been well main- tainecl, as all the circumstances are in favor of its development. Dense forests in Hokkaido and Karafuto supply excellent material, while coal and sulphur are cheap. Japan, in- deed, is more favorably situated than Scandinavian countries in these re- spects.— Japan Times. 966 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 Wood Uses In War. Canada's forest wealth was review- ed in an interesting address delivered at the Normal School Hall in Ottawa by R. H. Campbell, director of for- estry, under the auspices of the Otta- wa Field Naturalists' Club. Mr. Campbell pointed out that the total value of the forest products in Canada every year reaches $176,672,- 000 and the number of persons em- ployed in forest industries, in addi- tion to those industries which use wood, such as paper mills, vehicle factories, shipyards, etc., is 110,000. This, stated Mr. Campbell, is the largest number employed in any in- dustry in the dominion, and the am- ount of capital invested totals $260,- 000,000, wages paid in the forest in- dustries of Canada total $39,400,000 yearly, and the value of the product is $184,000,000 per annum. In war, wood has proved to be in even greater demand. High explo- sives, said Mr. Campbell, were being made from wood cellulose, and im- mense quantities of wood were being used for trenches, huts and bridges. Germany, cut off from the supply of cotton, was made substitute articles from wood. Absorbent cotton, "shngs" and sphnts were alk being made of wood and wood products now, while the Russian soldiers are wearing paper shirts made in Japan and German and Austrian soldiers are using paper vests, socks and handkerchiefs made from wood pulp. Carelessness was the great enemy of forests, said Mr. Campbell in- stancing the disastrous fires at Fernie and-Northern Ontario. Death of Alex. Barnet. The death occurred at his home in Renfrew, Ont., recently of Alexander Barnet, one of the best-known citi- zens of the Ottawa Valley, and a member of the Canadian Forestry Association. The late Mr. Barnet carried on business as a lumberman for many years. At different times he had several business partners, one of whom was the late Wm. Mackay, of Renfrew, and another the late Peter White, of Pembroke. For a num- ber of years he had interests in B.C. ''THE FORESTS BELONG j j TO CANADA" .1- _. „„ „„ „ .^ 2 «|»ii_i)„^_ra)^uii nu— ng— Hn—iiii^nu^M— uiH— H— BH— m. iiji Sir George Foster, speaking at the luncheon of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association in Montreal, January 31st, made a direct and impressive demand upon his hearers for the adop- tion of conservation methods in their relations with the forests. "Canada's position," he said, "de- pends on her natural resources. Don't kill the goose that lays the golden egg. Future generations will need wood as much as you. If you waste the heritage of to-day you are draw- ing the blood of our future citizens. "Perpetuation of the forest is done in Germany and can be done in Can- ada if proper forestry methods are employed. "The forests belong to Canada — not to you." Queer-Test of Fir. Dr. W. W. Walkem, in an article appearing in a recent issue of the "Vancouver Daily Province," gives a striking instance of the durability of Douglas Fir. In the course of some excavation work between Van- couver and New Westminster, a Douglas fir several feet in diameter was found buried under twenty feet of water-washed gravel and sand, overlying glacial-worn rocks and mor- aine, presumably contemporaneous with the glacial period. The tree had to be crosscut twice to permit the passage of the steam shovel, and the wood was found to be perfectly sound. On the surface were other fir trees growing which were centuries old. In National Forests During the past fiscal year there were constructed on the national forests of the United States 227 miles of new road, 1,975 miles of trails, 2,124 miles of telephone line, 89 miles of fire lines, 81 look-out structures, 40 bridges, 222 miles of fence, 455 dwellings, barns, and other struc- tures, 17 corrals, and 202 water im- provements. (JaiKidian Foicstri/ Journal, Fihrudit/. 1U17 967 Careful of Forests in Vi^ar Areas A unique descriplion of the effect of war on the forests of Poland is contained in a letter written by Dr. G. A. Schenck, for sixteen years the director of Biltmore Forest School, Biltmore, N. Carolina, U.S.A., and wounded some months ago while fighting in the German Army. Due allowance will be made by the reader for Dr. Schenck's unctiousness in describing lands and peoples, tram- pled under the Prussian invader, with the solemn piety of an annual chari- ties report. The description is taken from a letter written to Prof. J. S. Illick, and pubhshed i n "Forest Leaves." In Poland. 1, "Poland. — I have seen only that part of Poland, during a stay or rather a meandering of 5 months, which lies south of Lodz — where I was wounded quite unnecessarily. The woods and forests belong to the landed aristocracy and to the crown — in this case the Czar. The poor farm- ers have never had a show. It is amazing to think that the poor were formerly compelled to go begging for fuel with gigantic forests lying at their doors and the timber and wood therein going to waste. Those poor fellows were never allowed to gather even the decaying stuff. I tell you, if the land policy, from a national point of view, has been wrong in the good United States of America, then it certainly has been infernally and cursedly wrong in Poland. All these forests are now placed in charge of German foresters who have been tak- en from their jobs at home. No timber or wood is being cut without being previously marked. Fire pa- trols are maintained during the hot season. Industries, such as sawmills, paper mills, tannic acid factories, and naval store establishments, are being developed. Never have the woods been handled better than they are now. II. "Belgium. — There are prac- tically no forests in Belgium, except- ing that gorgeous stretch near Brus- sels. The wooded areas in the Ar- dennes are "woodlands" or, in a few cases, park of the wealthy e. g., that of Sir William Schlich. The rest is scrubby stuff, so conspicuous in the sandy plains of Flanders and the province of Limburg. There is no- thing I should like to own in the pro- vince of Brabant, Hainan t, and Liege. Such were the conditions before the war. All that the Germans have done, has been to insist th^t the woods do not suffer from fire. I have been active along this line myself. There is no such thing as reckless cutting In] the Germans. Wherever the woodlands have been laid low by the armies of both sides, it was done to build trenches, log houses, and above all to gain a free sight for the guns. A few fine aVenues of trees had to come down, but upon my best knowledge and true belief less than 3 per cent, of all the avenues were thus ruined. To speak of wholesale destruction of fine woodlands by reckless soldiers, is in the case of Belgium absurd, because they did not exist before the war, excepting the famous ones at Brussels, which stand as beautiful to-day as they ever did. No Devastation. III. "Occupied Part of France. — I have no personal knowledge of this part of the war zones, for I have not been there. My informants are my relatives who have been fighting there and forest ranger Pfeifer, of Linden- fels, whom you may remember. They tell me that there is a committee on economic questions with each army corps. A forest officer of rank is a member of each committee. He is assisted by forest rangers taken from the ranks. Not a tree is cut without being marked, except those cut by shells. Whenever a battalion wants wood for fuel, charcoal or building purposes a forest ranger is sent out to mark the trees. Naturally, no 968 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 forest planting is being thought of, but otherwise the woods are being cared for. "To make a long tale short, and so as not to annoy the censor unduly, let me say, that the woods of the fighting countries are suffering less from the war than the men ; the ani- mals, including game; the fields, be- cause of lack of phosphate and stable manure; the buildings, and the hu- man hearts." The Western Campaign. ^ "A campaign of considerable vigor has been waged in the Province of Manitoba for some time past, under the inspiration of the Canadian For- estry Association, to have the pro- vincial legislature adopt means to stop the great timber waste in the northern sections of the province caused by forest fires. Most of these fires originated on settlers' lands where clearing operations are care- lessly conducted, and very frequently result in dangerous conflagrations. The catastrophe in Ontario last sum- mer was due entirely to settlers' fires It has been discovered that Manitoba already has committed itself to the principle of issuing permits for the setting out of fires in the northern forested districts. This is contained in the Fires Prevention Act of 1913, but the scope of the act is wholly municipal, and it has no application to the districts where fire prevention is most needed, namely, the unorgan- ized municipalities. The Manitoba Government is now being asked to make the act apply to unorganized municipalities, and it is suggested that the issuing of permits and the supervision of the fires, so as to pre- vent them doing damage, might be entrusted to the rangers of the Dom- inion Forestry Branch, thus relieving the province of the administration costs. The Dominion Government is willing to undertake the additional duties." — Western Lumberman. from their lands," says the Calgary News-Telegram. In Quebec, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and part of New Brunswick there are laws which make it necessary for a settler to have a "burning permit" before he starts to clear his land. This per- mit contains stipulations as to the manner of lighting a fire, the dis- tance from the fire of brush, of in- flammable substances, etc. It is pointed out that similar legislation should immediately be put into ef- fect in the prairie provinces and in Ontario. This matter has been strongly advocated by members of the Canadian Forestry association, and numerous letters have been writ- ten to members of the different pro- vincial legislatures, asking that such a law be passed. United States, by means of protective legislation, has succeeded in saving in their decrease in timber fires the sum of $14,000,000 since the year 1910. Fires are shown to be diminishing in British Columbia, and also in the other provinces where this permit system is in operation. Many do not credit the prairie provinces with the timber which they really possess, but figures officially compiled show that there is great wealth in the standing trees of the three provinces. Also, figures show that of the three territories. Alberta has the greatest timber wealth. What The West Deserves' "It has been found that the fore- most cause of forest fires have been from the carelessness of settlers en- gaged in clearing brush or timber Britain's Forests Reduced. So much timber is being used for the war it is said by advocates of a government scheme for reafforesta- tion that if the war lasts another three years the British Isles will be entirely denuded of timber. One feature of the situation is that some pre-war sources of supply are no longer available. Fifty-five per cent of timber imported in normal times came from Russia, Sweden and Ger- many, four per cent, from Norway, and 41 per cent, from France, Portu- gal and Spain. Since the war this country has had to rely partly on supplies from Norway and Swed- en and largely on French and Portu- guese supplies, and to make good the deficit from woods and forests in the British Isles. Canadian Forestrij Journal, Fcbiuari/, li)l7 969 To maintain the supply the na- wholesale cutting of trees. The axe tion is making huge inroads into is making a clean sweep of whole its own standing timber. It is im- woods. There are only three mil- possible to travel i)y rail through lion acres of wooded land in tiic Unil- parts of Scotland wilhoul seeing the ed Kingdom at the present time. Better Equipment to Cope with Fires i (To the Editor, Canadian Forestry Journal.) Fire Protection is distinct from Forestry, but necessary to the latter in protecting the w^ork from destruc- tion by fire. If we are to secure an efficient fire protection organiza- tion, it is necessary that we specialize in this class of work, appointing an expert in charge with full authority to administer the Fire Act, suggest and advocate amendments, draw up plans to meet the varied conditions in each district, to give lectures and advise, and who would hold a judicial investigation in connection with every serious conflagration. The appointing of a Fire Com- missioner with the above authority would have a beneficial effect, give powerful support to the heads of Departments and be a thorn in the side of a feeble administration. The building of lookout towers on high ground equipped with long range field glasses, for the purpose of de- tecting and locating fires in the in- cipient stage, and connected by tele- phone to the various Ranger Stations so that action to have the fire ex- tinguished at short notice can be taken, is an advance in the right direction. The ecjuipment however, of these lookout stations, might be improved by adding the heliograph and flashlight s^-stem of signalling and the procuring of a competent operator, and in this connection may I suggest that a fully qualified re- turned soldier of the intelligence department or Engineers might be obtained. All working parties, such as tele- phone and trail gangs, also patrol- men, should be equipped when in the field with heliograph and flashlight so that their assistance in case of fire might be secured without delay. The cutting of trails branching out from lookout towers to inaccessible areas to facilitate the transportation of fire fighting gangs and equipment to the scene of action is still another step towards efficiency. The con- struction of these trails and the mode of transportation leaves much to be desired and is not in line with the method of detection and communica- tion. The trails on high lands through heavy timber belts should be so constructed that fire patrol by motor cycle and transportation by automobile would be possible. On lower lying areas where the timber warrants the expenditure, a narrow gauge track with power speeder for patrol and transportation is neces- sary. Where it is only possible to use horses, the trail should be made to accommodate a tandem of light drivers. After locating a fire from observa- tion post, notifying nearest ranger station by telephone or heliograph, the next step would be to make pro- vision for a system of rapid trans- portation. The reaching of a fire after discovery in the incipient stage, and before it develops into serious proportions, should be the object of every fire organization. To sum up, speed and modern appliances, as advocated, by the leading authorities of our city fire departments for pro- tection of property, are just as neces- sary in the protecting of our forests. — T. McNaughton. 970 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 How Menace to White Pine May Be Controlled Scouting for Infected Areas by Limit Holders' Employees, School Children, etc. — Official Measures Necessary. Our last issue presented a valuable article by H. T. Gussow, Dominion Botanist, on the peril of White Pine Blister. The following article is a sequel and discusses the control of the disease. To every reader of the Journal, Mr. Gussow's authoritative statements should be of interest. What is contained in this and the March issues does not represent more than a portion of the original manu- script delivered at the annual meet- ing of the Canadian Forestry As- sociation on January 15th, the lack of space in the Journal necessitating the omission of much that would otherwise be used. With our present limited know- ledge of the distribution of the dis- ease, we cannot venture an opinion as to whether or not the White Pine Blister is already beyond control. Were it confined only to the com- paratively few localities, in which it is so far known to occur, this cjues- tion would present a much more favourable aspect since this area might be isolated by one or other effective means. We have not yet at our disposal the great staff of inspectors used for scouting purposes in the United States, hence it would be a good plan to interest every person con- cerned. Lumbermen and rangers all over Canada ought to be on the look- out and report any cases observed; but a large and special appropriation will be recjuired to do the preliminary work of locating the disease. This accomplished, then only can we arrive at some decision as to what can be done to control the trouble; provided, that we do not realize that the ex- pense of carrying out such contingent policy may be greater than the re- sults to be expected therefrom, and which unfortunately we cannot guar- antee. Everybody a Scout. In order to deal promptly with the situation it is very desirable to secure the co-operation of all persons in- terested in the white pine industry. For this purpose the first essential is that everybody concerned should familiarize himself with the symp- toms of the disease, and keep a look- out for it. When any infected native white pines are found, the discovery should be promptly brought to the attention of the proper officials, to- gether with the location of the dis- eased pines. This would materially aid experts in ascertaining the pre- cise distribution of the disease. And the sooner all disease centres are known, the more quickly can the work of extermination proceed. We must bear in mind that such searches promise to be particularly successful during the season when the spore masses are produced. A further tentative suggestions I would hke to throw out at this point. In the Boy Scout organization, and in- deed in our schools also, we possess a source of searchful inquisitiveness, which; if instructed and guided by their teachers, might be enthusiastic- ally enlisted in the doing of a useful work for the Dominion. With the reporting of observed cases of Blister Rust on pines to the proper authorities, it becomes the task of the officials to adopt the best means for eradication suggested by the circumstances of the outbreak. Official Measures. Let us, then, see what official meas- Canadian Forcstrij Journal, Fchruaii/, 1917 971 iircs have been or are available for coping wilh this disease, and what fiirlher steps should be taken, if so deemed expedient. On learning that suspected pine seedlings had been introduced into Canada from abroad, this source of danger was promptly eliminated. The Dominion Government prohibited the importation of all five-leaved pines into Canada from anywhere abroad. Similar action has also been taken by the United States' authorities. We are, then, assured that no more diseased pines will reach this coun- try, or the continent of America, in future. We in the Dominion of Canada, are in a very fortunate position con- cerning federal legal enactments di- rected towards the control of de- structive insects, pests, and diseases. Those familiar wdth the general reg- ulations under the Dominion De- structive Insect and Pest Act will realize that we already possess wider powers under this Act than perhaps any other country in the world. But, before bringing legislative activities to bear, the preliminary work just referred to must be accomplished, and the sooner this is done, the better. Eradication of Pine. As far as blister rust is concerned, it is no question, in the present state of our knowledge, of treatment of infected pines, but of eradication of diseased trees. We are of the opin- ion that the distribution of white pines from nurseries within danger zones should be promptly prohibited, since incipient attacks, as already stated, may escape notice during in- spection, and, moreover during the incubation period no reliable signs are exhibited by infected pines. Such incipient infections as represented by these stages, distributed by seedling pines, would only result in a wider spread of the disease, and render the problem of protection from dis- eases a very doubtful, or at any rate, very difficult matter even to the train- ed official. Stop Distribution'^ The issue raised here is, shall we permit the distribution of white pine, pending the settling of the question of the extent of the menace from this disease, or shall we take initial precautions and refrain from dis- tribution, until the true nature of the threat from this scourge has been ascertained — in other words, till we know if the menace to American white pines will turn out to be as serious as it has proved itself to European white pines, and one which has seriously affected the use of white pine for afforestation purposes in northern Europe? I believe, from frequent discussions of the subject of control of Blister Rust in Canada, that we are agreed that extermination of suspected plan- tations, if faithfully carried out, and if coupled with replacement of the same by healthy trees will do more towards stamping out the disease than periodical and difficult — and, at that, inefficient — inspections. Inspection Very Costly. Periodical inspection of nurseries has been often recommended. But, from actual experience, it has been learned that the closest inspection possible will not reveal all infected trees, and new infections will be found year after year. In the United States, where the disease is widely prevalent, it has been found that, in many cases, the cost of continued inspection will more than replace the diseased plantations with healthy trees, and that this latter policy would be more economical than the con- tinuation of periodical inspection. At least three states — New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut — have already destroyed entire shipments of white pines, when the disease w^as found in them. The destruction of infected plantations is the logical continuation of this policy. It will rid the country of the disease, and is, apparently, the only sure method of doing so. Whole Grove Infected. It is no easy matter to stamp out the disease once it appears in native pines. I recall one case at Fonthill, Ontario, where the disease appeared 972 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 in a small grove ol pines. Notwith- standing careful search by expert plant pathologists, it was found im- possible to cut out all infections, and new ones were found regularly after each successive visit. In this case the best proceeding would have been the destruction of all the pines, whe- ther affected or not, in this small wood, when this centre of infection would have been wiped out forever. We have learned that the spores from the pine infect wild and cul- tivated currants and gooseberries. These spores are mainly windborne, and speculation is rife as to how far these spores can be carried. This is one of the most difficult problems to solve, and has never been solved— other than hypothetically. Insects, no doubt, also play a part in the dis- persal of spores. For our purposes the distance spores may be carried from an infected pine is of some im- portance. For, without currants, or similar hosts, within the radius cov- ered by spore dispersal, the blister rust would eventually die out with the pines originally attacked, and no new pine infection could occur. Carried Two Miles. Observations made in the Fonthill case of Pine Rust alieady referred to indicate that the matter of spore dispersal, or rather the distance spores may originally be carried, is of less importance than the fact of the spreading of the disease from currant to currant throughout the summer. As early as June 3rd the first infec- tions on currants near, the Fonthill pines were observed. On July 6th the rust on the currants had been spread to, approximately, two miles from the original source. In this connection it may be noted that each' infected currant or gooseberry bush serves as a source for the dispersal of spores. And the most widespread dispersal is. without doubt, due to the currants. This spreading of the disease in the stage of Currant Rust takes place throughout the summer, from mid-June to October: whereas, from the pine, dispersal only tzakes place for about eight weeks or pos- sibly less, during April, May and up to mid-June. For the practical purpose of locat- ing the spread of the disease we look upon the Ribes bushes as welcome indicators. Thus, during the whole summer, inspection of all wild and cultivated Ribes may clearly indicate the limitations of the present danger zone. Pines or Currants'^ We notice, then, that the currants are largely instrumental in the dis- semination of the disease within an infected locality. The Niagara Pen- insula is singularly subjected to the spread of this rust. On the one hand there exist uncountable numbers of wild Ribes, — on the other hand is the importance of the district as a fruit- growing centre with many hundreds of large and small plantations of currants, — particularly of that most dangerous carrier, the black currant. Hence, in this area, either the one or the other host plant should be exterminated. Here it would cer- tainly seem that all pine trees should be sacrificed. This sounds more serious than it really is. Of course, on looking over the district there may be found num- erous pines, but few are of economic value; even were it so, well, they are worth good money now, and the losses would be inconsiderable. Yet there are many trees of sentimental value. These latter will prove a great obstacle to the control of this disease. But the exemption of these trees from destruction would add thousands of dollars every year to the cost of fighting the disease; since experienced inspectors would have to inspect every single remaining tree most carefully, and cut out all in- fected parts. And eventually the inspector is sure to be blamed for the destruction of the trees, if he be, as most assuredly he must be, authorized to cut out infections. Yet to leave these trees alone, even if only soli- tary or few, would, as experience has shown, merely result in perpetuating the disease in a region so productive of secondary hosts. {To he concluded in March issue of the Journal.) Canadian Forestry Journal, February, J 917 973 Annual Meeting of The Association President Miller's Report Takes Note of Conservation Progress Throughout Dominion — Directors Tell of Successful Year. The Annual Meeting in Brief Hon. Sydney Fisher, chosen President for 1917; Mr. Gordon C. Edwards, Vice-President. Directors' Report stated that 1007 new members had been added in 1916. Sum of $1310 raised for Pubhcity Extension. Thirty-seven public illustrated lectures given ; other lectures by the "forest travel- ogue" outfit supplied to local speakers. Free cartoons appeared in hundreds of newspapers. Large numbers of special articles supplied to the press. School children and Boy Scouts brought into touch with forest conservation movement. Successful campaign waged in Ontario for reform of the forest protection system. Receipts for 1916 totalled $8,622.12 and expenditures $8,038.37, leaving a balance of $583.75. — ,4. The Eighteenth annual Meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association was held at the Chateau Laurier, Ottawa, on Monday, January 15th. In accord with the policy of holding no conventions until the close of the war, the day was divided into two sessions, with a business meeting in the morning and addresses and dis- cussion in the afternoon, the atten- dance for the latter being particularly good. In the evening a banquet was held at the Laurentian Club. The report of the President, Lt. Col. J. B. Miller (President of the Poison Iron Works, Toronto) with the Directors' report, and other proceed- ings of the morning meeting are given in the following pages. Hon. Sydney Fisher was elected President and Gordon C. Edwards, vice-president for the current year. Mr. J. T. Home the nominee of the Fort William Board of Trade, was elected a director in succession to the late Mr. John Hendry, of Vancouver. Two changes were made in the list of Territorial Vice-Presidents, Hon. T. D. Pattullo replacing Hon. W. R. Ross for British Columbia, and Hon. W. M. Martin replacing Hon. Walter Scott for Saskatchewan. The Presidents Report The Canadian Forestry Association has passed through a year in which its national usefulness has been put to more than ordinary tests. While public interest was directly focused upon the prosecution of war, with all other patriotic concerns in abeyance, one might have anticipated a period in which the Association would be obliged to mark time. The deepened patriotism of the Canadian people, however, has expressed itself not only in military activities but in the de- velopment of a more intelligent and generous interest in great civil under- takings such as the national move- ment for forest conservation. 974 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 Doubtless the strain placed upon the country's resources has compelled many people to examine more closely national sources of income and in this way the forests have assumed an in- terest and importance previously withheld. Then, too, the greatly increased knowledge of the manage- ment of natural resources in the countries now at war has brought us to realize our unfavorable rate of pro- gress in the application of forestry principles. The Public Awakening During the past year, the Canadian Forestry Association has taken ad- vantage to the limit of its powers of the new opportunities for propagan- dist work. It is gratifying to fmd so many evidences that Governments, corporations, and individuals recog- nize the resonableness of those ob- jects for which the Association has long contended. The record of fores- try progress in 1916 alone would justify our efforts during many years past. We should regard with much satisfaction the many signs of public awakening from coast to coast and look forward to a steady advance in forest conservation in years to come. In all parts of the world the forest conservation movement advances or lags according to the local need for and valuation upon wood supplies and the profits from commercial ex- ploitation of forest materials. The great stimulation to the news print paper manufacturing industry in Canada during the past year, due to an increased demand from the United States, has contributed a new basis of values to Canadian spruce and bal- sam forests. It has equally emphasi- zed the gravity of our preventable forest fires and brings into the fore- ground of profitable propositions the replanting of cut-over and barren lands by pulp and paper companies, as well as by Governments. The "Idea of, Science" Much importance may also be at- tached to the work of the Technical Section of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association which has de- veloped remarkably during the year. The necessity for technical study of industry, wherein the Forest Products Laboratories at Montreal are now playing an important part, is re- cognized today as never before. We may reasonably look forward to the application of scientific methods to all industries engaged in wood manufac- ture, thereby achieving economy and efficiency from the woods operations through to the finished product. Ontario's Move The action of the Ontario Govern- ment in creating a new department of forest protection under the direc- tion of the Provincial Forester, Mr. E. J. Zavitz, may be taken as the out- standing occurrence of the past year as far as concerns the objects of this Association. The Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines has definitely un- dertaken not only to re-organize the forest protection system which has been admittedly inefficient for a great many years, but to support the new department in the construction of permanent improvements for fire de- tection and fire fighting, and to bring before the Legislature a settlers' per- mit law, applying the plan of 'burning permits' to at least a portion of the timbered area. If thoroughly carried out, as we believe they will be, these provisions as announced by the Minister will tend to prevent periodi- cal destruction of lives and great losses in forest wealth. I may be permitted to say also, that while the Association pledges itself to support the Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines in carry- ing out his new policy of effective forest protection, we contend that our critical attitude towards the old system in Ontario and our campaigns to stimulate public sentiment to de- mand a thorough reform were alto- gether justified. The Association's work in Ontario has been an illustra- tion of the need for just such an in- dependent, unhampered body work- ing in the public interest. In New Brunswick. The Government of New Bruns- wick has undertaken a forest survey and land classification scheme which Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 975 is certain to repay the province hand- somely. An accurate knowledge of the location, composition and value of forest areas, and likewise of agri- cultural soils is the foundation of any intelligent administration, and the plan ought to be applied in advance of settlement in all parts of the Do- minion. It is desirable to call attention to the excellent record in fire prevention on the large and valuable timber areas of the St. Maurice and Lower Ottawa Forest Protective Associa- tions in the Province of Quebec. With over 1200 'burning permits' issued to settlers in the St. Maurice territory, not one fire got away, and in suppressing 200 fires caused by other means during the season the loss of merchantable timber amount- ed to only $700 and total losses in young growth, cut over lands, etc. to about $4200. On the lands of the Lower Ottawa Association more than 1000 settlers' permits were issued and only one fire got away, doing little damage. The proof of actual prevention of forest fire losses as pro- vided by these Associations must soon persuade other licensees to try the co-operative plan thereby saving on the cost per acre for patrol, and multiplying many fold the degree of protection. The Quebec Govern- ment has given these Associations invaluable help by amending the statutes and regulations and the Minister of Lands and Forests is to be congratulated upon the progressive steps to which he has committed his department. The Prairie Province. The prairie provinces have been the scene of further activities by the Canadian Forestry Association. We first placed before the Ministers of the three Provincial Governments a proposal for the adoption and en- forcement of a settlers' permit law so as to give the northern timbered districts protection against settlers' clearing fires. While the legisla- tures are yet to deal with the ques- tion of their 1917 sessions, we have reasons to believe that the adoption of the plan will not be long delayed. A great work remains to be done in cultivating a better sentiment in the people of the prairies of the need for conserving their forest possessions. As shown by the Directors Report, this task has been taken in hand some months ago by elTective pub- licity methods. In British Columbia, the year wit- nessed the resignation of Mr, H. R. MacMillan, a director of the Associa- tion, from the post of Chief Forester of British Columbia to engage in private business. The services of Mr. MacMillan to his Province were of the highest order and it is a matter of gratification to know that the new government has appointed the Acting Chief Forester, Mr. M. A. Grainger, to take his place. Damage by Fire. Reports of fire damage to the tim- ber of the country during 1916 in- form us that without counting the number of millions that have been needlessly sacrificed, the damage oc- curred very largely where forest pro- tective organization was weakest. In the Claybelt of Northern Ontario, in the Lake St. John, Saguenay, Black River and Kippewa districts of Quebec, the degree of forest guard- ing was not comparable with those regions, such as the St. Maurice Valley or British Columbia where organization for fire control is thor- ough. As concerns the Dominion chartered railways, the record of for- est fire immunity along their lines in 1916 is thoroughly creditable. Practically no fires occurred which could be attributed to railway agen- cies. It is fitting that some reference should be made to the remarkable proportion of Canadian forest en- gineers, forest students, rangers, and others in forestry occupations who have taken up military service for their country since the earlier days of the War. Quite two thirds of the technical foresters in the country have long since enlisted, chiefly as combatants, and the number of killed and wounded and of those given military honors testifies warmly_to their spirit of sacrifice. 976 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 — 4. Report of The Directors For the third time in succession the review of the Association's work is written under the shadow of the World War. Obviously, the pursuit of forest conservation ideas has been strongly influenced by the new ac- tivities, changing points of view, and more intense national spirit developed through years of strain and tragic sacrifice. While these times logically have handicapped some departments of our work, there have been many great compensations and it is the belief of the Directors that the As- sociation has encountered its new opportunities successfully and car- ried out the purposes for which it was founded. In the building up of membership and revenues, the year 1916 shows pleasing results. One thousand and seven new members were brought into the Association and this, with our gain of 450 in 1915 represents an advance of 50 per cent, during the last two war years. Raising New Money. In order to avoid curtailment of the extensive programme laid out for 1916, the Secretary raised a spe- cial fund, known as "The Publicity Extension Fund," amounting to $1310 in which the following firms and per- sons are represented: Laurentide Company, $200; J. R. Booth and C. Jackson Booth, $200; J. B. Fraser, $100; St. Maurice Paper Company, $25; Hon. Nathaniel Curry, $50; Canada Paper Company, $10; River Ouelle Pulp and Lumber Co., $25; Sir George Perley, $25; Riordan Pulp and Paper Co., $25; Sir Clifford Sifton, $100; Howard Smith Paper CONFEDERATION LIFE AlSSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO BOVRIL Saves Kitchen Waste There will be no more throwing away of good food if you keep a bottle of Bovril in the kitchen. Bovril helps you to make delicious dishes out of cold food. Better soup, better stews — less expense. Cimndian Forestry Journal, Fehruarii, 1917 977 Mills, $100; Jas. Maclaren Co., $100; Alexander MacLaren (personal), $25; Sir William Price, $25; The Bronson Co., $100; Abitibi Power and Paper Co., $100; Spanish River Pulp and Paper Mills, $100; All of this with the exception of $300 was paid in during 1916, the balance being now in the hands of the Treasurer. It will be seen, therefore, that with the heavy increase of receipts of member- ship fees from new and old members, due to a keener interest in the As- sociation's work, the total of rev- enues increased in 1916 over 1915 by $2736.70, not including $300 sub- scribed in the year but paid at the beginning of 1917. The Work in Ontario. A considerable portion of the Sec- retary's time was devoted to cam- paigns to improve the forest protec- tion situation in Ontario. During the first four months of the year, the chief Boards of Trade, Canadian Manufacturers' Association and other influential bodies were persuaded to take action upon the inefficient and serious conditions within the Ontario forest protective branch. As a con- sequence, twenty- two of the Ontario Boards of Trade and other societies working in harmony with the Forestry Association took vigorous action, placing resolutions in the hands of Government authorities. Propagan- dist work was greatly assisted by the writing of scores of special news- paper and magazine articles, public addresses by the Secretary, a cartoon service which was widely employed, and the co-operation of Ontario edi- torial comment. After the disastrous fire in the Claybelt between Mathe- son and Cochrane in midsummer, giving tragic point to the criticisms 4. — Dry Matches After all day in a boat. rainstorm, or wet snow. Ask your dealer for WATERPROOF MATCH BOX If he can't supply you, \\c will send prepaid for his name and 50 cents. Dry matches may save your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S.A. Majrblis A WELL EQUIPPED LIBRARY Thinkjjwhat it means to be able to have within reach the latest informa- tion relating to forestry and allied subjects. The following tions. They are books are sugges- worthy of your in- spection. Send for copies to-day, and be prepared to meet the various daily problems FOREST VALUATION By Professor H. H. Chapman, Yale Uni- versity. A valuable book for those not already fait- liar with the economic and mathematical principles on which the theory of forest finance 283 pages, 6x9. Cloth, .2.00 net. ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY By Professors F. F. Moon and |Nelson C. Brown, N.Y. State College of Forestry at Syracuse. Covers, in an elementary manner, the gen- eral subject of forestry. 392 pages. 6 x 9, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. LOGGING By Professor Ralph C. Bryant, Yale Uni- versity. Covers the more important features of operation. Discusses at length the chief facilities and methods for the movement of timber from the stump to the manufacturing plant, especially logging railroads. 590 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $3.50 net. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD By Professor Samuel Record, Yale Uni- versity. This volume includes a discussion of the factors affecting the mechanical properties and methods of timber testing. 165 pages. 6 s 9, illustrated. Cloth, $1.75 net. THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS By Henry Solon Graves, The Forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Contains chapters on The Selection Sys- tem, The Coppice Systems, Improvement of the Forest. 325 pages, 5 M x 8, illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 net. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (Forest Organiza- tion j By Professor A. B. Recknagel, Cornell University. In preparing this book the author has con- stantly kept m mind the experience which he gained" while doing active work for the For- est Service in various parts of the United States. ,„ „„ 235 pages, 6 x 9, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL, 119 Booth Building, Ottawa. ._* 978 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 of the forest protective system, the campaign for reform was repeated on nearly identical lines, the com- bination of Boards of Trade, news- papers, etc., until the press of the province was practically unanimous in insisting upon a radical forest ser- vice reform along the lines laid down by the Forestry Association. Then followed investigations by the Sec- retary of conditions in the fire-swept districts with the result that the Association was able to present fur- ther evidence favoring the introduc- tion of 'burning permits' for settlers' clearing fires, better patrol and in- spection of rangers, and other points of improvement. Finally a large deputation representing bankers, in surance companies, manufacturers, lumbermen, forest engineers, settlers, mine owners, newspaper publishers, and many other important interests appeared before the Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, when the subject of forest service re-organiza- tion w^as discussed amicably and the Government's decision announced. Ontario's forest protective service is now under a new department, with Mr. E. J. Zavitz as its chief, and there is every reason to look forward to a quick fulfillment of the Minister's assurances regarding a settlers' per- mit law, re-organization of the ranger system, the wider use of permanent improvements, and other modern methods capable of giving lives and timber the protection from fire to which they are entitled. Stimulating the West. Realizing that the outstanding re- quirement of the forested areas of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta is the elimination of fire losses, as far as possible, the Association under- took to bring before the newspapers, members of the Governments and Legislatures, the Grain Growers and co-operative associations, municipal associations, etc., the need of super- vising settlers' clearing fires in the northern areas. This entailed a large amount of special literature, the situa- tion being explained to the people of the West in brief illustration pamph- lets, each discussing a new phase and supplying evidence of the importance of the prairie timber possessions and the successful protective schemes in use elsewhere. While the members of the legislatures were being inform- ed continually on this question, the Prairie Province members of the For- estry Association, numbering 900 were persuaded to write to their re- presentatives and Ministers of the Governments, asking their support of this and other progressive enact- ments in forest conservation. ,By these and other means, the Associa- tion has stimulated Western interest in problems of the provincial forests and there seems a strong likelihood that one or more of the provincial governments will take the valuable co-operative action in fire prevention as has been outlined. Menace to White Pine. The finding of areas of white pine in Ontario and Quebec, infected by the White Pine Blister disease re- ceived due attention. Newspaper and magazine articles called the atten- tion of the public to the seriousness of the menace. Illustrated literature was sent to all Eastern limit holders and, more recently, a special pamph- let, setting forth expertly the need of action in suppressing the disease, was written for us by the kindness of H. T. Gussow, Dominion Botanist, and sent to all known holders of white pine in Ontario and Quebec. Letters on the same subject supplemented the printed issues and it is encourag- ing to know that so many leading lumber companies have instructed their woods employees to use the Association's literature in searching, out infected trees and bushes. The Secretary delivered 37 illus- trated addresses, at Winnipeg, Fort William, Sudbury, Cobalt, Hailey- bury, McGill University, Montreal High School; Grand Mere; Cardinal, Sault Ste. Marie, Hamilton, Brock- ville, Marmora, Prescott, Queen's University, Kingston; Bishop's Col- lege, Lennoxville; Macdonald Col- lege; St. Andrew's College, Toronto, Montreal, and a series of seven open- air illustrated addresses to large audiences in the Georgian Bay and Canadian Forest rij Journal, Fcbruanj, 1U1\ 979 — 4. EVINRUDE DETACHABLE ROWBOAT AND CANOE MOTOR A practical, powerful and reliable gnsoliae motor tliat can be attached to any rowboat in less than a minute; may also be attached to canoes, duck boats and all manner of small craft. Easy to handle and extremely economical to run. Will last a lifetime in ordinary use. Very efficient for towing heavy loads. Exclusive features of the EVINRUDE motor : Built-in-the- flywheel Magneto and Automatic Reverse. In addition to the 2 H.P. and 3/7 HP. models o'fTered here- tofore, which are of the l-cylinder, 2-cycIe type, a new model is being placed on the market. This new model is of the 2-cy- linder, 4-cycle type and develops fully 4 H.P. It has been es- pecially designed for speed, giving easily from 8 to 9 miles an hour, with an ordinary boat. All the conveniences and safe- guards which distinguished the 1915 models will be found in the new 1916 EVINRUDE Speed Motor. For catalogue and prices write to MELCHIOR, ARMSTRONG S DESSAU 116-A, BROAD STREET, NEW YORK. Muskoka Lake districts at midsum- mer, ''Forest Travelogues." A valuable device has developed in the free lecture outfits, or 'forest travelogues' which were placed with local speakers in Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Ontario. Two sets, each of 56 lantern slides, accompanied by a lec- ture manuscript on 'Guarding the Forests' have been in good demand in many parts of Canada where the Secretary cannot go personally. Re- ports speak of the audiences being much interested and anxious for more. Numerous cartoons, emphasizing the value of permanent forest pos- sessions, the immensity of the forest industries, the cause and prevention of forest fires, etc., were sent to every province and used in hundreds of dailies and weeklies. The Publicity Bureau of the Asso- ciation prepared and issued large numbers of newspapers and maga- zine articles of an educational nature, sometimes taking up topics of special interest to the papers of one or two provinces, such as the New Bruns- wick forest survey, the pit prop re- quirements of the Alberta coal mines, etc. Rousing the Children. Illustrated pamphlet-lectures call- ed 'Forestry Talks For Young Folks' were placed in the hands of 3000 school teachers in all parts of Can- ada, for use in their class rooms. This was managed with the consent and co-operation of local school boards and many letters have men- tioned the Forestry Association book- lets as being used as part of the reg- ular reading course of pupils. The Association has always placed much emphasis upon the education of the Canadian boy and girl in a correct estimate of the value of the forest possessions. An introductory story, dealing with the national and economic importance of perpetuating the timber supplies, the record of fire waste and other subjects was turned out under the name of the Boy Scout Forest-Book and given by us to the 15,000 Scouts in Canada. Interest was further stimulated by a revision of the Boy Scout Manual's references to forestry, through the kindness of Mr. Clyde Leavitt and other friends of the Forestry Association, with the 980 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 result that the Boy Scout may now quaUfy for a Forestry Badge by pass- ing the Forestry Test. A new forest-book for French-Can- adian boys, entitled, 'Le Premier Livre Sur La Foret' is now being issued and the first edition of five thousand copies will receive judicious distribution. It is worthy of mention, too, that public illustrated lectures in the French language were arranged for and a beginning will be made in 'the Eastern Townships. In this under- taking the Association co-operates with the Quebec Department of Lands and Forests. The Secretary was un- able to go to British Columbia for special work in 1916, as was planned, and at least four weeks will be de- voted to propagandist work and in- quiry in the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia beginning about the end of February. Advisory Committee Formed. A development of the machinery of the Forestry Association which promises important results was the formation of a special Publicity Ad- visorv Committee, consisting of H. R. Charlton, General Advertising Agent of the Grand Trunk Railway System; A. McKim, President of McKim's Advertising Agency, Mon- treal, and H. d'Hellencourt, Chief Editor of Le Soleil, Quebec. In order to stimulate the use of attractive educational matter by the forest de- partments of the various govern- ments, this committee will pass upon certain special schemes of educational literature prepared by the Secretary for submittal to the Governments. It is hoped that the advice and en- dorsation of these gentlemen will en- sure a much wider circulation for such publicity devices as the Association may from time to time bring forward. The Canadian Forestry Journal has proved of most substantial value in disseminating useful information to 4700 readers month by month and in binding together the membership. The Journal "has served a valuable purpose also in creating an inforrned public opinion, even within the limita- tions of its membership, and the practical effects of this are becoming more and more evident. HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA' By Romeyn B. Hough. Is photo-descriptive of the leaves, fruits, barks branchlets, etc., and- shows them all with the vividness of reality. Natural sizes ingeniously indicated. Distributions shown by maps. Wood structures by photo-micrographs. "With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees." — Melvil Dewey, Pres. Library Institute. "The most ideal Handbook I have seen." — C. Hart Merriam. "The most valuable guide to the subjects ever writ ten. "—Springfield Republican. AMERICAN WOODS By Romeyn B. Hough. Illustrated Ijy actual specimens, showing three distinct views of the grain of each species. Con- tains 897 specimens of 325 species. Of such ex- ceptional value that its author has been awarded " by a learned society a special gold medal on ac- count of its production. Write for information and sample illustrative specimens. R. B. HOUGH COMPANX Box 22. LOWVILLE, N. Y. I 4. ASK FOR The EXCELSIOR Sportsmen's Belt Safe Just what I have been look- ing Jor — has been the expres- sion of every man we have shown it to — Made of Brass. Nickel Plated, Gun Metal or oxidized and furnished com- plete with fancv Canvas Belt for SI. 00. Will keep money — jewels — watch — cigarettes or matches perfectly safe and dry. HYFIELD MFG. CO., 48 FrBnklin St., N. Y. City Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 *•- When you go into the woods do you meet friends or strangers ? Your everyday contact with trees in town or country can be turned into a delightful adventure if you are equipped with a copy of "THE TREE GUIDE" By J. E. Rogers, (Published by Doubleday, Page & Co.), describing all trees east of the Rockies, in Canada and the United States. This is an unusually complete and handsome volume. It contains 265 pages, and is bound in r^ph green leather, with title stamped in gold. The size 5% inches long, 33^ wide — is a valuable fea- ture, as the book can be thrust into a side pocket. A com- plete index makes reference easy. Over 240 Photographic illustrations, with 32 in Natural Colors Each copy packed in a neat box. TREE GUIDE by li« Ellen Rogefs You will find this a companionable volume on your next tramp. It is equally interesting as a reliable reference on your library table. The price is $1.30, which includes postage and duty charges. Book Department, Canadian Forestry Journal 119 Booth Building :-: :-: OTTAWA 981 — 4. 1 1 I ! I ! 4 — — „ — 4. 982 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 The Merit System. Two Special Committees present- ed reports. For the committee of three appointed last year to take up with the Dominion Government the matter of extending the scope of the Civil Service Act to cover the outside service of the Dominion For- estry Branch, Mr. Ellwood Wilson, convenor, stated that through cor- respondence the views of the Associa- tion on the merit system in public appointments had been brought be- fore the Government of British Co- lumbia, the Premier of which, Hon. Mr. Bi^^wster, had pledged himself to build up the Forest Service with- out regard to the old patronage plan and had made an excellent com- mencement by the appointment of Mr. M. A. Grainger to the post of Chief Forester. The Secretary reported for the Committee of Ten, appointed to take up with the Provincial Governments of Eastern Canada the matter of the collection and publication of uni- form statistics of forest fire losses. This committee, consisting of Messrs. Leavitt, Goodeve, Prettie, Zavitz, Piche, W. F. V. -Atkinson, Dwight, R. B. Miller, Grainger and Finlayson, had tried to stimulate the collection of accurate statistics by the private limit holders of Ontario, issuing a special statistical form for that pur- pose. A good deal of success was secured and a fresh effort will be made in 1917 to have the response more general. Slash Disposal. Mr. Ellwood Wilson introduced to the meeting a new field in which he thought the Association ought to be active. He advocated the formation of a committee or committees on slash disposal, also to encourage co- operation between all those interested in forestry. He thought slash dis- posal w^as worth all its cost. The benefits of co-operation of forestry activities were so extejisive and so practical that the Association mie^ht well take the mat lei in land A third avanue of investigation and discussion w-as the taxation of forest- planted lands. Mr. Wilson moved that a committee be appointed to take action. Mr. Clyde Leavitt called attention to an anomalous situation on licensed timber berths in relation to the tech- nical administration of Dominion Crown Lands. Questions of diam- eter limits, selection of seed trees, and brush disposal were not being given consideration as was emphatic- ally necessary in the country's best interests. Mr. W. B. Snowball said that his forester, (Mr. J. R. Gareau) had re- ported that he would experiment for next season in slash disposal by es- tablishing an experimental camp, trying the burning of slash. At pres- ent the lopping of boughs was the general proceedure. Mr. P. Z. Caverhill, Forester of New Brunswick, said that the stands were lighter and brush disposal costs heavier in New Brunswick than would be true of some other parts of Can- ada. Brush disposal would cost from 25 to 50 cents per thousand feet if done in the winter months. Mr. Leavitt moved, steconded by Mr. Pret!tie, that a committee of five be appointed, with Mr. Ellwood Wil- son as Chairman, and that the latter select the other members of the com- mittee subject to the consent of the incoming president. Mr. Wilson's committee was afterwards entered as follows: Messrs. H. R. MacMillan, R. D. Prettie, Clyde Leavitt, T. W^ Dwight, Ellwood Wilson (Chairman). The Afternoon Addresses. A large audience attended the afternoon meetings, attracted by a group of addresses dealing with vital questions. The excellent paper on "The Control of White Pine Blister Rust," by H. T. Gussow, Dominion Botanist, which is reproduced, in part, in this issue was supplemented by papers from G. C. Piche, Chief For- ester of Quebec, and E. J. Zavitz, Chief Forester of Ontario. The lat- ter speakers presented a thorough review of the steps taken by the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario to locate the menace and i^revenl in- fections from spreading. In the absence of Mr. T. J. Welsh of Bemidji, Minnesota, who was. de- Canadian Forestnj Journal, Februari), 1917 983 CHEWING TOBACCO is the product of long experience in the manufac- ture of chewing tobacco. Its numerous qualities cannot be explained here, but you will find them all in a plug of this wonderful chewing tobacco Sold ever j^ where 10c, a ping 984 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1917 tained by labor troubles in his. camps, the subject of "Slash Disposal in Commercial Lumbering Operations" was carried along by Messrs. R. H. Campbell, Director of Forestry, E. H. Finlayson, District Inspector of Forest Reserves, Calgary, and R. D. Prettie, Superintendent of Forest, Canadian Pacific Railway, Calgary. "Canada's Work in Forest Re- search," by W. B. Campbell, Assist- ant Superintendent of the Forest Products Laboratories, Montreal, gave the audience a clear and inter- esting outline not only of the in- vestigations immediately under way, but of the wider scientific purposes for which the Laboratories were brought into being. The Annual Dinner at the Lauren- tian Club took place at 6.30 p.m. Hon. Dr. Roche, Minister of the Interior, Hon. Sydney Fisher, Mr. R. H. Campbell, Mr. W. B. Snow- ball, Mr. Ellwood Wilson and Lieut.- Col. J. B. Miller were at the head table and were heard in felicitous speeches. The enjoyment of the guests was much enhanced by clarinet solos by Mr. Fred. Bysche of the Dominion Forestry Branch and vocal solos and duetts by Mr. Stafford Sal- mon and Corporal White. P. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. 4.. PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Technical training and ten years experience, in part with U. S. Forest Service. Timber Estimating and Mapping Supervision of Lumber Contracts Surveying Forest Planting STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. +.— „. FORESTERS AND RANGERS EVERYTHING YOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US Compasses W f Aneroids Tapes ^ 1 Log Rules Scribes Lumber Transits Gauges &c. Levels, &c. The Ontario Hughes Owens Company 529 Sussex St. OTTAWA, ONT. SLEEP with a COMFORT ON Al R SLEEPI^O POCKET (Successors'to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs -^> *MhU~^ '«^-<, ._.* Going Camping This Summer? Smart-Woods Want You to Send '"''"* Catalogue Illustrated of Tents and Camp Accessories Time Tried, Guaranteed Specialties for Camper, Miner, Forester, Etc. I OTTAWA, MONTREAL, TORONTO, WINNIPEG UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICE. THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE, LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY. For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. «!•■— *•■■- CIRCULATION, APRIL, 5,000 COPIES Canadian Forestry Journal ■ Vol. XIII CONTENTS FOR APRIL No. 4 The Great Forests of Russia 1044 Conditions in the Lumber Industry 1046 No Standard Practice for Slash 1047 What Wild Life Means to Canada 1048 Lecture Campaign in Western Canada 1053 Succeeding with a Tree Plantation 1056 Common Sense on Christmas Trees „ 1057 Odd Uses of Wood in War Time 1058 Contributing Members of the C. F. A. for 1917 1061 Ridding "Slash" From Western Lands 1063 Cost of "Slash" Disposal 1064 The Dawn of Forestry in China 1065 Paper Industry no Stronger than Forest Foundation 1066 How Forest Reserves Help the Settler 1067 Forward Steps in Forest Thrift 1068 Hitching up with Public Sentiment 1071 Logged Off Lands for Community Use 1075 Making a Profit in Trees 1077 A Modern Ranger System at Work 1078 Forest Policies Demand Revision 1080 Going Camping? 1083 The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press, Woodstock, Ont. Entered at the Post Office at Woodstock, Ont., as second-class matter. 1044 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 The Great Forests of Russia Republican Government will Administer the World's Greatest Timber Supply — Siberia can Supply Whole of Europe. The political overthrow of the "dark forces" in Russia and the promise of a more vigorous develop- ment of the national resources under republican rule, draws attention to the advantageous position of the Russian Empire in supplying the future timber needs of Europe. Russia possesses the world's great- est supply of forest wealth. The value and quality of fully two-thirds of it, however, are but meagrely known. The total area of the Empire is about one seventh of the land surface of the globe and 39 per cent, of it is under forests. Those in European Russia cover an area of 474,000,000 acres; in Finland, 50,500,000 acres; in Poland, 6,700,000 acres; and in the Caucasus, 18,600,000 acres; a total of 549,800,000 acres, exclusive of Siberia. It is estimated that in western Siberia alone there are 465,000,000 acres of virgin forest, and that Eastern Siberia, while not so richly endowed, has sufTicient timber to supply the world's demand for years to come. Approximately twenty-three per cent of the forest land belongs to the aristocracy and 9 per cent to the peasantry. The Russian Government owns the bulk of the forest assets and has re- ceived about $30,000,000 a year, four- fifths of which was net profit. As in nearly every other country where 'old fashioned' lumbering has its way, Central Russia now sees the timber wealth pretty well stripped, so that lumbermen are turning their attention to northern Russia where more primitive timber conditions pre- vail. While Russia founded her Depart- ment of Forestry and the Imperial Forest Institute at Petrograd 110 years ago, no comprehensive scheme of national forest management has yet been applied. Facilities for the training of foresters have been pro- vided at the capital where 54 pro- fessors and instructors are employed, with 648 students, and an annual government appropriation of about $120,000. The Forest Institute con- tains 23 buildings, 13 laboratories and museums and a splendidly equipped dendrological garden in addition to several hundred acres of ground sur- rounding the buildings. There has been in possession of the Government at Petrograd for some years a plan for the cutting of timber on a large scale worked out by the Russian Committee for Colonization, but like other reforms in the manage- ment of the public estate this had been shelved for 'further consideration'. Foreign capitalists have taken up immense tracts of timber in Siberia. "With correct exploitation", writes a French investigator, the timber of Siberia will suffice for the require- ments of western Europe for genera- tions to come." The Forestry De- partment places the Siberian timber lands at 810,000,000 acres, and with the present population this is 43 acres per capita, which the Russian forest- ers believe can safely be reduced to three acres per capita. What this immense resource really means is shown in the estimate of the Forestry Department that Siberia can spare 115,200,000 trees per an- num, under proper reforestation methods without diminishing the capital stock of timber. One hundred (Atnndian Forcslri/ Journal, April, 1917 1045 '^x BALKAN LUMBERING METHODS Serbian lumberjacks drawing out logs. Modern methods of woods operating have made little im- pression on the Balkan countries, but the reorganization following the war is expected to introduce economical systems of utilization. years is accepted in this calculation for the maturing of a tree. As to the Government's method of collecting dues, the Amur province of Siberia affords an illustration. Here the management is in the hands of a local Government office of the De- partment of Domain. The tax is collected on the cubic contents of the logs sold, ranging from one-half to 7 cents per cubic foot, according to the importance of the forest, size, kind, and form of timber, distance from the market and means of transportation. British writers have frecjuently pointed out, as mentioned in a recent article in the Canadian Forestry Journal, that with Great Britain and Belgium and to some extent, France, seeking timber in enormous c|uantities after the war, there is a danger of the Allies bidding against one another and So running the prices to extreme levels. It has been suggested that Russia be called into council on this point so that her great forest resources shall be placed at the disposal of the Allies under favorable terms. Ger- many and Austria have large amounts of timber, owing to their highly-de- veloped systems of scientific forestry, and with such wood-exporting neut- rals as Sweden, might have the tim- ber markets of Europe at their mercy. British writers as a rule do not look to Canada to solve this riddle, owing to the great cost of ocean freightage, and owing quite as much to the de- struction of the most easily-logged timber in Eastern Canada which, had the method of exploitation been radically different, might today have supplied the United Kingdom to the great benefit of buver and seller. R.B. 1046 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 ♦ — — • — — — '— — ■ — — "— " " ._„_,,_„._.„_. — ._... Conditions In The Lumber Industry Excerpts from the U.S. Government Report by William B. Greeley of the U.S. Forest Service The industry seems to have been built up beyond the needs of its market, for at least a third of its saws are idle. It is carrying an installed mill ca- pacity of approximately 117 billion feet as against an estimated cut in 1914 of 40.5 billion. The interest and taxes paid out on timberlands held over long periods may mortgage liberal advances in future worth. Market values of stumpage have stood still for eight or nine years and even declined. Western timberlands have been overcapitalized more or less and can hardly earn in the long run the profits expected of them. The large speculative gains in buying stumpage which have tided lumbermen over many tight places are mostly over. The industry is approaching the point where its early stumpage costs will equal the market or operating value of the timber. It becomes doubt- ful whether the interest rates upon which much of its capital has been bor- rowed and its financial structure built up can, as economic conditions are now crystallizing, be returned by forest lands during long periods. Future returns must be realized from efficient lumber manufacturing and merchan- dising. Unsuited by nature to this form of wealth, it (the general property tax) tends toward heavier taxes than a sound forest industry can bear. Uncer- tainty as to the future extent of this burden is a menace to the stability of timber ownership. Moderate, and particularly stable, taxes will aid power- fully in securing the right kind of forest ownership. There are two ways of carrying the surplus timber. A more stable type of private ownership may grow out of present conditions. A second solu- tion is the enlargement of the public forest holdings. Stable forest owner- ship might be secured also by administering public and private lands as a single holding, publicly controlled as to rate and methods of cutting. Broadly viewed, the returns in lumber distribution appear to average higher and be more stable than those in lumber manufacture. A fifth or more of the cost of lumber to consumers is eaten up in railroad freights, retailers take about the same amount, and manufacturers, on the average, little more than one-half. The rise in lumber prices, though very marked during the 10 years be- fore 1908, has not been greatly different from that of most commodities; since 1907 lumber has fallen behind. Lumbermen have frequently overcut their markets. Less than living prices and waste of raw material are the evidence. With local exceptions, lumber production is competitive. Added diffi- culties in the way of a general lumber trust are the competition of substitute Canadian Forcslrij Journal, April, 1917 1047 materials, the limilcd inroads of foreign timber, and the check furnished by public forests. Too great a burden of timberland investments is thus the first cause of instability in the lumber business. Excessive mill capacity, poor financing, and low average efficiency in manufacture and merchandising add to its weakness. The combined result is an ill-adjustment of lumi)cr production to the requirements of its market. Competition in manufacture is not only keen but often destructive. In the Northwest the "heavy load" of stumpage is at the bottom of the situation. Mills have been constructed solely because timber owners can no longer pay taxes and interest on their stumpage without income. In other words, for one of the underlying causes of weakness we must go back to the public land policy of the United States. Lumbering is perhaps the most "American" of our manufacturing in- dustries. In its individualism, its encouragement of small independent busi- ness units, its hearty competitoin, and the rugged, forceful qualities it has derived — it expresses many National economic and social ideals. Its fail- ings are those which go with this type of enterprise. One of the fundamental causes of the periodic overproduction of lumber is lack of common understanding of the situation and of a general conception of the effective wav to meet it. No Standard Practice For Slash Mr. R. D. Prettie, Superintendent of Forestry for the Canadian Pacific Railway, Calgary, Alberta, speaking of the problems of slash disposal in a recent paper, said that the ques- tions that would come to the mind of any one reading a description of a slash disposal operation would be as follows: — 1. Are >our conditions the same as the writer's? 2. Where is he logging? 3. What is the extent of the opera- tion? 4. try? 5. fire 6. 7. What is the nature of the coun- Is that countrv subject to great risk? What about the rain fall? What are species of trees? 8. Is the amount of slash ex- cessive? 9. Is there need of burning after logging? 10. W'hat burning has been done to date? 11. What is the cost and against what account is it charged? 12. How does burning compare with contract lopping? 13. Is broadcast burning recom- mended? 14. Is a universal law^ practicable? The C.P.R. logging operations are on the Bull River in British Columbia, the country is rough and the logging is expensive. The fire risk in the Crows' Nest and Boundary country is probably as high as anywhere on the continent. The rain fall is very light, most of the precipitation being in the form of snow. There are periods of hot, dry winds that blow continuously for days at a time. Fir, spruce, jack-pine, tamarack and bull-pine occur in about the order given. 1048 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 The amount of slash is not excessive, except in spruce bottoms and along draws on some benches, yet there is enough slash to cause grave concern in case of a fire. The only burning done to date is along tote roads, around the camp and in one bad pocket at the forks of a streani. It was at this spot that a fire was re- cently stopped. Specific cost data cannot be given, but will be from $4 to $8 per acre, depending on topography, relation of roads to waterways and stand per acre. If this is charged against logg- ing it may make the cost of this opera- tion excessive, especially where the stand is poor and logging difficult. Some lopping of tops has been done and on some contracts, props were taken from the tops. This was not done for profit, but to eliminate waste. Broadcast burning is feasible and desirable on land suited to agriculture, otherwise it usually is not to be recommended. This method can be employed in small pockets scattered over an operation and if these pockets are selected according to the fire risk and the second growth, a great men- ace will be removed. A universal law requiring the dis- posal of all slash is not practicable now. What Wild Life Means To Canada A Splendid National Asset Threatened with Quick Depletion Forest Destruction a Main Contribution. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist and Secretary- of the recently appointed Advisory Board on Wild Life Protection, delivered an illustrated address on the "Conser- vation of Wild Life in Canada," before the Ottawa Field Naturalists Club on March 6th. In the course of his lecture Dr. Hewitt clearly em- phasized the important interde- pendence of the conservation of our forests and of our wild life. The destruction of our forests is one of the principle factors related to the diminution of the wild life resources of the country. Further, he pointed out how forest and non-agricultural areas might be made additionally productive by the conservation of such animals as deer which might be used to provide a native meat supply. The wild life, including the fur- bearing and other mammals, and bird life, constitutes a national resource that cannot be replaced once it is lost. This point was strongly emphasized as a reason for taking steps to pre- vent the extinction of any species. Canada is the last stronghold of the larger game animals of North America and therefore a special responsibility lies on Canadians to conserve these animals. Wild life is a trust and it is the duty of Canadians to conserve it in such a way as to insure its unim- paired enjoyment by posterity. Con- servation does not mean the hoarding up of, but the use of our resources without abuse. Antelope and Buffalo It was further pointed out that there was an inevitable reduction in the existing numbers of wild life following the settlement of the coun- try. Dr. Hewitt divided the causes of reduction into two groups, avoid- able and unavoidable. The disap- pearance of the buffalo, of which he gave a historical description, was in- evitable and due to the settlement of the country, and the same is true of the antelope. They have been driven from their familiar haunts by the de- velopment of agriculture in the west. Among the animals that have been Canadian Foreslrij Journal, April, U)17 1049 n a o z . «Z EO "z H« Z ^z "^ -fa Jo a 1050 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 Pi < H Z O < z a H h a Z >< .J < o a iJ CO Canadian Forestrij Journal, April, 1917 1051 reduced in numbers by causes that were unavoidable the following spec- ies were menlioned, and their habits and status and the cause for reduc- tion described; the elk, deer,caril)ou, musk-ox and sheeji. The great re- duction in our wild fowl due to the absence of adequate restrictions and the limiting of spring shooting were discussed. Why Preserve Wild Life Cogent reasons were advanced as to why we should conserve our wild life. The value of these resources to the nation was dealt with under three heads, namely, recreative, economic and educative. The recreative value of wild life is important in as much as it increases human efficiency. It takes men from their offices to the forest at least once a year and there- by increases their resourcefulness and self-reliance. The value of wild life as an attraction to the sportsman should not be affected by any reasons of sentiment as the ethics of a good sportsman consist in recreation and not in securing the bag limit. Canada was favored above all countries in the world in having its big game areas so nearly accessible to its centres of population. A Source of Food The economic value of our wild life should appeal to all, especially in view of the increased cost of living. Dr. Hewitt pointed out that in our wild life we have a potential food supply of very great value. The immense non-agricultural and forest areas could be made productive, he suggested, by the careful conservation of our deer wliich would constitute a native -food supply, and the state of Vermont was cjuoted as an example in this respect. He further stated that the barren ground caribou are not only essential to the natives in North- ern Canada but that they constitute a resource of the greatest value from the point of view of a potential food supply and a source of skins for manufacturing purposes. On a small- er scale this has been demonstrated in the case of the domesticated rein- deer of Alaska. In his opinion there is no reason why, at some future date, the caribou herds should not be so utilized as to provide an important part of our meat supply under Government control, or supervision, and i)rovided the principles of wild life conservation are correctly and adequately applied. Danger to Fur Bearers It was pointed out that the fur- bearing aniials of North America contributed a most important ad- dition to the revenue of the Dominion. They constitute an important section of the national wealth and should be carefully protected from undue ex- ploitation, of which there is great danger at present. He referred to the example of Greenland in which the fur-trade is the monopoly of the Danish Govern- ment. Big game hunting was not to be despised, for in some parts of Canada the inhabitants subsisted entirely in the money thus brought into the country; this is particularly true in certain sections of British Columbia, which is our greatest big game region. Reference was made to the econ- omic value of our insectivorous birds; a subject with which the lecturer has dealt with on previous occasions. The great importance of our insec- tivorous birds as destroyers of and a natural check on insects affecting agriculture cannot be too strongly emphasized and is becoming more and more realized. In the Breeding Season In discussing the principles of wild life conservation, Dr. Hewitt pointed out that the great necessity was pro- tection during the breeding season to all classes of game mammals and birds. The protection of the females and the young was necessary in the case of most animals and the wisdom of insuring such protection has been demonstrated by the manner in which the moose have increased in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The most important step, however, that has yet been taken to insure conservation of wild life is the es- tablishment of refuges or reserves. 1052 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 In such refuges or reserves animals may live undisturbed and increase in sufficient numbers to form a constant supply for the unprotected areas out- sicle the reserves. They constitute nuclei, as it were, for the supply of animals and the animals soon learn to know where they can secure sanctuary, and seek such refuges for that purpose. Dr. Hewitt called attention to the fact that sportsmen usually select, in the case of deer, the animals with the largest heads as these are usually the most virile, and that the continued destruction of the best males would result in a degenera- tion of the race. Such protection in reserves would provide a corrective to this tendency and would also pro- vide an excess of males. Enforcement Often Weak Good laws have been made by the Provincial Governments and laws should be especially provided for the protection of the females. Proper open seasons, and a bag limit in the case of wild fowl are restrictions that are especially necessary. But, good game laws are useless unless properly enforced, and the great lack in Canada at the present time is the proper enforcement of the laws al- ready on the statute books. The different Provinces have good game laws, but in many cases there is room for improvement. Guarding Migratory Birds The importance of the International Treaty for the protection of migratory birds in United States and Canada, which has been recently passed, was emphasized and the provisions of the Treaty outlined. The main points of this Treaty, which pertains to the protection of our migratory birds passing between the United States and Canada are first, the prohibition of the destruction, at any time of the year, of any insect destroying birds important to agriculture or forestry and secondly, the prohibition of spring shooting of wild fowl such as ducks, geese, etc., and the restricting of the open season to three and one-half months. It was stated that this was the most important single measure ever taken with a view to the pro- tection of wild life. The excellent work of the Commission of Con- servation in the direction of protect- ing wild life, particularly the endeavor that the Commission is making to have the bird rocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence made into a bird sanc- tuary, and the recent appointment of an Advisory Board on Wild Life Protection by the Government are indications that the Dominion Gov- ernment is alive to the necessity of taking steps to conserve our wild life and to secure a proper utilization and enjoyment by the people. How Each Can Help Finally, the lecturer dealt with the means by which the individual might help in the carrying out of the prin- ciples of wild life conservation. He laid particular emphasis on the neces- sity of education and co-operation of interested individuals who should form game protective associations with a view not only to educating the people, but also in order to assist legislatures in game protective legis- lation and to secure the proper en- forcement. The main points to be remembered are that wild life cannot be replaced if it is once destroyed; it is a trust, and the enjoyment of every citizen, but unless we take steps to impress upon people the necessity of conservation it is a resource which will disappear; and lastly, that of our many resources, it is one that we cannot afford to lose. The white pine berth IF, in the Mississaga Reserve was sold recently by the Ontario Government to Mr. Robert McKay, who was the highest tenderer, the price paid being $7.50 per thousand feet, in addition to the dues. It is understood that Mr. Mc- Kay was representing other parties in making this purchase. Newsprint manufacturers in On- tario are of the opinion that a state- ment recently made by Sir Adam Beck in an address before the Hydro- Electric Union of Municipalities means that a large newsprint mill is likely to be established in connection with the Hydro-Electric Power Com- mission of Ontario, some time in the near future. Canadian Forest rij Journal, April, 1!)17 1053 Lecture Campaign In Western Canada Mr. Black's Meetings in Western Cities and Investigations of Provincial Problems Gain Hearty Public Response. \ This number of the Canadian Forestry Journal is issued in the absence of the editor, Mr. Robson Black, who as Secretary of the Cana- dian Forestry Association is on a lecture tour through Western Canada in the interests of forest conservation. Mr. Black has delivered addresses before several of the Canadian Clubs, Boards of Trade, the larger church organizations, etc. and by the generous co-operation of Western editors in the use of intervie-ws, reports, and editorial comment, the sentiment of the prairie provinces would seem to have been stirred along progressive lines. One of the most successful meetings was the luncheon of the Board of Trade of Edmonton where not only was an excellent audience present but the members authorized the Council to appoint a special committee to deal with the problems of forest conserva- tion in Alberta. Of the address, the Edmonton Bulletin said: A picture of the desolation in the forests of Canada wrought by fires, was sketched most strikingly and effectively before the Board of Trade luncheon today by Robson Black, of the Canadian Forestry Association. Above all it was made clear how national caution and foresight can curtail and eventually wipe out this huge devastation to the enrichment of the nation. Board Will Co-operate A largely attended meeting of the board listened to the excellent address and, through the president, J. E. Brown, the assistance of the members was pledged to a campaign of first aid in the work of conservation. Not only was a committee of the board provid- ed to deal with the question of forest fire prevention, but another com- mittee will likewise be named by the president to report on the matter of municipal fire losses, a topic which was ably presented by Mr. White, of the Conservation Com., Ottawa, one week ago. Mr. Black said in part: "In these times no subject is worth discussing that has not its main root in public service. No apologies need be made, therefore, for talking over with you the case of forest conserva- tion as related to this province and the rest of the Dominion. Conserva- tion of any sort is just 'good citizen- ship', but the question of perpetuat- ing the forest resources past the day of our own immediate need makes particular demands upon an unselfish point of view. "The title to more than ninety-sev- en per cent, of the forest lands of Can- ada rests in the name of the Canadian people. By that I mean the Govern- ments of Canada while leasing a very large part of the timber to support industries and spread wealth, have kept control of the land on which the timber grows. The object of this has been to secure for the state its share of the increment and to enforce such conservation laws as the situation might demand. The State, therefore, is the steward of the forest lands, and their management and protection from fire constitute one of the biggest issues before the people of Canada. The Poor Relation "Eliminate for the moment the front-row brethren of grain growing and stock raising in your family of activities and look over this Forest Giant. He has been the poor rela- tion of all public issues. One would think that he constituted a hability on the land, that he did not answer to cultivation, like a cow or a cornstalk. 1054 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 for it is safe to say that niney-five per cent, of the vast forest values of the three prairie provinces has been ruined and forfeited in the last hun- dred years. This continuous chain of forest fires has done no good service for prairie agriculture but has bound it to depleted areas of thousands of square miles that for the life of at least this generation must be carried as a general liability. "The immigrant from the United States and overseas sends, as it were, an advance program of his expecta- tions. He wants his wooden house, wooden barn, wooden fence posts, wooden fuel, wooden furniture and half wooden farm implements. Doubt- less he does not want trees cluttering his homestead more than necessary, but he does want the product of trees laid down at his door without stint and at a fair price. If Alberta cannot complete the contract, if Alberta can supply only the land, you have left a chunk out of the newcomer's rain- bow. He will seek elsewhere for a more likeable combination of condi- tions. Seventeen Million Acres * "We have in this province nearly seventeen million acres in forest re- serves, out of a total land area of 161 million acres. You may think that is enough to keep the wood pile go- ing for all the people coming this way. But measuring forest posses- sions by acres is slovenly reckoning, much like going down town to pick a diamond with a foot rule. What lies upon those millions of acres is a mea- gre legacy of past fires. It is the wreckage of a hundred years of mal- treatment. The timber today within the prairie provinces is by no means sufficient to meet the needs of the population and must be increased by modern forestry methods. The insuf- ficiency of our timber to keep pace with tire demand of the future is true of every province and part from this side of British Columbia to the other side of Newfoundland. Timberlands are on the toboggan. We have only one-quarter the timber owned by the United States and yet their day of ap- proximate wood exhaustion cannot be far distant. All that we have left would supply the United States de- mand just twelve years. Fire Waste "A new flow of millions of wood- using settlers is the daily prayer of western people and yet our prepared- ness program gives them a quickly deteriorating forest where fire, so easily preventible, is striking down ten trees to the lumberman's one, and where in the north of these provinces are patches of wantonly ruined forest land, as big as Belgium, preparing for you relentlessly desert areas as hope- less as Sahara. Talk of the 'inex- haustible' forest resources of Canada! There never has been a more mis- chievous phrase, cooing us along like the soothsayers about the Russian Czar. For even while the spellbind- ing Colossus weaves his tale of con- tent, he is interrupted by 10,000 for- est fires, big and small, every year, il- luminating his words in black and red. Provincial Control "Does not the panacea for the ills of the western forests lie in provin- cial control and administration? The conservationist does not argue the political rights and wrongs of this question. He is concerned only in promoting complete unanimity as to the wisdom of guarding and develop- ing to the utmost the forest asset, it- self. He is interested in supporting such excellent steps as the Manitoba and Saskatchewan governments took at their last sessions in passing, new Acts to enforce supervision of the dangerous settlers' clearing fires in heavily wooded districts. He is inter- ested in anticipating the same advanc- ed action on the part of the Govern- ment of Alberta in the near future. Only by provincial co-operation in eliminating fire hazards can any re- building of this resource be attempt- ed. Does Ownership Paij^. "Whatever the past has held, what- ever the future promises in the trans- fer of the title to the forest resource, the loser by today's neglect and the winner by today's care is the citizen of Alberta. Take over the forests and what do you take? The Dominion Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 1055 Government is spending $100,000 on the fire protection and development in Manitoba's forest reserves and they get in return a revenue of $6,- 000, a straight outlay for many years to come, an investment for future set- tlers, of $94,000 a year; $151,000 is spent on Saskatchewan and $75,000 comes back ; Alberta's protection costs the Dominion Forestry Branch $215,000, and a similar fraction is returned as revenue. • All the reve- nues from all sources connected with the Dominion Government's forest possessions do not come within $200,- 000 of the annual outlay for the pre- sent degree of fire protection and for- estry practice. Quite possibly the provinces may secure the administra- tion of their timbered areas, but let there be no misapprehension. These forests, while today giving immense service to your settlers, coal mines, ir- rigation projects, etc., are over great areas like sick and crippled children and must be carried as a liability and nursed back to productiveness. On 100,000 square miles across the top of the three provinces, surveyed by the Dominion Forestry Branch only 13 per cent, had timber of eight inches or over. Fifty-five per cent, had very good young growth which, with ex- clusion of fire, will re-establish some- thing like the original values. "For long years Germany toiled at building forests on land not as well adapted for forests as the rough lands in Alberta; for years the costs of cultivation ran into dollars per acre, whereas we are not spending three cents per acre. But the more you put into a forest, the more science the more money, the greater the divi- dends. Germany has been extracting from $1.85 to $5.32 per acre in annu- al crops of wood, while at the same time adding greatly to timber capi- tal. France has been getting $2.00 net revenue from state-managed forests. Our prairie provinces have never ex- ceeded more than a few cents per acre for the public treasury. Why the re- markable difference? Why should Sweden draw in $100,000,000 a year from wood crops while with as good forest land and a lower latitude we lamely imitate with one or two per cent.? These nations put the blanket on fire waste fifty to a hundred years ago. We are still dreaming of doing likewise. These nations hitched up science with timber perpetuation. We are still in the dream stage on that too. 75 Per Cent, for Timber "Probably more than seventy-five per cent, of the tree covered areas of the prairie provinces will produce one crop and one alone, timber. That is your fortune, not your misfortune. In Ontario quite 60 per cent, of the whole provincial map is fit for forests alone. In Quebec out of 210 million acres, only eight millions are under farm crops. Good business management, which is conservation, demands that those non-agricultural areas be utiliz- ed to their last penny of productive- ness. "Gentlemen, this is a ^^ear of thrift. Every prosperous European state prizing trees as the great balance wheel of agriculture and industry looks across to the perpetual bonfire of Canada's north with amazement. We are the only member of the belli- gerent group who since war commenc- ed have had enough surplus life and financial strength to give up in one year 270 precious lives and, nearly every twelve months about six million dollars worth of property. Take Personal Interest "This is first and foremost a gov- ernment proposition, for we have the lease system almost entirely. Don't look to the lumberman for he is usual- ly as far along in conservation as is public sentiment. Moreover, the lumber firm has usually a life expect- ancy of just so many years. But the state knows no quitting. It never gets bankrupt. It takes on the job for 1998 as for 1917. And because forest growing is a long time proposition and needs the providential hand of governments one may feel more satis- fied that in these awakening days as to the duties of governments and the value of foresight, the people of Al- berta will give to these imperative problems of the timber supply that personal concern without which pub- lic policies of conservation both here 1056 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 and at Ottawa cannot be expected to weeks and will address a joint lunch- make headway." eon of the Calgary Board of Trade and Canadian Club, another evening Mr. Black is also holding public meeting and two high school lectures meetings in British Columbia for two in Calgary. — „_,^ Succeeding With A Tree Plantation SILOAM TROUT PRESERVE— VIEW OF THE BROOK AND TROUT PONDS. One of the most interesting spots in Ontario is near Uxbridge, Ontario, at the Siloam Trout Preserve and Plantation owned by Mr. T. B. Prankish, 33 Prince Arthur Ave., Toronto. Mr. Prankish has a property of 75 acres of which 25 acres are under water, constituting one of the best speckled trout preserves in the Dominion. The township lot of which it forms a part was patented in 1790 and the following year a saw- mill was erected which was run on the water power developed until 1914. In the Spring of 1912 Mr. Prankish began reforesting a portion of the land and there are now well on to fifteen thousand trees growing. They consist of Scotch, Red, White and Bull Pine besides Black Walnut, Butternut, Red and White Cedar, Red and White Oak, and White Ash. The first year's planting consisted of 2500 Scotch pine out of which less than six failed. A better picture of vigorous growth could not be found; some of the trees' have reached a height of ten feet. Mr. Prankish spends most of his summer months at this delightful spot directing the work on, the Canadian Forcslrij Journal, April, lUl'. 1057 plantation and in lh€ capture of the speckled beauties. I'irook trout have frequently been caught in this pre- serve weighing four-and-one-half pounds, the average being one to two and one half pounds. Mr. Prankish has been associated with this charm- ing spot for the last 60 years. SILOAM TROUT PRESERVE AND PLANTATION— VIEW OF SOME OF THE PLANTATION. Common Sense on Xmas Trees In connection with the waste re- sulting from the annual cutting of small evergreens in the Christmas tree trade, as discussed in the January Forestry Journal, the sentimentally dressed but practical remarks of Bris- tow Adams are noteworthy. With reference to Canadian conditions it may be said that the loss caused in this way is but a small drop in the bucket compared with the annual preventable fire loss. Wasteful log- ging methods also account for a great- er loss than that due to Christmas tree cutting. In response to the Journal's call for further expression, the following might be suggested. It has been observed frequently that a large num- ber of trees reaching the Christmas market both in Canada and the United States, are black spruce. In- sofar as these trees were cut from bog lands the loss of future timber value is insignificant. Canada has many millions of acres of muskeg covered by black spruce that will never make anything else but Christmas trees. Such, in suitable form and size, are readily obtainable in unlimited num- bers. Large areas of muskeg are now contiguous to railroads. Being frozen at the time of the Christmas tree harvest, they are easily accessible. Far from the necessity of suppressing this trade, it might thus be developed into a profitable industry. The procedure is simple. Let for- est officers direct the cutting of Christ- mas trees. In general, let this be confined to the miiskeg. In some cases valuable young stands else- where might be thinned to advantage. In pulpwood operations, many tops of the smaller trees cut might be 1058 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 made to serve. As has been pointed without sacrificing revenue is a little out, many trees growing out of place intelligent direction. can be cut with profit instead of loss. J. C. Blumer, All that is needed to minimize waste Commission of Conservation. Odd Uses Of Wood In War Time High Explosives, Gunstocks, Artificial Limbs, Paper Vests, Turpentine and Resin, a Few Products of the Tree. By A. W. Schorger Chemist in Forest Products, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. One of the mysteries of the present war is the source from which Germany obtains the nitrocellulose necessary in the manufacture of smokeless pow- der and ordinarily made from cotton. A well-defined belief exists in Eng- land that at least part of the nitrocel- lulose needed by German powder fac- tories is being made from wood; and if this is true it furnishes another in- stance of the surprising dependence upon wood, in one form or another, on the part of the fighting nations. The actual extent to which forest products are put to use in time of war, both for military purposes and for supplying the nation with some of the things it needs to carry on its daily life, is not generally recognized. Conditions, of course, have changed vastly since the day when Pepys offered up thanks in his diary for "the very good news of four New England ships come home safe to Falmouth with masts for the King; which is a blessing mighty unexpect- ed, and without which we must have failed the next year. But God be praised for this much good fortune, and send us the continuance of His favor in ether things. Wood has ceased to be a large factor in ship building. Sea battles of to-day are fought by all-steel dread- noughts; even the wooden backing of the armor plate is giving way to other materials. Wooden decks alone remain to link the old fighting ship with the new. But warfare on land has developed in a way to give tim- ber an importance in field operations it never had before, while the vast number of accessories needed for the smooth running of the modern fight- ing machine, from ammunition to absorbent cotton, have led to an extraordinary demand for certain for- est products, and have even brought about new uses for wood born of necessity and unheard of a few years ago. The Uses of Powder. For one thing, there is the matter of explosives. Ordinary black pow- ders contain 75 parts saltpeter, 10 parts sulphur, and 15 parts charcoal. The charcoal employed must possess special properties, and is made largely from dogwood, willow and alder. In spite of the advent of smokeless powders, enormous quantities of black powder are still used. It is employ- ed in shrapnel, for which only a mod- erately powerful explosive is required to drive the bullets. Besides, the smoke produced when the shell ex- plodes is an actual advantage in enabling the gunners to determine the correct range. Black powder is also used to fill the rings of the time fuses with which shrapnel shells are equip- ped, for which purpose no satisfactory substitute has yet been found. Fur- thermore, it is used in most armor- Canadian Forestrij Journal, April, 1917 1059 piercing shells, which should attain great penetration before they go o(T, and for which the majority of high explosives would be unsuitable be- cause of their explosiveness on con- tact. Another product of the for- ests, resin, is employed for filling the spaces between bullets in shrajincl, so that on explosion the missiles will be evenly distributed in all directions. Its brittleness and at the same time, its hardness, together wdth its low melting point, fit it admirably for the purpose. The period since the beginning of the war has witnessed a great amount of discussion in England as to whether Germany is actually employing w^ood from which to make the nitrocellulose for her smokeless explosives. When, after a long delay, England declared cotton contraband of war, it was maintained by many that this would not inconvenience Germany greatly, since she was already making ex- plosives from wood cellulose. Dur- ing the discussions that follow^ed, it was proposed to destroy the forests of Germany by a giant fleet of aero- planes armed with bombs; however, as one English editor naively remarks: "This would scarcely be feasible, since about one-third of Germany is for- ested." The First Smokeless In this connection, it is an interest- ing fact that the first successful smokeless powder was made from wood about 1865. This powder, in- vented by Schultze, consists of a mix- ture of saltpeter and nitrated purified wood. While inferior to gun cotton in ballistic powder, it still retains high favor among sportsmen. Vari- ous other explosives, known as "white powder," "yellow shooting powder" and "Bautzen blasting powder," con- tain nitrated lignocellulose. Aside from munitions wood is serv- ing many useful purposes in the w^ar. Millions of gunstocks are made from American walnut, which is the best wood yet found for the part. A new rifle, it has been estimated, is re- quired monthly for every man at the front. In the modern infantry wea- pon the wooden stock is prolonged to the end of the barrel, which means just so much more wood needed in its manufacture. So great, in fact, has been the demand by gun makers for seasoned walnut that it has often been necessary to use birch and other w'oods as substitutes. With characteristic foresight, the Germans brought portable sawmills with them into France, and have utilized their enemy's forests to sup- ply their need for timber at the froftt, while reserving their own forests for home demand. The development of trench warfare, when vast armies of men dig themselves in on fronts hun- dreds of miles long, calls for an am- ount of timber for trench walls, floors, and braces that is difficult to esti- mate. Millions of feet of lumber are required also for temporary buildings behind the fighting line and for hous- ing non-combatants made homeless by the fortunes of war. Still more goes into bridges, wdiarves, and the like. High explosives have made it possible for a retreating army to destroy stone and steel structures behind them in short order, and such structures the pursuing army must have the means of quickly replacing. Wood is, in most cases, the only ma- terial that will answer the purpose, and it served the German army in good stead during the pursuit of the Russian army through Poland. Turning from the materials needed for actual fighting to the no less im- portant ones required for proper care of the wounded, we find Germany, fully prepared for England's embargo, making a soft, absorbent surgical cot- ton from wood cellulose. Two fac- tories in Sweden also are making this substitute. Slings are made from tough crepe paper, and splints from fiber boards. Paper Shirts Wood is also contributing to the personal comfort of the men at the front. Russian soldiers are wearing paper shirts made in Japan, where such clothing has been in use for many years. The chief raw' material for the manufacture of paper is, of course, wood pulp. Paper clothing is warm and cheap, and special water- proofing processes are overcoming its tendency to tear w^hen wet. It may 1060 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 be discarded when soiled, an ad- vantage to the soldier from the stand- point of hygiene. The Germans and Austrians, mainly the poorer classes of the civilian population, use paper vests, socks, and handkerchiefs.. Blan- kets and coats are padded with cellu- lose wadding. So many paper ar- ticles, in fact, are produced for the comfort of the people of Germany and Austria as to lead the Socialist organ, Vorwaerts, to declare, "To be without wood is almost as bad as being without bread." To insure the presence of every factor that tends to eventual success, a country at war needs to maintain its economic conditions as nearly as possible at their normal level. Pro- ducts of the forest play an important part in many peaceful industries which must be kept going in war time. Methyl alcohol, the other product besides acetic acid obtained from the destructive distillation of hardwoods, has a multitude of uses. For one thing, it is essential in the manu- facture of many medical preparations. For another, it is employed in. the making of aniline dyes, the scarcity of which is being felt throughout the world. It is the source, also, of formaldehyde, one of the safest and most efficient antiseptics known, for the manufacture of which large quan- tities of wood alcohol are exported to Europe. Making Turpentine The longleaf pine forests of the South furnish 90 per cent, of the world's supply of turpentine and resin. In normal times turpentine is used mainly as a solvent in the arts. It is entirely possible, how- ever, should the need arise, to make from turpentine a synthetic camphor as good for practical purposes as the natural product. In the event of the blockade of the Pacific Coast, this should be the means of preserving our celluloid industry, which now consumes the greater part of the 5,000,000 pounds of Japanese cam- phor imported annually. Resin, the use of which in shrapnel has already been mentioned, is em- ployed mainly in the manufacture of cheap soaps and as a size for paper. So acute has become the scarcity of resin in Germany that the Prussian Minister of Agriculture has suggested such measures for increasing the sup- ply within the empire as distilling resinous wood and collecting the oleoresin which exudes from trees peeled by deer. Prices being paid for resin by the Central Powers are almost fabulous. Curiously enough, a substitute for paper size, recently proposed by a German scientist, has wood tar as its base. Casualties in Papers In connection with the use of resin for paper should be mentioned the fact that in time of war the demand on the forests for print papers deserves serious consideration. Of the 6,000 newspapers and periodicals in Ger- many and the 3,000 in Austria at the beginning of the war, it is esti- mated that some 1,100 of the German and 900 of the Austrian have siiice suspended publication either through inal3ility to obtain paper or because of its prohibitive price. Germany has always imported large quantities of pulp wood from Sweden and Russia, so that cessation of importa- tion of Russian pulp wood and Am- erican resin is a partial cause of the trouble. On the other hand, Ger- man war literature has been augment- ed by the 7,000 books and pamphlets since beginning of hostilities; and it is the invariable rule in all countries that the demand for newspapers and periodicals of all kinds increases enormously in a time of national crisis. The total daily circulation of French newspapers before the war, for example, amounted to approxi- mately 7,000,000 copies. Their cir- culation has now increased to 15,- 000,000 daily, in spite of the suspen- sion of a number of journals. The bulk of print papers is made from spruce and balsam fir. Experiments at the Madison Laboratory of the Forest Service have shown, however, that satisfactory newsprint paper can be made from some seven or eight other American woods, which places the United States in a position of preparedness, at least so far as the production of paper is concerned. Canadian Forcstii/ Journal, April, 1917 1061 A New Binder Twine The binder twine, used everywhere in the United Slates in conncclion with harvesting our crops, is at pres- ent made from sisal imported from Central America and Mexico. As a result of the disturbed conditions in* Mexico, American twine manufac- turers are seriously embarrassed for raw material. A substitute has been sought in paper twine, and experi- ments in this direction are still under way. Strong cordage, ropes, burlap, and similar articles can be made from paper, and, in fact, are being made from it. Our common burlap and course bags are ordinarily made from imported jute. Shortly after war was declared the price of burlap bags in- creased so greatly that one large grain dealer seriously considered tak- ing the profit to be derived from the sale of his reserve stock of bags and going out of business. In the case of a war of our own, the United States should be in a position, through its enormous supplies of wood fiber, to meet all, or at least the great part of, its needs for the twine necessary to harvest its crops and for substitutes for burlap bags and hemp ropes. Contributing Members of the Canadian Forestry Association for 1917. Dr. Frank D. Adams. Sir James Aikins. P\ H. Anson. W. E. Bigwood. Walter A. Black. A. W. Boswell. Geo. Boulter. Reginald R. Bradley. Mark Bredin. E. R. Bremner. Bronson. Company. W. R. Brown. F. J. Campbell. R. H. Campbell. Thos. Cantley. H. S. Cane. R. S. Cassels, K.C. R. J. Christie. A. E. Cross. M. L. Davies. J. S. Dennis. E. N. Dechene. W. M. Dobell. Edward L. Drewry. G. Durnford. Chas. E. Edmonds. T. H. Estabrooks. Thos. Flynn. J. D. Flavelle. Mrs. R. C. Fisher. C. E. Friend. W. I. Gear. Geo. H. Gooderham. J. L. Goodhue & Co., Ltd. J. R. Gareau. Hope Lumber Company. Lt. Co. J. W. Harkom. Claude C. Hockley. Peleg Howland. A. Jephcott. R. M. Kenny. Keenan Bros., Ltd. James Kynock Herbert Langlois. Clyde Leavitt. La Compagnie de Pulpe de Chi- coutimi. Montgomery & Sons Co., Ltd. Miss McL&nnan. Pearce Company. Robt. E. Perry. Wm. Pearce. W. Gerard Power. Powell River Lumber Company. Capt. Wm. Robinson. R. W. Reford. Wm. Russell. P. D. Ross. Shives Lumber Company. Chas. E. Spragge. A. J. L. Trigge. H. H. Wickkeed. Life Members of the Canadian Forest- ry Association m 1917. Robert Dollar. David Gillies. J. S. Gillies. Godbout Lumber Company. R. A. Snowball. 1062 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 1063 Ridding ''Slash" From Western Lands Experience Proves that Lumber Operator Should , Burn Debris at Time of Cutting. Pile and By R. H. Campbell, Dominion Director of Forestry In dealing with the protection from fire of the forests in the western pro- vinces one of the things that forced itself on the attention of the Forestry Branch was the great quantity of dead material lying on the ground, partly as a result of fire and partly as a re- sult of lumbering operations. This debris formed a serious menace and the conclusion was finally come to that an effort must be made to try and have all the debris of lumbering operations disposed of in some way to prevent this danger and to bring about the conditions of safety which are found in the European ' forests generally. Having ob- tained all the information possible from other places where brush dis- posal had been carried on as to cost and feasibility, a start was made on some of the forest reserves in Saskatchewan in the disposal of the brush from logging of jack pine tim- ber. This was on small tracts in somewhat open and even aged stands without very heavy brush and on sandy land where the fire would not run very easily. The brush was piled as the operations went on and was burned later, and the results in clear- ing the land and removing the fire danger have been very satisfactory. Tried Out on Spruce Lands Having found that this plan would work satisfactorily on jack pine lands it was decided to make a trial on ' spruce lands. A trial was therefore made on several small operations on the Riding and Duck Mountains in Manitoba and elsewhere. Spruce presents more difficulties than jack- pine inasmuch as the brush is heavier and the condition of the forest soil is not so satisfactory for burning. The covering of leaves, moss and other material on the forest floor under spruce is a dangerous carrier of fire and there is always a possibility of trouble arising from fire getting away in such a soil condition. However, the experiment was made on several operations in spruce with the result that it was found that both the piling and the burning of the brush could be carried on satisfactorily. In the first place the operators were required to pile the brush while the burning was done by the forest rangers, but further experiment has demonstrated that the a)hole of the work can be done by the operator and, moreover, experi- menting with the burning of brush immediately after the trees have been cut down has proved that the work can be done most satisfactorily and safely in this way. This system is there- fore being adopted in all operations in the future, By this system a small fire is started and the brush is thrown on it as it is lopped from the fallen tree, and is consumed immediately. No serious difficult}^ in the burning of brush in this way has been ex- perienced although it has been tried under almost all possible conditions of cold and snow. 25 to 75 Cents Cost The cost of the brush disposal, so far as it has been possible to arrive at a figure, varies from twenty-five to seventy-five cents per thousand feet, board measure. The variation is not due mainly to the character of t^he forest but more to the experience and efficiency of the men who are handling the work. Where the opera- tor has gone at the work with the in- tention of getting it done immediately and thoroughly the cost has, as his 1064 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 men become experienced, come down to the smaller figure. Where the operator has gone at it with the idea of showing that it could not be done, the costs have been fairly high and have not been reduced later, with corresponding loss to the operator, as a result. On the whole the opera- tors are satisfied that the burning of brush is a proper measure of pro- tection to require and some of them have gone so far as to state that the disposal of the brush immediately as operations are going on has made the cost of disposal to them prac- tically nothing as it has greatly fa- cilitated the logging operations by having the brush out of the way. The experience which we have had satisfies us that the brush can be dis- posed of satisfactorily and at a rea- sonable cost and that its disposal greatly reduces the fire hazard, and it is the intention to continue to develop that policy. It must be ad- mitted however tliat our experience so far is on comparatively small areas and with small operations, and that it does not settle the ciuestion as to what methods should be followed in all cases. It is clear however that the system of brush disposal is a feasible one and that experimental work should be carried out without delay wherever lumbering operations are being carried on. COST OF SLASH DISPOSAL By W. T. Cox, .State Forester of Minnesota. The cost of slash disposal work to the timber operators of the state aver- ages about ten cents per thousand feet of timber cut. ConsicTering that there are about three billion feet of timber taken from the woods of Min- nesota each year, slash disposal costs about $300,000.00. This explains the fact, that some of the more short- sighted lumbermen oppose the work of the Forest Service, but to the credit of the lumbermen in general it must be said that many of them are good enough citizens and good enough business men to see that this invest- ment of theirs in fire prevention is well worth while in more than one way. The lumber companies pay not only the cost of slash disposal, but when fires occur, they furnish, on the ranger's request, big crews of men to fight the fires free of cost. This ex- pense also runs into a great many thousand dollars a year. IDEAS! +._„_. — „_„_.„_.._.„ .. .._„_„_.4. "Ideas do not take hold in proportion to their goodness," said the Editor of the Saturday Evening Post lately; "They take hold in proportion to the steam behind them." Has the reason for the existence of independent means of campaigning for forest conservation been better expressed? Some share of knowledge of Canada's shortcomings in forest protection and scientific management of timber crops is possessed by most members of provincial and federal governments. The 'idea' in itself is commended with enthusiasm. In the abstract it forms a common meet- ing place. But in practice, it seldom gets anywhere without the tireless aid of the private propagandist. Until all Governments possess ad- visory boards and put statesmanship above 'practical' politics the quickest and most effective way to get an idea adopted is to commence at the out- side of the ring and construct a band of public opinion that sooner or later will prove politically irrestible. One must not apply this formula in Canada too severely. Examples are by no means lacking where provincial and federal ministers have given effect to progressive ideas in forest conser- vation on the basis of personal judg- ment of their value. Such institu- tions as the Forest Products Labora- tories at Montreal were not con- structed because of political pressure but as an act of wise statesmanship. Many instances in the provincial fields illustrate the same point. It remains generally true, however, that in the United States and Canada ideas take hold, not in proportion to their goodness, but in proportion to the steam behind them. Canadian Forcslrij Journal, April, 1!)}7 1065 The Dawn of Forestry in China How the Chinese people are slowly realizing the practical benefits of forestry practice in a land so grossly denuded is apparent in the following excerpts of a letter written by Mr. Joseph Bailie of the College of Agri- culture and Forestry, Nanking, China to Prof. J. W. Tourney, Director of the Yale Forest School, under date of Dec. 28, 1916: Since my return from the United States in the end of September, I have been trying to gather the threads of the work into my hands. The most gratifying feature is the -manner in which the Chinese themselves are developing what is in their hands. As you are aware, the Colonization Association is so organized that, al- though we foreigners may give ad- vice, the whole authority and re- sponsibility is in the hands of the Chinese. The second day after our return, my wife and myself paid a visit to Purple Mountain, and to my delight I found that not only had all the trees that had been planted before I loft Nanking for the United States been protected, but that tens of thousands more had been planted, some on part of the old estate and some on places that heretofore we were not allowed to take charge. A Good Beginning You may remember that when H. E. Chang Chien was Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, he grant- ed our Nanking Branch of the Col- onization Association the whole of Purple Mountain. Though this grant had been made in Peking, it was with difficulty that we gradually took in piece by piece, owing to the chaotic state of land laws and land tenure in this district. However, during my absence of the past year, the Com- mittee has extended its control over the greater part of the mountain. Nor has this control been an empty name; the volunteer trees that would spring up and make forests in at least one-third of the vacant lands of this province, if protected, have been actually protected on the whole of Purple Mountain. This means that millions of these sprouts are now left standing. The usual thing is to cut these young sprouts along with the grass every year and carry all off when dried as fuel. Thus we have several sections of the mountain be- ginning to show' signs of forest growth. Not only so, but the neighbors bord- ering on our mountain, seeing the common sense of what we are doing are also leaving young saplings to grow into trees, in places where here- tofore all were cut off every year along with the grass, so that for miles be- yond our mountain other mountains are now beginning to show that hundreds of the surrounding farmers are learning from us. This is per- haps one of the most encouraging features of our work, namely, that in so short a time so many are following in our footsteps. But the progress made is not only in trees. More poor families have been given land to break up on the parts of Purple Mountain that have been taken charge of by our Com- mittee. Eighty Families Prospering At Lai An Hsien where there is another Branch Colony, the work has gone steadily on, until now there are over eighty families, numbering over 400 individuals, now settled among the mountains which less than three years ago were a. wilderness and the only use to which they had been put was to cut a small quantity of the grass and brush for fuel, the great bulk of the mountains being burned over every year. These eighty odd families are nearly all on their own feet now. This wet year, while drowning out the crops of a great many farmers on the level lands, was just the thing for these people on the mountains, and the result w^as that their crops were on the average better 1066 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 than those on the plains, and indeed equal to a good average year's crop on the plains. It is because of this that most of these industrious colon- ists are now safe beyond where famine or want looks them in the face, and most of them will be able to begin to pay back what was lent them to pro- vide them with food while they broke up their little farms. The discouraging feature for us in the University at present is that we haven't a single forestry professor yet, and our forestry students are rapidly approaching their third year. Our school work is getting along nicely. Our Department has fallen heir to the greater part of the scienti- fic outfit of the School of Medicine, which has moved from here to Tsinanfu, under this Rockefeller ar- rangement, so that now we are well equipped for biology, chemistry and physics. We are also giving the students pretty good training in prac- tical nursery work, and they are hav- ing some forestry in classroom by our professors in Agriculture. But the time has come when we must have them in the hands of actual foresters. JOSEPH BAILIE. ♦fm— itn^— np— wg— UP— in— n"^— "a— "u— "p— "n— nii.^-.nii.^nn^— nu— BB— on m bh^^imi^— n— bb— bh— db.^— iiB— ^nn— Pn— hm— oi^— Hi— b^ i i I Paper Industry no Stronger than Forest Foundation I i 1 From ''Financial Post."' "The war — and attendant condi- tions-^has given to the Canadian pulp and paper trade that impetus which was required to put this coun- try in a very strong position in world markets. This impetus, resulting in a great development of output, should carry the industry through many of the adjustments which will take place with the end of the war. It remains to be seen what part Europe may again be able to play in the world market when normal shipping conditions return. There are reports that Sweden and Norway have vast accumulations of pulp wood products awaiting a chance to market them in a normal manner. At the same time these countries are increasing their shipping facilities in a manner which indicates that they will become aggressive competitors in water borne commerce and will be in a position to market their own products to advantage. Then there is another potential competitor — Russia. The future alone can reveal what the development of the resources of that little-known country may mean, but it is safe to assume that there will be development after a war which has served to arouse a nation, fabulously rich, in respect to natural resources. Significant is an article which recently appeared in the Russian section of the London Times regarding progress on the con- struction of the new Murman Rail- way. In connection with the pro- ject, the vice-minister of agriculture, makes a statement respecting the resources of the region to be opened up in which special reference is made to wood pulp: — What of Russia"^ The vast timber areas (yew and pine) stretch for hundreds of square versts. These forest resources have been utilized to an insignificant ex- tent. The northern governments abound in mountain streams, which, with their considerable incline, pro- vide a multitude of waterfalls to be utilized for power for sawmills and wood-working factories. There are sawmills at Keret and some other settlements, but their number is very small. The extensive system of rivers and streams also affords opportunity to adopt the cheapest method of transporting timber— rafting it along these waterways. There is projected the construction of other more im- proved means of communication, which will also be of service to the timber industry. The Department of Agriculture proposes to afford the Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 1067 widest access to the exploitation of the timber resources for the produc- tion of both lumber and wood pulp. Burning our Storehouse. Looking to the future then we see the possibihty of the development of a great European competitor. That development may not be rapid but Canada's pulp wood resources are not inexhaustible. To insure our supply of raw material demands a policy which will protect standing timber against the ravages of such fires as have been experienced in Northern Ontario and the replanting of the vast areas which have been cut or burned oyer. These lands have small value from an agricultural standpoint and to use them to con- serve our pulp wood supply would represent but little in the way of overhead. Some of the private com- panies are following a far-sighted policy in this connection in reforest- ing cut-over areas but to insure the future of our most important national industries demands a broad practical program on the part of provincial and Dominion governments. How Forest Reserves Help the Settler Saw Mills Located in Colonized Districts Supply Lumber at Minimum Cost. — A Successful Experiment. The objects for which the Dominion forest reserves of the West are es- tablished are mainly to preserve the timber and make it available for the use of the people in the vicinity of the reserves, and for the development of the country generally. One of the most important uses of the reserves is to supply building material of all kinds for the settlers, logs, rails, poles, posts, etc., and in order to provide that the settlers may get the timber as directly as possible from the reserves a system of timber permits is pro- vided by which a homesteader may get a permit for a considerable al- lowance of timber free of dues, and may thereafter obtain permits from year to year for such timber as he may require on payment of dues at a moderate rate. Service to the Settler The quantity of timber granted under permit amounts already to a considerable quantity each year, be- ing in 1915 about 5,000,000 feet board measure of saw timber; 1,245,000 lineal feet of building logs; 393,000 fence posts; 598,000 fence rails. The settler can of course cut the timber required in the form of posts, rails or cordwood with the axe or with the small saw but when it comes to ob- taining lumber he must either buy the lumber from one of the sawmills or he must take the logs cut by him under permit on the reserve to a saw^- mill and have the lumber sawn out. If he buys the lumber from the saw- mill he must pay whatever the price is in the open market. If he takes his logs to the mill to be sawn he has to pay whatever the millman wishes to charge for the work of cutting the logs into lumber. Reducing the Middle Profit In order to assist the settler a stage further beyond the mere granting of the permit for the cutting of sawlogs the Department of the Interior has been experimenting in the last year or two with a policy of granting own- ers of mills the right to locate within a forest reserve and saw timber for settlers on the payment of a fee for the location of the mill and agreeing to saw up the logs at a reasonable rate. The method followed to ensure 1068 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 the best possible arrangement to help out the settler is as follows: Lowest Price Assured A tract where there is a stand of timber sufficient to meet the re- quirements of the permits generally asked for in the district which is tributary to the portion of the reserve where the timber is located is exam- ined by the forest officers, and is de- signated as a location for the cutting of timber under permits for the next season or two seasons as the case may be. The right to locate a mill at this point and to saw the timber for settlers who may obtain permits in the regular way is put up for tender, the notice being given by advertising in a newspaper and by putting up notices in the post offices in the dis- trict. Tenders are asked on the basis of the lowest figure at which the millmen will log and saw the timber for the settlers. Tenders are received up to a fixed date and on the date fixed the tenders are opened and the person who has agreed to log and saw the timber at the lowest figure is awarded the right to locate the mill. In order that the settlers may have full information on the rates which have been so fixed by tender, a state- ment of them is required to be posted up in a conspicuous place at the mill so that it can be read by any settler who is going in with his permit to obtain the timber he requires. No Hauling of Logs A number of mills have been oper- ating on the reserves under this system, particularly on the Riding and Duck Mountain Forest Reserves in the province of Manitoba, and on the whole the experiment is proving satisfactory all round. The locating of the mills in the reserve close to the timber is a great convenience to the settlers who instead of having to haul their logs out are able to haul them out in the form of the lumber that they require. The settler also gets his logging and sawing done at the lowest figure that can be got, as the right is put up to tender to the lowest bidder. The timber operations have been carried out very satisfactorily on the whole and the tracts lumbered over in this way are being left in good condition for the reproduction of the forest. The brush and debris re- sulting from the operations is re- quired to be burned and thus a very serious fire danger which usually follows lumbering operations is re- moved, while a good seed bed for the starting of the new forest is provided. Forward Steps In Forest Thrift Manitoba and Saskatchewan put Through New Laws and Promise Good Enforcement. Alberta Next? Advanced steps were taken by the provincial governments of Saskat- chewan and Manitoba at the last sessions of the legislatures in meeting the need for provincial cooperation in forest fire prevention. From the first suggestion of a revised Act re- specting prairie and forest fires, the officials and Cabinet Ministers of the two provinces gave hearty reception to the representations submitted by the Canadian Forestry Association and made all efforts to secure an Act compatible with the aims of forest conservation. Manitoba's Bill, for which the Provincial Treasurer, Hon. Edward Brown stood sponsor, was the last to be dealt with at the ses- sion and received the committee's sanction practically with their final breath. Objections were raised by one of the northern members to the clause placing the onus of proof upon the settler and his objection was al- lowed. One or two other concessions were made before the Bill got through. Canadian Forcslrij Journal, April, 1U17 1069 A penalty for carelessness with matches, lighted tobacco, etc. was included in the measure. One Dollar Reward Saskatchewan's Bill is in some respects a more tightly woven piece of legislation than Manitoba's. In the former province, a most valuable incentive is provided to ensure the prompt reporting of forest and prairie fires by the organized municipalities. For every fire so reported, the Secre- tary Treasurer gets one dollar. Saskatchewan has been paying fifty cents hitherto for building and other fires reported by the municipal clerk and the reward resulted in prompt and thorough local service. The increased pay will doubtless solve the question of getting a fire reporting service from officials not on salary. Mr. A. E. Ham, Fire Commissioner of Manitoba, and his assistant Mr. MiiUoy, and Mr. Arthur Fisher, who has charge of the insurance and fire W'Ork in Saskatchewan have ex- hibited a most praiseworthy progres- sive attitude in their relations to the Act revisions. Much was left to the judgment of these officers and their prompt assumption of responsibility^ for up-to-date legislation respecting forest fire prevention has rendered real service to their respective pro- vinces. Tune up Municipalities Mr. Ham and Mr. Mulloy are now- mapping out the Province and or- ganizing their preventive plans. Mr. Mulloy will have supervision of the municipal fire guardians through their councils, and assurance is given that failure to deal with careless settlers in wooded districts will bring prompt action by the Fire Com- missioner's office. In both provinces, the new^ laws require settlers in forested areas to take out written permits before set- ting out fires. This is devised to secure supervision and safety. In organized municipalities, authority rests with the municipal councils to appoint fire guardians and such ap- pointment is mandatory. In un- organized districts, the Lieutenant Governor in Council may appoint special guardians, and it is under this clause that the rangers of the Domin- ion Forestry Branch now on the ground will be given provincial powers over settlers. Lacking such authority they have hitherto been helpless to guard Dominion Crown lands against a most serious menace.' Alberta has thus far taken no action on the Association's suggestions for provincial co-operation. One pro- posal has been that the Dominion Forestry Branch define "wooded dis- tricts" in such general terms as would make their rangers responsible for prairie fires many miles from the edge of timber. This method is ob- viously unfair and cannot be the final basis. Sentiment in Alberta is heartily in support of better forest protection and an Alberta Govern- ment measure would be generally welcomed. SPINACH FOR PAPER A French horticulturist, Mons. R. de Noyer has discovered that Spinach stems contain 46 per cent, of cellulose and make a paper equal to the Japan- ese product. A WOODPECKER DESTROYING INSECTS Contrary to a common belief the woodpecker is a most valuable conservator of tree life. 1070 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 BRITAIN— CALLS TO CANADA THE FACTORY She must have Food for her Armies in the Field — for her Workers in the Factory — in the Munition plant — in the Shipyard — in the Mine. THERE'S DANGER IN SIGHT— BUT YOU CAN HELP Do You Know- that the rapidly rising price of food stuffs means that the World's reserve supply is getting small? Do You Know- that a world-wide famine can only be averted by increasing this supply? Do You Know— that a "food famine" would be a worse disaster to the Empire and her Allies than reverses in the Field? You Can- help thwart Germany's desperate submarine thrust on the high seas. You Can- do this by helping to make every bit of land in Canada produce — the very last pound of food stuffs of which it is cap- able. And Remember— that no man can say that he has fully done his part — who having land — be it garden patch, or farm, or ranch — fails to make it produce food to its utmost capacity. BRITAIN APPEALS TO CANADA THE NEAREST PRODUCER OF STAPLE FOODS India and Argentina are more than twice the distance away and Australia more than four times. 2625 Canada to Britain - - - - JSMm India nil . ii_^iii nil nil nil nn nu hu db na rm^^mt^ The Legislature of Washington will have before it a bill, the aim of which is the utilization of loggcd-off lands through community development. The measure is one of the results of the Logged-Off Land Conference held at the University of Washington, Seattle, December 8. In this instance, a board of agri- cultural development commissioners is to be created in each county. Land suitable for such development is to be sold by the present owners to the board, which shall clear it and then re-sell it to the original owners at a price agreed upon when the first transfer was made or to new settlers, installment payments being provided in each case. Many practical men have held that logged-off lands could be developed without attempting to follow the methods used for reclamation by irrigation. Water can be supplied to arid soil only l)y co-operative effort of a community, but in every timber state there is proof at hand that the clearing of land and growing of good crops on such land is not de- pendent upon community effort. Use Family Labor. One of the pre-essentials towards development of logged-off lands is ^„_.„_, . — „_;._„ „_._„_4. Homesteads or Farm Lands | Oregon &. California Railroad Co. Grant f Lands, title to same revested in United I States by act of Congress dated June. 9, ; 1916. Two million, three hundred thou- J sand acres to be opened for homesteads and \ sale. Timber and agricultural lands, con- j taining some of best lands left in United \ States. Now is the Opportune time. Large sectional map showing lands and descrip- tion of soil, climate, rainfall, elevations, etc., postpaid one dollar. Grant Lands Locating: Co. Box 610, Portland, Oregon. WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Onl. 1076 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 the encouragement of men, with fam- iUes, who can find work in the logging camps or mills for a certain period in each year. Good crops can be raised by cultivating between the stumps, which can be removed as conditions permit, but success will be impossible if the settler is burden- ed with a purchase price in which heavy overhead expenses and pro- motion costs have been included, as the settler's capital usually consists of a big family and his bare hands. Survey Comes First. The first step tow^ard the utiliza- tion of a tract of logged-off land seems naturally to be a survey and then its sub-division into plots so arranged that each settler will have access, if possible, to any stream flowing through the area and to the roads, w^hich have been located prior to the purchase by the settler. REPLANTING SAND DUNES The famous Sandbanks in Prince Edward county may be converted into a big reforestation plot. The drifting sand has covered several hun- dred acres of farm lands adjoining, rendering the property useless. A deputation w^aited upon Hon. G. H. Ferguson, Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, Toronto, with the recjuest that the Ontario government estab- lish a reforestation scheme upon this barren waste. The Minister seemed favorably impressed with the sugges- tion and promised consideration. .{.„ ,.j „ „„ „„ ,j ,., „„ „„ „, „ , „„ „ , „„ „ J, I SERMONS IN TREES 1 Exchange I A good colored man once said I in a class meeting — "Bredren, I when I was a boy I took a hatch- f et and went into de woods. When I found a tree dat was straight, big, and solid, I didn't touch dat tree; but when I found one leaning a little, and hollow inside, I soon had him down. So, when dem debils gets after Christians he don't touch dem dat's straight and true, but dem dat lean a little and are hollow inside." HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE •NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA By Romeyn B. Hough. Is photo-descriptive of the leaves, fruits, barks, branchlets, etc , and shows them all with the vividness of reality. Natural sizes ingeniously indicated. Distributions shown by maps. Wood structures by photo-micrographs. "With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees." — Melvil Dewey, Pres. Library Institute. "The most ideal Handbook I have seen." — C. Hart Merriam. "The most valuable guide to the subjects ever written." — Springfield Republican. AMERICAN WOODS By Romeyn B. Hough. Illustrated by actual specimens, showing three distinct views of the grain of each species. Con- tains 897 specimens of 325 species. Of such ex- ceptional value that its author has been awarded by a learned society a special gold medal on ac- count of its production. Write for information and sample illustrative specimens. R. B. HOUGH COMPANX LOWVILLE, N. Y. Box 22. ASK FOR .._»+ The EXCELSIOR Sportsmen's Belt Safe Just what I have been look- ing for — has been the expres- sion of every man we have shown it to — Made of Brass, Nickel Plated, Gun Metal or oxidized and furnished com- plete with fancy Canvas Belt for $1.00. Will keep money — jewels — watch — cigarettes or matches perfectly safe and dry. HVFIELD MFG. CO., 48 Frenklin St., N. Y. City Canadian Forcslrij Journal, April, 1917 1077 Making a Profit In Trees Pennsylvania's million acres, which cost $2,275,000, are now valued at over $6,000,000. This increase is due to rising timber values, permanent improvement made by the Department of Forestry, and to tardy recognition of the fact that little trees grow into big trees and have an actual money value which is steadily increasing. Surely money put into an established business of this kind is an investment and not an expenditure. New and Interesting Publications Sent Free of Charge to Any Member of the Association "MON PREMIER LIVRE SUR LA "YOUR ENEMY'S PHOTOGRAPH" FORET" A six-page folder with graphic fire pic- Qo- oc u + u- n * .■ ture in four colors. Published in French 32 pages, 25 photographic illustrations. ^^^ English. Text deals with fire pre- "WHO LOSES?" An attractive booklet for French-speaking vention senior boys and girls. This edition wi'l be distributed in many of the schools of , ,,-,,. x i n u ■ I ^ t r\ t ■\r r) A four page pamphlet, illustrated, con- Quebec, in parts of Ontario, New Bruns- ^^-^-^^ Question and Answer on a score wick'; and Manitoba. (Printed m French of points commonly raised regarding the only). forest resources of Manitoba, Saskatchew- an and Alberta. "THE WHITE PINE OF CANADA "FIRE!" THREATENED WITH^EXTER- ^ ^^^^ eight-page pamphlet, with cover MINATION" picture of an approaching conflagration An eight-page pamphlet, well illustrated, i" red and blue. Contents include a , rr rj. r- T-. • ■ t) . • * sketchy talk on forest protection, and by H. T. Gusscw, Dominion Botanist ^^^^^^^^ directions on "How To Build giving the most thorough discussion of \ Camp Fire." This booklet of special White Pine Blister disease yet published. interest to guides, campers, sportsmen, etc. The Forestry Association is carefully distributing large editions of all of the above throughout Canada, through the channels of branch banks, railroads, forest services, the clergy, etc. If you believe you can assist this distribution, the Secretary will be glad to hear from you. Lumber, pulp, paper and other wood-using industries can secure whatever quantity desired for local distribution at the bare cost of printing. By a recent ruling of the Association, our many 1917 special publications can be sent only to members who have paid their fees for the current year. CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA. 1078 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 A Modem Ranger Spstem at Work The excellent work of the Lower Ottawa Forest Protective Association during 1916, and the two previous seasons, was described in a paper by the manager, Mr. Arthur H. Gra- ham, at the Forest Conservation Conference at Montreal, Feb. 1 and 2. The patrol staff consisted of 57 rangers and 4 chief rangers. Ex- perience had proved conclusively that the co-operative system of fire-fight- ing was the strongest and most effi- cient when the drought period came and men had to be gathered and hurried to fires -with equipment. During three seasons' operations 457 fires had been extinguished, 560 miles of trail cleared, and the mileage tra- velled by rangers was 311,868 miles. About 300 miles of telephone lines had been constructed, five large tow- ers erected, three of which were equipped with local and long dis- tance telephone connections. Dur- ing the first two seasons settlers were accountable for 50 per cent, of all the fires, but this had been reduced to less than 15 per cent. The opposi- tion to the permit system had almost vanished. They had more success in controlling fires and confining them within a certain area than in completely extinguishing them. In 1914 the number of fires ex- tinguished was 154; in 1915, 155; and in 1916, 148. The total area burned over, including private lands, was: 1914, 297,996 acres; 1915, 20,- 715 acres; and 1916, 8,637. The merchantable timber scorched was: 1914, 16,624,325 b.m. feet; 1915; 6,607,450 feet; and 1916, 858,620 feet. The cost of operation for patrol, in- cluding all accounts except for fire fighting, had not exceeded $1.50 per square mile, or less than }4c per acre. No fires had come to their territory from the St. Maurice territory, which adjoined, but this could not be said regarding the Upper Ottawa area (which included licensed crown lands to the extent of 16,000 square miles), where fire ranging was done by the private system of patrol. A num- ber of the companies were doing a great deal to prevent fires, and were spending two or three times more money patrolling and fire fighting than they should have to spend be- cause of their neighbors' carelessness and lack of proper patrol of their limits by competent rangers. Mr. Graham's remarks were backed up by a licensee who owned extensive areas in the Upper Ottawa district. Thirty-five million feet of merchant- able timber scorched was the estimate of damage done by two fires that reach- ed his limits in an uncontrollable state, notwithstanding the fact that he spent $3.80 per square mile patrolling, and an additional $2 per square mile was spent for fire fighting. THE ANCIENT POPLAR TREE When white men settled in Am- erica, the Indians were making canoes of the yellow poplar. This was really the beginning of the last chapter in its life. Earlier chapters have been dug out of rocks and clays where its leaves and flowers have lain buried during thousands and millions of years. This tree appeared after the coal beds were formed, but before the ice age. There were sixteen species of the tree then, extending to Greenland as the climate was warm. At that remote time yellow poplar grew in Europe where it no longer exists. Fifteen species perished in this long winter known as the ice age. The species that survived was probably then growing south of the region of extreme cold and when the ice finally melted, it worked its way north as far as Canada. The scarcity of paper? As long ago as the reign of Tiberius the dearth of papyrus was so alarming that the Roman Government took over the distribution of the available sup- ply.— Boston Herald. Cduadian Forestry Journal, April, U)17 1079 CHEWING TOBACCO is the product of long experience in the manufac- ture of chewing tobacco. Its numerous qualities cannot be explained here, but you will find them all in a plug of this wonderful chewing tobacco Sold everi^ where 10c, a plug 1080 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 Forest Policies Demand Revision ♦"- In the annual report of the Com- mittee on Forests of the Commission of Conservation, reference is made to the forest protection situation in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and the prairie provinces and certain recommenda- tions are made. Forest protection NOTICE TO EDITORS : The contents of the Canadian Fores- try Journal are not copyrighted and your free use of any article is invited. You are also asked to make liberal use of the illustrations appearing in these pages. Any cut, unless taken from a copy- right photograph, will be sent to you postpaid promptly. Mark what cuts you can use and send in the list, early. As only the originals are available, first re- quests have the best chance. Canadian Forestry Association, Booth Building, Ottawa. ■■" — " — + P. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. — .._.+ *— — "— ■ PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Technical training and ten years experience, in part with U. S. Forest Service. Timber Estimating and Mapping Supervision of Lumber Contracts Surveying Forest Planting STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. in Quebec, the report states, has re- ceived the hearty sympathy of the provincial authorities. It is believed however, that the importance of this work fully justifies, and in fact ur- gently requires, a greater degree of financial support from the provincial treasury than it has thus far received. Under the present system, the atten- tion paid to the protection of un- licensed lands is inadequate. The situation urgently demands the as- signment of a much larger force of inspectors for licensed lands, the em- ployment of an adequate staff for the protection of large areas of un- licensed lands, in order that they may remain or become productive and provision for a sufficient head-office staff to maintain proper control over the entire organization. Nova Scotia. It is suggested that eventually, the province should embark upon , „„ ,.„ , „ „, „„ , „ „„ m „„ , „ „„ „„ -, rtft FORESTERS AND RANGERS EVERYTHING YOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US Compasses Tapes Scribes Transits &c. Aneroids Log Rules Lumber Gauges Levels, &c. The Ontario Hughes Owens Company 529 Sussex St. OTTAWA, ONT. *-" Canadian Forest rij Journal, April, 191 1081 a policy of reacquiring cut-over and burned-over non-agricultural timber lands, to supplement small areas of Crown lands. In this way, and at relatively small expense, the province can gradually re-establish the basis for a comprehensive poUcy of for- estry practice on Crown lands. The necessary legislation already exists; only the recjuired appropriations are lacking. British Columbia. The need for men trained in the theory and practice of forestry has become so urgent in the west that the University of British Coumbia has decided to establish a forest school at Vancouver. This action is to be commended, and it is to be hoped that it may be made effective at an early date. The Forest Branch has, through its own organization, made a remark- able showing in the development of new markets, both foreign and do- mestic, for British Columbia timber. Dominion Lands. Progress has been made in the matter of brush disposal in connec- tion with timber sales in forest re- + R. O. SWEEZEY B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E. FORESTRY ENGINEER AND TIMBER CRUISER 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. MIINATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOLS — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. I QUEEN^S UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE - Including Mining, Chemical, Civil, Mech- anical and Electrical Engineering. MEDICINE During the War there will be continuous sessions in Medicine. HOME STUDY The Arts Course may be taken by cor- respondence, but students desiring to grad- uate must attend one session. GEO. Y. CHOWN, Registrar. .._+ 1082 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1917 serves. This policy is becoming well established and the beneficial results are apparent in the form of decreased fire hazard. On the other hand, there is no pro- gress to report in connection with the enforcement of the technical forestry regulations on licensed timber berths, these not being under the jurisdic- tion of the Forestry Branch. A large percentage of the merchantable tim- ber on Dominion Crown Lands is included within these licensed tim- ber berths, and the fact that there is no provision for a technical ad- ministration of cutting regulations on these lands is a complete anomaly. Under the present plan of adminstra- tion, the forestry experts of the Do- minion Government are completely cut-off from any direct administrative contact with cutting operations on lands which contain the great bulk of merchantable timber on Dominion Crown Lands. "The French Government during March, 1915, estimated the approxi- mate destruction of farmhouse prop- erty with more than 1,200,000 houses without, however, giving a value. I, , „ „. .. „„ „. „„ .„ „ „. „ -4, YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. YALE University Forest School is a * graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the decree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology. Silviculture. Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania. For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut Try This Stump Putter^ J g% gm»-^g. The 8mlth Bturap Puller 3W Vfff* KtSH will take out every tree ^^ and etump by the roots, clearing from one to three acres a day, doing of twenty men. We w ^ TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hardy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYEDE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. 4.. Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Refore.sting. Best for over •'^ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Everg^reen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, 111., U.S.A. DOUGLAS GARDENS OAKVILLE, ONTARIO We specialize on Hardy Herbaceous Perennials. Descriptive Price List sent free on re- quest. JOHN CAVERS. Mrnticn Caradian Forestry Journal PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mattresses may be used on damp ground with perfect safety — they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated — may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government. Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. Pneumatic Mfg. Co.brooULyn.'n.y. Canadian Forestrij Journal, April, 1917 1083 Going Camping? It was early morning on Lake Golden. The teapot sputtered over the coals, and bacon flavors filtered gratefully to the nostrils. The Old Veteran squatted himself comfort- ably on a granite boulder and nodded toward the fire. "Boys," he said, "there don't look to be anything dangerous in a little bunch of coals, does there?" "Not this side of a powder fac- tory," chipped in the Youngster. The Old Veteran tapped his pipe bowl significantly: "Some day we're going to have an argument about which is the trickiest spot to trifle with fire — a powder factory or a for- est, and I think the forest will come first. One advantage about the pow- der factory is that you know the worst right off. But in the forest you may walk away for days and have the fire of your own making over- take you." "That doesn't sound reasonable," the Youngster broke in. "And it won't," agreed the Vet- eran, "until some time you start a camp fire in a bog or on pine needles and after a week's absence come face to face with your own fire in the shape of a blackened township. There's lots of surprises in store for you, my lad. I have known camp fires to burrow into a boggy soil, although doused with many pails of water, and remain there for two weeks, travelling underground until they came in contact with the dry duff of a fine old pinery, then to dart upward and turn hundreds of acres into a roaring furnace. The only safe way is never to take chances with a camp fire, never build one except on rocks or gravel and never go away until it is dead out I have followed that rule now for twenty years." "You certainly make the camp fire responsible for a lot of damage." "Can't exaggerate it, because I have seen the proofs with my own eyes. I have crossed Canada with parties of geologists and civil en- gineers and forest engineers and seen so many thousands of acres lying charred and useless, so many rivers .and streams dried up from lack of a tree life, so many beautiful camp- ing and fishing spots spoiled for all time, that I said to myself, 'Never you become responsible for this sort of crime.' And I believe I have lived up to it." "But smokingV said the Youngster "Suppose that I" "Suppose that you threw down a lighted cigarette or a burning match alongside the trail, or emptied hot pipe ashes, I should feel hke giving you a very good licking. Lighted tobacco and matches are just camp- fires in concentrated form. They all have the possibilities of another 'Porcupine fire horror,' and for a man to carelessly toss away the beginnings of a conflagration is to brand him- self an amateur woodsman and an enemy to society." By this time we had made away with the bacon and were glorying in the nectar of campfire tea. The Youngster, of course, had finished first, and was lending a hand at strik- ing camp. Up from the shore came the guide, lugging two pails of water. He emptied them on the small bed of coals and returned for a further sup- ply. Not until the fourth pail had immersed the blackened remnants of the fire did he look contented. "I see you take no chances," re- marked the Veteran. "I too learned my lesson," answer- ed the guide. "If the forests are not kept green, there's no hunting and fishing, and no tourists — and the guide's job disappears. This is only self-defence." — (Reprinted from "A Matter of Opinion," published by Canadian Forestry Association.) PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes, Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to' you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada -un^^mj* m The CailipGrs Favorite M 1^3^ l5ilVJ-.J=^« B W^zr"^^ MJi^^^l K mam Bilirr ^ ^"^^ 1 SLEEP with a COMFORT . — „ — . .._. — 4. ON Al R SlEEPI^G POCKET (Successors to Metropolitan Air C;oods Co.) Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 6 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. Illustraled Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A., Dealers write Forestry Telephones V?#'<^ Bush fires cost millions annually, but the loss is being reduced yearly bv stringent ■regulations and increased emnloyment of Rangers. The Ranger's greatest aid in effective fire fighting is A Bush Telephone System, which pays for itself by simplifying logging and driv- ing operations and yet is Always available in emergencies. We have perfected special apparatus for installation in permanent camps or look- out stations and also for poitalile tele- phones which the Rangers carry with them on their rounds, with w!)ich they can make instantaneous connections lo the nearest forestry telephone line. Write our nearest house for full par- ticulars. Northi^rtt Ekctr/c Company UMITEO Montreal, Halifax, Toronto, Winnipeg Regina, Calgary, Vancouver ^'^ f ^Ehctrk -F0rest-T(^iefihomes- 1 — 4. >3y ..f^g'i .v' ■*->-'^- Going Camping This Summer? Want You to Send Smart-Woods Catalogue of Tents and Camp Accessories For Their Illustrated Time Tried, Guaranteed Specialties for Camper, Miner, Forester, Etc. OTTAWA, MONTREAL, TORONTO, WINNIPEG »1i D UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICE. THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE, LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY. For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. 4> CIRCULATION, MAY, 5,400 COPIES Canadian Forestry Journal Vol. XIII CONTENTS FOR MAY No. 5 Scientific Investigation and the Forest 1089 Protection of Birds a Farm Asset 1093 The Case for the Woodpecker 1094 New Brunswick Probes Its Forest Contents 1095 Forests Give B. C. Treasury Over Two Millions 1097 Four Fire Associations Now Blanket Quebec 1098 Map Showing Fire Protection in Quebec 1099 Warning Re White Pine Disease 1100 Federal Government Assists in Fight Against White Pine Menace 1102 Strange Ways of Using Wood Pulp 1103 Appointing Rangers on Personal Merit 1106 Forest Survey Made with a Camera 1106 Impressions From India 1107 Present State of Forests in Prairie Provinces 1108 Education by Public Lectures 1109 Developing Forests of Alaska 1109 Building a Camp Fire 1111 Shelter Bells and Farm Crops 1113 The Fire Pump in Timber Guarding 1113 New Methods of Forest Operating 1115 How Timber is Cruised 1122 Six-Sevenths of U. S. Fires Preventable 1116 Reforesting Norway With Douglas Fir 1117 Problem of Over Ripe Timber in B. C 1214 The Green Timber on the Heights 1126 The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press, Woodsfock. Ont. Entered at the Post Office at Woodstock, Ont„ as second-class matter. 1088 Canadian Forestry Journal, Mai), 1917 DIVIDENDS FROM DESTRUCTION OF WATERSHED FORESTS : A Colorado railroad trestle left standing in midstream after washout in spring of 1914. AN AREA CLEAR CUT YEARS AGO FOR CHARCOAL AND LATER BURNED. Note the high stumps, lack of reproduction and erosion in right foreground. Photos by courtesy U. S. Forest Service. Canddidii Forcslri/ Jouiiud, Maij, 1U17 1 ()ether at the base by a small sheath — if there are hve needles it is almost sure to be a white pine — and even if not, ((his disease only attacks live-leaved pines) it should be reported nevertheless. During May and June, rarely after the middle of June, the disease is most conspicuous on the pine. The formerly smooth dark green bark will be found swollen, puffed up, "blistered," and breaking through the bark will be seen small whitish- orange scale-like bodies of a dusty lloury appearance, composed of the spores or seeds of the disease. There may be a few or many at each point of infection. Often times one can see these from a short distance. They may be on any young branch or on the older wood, but they disappear after June, and only the blister re- mains, though far less pronounced to the casual observer. Where the scales had been are often small drops of resin, or gum in the popular phrase, though these are not always present, — for may be present from other causes), — since even mechanical injuries to the bark, such as scjuirrel bites, etc., will cause gumming. In time, this bark be- comes rough and cracked, the disease slowly makes progress up and down, or around the limb or stem, and kills the branch, or the tree if it has girdled the stem; or the wounded area may give rise to another series of spores, but at no other time of the year except May or June, will the spores be seen. In old pines the disease may live for years; young pines will succumb as soon as the main stem has been girdled. The symptoms should be carefully borne in mind, and always looked for, when one is in the woods in May and June." Anyone noticing symptoms of the disease on white pine ought to notify at once the Provincial Forester, To- ronto, Ont.; Provincial Forester, Que- bec; Minister of Lands, Fredericton, N.B.; F. A. Harrison, Deputy Com- missioner, Parliament Buildings, Hali- fax, N.S.; the Dominion Forestry Branch for infections in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta; the Pro- vincial Forester, X'ictoria, British (Columbia. The white pine area from the western boundary of Ontario to the Pacific is very small, and no con- tamination there has been reported thus far. The chief white pine sec- tions are in Eastern and Northern Ontario and Western Quebec and throui?h New Brunswick. TREE FALLS, KILLING 11 One of the worst accidents in the history of logging in the Pacific North- west occurred ALarch 2'A, at the opera- tion of the North Bank Logging Co., Grays River, Wash., when eight men met instant death and 15 others were injured, three of whom later died. The logging crew^ was returning to camp for dinner at noon, standing and sitting on two flat cars. An 18- inch hemlock tree, uprooted by the high wind; fell across the head end of the first car, sweeping the men off the cars before the train could be halted. The injured men w^ere hur- ried to Astoria. Of the men in the hospital on April 10, all seemed sure of recovery with one possible excep- tion. DECAY OF FIR A detailed investigation of the rate of decay in mature stands of Douglas fir will be undertaken within a few weeks by Dr. E. P. Meinecke, of San Francisco, pathologist assigned to the Forest Service by the Bureau of Pathology. How decay attacks the tree and how it progresses will form an important part of the in- vestigation, which will be carried on in several districts in Washington and Oregon. COMPULSORY PATROL Some amendments to the Wash- ington forest fire law will probably be offered at the forthcoming session of the legislature. The compulsory patrol system in force in Oregon has worked out very satisfactorily and will probably be adopted, by other Pacific Coast states. 1102 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1917 Federal Gov't Assists in Fight Against White Pine Menace Hon. Martin Burrell, Federal Min- ister of Agriculture, has decided upon a plan of co-operation with the prov- inces for checking the white pine disease of blister rust which is bound to prove of utmost advantage. Representations as to the serious- ness of the blister disease in Eastern Canada were made to the Minister by the Canadian Forestry Associa- tion, Commission of Conservation, and by pathologists of the Depart- ment of Agriculture. The Minister gave the cjuestion prompt and thor- ough consideration and arrived at a decision which every friend of forest conservation in Canada will recognize as practical and praiseworthy. The Minister will ask Parliament this month to sanction an expendi- ture, understood to be above $50,000, in order to assist the provinces in locating infections. This involves a great amount of work in scouting, with constant travel, and a large staff of inspectors. ' Conferences with the Provincial departments of Lands and Forests have resulted in an agree- ment that the provinces should en- gage as many men as will be necessary for the task and pay their salaries. The Dominion appropriation will meet the travelling expenses, which makes the division of cost about ecjual. The responsibility for results and authority in directing the work is left with the Provinces. Mr. W. A. McCubbin, who has been engaged on pine blister work in the Niagara Peninsula for more than a year will take general supervision of the work on behalf of the Depart- mentof Agriculture, visiting Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick. With this plan in operation, there should be by the Fall a fund of in- formation as to the districts affected by the white pine disease, and such knowledge will be a guide to the prov- incesand Dominion in future action. THE PATRIOT'S VIEWPOINT Ontario, Feb. 9, 1917. Canadian Forestry Association: — Enclosed fmd our checiue for five dollars, Contributing Membership Fee, to help the spread of information how to preserve our forests and make good our waste. E. D. S. Prof. W. N. Millar, of the Uni- versity of Toronto Forest School has arranged to enter the service of the United States Army of which he is a reservist and will leave Toronto about the end of May. Mr. R. L. Seaborne, Manager of the newly formed Laurentian Forest Protective Association, has had valu- able experience as an inspector of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association. T. B. Molloy, assistant super- intendent of insurance, Winnipeg, has assumed charge of the fire pre- vention branch and is busily occupied in organizing the municipal officials who will, under the new law, report all conflagrations, with causes, dam- age, etc., to the department at Winni- peg. *— — • iti^^iB^^irB— iiD^^iio^^hn^^iin^— iiN^^n«J» UNUSUAL PHOTOGRAPHS PURCHASED Rangers and others having unusual photographs of any sub- ject identified with the forest are asked to submit them for examination to the Canadian Forestry Journal, 119 Booth Building. For those available, one dollar each will be paid. Pictures must be clear, sharp, and of a minimum size of 3^ by 414. ♦ — . — .- (Uuuidan Forcslrn Journal, May, lifl. iio;3 Strange Ways of Using Wood Pulp Paper Lamps, Chimneys, Paper Umbrellas, Boots, Boats, Wheels — a Few New Uses for the Tree There are probably no commodities in established use which have so greatly extended their sphere of utility as wood-pulp fibres and paper, and within recent years the novel uses to which they have been, and are still being placed, have enormously in- creased in number. Mr. Gladstone is our authority for the statement that even (30 years ago the uses of l^aper were varied and numerous. In the speech to wdiich we have just referred he stated that he had a list of 09 trades in which it was used. "For example," he said, "it is largely used by anatomical machinists to make artificial limbs; by telescope makers, by boot and shoe makers, by cap manufacturers, for the foundation of caps and hats, forming all the peaks and many of the tops wdiich look like leather; by china and porce- lain manufacturers; by doll makers, and by shipbuilders; and again in making optical instruments, in pic- tures and looking-glasses, in portman- teaus, in Sheffield goods and tea- pots." "One manufacturer writes," Mr. Gladstone continued, "that he has made panels for doors from paper, and above all he looks forward to making carriages of paper when the duty shall have been taken off. An- other manufacturer, who is asked into what combinations paper may be made to enter writes to me: 'Who can fix the limit to ingenious com- binations when we see India rubber being made into strong and durable combs and other articles of that sort? Only this morning I was informed that paper pipes are actually made prepared with bitumen and capable of standing a pressure of 300 pounds of water to the inch.' " This was nearly two generations ago, and dur- ing the intervening years it has be- come increasingly recognized that not only may paper be found useful for other than printing, writing, and packing purposes, but that wood- pulp is capable of being advantageous- ly used in the manufacture of other goods than paper and cardboard. Pulp and paper, says the British Paper Trade Journal, have furnished a rich field for exploitation, and in altogether new spheres of usefulness have arrived at a stage which may be said to guarantee their permanent serviceability. Nowadays, the pub- lic are familiar with artificial silk, coarse cloth, and fabrics closely re- sembling mercerized cotton produced from wood-pulp fibres, and it is stat- ing nothing new to say that ties and waist-coats are being made from pulp and paper. As a matter of fact, both pulp and paper can now be formed into solid substances capable of com- peting with wood or iron in point of durability and elasticity, and for some years past, treated by special methods, they have been converted into such articles as paper bottles, figures, ornaments, furniture, etc. Waterproof coverings for walls and ceilings, parchment slates, flanges and manhole rings, paper wheels, roofing and boats, paper barrels, gas pipes, boxes and horse-shoes are also no longer novelties. Probably one of the most valuable by-products of the manufacture of sulphite pulp is that of spi-rit from the waste, and particularly in Sweden, the distilla- tion of alcohol from cellulose bids fair to become an industry of con- siderable importance. Then it is but a few years since the chairman of the tanning section of the Toronto Board of Trade declared that paper inven- tions had gradually entered into com- petition with leather, and that hides had advanced in price to such a de- gree that the output had dropped 50 per cent, in Canada, a condition of affairs wdiich had compelled the use 1104 Canadian Foresirij Joiirnal, Mai), 1917 of such substitutes as fabrics and paper. Building Board Paper as an article for building purposes is well known in Scandinavia and Japan. In the latter country not long ago a country house was entirely constructed of paper, and in Scandinavia a great quantity of wood pasteboard is used as the lining for wall papers, while in the United States a heavy paper board for use in building operations is also made from waste sugar, sugar cane and corn stalks. In a small mill at Koy- asa, Kanagawa (Japan), waterproof paper is now manufactured for shirt- making. Paper string and twine has within recent years come to be recognized as a valuable substitute for the ordin- ary variety. Paper string is now being made of such stoutness that it is suitable for tying up parcels of ciuite a fair size, and its manufacture is now being carried out in this coun- try. Twine has been produced from paper in Germany for some years; the cord is spun from strips of brown or white creped thin cellulose paper, and the few mills making it are said to be unable to meet the demand. Paper Umbrellas Making artificial flowers from paper is not a new idea, but it is probably not so well known that they are now being made of paper rendered non- inflammable by the moderate use of asbestine. It may also be recalled that a demonstration given in To- ronto a short time ago samples of sections of chandeliers, lamp brack- ets, etc., made from sulphite pulp, which had been subjectecl to a very high pressure and then blown into metal moulds were shown, while paper lamp wicks are said to be now replacing cotton wicks throughout Austria-Hungary. The Japanese sun- shade is, of course, quite a familiar object, but the collapsible and storm- proof paper umbrella, devised for use in emergencies by an ingenious American, has not yet obtained wide favour. Tests, however, are said to have shown that with ordinary care the cover will last for months in heavy rain and strong winds. Paper Lamp Chimney Twisted or hardened paper is also being extensively employed at Sheb- oygan, U.S.A., in the manufacture of paper furniture, and bags and trunks of compressed paper are per- haps somewhat better known than the paper jackets for sausages, which have been introduced on the other side of the Atlantic. Vulcanized fibre, which is simply paper treated with zinc chloride, is also being ex- tensively used in the manufacture of tool handles, bobbins, tubes, etc., and paper binder twine, paper win- dow shades, paper matting and paper floor coverings, the latter generally made with an admixture of cotton, are now widely used. Paper insula- tors are, of course, in comparatively common use, but it must be admitted that a paper chimney, of which we have heard, is something of a novelty. Paper cartwheels and paper boats are, however, no longer curiosities, though it is stated that the paper boat is, indeed, a very substantial and serviceable craft. The great war has also developed new uses for paper and pulp. It is now well known that Germany is using chemical pulp in place of cotton as a basis for the production of high explosives, and a German military surgeon goes as far as to say that not only cellulose wadding, but mech- anical wood-pulp, wood flour, wood wool and wood felt have done good service as substitutes for cotton in making dressings, while another au- thority states that for \yound secre.- tions, filter and blotting paper serves the purpose admirably. Cellulose wadding is used in dozens of forms as a substitute for cotton, and its em- ployment is stated to be even more advantageous when loosely cotton woven cotton wicks are substituted for closely woven wicks, particularly in spirit and petroleum lamps. There have also been stories of paper boots and paper socks worn by soldiers of the European battlefields, and it is reported that paper beds, with paper sheets and pillow-cases, are now be- ing used in Germany by the poor, the mattresses being made of strong sheets of paper pasted together and filled with drv leaves of beech and ('.(inadiuii Forcsliij Journal, May, 1917 1105 A WINTER FOREST SURVEY PARTY IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN. oak trees. The paper used is tough- ened by a special process which pre- vents easy tearing. In this connec- tion, it may be mentioned that re- cently in Copenhagen a new German textile, in which paper is spun with about 20 per cent, of cotton, was ex- hibited. Fiom this, paper under- clothing, sheets, jerseys, bandages and horse blankets were made, but it is admitted that the cost of production is too high to allow of its competing with cotton and woollen cloth in normal times. Probably the largest use of spun paper in the United States lies in the manufacture of fibre rugs, in the production of which no fewer than twenty-five factories are engaged, one of them turning out something like twenty-five tons of rugs daily. Most of these rugs are made made entirely of paper, but in some instances an admixture of cotton or wool is used. The possibilities for sulphite pulp in the manufacture of toys was a topic upon which Sir George Foster recently dilated at a manufacturers' convention in To- ronto, and at a school near South- port, waste paper, after being pound- ed and kneaded, is now being used in place of clay for modelling purposes. Altogether there seems to be no limit to the potential uses of either pulp or paper, and there is no doubt that in the near future considerable developments in this direction will have to be recorded. NEW FORESTRY FIRM C. A. Lyford and H. E. Brincker- hoff have formed a partnership under the name of Clark c^- Lyford for the practice of Forest Engineering, with headquarters at 15 E. 40th St., New- York. They will act as Eastern Agents for Clark & Lyford, Ltd. of Vancouver. THE NEW ASSOCIATIONS In the formation of the Southern St. Lawrence Forest Protective As- sociation, the majority of the limit holders and owners of free-hold lands, from the county line between Dor- chester and Bellechasse right do^vn to the Gaspe peninsula will have one President, and one Secretary-Treasur- er, but will divide the territory in two sections, the Eastern and the West- ern, each Section to have a vice-presi- dent and Manager chosen by a board of five Directors; the whole Board of ten directors will have charge of all matters pertaining to the whole Association, but each Section will be independent so far as funds and administration are concerned. 1106 Canadian Forestrij Journal, May, 1917 +.- ..,. 4. Appointing Rangers on Personal Merit The long overdue task of subduing the patronage evil in appointments to the Civil Service has been com- menced in British Columbia. The Forest Service is the first to benefit. Following protests by the lumber- men's organizations, Canadian For- estry Association, Commission of Conservation and others, against fur- ther toleration of the patronage plan in forest protection, the Brewster Government inaugurated a scheme of two examining boards, having juris- diction over appointment of rangers in the Coast and the Mountain sec- tions. The original proposal was that the lumbermen should control these boards, but this was modified to retain responsibility in the hands of the Government who have three members on each body of five. Al- ready the plan has been set in motion so as to apply to ranger appointments _ _ _ 1 in the present fire season. Written and oral examinations are required and while the time allowed to the British Columbia Forest Branch for preparation was embarrassingly brief, the intention of the Government is being thoroughly carried out. Appli- cants were notified of the examination dates and in some instances more than one hundred men appeared to stand their ordeal. Sixty per cent, was allowed for experience. Upon the decisions of the examiners all ranger appointments will be made hereafter. As a substitute for the vicious system of appointment by stealth, known as the patronage plan, the British Columbia arrangement is a valuable step forward and may be the means of leading other provinces and the Federal Governments to try the Civil Service idea on their field appointments. Forest Survep Made With Camera Unusual methods were adopted in making a survey recently of the Co- lumbia National Forest in the state of Washington, which comprises an area of over 1,000 square miles, most- ly rough, hilly, and heavily timbered land, difficult and expensive to sur- vey in the ordinary manner. W^ith the aid of a photographic outfit, however, a satisfactory survey was made by one member of the Forest Service, who covered 93 square miles a month on an average during the progress of the field work. This has occupied several open seasons, the winters being spent in working up the field notes into accurate maps showing the contours and all streams in the forest. The surveyor was accompanied by one assistant and packer, and traveled on horseback, with two pack animals. Observa- tions and photographs were made from definite "stations" when the weather permitted, about 15 such stations being occupied each month. Four exposures were usually made with the camera at each station, each plate developed taking in the view within an angle of 65 degrees. Each photograph was marked on its margin with a horizon line by which eleva- tions and depressions were sub- sequently measured for map making, and it was found that the contours drawn by this method were surpris- ingly correct, usually coming within 50 feet or so of actual elevations. About 50 square miles were mapped each month when field work was im- possible the scale used being 1 in. to the mile. The total cost for field and office work was approximately $4.60 a square mile, which is regarded as low, compared with the cost of ordin- ary surveys. Canadian Forcsliij Journal, Maij, 1U17 Win Impressions from India . — ^ The first shock to a (Canadian travelHng in India is the wooded state of the coimlry. One expects that hundreds of milhons of people war- ring through thousands of years and finally under a century of peace crowding agriculturally 300 to GOO to the square mile would have produced a denuded land. Such is not the case — except in the arid Indus valley — the whole land, viewed from a railway carriage, appears forested, and even the Ganges plain with its agricultural half thousand to the square mile is so dotted with trees as to appear at a distance of less than a mile an un- broken wall of forest. The tempera- ment which leaves trees to grow, in groves, rows and scattered throughout the most valuable fields without even the protection of the fence row, which saves a few trees in America, must have been an important factor in leaving any forests for the British to administer in India. The forest area of British India now stands at about 336,000 square miles, or 31.1 per cent, of the total land area. Though the forest cannot all be con- sidered as productive timber land, or even as wooded land, as will be ex- plained later, the proportion of actual forest must to a Westerner appear very large, especially when the age, history and population of the country are considered. The large proportionate area of forest is explained by three or four conditions wherein India differs fundamentally from American con- ditions, which act as brakes on forest destruction in India. Recent Canadian experience to the contrary, the Indian is not an emi- grant. The strongest human ten- dency in Canada and the United States has been to move west along the parallels of latitude and destroy forest. The native North American has not waited either for pressure of population upon the land or for a market for the timber in the virgin Western forests to furnish the stimu- lus for I he Western movement of poi)ulation. The Indian, the direct antithesis of this man, even when the agricultural population has reached GOO to the square mile; has not felt impelled to leave his ancestral paddy field and move a few hundred miles to another part of his native province or to another province of India, even though bountiful paddy fields have already been proved there, settled government established and railroads laid down for easy transport. The Indian will assuredly cut down the forest bordering his^ field and village if allowed, but he wdll not migrate to attack a new forest area. Nearly every province contains a fair proportion of forest, some if it seem- ingly on good agricultural land and only a hundred miles or so from dis- tricts so densely populated that to use Kipling's description of Canton you feel that if you knocked a corner off a house it would bleed. Other pro- vinces, rich beyond dreams, in the capacity for growth of myriad crops, such as Assam and Burma, lying in the direct line between the hordes of China and the swarms of India to this day cry aloud for population and all through the past have suffered little or no forest destruction. A large proportion of the forest wealth of India is in these two pro- vinces. If they are omitted the forest in India sinks to 21 per cent of the land area. One should be per- mitted to dream a moment what would be the situation in North America today if we had possessed only a little of the Indian's charac- teristics of pausing to make each acre fertile before passing on to denude another. We should have been still somewhere East of the Appalachians and the beaver would not yet have been driven out of Canadian rivers to take refuge in the folds of the flag, H. R. MacMILLAN, (Former Chief Forester of British Columbia.) 1108 Canadian Forestrii Journal, May, 191'. PRESENT STATE OF FORESTS IN PRAIRIE PROVINCES A most interesting and informative estimate of forest conditions has been furnished by the Dominion Forestry Branch at the request of the Canadian Forestry Journal It deals with the results of examina- tions by Forestry Branch reconnaissance parties of about 100,000 square miles north of the prairies in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. On this area, which is accepted as typical of the bulk of the tree-covered lands'(the complete survey of which will be completed in about two years) about 6 per cent, is grassland or prairie, about 3 per cent, is water, about 23 per cent, is muskeg or slough, about 55 per cent, is covered with more or less good reproduction verging in size from seedlings to trees 8 inches in diameter, B. H. This includes also recent burns where the reproduction may as yet be very poor or altogether lacking. About 13 per. cent, of the area is covered with timber of merchant- | able size, 8 inches or more. ! This estimate is at once a tragic testimony to past neglect and a | reminder that only by resolute conservation policies beginning with | exclusion of fire and on through replanting to a scientific plan of utilizing I mature timber will the timber resources of the prairie provinces prove equal to the* requirements of future population. If, as claimed, the future of Canada depends upon heavy immigration, the hope of immi- gration depends not upon bare land merely, not upon wider markets merely, but upon holding down the costs of production, in which the cost of lumber and fuel, fence posts and other wood supplies bear such a substantial part. As the cost of wooden pit props affects the price of coal, or the cost of barrels affects the selling price of fish, so the thou- and-and-one products of the forest that enter into a modern farming plant will retard or send up the production cost of wheat and live stock according as the storehouse of the provincial forests is in a flourishing or depleted condition. The forests of Alberta are primarily for Alberta's use. So with Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Each province gets all the dividends of conservation, by whomsoever applied. THRIFT IN FOREST FIRES losses in 1917. As is well known, the There are estimated to be 10,000 present-day causes of forest fires are forest fires in Canada every year of all not the railways as much as the set- sizes and descriptions. Nine-tenths tiers, campers, hunters and fishermen, are set by human hands, and the Thoughtlessness in respect to camp damage runs from four to ten millions fires, the throwing away of lighted of dollars, not counting damage to tobacco, matches, etc., has caused soil, to the value of watershed areas some of the worst conflagrations in and many other factors. history. During the months of May "Thrift in forest fires" is a new and June, before the fire season is well movement which the Canadian under way this year, thousands of Forestry Association has started out-doors men are being asked by the amongst the guides, and campers and co-operation of the newspaper pub- sportsmen of Canada with a view to lishers of Canada to make 1917 a year cutting down the country's timber of thrift in the forest. C(in(i(li(in Foicslri] JoLirnaL Mrti/, 1U1\ 1109 r " t ! Education bp Public Lectures \ ▼" "" " * "" "' "" "" "^ ■'" ' ' "' The sets of fifty lantern slides and lecture manuscript, sent out without charge by the Canadian Forestry Association to clergymen, teachers, and others in a position to gather an audience, have been extensively used during the past four months. As an example of the manner in which these lecture sets are employed, the following appeared in the Kee- watin, Ont. "Enterprise" of April 21 : "An interesting lecture on lum- bering and forest protection, illustrat- ed by lantern slides was given in the Oddfellows' Hall on Monday evening under the auspices of the Canadian Forestry Association. The Hall was w^ell filled. Messrs. A. G. Holmes and D. McLeod (Manager of the Keewatin Lumber Co!) gave inter- esting addresses pointing out the great importance of the lumbering industry in Canada and the necessity of protecting the forests for future supply." A note from a Keewatin corres- pondent adds: "There were about 150 children present and an equal number of adults. Each of those present was presented with a cojiy of your booklet, "Yo(te b^nemy's Photograph" and also a copy of the booklet for campers. The people appeared to be very interested in the meeting and we are satisfied that good results wdll follow\" Another of these lectures was given at Knowlton, Quebec, by Rev. Canon Carmichael before a very large audi- ence, Hon. Sydney Fisher, President of the Canadian Forestry Association being chairman. The call for these lecture sets from all parts of Canada is beyond the Association's financial ability to meet as it should be met. As far as the revenues will allow, however, this part of the propagandist work is making headway. At least ten lecture outfits could be employed the greater part of the year, by de- signing each lecture to apply es- pecially to the Maritime Provinces, Quebec, Ontario, and three prairie provinces, and British Columbia and operating each from a provincial headquarters. L- " ' "' _ "" " "" " " t I Developing the Forests of Alaska \ Discussing the opportunities for the development of the forests of Alaska for paper manufacture, Henry E. Surface, engineer of the United States Forest Service estimates that an initial investment of $2,000,000 for a 75 ton mill would be necessary. "Probably the most important ob- stacles holding up serious considera- tion of Alaskan pulp and paper enter- prises by parties w'ell able to finance them are the undeveloped conditions generally existing and especially the lack of detailed information on specific local resources and facilities." Con- tinuing the report says: "So far as legislation and the regu- lations of government departments are concerned, there are no obstacles to the development of pulp and paper enterprises and the use therein of the necessary sites, timber, water powers, and other natural resources of the public lands; in fact the terms of government lease, permit, sale and title may be considered encouraging even for pioneer conditions and capi- tal may be assured of ample security in these regards." Taking up the question of Timber on the Tongass Forest, Mr. Surface says: "The present stand of merchant- 1110 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1917 able timber on the Tongass Forest is estimated at 70 billion feet and as only the best of the spruce, cedar, cypress and possibly a little of the very best hemlock, is now considered as saw timber, it is evident that for pulp purposes which can include all of the hemlocjiiJ as well as the spruce in sizes and grades not at present called merchantable, the estimate is very conservative. The area of the stand is estimated at 8,000,000 acres with an average stand of 9,000 feet per acre. Assuming new growth at the very low rate of 25 by 30 feet b.m. per average acre per year, the reproduc- tion alone would perpetually support newspring paper mills of 1,000 tons combined output per day or five mills the size of the big Powell River con- cern in British Columbia." Taking up the question of the accessibility of the timber, the report continues: "At present hand logging is much in vogue, but logging with machinery is gradually coming in and would be used on all the proposed pulp chances. The Tongass Forest has about 12,000 miles of timbered shoreline and the bulk of the timber can be easily brought to the water and rafted or boomed for towing to its destination through the well-protected waters. Present logging costs from stump to boom, even under the more efficient operations, will generally fall between $4 and $5 per 1,000 being tolerably uniform for all accessible areas within a mile of the shore. Towing is very inexpensive, being about one per cent per 1,000 feet b.m. per mile, except for the shorter hauls. For these rea- sons it is not essential that a pulp mill should be located on the area from which it gets its timber. U. S. SEEKING OUR WOOD Mr. K. C. Clark, of Oldtown, Me., in a recent interview with the St. John, N. B., "Telegraph," stated that United States lumber firms in the east are reaching out more and more into Canada for material, and that within another five or ten years almost all the large lumber mills in Maine will have been converted into pulpwood and pulp mills. j TIMBER FOR SHIPBUILDING An nil ,n jii nu ■» nn ■!! an nu jo __ __ ^ Every local freight train on the N. T. R. is carrying east in carload lots spars and other special timbers needed in the construction of wooden ships, an industry which is experienc- ing a great revival at various points in the Maritime Provinces, says the Times of Moncton, N. B. Some of the shipments consist of heavy tim- bers to be used for masts and spars of wooden vessels. There is also con- siderable shipment of planking and, wooden ribs for the vessels. The most curious part of the shipments, how- ever, are the wooden "knees" which are really the crooked roots of trees, sawed into sizes suitable to ship- building purposes. These "knees" can be made from ordinary timber, but builders prefer the natural bend of the roots, which are very fibrous and tough. Quite an important part of present day lumbering operations is the digging up and cutting out of crooked roots suitable for this pur- pose. The small knees are used for bracing stem and stern posts and similar parts exposed to heavy strains. 4. — SUSPEND FOREST SCHOOL PLANS FOR PRESENT •Jly^^BB^— no.^— flo^^Bii na na aa hi ,H „ Ul) hA The task of building up revenues to meet expenditures has rendered ne- cessary the postponement of the plan for commencing a Forest School in connection with University of British Columbia as well as the proposed scheme for a Forest Products Labora- tories to assist the British Columbia timber industry in many of its special problems. New tax adjustments are expected to overtake the deficit in current expenditures during the next twelve months and it is understood that no time will be lost in giving effect to the plan for the Forest school and Laboratories at Vancouver. Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Maij, I HI 7 nil 4. — 1 I 1 4.0 — SOME FORE-HANDED THRIFT WOULD HAVE HELPED HERE Building a Camp Fire As this issue of the Journal will find hundreds of our readers planning summer vacations in the woods, the following article is reprinted from an earlier issue in order that all may take advantage of the hints on building a camp fire. Camp stoves should be taken when- ever they can be transported. They are safer than open fires, more con- venient, recjuire less fuel, and do not blacken the cooking utensils. Col- lapsible sheetiron stoves may be ob- tained. In the absence of a stove an open fire must be built. A safe and ser- viceable fireplace can be made of rocks placed in a small circle^ so as to support the utensils. Where rocks are not obtainable, poles may be used. , For permanent camps it pays to build a stone fireplace. A piece of sheet iron will prevent the blackening of the pans and makes a better draft. For temporary camps the fire should be built as follows: Dig a hole about a foot cTeep and about three or four feet in diameter. Shovel away the side toward the wind. Lay green poles across the hole to support the pots and pans, and build the fire underneath. Fire irons are often a great con- venience. A piece of three-eights- inch round iron four feet long is bent at tight angles a foot from each end and the ends are sharpened. Two of these irons are placed side by side, the ends are driven into the ground and the fire kindled beneath them. Instead of being made in one piece, the pegs and cross-bars may be con- nected by rings in the ends. They will then fold and be easier to pack. Small Fire is Best Camp fires should never be larger than necessary, and the utmost care 1112 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1917 should be taken to prevent sparks from being carried into the neighbor- ing forest. Clear away the litter for a considerable space about the fire. And be sure to put the fire out before you leave it. A shovel is nearly as important a tool as an axe in camping. Do not count on fmding one along the way, but put one in your outfit. During wet weather look for kind- ling in burned pine, or in pine knots. The under side of a leaning tree will usually contain dry material. Dead branches, that have not yet fallen are drier than those on the ground. Bark from fir snags is excellent fuel. Where matches are scarce or when the weather is stormy, first light a candle and kindle your fire from that. Hints on fire protection are always timely and fit particularly well with these instructions about camp fires. The hrst thing is prevention. Bear in mind the Six Rules. Be parti- cularly careful with camp fire, matches and tobacco, since carelessness with these is punishable by law. Scrape all inflammable material from around the fire before lighting it. Make a fireplace either by digging a hole or by piling up rocks. The fire will then not only be safer but will draw better. Before leaving camp see that the last spark is extinguished. Pour water on the embers and then cover them with earth. Don't make your fire too large. Large fires are not as convenient to cook by as small ones and are more trouble to put out. To Overcome Fire If you discover a fire, go to it at once and put it out if you can. A small fire can be put out easily by throwing handfuls of earth or sand at the base of the flame. The flames may also be beaten clown with sacks or with branches, but care must be taken not to scatter the fire. If the fire is spreading too rapidly to be attacked directly, cut and scrape a trail some distance ahead of it. Do not back-fire; this is work for an ex- perienced man. If a fire is serious enough to rec}uire this treatment, the work should be left to a ranger. The best tools for fire fighting are the shovel, axe, and hoe or rake. In open pine forest very little axe work will be required. Shovel or rake a trail through the needles down to mineral soil, and guard the trail. To stop a fire burning in brush the trail must first be cut with the axe and then scraped. The brush should be thrown to the side away from the fire. The litter may be scraped to- ward the fire. Pick a route for the fire trail that will avoid brush patches if possible. The crest of a ridge is an excellent location, since the fire naturally checks at the top. See that a fire is cold before you leave it. Report all fires to the nearest forest ranger, or railway agent, or settlement Do not suppose that because a fire is merely burning in apparently worthless brush it is therefore doing no damage. Such fires are often the most serious. Postscript: There are about 10,000 forest fires in Canada every year, over 1,300 a month between snow and snow. 1917 IS A YEAR OF THRIFT. LET'S CUT THAT 10,000 FIRES IN HALF! SURVEY FOR LAURENTIDE CO. Dr. Howe, of the University of Toronto, with two technical assist- ants, will commence for the Com- mission of Conservation and in co- operation with the Laurentide Com- pany, Limited, a survey of the cut- over pulpwood lands. This survey will determine the amount of wood left after logging, the reproduction, rate of growth and probable yield of timber after a certain number of years, and will make recommenda- tions as to improved methods of cutting. ANOTHER COMPANY TO PLANT The Belgo-Canadian Pulp and Pa- per Company, Limited, of Shawene- gan Falls, Quebec, has decided to commence planting trees on its hold- ings, making the third large paper company to undertake such refor- estation work. Canadian Forcslrij JournaL Man, ^'>^- 111:1 Shelter Belts and Farm Crops In order that soil may do its best for the average farm crop it is neces- sary that it contain about half of the water that it is possible for it to hold. When saturated a heavy clay soil will hold 40 per cent, of water, and it is gen- erally agreed that 18 per cent, of wa- ter in soil is most favorable to plant growth. A practical farmer needs no measure or scales to tell himwhen his land is in fit condition for sowing, but many a one fails to attach sufficient importance to the necessity for this fit condition, and as a result much good grain and other seed is sown in mud that allowed it no chance of de- veloping into satisfactory crop. Managing Moisture The season of 1916 was proof of the fact that in the mattei- of command- ing moisture supply, two points have to be considered, namely, dispersion and retention of moisture. To attain both ends, drainage and mulching have to be practiced, and it is a question if anything more or better than drainage can be made use of or the removal of excess moisture from the soil, but in the matter of retain- ing moisture or supplying it th^re are other means than cultivation of the top soil, possible of being used: irrigation is one of these, and another not very often considered, is the pro- vision of tree belts that will help to retain a certain amount of moisture in the atmosphere and so affect the soil beneficially in times of drought. TTie Fire Pump in Timber Guarding — . — +, An impressive test of the improved design of fire pump on which Mr. Harry Johnson, Fire Inspector, Board of Railway Commissioners, has done such valuable work, was made at Ottawa on May 9th before interested spectators. The factor of portability has bulked largest in Mr. Johnson's experiments and, of course, has been the chief barrier to the use of any of the exist- ing types of pumps for extinguishing fires in the forest. Last year a most practical experiment was tried by the St. Maurice Forest Protective Asso- ciation at La Tuque, P.Q., where one of the pumps did splendid service and saved its cost on the single occasion. This year's design couples the en- gine and pump direct, the carburetor has been made more get-at-able, and the general efficiency of the engine improved. The test was conducted by placing the pump five feet above the level of the Ottawa River and running 1500 feet of hose on an eighty- two foot rise to a point beneath the Sparks Street bridge. With such severe friction as was offered by the length of hose and with the handicap of the rise, the engine delivered 20 imperial gallons a minute at the nozzle, throwing a stream that ap- proximated thirty to forty feet. The engine and pump w^eigh 132 pounds and are being adopted in considerable numbers by the Ontario forest service and by private associations in Quebec. LAVAL MEN APPOINTED In the new Southern St. Lawrence Forest Protective Association, Mr. B. Guerin is District Fire Inspector of the W'estern Division with head- quarters at Quebec, while Mr. J. D. Brule is Inspector of the Eastern Division wdth headquarters at Camp- bellton, New Brunswick. Both offi- cials are graduates of the Laval Forest School where they made a record of distinction. 1114 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 191', 4. — ! New Methods of Forest Operating ! ▼ " "" im— U!i HI Bu^— uu ij It I HI a , a i— -« i u i^— u.i^— mj hh idi a i u i u . u i^— uu uii n i— ui- nti ii.).— -411 uii-^ii«|t Lecturing recently before the Nat- viral History Society of Montreal Mr. Gustave C. Piche, Chief Forester of Quebec, gave some most interest- ing information as to the necessity for changed methods in order to secure the perpetuation of Canada's present forest values. Mr. Piche estimated that Canada held about 414 million acres of for- ests, but this supply, he believed, would not last beyond fifty years unless precautions were taken. The methods to be followed for forest preservation were as follows: — Systematic cutting, based on the maturing growth of the forests. Proper prevention of forest fires. Preparation of proper forest re- serves. Reforestation of lands destroyed by fire, or denuded of forests through other means. Co-operation of all interested for the protection of the forests, and the employment of forestry engineiers to deal with the matter of forests. It was impossible to present an accurate idea of the forests of Can- ada, in view of the lack of knowledge of some sections of the country, said the speaker. Mr. Piche said that one-third of the country was prac- tically bare of trees. This was the polar section, covered by the Arctic glacial period. Mr. Piche then dealt with the for- ests that did exist, speaki-ng of the various sections in the two big classes of forestry that belonged to Canada. He dealt with various types, those in this province, and on the Pacific Coast, remarking that the forests of the Pacific Coast were the richest in the world, being a continuation of the great forests of Oregon and Wash- ington States. He touched on the type of trees to be met with in that region. Mr. Piche then dealt with the forest richness of the provinces in detail. Mr. Piche, in summing uj), said that it had been judged best to reduce the estimate of the forest wealth of the country to 414 millions of acres, but this meant good producing tim- ber. However abundant this forest wealth might seem, it was necessary to take energetic measures as to preservation, and to make an in- ventory of forest contents with a view to maintaining the supply. Canada has not one tree too many for present and future needs. We own just one quarter of the timber possessed by the United States. Since pioneer days, the Fire Fiend has robbed us of two-thirds of our original forest inheritance. On what remains the most careful economy will be necessary to meet tjie increasing requirements of the population. Forest protection, then, is just a matter of good citizenship. SHANTYMEN'S ASSOCIATION The ninth annual meeting of the Shantymen's Christian Association was held at Toronto on April 16. The report for the year showed that the work of the association had reached 30,174 men during 191(3. in the Prince Albert district of Saskatche- wan, the Rainy River district of Manitoba, from Nipigon east to Sud- bury, and from Sudbury to North Bay, with North Bay as the centre. During the year ended March 31, 1917, visits were paid to 685 camps, as compared with 355 in the previous year. The staff of the association tramped on foot in order to carry on this work, 1,775 miles. During the year they employed thirteen mis- sionaries, as compared with eleven in the previous year. The subscrip- tions and collections received during the vear amounted to $5,178, as com- posed with $3,313 in 1916. Officers for 1917 were chosen as follows: President, H. B. Gordon; vice-presi- dent, .J. J. Gartshore; secretary- treasurer, R. D. Richardson; superin- Canadian F'orcstrij Journal, May, 1917 1115 tendent, William Henderson: directors: J. McClelland, John First brook. \1y. W. H. Howitt, and Sidney T. Smith. The officers and directors of the general council comprise fourteen members from Winnipeg, Hamilton, Port Arthur, Ottawa, Montreal, and Toronto. INTERNATIONAL BIRD TREATY By the recent treaty relating to migratory birds, negotiated between the United States and Canada and ratified by both governments, more than one thousand species and sub- species of the most valuable birds of North America will be protected from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. All that remains to complete the work of migratory bird conservation in this country is the passage by Con- gress of an enabling act to carry out the provisions of the treaty effectively. The efforts of those men who have been responsible for this far-sighted, international agreement are deserving of country-wide recognition. — ''Our Dumb Animals' FOREST GUARDING IN B. C. (Vancouver Sun). All who have an interest in the wel- fare of the province will be glad to learn that more attention is to be given by the provincial government to forest protection. Though money is scarce it must be found for forest conservation. Canada lost by forest fires in 1916 S9,000,000, more than six times as much as has been spent on forest protection work. Most of these fires were preventable. In Brit- ish Columbia, owing to the efficiency of the forest protection service, and to somewhat more favorable wea- ther conditions, the number of fires last year w^as only about half that of the previous year. Yet the loss was very considerable and a better protection service would have meant fewer fires and less fire loss. Money devoted to the extension of forest protection is well spent indeed. The presence of a protective force, the construction of trails, and look- out towers connected to headquarters by telephone, are merely for the pur- pose of dealing efficiently with the (ires that break out. A more import- ant measure is to reduce the quantity of dry material on the forest floor, reducing the danger of fire, and dim- inishing the heat of fires that do start, so that less injury is done to the trees and soil. PUBLICITY AND LUMBER SALES The value of advertising in the lumber field was brought home to the North Carolina Pine Association at its recent annual convention by the report on advertising and the other work of the promotion depart- ment. The association is convinced of the value of advertising, and its devotion of a part of the advertising fund to newspapers has been an im- portant feature in the new field of lumber advertising to the ultimate consumer, a campaign now spreading through all the lumber associations of the country. The experimental work with the newspapers was in Sunday editions. Over 100,000 pieces of mail matter were sent to architects and contractors, and nearly 65,000 to retail lumber dealers. The answers received from advertisements were as follows: — From technical and special circulation magazines from March 1. 1916, to Feb. 28, 1917 3,773 From Sunday newspaper ad- vertisements 1 ,756 From farm paper advertise- ments 2,082 NEWS AND VIEWS WANTED! Readers will greatly assist the Canadian Forestry Journal by sending to the Editor news and pictures of private woodlands, unusual stands or single speci- mens of trees, or such other subjects as may be judged of general interest. ♦ . — ■Ml M 11 ■■M-— IWi i| IIIC, Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1917 I Six-Sevenths of U. S. Fires Preventable \ In most of the forest regions the weather conditions^ in 1915 were favorable for the prevention and sup- pression of forest fires, the Lake States being especially favored. There were no protracted droughts, though a few States experienced short periods of intense dryness and of high winds in the spring months. For in about 6,000,000 acres, or 1.1 per cent, of the 544,000,- nd Connecticut occurr- ed in March and April, and 67 per cent, of the 1,101 hres in Pennsylvania in April. The returns from the States having forest-fire protective systems show that most of the fires were controlled before gaining much headway, and that extensive and -destructive fires were few in number, as compared with those in the States not so organ- ized. These facts argue strongly for appropriations for the establishment of adequate systems of protection by all States. The suppression by a forest officer of a single fire in its incipiency may avoid a loss much greater than the annual appropria- tion for forest fire protection. It is estimated that some 40,000 hres burned over about 6,000,000 acres, or 1,1 per cent, of the 544,400,- 000 acres of forest area in the United States. Of course, not all the tim- ber on the land burned over was destroyed or -damaged; in many fires the damage to standing timber is relatively small. Nevertheless, the money loss in timber and improve- ments alone was not less than S7,- 000,000 which does not include the loss in young tree-growth on large areas outside of the National Forests, and the very great damage from soil deterioration and floods. Sevcnty-fouT per cent, of the fires _„ — . . , — ._. — . . ..—.^ wTre of known origin, and of these lightning — the only nonpreventable cause — started approximately one- seventh. Therefore the remaining six-sevenths were started by careless- ness in some form or another, which is preventable. Of these the largest number was caused by brush burning and railroads. The proportion of fires due to these two largely pre- ventable c'ases indicates strikingly the need for greater care on the part of both farmers and railroads. In the west the principal preventable cause was camp fires. Six out of every seven forest fires which occur can be prevented. — U.S. Dept. Agricul- ture. 450 PER CENT. TUMP IN PAPER London, May 2. — The Express says that there is an acute crisis in the paper trade in Great Britain owing to submarine activities, and that im- ports of raw material have almost stopped. Several paper mills have been obliged to close, and imports in the last few weeks were only ten per cent, of the restricted amount allow- ed by the Government. There is no prospect of improvement, as every ton of shipping will be needed henceforth for food. A further reduction in the size of the newspapers is considered inevitable. Paper, which before the war cost the newspaper publishers two cents a pound, is now nine cents. A Correction By an error in the last issue of the Journal the name of Mr. A. Clarence Lyman of Montreal was omitted from the list of Life Members joining in 1917. Bad conditions in the principal forest-using industry, lumbering, are of no permanent benefit to anyone. Suspicion and hostility toward this in- dustry will not help the public and get nowhere in meeting practical needs. It should be the concern of the public not only to keep the industry com- petitive but to cooperate with the lumberman in. making his business more efficient.— VV/77. B. Greely, U.S. Forest Seruice. Canadian Forestry Journal, Maij, 1!>J 111 I Reforesting Norway With Douglas Fir 1 i I Douglas (ir is reconimended 1)\' Anton E. Smith, chief forester a I Stavanger, for the reforestation of western Norway, whose former weal 111 of oak forest was exhausted hundreds of years ago. Mr. Smith is just re- turning to Norway after a year's study of American soft woods for the Norwegian government. He spent most of his time in Oregon, Wash- ington, British Columbia and Alaska. The climate of western Norway is very similar to that of the states of the Pacific Northwest. Accordinglv, Mr. Smith recommends Douglas fir, which, he believes, if planted in Nor- way, will attain merchantable size in about 80 years. Norway has been cutting very heavily during that last decade, and the government has taken effective steps to safeguard the nation's timber supply, both by encouraging refor- estation and by limiting the cutting to trees above 6% inches in diameter, measured five feet from the ground. Both pine and spruce are employed for paper making, the principal use to which timber is put. Hungrp? Trp Shredded Birch-0! Some suggestive experiments have been recently carried out in Germany by G. Habeiiandt, partly under offi- cial auspices, on the possibility of utilizing wood as food for animals and man. The first experiments were made .on a sheep, in a respiration chamber, for the purpose of deter- mining the digestibility and nutritive value of birch wood. The trees were felled in the early spring, and the trunks, measuring four to six inches in diameter, were reduced to very small chips in a paper mill. Micro- scopic examination showed that the wood was very finely divided, so that the membranes of nearly all the cells were destroyed, while the cell con- tents had been almost all removed by the water used in the preparation of wood. Thus the residue consisted chiefly of cellular membrane. The wood was fed in combination with other foods. Good results were ob- tained, both as to digestibility and nutritive value. Apparently the rea- son why previous experiments on the same subject had not been successful was that the wood was not cut up fine enough and its cells were not thor- -ii:i^^a!|.^— iij^— U i^^uj^^iiii— -iiy oughly torn. The experiments were repeated by Prof. Rubner on a dog, the same wood ration being fed with meat, and the results w^ere also successful. Haberlandt believes that man is capable of digesting finely ground birch wood, and that it might replace rye or wheat to the extent of ten or fifteen per cent, in bread mak- ing.— ^Scientific American.) AEROPLANE FOR SURVEY A small aeroplane, to be used this summer in survey and reconnoiter work in the engineering summer camp in Kittitas county, is being constructed by J. W. Miller, assistant professor of civil engineering at the University of Washington. Mr. Mill- er will complete his machine sometime in May and if tests on the campus show it to be successful, he will take it to the camp. The machine will have a spread of 24 feet and is designed to carry the aviator and 200 pounds of baggage. A low power rotary motor will be used in an attempt to get a slow speed airship. 1118 ■§>■ — ■ ' Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 191'. BRITAIN— CALLS TO CANADA THE FACTORY She must have Food for her Armies in the Field — for her Workers in the Factory — in the Munition plant — in the Shipyard — in the Mine. THERE'S DANGER IN SIGHT— BUT YOU CAN HELP Do You Know— that the rapidly rising price of food stuffs means that the World's reserve supply is getting small? Do You Know— that a world-wide famine can only be averted by increasing this supply? Do You Know— that a "food famine" would be a worse disaster to the Empire and her Allies than reverses in the Field? You Can— help thwart Germany's desperate submarine thrust on the high seas. You Can— do this by helping to make every bit of land in Canada produce — the very last pound of food stuffs of which it is cap- able. And Remember- that no man can say that he has fully done his part — who having land — be it garden patch, or farm, or ranch — fails to make it pro.duce food to its utmost capacity. BRITAIN APPEALS TO CANADA THE NEAREST PRODUCER OF STAPLE FOODS India and Argentina are more than twice the distance away and Australia more than four times. 2625 Canada to Britain - - - - jjl^ India & Argentina to Britain joo^j^^ Australia to Britain ^ii5oomiles^^ THE FARM THESE FARM PRODUCTS ARE NEEDED FOR EXPORT WHEAT, OATS, BEEF, BACON, CHEESE, EGGSi BUTTER, POULTRY, BEANS & PEAS, WOOL, FLAX AND FLAX FIBRE, DRIED VEGETABLES "No matter what diffi- culties may face us, the supreme duty of every man on the land is to use every thought and every energy in the direction of produc- ing more — and still more." MARTIN BURRELL, Minister of Agriculture. The Department invites every one desiring informa- tion on any subject relative to Farm and Garden, to write — INFORMATION BUREAU DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OTTAWA Canddidu Forcslri/ Journnl. Mdij. J->J' 1119 PUREST-CLEANEST MOST RELIABLE GET CATALOGUE AT BEST DEALERS OR DIHFCT TORONTO - MONTREAL WINNIPEG - VANCOUVER- J. R. BOOTH— 90 YEARS OLD A mammoth bouquet containing four score and ten American Beauty roses was the tribute of affection that employees of the Booth paper and lumber plants bestowed upon their aged employer John R. Booth, Can- ada's lumber king when he attained his ninetieth birthday in Ottawa on Thursday, April 5th. Coincident with the ninetieth anni- versary of his birth, John R. Booth made an unusual departure from his steadfast custom and "laid off" for a short time, but, he had a perfectly good reason for doing so. The occa- sion of the "lay off" was not occasion- ed by any desire for celel^rating the anniversary of his birth, but, was for the purpose of saying "good-bye" to his nephew — Major Gordon Fleck of "A" Company, 231st Vancouver battalion — who passed through Otta- wa on his way to Berlin via the western front. Had it not been for the departure of his nephew, it is Are Your 1917 Membership Fees Paid? The Association's Usefulness This Year Depends Upon Your Remittance ! One Dollar Is Not Much ! But But a thousand ''ones" held back by forgetful members makes hard going for the Forestry Association. We have no endowment or reserve funds, no guaranteed revenues of any kind. If your 1917 ^^^ Canadian fee is unpaid please tear off this ^^""^ Forestry Ass. coupon and put a dollar in ^^r**^""^ i his is my 1917 membership a letter Now. .4. 1120 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1917 probable that the ninetieth anniver- sary of the "lumber king's" birth would have passed without undue significance, for in the words of one of his workmen, "He's a fine man, but, he works hard." Before the date of the ninetieth anniversary was over it is said John R. Booth, Sr., was back at his plant busy in superintending the operations of workmen in the erection of a new sulphite mill. It was 6.30 p.m. Wed- nesday before Mr. Booth considered it a "dav's work." QUEBEC TO SELL LIMITS According to an announcement made in Quebec recently, the Minister of Lands and Forests will offer for sale a large area of timber limits situated in different parts of the province, mainly in the Lake St. John region, the Saint Maurice Valley and in the Ottawa Superior district. The numerous demands that have been made upon the Forest Depart- ment for over a year are said to just- ify the Provincial Government in making this sale, for which the time could not be better chosen. Quebec possesses an immense forestry domain a large part of which has remained unproductive up to the present. The present occasion is regarded as the most favorable for opening up the industry. "Apart from the considerable re- venue that this sale will give the pro- vince, as well as the cutting dues, etc.," says Pulp and Paper Magazine, "the Provincial Government will have the satisfaction of knowing that they are developing the forestry resource's of the provinces, and are contributing to an improvement in the paper situation, and that its policy may tend towards a reduction in the price of this necessary commodity." ON HEALTH TRIP Hon. G. Howard Ferguson, Minis- ter of Lands, Forests and Mines for the province of Ontario, is en route for British Guiana in search of health and will be absent several weeks. He was taken till during the session and has not been feeling up to the mark since. 4. — .._.. .. — ._. — . ._., — 4. CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO Reinforce Your Defences With BOVRIL It re-inforces the line of defence just at the place — ^just at the time — you need it most. Colds, chills, influenza desperately endea- vour to break down our resistance. Unless you are properly nourished these enemies will find your weak spot. BOVRIL IS CONCENTRATED BEEF. Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, Mcnj, If) 17 1121 (|»,r «,i nil— no nil uii .in nil un u. ^„ nn nil nii i^ FORESTS OF THE TROPICS . 4. , .,i_. . — 4. The history of every counlry in the process of development shows that ex- cessive waste accompanies the exploit- ation of its natural resources. Primi- tive people of the tropics, by cutting and burning the virgin forest areas to practice a shifting system of agricul- ture, have in the past been the great- est enemies of tropical forests. Thus two-thirds of the area of the original forest of the Philippines disappeared before the remainder was brought under forest management. The virgin forest area of countries of Central America and the West Indies had either been completely destroyed or badly damaged. In temperate countries excessive waste has been the rule everywdiere until proper forest policies checked such waste. The economic development of the tropics will be greatly aided by the avoidance of the mistakes made in handling the forest resources of tem- perate regions. This can be done only by the adoption of a suitable forest policy during the early stages of ex- ploitation. What is Needed What is needed is public apprecia- tion of the value of the undeveloped forest resources and of the possibility of making them a permanent asset. This can be brought about by expert foresters who will not only direct operations in the woods but also arouse the public to the need of forest conservation, and assist in the for- mulating of a proper forest policy and in the enactment and enforcement of suitable legislation.— lV//e/^on's/Sc/ioo/ Bulletin. Dry Matches After all day in a boat. rainslorni or wet snow. Ask your dealer for WATERPROOF MATCH BOX If he can't supply you, we will send prepaid for his name and 50 cents. Dry matches may save your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S.A. I I MSrbies A WELL EQUIPPED LIBRARY j Think what it means to be able to 1 have within reach the latest informa- j tion relating to forestry and allied f subjects. 1 The following books are sugees- j tions. They are worthy of our in- I spection. Send for copies to-day, and 1 be prepared to meet the various daily I problems FOREST VALUATION By Professor H. H. Chapman, Yale Uni- versity. A valuable book for those not already fami- liar with the economic and mathernatical principles on which the theory of forest finance is based. 283 pages, 6x9 Cloth, .2.00 net. ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY By Professors F. F. Moon and Nelson C. Brown, N.Y. State College of Forestry at Syracuse. Covers, in an elementary manner, the gen- eral subject of forestry. 392 pages. 6 x 9, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. LOGGING By Professor Ralph C. Bryant, Yale Uni- ' versity. Covers the more important features of operation. Discusses at length the chief facilities and methods for the movement of timber from the stump to the manufacturing plant, especially logging railroads. 590 pages, 6 x 9, illustrated. Cloth, $3.50 net. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD By Professor Samuel Record, Yale Uni- versity. This volume includes a discussion of the factors affecting the mechanical properties and methods of timber testing. 165 pages. 6x9, illusLrated. Cloth, $1.75 net. THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS By Henry Solon Graves, The Forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Contains chapter.s on The Selection Sys- tem, The Coppice Systems, Improvement of the Forest. 325 pages, 5^x8, illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 net. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (Forest Organiza- tion) By Professor A. B. Recknagel, Cornell University. In preparing this book the author has con- stantly kept in mind the experience which he gained while doing active work for the For- est Service in various parts of the United states. 235 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL, 119 Booth Building:, Ottawa 1122 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1917 How Timber Is ''Cruised'' From ''Pointers' by Jas. D. Lacey Co. Chicago Having a tract of timber to cruise after the most accurate manner prac- ticable in consideration of cost, we first send an expert woodsman, pre- ferably the head cruiser who will be in charge, over the tract to fix upon a general plan of operations and pre- pare a preliminary report on the character of the timber. This report is the basis of instructions issued to the cruisers. Survey crews are then sent to the tract to locate the corners and lines, established perhaps many years before by government survey- ors, and to survey and plainly mark out the minor subdivisions; also to set "tally stakes" for the guidance of the cruiser's compassmen. When this work is well under way the cruisers are sent in and the actual estimating of the timber begins. Before the cruiser actually begins the work of estimating the timber, he endeavors first to find windfalls of each species, which are representative types. If this is possible he measures the down tree with his tape. He ascertains the exact butt diameter, having chopped away the bark, and the diameter of each succeeding 32- foot or 16-foot log according to the basis of the estimate. By this meth- od he is able to compute from the standard log scale the exact volume of the tree, taking it log for log, the average taper and the number of merchantable logs it contains. He uses these fallen trees as a standard of comparison by which to judge of the contents, the height and taper of those standing. His experience has taught him that trees of ap- proximately the same age growing under the same conditions, will attain to approximately the same height, and will maintain the same degree of I taper. It is vital to the accuracy of his work that the cruiser keep care- ful watch on the changing age, con- ditions and types of the timber through which he passes in the course of a day's work. Unconsciously he expects to find the tall clean timber in the draws or on well protected benches; while on the poorer ex- posures his woodsmanship prompts him to look for the shorter and more imperfect specimens. In a country notoriously free from windfalls, as is freciuently the case in the western pine, the estimator often carries some one of the numerous mechanical de- vices designed to determine the height of standing timber. His steel tape is always in use as an aid and a check to his trained eye in arriving at the butt diameters. Experience has made the expert cruiser a good judge of taper — given him the ability to see at a glance whether a tree holds its size well up into the branches or whether it tapers off rapidly and fails to contain the amount of lumber that its butt diameter would indicate. Years of practice have imprinted indelibly on the mind's eye of the competent cruiser certain forms and types and sizes, which to him re- present certain known contents, and subconsciously these form standards of comparison upon which he bases his estimate upon given trees. By frecjuent reference to his volume table he has come to know, for example, that a tree 24 inches in butt diameter, containing three 32-foot logs with an average taper of 4 inches of the log — will cut 1,000 feet board mea- sure, also that a tree 31 inches in diameter, four logs high, with a 5-inch taper contains 2,000 feet. Such stan- dard trees are simply an index upon which to work; a rule of thumb, as it were, to systematize and simplify the work of the estimator and to add both speed and accuracy to his efforts. In other words, they serve to stan- dardize his judgment. Should he find trees defective or malformed, he must deduct accordingly. Further, should he find trees that are seriously affected by fungi or any similarly serious diseases peculiar to certain species, he disregards them entirely. (jiiKulidii Forcsdij Journal, Mciij, liJJ? 1123 FOREST SCHOOL IN SIBERIA The Ixnird of dirocLors of I lie X'ladi- voslok Commercial School at Vladi- vostok, Siberia, will transform the school into a polytechnical institution with several departments, among which the forestry branch will occupy a prominent place. J. H. WHITE APPOINTED Mr. J. II. White, lecturer in botany and forestry in the University of To- ronto, has been appointed Assistant Provincial Forester for Ontario. Mr. White has already assumed his new duties, in association with Mr. E. J. Zavitz, Provincial Forester for Ontario. An arrangement has been made whereby Mr. White will also be able to devote four hours a week to work in connection with the For- estry Faculty of the University. MUNICIPAL CAMPS Fresno, California, has secured the use of 15 acres on the shores of Huntington lake, in the Sierra national forest, on which to esta- blish a camp to provide summer outings for 11,000 school children and their parents. (California State Normal School now occupies a i)or- tion of the same forest. In connection with the regular six-weeks summer course, this school gives a course in woodcraft and general forestry sub- jects. The students visit the nearby Forest Service ranger stations and lookout towers, and study the Covern- ment's methods of fire [)roloction. 4. . .„_„ — . — , »_. — 4. I Homesteads or Farm Lands I Oregon & California Railroad Co. Grant j Lands, tiile to same revested in United i States by act of Congress dated June 9, j 1916. Two million, three hundred thou- I sand acres to be opened for homesteads and I sale. Timber and agricultural lands, con- g taining some of best lands left in United I States. Now is the Opportune time. Large I sectional map showing lands and descrip- I tion of soil, climate, rainfall, elevations, ■ etc., postpaid one dollar. I Grant Lands Locating Co. Box 610, Portland, Oregon. 4. ,,^,4. 50?i§. — ^— WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Ont. .+ 1124 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1917 Problem of Over Ripe Timber in B. C. That British Cohimbia stands to- day in greatest possible need of expert forestry, if for no other reason than getting the over-ripe forests of big timber off the ground so that the vast areas shall no longer be idle land, but producing forests for the wants of the coming generations, was a statement made by M. A. Grainger, chief forester for British ColumlDia, before a meeting of the Natural Hi- story Society, of Victoria, B.C. re- cently. The proper business of forest land is to grow wood, as much wood as possible each year," said Mr. Grain- ger, "and once you get to the stage where there is no yearly increase in the wood on any acre, you are wast- ing the productive power of that acre. These over-ripe forests are simply timber storehouses. In Brit- ish Columbia we figure that over half of ,the productive powers of our for- est land is being w^asted in this way now. There's no market for ripe lumber, and it can't be cut; that is one reason why you see the forest service trying to get more markets for British Columbia lumber to be sold in. When Increase Stops. "Practical tests on this coast have shown that the total amount of wood per acre of forest land ceased to in- crease much sooner than might be expected. To take, for instance, the Douglas fir, one might start with 300,000 little trees per acre. In the course of 20 years there would pos- sibly be only a few hundred of the fittest left. The elimination would be gradual and continuous, until in the course of 300 or 400 years the logger would find but 10 or 20 big trees left. "The quantity of wood standing on an acre increased steadily, while the stronger little trees grew up and de- stroyed the weaker ones until at the end of 100 years there would probably be as much timber on an acre as would make 100,000 feet of lumber. " After I _„. „_. — . — „_„ — „ ^ 100 years, on the average, the quan- tity of wood would not increase; the trees would get bigger each year, but .the loss by decay would offset the growth. It was there that practical ^4 u m u .11 ... u, m en eg „u ..„ ..u „„ „f, HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA By Romeyn B. Hough. Is photo-descriptive of the leaves, fruits, barks, branchlets, etc , and shows them all with the vividness of reality. Natural sizes ingeniously indicated. Distributions shown by maps. Wood structures by photo-micrographs. "With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees.'"— Melvil Dewey, Pres. Library Institute. "The most ideal Handbook I have seen." — C. HarL Merriam. "The most valuable guide to the subjects ever written." — Springfield Republican. AMERICAN WOODS By Romeyn B. Hough. Illustrated by actual specimens, showing three distinct views of the grain of each species. Con- tains 897 specimens of 325 species. Of such ex- ceptional value that its author has been awarded by a learned society a special gold medal on ac- count of its production. I Write for information and sample illustrative 1 specimens. ! R. B. HOUGH COMPANY LOWVILLE, N. Y. Canadian Forcstri) Journal, Maij, /.'V/7 1125 expert forestry should step in to market the trees as fast as they reach- ed marketable vaUie and make way for a greater production of the lancl. Weed Trees. Just as weeds come in the garden to choke out the plant growths that were wanted, there are certain forms of forest growth that are undesirable, or at least less profitable. In the case of cedar, for instance, it is difficult to get new cedar growths without having them crowded out by hem- lock. The problem is to get the one without the other. Jack pine is a prolific weed in the forest. In size it is only good for railway ties or mine props, yet its thick growth has monopolized much land that might be bearing good yellow pine, spruce, fir or larch. A great deal might be done to encourage the growth of the western soft pine in the interior and the perpetuation of the valuable Sitka spruce was a matter about which very little is known at the present time. Stock- Taking. , "It can thus be seen that there is an immense field for important work to be done in the forestry service. Not the least important work should be the stock taking of our forest re- sources so that we may know the facts about the present timber crop and about the timber that is growing up to take its place. Land suited for agriculture must be located and separated from the areas that should be set aside for the perpetual grow- ing of timber because they will not grow anything else. "The development of British Col- umbia forestry will depend on techni- cally trained men," said Mr. Grainger in conclusion, "and some means of ♦ '" nn^^on nu^— bb^— nn-^na^^r^j* The EXCELSIOR Sportsmen's Belt Saf el Just what I have been look- | ing for — has been the expres- = sion of every man we have | shown it to — Made of Brass, • Nickel Plated, Gun Metal or | oxidized and furnished com- s plete with fancy Canvas Belt 1 for $1.00. I Will keep money — jewels — watch — cigarettes or | matches perfectly safe and dry. I HYFIELD MFG. CO., 48 Franklin St., N. Y. City 1 training these men must be provided. At present our boys must go back east or to the Uniled States to get their training. The British Colum- bia university — which provides train- ing for teachers, for mining and civil engineers, for agriculturists — will not, I hope, remain long without a forestry school for training men to handle one of the biggest natural resources that any country has ever had." DOES BARK SCRAPING HELP? The following question and answer from "American Forestry" will in- terest many readers: "Q. I wish to obtain your opinion relative to the practice, now so com- mon, of scraping the outer bark from our shade trees for the purpose of removing scale and other insects, and furnishing no places for their conceal- ment. Many of our most beautiful shade trees, generally elms, have been given this treatment and occasionally the trunk is afterwards painted with some insecticide. All this operation entails great expense to the tree own- er. Personally I have been opposed to this treatment of trees, but I would appreciate a discussion from you on the subject. — W. W. M., Chicago, Illinois. "A. There is no justification for the practice of scraping the bark of shade trees. It does no good and sometimes does harm and many varieties of shade trees, such as Nor- way maples, Oriental planes, etc., very seldom have any scale insects on their trunks. If you spray the infested trees with oil solution at the proper time, especially when the young scale insects hatch and become active, you will generally catch most of the insects, no matter where they are — under the loose bark or on top of it. Scraping off the old bark ex- poses very suddenly the young, ten- der bark underneath to sun, heat and dust and smoke, and produces better bait for scale insects than the old bark because scale insects prefer to live on young, tender bark. We think that if you would allow nature to take care of the loose, superfluous bark and not scrape it off premature- ly, the trees would be better off." 1126 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1917 The Green Timber of the Heights (BY A. J. C.) In spite of an early start and steady climbing, it was nearly noon when we broke from the last thicket of young hemlock and gazed out over a fireswept hillside; a desolate scene of charred stumps and outcroppings of weathered granite. Our objective point, the timbered ridge that now showed plainly some miles ahead, had long challenged Our curiosity; being visible from the lower country as a jagged skyline that varied in hue with the changing seasons from the pure white of its winter robe to the warm purple and gold of a summer sunset, its lights and shadows a daily source of delight and wonder. Where the Fireweed Grows It was hot, toilsome work across the path of the fire. The high sun darted his rays against the hillside at right angles and the heat quivered back from bare rock and blackened log as from a furnace. Behind every gran- ite ledge the young fireweed was growing, promising a blaze of color later in the year. Scarcely nine months had passed since the fire had destroyed the growing timber, but small, tender shoots of the hardy willows were already springing from the burnt-out soil, striving to re- clothe the naked land and bring back, each in its turn, the insect and bird- life which had fled or been destroyed. Blue Grouse and Blueberry A raven, glossy black in the strong light, flew slowly over our heads on heavy wings and perched, like a brooding spirit of destruction, on the splintered top of what had once been a noble tree. We left him, "monarch of all he surveyed," to his dismal croaking and, climbing upward, pass- ed the edge of the burnt area at last and began to force our way once more through the familiar tangle of sap- lings and brushwood. Although not a bird was visible, the dreamy, mon- otonous call of the mating blue-grouse boomed and echoed all about us. vibrating through the warm, still air. We stumbled through vegetation con- taining many plants seldom found in the lower country. The devil's club spread its trailing limbs in a trap for the unwary, the broad leaves concealing the long sharp thorns which lay in waiting beneath. In every open glade the highbush blue- berry blossomed, and right well did we mark the patches for our guidance in the fruiting-time. Deep in the Forest Primeval Our day of rambling and explora- tion was far spent when the thickets abruptly gave place to a cool, twilight forest of gigantic trees and the ground, clear of underbrush and carpeted with brown needles of the fir, stretched level before us. We were on the ridge! Untouched by axe or fire, rising, massive and straight until their heads were lost in one canopy of foliage, these stately trees formed a 'forest primeval" such as few parts of the world can show. The change from our usual surroundings in the second-growth woods along the shore was so great that it seemed as though we had passed at one step int.o a foreign country. We moved forward noiselessly through the dim aisles of this noble woodland, the springy moss-covered floor deadening all sound. The vast girth and height of the trees, the semi-darkness under the dense roof of their foliage com- bined with the oppressive silence to give rise to a feeling of reverence akin to that awakened by the arched wonders and pealing organ music of some great cathedral. When Cook Sailed Straits The memory of that scarred hillside was still vivid; and to us, as woods- men, there came a mental picture of a hurricane of fire roaring through this virgin forest, the heritage of generations to come, and destroying these mighty trees, unmatched in all the world, the outcome of centuries of growth, which, in their sapling Canadian Forcstrij JoiirnaL Man, 1017 1127 age, stood looking out over the blue straits when Cook dared the perils of reef and shoal. It is early in the year to be think- ing of bushfires when every south- easter still brings its drenching rain and the thickets steam under an hour of warm, spring sunshine, i)uL sooner or later, the pesiod of danger will come, when the unreckoned wealth and the beauty of our wood- lands will lie at the mercy of every careless, unthinking camper. The need for prevention is greater than ever this year. One by one the best of our sturdy lire-fighters of other days have heard the call, and gone to face another foe. In many outlying districts it will be but a scanty force that will muster with axe and mattock at the warden's summons. If there be one man who thinks it is not worth while, and who feels no responsibility in the matter, let him, at the first opportunity, take a "hike" up into the virgin woods, at the heels of a veteran timber cruiser, and he will be sluggish of blood and thick of head indeed if he come not back a deter- mined and voluntary forest-guard. Advertising to Head off Fire Season i — 4. The wholesale and retail lumber- men of Canada are being asked this month by the Canadian Forestry Association to give effect to a new plan in forest protection publicity which should prove of utmost value. Most firms carry advertising con- tracts in local newspapers. The as- sociation has prepared a special 'For- est Protection':^ advertisement and .. o„ ,u „<{• p. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN.. U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General I'orestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Technical training and ten years experience, in part with U. S. Forest Service. Timber Estimating and Mapping Supervision of Lumber Contracts Surveying Forest Planting STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. the lumbermen are requested to sub- stitute this message for their regular 'copy' once or twice a month be- tween May and October. Even where the town is far removed from stand- ing timber, the attention of many campers, prospectors, hunters, etc., will be drawn to the argument for Thrift In Forest Fires for 1917." «_.♦ FORESTERS AND RANGERS EVERYTHING YOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US. The Ontario Hughes Owens Company 529 Sussex St. OTTAWA, ONT. „ — + + — ._.., 1128 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1917 CHEWING TOBACCO 19 S'ue^-Ja«• m The Smith Stump Puller Sk\ UUi' ff fSM will take out every tree '■ and stump by the roots, clear! from on ' york of ( end for breakage ,. 4. TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hardy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYEDE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. 4.1 T. in II. .11 ,11 .n—ou ...^D.— in >•— •> .• *■— » YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. YALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania. For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSD Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over •^^ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Evergrreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Bo x 603 Dundee, 111., U.S.A. . ,„ ,1, ,. .. „ „ ,„ ,» m m n ■!■ >•— aOl PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mattresses may be used on damp ground with perfect safety — they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary, with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated — may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government. Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. Pneumatic Mfg. Co. 3 roo KLYNrNlv . Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, Mai], 1917 1131 + -. ^ PLANTING TIME! THE French Ambassador at Washington some years ago speaking of his acquaintance with trees remarked; "When I was a boy I planted a tree, so small I could hardly see it. A little while ago I went to leam how my boyhood friend had flourished; it had grown so big it could hardly see me." This is Planting Time with the Canadian Forestry Association's Membership Roll. Since the commencement of 1917, extensive propagandist work has been carried on in most of the provinces. Everywhere the forest conservation cause is taking a remarkable hold on public sentiment. But the process of education must be widened and strength- ened. Your very best service for national conservation is to bring your neighbor into the Canadian Forestry Association. Our members aim to secure 1650 new members before the year closes. To make that as simple as possible, we have this Special Plan to place at your disposal. ASK YOUR NEIGHBOR TO STAND BY THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSO CIATION UNTIL THE END OF 1918 AND ACCEPT ALL OUR PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING 18 NUMBERS OF THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL. He will thank you for the suggestion. Immediately you send in his name he will be made a member. The only call upon him for money will be a memorandum for $1.50, posted to him in January next year. Name of new member: Address. Name of new member: Sent in by. Address. 4. — " i PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes, Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada 4«u vo ni DD HI ~ g^^ni-^nn.^— ni SLEEP with a COMFORT ON Al R SLEEPING POCKET (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 6 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. Illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A., Dealers write FOREST FIRES The Chief Ranger whose territory is covered by a Northern Electric Forest Telephone System can in an emergency ^ summon his forces in the quickest -^-'' possible time. A quick connection of receiver and transmitter and the signal goes ring- ing clear over the reserve. Receiver and transmitter are portable, light and easy to carry. Write for particulars concerning it. Address the office nearest to you. Hortff(^r/t Etectnc Compafty UMITEO Montreal Halifax Ottawa Toronto Regina London Calgary Winnipeg Vancouver '^-^'-Jl,' -Northern ^Etectric-Forest-TeUfihonos ^^ .- '^^ U#P -*^ -■4.^-Njail ^■*!^r-%i^--«t^---'iy-;v'" ;, Tents And Everi^ Other Accessor]^ For the Forest Ranger and Bushman That Can be Made Out of Canvas. _ Smart- Woods, Limited L Ottawa - Toronto - Montreal - Winnipeg U UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICE. THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE, LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY. For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. CIRCULATION, JUNE, 6,000 COPIES Canadian Forestry Journal Vol. XIII CONTENTS FOR JUNE No, 6 On Sea Swept Sable Island 1137 Forestry Work for Women 1139 War Aviators for Forest Guarding 1140 Can Canada Sell John Bull his Wood Supply? 1141 State Forestry in Ireland 1168 Nature's Warfare in Field and Forest 1151 Ontario's Forest Protection Work 1143 Forest Fires in Northern Ontario 1144 Nut Growing Trees in Island of Corsica 1146 Canadian Foresters in British Camps 1148 Notes on Newfoundland's Forests 1159 Turning the Tree to New Account 1160 Map of North American White Pine Group 1163 New Log Boom for Rough Waters 1164 Peat Bogs as Sources of Fuel 1165 Printer's Ink as a Fire Preventive > 1167 Clergymen Aid with Fire Warnings 1173 How United States Deals with Settlers' Fires 1174 New Devices in Protective Work 1178 The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press, Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post Cilice at Woodstock. Ont., as second-class matter. nm Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 Canndidii Forcslrii Jouindi June, 1917 1137 On Sea-Swept Sable Island How a Barren Spot in the Atlantic Defies all Tree Planting Schemes. ONE hundred and eit^ht miles olT the coast of Nova Scotia, and lashed by the terrific storms of the Atlantic ocean lies Sable Island. It is one of the most interesting out- riders of the whole Atlantic coast and constitutes not so much an asset as an international perplexity. The battering of wind and wave has greatly reduced the island area, substituting here and there hidden sand bars for what was visible dry land but a few years before. To mariners. Sable Island represents a constantly increasing danger, despite the best efforts of the Canadian Marine department with modern light houses and sound signals. In 1901, the late Dr. Saunders, as Director of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, took steps to prevent the destruction of the island by plant- ing out 80,000 trees and shrubs. The lack of success has probably put an end to all effort, to offset the dis- integration of the remaining area. In reply to a question of the Forestry Journal, Dr. J. H. Grisdale, Director of the Central Experimental Farm, states that no work in planting on Sable Island, subsequent to that described in this article, has been done and that "very little success is expected from planting vegetation on this very exposed and windy island." It is likely that the task will have to be undertaken eventually by engineering devices. On Sable Island, no trees grow naturally. It is formed entirely of white sand, and lies about 153 miles from Halifax. Half The Land Gone. Its area has been considerably re- duced by the action of wind and water. The present length of the island is about twenty-one miles, and its width, at its widest point, some- what over a mile. Early surveys gave the length of the island as forty miles and its width two miles and more. Dangerous shoals and sand- bars extend on all sides, and the strong currents from north and south often carry vessels out of their course, while, in addition to this, fogs are frequent, and wrecks are many. The planting was undertaken, at the re- quest of the Marine Department, chiefly with the object of preventing the damage done to the island by the wind, for the further the destruction of the island is carried, the greater becomes the danger from the shoals and sand-bars. The choice of species to be planted was based largely on observations made by Dr. Saunders on a visit to Brittany, France, where much work in the reclaiming of sand-dunes has been done. The first plantation was made on a sandy bluff near the north shore, fairly well covered with the common sand-binding grass, the trees being planted two-and-a-half to three feet apart each way in a soil composed of pure sand. One considerable area, to which the name of Gourdeau Park was given, was found to be covered to the depth of several inches with a black, peaty soil, mixed with sand and underlaid with pure sand. On this were grow- ing common juniper, cranberry, wax myrtle, blueberry, wild rose and other plants. The planting was completed on June 17th. Artificial fertilizers were used to some extent, these com- prising nitrate of soda, muriate of potash, superphosphate of lime and quicklime. Its Life-saving Value The climate of the island is not extreme. During the years of 1898 to 1901 (inclusive) the highest tem- perature registered by the thermome- ter was 78 degrees Fahrenheit. The S138f Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 winds, however, are very high and constant and gales are frequent. A danger to be apprehended is that the surface of the island may be wholly swept away (as has already happened in the case of a large part of the original island), leaving an immense area of submerged shoals. In that case the danger to passing vessels would be as great as now, and the possibilities of rescue of ship- wrecked persons, (with the life-saving station gone) would be reduced to a minimum. Three years ago, the Canadian Forestry Journal, touching upon the failure of the first experiments at Sable Island, asked: "Is not such a danger worth the spending of many thousand dollars to avoid? On similar plantations (similar, at least, as regards the prob- lems presented by natural conditions) France has spent several millions of , Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 1139 dollars, and the single state of Massa- life. At the least the subject is chusetts some hundreds of thousands, worthy of continued and persistent "In the problem presented l)y experiment, and it is to be hoped that Sable Island not only do property the authorities will not rest satisfied, considerations enter, but considera- or torpid, in consequence of the failure tions involving the saving of human of this one attempt." Forestry Work for Women By Mary Sutherland. (In charge of Forestry Seed-Beds at Aber, North Wales.) To make provision for planting operations after the War, the British Board of Agriculture have sown large quantities of forest-tree seeds. The following is an account of the work at one of the nurseries, and indicates one type of forest work which may be carried out successfully by women's labour: A centre was established in the spring of last year, under the control of the Department of Agriculture of the University College of North Wales, Bangor, on the College farm at Aber, and for the greater part of the work female labour alone was employed. The site chosen for the seed-beds was a field of about 2 acres, close to the shore of the Menai Straits, and quite unsheltered from sun and the prevail- ing west wind. The field, of which the soil was a moderately light loam, was ploughed, and harrowed in early spring, but if more time had been available would have benefited by still further cultivation. The area was then measured out into seed-beds, these being 4 ft. 6 in. wide, with 1 ft. 6 in. paths betweeen each bed. The beds were of a length varying with the shape of the field, the longest averaging 60 yds. The beds were brought to the necessary fine tilth by repeated raking over, and basic slag was raked in at the rate of about 10 cwt. per acre. This was followed, in the second week of May, by the sowing of the seed, this operation having been delayed by the bad w^eather. Drills across the beds were marked out by means of a heavy wooden roller, of the same width as the bed, and having laths 2 in. wide affixed to the surface at intervals of 6 in. When drawn lengthways down the bed the roller left furrows 2 in. wide for the reception of the seed. The seed was sown evenly in the furrows, either from a seed-horn, or equally satisfactorily from an improvised horn made from a large glass bottle, having a wedge cut out of the cork, just large enough to allow for the passage of a few seeds at once. The seed was first coated with red lead to prevent it being eaten by mice and birds, and sowing was only carried out in fine weather wiien the soil was in a dry, friable condition suitable to receive and hold the seed. After distribu- tion, a Spitzenberg drill roller was taken over each drill to cover the seed, and the whole operation was completed by drawing a light, wooden roller over the bed lengthwise to consolidate the surface. Seedlings of Norway Spruce, which was the first species sown, were , through the surface about a month later, a month being the average time of germination of all the species, except Douglas Fir, which took considerably longer, delay being due to the spell of dry weather after sowing, and during July. Once the Douglas Fir seedlings had started, however, growth was very rapid, and by autumn the beds showed a crop of good, strong seedlings, though these were fewer in number than the quantity of seed should have produced. The beds were first weeded when the seedlings were just showing, and the weeding was carried on continually all through the summer. As a rule, hand-picking was the only satisfactory method of cleaning the beds, the lUO Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 191' ENGLISH WOMEN CUTTING MINE BOOMS. These war workers not only use the saw but carry and pile the logs. seedlings being so very small. The Dutch hoe was used between the rows later on, to prevent a further crop of weeds making headway. Towards autumn, the beds were hoed as often as possible, in order to cultivate the soil between the growing seedlings, and, by preventing caking of the soil-surface, leave it open to weathering. The large area of paths considerably increased the difficulty of keeping the ground clean; rough hand-picking was periodically necessary until a weed-killer was used, which effectively cleaned the paths. During the three summer months, on an average 7 girls, and for a shorter time a number of school-children, were employed in tending the seed-beds. The employment of women in this work, was eminently suitable as it required, speed and careful manipulation to carry it outwith minimum amount of damage. War Aviators for Forest Guarding The St. Maurice Forest Protective Association is trying to arrange for a test of an aeroplane for locating forest fires, and if this proves successful it hopes to introduce the aeroplane as a part of its mechanical equipment. There seems no reason to doubt that such a patrol would be much cheaper and more effective than the present ranger system, and if it should prove possible to land near a fire and ex- tinguish it without calling for addi- tional labor, the cost of fire protection would be very materially decreased. A meeting was held recently in Montreal for the formation of a Mon- treal section of the Imperial Aero League and the question of the em- ployment of these machines in com- mercial work of all kinds was dis- cussed. Many aviators will be free after the war and they could be em- ployed in carrying fast mail, forest fire protection, and many other services. Canadian Fon'alrij Jounuil, June, IDl. 1141 Can Canada Sell John Bull His Wood Supply Some Reforms In Present Methods are Discussed by Overseas Officer. THE following article was pre- pared by Captain Douglas Weir, B.S.A. ; M.Sc.; officer in charge, Forestry Branch, Canadian Forestry Corps, with the assistance of Staff Sergeant A. V. Gilbert, a graduate of Toronto Forest School, and was read by Col. Gerald White at one of the meetings of the Imperial Institute held in London, England. Germanifs Timber "The Timber imports from Ger- many consisted mostly of Fir (Pine) and Spruce, but a great deal larger proportion came from Russia. The Fir is a variety of Pinus sylvestris, well known in this country as Scotch Fir and the spruce is Picea excelsa. To the trade in this country the Fir is usually known as redwood and the spruce as whitewood. These timbers have for years had Canadian com- petitors such as Douglas Fir, White Pine, Norway Pine and Spruces. The Douglas Fir, however, has been imported chiefly as large structural timbers, along with American South- ern Pine. This latter is known here as Pitch Pine while the Douglas Fir is called Oregon Pine or British Col- umbia Pine. For general construc- tion and manufactured articles white pine, red pine and spruces have been in demand, but of recent years the price of white pine has been pro- hibitive. The rapidly decreasing sup- ply of this timber in Canada must also be noted. The Norway or Red Pine is considered superior to the European Red Wood but the Can- adian Spruces have not been received so favourably, as it is held that they did not work up so nicely. These were, of course, the Eastern Canadian Spruces but the large imports from British Columbia of Sitka Spruce during the War, for the manufacture of aeroplanes have shown this to be a lighter, stronger and more durable timber than the eastern species. Where Canada Failed It is important to note here the chief difficulties encountered in the past, in the entry of Canadian Species into competition with the European ones. The most important, of course, is transportation. This difficulty is off-set by the fact that Canadian timbers have, in the past, competed successfully here and more especially since the British Columbia Govern- ment sent their Chief Forester to this country to advance the interests of their timbers. The question of finance also enters largely into the discussion. The Bal- tic exporters have worked harmon- iously with British merchants in shipping limber on six months' notes, etc., whereas Canadian timber men have insisted on their timber being paid for before it left Canadian ports. In addition the former have paid more attention to having their own repre- sentatives here wdio studied the Brit- ish markets closely, and their export- ing firms would send timber here in varied forms to conform very closely to the uses to which they were put. Of recent years Canadian firms have shown more enterprise in haying agents here, and the further applica- tion of this principle, in the future, should advance the use of Canadian timbers greatly and aid in solving the question of finance. Loss by Shrinkage' Another dilTiculty has been that timber from Canada did not arrive here in as good condition. Before the completion of the Panama Canal 1142 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 timber often arrived here in very poor condition but even recently timber received here does not conform to the specifications that it is shipped under. This is, of course, due to shrinkage and dealers in this country consider that the timber was not seasoned before shipment, as well as the Baltic timber. The British Columbia tim- bers showed this defect to a much greater extent than eastern timbers. This difficulty can be easily overcome by the Canadian exporters. Coming to the question of actual replacement of the Baltic timbers, we fmd that Canada is pre-eminently a valuable source of supply since Canada, especially British Columbia, has large timber resources and about 95% of the annual Canadian lumber cut is coniferous material. The ques- tion of Canadian species to be used must not depend alone on the suit- ability of different species for certain uses, but to a great extent on the available sources of supply both as to species and regions of Canada. The very valuable white Pine is being rapidly depleted in Canada. All eastern timbers are being exploited rapidly with the exception of the Spruces, hemlock and balsam hr which extend as far west as Alberta, and are present in large quantities in northern Ontario and Quebec, as yet almost untouched. British Columbia with its vast timber resources is the most logical source of supply for years to come as its very valuable and multiform species are still present in quantity. The Range of 'Woods Important Canadian woods in descending scale of available resources are Douglas Fir, Spruces, Eastern White Pine, Western Hemlock, East- ern Hemlock, Western Yellow Pine, Western Larch, Red Pine, Western Red Cedar, Western White Pine, Tamarack. Structural timbers in descending order of merit, and re- sources are Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, Eastern Hemlock, Western Yellow Pine, Western Larch, Red Pine and Eastern Larch. The importation of large structural timbers has been much greater during the war than in peace times. For mining timbers many Canadian spec- ies are available. Recommendations The outstanding features of this article are that Douglas Fir and Western Hemlock, available in very large quantities from British Colum- bia, should be imported to this coun- try, principally for structural timbers but also for many other purposes, if transportation question can be solved. In addition the spruces and pines of Eastern Canada can replace Baltic timber for general construction, in- side and outside finish, various manu- factured articles and purposes too numerous to mention. Sitka Spruce (Silver Spruce) and other Spruces and Pines are also available from British Columbia. Since, as I understand, pulp is not manufactured to a great extent in Britain, pulp may be im- ported from Eastern Canada, as large quantities of spruce and balsam fir in Canada makes it possible to supply a great deal of this very necessary commodity, imported in the past, so largely from Scandinavian countries. It should be noted that timber im- ports from Germany were not ap- preciable as compared with those from Russia, Finland, Norway and Sweden A comparison of timber freights before the war shows approximately these rates: — per standard. From White Sea Ports .. 32/6 to 37/6 From Baltic Sea Ports... 20/ to 25/ From St. Lawrence Ports35/ to 40/ Gulf of Mexico Ports (Steamers) 70/ to 80/ B.C. Ports (Sailors) £7 From Mayor Costello of Calgary: — "I am very much in sympathy with the work of the Association and am enclosing application form for mem- bership." "We realize our country suffers a lot through the loss of timber caused by fire each year, and you certainly have our strong support in the work you are endeavoring to do." The Farm and Ranch Review, Calgary. Canadian Forcslrii Journal, June, V.)17 1143 SETTLERS IN KAMLOOPS, B.C. DISTRICT BURNING THE DEBRIS RESULTING FROM LAND CLEARING. The fires were set out immediately following a rain and by the permission of a Government Forest Ranger. Ontario's Forest Protection Work Ontario has entered the fire season of 1917 with a forest protection or- ganization greatly superior to that of preceding years. By new legislation at the last session the Minister of Lands, Forests, and Mines, received authority to radically recast the en- tire scheme of forest fire prevention. No time was lost in appointment of proper officials who have been given ample leeway in securing for Ontario the benefits of modern forest guarding methods. The money appropria- tion for the work indicated the Minister's appreciation of the size of the job on hand, and his choice of officers has been generally hailed as well judged. The chief executives of the new system are as follows: Provinc al Forester: E. J. Zavitz; Assistant, J. H. White. District chiefs: L. E. Bliss, station- ed at Port Arthur. Ernest G. Poole, stationed at Cochrane; and A. J. McDonald stationed at North Bay. As Mr. Bliss has already organ- ized his district, he is given gen- eral supervision of the work in oth- er districts. The task of selecting rangers, approving their appointment preparing fire report forms, fire warnings, etc. has involved the head office stafT in a prodigious amount of work, nor is it to be expected that the organization proper will get its stride until next season. The new department has applied its authority over settler's clearing fires, which are such a problem in Northern Ontario, and rangers are now requiring settlers to get per- mission before burning their slash. A number of motor cars have been purchased for the use of inspectors and rangers, and arrangements are being made for the construction of 1144 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 preventive devices such as lookout towers, trails, telephone lines, etc. The portable fire pump, frequently mentioned in the Journal, has also been added to the equipment of several sections. That the rangers will be better organized, better in- structed as to duties, and more closely inspected are results which seem bound to follow the plans now being worked out. Following is a copy of the "permit" form issued to settlers, loggers, etc. intending to burn over their lands: FIRE PERMIT. The Forest Fire Prevention Act, 1917. No Date 191 Ontario. Authority is hereby granted to ■_ Address to set out fire upon the following described lands , for the purpose of (State whether for clearing land, destroying logging slash, or other purpose) between the day of , and the day of 191 , on compliance with the following conditions The acreage to be burned over is I have personallv inspected the area... (not) By.. FORESTRY BRANCH. Note. — -This permit is subject to revocation. (Signature.) (Title.)' Forest Fires in Northern Ontario Newspaper reports claim that con- siderable areas of Ontario forest land have been swept by fires during the last weeks of May. No official report has been obtainable as this issue of the Journal goes to press. A des- patch to the Toronto Globe from Fort William, May 29th, stated:— "Forest fires raging all through the organized and unorganized districts around Fort William and Port Arthur are destroying large areas of timber and uncut pulpwood. Bush fires have been raging in fully a hundred sections west of Fort William since last week, and great strips of forest in the unorganized sections of Con- mee and beyond have been left black- ened wastes. "Rains to-day have done much to smother the fires, but the danger is not yet past. So far, no losses have been reported from outlying settlers. From Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. came the following: — May 15. — "Dense smoke caused by heavv forest fires on the north shore are adding to the troubles of lake navigation. Very few boats were moving to-day, and so dense was the smoke in Whitefish Bay that the tugs were not able to work in the ice, and practically the entire upbound fleet has been com- pelled to come to anchor." Fire conditions have been serious in the United States as well, as wit- ness the following from Green Bay, Wisconsin: — May 21. — "Rhinelander Paper Company employees have been active in fighting forest fires in Oneida county during the last several days. The corporation equipped a special train for the men to go from Rhine- lander to the burning districts. Dyna- mite and other supplies for stopping the progress of the fire were contained in the train. Logs of paper mills in the central part of Wisconsin were destroyed while the fires burned in forests. Loss of several thousand dollars may re- sult. Rain which fell Saturday stop- Canadian Forest rij Journal, June, 1917 1145 ped most fires in the territory in northern and western Wisconsin." The Peace River Country has had its fire experience this season. A newspaper despatch states: — May 10. — "Several large forest fires are sweep- ing through the timbered country back of the settlements here. South of town and east of the Smoky a fire is blazing fiercely over a country covered with dry poplar and brush. Down the Peace several blazes can be seen, but as none of the fires are in valuable timber no harm will re- sult unless they spread too far. The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry reports: — "A rough sum- mary of the forest fire situation in Pennsylvania, issued May 21st, states that about 1,000 fires occurred before May 1st, over 750 reports and bills having been received to that date. It is evident that the number of fires will exceed last year's, but the area burned over to date is much smaller. The 760 fires reported averaged only eighty-six acres each, as compared with an average acreage per fire of 154 in 1916, and 306 in 1915. About 375 of the 750 fires were extinguished before they covered ten acres. "The past week has been the worst fire week this year, and doubtless many small fires and several large ones will be reported. So far only a dozen fires of over a thousand acres have been reported." — ._. ^ PASTOR AND FLOCK FIGHT FIRES — 4. The Fort William Times-Journal has the following story: — "Had it not been for the presence of many vil- lagers and settlers from the surround- ing country who were gathered for public worship in the little church at Hymers Sunday morning, the vil- lage of Hymers would have been wiped out by fire, according to a statement made by George E. Hy- mers, of Hymers, who is in Port Arthur to-day. "Service was going on," Mr. Hymers said, "and the min- ister. Reverend .J. Waldron, an- nounced that the congregation was dismissed and everybody was to help fight the fire. The minister himself was one of the hardest workers in the bucket brigade which helped save the village from destruction." Thus, from soul saving the minister turned to property saving, and was instru- mental in contributing largely to the success of the fire fighters and the salvation of the village. Mr. Hymers said that the bush fires started some time early on Sun- day, which raged fiercely on Sunday, visiting Hymer's village in a most menacing manner. There was not much damage to timber, because there is none in that immediate vi- cinity to be burnt, but some of the settlers in the outlying districts suffer- ed heavy losses. Colin Campbell, of Harstone, is the heaviest loser, his saw mill, house and everything being consumed and 135,000 feet of lumber, William Winslow, of O'Connor, one of. the best known agriculturalists in the district, lost his house, buildings, and everything he had. William Mountstephen, of Kakabeka Falls, lost his barns, which were on his farm in Conmee township, and others sus- tained lesser damage to outbuildings and lands by the fierce onrush of the flames. Mr. Hymers estimates the total damage caused by the fires, which are still raging in that district, as over $10,000. Yesterday afternoon a long distance message reached Mr. Hy- mers from Hymers that the fires were coming down the ravine near the cheese factory, but that buildings were being watched and protected. So far as has yet been ascertained, no actual cases of destitution have been reported, but all the settlers who have been visited by the fire king have sustained considerable loss in buildings and efTects. MR. CAVERHILL RESIGNS Mr. P. Z. Caverhill, Director of the New Brunswick Forest Survey, has resigned his position and will re- turn to the British Columbia Forest Service. 1146 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 Nut Tree Growing in Island of Corsica In an informative article advocat- ing the growing of more nut trees in the United States and Canada, a writer in "American Forestry" gives many convincing illustrations of the customs of other lands where the pro- duce from nut trees as well as the timber itself is considered a chief source of income. Of the chestnut tree cultivation in the Island of Cor- sica, the article says:— "We have the very stimulating example of Corsica where mountain slopes as steep as a house roof and even steeper are clothed for miles in a continuous expanse of trees which look strangely like a forest, yet every tree is a grafted chestnut. Every acre is as valuable as good corn land in Indiana, and scattered along the magnificent macadam roads are the substantial stone villages of the num- erous population that supports itself in comfortable prosperity from the combined income of chestnuts, chest- nut wood, and the by-product of pasture and a small garden patch. The chestnut industry has continued in Corsica for centuries. Certainly the earth offers few examples of agri- culture so permanent, so automatic, and so easy. When a Corsican gets pushed for money he goes out "and cuts down an old giant worth often from $10 to $25 in American gold. The practice of the Corsican moun- taineers in their tree crop agriculture or fruitful forestry, whichever you choose to call it, is very suggestive of a proper method of ^ handling the technical question of getting a stand of trees and keeping it, and at the same time utilizing the by produce of pasture. The Corsican goat, whose milk makes much good cheese, browses in the chestnut forests and keeps down most of the undergrowth. When a Corsican sees a chestnut tree which in five, ten, or twenty years is likely to be ready to go to the pulp niill, he goes off to his little nursery, digs out a ten-foot chestnut, and plants it near to one which it is to succeed. He puts two stakes beside it to keep it from being ridden down by the goats. When it is established in two or three years, he grafts it, and there it stands leading a sub- merged kind of life for five or twenty or thirty years. But when the old monarch by which it stands finally comes down, it is ready to spring promptly into rapid growth. Lands with first-class climate are too valuable to grow mere wood. Some part of our country to the South as indicated by climatic studies, as well as by history and present development, seems not to have a first-class climate for the develop- ment of numerous, vigorous, ener- getic and healthy men. Here tim- ber should be grown. Certain parts of America are too cold and have winters too long for the easy support of large numbers of people. SAWDUST STOPS FIRE Recent experiments went to prove that sawdust is useful as a fire ex- tinguisher. It was found to be very successful in quenching fires in oil, and much superior to sand for fires in tanks of inflammable liquids. Ex- periments were conducted with tanks of burning lacquer, though the same principles appear to apply largely to tanks of burning oil. The floating sawdust forms a blanket that shuts off the air from the flames; and saw- dust itself catches fire only slowly, and then does not burn with a flame. The sawdust blanket was completely successful in putting out the fires in these tests. It made no difference whether the sawdust was wet or dry. The efficiency of sawdust is greater on viscous than on thin liquids, as it floats more readily on the former than on the latter. The sawdust itself is not easily ignited, and when ignited it burns without a flame, and the burning embers have not suffi- ciently high temperature to re-ignite the liqiud. Mixing sodium bicar- bonate with the sawdust increases its efficiency materially. Canadian Fon'slru Journal, June, 1917 1147 WILD OLIVE TREES IN ALGIERS The land not only fur- nishes susrcnance to these revenue-produc- ing trees but also ex- cellent grazing for the numerous sheep seen browsJng there. BEARS 1200 LITERS OF ACORNS YEARLY The food value of the annual crop of this evergreen oak tree near Algarve, Portugal, with its spread of fifty feet, is indicated by its rec- ord production j of acorns. ^ •Fir* . . ■• ■ r ■•.^•jff" •■,^ b^ ^■r -"- -TXimjilmi "MMiK. .t. BHbC II mwrmWrn .ml^^^M ..•--=.. -:«»^ / 1 '^.imm mm 1^^ Courtesy of "American Forestry. 1148 Canadian Forestrij Journal, June, 1917 Timber Owners Place Over Million Acres in Care of Technical Forester A few years ago, Gifford Pinchot in addressing the Camp-Fire Club of America said: "Forestry in the State of New York is flourishing everywhere except in the woods." It looks as if the old order were about to change. Professor A. B. Recknagel of the Department of Forestry, at Cornell University, has been granted a year's leave of ab- sence from his university duties in order to accept the position of For- ester to the Empire State Forest Products Association; he will take up his new duties on the first of July. He will establish headquarters for the Association at Albany. The work which Professor Recknagel will undertake marks a new departure in the practice of forestry by private owners in the United States. The Empire State Forest Products As- sociation is made up of prominent lumbermen and paper manufacturers in New York; the members of the Association own upwards of one mil- lion two hundred thousand acres of timberland in this state. The Association, at its last annual meeting, decided to establish a rational and constructive system of forestry for the handling of these lands. Canadian Foresters in British Camps A letter received from one of the Staff Sergeants of the Canadian For- estry Corps says, "All the forestry battalions have been fused into a Corps, and in addition constant re- inforcements are being drafted into it from the medically unfit of the infantry. The Corps is at present about five thousand strong, of whom 1500 are operating in France, and in- creasing every day. There are about twenty camps in England and Scot- land. One Branch at Headquarters is called the Forestry Branch and this handles the technical forestry work and also all lumber returns. Captain Weir, a graduate of Ontario Agricultural College, MfGill and Cor- nell, is in charge, and Sergeant Brick- er, a student from Toronto Forest School, is his Assistant. Men in the field were given the title of Forestry Representatives and handled several camps each, sending in general for- estry reports embracing silvical stud- ies, soil studies, growth studies, etc., as well as reports on progress, accom- panied by maps. Several Toronto men were on this work. Our rank was the high and lofty one of full private except Parker, who was a sergeant before this work was started. He has recently gone to France where he will be associated with the lumber- ing end of the work, I believe. At present we are planning some new work at the instigation of the British Forestry authorities. A party is to be sent out to visit all our camps making volume and increment tables. We are going to use the forms which were used at Toronto University for stem analysis and volume tables. This is going to be very valuable ex- perience for us and our time spent as soldiers will not be wasted. Since (Uinadidn Fonslri/ Jotinuil, June, 1U17 1M9 the Britisli auLhorities think Ihal this is necessary, we can assume we are 'doing our bit.' There is a very serious shortage of timber, accentuat- ed by the submarine blockade and all production work is being speeded up. The forestry exponents arc using their inlluence to sec that the govern- ment takes up the question of re- forestation as soon as possible, some even advocating that this be com- menced before the end of the war." "MON PREMIER LIVRE SUR LA FORET." I 4. — , — , 4. To date, fourteen thousand copies of this 32-page booklet, prepared by the Canadian Forestry Association for circulation in Quebec and in other French speaking districts of the Dom- inion, have been placed in the hands of school children. As a means of assisting their educa- tional campaigns, 4000 copies were purchased (at printer's cost) by the newly-formed Southern St. Lawrence Forest Protective Association and 2500 copies by the St. Maurice For- est Protective Association. REACHING TRAVELLERS On three of the Canadian railways, the Canadian Forestry Journal is now installed as part of the parlor car reading equipment. Five copies are now used on the Canadian Gov- ernment Railways, nineteen copies on the Grand Trunk and Grand Trunk Pacihc, and the number re- quired by the Canadian Northern is yet to be reported. GRAIN MEN IN LUMBER LINE The Grain Growers Grain Co., Ltd., with headqifarters at Winnipeg, are now building a sawmill on their timber limits 60 miles east of Fort George, B. C, on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. The Company has been conducting a large retail lumber business for the past few years. They now plan to manufacture their own lumber and supply the farmers Photo by Joseph Boucher, Ottawa.. A CURIOUS EXAMPLE OF A "WIND GRAFT" OF TWO ELMS. The elbow from the larger elm is firmly grafted to the neighbouring tree, the parent meanwhile being killed by lightning. direct. The new mill will cost about 3185,000 and will have a capacity of twenty-five million feet per year. There is $500,000,000 invested in United States lumber plants. "I want to assure you that our Association is ready to co-operate in any way you can suggest. While the direct object of our Association differs from yours, the work you are doing must necessarily appeal to us." Rev. T. J. Crowley, President, Sud- bury District Game and Fish Pro- tective Association, Copper Cliff, Ont. Building a Railwai^ Coach THE WOOD AND STEEL SKELETON OF A PASSENGER COACH— Carlings of Birch and Ash, Floor of Maple, Stanchions of Hard Pine, Truss Planks, of Hard Pine, Sash of Mahogany. THE FINISHED COACH. — Seat Arms and Finish of Mahogany. Built by Canadian Car and Foundry Co., Ltd., Amherst, N.S. Canadian Forestrij Journal, June, 1917 1151 4 Nature's Warfare in Field and Forest Ellen R. C. Webber, Port Haney, B.C. The World Would Last Three Years If Animal Vigilantes Were Overmastered. THE greatest enemy man has to fear is the insect life of the world. You are all more or less acquainted with the ravages of grasshoppers, the devastating march of the locusts, and the work of the destructive and ever dreaded "seventeen-year beetle." You have read of them, or experienced them to a certain degree. I, myself, have seen in Wyoming, the "Army Locust" on his marsh across the grass-lands, when the train upon which I was traveling was held up for nearly three hours while the vast, greedy, greasy army was crossing the R. R. tracks. No wheel, depending upon its grip on steel, could make head- way through the crushed, oily bodies. In solid mass, half a mile in width, they crept leisurely on; and as far as the eye could see on either side of our steel roadway, they were coming, and going; and the land they had passed over was left bare of any vegetation. We know that a farm of green grain or of corn, beautiful in the morning and ready for the harvesters' early coming, is, by a sudden raid of grass- hoppers, but barren land at sunset; with labor, investment and hope all dead loss; as is the devoured crop. Here in our own neighborhood you see the stripped gooseberry bushes; the eaten, dying leaves of some tree; the pale, yellowy green of some sickly appearing plant or shrub; all the result of the ravenous appetites of insect pests. Our fruit trees are eaten through and through with the larvae of insects; the bark is sucked dry of its juices by tiny insects; the fruit injured and made valueless by their depredations. In the forests timber is destroyed; young trees killed; and in the garden our vegetables and flowers are attacked and lost; and insect life, in some form or stage, is the direct cause of our trouble. World Would Last Three Years It has been estimated by those who give this question study and thought leading into actual statistics, that, were there no friends allied by nature, in the great struggle between man and his enemy insects, that in three years time there would be no life left on the earth; — vegetation would disappear first, and animal life would accompany and follow it. Yet, daily, these tiny, allied soldiers of ours, to whom we owe our very existence; little soldiers recruited and trained by Almighty God for our 1152 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 especial aid and service, are wantonly slaughtered by us; and only because we neglect to become acquainted with our natural — that is — God-given friends! At this season of the year you may see along the country roads, almost any day, the crushed and battered body of a dull-hued snake. He was in life harmless, timid, without venom. Had he, through accident, and wholly without intention, intruded into your home or into the grateful warmth of your camp bed even, he would not have harmed you, for he had no weapon of defence only his swift speed, and his coloring, which blended so well with the ground; — his uniform, it is, for the Great Captain placed him, little, humble soldier, — to destroy man's enemies, — beetles, cockroaches, worms, mice, etc., such as congregate and multiply under stones, boards, low growing shrubs and crevices. As long as he lives, daily during the season of multiplying insects and pests, he seeks and devours your enemies, and during the season when insect life is quiet, this little allied soldier is "off duty," and so goes away to rest and sleep, after a long unbroken stretch of active service. We see no snakes in winter; they are torpid; tired and "dead to the world" as you say, when you sleep heavily after a hard day's work. With the warm spring days comes the rush of battle; and when, know- ing this, he wakens from his rest to resume the fight for us, we, who should fight for him and his little life, — deliberately slay him! Why? Simply through an influence coming from an unenlightened age, by which we have for centuries been taught a mythical story, a legend older than Abraham by many hundreds of years, that snakes are accursed; a legend which well might l)ave originated and carried weight in the earliest days of man, when the'monsters of the Reptilian period were still numerous and powerful over the- face of the earth. But through the periods during which man has grown into possession and need, the venomous snakes have grown less, and the harmless ones are now in the great majority. That they are not accursed, is shown in the fact that they were given a work to do; and he to whom God gives a life of work, no matter how lowly, is not accursed, but loved and trusted. The Lizard and His Insect Hunger Sometimes, in our woods, you see a tiny lizard; a minature crocodile; with bright beadlike eyes, a tapering body which elongates into a "tail" as we call it; and limbs, a close reproduction of those of the big crocodile you see in pictures. This is a little "swift;" a lover of sunny spots and rotten logs, upon which he is usually found; as here he seeks his insect food to a certain extent. I was earnestly instructed lately, by a small boy, not on any account to go near one of these tiny reptilian, as he was a very dangerous fellow and might bite me, and so end my life! Poor, busy, little soldier Swift! How little is his friendly battling work understood and appreciated by those who should know him better. Place him on your window sill, where the sun comes warm through the glass, and see how quickly and eagerly he will clear the flies away. To the forests, and through the forests to man, — he is a friend to be treasured, pro- tected and aiiltivated. Frogs also are insect eaters; and as such deserve to be spared the stoning that boys and girls thoughtlessly give them. Aside from the assistance they give us in our fight for existence, we should not ignore their musical ability; and their welcome Spring concerts; — who has not enjoyed them? Toads, despised through ages of superstition as the embodiment of poison, and killed when found in gardens, as it was believed that persons had been known to die through eating a plant "at whose root a toad lay hidden," are still held in repugnance as the aftermath of this old, old belief. Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 1153 But lovers of woodland friends and life know that the toad is a gentle, harmless friend; working night and day to destroy slugs, caterpillars, ear- wigs, flies and the thousand and one pestiferous insects that gather about our fruit, vegetables and flowers. Take him into your house, and he will clear out flies, cockroaches, crickets and other small and unwelcome guests in the enemy line. How does he catch them? He "plays sleep" and when an insect comes near that wiiich it con- siders a lump of earth, or a stone. Toady, who has been "peeking" through his nearly closed eyes, darts his long, thin, sticky tongue forward and quick as lightning, drops Insect down his wide, dark dungeon of a throat. The toad's tongue is like a spring; it is fastened to the front of his mouth, and folds back; and acts as quickly and surprisingly as a "Gee whiz" mouse trap. ''Lady bug"" invited by a Government To be carefully guarded also is the little "Lady-bird" of "Lady-bug" — bright red, or yellowy brown, black spotted. You all know her, for you have all, in days passed, sent her home to her children in their burning home. This tiny friend was introduced into British Columbia at Government expense; for she had not been placed here by Nature. She devours the, aphides; or green plant lice, found on the under side of plant foliage; or leaves Do not permit her to be injured; but place her on some green plant in your garden, or by the wayside. Her value is far beyond her "weight in gold," many times over. Other insect friends, disloyal to the traditions of their species perhaps, are the bee, the wasp, and the humble-bee. . The production of honey by the bee is only one of its benefits to man. The gathering of pollen and carrying it from blossom to blossom and tree to tree, serves to fertilize the blossoms of fruit and vegetables; and thus in- sures to us a good crop. This is a far more productive work than the manu- facture of honey. Wasps not only fertilize plants, but they also destroy spiders and flies. In each tiny cell of a wasp's nest, lies an egg of the mother wasp; and with it is sealed the body of a fly, preserved and torpid; stupified by the sting of the wasp, and left with the egg, to provide food for the young wasp until it is sufficiently developed to go forth and seek food for itself. The "mud-dabber," so named by the boys, makes the same provision with this exception, that she prefers spiders; nice large spiders, for the nourishment of her young. So, in addition to the fertilization of plants, which is not done by them to the same extent as by the bee, the wasp aids in the destruction of health destroying insects. The busy humble-bee, with his legs laden with yellow pollen, fertilizes shrubs, grasses, flowers, etc. His work lies more in the wildlands than in the garden, though he works there also. Probably the one friend least known, most abhorred, despised, most eagerly put to death, is the skunk. His only offence is his defence; and it is quite sufficient. I know that he is blameless of much of which he is accused. I know, for I have personally cultivated his acquaintance, and have had as daily companions nine busy little skunks. - A Good Word for the Homely Skunk I could write a long chapter on skunks alone; but time only permits me to assure you that my close acquamtance with these little animals has taught me that chickens and eggs are as safe in their presence as with the canary in the cage. But beetles, moths, grubs — any and all insects were pure sport as well as food. In the garden, hills of squash or cucumber seed or corn were very seriously studied; and many were passed as perfect by these little hunt- ers, or foraging parties. Others were eagerly and hastily dug open with the handlike fore-paws, and — were the seed eaten? Never! But always these 1154 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 keen detectives picked out with one little paw hand, a white grub; and with much chattering among themselves and a curious, investigating sort of man- ner in looking the prize over. Sir Grub was quickly eaten, and the next hill studied. In some mysterious way they seem to know just which hills contain the destructive but delicious grub; and these only are opened. Moths were chased, as a kitten chases a feather; and when caught, as they nearly always were, the skunk sat up, and holding the moth in one hand, picked wings and legs ofT and threw them away; looked the stripped body over carefully, then ate it, and proceeded to catch another. If the skunk visits your garden in the night or early evening when the cabbage moths are busiest, or opens a hill or two of squash or corn, your garden needed him, and was better for his coming. If you and your dog would discreetly remain indoors as he made his skirmish against your enemies, he would not annoy you with his defensive, and would soon depart to the forest, there to resume his duties as a valued worker in the forestry department, in defending our timber from the enemy beetle. We must not forget, in passing, our little friend the bat, who with the "night hawk," skims the air through the night hours, while the swallows are off duty. Working Day and Night Shifts As daylight dawns, these night guards retire to rest with stomachs and crops well packed with insects; and as they go off duty, the swallows come on, and so the work in man's fight for existence is systematically carried on by his little allies, whose slaughter of insects exceeds all computation, and even exceeds the imagination. Even the hated cherry-bird, or Cedar Wax-Wing, whom I must admit appears to be an enemy, is in truth a friend; and saves for man far more fruit than he destroys through his warfare on insects and tree-destroying beetles. It would pay the farmer well to plant more rows of cherry trees for the use of the birds alone, as a trust and a reward for their services. Owls and hawks destroy rats, mice and moles; as well as beetles; enemies whose damage could not be remedied with the price of a dozen hens from each farmer. Sparrows destroy noxious weed seed; as do buntings, snowbirds, and many others of the same species. Tree sparrows alone, in one small district are statistically reported to have destroyed, in one season, 875 tons of noxious weed seed. ]^ds' Eyes with Special Lenses Some tiny birds seek the eggs of insects; and are fitted, or armed, for this particular duty by the Great Captain; so that they are given microscopic lenses for their eyes; sharp claws to their feet, that they may cling to the bark of trees and hang back down as they peer under and around leaves, twigs and branches, in search of the, to us, invisible eggs which they destroy by millions. The crows are scavenger birds, and work in the Health Department. We might count them in, almost, as a medical corps; for, while they do not cure sickness or wounds, they prevent sickness through the destruction of decaying and foul matter, which would pollute the air and breed disease. The tiny humming bird lends a beak, and eats what he can of spiders and insects. All stnall birds which perch on trees, fences or shrubs, or dart through the air, are insect eaters, or weed destroyers, and should be protected by mankind, shielded and cared for. I think that the saddest sight one recalls in bird slaughter, one which cries aloud of treason to friendship and allied service, is the wanton slaughter of woodpeckers. Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 1155 The woodpecker is chief warden of our forests; our forests which mean to us not only the wealth of a great lumber industry, but also our water supply; our reserve of moisture for the long dry seasons; our daily conven- iences,— but think this all out for yourselves; look about you and consider how you would be inconvenienced by the loss of your daily wooden comforts. Our Government spends thousands of dollars each year; hundreds of thousands for wardens and utilities for the protection of these grand trees and their young growth, from destruction through the agency of man; but the Great Captain gave the guardianship of these very necessary forests into the keeping of this vast army of wardens, which we might call the Wood- pecker battalions; of which there are three hundred and fifty; with sub- divisions of companies in each battalion; commonly spoken of as "varieties." Just note, in your camping weeks and forest jaunts, the many sorts of "Flickers," of Pileates; and "Sapsuckers."* Note the difTering numbers of toes; and the wonderful tail common to all, w^hich acts as a prop and support against the branchless, perpendicular tree from which the little warden is extracting the destructive grub or beetle. The Woodpecker Wardens Very, very busy are the Woodpecker wardens; for we must remember that the wood-boring beetles alone, are an army opposed to man and his forests; and they outnumber the Woodpeckers in thousands against one; yet the beetles are, again, only one of many insect armies, kept in subjection by the valued woodpeckers. Of course, w^e must not overlook the kind services of the skunk, the coon, the owl and the snake, who are, in a manner, the pickets or outposts; and gather in many hundreds of thousands of the enemy while they are in the beetle stage. But while all this helps, and greatly too, yet, alone it would prove inadequate; for the eggs and larvae of these enemies are so very num- erous, that they supply two-thirds of all the food for these numerous wood- pecker families, with their three hundred and fifty known branches, and hun- dreds of subdivisions. It has been claimed that the woodpecker often cuts into a tree deeply and cruelly. So he does. But the death to that tree was lying curled securely at the end of the woodpeckers deeply cut tunnel; and, permitted to complete its stages of existence, would carry death to hundreds of other, otherwise, healthy trees. Not only does woodpecker seek diligently for the great yellowy-white larvae, but he also gathers most industriously, by millions, the tiny eggs which he is enabled to discover through the wonderful lenses God gave for this purpose, in the gift of microscopic eyes. The woodpecker, while denied the gift of song, is yet a lover of music? Only the male bird, in the wooing season, tries, through the agency of instru- mental music, to atone for the vocal lack, imposed by nature? This is true. The long, rolling tattoo, so often heard in early summer, or spring, made by the iron-like beak of the woodpecker, in rapid vibration against a resonant dead tree or tall stump, is his music; his love call; his lure to his mate. So far as I have been able to note, this is his only recreation; this little half hour or so of music; indulged in for the wooing and for the entertainment of the mate as she sits on the nine white eggs, deep in the heart of some old hollow stump; — a well earned interval from the more materialistic duties of securing grubs from some afflicted tree, with which to feed his loved one. I one day watched a woodpecker as he trolled out his love notes from a tall steel tower near my open window. It may have seemed a soothing note to the nest-tied wife of the musician, who spent just four bright, sunny hours *As to the value of the "yellow-bellied sapsucker," Dr. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Ento- mologist, pointed out in the May Forestry Journal that this variety is the only one of the wood- pecker family that commonly attacks healthy trees. 1156 Canadian Furestry JourmiL June, 1917 in earnest endeavor to please her; though had I not been consumed with curiosity to know how long he would insanely hammer against that steel surface, I should have considered it nerve racking. Now, just one little plea for the Flicker, locally known and misnamed "Sapsucker" — and most unjustly and falsely accused of being a destroyer of apple trees. Apple trees, as you doubtless know% are often killed by the "apple-borer," who penetrates to the very heart of the tree, through a tiny tunnel which she bores for herself prior to depositing an egg at the end thereof. Sometimes a tree wall have thirty or more of these life-sapping holes; the tree grows weak, its foliage pale; and in spite of well intentioned remedies,, (wrongly root-applied) the tree consumptively fades away. Were these larvae^ result of the eggs in the tree, left to complete their development, soon the entire orchard would be dead. But friendly little Flicker, while extract- ing these deep hidden grubs with his long slender beak, breaking away the bark with which the eaten passages are covered, — is accused of being the originator of the deep inroads to the tree heart; and is further blamed for a habit of which he knows absolutely nothing; — that of "drinking the sap of *^^^ ^'"^^' A Friendhj Word for the "Sapsucker'' In trying to save the orchard from further injuries through the borer, poor Flicker is misjudged; and pays for his friendly act with his truly valuable little life. " ■ - I have opened the crop of Flickers still warm after death at an apple tree; and have never found any signs of sap, or moisture beyond that naturally existing where a tightly packed mass of worms, insects and larvae w^ere to be found; a quantity beyond belief, gathered by one tiny industrious, hungry, feathered ally. It is hardly fair to all concerned that I should close eVen this incomplete introduction to our woodland friends, without mentioning the good work done by moles, gophers and ground worms; chiefly angleworms. These little friends may seem of a doubtful order; but their endeavor lies largely in opneing and loosening the soil; admitting warm air, pulverizing and enriching soil, carrying leaves below the surface to decay and form loam; admitting moisture. The debt we owe to the despised angle worm, would, in itself require the resourses of an able paper to unfold. The gopher in some localities becomes a menace; but the tiny mole no bigger than a mouse, is of more benefit than harm. It has never been proven that it eats the root of any plant; while his ventilation of the soil, preventing souring, and packing, is a great and good work for so tiny and helpless an animal. WOODLOT PRESERVATION ply himself with firewood in time to While Old Ontario farmers are be- come, and twenty or thirty years ing instructed how to plant and care hence the Temiskaming farm with a. for trees, and admonished to care for wood lot will be worth more than an and. conserve their wood lots ifthev adjoining farm from which every last are so fortunate as to have them, the tree has been removed. On a great impression still prevails in New On- many farms, it is true, fire has been tario that the tree is the natural through every part of the bush and enemy of man, to be destroyed at killed it out, but there are still quite sight wherever found. As a result, a number where this is not the case, there are alreadv farmers within a and where quite large patches of live few miles of New Liskeard, says the timber can still be found. Temiskaming Herald, who are com- Such bits of bush which it may be pclled to buy wood from neighbors. desired to keep can be preserved from The wise farmer, however, will keep danger by future fires by the clearing a few acres of his lot in timber to sup- up of any dead-wood or underbrush Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, June, 1!>17 11, (gnditions JUet in KB. Forest Survey * — + * — + t — + ♦ — * STONEV SOIL. HLRLEV BROOK The pile of stones was dug up by the farmer while removing a small stump. Such land will never pay interest charges on cost of clearing and should be retained permanently under timber. on the ground, and when this has been done and the surrounding land clear- ed of stumps, and put under cultiva- tion, there will be little danger of the isolated woodlot falling a prey to flames. In the years to come the farmer with ten or fifteen acres of good, sound, clean bush will fmd it about the most profitable bit of land on his farm. 1158 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 1159 Notes on Newfoundland's Forests Replying to a request of the Can- adian Forestry Journal, Mr. J. D. Gilmour, General Logging Superin- tendent of the Anglo Newfoundland Development Company, and formerly of the British Columbia Forest Ser- vice has briefly touched upon some of the forest conditions of the island as follows: The Anglo-Newfoundland Develop- ment Company owns a continuous block of timber lands, amounting to 2,316,000 acres, and comprising all the drainage area of the Exploits River from Grand Falls where the mills are situated, to the head. Twen- ty-five thousand horse power are de- veloped at Grand Falls. The plant has a daily capacity of 184 tons sulphite and 192 tons newsprint. The product is shipped over a Com- pany railway 22 miles long from the plant to Botwood Harbor. The usual difficulties in shipping to England have been met during the war, and part of the product has accord- ingly gone to the United States. The timber is spruce and fir, the former being mostly black spruce. The white and red species also occur. The limits are well served by water, so that everything is driven to the mills and comparatively short hauls are necessary in the woods. Logging is all done in winter from Oct. 1 — May 1. More men are avail- able then, and in summer the fire danger is great if camps are operated. The company maintains a fire pa- trol, and uses lookout points with telephones. One feature where Can- adian limit holders have a little ad- vantage is that Canadian railways in timbered country must patrol their tracks at their own expense. Here an informal association of limit-hold- ers, with Government assistance, per- forms the patrol on the Reid-New- foundland Railway. However for five years they have succeeded in keeping down the fires from this cause, and that is the main thing. This country as a whole is timbered best along tlie valleys and around the lakes of which there are an immense number. Wherever the land is flat, or away from a drainage system, there are bogs, some very large. At elevations of 1,000 feet above sea level barrens and bogs, the habitat of thousands of caribou, are the rule. The greater portion of the island bears no timber, partly on account of these natural bogs and high barrens and partly on account of many dis- astrous fires in the past. This is the oldest British colony, and has suffered from fires longer than any other. As in other places, it is only in the last generation that any thought has been given to the matter of prevent- ing them. The population for 400 years has always got its living mainly from the sea, so that there was, and is more indifference here than in the U.S.A. and Canada. However, in this respect an improvement is noted in recent years. Clean cutting of all spruce and fir down to 5 inches D.B.H. is the meth- od followed here, and careful inspec- tion of logging operations leads to conservative cutting, low stumps, tops utilized to 4 inches, etc. The result is a very fine natural growth of fir and spruce, partly from vol- unteer growth, and partly from seed in the ground. If fires can be kept out (and there have been none in ten years logging since this company started operations) there is no ques- tion about a second crop. The use of tank cars for fire-fighting purposes is now in efTect on the Canadian Pacific, Grand Trunk, Temisl^aming and Northern Ontario and Canadian Government railways. Henri Mason, of Brussels, esti- mates the total loss of Belgium in buildings, equipment, stores and loss of trade at $1,060,288,000. 1160 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 Turning the Tree to New Account By Dr. John S. Bates, Sup't, Forest Products Laboratories, Montreal. How Canada Depends on Forest Supplies to keep the National Machine Running. By far the most important and extensive utilization of wood consists in the manufacture of lumber and other products by mechanical pro- cesses, whereby the wood still retains its identity. Under the heading of wood used in the rough, firewood takes first place and in value accounts for about 30 per cent, of the primary wood products. Air-dry wood has a calori- fic value rather more than half that of coal, pound for pound. The nor- mal annual consumption of railway cross-ties in Canada is about 20,000,- 000 with an average value of about 45 cents each. Half of these are used for renewals showing the trem- endous destruction which is mainly due to decay rather than mechanical wear. Only about 7 per cent, of the ties receive preservative treat- ment indicating the scope for exten- sion of modern wood preservation processes in the case of a number of the Canadian tree species. Treat- ment with creosote and other pre- servatives is practised very extensive- ly in the United States and especially in Europe with the result that the life of the tie is doubled in most cases. Making Track Ties In order of importance the Can- adian tie woods are jack pine, eastern cedar, Douglas fir, hemlock, tam- arack, western larch and small quanti- ties of other species. Hardwoods such as birch and maple are now com- ing into use, as creosote treatment successfully overcomes the low dura- bility of hardwoods, and the ties have the advantage of high mechanical strength. Large numbers of wooden fence posts are used throughout the country but there are no accurate figures. The fence post problem is particularly important in the Prairie Provinces where the per- ishable poplar and willow are the only local woods available. An in- vestigation of preservative treatment is now being carried out. The annual consumption of round mine timber is over 53 million linear feet with a total value of $524,000, while the mines consume sawn timber to the extent of 23 million feet board measure valued at about $304,000. About 140 coal and ore mines in Canada use timber, the leading woods being Douglas fir, spruce, balsam fir, lodge- pole pine, jack pine and hemlock. The high humidity and elevated temperature in the mines promote rapid decay and it is likely that pre- servative treatment of, mine timber will be taken up in Canada, at least for timber used in permanent haul- ways. The demand for poles has fallen off in recent years largely on account of decrease in telephone line construction. In 1914 the returns show 283,184 poles used with a value Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 1101 of $660,262. The leading woods are eastern cedar, western red cedar, spruce and tamarack. Spruce and other piling is used quite extensively in Canada and forms an important export item. Spruce Most Widelij Used The term lumber is used to include a wide range of material and con- stitutes the most important manu- factured product A large propor- tion goes directly from the saw-mill into general building and construc- tion without passing through an intermediate wood-working factory. In 1915 the lumber out in 3,239 mills totalled 3,242,676,000 feet board measure with a total value of $61,- 919,806, which include a good deal of "structural timbers." Twenty-five kinds of wood are reported which re- present about 50 distinct species. Spruce, white pine and Douglas fir account for about 75 per cent, of the total lumber out in Canada Hard- woods are of minor importance repre- senting only about 6 per cent of the total lumber cut; birch is the leading species in point of quantity available The term "structural timbers" covers wood so used that its strength is a factor of first importance and includes timbers for mill construction, trestle and bridge timbers, wharf timbers, larger ship timbers, etc. The Divi- sions of Timber Tests and Timber Physics of the Forest Products La- boratories are now establishing au- thoritative data on the mechanical and physical properties of Canadian woods for the benefit of engineers architects and others concerned with the grading of lumber and design of structures. The Canadian species in order of merit and resources are Doug- las fir, western hemlock, eastern hem- lock, western yellow pine, western larch, red pine and eastern larch. Douglas fir is fully equal to southern longleaf pine as a heavy structural timber and with the tremendous untouched resources in British Col- umbia is destined to become Canada's most important tree. 3 Billion Shingles The rough manufactured products are too well known to require much discussion. (Canada produces over 3 billion shingles annually, valued at nearly $(),000,000. Over half of these are made in British Columbia mostly from western red cedar. About 800 million laths are produced with a value of over $2,000,000, these being for the most part by-products from slabs and edgings. Treated wood- block paving is now used in a number of Canadian cities and throughout the world is placded in the first rank of city paving materials. Wood flour or wood meal is the fine, fluffy, ab- sorbent fibre made by grinding wood chips in a stone mill or steel burr roller mill with a limited amount of water. It is used in the manufacture of dynamite, inlaid linoleum, oatmeal wall paper and wood plastics. Can- ada imports considerable quantities from Europe and the United States chiefly for the manufacture of dyna- mite and there is no reason why the industry should not be established in Canada for both local and export trade. Wood wool is a fine excelsior used in Europe for surgical, dressings, filtering, stuffing mattresses and as a substitute for cotton waste. Specially manufactured products include hundreds of dilTerent kinds of articles wholly or partly construct- ed of wood. In Canada this group accounts for 15 per cent, of the total wood cut. An economic principle underlying the proper use of wood is that each species of wood has a legitimate field of usefulness within which it should be employed. Cus- tom, prejudice and lack of informa- tion frequently prevent the use of a species for some purpose for which it is naturally adapted. A large amount of accurate data still remains to be established and there is a wide field for technical research in de- termining the mechanical, physical and chemical characteristics of Can- adian woods. . Some By Products Special mention should be made of the by-products of the lumber industry since they constitute an enormous amount of wood material which for the most part is now going to waste. Utilization is retarded in 1162 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 Canada on account of the scattered population and limited markets as well as the technical nature of man.y of the processes. It is estimated that the logging waste which is left in the woods represents about 25 per cent, of the original trees. Obviously the opportunities for utilization are limit- ed and the main problem in Canada at present is to rigidly enforce the proper burning of slash in the wet seasons to remove this serious fire hazard and leave the woods in better condition for second growth. Other losses in the forest are due to fire, insects, fungi, wind, thick growth, scattered growth, local predominence of inferior species, mature trees not up to cutting standard, inaccessible timber and land-clearing operations. These are some of the problems which confront the forester and the im portance of the forest protective movement is emphasized when we remember that forest fires in Canada have destroyed perhaps ten times as much wood as has been taken out by the lumberman. The federal and provincial forestry branches and the various associations have done a great deal to safeguard our wide- spread forest resources and to secure the co-operation of the public in over- coming carelessness in the woods. 40 Per Cent. Waste Saw-mill waste amounts to about 40 per cent, of the original tree, so that the finished lumber on the aver- age represents from 30 to 35 per cent of the tree. New developments in the utilization of wood waste are being made continually but it is false economy to handle waste unless the by-product industries can be carried on at a profit. Effective utilization calls for a variety of chemical and mechanical processes which must be adapted to the form, species and quantity of wood waste available at any point. Slabs, edgings and trim- mings represent 15-17 per cent, of the tree. Among the more common uses are fuel, laths, box shocks, small slack cooperage, small wooden ar- ticles, kraft and sulphite pulp, excel- sior, wood flour, wood wool and pro- ducer gas. Sawdust accounts for another 11 per cent, and is used to some extent for fuel, producer gas, briquettes, polishing metals, insulat- ing, packing, bedding in stables, floor sweeping compounds, composition flooring blocks, linoleum, improving clay soils, smoking meat and fish, blasting powders, wood flour, plastics, porous bricks, mixing with mortar and concrete, distillation, ethyl alco- hol, oxalic acid and carborundum. Bark amounts to about 11 per cent, of the tree. It is usually used as fuel, although hemlock and oak barks are important in the tanning industry. A recent development is the use of spent hemlock bark for mixing to the extent of about 30 per cent with rag stock in the manufacture of roof- ing felts. Experiments on its use in wall board, indurated pails, conduits and wall paper give promise of suc- cess. In the manufacture of special wood products a good deal of wood is lost during seasoning by decay due to poor methods of storage and also by warping and splitting. There is a large waste in converting wood into the desired shape for the finished article. Proper co-ordination with plants making small wooden articles brings about a great economy of ma- terial. Shavings find use as fuel and to some extent for packing, bedding, drying wet land and manufacturing fibre board. Beechwood shavings are required in large quantity by vinegar factories but this is another case where specially cut wood is usually used instead of relying on by-product wood from various plants. {To be concluded in July issue.) PLANTING WHITE PINE The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry has not suspended white pine planting because of the white pine blister disease. Almost fifty per cent, of the 3,750,000 trees planted on the State Forests this spring were white pine. Canada has not one tree too many for present and future needs. We own just one quarter of the timber possessed by the United States. Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 1163 NORTH AMERICAN WHITE PINE GROUP DtSTRiBiniON OF F:\LHl: O'SV '" Oork S>W)>«q . R«q«*^ »* Courtesy N.Y. State Conservation Conimis. MAP OF NORTH AMERICAN WHIT PINE GROUP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF FIVE-NEEDLE PINES. Dark shading represents region of best growth, light shading — -e:^trenie range. SAVE THE WHITE PINE Canada's two hundred million dol- lars worth of white pine is menaced by a deadly disease, "Blister Rust." Every reader of the Canadian For- estry Journal, residing near white pine areas has a public duty to per- form in 'scouting' for infections of the disease. A special pamphlet, with graphic illustrations, has been issued by the Forestry Association. Learn what the disease is and how it develops on white pine and on the 'host' plants, the currants, and goose- berries. The latter are essential to the transmission of the disease for it will not pass direct from pine to pine. Destruction of the 'host' plants will stop the progress of the Blister Rust. All trees infected should be destroyed by their owner. Send your name to the Association office, 119 Booth Building, and secure a few copies of the pamphlets. 1164 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 A New Log Boom for Rough Waters The ordinary form of log-boom, so familiar on the Pacific coast, is liable to be broken up and the logs lost, if the boom should be unfortunate enough to meet rough weather while m tow. Even in the comparatively sheltered waters along the coast large and valuable booms of logs are fre- quently lost, but the risk is consider- ably greater where the boom is to be towed through more exposed waters, where it is not unusual for the tow to go adrift, or a large portion of the logs escape with but small chances for recovery. The losses from this cause have run into large figures annually and the risk from certain localities has been too great to permit the develop- ment of some valuable timber limits. The new system of log-rafting patented by G. G. Davis, of Van- couver, is creating increasing interest among the loggers and mill men in British Columbia. The illustration reproduced here- with will give an idea of the principles of the new system. This form of rafting may be constructed at a cost of 12c to 35c per M., depending on the locality and kind of timber. The percentage of loss in this system has been extremely low, while in the old method the loss in exposed w^aters, such as the west coast of Vancouver Island, has occasionally been as high as 50 per cent. There was one Davis raft lost in Queen Charlotte Sound, the weather and sea having become so rough that the tug boat had to cut clear and run for shelter. This raft was last seen by a Japanese liner over 2000 miles at sea and still intact. Among other records of the success of this system is that of towing 30,000 feet of logs from Ocean Falls to Puget Sound, a distance of over 500 miles, without anv loss whatever. What the forest fire thieves in one year would pay the premiums on S1,000 life insurance for 300,000 Can- adians at 25 years of age. It would almost double the pen- sions on 19,000 disabled soldiers. Everything Up But Lumber and Shingles! Aqrophic comparison- Pnce Vor lofions inBuildmq Mgrerials covering opened oFFive Yeors CEMENT. CEMENT. 915 19.6 ADVANCE BRICK. IP 3% ADVANCE ji fcg l$afoS ADVANCE ADVANCE SHINGLES. gHINSLES DECREASE Chart showing the relatively small advances In the prices of lumber and shingles as compared w/lth other building materials during the past five years. (jinddidn Forcslru Joiinuii June, U)l / 1165 Peat Bogs as Sources of Fuel As the fuel situation in Canada, and particularly in the prairie prov- inces, is drawing much public dis- cussion, the Journal reproduces an interesting statement made by Mr. J. M. Macoun at a meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association some years ago. "I would like to speak of the utilization of our peaL bogs for fuel purposes. For at least 20 of the last 27 years my work has been in the parts of Canada lying between Hud- son's Bay and the Mackenzie River. That is the part of Canada in which most of our large peat bogs are found. Without going into figures, I will venture to say that between Hudson's Bay and the Mackenzie River there are at least as many acres of peat bogs as there are of- green growing timber. I don't mean on timbered land, because we know a great part of that country has been denuded. But I am quite certain that there are as many acres of peat bogs as there are of green growing timber. Now the natural question, not only for the whole country, but especially for this Forestry Association, is, what can we do to utilize those bogs? My work last summer, beginning in On- tario and extending through Mani- toba and Saskatchewan, was to ex- amine many of the larger bogs to see what they are worth for fuel purposes: that is, to ascertain their depth, the quality of the peat, and especially the possibilities of draining them. While I was working on that special question I naturally learned what I could, from the point of view of the forester. Speaking from this point of view, I think our Canadian bogs are of three kinds. (1) The bogs that cannot be drain- ed. When I say bogs that cannot be drained, of course we can drain any- thing; it is a mere matter of money — I mean bogs that from their situation, being in basins and that sort of thing, cannot profitably be drained. There are many of these bogs in Canada, and i)crhaps we cannot consider them at all from the forestry point of view. (2) There are the bogs that can be completely drained without very great expense. I am entirely ignor- ing the (piestion of the utilization of the bogs for fuel. A bog that can be completely drained will eventually be used to a very great extent for agricultural purposes. (3) As far, however, as my ex- perience goes, and that of those with whom I have talked, a great propor- tion of our bogs in Canada are of the kind that can be only partially drain- ed. That is, it would be difficult to drain them completely, and yet some surface water can be taken off. When water leaves a bog it goes for good. That is, if you can lower the average height of the water in a bog one foot, even if it goes up to a higher level in the spring, still the average level will be permanently lowered. A some- what triflling incident drew my atten- tion to this matter whilst I was work- ing on the Canadian Northern Rail- way, between Hudson Bay Junction and the Pas Mission. On the right of way between the rails and where the fences will ultimately be. the bog has been sufficiently drained to allow of a growth of aspen poplar along the whole length of the line, which for 89 miles runs through bog and swamp land. The bog itself is covered with spruce and tamarac. but I found young aspen poplar from one to two years old along practically the whole line, thus showing the effect of a little drainage. A year later, whilst work- ing along the muskeg near Winnipeg — the largest muskeg in Canada — I found not only well grown poplars on either side of the track, but that the spruce and tamarac which had been growing on the bog for a great many years was very much larger where the land had been partially drained than it was fifty or one hundred yards away. The inference is that if we partially drain a bog, without re- foresting at all, the young spruce and 1166 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 tamarac already on it will have a much better chance to grow. The question of reforestation in our coun- try must be left in the main to nature. If that fact is admitted, I am con- fident that a very little drainage of our bogs at a slight expenditure of monev will work wonders. DISCOURAGES SPECULATION A bill entitled "An act to amend the 'Forest Act' " has been intro- duced in the British Columbia Legis- lature by Hon. T. D. Patullo, Min- ister of Lands. The act contains a number of amendments to the exist- ing act, which include regulations re- garding the sale of crown timber for the manufacture of wood pulp. One clause states that in connection with such sales the Minister may require proof that the intending purchaser has spent not less than $350,000 upon the erection of a wood pulp and paper mill to be operated exclusively in connection with the limits under con- sideration; or, alternately, may re- quire the intending purchaser to furnish a bond of $50,000 and other suitable guarantees for the expendi- ture of not less than $350,000 for the erection of such mill, of which not less than $100,000 shah be expended dur- ing each of the first two years of the license. Pulp licenses shall be limited by the output capacity of such mill, and shall not comprise at any one time more than thirty years' supply of pulpwood for the said mill. 4. — »- ABOUT BLACK SPRUCE I 1 The extent and value of black spruce in Canada are frequently underestimated. The following cor- respondence appearing in the "Pulp and Paper Magazine," Montreal, will interests readers of the Forestry Journal: "In the March 22nd issue of the "Pulp & Paper Magazine" I read an interesting article by P. L. Buttrick, on "The Red Spruce." In this con- nection may I call attention to the statement regarding black spruce (picea mariana). Mr. Buttrick says, " . . . it is a small and straggling tree, mostly confined to swamps and semi-barren hill-tops. Its only value lies in the occasional specimens which happen to get large enough to be harvested with red or white spruce." Speaking of the forests of Quebec and Ontario I should like to add that though black spruce does grow as "a small and straggling tree" on "semi-barren hill-tops and swamps," there are also thousands of square miles of black spruce forests running anywhere from 4 to 40 cords per acre. In the clay belt and flat lands of Northern Ontario and Quebec, prob- ably 60 to 75 per cent, of the spruce is black spruce— a vast quantity con- sidering that there must be more than two hundred million (200,000,000) cords of pulpwood in that region. The black spruce is of course small- er than the white spruce, but the mature trees in the average black spruce swamp attain a height of 60 to 75 feet, giving 40 to 70 feet of tim- ber, measuring 9 to 13 inches at butt, and 4 inches at top. In the virgin forests of the north as many as 500 to 600 black spruce trees (of 7-in. to 14-in. diam.) per acre have been counted. Regarding the red spruce, Mr. Buttrick refers to it as the "epinette rouge" of the French Canadian. Now, strange to say, the French Canadian, when they speak of "epinette rouge" do not mean red spruce, but they have reference to tamarac. Epinette rouge is known as far north as the James Bay region, hundreds of miles out of the red spruce localities. "Epinette rouge sec," or dry tamarac, furnishes the best camp fire fuel of the north country. — R. 0. Sweezey. SUNSHINE IN THE FOREST "Sunshine" is a beautifully printed and arranged magazine issued by the Sun Life Assurance Company from the head ofTice in Montreal. The last issue gave first place to articles on the forest resources of Canada, copiously illustrated, and clearly pre- sented. Editors Emory and Steed- man merit congratulations. Canadian Forcstrij Journal, June, 1U17 1167 ^ I m I H PUREST- CLEANEST^ ^h 1 w ii MOST RELIABLeI ^J GET CATALOGUE ^^ AT BEST DEALERS ^^^ OR DIRhOT ■ B| TORONTO - MONTREAL ■ ^^ WINNIPEG - VANCOUVER. A. A 2 jl IKi \\\ ■■■i^^^l^^ ^mimmmt I^B ■■ Printer's Ink as a Fire Preventive The willingness of leading Can- adian firms to co-operate with the Canadian Forestry Association in in- serting special advertisements in local papers setting forth the need for "Thrift in Forest Fires" this year is one of the most gratifying evidences of an awakened public spirit. The Association submitted to four- hundred lumber and other wood- using firms a special form of adver- tisement, suggesting that it should take the place of the firm's regular ad. twice a month until September next. With what good spirit the firms in question accepted the suggestion may be judged from the following excerpts representative of numerous letters re- ceived. Incidentally, it will be noted that many newspaper publishers have benefitted by the plan in the creation of new advertising customers. The excellent efTect upon public sentiment in all the provinces, is self-evident. From Dominion Match Co., To- ronto:— "We are entirely in sympathy with the splendid work your associa- tion is doing in fighting the waste of forest fires. We do not advertise very extensive- ly but we will provide for the inser- tion of the 'copy' you sent us in a number of Canadian papers." From Keewatin Lumber Co.: — "We have your favor of recent date enclosing advertisement copy which we will be pleased to have inserted in the three local papers in which we are carrying an advertisement." Colonial Lumber Co., Pembroke, Ont. :— "I will have the advertising enclosed inserted in a Pembroke news- paper. The idea, I think, will pro- duce results." Schofield Paper Co., St. John, N.B. — "The only paper that we have any regular space in is the Maritime Merchant of Halifax and we will in- sert the copy there as requested." The above letters suffice to illus- trate how, in many parts of Canada, the advertising plan was carried out by the help of vigilant local firms. BLISTER RUST QUARANTINE The U. S. Secretary of Agriculture \^ has amended the white pine blister rust quarantine promulgated April 21, 1917. This amendment is made effective May 1, and prohibits the movement of white pines and black currant plants from the New England states to points outside of New England. This action was necessi- tated by the considerable movement now under way of possibly infected white pines, and to a less extent, black currants, from New England to states lying west and south. Both of these plants are important carriers of the blister rust disease, and most of the states to which these shipments were being made have state quaran- tines prohibiting the entry of such stock. 1168 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 State Forestry in Ireland By H. R. MacMillan Ireland, alone of the four divisions ■of the United Kingdom, has made an organized beginning in State de- velopment of forestry. That this should be so is one of the fruits of the remedial land legislation of the last two decades. Mainly through the exertions of Sir Horace Plunkett and the movement for better use of the land, which he initiated and to which he lent such steady support, an Act was passed in 1899 creating for Ire- land a Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, charged with the supervision of matters so unrelated as agriculture, forestry, technical instruction, fisheries and light houses. Previous to the passing of this Act, Ireland had become the most dis- tinctly agricultural portion of the United Kingdom. The area of wood- land was steadily decreasing, and though there was a certain amount of tree planting by private owners, chiefly for shelter or beauty, there were practically no well managed woodlands. The land area of the island was, according to use, roughly •divided as follows: Acres Use for agriculture (crops and pasture) 15,250,000 Mountain land 2,208,000 Peat, bog and marsh 1,575,000 Woods : 304,863 Water, roads, fences 1,033,000 The cultivated land was broken into very small holdings, averaging 25 to 30 acres each. The mountain land, which, according to many writ- ers dealing with forestry in the British Isles, and according to the reports issued by various Commissions con- sidering the subject, is the land most readily adaptable for forest purposes, . could not be taken unreservedlv as CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. , Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO 4. Reinforce Your Defences With BOVRIL It re-inforces the line of defence just at the place — just at the time — you need it most. Colds, chills, influenza desperately endea- vour to break down our resistance. Unless you are properly nourished these enemies will find your weak spot. BOVRIL IS CONCENTRATED BEEF. Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 1169 available for limber production. The small average size of the farms, the pressure of population, the depend- ence of agriculture upon farm stock give mountain land a high value for grazing during certain seasons of the year. The value of such land in many localities may be taken at one sheep per acre. To withdraw the land from grazing, and it is probable that the best grazing land only would re- pay planting, would seriously disturb the agricultural population. Such disturbance could only be accom- plished by a gradual change in the habits of the population, and by demonstrating that the profit from forest planting is greater than the profit from grazing, and that the plantations are on the whole, by affording employment for labor, more of a source of support to the com- munity than the animals they dis- place A large proportion of the moun- tain land cannot be expected to profit- ably produce timber. Due chiefly to the prevafling Southwest wind, which dries the trees out and checks growth, the upper limit of commercial forest in Ireland is about 1200 feet absolute elevation; the limit of the growth is in the neighborhood of 1500 feet. Towards the West coast, where the influence of the wind is more strongly felt, the limit of commercial forest is about 900 feet. As the upper limit of tillable land over the greater part of the island is around 700 feet there is not a great area, even not allowing for the grazing, avail- able for commercial forest. Woodlands Broken Up The woodlands which go to make up the 300,000 existing acres of tree Dry Matches After all day in a boat, rainstorm or wet snow. Ask your dealer for WATERPROOF MATCH BOX If he can't supply you, we will send prepaid for his name and 50 cents. Dry matches may save your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S.A. Marbles growth are chiefly in bodies of 1,000 acres or less. Previous to 1899, none belonged to the state. Small areas were degenerated forest, the remnants of early royal forests and perhaps of the forest primeval of the island. The greater part were plantations made within the past century. I'n- fortunately, the productivity of these forests is not what it should be be- cause of the lack of silvicultural knowedge amongst farmers and land- owners, this lack leading to poorly planned, poorly thinned and poorly tended plantations. The slow pro- gress of forestry under private in- itiative in the past was undoubtedly due to the lack of silvicultural know- ledge. Owners who made planta- tions received such poor financial re- sults that neither they nor their neighbors were tempted to proceed farther with forest plantations. The Department of Agriculture and Technical Education, therefore, had a varied problem to face when it undertook the improvement of the forest situation. The first necessity was the building up of a competent technical staff. Soon after the passage of the Act, a Scotch forester, Mr. A. C. Forbes, entered the service of the Department as Chief Inspector of Forestry. The Department at that time was unable to devote money to forest work. The duties of the Chief Inspector were for a time confined to giving advice to private owners and making a forest survey of several Irish counties. One of the most pressing needs for the improvement of existing wood- lands was a higher standard of for- estry knowledge. The Department, therefore, acquired in Wicklow, a well wooded county, the old home- stead of Parnell, consisting of 300 acres of woodland and 200 acres of grassland upon which to conduct ex- perimental planting work and estab- lish a training school for foresters who might later enter the service of the state or of various owners of woodlands or plantations. Six work- ing apprentices were taken in annually and given a course extending over three years. The number trained annually is not now so great owing to 1170 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 the supply having caught up to the demand. The chief attention at this, the leading forest station in Ireland, is now centered on conducting experi- ments in the planting of species pre- sumably adapted to Irish conditions. An Arboretum has been established and over 100 acres of sample plots of various species planted. The aver- age cost of planting with two-year-old plants at the rate of 3,000 per acre has been about $34.20 per acre. Many North American species have been tried and the results given dur- ing the first five years by the North American species, as compared with European and other species, are in- teresting. The plantations are on a light loamy soil. The rainfall aver- ages 40 inches per annum. While the winter temperature does not go below 10 to 20 degrees F., there are frequent frosts in May and June which seriously affect many species. The climate is typical of that of the greater part of Ireland. The eleva- tion varies from 200 to 450 feet. The plantations are in nearly all cases evenly mixed with nurse trees of European larch, and are spaced about 4 by 4 feet, the plots varying in size from one to three acres. North Am- erican species are evidently better adapted to Irish needs than many of the European species. Those species from the Pacific coast seem especially provided for Irish condtions. Nine of the eighteen conifers showing the best results up to date are North American and of these, eight are from the Pacific coast. Effects of Land Policy A Land Act passed in 1903 had resulted in the purchase of estates by the government in order that the agricultural lands comprised within the estate might be distributed amongst the tenants in pursuance of the policy of breaking up the large estates. There frequently remained wooded areas for which no disposition was possible to the Government Es- tate Commissioners except the sale and clearing off of the timber. Under this policy the area of forest land was actually being decreased through Government action. According, in 1908, an annual grant of $28,000 was made for the acquisition and manage- ment of such tracts. The Depart- ment had up to 1914 acquired ten timbered areas varying in size from 240 to 1900 acres andlotaling 7,000 acres. These are under permanent management by the Department as demonstration areas and as local sources of timber. About 800 acres have been planted in these woodlots. A Departmental Committee on Forestry in Ireland, of which the Chief Inspector of Forestry was a member, recommended that an area of 200,000 acres of mountain land should be purchased and planted for forest purposes. It was estimated that of the 2,000,000 acres of moun- tain land in the country this much at least might safely and profitably be used for timber production and that argument about the total area avail- able might reasonably be left until action had been taken on 200,000 acres as a start. Obstacles are num- erous in the way of public purchase of land in the British Isles. A strong fear of the nationalization of land exists in certain quarters. The titles and usages existing over the land are frequently complicated, making it difficult to secure the land required from the various parties interested at a reasonable valuation. The agri- cultural habits of each community have become so settled that the re- moval of a few hundred or a few thou- sand acres from the grazing resources of a valley inevitably involves diffi- cult readjustment. The Irish Forest Department alone has overcome these difTiculties in any measure by actually purchasing land for planting. An advance of $120,000 was made in 1910 by the Development Fund for acquisition and replanting of moun- tain land. Up to 1914, 7,000 acres, in three blocks, had been purchased, and further purchases were under consideration. The cost varied from $9.60 to $14.40 per acre. Planting is now started in these areas. The aim of management of these areas is to increase the block of public forest in each centre of an economical size for management of 2,000 to 5,000 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 7.9/7 1171 acres, and produce timber for Ihe needs of the surrounding population. No Regard for Tree Values Land Acts passed in 1903 and 1909 provided for advance of money by the government to tenants to enable them to purchase the land under their occupation. Numerous purchases have been made in this manner and it has been found that the tendency of the new owners has been to destroy the existing woodlands. The Forest Department has there- fore been given power to require the preservation and proper management of this timber, and is thus placed in the position of being able to further influence farm forestry. Important educational work is being carried on by the officers of the Department in making working plans for and giving advice to private owners. Powers, granted under the Agri- cultural and Technical Instruction Act allow county councils to raise taxes for the acquisition and preserva- tion of woodlands. Three counties have acquired forest land in this manner. Counties may also, guided by the advice of the Department, raise money by taxation for the pur- chase of trees for distribution to agricultural owners. Altogether, up to 1914, about 1,000,000 trees had been distributed to planters by coun- ties. The forest work of Ireland is now carried on by an annual vote of $48,- 000, in addition to the S120,000 ad- vance from the Development Fund. * " Homesteads or Farm Lands Oregon &. California Railroad Co. Grant Lands, title to same revested in United States by act of Congress dated June 9, 1916. Two million, three hundred thou- sand acres to be opened for homesteads and sale. Timber and agricultural lands, con- taining some of best lands left In United States. Now Is the Opportune time. Large I sectional map showing lands and descrip- | tlon of soil, climate, rainfall, elevations, j etc., postpaid one dollar, i Grant Lands Locating: Co. j Box 610, Portland, Oregon. f 50 CTS. WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Ont. 1172 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 The superior staff consists of the Chief Inspector of Forestry and two foresters as Assistant Inspectors, in addition to a trained foreman in charge of the chief planting and for- est stations. Schemes too Radical The work can only be increased when the funds are increased, which is unlikely at present. The start already made, in addition to break- ing the ice for the British Isles, can- not help but be of great effect in in- fluencing the standard of forestry practised by land owners and (by showing results) in leading to the further state purchase of land for forest planting. The propaganda work carried on in Great Britain has not been of the proper type. The schemes proposed have been too sweeping and have frightened govern- ments, land owners and tax payers alike. The published details, by be- ing interwoven with plans for the utilization of the unemployed and by providing for the planting of areas not likely to produce timber at a profit, and by sweeping away grazing rights and moor lands at a stroke have earned for forest planting more opponents than friends. The in- dustrial side of the cjuestion does not appear to have been sufficiently treat- ed. It has not been made sufficiently clear, in a local manner, how the existence of even small forest areas would benefit towns and industries. Though the utilization of home re- sources is a burning topic in Britain, but little has been said of the present wasted forest opportunity, bound to continue so long as the planted and managed forests of France supply pit props to the coal mines lying beneath the denuded hills and valleys of Wales. CANOES STAMPED FROM VENEER A new use for wood has been de- veloped in Michigan in the making of canoes by a new system. The new idea is the stamping out of the finished canoe, from veneer, instead of the old-fashioned manner of build- ing up a canoe from ribs of prepared wood, and the cutting of the thwarts and gunwales, and the covering of the whole with canvas. No wonder newsprint is scarce. There are 2,580 daily newspapers in the United States. Over 800 have gone out of business since the rise in paper prices began. 4. — I HANDBOOK OF TREES OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA By Romeyn B. Hough. Is photo-descriptive of the leaves, fruits, barks, branchlets, etc., and shows them all with the vividness of reality. Natural sizes ingeniously indicated. Distributions shown by maps. Wood structures by photo-micrographs. "With it one wholly unfamiliar with botany can easily identify the trees." — Melvil Dewey, Pres. Library Institute. "The most ideal Handbook I have seen." — C. Hart Merriam. "The most valuable guide to the subjects ever written." — Springfield Republican. AMERICAN WOODS By Romeyn B. Hough. Illustrated by actual specimens, showing three distinct views of the grain of each species. Con- tains 897 specimens of 325 species. Of such ex- ceptional value that its author has been awarded by a learned society a special gold medal on ac- count of its production. Write for information and sample illustrative specimens. R. B. HOUGH COMPANY Box 22. LOWVILLE. N. Y. Canadian Forcslru Journal, June, 1917 1173 Clergpmen Aid with Fire Warnings One of the many plans employed lion Sunday." To the French-speak- by the Canadian Forestry Association ing Roman Catholic clergy of Quebec, to head off the hre season by appeals the date of June 10th was suggested, to the Canadian public for care and the notices being arranged in French co-operation, was the sending of let- ^^d with special reference to Q.ue])ec. ters to four thousand Canadian , ^ ,• , r r , , i clergymen of all denominations and The English form of letter and the in all the provinces, suggesting Sun- pulpit announcement were as fol- day, June 3rd as a "Forest Conserva- ows: "Sunday, June 3rd, 1917, has been suggested as Forest Conservation Sunday throughout the Dominion. Annually the needless loss of life and property through individual carelessness with fire in the forests has been the subject of rnany sermons. Last year a score of effective pulpit addresses were based upon the Northern Ontario holocaust. Do you not regard it as desirable that a few words should be spoken in advance of the season of forest fire hazard so that 1917 may be spared the tragic sacrifice of 265 lives and a loss of from four to six million dollars worth of property such as characterized 1916? A pronouncement by the clergymen of Canada at this time will help achieve a result of the highest national importance. Yours sincerely, CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. The Pulpit Notice "At this season when the hazard of forest fires throughout Canada is reaching its height and the country is threatened with tragic loss of life and property, I have been asked by the Canadian Forestry Association of Ottawa to bring the following statement to the attention of this congregation: Every year the careless conduct of settlers, campers, sportsmen, pros- pectors and others in or near the forests causes a needless property loss to Canada of from four to six million dollars. In this loss every citizen shares. It may be stated with truth that the Canadian people bear nine-tenths of the damage caused by forest conflagrations and that, therefore, he who does not seek at every turn to preserve our timber possessions from fire is play- ing false te his country. Canada's power of recuperation after the war depends upon the pro- ductive state of her natural resources. A century of neglect has so reduced the timber supply that only tKe most careful husbanding will enable us to meet the needs of the future. When we realize that our forests are growing mainly where no other crop can thrive, and that ten trees fall by fire to one that falls by the axe of the lumberman, the cause of forest conservation is clearly identified with good citizenship. A few practical hints may be adopted with valuable result: No camp fire should be built except among rocks or gravel, never in a bog, or in leaves, or evergreen needles. The camp fire should always be put dead out before leaving. Take no chances with a smouldering fire, but use a few extra pails of water or shovels of earth to make absolutely sure it is extinguished. Light- ed tobacco or matches, carelessly thrown away in the forest, have started hundreds of bad fires. By personal co-operation in this nation-wide programme of forest guard- ing, it is believed that the country's losses in this most easily-destructible resource will be greatly reduced and many human beings saved from death in forest fires." 1174 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 How U. S, deals with Settlers' Fires (From a letter of U. S. Forest Service to Canadian Forestry Assoc.) In the National Forest States of the United States fires have fre- quently occurred in the past caused by settlers burning brush and debris on lands being cleared by them, and considerable damage to National Forest timber has resulted in several instances. Such settlers' fires are often a grave menace to nearby Government and privately-owned timber lands, I am glad to state, however, that this menace to the timber in the western States is lessening each year, as the people, and especially the settlers themselves, realize the great danger involved in such brush burning in the dry season without adequate precautionary measures for keeping the fires under control. The Federal Government relies largely upon the laws on this subject which have been passed by the legislatures of the respective States. Under those laws, the most general requirement throughout the country for the burning of brush, grass, and similar materials in or near wood- lands for agricultural or pasturage purposes, is the one prescribing a closed season, corresponding to the fire danger season in the State, during which no burning is allowed. In some States burning may be done during the closed season if a written permit is first secured from a Fire Warden, or if the officer himself or his representative, is present. The period of the closed season varies considerably in the different States. In some it even covers the entire year, while in two of the States the township boards are empowered to declare a closed season whenever in their judgment there is danger of fire spreading. In one State the closed season restriction does not apply to the burning of log piles, stumps, or brush heaps, in small quantities, under adequate pre- cautions and personal control, and if in accordance with regulations adopted by the board of forestry for that State; but if any such burning without permission results in the escape of fire and injifry to the property of another, that fact is held to be prima facie evidence that the burning was not safe and was a violation of law. Various other restrictions are also added in certain of the States, as, for instance: (a) In one State the law pro- hibits the issuance of a permit until the dry snags, stubs, and dead trees over 25 feet in height within the area to be burned have been cut down, and such other work has been done on or around the area to pre- vent the spread of fire as may be required by the forest officers, who may also employ watchmen to supervise the fire until the permittee himself is able to control it. (b) Another State issues, but does not require, a special permit giving certain directions for the proper care of the fire; to follow which is prima facie evidence that the per- mittee took proper and reasonable precautions to prevent the spread of fire. (c) Other States, including some that have neither the closed season nor the permit provision, require the area immediately surrounding the fire to have previously been cleared or made safe so as to prevent the fire escaping. (d) Notice to one's neighbors at specified periods, usually several days before burning, is provided for in a number of States. (e) Watchmen to guard the fires when burning are required in certain other States. In addition to criminal proceed- ings for causing the unlawful burn- ing of woods, practically all of the States have made special provision also for civil liability and, in regard to those which have not, there is of course the usual common law right Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 1175 to action for damages. Certain of the States allow the recovery of double the amount of damages suf- fered if the fire is caused through wilfulness or negligence, and one State provides also for liability for injury to young growth, the damage being calculated as the expense of artificially planting and cultivating the trees to the point of develop- ment at the time when the fire occurred. Other States make per- sons who cause fires liable for the cost of extinguishment, as well as for the amount of injury done. As a result of the recent visit of Chief Engineer Nicholas J. Melnikoff, of the Russian Cabinet, to the United States and Canada, a renewed ac- tivity in the development of Russia is observed. An exploitation company known as Russian-American Development Co., has been organized. M. Albert, formerly of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, of the firm of Albert & McKalTrey, Ltd., is en route to Mos- cow, via Vladivostok, to confer with Russian authorities regarding the establishment of a number of saw- p. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Technical training and ten years experience, in part with U. S. Forest Service. Timber Estimating and IVIapping Supervision of Lumber Contracts Surveying ForesttlPlanting STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. mills in Siberia to furnish material for the double tracking of the Trans- Siberian railway. It is stated by Mr. Albert that the Russian govern- ment contemplates building 4000 miles of railroad annually for the next 10 years. Mr. Albert, himself a Russian, states that the Russian- American Co. will make a preliminary investigation of the timber possibilities of Russia, and if conditions are favor- able, will prosecute development, as the company has abundant capital. Los Angeles was the first city in California to establish a vacation camp in the national forests. A tract of land in the Angeles forest has been rented, and a large camp built, costing about $8,000. This camp consists of a log and stone lodge, 46 furnished cottages, tennis and croquet courts, baseball grounds and handball courts. A ten-day trip can be made at a cost which is within the reach of practically everyone. By this means thousands of residents of the city have been able to spend their vaca- tions in the mountains. FORESTERS AND RANGERS EVERYTHING VOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US Compasses Tapes Scribes Transits &c. Aneroids Log Rules Lumber Gauges Levels, &c. The Ontario Hughes Owens Company 529 Sussex St. OTTAWA, ONT. 1176 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1917 A QUALITY CHEW Its Reliable Qualities have made of STAEr CHEWING TOBACCO 99 Sve^-^ca^i^lna-Jy^ yoo^-B-t-p.j"'i!r 1 YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. YALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in th« number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standmg, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subject*. Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wUl warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology. Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania. For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hardy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYE-DE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST DRYOEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. 4* * Hill's Seedlings and Transplants ALSO'Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best foi; over half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Evergrben Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, 111., U.S.A. _« „ « 4. PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mattresses may be used on damp ground with perfect safety— they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary, with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated — may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government. Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. 4. D»»..»icti«x MfD- Cn f^37 17th street. T Pneumatic MTg. co- Brooklyn, n.y. Canadian Forest nj Journal, June, 1917 1179 about 60 feet apart, connected under- ground by an iron strip 6-inchcs wide buried to a depth of 18 inches. Above ground, the uprights are connected by an uninsulated No. 12 telephone wire broken in the middle by a bam- boo insulator 18 inches long. His sending equipment consists of one to four ordinary Blue Bell batteries, a key, a coil, and six minute spark gaps arranged in two parallel series of three each. The receiving ap- paratus " is an improved wireless de- tector and an ordinary head-set of telephone receivers. He has installed and experimented with stations one and a quarter miles, three miles, and thirteen miles away from his head- quarters station. At the first two distances, telegraphic signals have been delivered. The 13-mile station was wrecked by range horses before it could be tried out. . The plan is to perfect, first, the cheapest efficient loop, then the coil ^nd spark gaps for clear transmission to the determined loop at all dis- tances up to 50 miles, with not to exceed two battery cells. Then to perfect the transmitter, which, with the same apparatus, will send the human voice. When I visited the operations last April Doctor Cox was already, send- ing telegraphic signals three miles with seven one-thousandths of a kilo- watt. Doctor Cox's principle is the in- verse of the ordinary commercial wireless system. It uses the ground as the medium of transmission — not the air. To prove to himself that he was using what corresponds to the ground position of a regular grounded telephone circuit, he made some slight changes in his apparatus and tele- phoned successfully over a single wire with no ground. Reporting by Shots Reporting fires from lookout sta- tions by shots has been frequently discussed as a possible method of communication, but until this sum- mer I know of no actual tests having been made. The forest ranger on the division overlooked by the Fuego Vista Lookout Station on the Angeles National Forest, had trail work to do with a crew of men and was in con- sequence out of telephone communi- cation. Arrangements were made whereby the lookout, on discovering a fire on which the ranger might be needed, was to discharge three sticks of dynamite, and the ranger was to "beat it" for the nearest 'phone. Two shots meant the fire was on the ranger's division. This system of communication was used on three occasions, and the shots were easily heard at an air line distance of three miles. PACKRATS DEVOUR PINES On parts of the Angeles National Forest in California the packrats are so abundant that many of the young pines planted by the Forest Serv'ice have been killed or injured by the rodents. The damage seems to take place chiefly in the late summer and fall and is more extensive in dry than in wet seasons. It is thought that the rats tear off the tender bark of the trees to obtain moisture at times when water is scarce. HOW TREE PLANTING SUCCEEDS Of the 22,000,000 trees planted on the Pennsylvania State Forests to January 1, 1917, over 15,000,000, or about seventy-two per cent, are now living. Over 11,000,00 of the 15,- 000,000 are white pine. Figures are not available on the present status of the private plantations, but up to the end of 1916 about 3,000,000 seedlings were planted by corporations and individuals, and at least 2,000.000 should be in good condition now. Are you a railroad employee''^ The Forest Fire is doing its best to thin out your pay envelope. Deserts play traitor to freight and passenger traffic, and Forest Fires are the breeders of deserts. Forests when kept alive pro- duce lumber mills, pulp and paper factories, busy towns, heavy tourist traffic, job for everybody. Five thousand forest industries look to you to keep their wood supplies fit for use. PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes, Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada ^ The Campers Favorite ■^^afc" '^'^ (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) SLEEP ON AIR with a COMFORT SLEEPI^O POCKET Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 6 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A.. Dealers write ! ^^™::^**z,.y"TH s^ Forestry Telephones •^: Forest fires lose lialf their terror when the ran*e is equipped with North- ern Electric Forest Equipmant. For the essence of fire fighting is speed. The telephone puts every ranger — - every lumberman into touch with headquarters. The portable set illustrated can be used ANYWHERE along the line. Our 1317 set is generally used at permanent stations. Write for full information and prices. Their trifling cost is the cheapest insurance ever devised. KcrtfiQrtt Elactn'c Compatiy UMITEO Montreal Toronto Regina Halifax London Calgary Ottawa Winnipeg Vancouver ^Northern ^Etectric -Forest-Tetephones- »'. ,»» j ^Bii M -'ii '(§)(fe§tg)J(§)(Mi i#^# *■<■, v;f ■«ik- *^ *^-m Tents And Everi; Other Accessorp For the Forest Ranger and Bushman That Can be Made Out of Canvas. Smart- Woods, Limited Ottawa - Toronto - Montreal - Winnipeg UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICE. THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE, LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY. For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. Making Use of Aspen Poplar 1185 The Raid on Spruce-Filled Hopiesteads 1187 The Moving Forests of Alaska 1188 The Case for the Lumber Exporter 1218 German Trick to Ruin French Orchards 1189 New Brunswick's Foundation — The Forest 1190 Fifty- six Forestry Companies for France 1192 About the Common Crow 1194 Mankind's Debt to Entomology 1195 Beetles Damaging Yellow Pine 1197 Edmonton Board of Trade Favors Better Forest Management 1199 Summer Resorts Aid Forest Protection 1200 Forest Protection Work in B. C 1224 Soil Surveys in Nova Scotia 1202 Lumbermen's Sons at Vimy Ridge 1202 Reaching ihe Public — The Meeting Method 1214 A Cheap Method of Snow Removal 1203 Cutting Down Waste in Wood Mills 1204 Upsetting Old Ideas in Logging 1206 Canada's Loss by Forest Fires ., 1206 What Alberta Owes to Forests ' 1207 Forest Area Set Aside for Study 1210 Summer Resorts Aid Forest Protection 1210 News Notes of Forest Services 1211 Farm Lands in Forest Reserves 1213 The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA + — . — ,_. — „. „ > ., .. ^.+ CIRCULATION, JULY, 6,000 COPIES Canadian Forestry Journal Printed by the Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Ont. Vol. XIII CONTENTS FOR JULY No. 7 Entered at the Post GfTice at Woodstock, Ont., as second-class mailer. 1184 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 Courtesy of "The Timberman. SUGAR PINE ON THE WESTERN SLOPE OF THE SIERRAS IN CALIFORNIA CaiKulidii Forcstrij Journal, Jiilti, liH'. 1185 Making Use of Aspen Poplar By Dr. B. E. Fernow Dean, Facullij of Forestry, Univ. of Toronto Present and Potential Ways of Utilizing Canada's Enormous Poplar Supplies THE most ubiquitous tree in Canada is the Aspen poplar, also called quaking aspen and popple, there being two species {Populus tremuloid and grandidcntata) which are, however, in looks, characteristics, and behavior so much alike, that they need not, for practical purposes, be distin- guished. Not only is the aspen ubiqui- tous, i.e. found everywhere and in all kinds of situations from East to West, but, at least east of the Rocky Mountains it cov- ers, we may assert, the largest area of any tree species and presents, perhaps, the largest volume of wood material of any one kind. This wide distribu- tion gives to the aspen an econ- omic importance which its wood quality would otherwise not im- part to it. Its ubiquitousness is explained by the fact that it is an early and most prolific producer of light feathery seeds, which can be wafted by the winds in all directions for miles, sprouts quickly and grows cjuickly in full sunlight. In spite of these advantages in prolific seed produc- tion, ease of dissemination, and rapid growth, it would be a relatively rare tree if it were not for the forest fires, which create two conditions specially favorable to aspen life, a seed bed of mineral soil when the surface cover of vegetable matter has been burned off, and plenty of light. The aspen is what the forester calls a most "in- tolerant" species, i.e. intolerant of shade: it is light-needing and in com- petition with other, shadier species it soon succumbs; therefore, in the virgin forest it is rare. The extent of aspen acreage is a measure of the carelessness of the peo- ple of Canada with fire, which by killing competing, especially conifer- ous, species and reducing the vege- table soil cover, creates these favor- able conditions for it. Wherever fire has run through the loggers slash, aspen quickly takes possession as first comer; it is the balm for the sores which the fire fiend inflicts. Protection for Conifers If seed trees of the coniferous kinds are left, given long enough time, these will re-establish themselves un- der the light shade of the aspen, which is advantageous to their de- velopment, and by and by will over- top and kill out the short-lived aspen. While, then, the recovery of the ground for the more valuable conifers can in most cases be readily accom- plished, there are conditions, as in Manitoba, where dense shrub growth of various kinds, notably hazel and viburnum, comes in under the light shade of the aspen and effectually prevents the re-establishment of the spruce. The aspen then becomes a serious problem for the future re- establishment of the conifer crop. For all these reasons the question of the commercial use of the aspen is an important economic problem. Here we encounter a further trouble in the fact that, before the aspen attains what may be considered merchant- able log size, it is liable to white or black heart rot, the work of a fungus entering some broken branch or dead root and destroying the wood fiber, progressing from inside outward. 1186 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 POPLAR IN SOUTH-EASTERN MANITOBA This rot begins its work sometimes when the tree is not more than 20 years old, more frequently later, and increases gradually so that by the time the stand has reached log tim- ber dimensions, say in 60 to 70 years, almost the entire wood body is pene- trated by the mycelia of the fungus, rendering the wood unfit for known purposes. In a given case the United States Forest Service found in a 95- year-old stand nearly 60 per cent unmerchantable; in another case, an excellently appearing stand, the loss was nearly 50 per cent. In order to get the largest amount of sound wood the trees should be cut before the fungus has made much headway, say in the 40th to 60th year, according to conditions, or 50 years on the aver- age, when the diameter will average 8 to 10 and up to 15 inches in better ^oils, and from 30 to 40 cords per acre may often be found. How Poplar is Used The wood decays as easily in con- tact with the soil as the tree itself, otherwise it is fit for use wherever a light soft and not strong material is serviceable. Locally, to be sure, it is used in the absence of better material for many purposes, and cut in large quantities for fuel, for which it is inferior, although for baking its quick, hot fire is advantageous. Com- mercially, it is used for the manu- facture of excelsior, certain kinds of cooperage, especial y nail kegs; crates, baskets, berry boxes, spools, and more prominently for paper pulp, for which it is, perhaps, best adapted. As regards the latter use, it is to be noted that it is specially fit for the soda process, that by itself it makes a weak paper, lacking in satis- factory matting qualily, and is there- fore customarily used in mixture with spruce pulp, when it makes an ex- cellent book paper. For Paper Making In the United States more aspen is used for paper-making than any other wood except spruce and hem- lock. In 1909, the proportion of aspen used in paper manufacture was 6 per cent, of the total pulpwood consumed, or around 250,000 cords, of which 25,000 cords came from Canada. In 1910, the consumption had grown to 360,000 cords, or 9 per cent, of the total pulpwood consump- tion, and the importation to 15,000 cords. Canadian Forcslrtj Journal, Juhj, 1->I~ 11.S7 The Raid on Spruce-Filled Homesteads Present High Prices for Pulpwood Have Revived False 'Land Hunger' UNTIL homesteading and timber licensing are completely removed from the vicious influence of political pull, various administrations will continue to play ducks and drakes with the public resources of land and timber. In violence to the legal regulations and every consideration of the public good hundreds of 'homesteading' applications are granted because of political pressure and only the lack of publicity for such transactions can prevent a general protest. None denies the right of a land-hungry citizen applying to his Government for a free grant. But in these days when spruce for pulpwood commands the high price of eight dollars a cord delivered at the railroad, it is significant how many persons are getting 'land hungry' and cannot be persuaded to take land that is not densely covered with pulp wood. Offer most of the appli- ^^■\ ^ \ ' > - \' ♦- k A' hi- A STAND OF ASPEN ] ON RIDING MOUNTAIN RESERVE, MANITOBA. 1188 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 cants a homestead of cleared land, ready for the plow, and they would turn it down. A Menace in the East It is understood that the Lands Department of the Government of New Brunswick is overloaded with "homestead" applications. Traditional practice in some parts of the Dominion has granted these recjuests as freely as they arrived. So-called settlers seeking some cheap and accessible', timber, when the market is thriving, are allowed to take these generous slices out of a licensed area. Indifferent to the effects of fire, careless as to the fate of the main stand, they form one of the most dangerous menaces with which the protective staffs have to do. Often the spruce lands are quite unfit for agriculture nor has the settler in many instances any intention to try a per- •manent residence. He clean cuts the standing timber, leaves no provision for natural reproduction of trees, creates a fire hazard, and fmallyjiioves off with some easy money. When the Special Interest Enters There are indeed many cases where permanent colonies have followed the settlement of such tree-covered lands but in all too many attempts, political pressure has compelled the giving of non-agricultural lands to men who are petty speculators and nothing else. They pay no timber taxes, observe no regulations and increase greatly the fire peril. Their interest is transient, and antagonistic to every consideration of the public interest. Not infrequently their applications are promoted by special interests con- cerned in the founding of a colony. It Is the opinion of the Forestry Journal that these 'interests' are mistaken, no doubt honestly, in their purposes. They desire a permanent settlement, whereas the attractive crop of spruce is turned to quick account and the non-agricultural soil beneath as often as not will refuse to give a farmer a decent living. Such colonies are fated to live in penury after the first sudden harvest of easy money on the wood and will prove an eventual liability to any province that permits their development. Community Life Essential The straight-forward policy for any honest government is to refuse homesteading applications except for land definitely proven as agricultural and where it lies in sufficient volume to maintain a community and its social machinery. No citizen ought to be allowed to locate himself and family in a mere 'pocket' of good soil, isolated from schools, churches, and markets. Where applicants can be shown to b? mere timber grafters, their cases should receive short shrift. The Moving Forests of Alaska Trees flourishing on moving glac- of tree growth to soil" is noted "the iers is one of the curious sights pre- presence of trees in close proximity sented to visitors in Alaska. Dr. to some of the great glaciers, showing B. E. Fernow, dean of the Toronto an astonishing indifference to the Forest School, was a member of the influence of nearby ice masses. Not E. H. Harriman expedition of scien- only do the trees, whenever soil con- tists to Alaska and made the follow- ditions permit, grow close to the icy ing references: river, attaining as a measurement Among "interesting observattion within 100 yards of LaeProuse Glac- oh local distribution and the relation ier showed; diameters of 5 feet and Canadian Forestry Journal, Julij, 1917 1189 heights of 150 feet, but in places they even encroach upon the icy field, when this has come to rest and has a scanty cover of soil frorh the moraine material, upon which vegeta- tion can establish itself. Thus, at the foot of Lucia Glacier, on Yakutat Bay, the stream which runs in a wild torrent from the glacier, has cut a veritable canyon through the ice, exposing an ice bank 100 feet high. This ice is over laid with moraine material a foot or more in depth, and this is sufficient to support a dense cover, not only of herbaceous but of woody vegetation, a thicket of the ever present alder, with occasional willows, and even spruce do not find the subst- ratum too cold. As the ice melts at the border, the soil and its occupants may be seen from time to Lime tumbling down into the stream, or else into the deep potholes with which we find the ice plateau amply provided." In his "Travels in Alaska" John Muir describes a garden of flowering plants and seeding trees growing on the Stickeen Glacier. German Trick to Ruin French Orchards Thanks to the genius of the French race, it is hoped that large numbers of the fruit trees which the Germans did their best to destroy, and in many cases succeeded in destroying, may be saved. Mr. Henry Wood, the special correspondent of the United Press of America with the French Ar- mies, tells in a despatch how this 'mir- acle' has been wrought. Through- out the entire district devastated there were thousands of trees that the close pursuit of the French pre- vented the Germans from cutting down completely. Instead the kul- tured tree-killers cut off a circle of bark which, with a few days' ex- posure to the sun would have been enough to kill them. These trees presented the easiest problem. The wounds were bound up by thousands of army surgeons, and Red Cross ambulance drivers and stretcher carriers assisted. The circle was first covered with a special grafting cement, and the entire wound then carefully bandaged, often with bandages prepared for human limbs. Tar was used for the work, and fin- ally even a loamy clay. In the end it was found that moss, twisted and tied about the dressed wound, was as effective as anything else. A much more serious problem presented itself where the trees had been cut down. But here French genius also solved the problem. The stumps, protruding usually two or three feet from the ground, were first trimmed off so as to conserve the sap. This stump was then treated with the grafting paste and carefully bandaged till the tree lying at the side budded from the sap that remained after being cut down. Branches that show ed great numbers of buds were then cut ofT and grafted into the prepared stump. To-day these grafts are in full leaf and blossom, and years have been saved in restoring the cut-down orchards. ♦" I WANTED—ASH AND HICK- I I ORY TIMBER LIMITS | ^. — ,„ . , — „ — „_.. „„ — „_,._„._.4, An important British company are considering the possibility of erecting a factory in Canada for the manu- facture of ash boat oars and hickory dimension stock. They would re- quire at least three million (3,000,000) feet of ash per annum before they would be warranted in putting up a factory to manufacture the ash boat oars for which they have a market. They would also require large sup- plies of hickory. If hickory and ash are not obtainable together they might possibly consider the estab- lishment of factories in two localities. Owners of timber areas containing sufficient supplies of ash or hickory or both might communicate with the Commercial Intelligence Branch of the Department of Trade and Com- merce, Ottawa, referring to file No. 15782. 1190 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 Ne\v Brunswick's Foundation The Forest No Other Province Bases Existence So Completely Upon Living Forests PROBABLY no province in Can- ada is so thoroughly identified with forest industries as New Brunswick. Southern Ontario, for example, is a land of farms and in- dustrial towns, continuously tending towards specialization and more and more remote from lumbering. South- ern Saskatchewan has to do with wheat and stock raising, usually car- ried on as exclusive undertakings. But New Brunswick, with its rela- tively sparse population of 351,000 (1910 census) presents the interesting characteristic of multiple employ- ment, where most male residents out- side of the larger towns draw part of their income more or less directly from woods operations. The winter wages in the lumber camps for men and teams, the millions of dollars dis- bursed by the mills, account in no small degree for the happy average of prosperity which has characterized the province for a great many years. Arousing Public Interest The Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association recently held nine public meetings in New Bruns- wick, at Moncton (auspices of the Canadian Club); Chatham; Miller- ton, Boisetown, Doaktown, Black- ville, Renous, Tabusintac, and Bay du Vin. Through the kind assist- ance of Mr. W. B. Snowball, a director of the Association, the meetings se- cured clue publicity, and the attend- ance, even on uncomfortably warm evenings, was splendid. The audi- ences in most places were composed of lumbermen, timber scalers, farm- ers, fishermen local teachers, clergy, etc. so that over two thousand men and women were encountered in this brief series of illustrated lectures. The addresses told of the contribu- tion of the forest endowment to prac- THE FINAL RESULT OF OPENING POOR STONEY LAND FOR SETTLEMENT. View taken at Hazleton Settlement, South West Miramichi, New Brunswick. Canadian Forestrii Journal, Jiili/, 1917 1191 AN EXAMPLE OF PRE- VENTABLE WASTE OF NEW BRUNSWICK'S FORESTS. THE STUMP OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN NO HIGHER THAN THE LINE INDICATED BY FOREST OFFICER. tically every line of employment. The story of Canada's forests from the days of the French Governors was recounted, with attention to the gradual development of public poli- cies of conservation. Emphasis was given to the primary interest of the state in forest protection and its responsibility to make the founda- tions of w^ood-using industries solid for all time to come, to guard the natural resources as a trust for com- ing generations, and maintain the chief source of provincial revenues. The audiences w^ere much interested in new discoveries and applications in the use of w^ood, in-as-much as they assured any province, well stock- ed with wood supplies and water powers, numerous other industries utilizing the tr^e for new^ purposes and turning to profitable use what- to-day the lumber and pulp industries regard as waste. The progress of other countries in forest management was touched upon, and modern meth- 1192 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 ods of fire patrol and fire fighting were described. Attention \Vas given to the New Brunswick Forest Survey and Land Classification, explaining its purposes and present progress. The speaker found the Survey pro- ject to be very largely misunderstood. Occasion was taken to strongly ad- vocate the creation of a Provincial Forest Service, directed by technic- ally qualified foresters, having charge of the fire-ranging work and, what was quite as important, having au- thority to supervise logging opera- tions to see that Crown Lands regula- tions are properly observed. The meetings were marked by excellent order and a new series of gatherings ought to follow next fall. What Should Followl New Brunswick's wisdom in under- taking an inventory of its forest re- sources is unquestioned. By the in- formation obtained the province will have scientific guidance not only in placing apart non-agricultural soils as permanent timber reserves, but in directing future settlement away from impossible locations. Logically there should follow, and without longer delay, the establishing of a Provincial Forest Branch, similar to that of British Columbia, whereby the administration's responsibility for the condition of the forest lands may have some means of practical action. Qualified foresters versed in New Brunswick's own conditions and work ing co-operatively with all progressive lumbermen ought to have a general oversight of logging operations so as to reduce the heavy waste that now obtains. This plan invites co-opera- tion of every limitholder who has an honest desire to keep his limits in productive condition, and would re- sult in an all-round profit to province and operator. Few licensees would deny that New Brunswick cannot hope to hold its pace in lumber pro- duction while the source of the raw materials is running down hill by unregulated logging. Obviously, the fire protection work would come under the proposed Forest Service and in all probability a new system of ranger management put in operation. Fiftp-Six Forestry Companies for France The following report of the work of the Canadian Forestry Corps has been received by the Canadian Gov- ernment from general headquarters in France : There are at present 22 companies of the Canadian Forestry Corps op- erating in France. The first eight companies arrived between Decem- ber last and the end of March, and five companies arrived in April, with their full technical equipment and approximately 60 per cent, of their transport. Eight more companies arrived in the third week in May. It is hoped to employ 56 companies in all by September. The companies are equipped with Canadian made saw milling machin- ery and tools, and the greatest ef- ficiency and keenness is displayed by all ranks. Operations extend over a large area. All species of lumber are manu- factured, including sawn timber, sleepers, trench-timber, pit-props for roads and mining. The establishment of the com- panies, including transport, is 190 all ranks. The average production varies according to the nature of the woods. In suitable woods be- tween 1,000 and 1,500 tons of sawn lumber, together with sufficient round timber to bring the out-put up to 2,000 tons per month, may be expected. On round timber alone, however, a company produces about 4,000 to 6,000 tons per month. Working Under Fire Some of the operations of the Corps are being carried out under shell fire, and one ynit was recently {Continued on page 1203) Canadian Forcslri) JournaL Jiili/, nil? 1193 1194 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 About the Common Crow By Norman Griddle, Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Treeshank,' Man-. THERE is probably no bird that has been more generally con- demned by the public than the crow and I have little doubt that fully ninety people out of every hundred would subscribe to such an opinion, fully believing themselves to be right. This, I think, is largely due to the fact that its misdeeds are mostly of a prominent nature and easily ob- served, while its benefits pass un- noticed. Thus a crow carrying off a young bird is apt to attract atten- tion; there will be the cries of the parents or perhaps the nestlings are known, whereas the same crow might pick up thousands of noxious insects without any one being any the wiser; indeed its presence would probably lead to its being accused of some fresh atrocity. And so, no matter how a nest is ravaged — be the offender cat, dog, coyote, skunk, squirrel or hawk — if there is a crow in the neighborhood he is the thief without doubt, and another cry goes up about his inicjuities. There is another point that is either overlooked or ignored by those con- demning crows. As I have pointed out above, these birds make a prac- tice of watching mankind, being probably on the look out for food. Thus a man visiting another bird's nest is more often than not seen by a crow, moreover, he disturbs the brooding bird in broad daylight. Thus, there is every chance of the crow discovering the nest. Com- pare these artificial conditions with natural ones and we see at once, that they are totally dissimilar. An ex- cellent illustration of this has been supplied by a violent anti-crow ad- vocate from whose statement the following is taken: "I have watched Mr. Crow for many springs and I find him getting more and more numerous and hungry every year. I have found prairie, chickens and grouse nests and marked them to keep watch and found that the crow got two out of every three before hatch- ing." He goes on to speak of a blue- jay's nest. "I watched and passed this nest two or three times every day. When almost ready for hatch- ing I heard a great commotion in Jayville and found the nest robbed by Mr. Crow." The italics are mine. Almost all the arguments as to crow habits follow this line of reasoning. The Injury Done by Crows In Eastern Canada and through- out the corn belt of the United States the chief complaint against crows is that they destroy much sprouting corn for which they soon acquire a taste, thus not only causing severe loss, but necessitating the treatment of the seed with a tar preparation as a deterrent. In Western Canada, however, we have not as yet suf- fered to any appreciable extent from injury of this nature, due doubtless to the comparatively small amount of corn grown. With reference to the destruction of other cereals, this is chiefly confined to grain in the stock when large flocks of crows make a habit of visiting certain fields daily. The injury, however, is not usually as severe as might be expected, owing to the fact that the birds really pick up a large pro- portion of insects. The Value oj Crows It is common knowledge to every farmer that crows are constantly in attendance behind the plough, cul- tivator or harrow, not, as has been claimed, to pick up the seeds, but to feed upon the various larvae such as cutworms, wireworms, and white grubs that are exposed, especially the last two pests. I have seen white grubs in heavily infested fields Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Jiili/, 1H17 1195 reduced more Lhaii fifty per rent by the aid of crows, and as these i*rui)s arc almost impossible to ck'stroy in other ways, the value of crows in Ihis respect is of considerable imi)ortance. Cutworms are also located among the growing crops and eaten in large numbers. Indeed to observe a Hock of crows "constantly returning to the same area in a held is strong evidence that there are cutworms or some other noxious insect present. A remarkable example of how crows sometimes aid farmers was wit- nessed near Treesbank, Manitoba, in September, 1915. There was a destructive outbreak of army-worms at this time, which having eaten all the available vegetation in the close vicinity were marching over a road- way in enormous numbers to attack a field of oats. Here it was that the crows found them and soon caused a very appreciable reduction in their numbers. ' This (lock of crows which was estimated at 'MK)i), had previous- ly been fre(iuenting a locust-infested area which they speedily forsook for the more/ palatable army-worms, with which they remained until these larvae pupated and even then many pupae were located beneath clods of earth and devoured. It is interest- ing to know that in this instance the crows were at first actually suspected of some mischief by the farmer chiefly concerned, though later when their real object was pointed out this farmer could not say too much in favor of the crows. Apart from their value as destroyers of noxious insects, crows also kill mice and young rabbits. Add to these their habit of devouring offensive carrion and we have reviewed the chief points of the birds' usefulness. Mankind's Debt to Entomologp Extract from a Paper Presented at the Reading Meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association Entomology has ahvays been a stepchild in the economy of our civili- zation. Its true values have not been recognized for ages, and even to-day it receives but scant apprecia- tion from the public and the authori- ties, while her sister sciences are nursed and pampered with jealous care. But Entomology has wedged its way from obscurity to prominence, and plays to-day an important part in shaping directly or indirectly all phases of our economic life, whether generally conceded or not. Let us go back to remote ages and review briefly the history of this in- teresting study. At a time when the human hand and mind were not em- ployed in searching for a system to establish the relation between natural objects, we can only expect discon- nected utterings either in writing or by picture. Thus we find in tne early Chinese and Japanese history men- tion made of insects which benefitted them — such as the silk moth and honey bee. Butterfiies often appear- ed in early Chinese ceramic art. The early Egyptians (about 1500 B.C. and centuries before) went so far as to hold a beetle in religious venera- tion. The ravages of the Black Death or Plague in the Middle Ages, now known as being caused by bacilli transmitted by fleas, which in turn are carried by rats, have claimed vic- tims by the milhons. In the year 542 A.D. an outbreak occurred in Egypt, which spread all along the Mediterranean to Europe and Asia. It lasted 60 years and caused the death of many millions of people. In thr year 1364, another outbreak of Plague spread over the whole then known world, and the mortality is estimated at about 25 million people. There are many instances in which the all pervading ignorance on ento- mological matters in these days is 1196 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 overshadowed by glaring superstition. Turning to the pages of Frank Cow- an's "Curious History of Insects," we find dotted all through history records of "Showers of blood." Homer, Ovid and Livius speak of them, and during the Middle Ages no explanation was given as to how red drops could fall from the sky so numerous as to appear like raid. We know that certain butterflies, especially of the genera Vanessa and Grapta, after emerging from the pupa, void their body of a reddish liquid, which when the insects are numerous enough, would give the appearance of "red raid." In the annals of Eng- land we find two such accounts of showers of blood, and there are many accounts from the European Co - tinent. In the year 1296, in Frank- fort, one of these showers led to a massacre of the Jews, in which 10,000 people lost their lives. Beetles Damaging Yellow Pine To British Columbia readers of the Journal who have noted the damage to Western yellow pine the following letter from the Entomological Branch to a Vancouver lumber firm will prove interesting. We have received from the Cana- dian Forestry Association, a quotation from your letter referring to the in- jury to yellow pine in the Okanagan and Similkameen valleys. This in- jury has been caused by bark-beetles, particularly by the western white pine bark-beetle and the western pine bark beetle. The injury in British Colum- bia has been very carefully investi- gated and our bulletin No. 7 sent you under separate cover deals with the matter in detail. The injury has been very greatly extended since the bulle- tin was written and has assumed very serious proportions. During the lat- ter part of the summer I hope to make a further examination of the extent of the injury and the rapidity of its spread during the last two years. All companies having limits in the yellow pine country should take immediate interest in the spread of this destruc- tive pest and take every precaution to protect their limits from serious infestation. A limit that is being logged can be protected without great expense. We shall be glad to receive any re- ports of forest insect injuries that come under your notice. Signed by J. M. Swaine, In charge of Forest Insect In- vestigation. GOLD CAMP IN PERIL Tashota, the newest Ontario gold camp, had a nerve-racking experi- ence during the late dry spell, says the Toronto Mail and Empire. The country is densely wooded, the small settlement clustered about the rail- way station being but a speck in the ocean of forest surrounding it. May was dry, and the early days of June found the whole countryside parched and fit to feed the flames once a fire should be started. Finally, what all men had feared came to pass; the whole district was full of smoke and fire, and the skies were as brass. Nearer and ever nearer crept the burning, until it seemed that Tashota was doomed to the fate of Porcupine. An urgent message was sent to the officials of the N.T.R., and in re- sponse a train was made up and sent to the settlement. Into it all the worldly belongings of the miners and railway officials were packed, the women were put on board, and steam kept up, so that an immediate re- treat might be made should one be- come necessary. Then, just as the outskirts of the clearing had been reached by the flames, the flood came down; furni- ture and belongings were hastily un- loaded, and the settlement returned to normal life and coukHonce more breathe freely. Canadian Foresln/ Journal, Juhj, 1917 DEFEND YOUR COUNTRY M '^^m. FIRES THIS YEAR WILL COST US MEN, HOMES AND RESOURCES TAKE NO CHANCES WITH CAMP FIRES MATCHES, CIGARETTES, OR SLASHINGS PUT THEM OUT WESTERN FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION DESIGNED BY WESTCRN FOBf STRY S. COMSERVATION ASSW. How Snow Plows are Built Showing the amount of wood construction visible in a Railway Snow Plow before the steel shield goes on. Photographs by courtesy of the Canada Car and Foundry Co.. Amherst, N.S. 1198 Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Jiilij, 1917 1199 Edmonton Board of Trade Favors Better Forest Management Province and Dominion Should Join Hands in Eliminating Fire At a luncheon of the Edmonton Board of Trade at which the Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association gave an address on Forest Conserva- tion as related to the prairie provinces, a special committee was appointed to bring in a report on Alberta's forest conservation needs. The members were James McGeorge, G. E. Hay- ward, and William Short. After investigation the following report was delivered to the Board and adopted, a copy being forwarded to the Minister of the Interior: Your committee having considered the matter reports as follows: — In the Province of Alberta within comparatively recent time there was approximately 100,000 square miles covered by merchantable timber now mostly destroyed by fire. Of that area a very large proportion as to soil and climate is not suitable for farming — particular reference is made to the Eastern slope of the mountains and to the more hilly and broken section in the North of the Province, where as to plant life, timber is the only effective crop. If fire were kept out and even if slight effort to that end were made in thirty years this area would reforest to the extent that there would begin to be a large output of merchantalDle timber, ancl in fifty years this area would become an exporter of timber beyond what is reciuired on the prairies. The ownership of the timber is retained by the Dominion; the inter- est of the Province is that land suitable for agricultural purposes is not diverted to reforestation. There- fore to prevent trouble on this head there ought to be joint action on the part of both Governments to deter- mine what land is suitable only for timber. If that be not done, and protection be not afforded, fires will continue to destroy the only growth of which this land is capable, and set- tlers will continue to settle upon land which is not suitable for farming, and will thus waste their own energies and add nothing to the wealth of the Province. Examination by the two Govern- ments and setting apart for reforest- ation of lands found suitable only for timber would prevent this useless waste of effort, and settlers would the more readily abstain from seeking such lands, if after competent exam- ination, they were set apart for timber purposes. As the growth of timber on the area suitable for no other purpose would by the bounty of nature alone add enormously to our wealth — the added cost of protection being a mere bagatelle. It is therefore respectfully recom- mended : — 1. That a survey be undertaken by the Dominion and Provincial Gov- ernments jointly to determine (a) Timber lands. {b) Grazing lands. (c) Farming lands. 2. The areas found suitable only for timber growing should be set apart as a timber reserve and reforestation promoted thereon. 3. Roads should be constructed through this timber area with cross roads at intervals to permit of an effective patrol. Along the Eastern slope of the mountains it is suggested that there should be roads running East and West every ten or twelve miles, with cross roads at intervals. These should follow the line of least resistance, and for the most part would need no more than that the 1200 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 earth be levelled sufficiently to permit the proper ranging of the territory. 4. As far as possible prison labor should be employed in the construc- tion of these roads. ^ 5. A corps of forest rangers should be employed to patrol this timber area using therein (a) Indians. (b) Farmers or stock raisers who would be allowed to settle on grazing areas within the reserve. (c) Specially trained rangers who should be charged with the duty of reforesting. 6. Allowing fires to escape should be rigidly punished. In this connec- tion the recent Manitoba Act for pre- vention of fires is not at all severe. 7. The reforesting and reproduc- tion of timber in this area should be set about as patientl^^ and scientifi- cally as is being done in Europe, and the settlers of the Province thorough- ly advised of the purpose and neces- sity and advantage of this being done, so as to secure their cordial co- operation. Summer Resorts Aid Forest Protection Most of the larger summer resorts of Canada were asked early in June by the Canadian Forestry Association to urge upon their guests by various means greater care with fire in the woods. The response from summer resort managers has been remarkably good and on the menu cards and ad- vertising literature of many hotels can now be seen warnings regarding forest fires. Many most valuable suggestions for the extension of this plan in the summer resort districts were made to the Association but these cannot be carried out at present for lack of means. Some of the mottoes submitted to the hotel man- agers were as follows: — "Do not throw away lighted match- es or tobacco in or near the woods. Bush fires spoil the fun for the next man. "Most of the damaging fires in the woods are set by human hands. Watch yours. "This resort needs the trees. Play careful with your matches and lighted tobacco when walking through the woods. Never leave a camp fire unextinguished. "Make this a year of thrift in forest fires. Tnrift starts in the head but works through the finger tips. Care- less finger tips toss away lighted matches and- tobacco. That's how the big fires start. "Guests are requested to practice every care in keeping the woods in this neighborhood free from fire dam- age. "Only the amateur neglects to ex- tinguish his camp fire in the woods.'* FIRST SCHOONER OF FLEET On another page is an illustration of the motor-driven five-masted schoo- ner "Mabel Brown," launched by the H. W. Brown Company, Ltd., Van- couver, B.C.. who constructed the vessel. The "Mabel Brown" is now on its way to Sydney, Australia, with a cargo of 1,534,000 feet of lumber for the Government of New South Wales. The vessel is built throughout of British Columbia Douglas fir. She took on her load in ten days at the plant of the Victoria Lumber and Manufacturing Company, Limited, Chemainus, B.C., and will occupy about 45 days in reaching Sydney. The freight charges on her cargo amount to $45,000. The "Mabel Brown" is the first of many similar vessels which are now being built in Canada, to take the water. She is equipped with two 160 h.p. engines of the Diesel type. ^,, „__„. ,» „u rn ,iy ..o n» .ill <■« ai. ai> .,1. iii{> NOTICE The Canadian Forestry As- j sociation would be pleased to receive copies of the April, 1915, issue of the Canadian Forestry Journal. These are urgently wanted. Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 1201 First War-Time Schooner from B.C. Yards (Courtesy "Canada Lumberman") Auxiliary schooner "Mabel Brown," in Burrard Inlet, running under flying jib, outer jib, inner jib, fore-topmost, staysail, main- sail, mizzen, spanker and driver. 1202 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 Soil Surveys in Nova Scotia By L. C. Harlow, b.s.c, b.s.a., Chemist, Agricultural College, Truro NOVA Scotia has frequently been surveyed. Every rail- road which has been pro- jected was preceded by the sur- veyor who measured, studied and mapped every detail of the proposed course. The geologist has examined the rocks, noting the kind, extent and outcrops, and has put his obser- vations into a geological map which shows rocks characteristic of many geological periods. The miner has dotted our maps with various marks to show where the gold, copper and other economic minerals may be found. Again the, lumberman has had expert foresters make a map to show the details concerning the hardwood softwood and barren land of the various counties of the province. All these are valuable guides for anyone preparing to start mining or lumbering in any locality or in in- dicating our resources. It is only reasonable that the farm- er, who must, to quite an extent, depend upon what the soil can give him, should have some quite exact information regarding the soil of his farm. The stranger in selecting a farm, should, among other factors, be guided by the type of soil peculiar to that locality. The son who in- herits the homestead should know as near as possible the amount of plant food in every acre of the farm. This information a soil survey should provide; it should also fur- nish information regarding the phy- sical condition of the soil, the water supply, drainage and all facts ne- cessary to enable a person to select a farm adapted to any particular type of farming. The results of such -study in the United States are now being put into elaborate maps. There the soil chemist, the surveyor and the soil physicist of the Department of Agri- culture at Washington, and the State Department co-operate. No such extensive plan of work as this has been attempted in Nova Scotia. Lumbermen's Sons at Vimp Ridge \ Perry Robinson, war correspondent with the British headquarters m France, has paid a tr bute to the lumbermen's sons who fell at- the great Canadian victory at Vimy Ridge. He says: — "On the summit of Vimy Ridge there is a little group of white-paint- ed wooden crosses, marking the graves of the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, who fell in the capture of the ridge. These Canadian Seaforths were mostly British Columbians. A long, long way they came to die, the long-limbed sons of Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster and Nanaimo. Some came even farther, for they came from the far off slopes and peaks of the mountains of the upper waters of the Fraser River, when they heard the call." "There could be no prouder burial place than this ridge which they won so splendidly. "One knowing the British Columbia of bygone days, stops to look at these graves. It is the old British Columbia that leaps to mind with its great reaches of unbroken forest. If one had his way he would plant this Vimy Ridge with trees, brought from British Columbia, and let these men, when the present wooden crosses are replaced by a noble and permanent monument, rest under the shadow of a grove of their own pines, firs and cedars." (AiRddian Forcslri/ JounuiL Jiilii, 1!>J 1203 A Cheap Method of Snow Removal A very important part of the work of the U. S. Forest Service is repkmting the burned-over and denuded Irrd which are contained in the 152 National Forests. About 12 000 acres of these lands are reforested every year and in order to supply the necessary planting stock twenty-one nurseries with a total capacity of more than 37 million young trees are main- tained. The majority of these nurseries are located in mountain valleys of the West where the climate is exceedingly rigorous. During the winter, when the thermometer drops far below zero and the snow^ piles up to a con- siderable depth, all operations have to be practically suspended. In some places this heavy snowfall is a rather serious hindrance to early spring planting, since it often happens that the higher bare slopes, where the planting is to be done, are exposed to the sufi and warm winds, and are bare of snow long before the vail ys in which the nurseries are located. On this account, it frequently hap- pens that the snow has to be removed from the nursery beds in order that the planting may be done at the most advantageous time. Wit two or three feet of snow, this is something of a job and entails a considerable ex- penditure of both money and valuable time. At the Beaver Creek Nursery, on the Wasatch National Forest, in Utah, which has a capacity of 750,000 plants, it was found that by sowing finely pulverized dirt over the snow the melting was so hastened that shoveling was unnecessary. The first experiments were so satisfactory that they were continued and have been adopted as the official snow re- moval method. Each fall sufficient supplies of fine dark soil are stored at the nurseries for use the following spring. At the same time the beds of stock to be used for planting are marked by long stakes in order that they may be easily identified. About two or three weeks before the stock is needed the soil is sown on the top of the snow, just as grain is sow'n. Hand sleds are used to transport the bulk of the supply, from which a bag slung from the worker's shoulder is filled as needed. By this method one man can remove from three to six feet of compacted snow by one day's work if done sufficiently far in advance. Many commercial nur- serymen will doubtless be able to employ this simple practice to uncover stock needed for early planting, or to prevent losses from fungi which work under deep snow late in spring. Fifty-Six Forestry Go's for France {Continued from page 1192) heavily shelled, fortunately no cas- ualties resulting. Of these companies six are em- ployed in the army areas although their work is greatly handicapped by having to operate in small woods, as a rule devastated by shell fire. The daily output is most satisfactory and wood is delivered direct to ar- mies at very short notice. Companies, including the Can- adian Construction Company (color- ed) are employed in the Jura Wood The Canadian mills in operation in this area have aroused great interest amongst the French military and civil authorities who have not hesi- tated to express their admiration of the mechanical efficiency evidenced in the design and construction of the mills. Ten companies are now working on the lines of communication. Some fine forests have recently been ac- quired for exploitation in this area. In 1914-15, Canada imported for structural purposes, southern pine valued at $1,608,788. Douglas fir timber, 46 by 46 inches square and 70 feet long, is used in Montreal for harbor work. 1204 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 Courtesy, Grand Trunk Railway System. In the Kawartha Lakes Region of Ontario Cutting Down Waste in Wood Mills As a result of suggestions made by a number of Coast and Mountain lumbermen. Hon. T. D. PattuUo, Minister of Lands in British Colum- bia, has taken steps to ascertain if something worth while cannot be accomplished 'n the way of utilizing more of the waste products of our sawmills and box-making plants. To this end Mr. L. B. Beale, B. C. Lum- ber Commissioner at Toronto, has been summoned to the Coast for a couple of months in order to conduct the preliminary investigations. Mr. Beale has a thoroughly practical mind, and being so eciuipped it may be taken for granted that if he makes a recommendation in favor of the utilization of any particular class of waste materials common to sawmills and box plants — and perhaps our woodworking factories also — the la- boratory chemist or other highly trained expert may be called in with reasonable certainty that the pro- position will be pronounced a feasible one. The feeling is general in the lumber industry that too much of the log is wasted in the manufacture of lumber according to present methods, but solace appears to be found in the trite phrase, "Everyone is doing it." The millman who refuses to bestow some thought upon this question of utilization of timber waste is un- doubtedly making a mistake — the matter is already engaging the serious attention of prominent lumbermen on both sides of the line, who realize the seriousness of the tremendous economic waste involved in leaving 25 per cent, of the original tree in the Canadian Forestry Journal, July, lfU7 1205, Courtesy, Grand Trunk Railway System. Perry's Chute near Burleigh Falls, Kawartha Lakes, Ontario woods and the sacrifice of another 30 or 35 per cent, of the board contents in the process of turning the tree into finish lumber. There are those who say the day is not far distant when the lumber industry will practise conservation of waste materials after the fashion set by Chicago packers, but the dream is almost too good to come true. Our lumbermen have a long way to go, yet they may arrive. It should encourage them to per- severe if they will but recall that large factories employing hundreds of hands are now kept busy manufactur- ing articles from wood waste that formerly went into the mill burners, and that inventive genius is likely to speed the day when practically everything that now goes to the burn- er will have a market value. — From Western Lumberman. NEWFOUNDLAND PULPWOOD The Newfoundland Legislature, now in session, is expected to enact a law permitting export to the United States of a considerable quantity of pulp wood. This was intended for shipment to England and France, but, because of the shortage of ships, its transfer to those countries has be-, come impossible. . The popularity of the National Forests in the United States as sum-, mer playgrounds is increasing by leaps and bounds each year. These vacation wonderlands were visited by over 2,000,000 people in 1916. Of this number Colorado received 605,000, or 30 per cent, of the total. From the Manager of an Oil Com-, pany, Lethbridge, Alberta: "It is with much pleasure that I become a member. I am greatly interested in the work, particularly in the preser- vation of forested areas for pleasure and game preserves. You may call upon me for any co-operation you desire." 1206 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 Upsetting Old Ideas of Logging Are scientific methods and mech- anical improvements to be forever debarred from logging operations? asked D. C. Magnus, at the recent Appalachian Logging Congress. "Are we, as loggers, keeping pace with the other great industries of the world? Is it not a fact that the lumbermen are being outstripped by their own industrial competitors? He must do more of the work with power-driven machines. "For instance, the sickle, the knit- ting needle, the old hand-looms, the needle and thread, the coal pick, and the cross-cut saw were all rocked in the same cradle. The sickle has de- veloped into a reaper, the knitting needle into a great factory filled with humming spindles, the needle and thread into a sewing machine, the coal pick into a coal cutter, and the old cross-cut saw has remained a hopeless case all these years. "Is it possible for the old cross-cut saw to form an armor that cannot be pierced by the scientific brains of this age? "The cross-cut saw is not the only tool to which we should bow our heads in shame. Several weeks ago we were moving earth for a railroad grade and found a kit of stone tools that were used by some prehistoric race. Among the number there was a stone axe. This axe was similar to the one we use to-day, with the ex- ception of being stone and having the handle attached on the outside. Is it possible that we must cling to that old stone model forever? Should we not make some great effort to get an electrically-driven tool to re- place at least a part of its uses? "We are living in an age when it recjuires a number of individuals to compose an efficient unit. The back- woods cabins are becoming land- marks and the cave of the hermit a curiosity. "Co-operation and concentration effort must be made if we would have our ideals become realities. "The loggers realize that they can't compete with the other industries. They should begin now to fortify themselves against the future labor problems which are sure to come. "The time has passed for a lumber- man to be content to have a man at the helm of the logging end of the business who is not worthy of a great- er title than 'bush man' or 'woods hich.' A shrewd business man said to me after going over a logging operation: 'I am surprised to learn of the re- sponsibilities of a logging superin- tendent. To be efficient he must be a timber cruiser, machinist, civil en- gineer, diplomat, and psychologist.' "The lumberman's slogan should be "Scientific logging,' and he should put forth every effort to get men to con- duct it on scientific lines." Canada's Loss bp Forest Fires The statement has'^bsen made, and sometimes disputed, that Canada loses from $6,000,000 to $10,000,000 a year by forest fires. Now comes to hand a report of the West Virginia Conservation Com- mission showing that in one small state, 710 fires occurred in 1908. This was the estimate of the loss: Area burned over: 1,703,850 acres. Standing timber burned 943,515,850 feet. Value of standing timber burned (at 1908 prices) 1,903,500 Value of lumber, tan bark and improvements burn- ed $490,175 Injury to soil and under- growth 1,703,850 Total of loss $ 5,097,525 Canadian Forcstrij Journal, Julij, 1917 1207 Since that time an intensive fire patrol has reduced the k)ss i)y nine- tenths. Sufficient money has been saved from this source alone to pay all expenses of the entire State govern- ment. Prior to this time there was no organized effort to control forest fires, each property owner endeavoring to keep fires from burning his own fences and improvements and allowing it to consume all of the forests without hindrance. It was the general lule to set fire to the forests, it being cov- tended that the burning improved the ground and made better range for the cattle. What Alberta Owes to Forests {Reprinted from the Lethbridgc Herald) "Southern Alberta is as closely linked up with forest conservation as the most heavily wooded- part of Canada. Irrigation derives its life from watershed forest protection. Coal mining faces one of its chief problems in a supply of wooden pit props. The fertility of the farm lands owes much to the forest's contribu- tion of moisture to the air currents. The cattle and wheat raiser are ex- tensive users of lumber, and the cost of these wood supplies is an item of high importance. Though we may live far. from the edge of growing timber, it is upon us, as users, that the penalties of forest waste are bound to fall." This statement was made this morning by Robson Black, secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association of Ottawa, who spent the day in Lethbridge, discussing conservation questions with many leading citizens, including President Marnock of the Board of Trade Mr. Black praised the progressive stand taken by the board in declar- ing for the riddance of the patronage evil in pubhc administration, and mentioned the mischievious results in forest protection systems operated on the patronage basis. "Alberta is now the only province in Canada that has not taken provin- cial action in the thorough elimina- tion of forest fires. The greatest hazard to the maintenance of the irri- gation projects of Southern Alberta is the freedom enfoyed by settlers in or near the forest, burning their 'slash' without taking reasonable pre- cautions. These settlers' "clearing fires"must be stopped at once unless the tree cover on the watersheds is dam- aged irreparably. The only author- ity that can act in the matter is the provincial legislature which was ask- ed to pass an act establishing what is called "the permit system" whereby every settler's fire in or near forest country shall be supervised by local fire guardians or Dominion forest rangers. This means practically no expense to the province and is im- peratively necessary. Saskatchewan and Manitoba adopted the law with- out controversy. It is likely Alberta will pass an act next session. "The water supply of the Alberta plains takes its source in the eastern slopes of the Rockies. On account of free-running fires in times past more than 90 per cent, of the trees are less than 100 years old and 75 per cent, are not 50 years old. As a consec{uence, the rivers originating in this great protective and regulating area are all subject to gross fluctua- tion, thereby reducing their value for irrigation purposes. Demands of Coal Mines "The coal mines of Alberta use six lineal feet of wood for every ton of coal taken from the earth. The farm- er on our plains is the greatest wood user on earth, using nine times as much per capita as the European far- mer. Wherever we turn we see the absolutely essential character of for- est maintenance. 1208 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 "The question of provincial owner- ship of the forests is only distantly related to the question of conserva- tion. The people who lose by the waste of Alberta's forests are the people not of Quebec but of Alberta. All the profits from conservation go likewise to Alberta. The Dominion Forestry Branch, now administering the reserves of Alberta at a cost of $215,000 annually, get back only a part as revenues. The total revenues of the Dominion Government from all sources connected with the prairie forests fall short by about $200,000 of what is expended by the Dominion in their protection from fire and in forestry development. Whoever owns and administers the Alberta forests carries them as a heavy finan- cial liability for long years to come. This is due to the fact that fire de- struction has been so excessive in times past that instead of 'cashing in' on present supplies of timber, the forests of Alberta must be nursed back to normal before they can take care of the future wood requirements of the people, and become equal to their function as guardians and regu- lators of stream flow." LIEUT. BIGWOOD KILLED A cable despatch received by Mr. \V. E. Bigwood, of Graves, Bigwood & Co., (lumbermen) Toronto, on June 28, from the British War Office, stated that his son, Flight-Lieut. Paul Herrick Bigwood, of the Royal Flying Corps, has been killed in action in France. Lieut. Bigwood went overseas with an infantry bat- talion and later was transferred to the Royal Flying Corps, serving in France as an aviator only a short time. He was twenty-one years oi age. RIFLE STOCKS FOR THE WAR The New England Westinghouse Company, Meridan, Conn., which has a contract of 1,000,000 rifles awarded by the Russian Government, on which it has been working for more than a year, is now producing 500 weapons daily with 1,600 hands employed. The company is now in- creasing its output rapidly and ex- pects soon to be turning out 1,000 rifles daily. The present consump- tion of hardwood lumber for stocks alone is approximately 3,500 feet daily. ABOUT LOG RULES The following was contained in a letter from Sgt. A. V. Gilbert of the Canadian Forestry Corps in England: 'Tt is interesting to note here some points about board foot log rules. The Doyle & Quebec rules are com- monly used in Canada. It is aston- ishing that the Doyle rule which gives ridiculous results for very small and very large logs should be in such general use in Canada. The large percentage of small logs at our opera- tions in Britain emphasizes the fact that this rule should not be used by this Corps in any calculations. The Quebec Rule gives larger results than the Doyle but not so large as the Maine Rule, and since the latter, as we have shown, does not give large enough results for the class of ma- terial we are turning out it is clear that in any calculations it should be used in preference to either Quebec or Doyle Rule.'" FRANCE CALLS FOR FORESTERS In announcing the formation of forestry battalions to go to France and aid in supplying trench timbers, railroad ties, mine props, cordwood, etc., the United States military head- quarters makes the following com- ment: "The French forests have been managed for many years with great care and skill. It is the view of the Government forestry officials that if the American forest regiment is to do creditable work it must be able not only to cut and manufacture the timber with high efficiency but also to avoid waste and leave the forests in good shape for future production. This is the reason for selecting main- ly trained foresters as officers." The Riordon Pulp and Paper Com- pany will plant about 250,000 trees this year near St. Jovite, P. Q. Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Julij, J 917 1209 I ADVERTISING AGAINST \ i THE FIRE FIEND j 4. , . ._.4. Various schemes to bring before the public the necessity of eliminating forest fires have been put under way since the beginning of 1917. The response to all of them has been re- markably generous. Business firms have consented in scores of instances to insert special fire prevention ad- vertisements submitted by the Asso- ciation even when the use of the advertising was costly. Some firms taking this action owned no timber limits or wood-using mills. hl\tracts from a few letters in addition to those already published, are reproduced herewith : — • From Clarke Bros., Bear River, N.S.: We have read with interest the suggested advertising copy. We shall be pleased to have the copy in question used until October 1st." From Green Lumber Co., St. Thom- as, Ont. : "We will gladly insert the advertising matter as you request." From Columbia River Logging Co., Golden, B.C.: "We will have special advertisement run in our paper for several weeks during the dry season." From MacLeod Pulp Co., Liver- pool, N.S.: "We have arranged to have 'copy' sent us published in our local paper during the next four months." COMPOSITE STEEL CARS William Queenan, assistant super- intendent of the Burlington railway shops, in an address before the West- ern Railway Club, Chicago, stated that the composite, or steel frame and wooden superstructed gondola car is superior in nearly every respect to the steel car. In summing up the advantages he specified the follow- ing items: That the initial cost of the com- posite gondola with the present price of steel should be less than the all steel gondola. That the composite type of car costs less to maintain than the steel gondola. That sides of the composite car do not bulge as do those of the steel car. That records show that while the composite cars cost more to repaint than the steel car, they do not re- quire painting so frequently. That a large portion of the repairs to composite cars can be taken care of at other than steel car shops. That certain properties in coal cause corrosion to steel and that wood is not affected by these. He gave records of 1,000 cars of each type built in 1903. During the last fiscal year, 167 of the wooden cars were in the shops, and 332 of the steel, and the average cost per car of the steel car repairs was 3G per cent, higher than of the wooden or composite cars. The average num- ber of the cars repaired showed that fewer repairs were needed by the composite cars and that the number in service, therefore, was larger. 300,000 ACRES FOR RESERVE The State of Minnesota has set aside for state forests an area of over 300,000 acres of state lands. This tract is composed of scattered sec- tions and "forties" of land, a part of a much greater area of similar char- acter lying in northeastern Minne- sota. The National Government had previously set aside over a million acres in this region as a National For- est. Northeastern Minnesota, in the northern half of Lake and Cook Coun- ties, is a granitic area of outcropping rock ledges, shallow soils and innum- erable lakes and water courses. It is the southern extension of a similar great area in Canada. C. A. MacFayden, formerly of the Dominion Forestry Branch, is now British Columbia District Forester at Fort George. From the Right Reverend, the Bishop of Kooienay: "I shall very gladly become a member of the Can- adian Forestry Association. "Your object is one of vital im- portance to Canada, certainly to British Columbia." 1210 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 Forest Area Set Aside for Studp The Council of Industrial and Scientific Research of Canada, has persuaded the Dominion Govern- ment to set aside one hundred scjuare miles in the P^ tawawa MiHtary Dis- trict in Ontario. A sufficient grant will be made to carry out a thorough survey of this area next summer, the work to be done by the Dominion Forestry Branch. Beyond the sur- vey a program has not yet been pre- pared. The Research Council has been formed for the purpose of ascer- taining and tabulating the various agencies wdiich are now carrying on research work in universities and col- leges, in Government laboratories, business organizations and industries, scientific associations or by private persons: also to ascertain the lines of work being done and the facilities and equipment and especially the man-power available for such work; to coordinate all agencies, to induce co-operation and prevent overlap- ping, and to bring about a community of knowledge; to study the problems which confront our industries and to link up the resources of science with labor and capital so as to bring about the best possible economic re- sults; to make a study of our unused resources, wastes and by-products with a view to their utilization in new or subsidiary processes of manufac- turing; to develop ways and means by which the present small force of com- petent and trained research men can be augmented. This work is being rapidly organ- ized and the following organizations have volunteered to help in it: The Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, Forest fires in the United States | have caused an average annual 1 loss of seventy human lives and | twenty-five to fifty million dol- I lars' worth of timber. The in- | direct losses run close to half Canadian Mining Institute, Canadian Manufacturers' Association, Society of Chefnical Industry and the Can- adian Society of Forest Engineers. The country will be divided up into districts and volunteer fiald-workers W'lll cover these districts and gather all available information. 1 j '"^^"' Hfl'^— OB^^MB^^nit^— ^iiii— "»-^uu^— iin-^Bu^— nB^^on— n^ a billion a year. RANGERS' HANDBOOK One of the most complete little volumes dedicated to the lore and craft of the ranger and woodsman that comes for our review is the Handbook for Rangers and Woods- men, by Jay L. B. Taylor, forest ranger in the United States Forest Service. The object of the book, according to its author, is to serve as a guide for inexperienced men in the woods. It tells what to carry with you in the woods, how to pack an animal, how to cook and what pro- visions to take. It gives instructions how to build a field telephone, how to use powder, how^ to survey, how to handle ailments of pack animals and a thousand and one other valuable hints to the man on his own resources. The book is for sale by "Canadian Forestry Journal" at $2.50 per copy, net. MORE CARE WITH FIRES Cobalt, Ont. — The past couple of days have been very warm and a number of small bush fires are in evidence about the town, chiefly caused by settlers clearing their land. With vivid recollections of the dis- aster of last Summer, greater pre- cautions will be taken than heretofore, and fire rangers throughout the dis- trict are working under much more stringent regulations than in previous years, which should do much to eliminate the danger from this source. Each fire ranger is making a report of the district over which he has charge, and making recommendations to the chief ranger with the idea of elimina- ting the places where danger of fire is apparent. Cdnadidii Forvslri] Joiirnal, Juhj, 1U17 I'ill News Notes of Forest Services G. II. Prince, formciiy of Ihc Brit- ish Columbia Forest Branch, and lately assistant to P. Z. Caverhill in the New Brunswick Forest Survey has been appointed Mr. Caverhill's successor as Director of the New Brunswick Government Forestry Di- vision. Mr. Caverhill is now attach- ed to the head office staff of the British Columbia Forest Service. R. E. Benedict, British Columbia Forest Service, has been appointed a Major in the newly organized for- estry battalion of the United States Army or "Tenth Reserve Engineers (Forest)." Mr. John Lafon, another British Columbia Forester, has at- tached himself to the same unit. Prof. W. N. Millar, of the Toronto Forest School, is a Captain of the corps. * * * H. S. Irwin, formerly district for- ester at Prince Rupert, and District Forester H. G. Marvin of Fort George have been transferred to the head office at Victoria. The Hazleton and Prince Rupert offices are being han- dled by District Forester Allan from Hazleton. ^ ^ ^ Calgary, July 5th. B. R. Morton in charge of silvi- eultural work at Head Office, Dom- inion Forestry Branch, spent a day at the District Office last week and then proceeded to the Coast where he is in charge of a collection of seed of ■ numerous British Columbia species for the Imperial Government. * * * T. W. Dwight, Assistant to the Director, of Forestry, spent Wed- nesday last at the office here proceed- ing to Kamloops and the British Columbia Inspection District, where he will probably spend a couple of weeks in connection with District Inspector Cameron. He will then return here and make trips to several of the reserves in Alberta. He is looking particularly into timber sale work as well as other projects. Prob- ably part of July will be spent in this district. A successful Ranger Meeting was held at Morley under the direction of Forest Supervisor St. Clair. The Rangers spent several days at Morley going over all sorts of administrative work and entering into detailed dis- cussion on various lines of improve- ment and lire protection work. They were also tnven some elementary training on survey work and taken all round seemed to be pleased with the start made. J. A. Doucet left here on the first of May for Edmonton, going thence a few days later to Fort McMurray. He has been down there since early in May on inspection and reorganiza- tion of the Fire Ranging operations in the Slave and McMurray Districts. By reason of these efforts an amalga- mation of the two districts has been effected and it is hoped to place the whole works in charge of a competent Chief Ranger. Doucet will probably be there for the best part of the summer. The manufacture of gun powder recpiires large quantities of charcoal which can be secured only from hard- woods, and even smokeless powder reciuires the use of wood alcohol in its manufacture. This product is particularly necessary in the making of gun cotton. Wood alcohol is also used as a solvent in medicine and the wood distillation industry will contribute largely to the extra am- ount of hospital supplies needed dur- ing the present war. Acetic acid or wood vinegar, which is another im- portant product, is used in the manu- facture of cordite and liddiate, two high explosives. Necessary increases in the production of steel for war time uses will require a large amount of charcoal for use in blast furnaces. Besides these direct uses, the de- velopment of the dye industry takes over a great deal of the wood alcohol obtained from the distillation of hard- wood. 1212. Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 Farm Lands in Forest Reserves By D. Roy Camerson Inspector of Forest Reserves, Kamloops, B. C. in Annual Report, Dominion Forestry Branch. "The principal objection made to the establishment of further forest reserves in this district has been the fear of the possible inclusion of agri- cultural lands. This fear is the result of a statement made some two years ago, that the development of the country was being retarded by the tying up of areas of agricultural lands within forest reserves. This matter has been discussed in my reports of previous years and mention made of the recommended eliminations of land of possible agricultural value. Un- fortunately, owing to the war, statu- tory action has not been taken as yet in accordance with such recommenda- tions, so that a somewhat anomalous condition exists with regard to such lands. "The present method of requiring action by parliament to withdraw agricultural lands found to be in- cluded in forest reserves causes con- siderable delay, which it would be well to obviate. "It seems reasonable to expect that, so far as lands valuable only for the production of hay are concerned, the proposed amendments to the regula- tions with reference to hay meadows will afford the best solution of the utilization of such lands. Observa- tions of the degree of development attained in cultivation of lands of this class by settlers and squatters on adjoining forest reserves show that in the majority of cases the outlook for these people is well nigh hopeless. Now that government work has been largely discontinued, owing to the necessity for economy in expenditure, the unequal struggle has forced many to abandon such claims and seek a livelihood elsewhere. This condition of affairs is evidence of the truth of the statement made by myself previously that the extraneous support given by government work was all that enabled settlers on such lands to remain, and that the lands themselves cannot be considered as suitable for homesteads in the true sense of the term, namely, that they enable a settler to obtain a descent living from them alone. Settlers are Hampered "There are, however, lands within forest reserves, other than hay lands, about which there can be legitimate doubts as to their value for agricul- tural purposes. With the introduc- tion of impr ved methods of agricul- ture, especially with reference to dry farming, and following the impetus given by the 'back to the land' move- ment which is bound to come on the termination of the war, it may[ be expected that there will be very in- sistent demand for a chance to use lands within forest reserves which possess any potentialities whatsoever agriculturally. The need of prepared- ness for this eventuality leads me to believe that we can no longer delay consideration of the introduction of a 'forest homestead' amendment to the Forest Reserve Act, applicable at least to British Columbia, which will provide for the disposal of agriculural lands within forest reserves in a similar way^to the act of June 11, 1906, with reference to national forests in the United States. A personal message sent by the Canadian Forestry Association to more than 3600 "professional" guides, trappers, hunters and fishermen: Dear Friend: A runaway fire does no service to sportsman, guide, timber - owner, artisan, or the public treasury. Every man is a loser when fire gets away. The Canadian Forestry Association in which over 5000 Canadian out- doors men take part, asks your help to keep 1917 as free as possible from forest fires. CanadiarTForeslri] Journal, Juhf, 1917 1213 We ask you to watch your camp fires as never before. Keep them small and see that they are entirely put out. Don't take chances, but toss on a few spades of earth, or a couple of buckets of water. We ask you to watch your lighted tobacco. Don't throw away a lighted cigarette or the heel of your pipe. It sounds like an inconsequential request but carelessness on the part of camp- ers hunters and fishermen forces Canada to pay a tremendous bill every summer. We have about 10,000 forest fires every year in this country^ten thou- sand bids for desolation and human misery. Give us a hand in cutting that ten thousand by half. An ounce of "Thrift" in Canada this year puts a ton of weight on the country's enem- ies! Thrift starts at your finger tips. Watch them. Watch them every time they handle any kind of fire in or near a Canadian forest. Yours faithfully, Canadian Forestry Association. Reachina the Public — The Meeting Method The holding of public meetings for the discussion of public policies re- lating to the care of the forests has proved a most valuable means of propagandist work. These meetings, through wide- spread advertising in advance, have attracted large audiences of men and women, boys and girls, ninety per cent, of whom had never encountered the subject of forest conservation from any but a casual point of view. The subject can be made intensely interesting to mixed audiences and, with technical phases reduced to plain language, and public responsibility for conservation policies duly emphas- ized, the impression upon auditors is direct and permanent. Particularly is this so when, as with all Association meetings, hundreds of interesting and 'live' pictures are projected on the screen. French Lectures French lectures will be commenced during July by the Forestry Associa- tion, co-operating with the Depart- ment of Lands and Forests, Quebec. Mr. Avila Bedard, of Quebec, will deliver from ten to fifteen addresses, illustrated by stereopticon, in the Eastern Townships, and points such as La Tuque, Chicoutimi, Grand Mere, Three Rivers etc. In New Brunswick Another series of French lectures will be delivered in the counties of New Brunswick where French-speak- ing citizens are numerous, and where the question of better fire protection and the protection of non-agricultural lands is badly in need of better public sentiment. The Secretary of the Forestry Association recently returned from New Brunswick where nine public meetings were held, with very large audiences at all but one point. Earlier this year, lectures were given through British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatch- ewan, Manitoba and Ontario. The cost of these lectures bears heavily upon the small resources of the Association, as the meetings are free to the public, and expenses of advertising, printing, frequently the hall rent, travelling outlays, etc. are given no local assistance and must come from the central treasury. From Rev. Fred. H. Graham, Diocese of Kootenay, Nelson, B. C. : 'Tt may interest you to know that last Sunday, the King's birthday, there was a Church Parade of local Boy Scouts and Cadets, and in their hearing and that of a crowded congregation I read the excellent and timely appeal of the Canadian For- estry Association to the people of Canada." 1-1^ Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 Canadian Portable Homes for France During a discussion in the House of Commons recently. Sir Geo. E. Foster, Minister of Trade and Com- merce, replying to a ciuestion about ready-built houses for France, said: — "The matter was brought to my at- tention, and I took it up with the de- partment and had the woodworkers plan certain houses. After these plans were made it was thought better — and under my advice it was done— to send the plans to Paris to have them thoroughly looked into and vised as it were, by governmental authority, acting either directly, or through a committee. That was done, and we received modified plans from them for two or three different styles of what we would call shacks, ^to be used temporarily until more permanent buildings could be erected. In every case their plan called for a more elaborate and more costly building than we had planned. Our buildings would cost from $75 to $100, but with the improvements, coverings, and th like of that, suggested by the French authorities, they would cost consider- ably more. However, a number of houses were constructed and I got transport for them free of charge to Paris, where they were on exhibition in the Champs Elysees. I myself saw them when I was over there last summer. They had the name of Canada on them, and served to show not only our plan of construction for temporary buildings, of this kin I, but our materials as well, and they were seen by a great many people. But the war has gone on much longer than any- body thought it would, and although we know now what they want and though the plans are in the hands of the woodworkers of Canada, not much is being done at present. They, too, I suppose, are awaiting the proper time. What works directly against them is the absolute impossibility of getting transport for goods." A Wisconsin View of Forest Guarding Extract from Biennial Report of the State Conservation Commission of Wisconsin for 1915 ank 1916, {P. 79). The protection of forests from fire is the first essential in the develop- ment of a forest policy for a State. Past experience has proven that the forests of Wisconsin have suffered great damage from fire at times, and, without question, history will repeat itself in the future, unless a well planned fire organization is developed, to be ready for the real dry season. The protection of forests from fire in the north one-half of the State is brought about through an organiza- tion of town fire wardens, as'sistant fire wardens and the protective force of rangers and patrolmen in what is known as the forest reserve region. The town fire warden system is es- tablished by having each town chair- man become ex officio fire warden and the road superintendents, assist- ant fire wardens. The chief duties of the fire wardens, of whom there are about 555 in the territory in which there is a fire hazard, are the fighting of fires, instead of prevention and detection. The system of fire pro- tection as applied to the greater part of the State lands or the so-called forest reserve area is one of prevention detection and control. The present forest fire organization outside of the protected area is in- adequate since there is no definite plan of detection and prevention. The local wardens usually will wait until fires are upon them before taking any protective measures. From a conservation standpoint, forest fire prevention is the most important (Iduudian Forcstrij JournaL Juhi, 1!)17 1215 ^ 1 1 ^^^^B ^^1 piiPF<;T-r.i famfstB" M ^^| ■ ■ MOST reliable! ^^M ■■ GET CATALOGUE ^^^ ^M AT BEST DEALERS ^^^ 1 ^H OR DIRECT 1 ^1 1 ^^^1 ii IKi WINNIPEG - VANCOUVER ^ ^ ■ ^ ^ feature. Therefore, adequate appro- priation should be made through State taxation to make it possible to provide for the appointment of so- called district fire wardens, whose duties would be to co-operate with the local fire wardens, timber owners, and others, throughout the entire wooded area of the State. 4. — POLITICS AND STATE FORESTRY I I I Pennsylvania has been one of the first states to take up forestry in a serious manner and it is the onlij state that has taken up forest management in a thoroughly logical and profession- al way, remarks "Forest Leaves." The chief difficulty has been that it began and limited its activities to strictly cut-over forest lands and often thoroughly devastated lands. Hence, it must be a long time before its foresters, whatever their skill, can restore any considerable part of the once magnificent timber cover. To accomplish anything at all the State must adopt a far-seeing statesmanlike policy, and then persistently stick to it until the foresters can show the final results — one hundred years and more hence. Here lies the chief diffi- culty in state forestry. Very few states have carried out any consistent long lime policies of any kind. State activities go by fits and starts, and if there is anything hostile and in- jurious to the forest work, it is the 'Tits and starts" methocl of pro- cedure. The continual organizations and reorganizations, the changing of men and ideas, the upsetting of poli- cies, and particularly greatly fluctuat- ing appropriations are incompatible with a successful State Forest Policy. Forestry requires men trained for a life work, and men of faith and vision in the future. Nothing kills the spirit of such a force of men as the uncertainty of what the next legisla- ture will do; of what attitude a new governor will assume toward the work; of what change in viewpoint and ideals the always possible re- placement in executive head may bring about. RUSSIA'S FUTURE IN TIMBER With the marvelous increase in the harbor facilities of Archangel and Vladivostock and the extension of railroads in the forested districts, the Russian lumber has a big future. In 1913, the last year of normal ex- port, lumber worth 165,000,000 rubles was exported. By the closing of the Baltic ports this export has been reduced to a valuation of 27,200,000 rubles. Vast stores of timber have accumulated, and in Archangel alone 65,000,000 rubles' worth of timber is ready for shipment. In 1916, when an increase in exports is noticed, little big timber was shippe.d, the exports being mainly pine for match- es and spruce for paper pulp. Do- mestic consumption of timber has been large, a considerable quantity being required for military purposes. The demand for railroad ties has been 1216 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 great and the erection of factories all over the country at a time when unusually heavy demands were made upon railroad facilities has caused many of these factories to burn wood instead of coal. As, however, the Ministry of Agriculture possesses a modern and progressive Forestry Bur- eau, this use of timber for fuel is being managed in such a way as to increase rather than deplete the great forests of Russia. — "American For- estry." THE CAT A BIRDCATCHER In every land, in every tongue, the cat has been noted as a slayer of birds. Maister Salmon, who pub- lished "The Compleat English Physi- cian" in 1693, describes the cat as the mortal enemy of the rat, mouse "and every sort of bird which it seizes as its prey." The French and Germans particularly have deplored the de- struction of birds by cats. M. Xav- ier Raspail in an article on the pro- tection of useful birds written in 1894 says that though cats are out- side the law and therefore may be killed with impunity their numbers are renewed from the villages in- cessantly to such an extent that not a night passes without traces of these "abominable marauders." Of 67 birds' nests observed from April to August only 26 prospered; at least 15 certainly were destroyed by cats and others may have been. Baron Hans von Berlepsch, the first Ger- rnan authority on the protection of birds after forty years' experience, says that where birds are to be pro- tected the domestic cat must not be allowed at large. The above are but a few citations many of which might be made to show that the cat always has been recognized as a men- ace to bird life. Many present day cat lovers, however, claim that their cats kill no birds, or very few, "not more than one or two a year," and that the destructiveness of the cat to-day has been exaggerated to the last degree. CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO Reinforce Your Defences With BOVRIL It re-inforces the line of defence just at the place— just at the time — you need it most. Colds, chills, influenza desperately endea- vour to break down our resistance. Unless you are properly nourished these enemies will find your weak spot. BOVRIL IS CONCENTRATED BEEF. Cunadimi fonslrij Journal, July, 1-*17 1217 THE CASE FOR THE LUMBER EXPORTER In the last issue of the Journal appeared an article entitled, "Can Canada sell John Bull his wood sup- ply?" written by Captain Douglas Weir, officer in charge, Canadian Forestry Corps, and read at a meet- ing of the Imperial Institute in Lon- don, England, by Col. Gerald White, a well-known lumberman of Pem- broke, Ont. Two or three specific criticisms were made of the Canadian lumber exporter: "The question of finance also enters into the discussion. The Baltic ex- porters have worked harmoniously with British merchants in shipping timber on six months' notes, etc., whereas Canadian timber men have insisted on their timber being paid for before it left Canadian ports." The justness of this criticism would probably be greater were it not ap- plied to the exporting industry as a whole. The largest Canadian tim- ber exporters, particularly in Eastern Canada, have carried on their busi- ness with British purchasers for many years to the greatest mutual satis- faction. An Ottawa firm, having probably the largest dealings with the United Kingdom of any Can- adian concern, has had an arrange- ment with two British firms dating back more than a quarter of a century whereby the latter make cash ad- vances on the season's requirements, an adjustment taking place once a year, and this plan has caused no complaints on either side. What Dry Matches After all day in a boat. rainstorm or wet snow. Ask your dealer for If he can't supply you, we will send prepaid for his name and 50 cents. Dry matches may save your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S.A. *— — arrangement some sm.allcr firms may have and whether they insist on pay- ment before the cargo leaves Can- adian ports is a matter in which the larger lumber exporters have no in- terest. The latter have their perm- anent selling agents in England and seldom have occasion to look for purchasers or even to discuss ques- tions of credit with transient cus- tomers. The article in question also stated that "timber from Canada did not arrive here in as good condition (as Baltic timbers) — even recently tim- ber received here does not conform to the specifications it is shipped under. This is, of course, due to shrinkage, and dealers in this country consider that the timber was not seasoiied be- fore shipment as well as Baltic tim- ber. The British Columbia timbers showed this defect to a much greater extent than Eastern timbers." Again the authors of the article would appear. to have aimed their shaft at individual mills, or possibly mills in a certain section, and cannot justify the charge against the long- established heavy exporters of Can- adian timber. One of the great ex- porting firms in this country, to which the Forestry Journal submitted the question, declared that not a stick entered a cargo that did not have a winter's seasoning to its credit. This is certainly the "method of the big and successful Eastern mills. On the other hand there undoubtedly are mills not hesitating to load directly from the saw, without any seasoning preliminaries, and this sort of thing has no doubt accounted for an ad- verse impression of some English wood users. Commenting on the criticisms of the Canadian lumber exporter, Mr. Frank Hawkins, Secretary of the Canadian Lumbermen's Association, said, "If any branch of Canadian {Continued on page 1226.) 1218 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 ® THE WORLD OVER © Bulgaria's forests may be divided into four zones, according to altitude. The lowest and warmest extends from sea level up to an altitude of 1,300 feet, and is the home of the oak, elm and ash. Above this belt, up to a height of 2,600 feet, is the oak-beech transition zone. Between 2,600 and 4,300 feet is the typical beech zone. It contains ample supplies of timber. Fin- ally a pine zone, equally well stocked, extends between 4,300 and 6,600 feet. Bulgaria's forest area in 1908 comprised 7,086,232 acres, of which 1,- 611,423 were national property. No statistics have been available since that date. The forests were then valued at $125,000,000, but entire sections were destroyed during the Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913. UPS AND DOWNS IN MATCHES A survey of the world's supply and demand for matches by the Can- adian Trade Commissioner at Leeds is interesting. Sweden and Norway are the main sources of supply and, before the war, Austria took third place. Germany could not compete with cheaper goods from Japan. France had a government monopoly in matches, but since the largest factories are in the section occupied by the Germans, must now import. The United States and Russia have large match industries, but as both countries have or had a high protective tariff, they could not compete in the international market. Under the revised tariff in the United States, however, Scandinavian matches have made their appearance increasingly. South America supplies itself with an inferior match. Since the downfall of the Austrian supply, India offers a good field. The Japanese control the far East Asiatic market, but in India and other European colonies they have lost ground, apparently on account of inferior ciuality of product. While during the period 1907 to 1912 the match market was unfavorable, the stopping by the war of several sources of supply has given an impetus, especially to Swedish manufacturers, and prices have been very high, clue in part to increase in value of raW pro- ducts. * * * * DRESSING TREE WOUNDS Experiments with different substances for covering pruning wounds, by G. H. Howe, showed the following results, says the Bulletin of the Inter- national Institute of Agriculture:— White lead, white zinc, yellow ochre, coal tar, shellac, and carbolineum were employed on pruning wounds of various sizes and age of apple and peach trees, with some wounds untreated for check. The observations were made in the two seasons following the treatment. In all cases the untreated wounds healed more rapidly than the protected ones. Shellac caused the least in- jury to the cambium, but had least adhesive power. Carbolineum and ochre were very injurious, the white paints the least so; especially white lead was most efficacious; tar is evaporated too easily. Nothing is gained by waiting with the application, In peach trees, and presumably other stone fruit, all substances produce damage. The total result is inimical to the use of dressings, but the author admits that for a longer period of observation infection of fungi, which was not observed in the two seasons, might occur and change the finding. MOTORS FOR LOGGING Although motor trucks and tractors have been used in logging opera- tions on the Pacific Coast, to a limited extent in the past, such use received Canadian Foreslrij Journal, Julu, }-fI7 .1219 a great impetus lasl year, due to the high priee of steel and raih'oad equipment, notes the Ameriean I.umi)erman. One logger reports thai on a 7.17 1221 Every Forester and Lumberman Should Have This Book HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN By JAY L. B. TAYLOR Forest Ranger, United States Forest Service. This Handbook will be a helpful guide to all engaged in woods work, and those whose recreation takes them into rough and unsettled regions. It has been pre- pared as a result of the author's experience in field work of the United States Forest Service. A feature of this book is its convenient size and the flexibility of its binding. 429 pages, il4 x 63.^, 236 figures. Flexible binding, $2.50 net. THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW By J. P. KINNEY, A.B., LL.B., M.F. This volume has been prepared to meet the needs of those engaged in the study or practice of forestry, and the requirements of lumbermen and others interested directly in the production and sale of timber products. 308 pages. 6x9. Cloth, $3.00 net. 2ND EDITION, THOROUGHLY REVISED THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (Forest Organization) By A. B. RECKNAGEL, B.A., M.F., Professor of Forestry, Cornell University. In this edition the author has brought the book into accord with the best usage of today. Many important changes have been made which increases its usefulness to the forester. 279 pages, 6x9. illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. Canadian Forestry Journal 119 Booth Building, OTTAWA 1222 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 ond growth of pine had twenty-seven years ago, in many cases, attained a diameter of four to six inches at the but . To-day these trees are ten to eighteen inches at the butt and forty to fifty feet high. Left alone for an- other cjuarter of a century or so there would be in this section a magnificent forest of mature pine. But, so I am told, these immature trees are about to be cut down and sawn up for what can be got out of them now. The chances are that, in the subsecfuent burning of the refuse, fires will be started that will destroy a host of trees still farther from maturity. It does seem a sinful waste of Nature's bounties. Ontario's Duty These sandy areas at either end of the Great Saucer should never have been alienated from the public do- main. They should have been re- tained as part of a Provincial forest reserve. The duty of to-day is to see that they are brought back into pub- lic ownership and made to serve the purpose Nature intended them to serve — the growing of timber. Replanting for Soldiers In its editorial columns, the "Globe' observes : In the absence of public regulation, this sort of thing will go on until, between cutting and burning, the dune will be left a barren waste, absolutely bare of tree growth of any kind. Then the dunes, a mass of light sand, lashed by winds sweeping down from Georgian Bay, will become a very serious menace to the fertile valley lying to the south. To the south of the valley, and north of Barrie, is a sand plateau where the present and past conditions of the sand dunes to the north are re- peated. This plateau was also once covered with timber. Years ago the mature growth was removed. To-day there are considerable numbers of young pines growing from seed scat- tered by the parent stock. Cutting and burning here, too, as the years pass, in the absence of public control, will leave a sandy waste, with more danger to the valley lying below. Both plateau and dunes are vir- tually value-less for real agricultural purposes. Both could, under in- telligent forestry management, be made to yield a perpetual source of timber wealth, and, incidentally, to give added protection from storms to one of the most fertile sections of the Province. Intelligent forestry mana- gement can be secured only by the Province taking hold of the property, keeping out cattle, preventing fire, and filling in the bare places by plant- ing. The borders of Nottawasaga valley form only one of numerous sections in which such a policy should be followed A well-thought-out and earnestly prosecuted pohcy of reafforestation is one of the most important duties to be taken up after the war. In that work many returned soldiers could find useful and congenial employment. iCourtesy, "Rod'and Gun." On the Portage Canadidii Forcslrii Jou/ikiI, Jiili/, 1U71 1223 Forest Protection Work in B.C, The ori«anizalion of this year's fire protection work in the province pro- vides for the employment of 65 As- sistant Forest Rangers for a period of live months. These men were selected by an Appointment Board, consisting of two Coast and two I - terior hmibermen, with three Forest Branch officials, from the applicants who were successful in passing the civil service examination held for this position. These examinations were written and oral, were severely prac- tical, and intended to show the appli- cant's knowledge of general woods work, fire fighting, and ability to sub- mit reports. In addition the record of each applicant's previous experi- ence aiong lines of work which would fit him for the work he would be re- quired to do in the Forest Service counted he vily in the final selection of. the men. By this system of ex- aminations and appointments — made with the approval of representative lumberme — the Forest Service is assured of a forest protection field p. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. 4.— ... *_.- PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Technical training and ten years experience, in part with U. S. Forest Service. Timber Estimating and Mapping Supervision of Lumber Contracts Surveying Forest Planting STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. I i i i force of men who have had experience in woods work and in the handling of men. During the most hazardous part of the fire season each Assistant Ranger will be provided with a num- ber of patrolmen, so that during the season of greatest danger this year's plan of organization provides for the employment of at least as large a force as was engaged last year. A change in the method of patrol has been made in some instances. When the system of roadways will permit, the Assistant Rangers have been pro- vided with specially equipped motor cars, and this is proving an effective method of patrol. In spite of old H. C. L., one Pennsylvania State Forest tree-plant- ing camp served 3,000 meals last spring at an average cost of sixteen and one-half cents each. FORESTERS AND RANGERS EVERYTHING YOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US Compasses Tapes Scribes Transits &c. Aneroids Log Rules Lumber Gauges Levels, &c. The Ontario Hughes Owens Company 529 Sussex St. jff . — OTTAWA, ONT. 1224 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 A QUALITY CHEW Its Reliable Qualities have made of STA.G CHEWING TOBACCO A Favorite of the Connoisseurs Canadian Forest 11/ Journal, Juhj, 1917 1225 Canada is undoiibtedly to l)c called upon to become one of the world's greatest sources for the supply of pulp and paper. '^IMiis industry has grown by leaps and bounds during recent years, and further large de- velopments are to be anticipated, both in the east and west. This will mean a constantly increasing strain upon our forest resources, and must result in careful consideration as to whether very large areas, in which the heaviest cutting is being done or is to be done, are not in danger of depletion. The Commission of Conservation has started a study of these fundamen- tal problems. This investigation will have for its objects the determination of the extent to which cut-over pulp- w^ood lands are reproducing valuable species in potentially commercial quantities; the effect of fire on re- production, and the rate of growth of the reproduction present, to determine how long after cutting one may reasonably expect another crop. The answer to these questions should go far in determining what additional measures are necessary, to place the business of pulpwood production upon a thoroughly permanent basis. The work for this season is under the direction of Dr. C. D. Howe of the ^..^-M 111 - 111 m ■ '■ "i* R. O. SWEEZEY B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E. CONSULTING ENGINEER. Water Powers. Timber Lands. Forest Industries. 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. j MIINATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, iMechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOLS — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY QUEEN^S UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. GEO. Y. CHOWN, Registrar. * +,_. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information addres*: DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. 1226 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1917 Faculty of Forestry of Toronto Uni- versity. A co-operative arrangement has been made, under which the first part of the study is hereby made upon the limits of the'Laurentide Company, Limited, whose forester, Mr. Ellwood Wilson, is co-operating in the field investigations. It is expected that similar studies will be made in other sections of the pulpwood forests of Canada during succeeding years. The results will undoubtedly be of the greatest interest to all who are directly or indirectly concerned in the perpetuation of this great industry. — From article by "C. L." in ''Con- servation." The Case for the Lumber Exporter Continued from Page 1217 trade or industry has been the sub- ject of the most thorough and efficient organization, that branch surely is the export lumber trade of Canada. I venture to say that the firms en- gaged in the export lumber business of the Dominion keep themselves thoroughly well posted and have done so for years, as to lumber conditions existing in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom." Mr. Hawkins be- lieved the critical assertions of Cap- tain Weir's article had no application to the firms represented in the Can- adian Lumbermen's Association. Try This Stump Pulle . V* »»• ■ The Smith Stump Puller ^r ff Iff* KtSH -will take out every tree and stump by the roots, clearing from one to three acres a day, doing ork of twenty men. We want ^ „>;nd for our 3 jrear guarao , breakage and our opositioD Address Smith Grubber Co Sta. . Minn YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven. Connecticut, U.S.A. YALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. U is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in th« number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wUl warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology. Silviculture, FoKst Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regjilar two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania. For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY. Director New Haven - Connecticut TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hardy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYE-DE-HURST&SON^DENNYHURST - DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. 1 Hiirs Seedlings and Transplants 1 A I-SO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over I ■" half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Evergrreen Specialists J Largest Growers in America. { Box 503 Dundee, 111., U.S.A. PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mattresses may be used on damp ground with perfect safety — they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary, with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated — may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor >achting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government. Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. 4 .. _ .-_ .,x„ «»„ 537 17th Street. Pneumatic Mfgr. Co- Brooklyn, n.y. Canadinn Forcslrij Jounuii Jiihi, 1917 1227 *„ „„ „„ .„ „„ „„ „„ .„ „„ ,,„ ., ,,., „, „„ „„ „„ „„^,, „„ „„ „ .„ ,„ „, .„ .„ ,.., .„ .„^_.. .J. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC | Department of Lands and Forests Quebec, 2nd June, 1917. Public notice is hereby given that, in conformity with the law, on the 21st August next, at 11 o'clock a.m., at the office of the Minister of Lands & Forests Dept., Quebec, there will be offered permits to cut timber on lands belong- ing to the Crown in the Upper- Ottawa, Lower- Ottawa, St. Maurice, Lake St. John, East and West, Saguenay, Rimouski West and Bonaventure West agencies, com- prising several large blocks in the Abitibi, Upper- Ottawa and head waters of the St. Maurice and Gatineau and on River Chamouchouan. Permits will be adjudged to the highest bidder. The price of ad jud." cation is payable in 3 equal instal- ments. The permit to cut will be subect to the ordinary con- ditions of the Law & Regulation and the grantees of any of the aforesaid territory must, within a delay o' three years, manufacture, in the province of Quebec, with the timber cut in said territory, either pulp or paper in the proportion of ten tons per day, or sawn lumber in the proportion of ten thousand feet board measure per day, per hundred square miles. Further information may be had by applying to the Department of Lands and Forests. ELZ-MIVILLE DECHENE, Deputy-Minister, Department of Lands and Forests I 4- PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes, Skiffs and -Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada SLEEP with a COMFORT ON Al R SLEEPING POCKET (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 6 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A.. Dealers write Phones in the Forest Make the life of the forester better worth living. They relieve him from the appalling loneliness. They help him to keep in human voice touch with foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire — sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the Office nearest you. Ni^rtfiarn Ehctnc Compafty Montreal Halifax Ottawa UMITEO Toronto London Winnipeg Regina Calgary Vancouver -"^^ ^Northern - Electric -Forest-Tetenhones- czzzznzz: .. ,^~- ) i — 4. muvn m mmm SEP I91T \/ Ml^/ ^^.. \^ i 7 .^ «! •^^v Tents And Ever^ Other Accessory For the Forest Ranger and Bushman That Can be Made Out of Canvas. Smart- Woods, Limited Ottawa - Toronto - Montreal - Winnipeg UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES FACULTIES OF ARTS, MEDICINE, APPLIED SCIENCE, HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, EDUCATION, FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICE. THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY OFFERS A FOUR-YEAR COURSE, LEADING TO THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY. For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. 4>i CIRCULATION, AUGUST, 6,000 COPIES Canadian Forestry Journal Vol. XIII. WOODSTOCK ONT.. AUGUST, 1917 No. 8 CONTENTS FOR AUGUST The Dollar Value of our National Parks 1233 Illustrated with six photographs Provincial Rights — And the Western Forests 1240 How Shall Planted Lands Be Taxed? 1243 Who Owns the Young Growth? 1242 Damaging Fires Sweep Sections of the West 1245 Insurance on Timberlands 1250 What Birds are Worth to Forests 1252 Restoring War-Damaged Forests 1254 Forest Exhaustion a Peril to Canada 1255 Conscripting Forests for Peace or War 1257 The Deadly Manzanillo 1261 Fifty Years or Five Hundred? 1262 Tapping Trees for Resin 1263 Forest Management in Morocco 1263 Tree Culture in Uruguay 1263 Forest Management in Formosa 1264 The Diplomatic Forest Ranger 1265 Britain's Task of Restoring Her Forests 1268 French Addresses at Quebec Centres 1271 The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Communications to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by llie Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post Office at Woodstock, Ont., as second-class matter. 1232 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1917 MOUNT SEMPER Canadian Forcslri; Journal, Auyiist, 1!>I7 \'2'.\'.^ The Dollar Value of our National Parks Telling of the Remarkable Gold Mine that Lies in Natural Scenery. FIFTY MILLIONS IN TOURIST TRAFFIC \V. T. I'olison, Organizer of Ihc Canadian Travel Association, (formerly General Adverlisini» Agent of the C.P.I^.j, prepared a careful estimate of the amount of money spent by tourists in Canada in the year 191:'). His figures were 850,000,000. These figures place the value of tourist traffic in the fourth position with respect to revenue from Canada's national resources. The comparison is: — Held crops, Canada, 1913 509,437,000 Forest products, " " 161,093,000 Minerals, " " 102,300,000 Tourist traffic, " " 50,000,000 Fisheries, " " 43,667,000 In adding up our national assets there is one source of revenue which is often overlooked and that is natural scenery. Timber and agricultural lands, coal and minerals, water powers and fisheries — the value of these is easily recognized, but we are just beginning to realize that lands whose chief endowment is scenic beauty may from the purely dollars and cents point of view be as valuable as any and in the long run possibly even more valuable. Like other nat- ural resources, natural scenery is in constant danger of spoliation by pri- vate interests and requires conserva- tion and development to reach its highest valtie. National parks are a recognition of these principles. They are reservations set aside by the government in order that our finest scenic areas may be conserved and developed for public benefit and ad- vantage for all time. Travel Now Easy and Cheap The value of natural scenery, how- ever, depends chiefly upon its accessi- bility and it is only within compara- tively recent years that it could be said to have a value at all. So long as travel was difficult and tedious, requiring an expenditure of time and money which placed it beyond the '*" "" '■" "' "" '■ '^'^ "" "" "" ■" "* "" "■ "•!• enjoyment of all but a limited few,, natural scenery was only a local possession. The developments of the last century have made travel so easy and cheap that it is now within reach of almost everyone. The de- sire for travel, for seeing the cus- toms, manners and scenery of other lands than our own, springs eternal in the human breast and it is a taste that grows by what it feeds on. The consequence is that travel simply for pleasure has in recent years reach- ed enormous proportions, involving in those countries which particularly attract it, expenditures of hundreds of millions of dollars per year. A Tourist Gold-Mine A glance at the tourist revenues of some of the popular European countries before the war shows how great these expenditures may be. Figures compiled by a trustworthy authority placed the tourist revenue of France in 1913 — the year before the war, at $600,000,000. Switzer- land's share was estimated at S250,- 000,000 and Italy's at over SlOO,- 000,000. In these countries tourist travel is recognized by the authori- ties as one of their most important sources of wealth and shortly before the outbreak of the present conflict one of the prominent members of 1234 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 191', TAKAKKAU FALLS, YOHO PARK the Italian Chamber of Deputies advocated that a State Tourist Bur- eau should be created by the Govern- ment, as one of the easiest and most desirable means of increasing the national income. The case of Switzerland is the most evident example of what the posses- sion of exceptional natural scenery may mean. Before the development of modern travel Switzerland was a poor and struggling country, depend- ent chiefly on her lace and jewellery industries for a livelihood. The ad- vent of the tourist brought a pros- perity which was felt throughout the entire country and which was es- pecially beneficial to the peasant class. Whole districts where the peo- ple had formerly with difficulty eked out a scantv living, were able to sub- sist in comfort by catering to the needs of foreign visitors. Uncle Sam Sightseeing A large share of this wealth came from this continent. The great gulf stream of tourist travel which flowed across the Atlantic in the decade preceeding 1914, is estimated to have carried between $300,000,000 and $500,000,000 per year to the shores of the Old World. A foreign mar- ket which was worth $500,000,000 w^ould receive the respectful attention of any government. In addition it must be remembered that in the case of natural scenery the capital stock does not diminish with use. It is a veritable Fortun- atus' purse. No matter how much is disposed of there is always the same wealth left. In fact, its value tends rather to increase with use, Canadian Forcslrij Journal, August, 1917 1235 for as in most other businesses cus- tomers who are satisfied with the wares they have purchased tend to become advertisers, and the reputa- tion of being able to attract numbers, brings additional numbers. Tourist travel within the United States has, in recent years, reached considerable dimensions. Profits in Pine Woods Figures compiled by the New Eng- land Railway lines show that about 1,400,000 guests are accommodated in the New England States during the summer season, and their ex- penditure is placed at not less than S100,000,000. The pine woods of Maine, without the cutting of a stick of timber are worth S40,000,000 per year from the tourists they attract and it is said that even if the blos- soms of the orange trees of Florida never came to fruit they would still be worth more than all the other products of her soil. Mary Roberts Rhinehart recently stated in the "Saturday Evening Post" that tourist travel to Cuba at the present time exceeds the value of the tobacco and sugar output com- bined, while the coral reefs of Ber- muda produce a crop of dollars which even the famous lilies and onions cannot rival. Canada, a World Playground Tourist travel to this country, however, is as yet in its infancy. Canada's possibilities as a playground are only beginning to be reahzed by foreigners and even by Canadians themselves. But there is no doubt that in the Canadian Rockies Can- ada has natural scenery of sufficient attractions to draw nature lovers from all parts of the world. Dr. T. G. Langstaff, the famous English alpinist, after his visit to this country a few years ago, declared the Can- adian Rockies were destined to be- come the playground of the world for the next century; other travellers familiar with the Alps, the Andes, and the Himalayas affirm that the Can- adian mountains have a charm and attraction of their own which the higher ranges cannot supply. The average tourist, however, as Secretary Lane recently pointed out, seeks the line of least resistance. Beautiful scenery alone is not suffi- cient to bring continued numbers MALIGNE LAKE, JASPER PARK. 1236 Canadian^ Forestry Journal, August, 1917 *■— ♦ in o < I. 1 Canadian Fonsliij Journal, Aiiyusl, 11)1/ 1237 of people to a districi. As a rule the tourist seeks the best available but only where it is readily accessible and where there is satisfactorA,' ac- commodation. Develoi)menl and organization is as necessary in the tourist business as in any other. No matter how wonderful our Rockies may be, the majority of people would not care to visit them inless assured of com- fort, convenience and safety. What National Parks Mean National Parks provide in the best way the necessary organization. They first preserve and protect the area forever and then see that it is made as accessible as possible to all classes of people. The Dominion Parks Branch concerns itself with the cjiial- ity of service of whatever kind ren- dered by these dealing with the tour- ist: Character of accommodation; avoidance of congestion; protection against extortion; provision of minor attractions to fill in between the na- ture trips; the construction and main- tenance of roads and trails of first class character in order that the various attractions may be comfort- ably and' safely, reached; special care in the matter of the dust nuisance and the rough road nuisance; super- vision over sanitary ccndiaons; water supply, horses and vehicles, guides, drivers, charges and rates; furnishing of full and rehable information; and, generally, in not only reducing dis- comforts to a minimum but so ad- ministering matters that the tourist shall be as well satisfied with the treatment received while in the parks as he is with the natural beauty of the scenery. Publicity Pays Although comparatively little has been done in the w^ay of organized pubhcity for the Canadian Parks, they attract each year an increasing volume of traffic. The total number of visitors at the two chief resorts in the Rockies — Banff and Lake Louise — during the 5 years from 1910 to 1914 inclusive, was 321,823, about half of whom were foreigners. In 1915, the year of the Pacific exhibi- tions, the numbers reached over 100,- 000. Ll is difficult to es;imaie what this traffic is worth. The Secretary of the Interior at Washington esti- mates that in 1915 over 8100,000,000 of the money which formerly went to Europe w^as diverted to the United Stales National Parks. It is only within recent years that the United States government has recognized that national parks pay in mere dol- lars and cents, and it is now entering upon a very active and aggressive policy of publicity and development in order to reap as much as possible of the commercial benefits of its national parks. The Coming of The Motor \Mthin the last two years a new factor has developed which promises to increase enormously tourist travel to the national parks of both coun- tries. This is the automobile. For- merly almost all of the L'nited States parks were closed to automobiles. About a year or so ago as a result of very strong representations they were all finally thrown open and the influx of travel resulting has been remark- able. In 1915, 12,563 cars entered the various parks. In 1916 there were 19,848 cars, carrying 78,916 tourists. Mr. Stephen T. Mather, Assistant to the Secretary of the Interior, who was specially appointed by him to look after parks administration and de- velopment, says in his recent pro- gress report: "This tremendous in- crease in automobile travel leads to one conclusion only, and that is, that in the early future, travel in private machines will overtake the increasing railroad travel and con- stitute the greater part of all park New Auto Roads ^NTotor travel through the Can- adian parks is as yet small, compared with that in the United States parks owing to the absence of through motor roads in this country, but when once the new transmontane motor road from Calgary to ^'an- couver is completed, there is no doubt that thousands 'Of people will wish to take advantage of the opportunity of seeing the mountains in this in- timate and delightful way. For it 1238 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1917 VALtEY OF THE TEN PEAKS, ROCKY ?40UNTAINS PARK, FROM MORAINE LAKE ROAD. EMERALD LAKE, YOHO PARK. Canddian Foivslrij JoiiriKtl, Aiujiisl, lUl/ 1239 will be dilTiciili to iiiul an\\vlicro in the world a lour wiiich can surj^ass the attraclions which this new road will open — hundreds of miles of con- tinuous travel through alpine scenery of unsurpassed grandeur, over a road which has an elevation of nearly a mile above sea level but never ex- ceeds a grade of six per cent. — this will form a holiday tour which few, if any, other countries can offer. The road is already open from Cal- gary to the Divide and under con- struction in British Columbia. It is expected that a branch road will also be completed in the near future, to Lake Louise. Last autumn sev- eral hundred cars came to Banff from the prairie provinces and this is un- doubtedly only a beginning of the tide of travel which the future is likely to develop. Thousands of prairie farmers now own cars and a trip to the heart of the mountains in a pleasant and inexpensive way is already within their reach. Calgary is only 70 miles from Banff; the crest of the Divide, 30 miles farther. With good roads this is a journey of only a few hours. As soon as they realize the situation, there is no doubt that increasing numbers will avail them- selves of this opportunity. Last sea- son, many motorists brought with them tents and camping parapher- nalia. As a rule this class of tourist prefers to "camp out" while in the parks in preference to staying at hotels and during the past summer a permanent camp site charmingly sit- uated at the junction of the Bow and Spray rivers, was laid out for their accommodation. This year the differ- ent Automobile Clubs of Alberta are holding an "auto week" at Banff when a programme of special attrac- tions will be arranged for their amuse- ment. The Rockies Next Motor travel has in the last decade made a playground of the White Mountains; in the next it seems likely to discover the Rockies. No esti- mates have yet been made as to the value of this class of travel but its sum total is no doubt large. In the Pacific Coast and Western States, [i is considered so important that an organized effort is being made to attract it. Denver recently spent $75,000 in advertising its attractions and expects, it is said, to get .S-jO,- 000,000 in return, largely through motor travel. These figures are en- ormous and at first sight unbelievable but they indicate the possibilities which lie in motor travel. ' ' Peop le\s Estates''' The above facts indicate why the Dominion parks may be considered a sound business investment. Money spent in development will undoubted- ly bring in a return many times the amount invested. But the greatest value of national parks after all can- not be reckoned in dollars and cents. Our national parks have great poten- tialities of wealth but they are worth more for their potentialities of pleas- ure and vitality. They are great playgrounds set aside forever prim- arily for the advantage and enjoy- ment of Canadians, so that the time may never come in Canada, as it has already come in many parts of the older countries, when almost all the beautiful wild places of Nature will be in preserves owned by the wealthy and into which the people are not allowed to come. The Canadian parks are in reality "people's estates" providing facilities for the best kind of recreation, that which is found in the great out-of-doors. As such they are reservoirs of pleasure, happiness and vitality the value of which it is impossible to estimate. NORWAY HOUSE LOYALTY Extract from monthly report, for February, 1917, from Mr. Jas. T. Blackford, Chief Fire Ranger, Nor- way House, Manitoba. "In this connection it might be permissible for me to mention that during the month a patriotic concert was given Jiere at Norway House for the entertainment of the Indians and in aid of patriotic funds. Each of us as rangers spent considerable time in planning for the success of the evening and as chairman I gave an address on the L'nion Jack. Pro- ceeds were, with donations, $120. All these things, I believe to be in- directly in line with our work." 1240 Canadian Forestry Journal, Auyiist, 191/ ii Provincial Rights'' — And the Western Forests By the Editor. What Ownership of the Forests Would Actually Mean to Prairie Provinces. Premier Sifton of All)erla was sponsor of a resolution at the recent Winnipeg Convention of Liberals to the effect that Manitoba, Saskatch- ewan and Alberta should be placed upon the same basis as the older provinces in respect to ownership of their natural resources. With the political side of the long- standing dispute over control of natural resources in the prairie prov- inces the Forestry Journal has no concern. So peculiarly, however, is the c[uestion related to proper man- agement of the Western forests that some reference to it in these pages is legitimate and desirable. No Canadian concerned in con- servation as a vital public policy has his primary interest in the name or political identity or even the location of those entrusted with the protec- tion and development of the forest resources of the prairie provinces. What happens to the western forests is the main, indeed the only point of apprehension. One may retort that the western provinces are as capable of estimating their own forest problems and applying policies as is the Dominion; and to that end might be willing to institute Departments of Lands and Forests. Does West Expect Revenues'! On the other hand, it is undoubted- ly true that the Western provinces, or at least the bulk of their citizens have an impression that ownership of the forests would constitute an immediate and rich source of revenue to the provincial treasury and that in demanding control of the forest resources they are asking the Dom- inion to enhance their cash income. That the ownership of the Western forests is an immediate financial lia- bility to the Dominion Government, that the total income from Western oresLs does hot equal the total outlay for protection and improvement is a plain fact that invariably causes incredulous- wonder when brought to the attention of the Westerner. In speaking to audiences in many West- ern cities in April last the Secretary of the Forestry Association encounter- ed a universal impression that the Dominion Government was making a snug fortune from owning the for- ests of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, and that the m^in motive in retaining the forests under Dom- inion authority was probably cupid- ity. What Protection Costs The Dominion Forestry Branch spends $100,000 annually on for- est protection in Manitoba. The total revenues do not exceed $12,000. On the forests of Saskatchewan $145,000 is spent by the Branch and S9,000 is received. On the forests of Alberta S200,- 000 is spent and $18,000 is re- ceived. Even counting in the receipts of the Timber and Grazing Branch, the Dominion Government spends about $200,000 a year on the prairie forests that is not covered by income. If the forests are handed over to the western provinces, they must accept the situation as it actually is, not as political fairy tales would have it appear. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, instead of adding to their revenues, would then have to find at least $200,000 from some fresh source with which to pay the CAiniulian Forvslrij Journai Augnsl, I!) J 7 1211 cash deficit on one year's iuuKllini!; of tiieir new forest possessions. Subsidies Forfeited More than that, they would auto- matically forfeit the provincial sul)- sidies paid by the Dominion Govern- ment amounting to: Manitoba $469,007. Saskatchewan $r)G2,500. Alberta $562,500. as a Dominion allowance in lieu of public lands. These subsidies are paid as com- pensation for Dominion control of the natural resources, and would lapse with any transfer of title to the lands. What proportion of the subsidies is represented by the forest resources is not ascertainable, but assuredly it would represent a very large sum for each province. The net result would be that Manitoba, for example, not only would lose that portion of its provincial subsidies, represented by the forests, but would have no immediate financial compensation whatever from fores' management and must needs disburse a very large sum annually from general taxatior to pay for forest patrol. The Forestry Journal again em- phasizes its dissociation from the political phases of the question and its sole desire to shed the light of statistical facts on a very evident misunderstanding. The Interests of the West If the West asks the right to im- prove the conservation methods as applied to its provincial forests and is willing to assume a very heavy annual outlay for that purpose, then the transfer of the forest resources from the Dominion Government takes on a rather pleasing color. But if certain Western leaders, believing they are on the trail of a gold mine, propose that one single dollar shall be spared from the necessary out- lays now applied to forest protection and restoration in the prairie prov- inces, then no citizen of Canada can support the proposition without be- traving the vital interests of the West itself. The prairie provinces need their forests. Tiieir northern areas are designed by unchangea])le natural conditions for I rec growing and for that mainly. Seventy-five or eighty per cent, of the northern lands now tree covered will never pay profits to agriculture. To strip them of tim- ber by means of forest fires means to strip them of the only income-pro- ducing crop they can ever give. They will become the desert lands of the West. Thousands of square miles are already in that condition. Fire Ravages The truth, as fixed by reconnais- sance parties of the Dominion For- estry Branch, is that a survey of 100,000 square miles across the tops of the three prairie provinces showed that only thirteen acres in a huhdred of lands naturally well timbered, con- tained trees of eight inches or more in diameter. In other words, series of disastrous forest fires, coming in cycles of, roughly, thirty years, have so gutted the prairie forest supplies as to reduce them to a fraction of their original values. Unless the prairie province f crests are kept clear of fires by Government protective systems, such as are now applied by the Dominion, and built up by re- planting and by regulating cutting operations, — all of which involve heavy expense — the provincial forest resources will soon be in such hope- less condition as to be hardly worth holding by either Dominion or Prov- ince. How Forests Contribute The western forests, as they stand, are cf immense value to the settlers in the neighborhood of the Reserves, w^ho get practically free lumber. They support numerous lumber in- dustries and give invaluable aid to the coal mines with pit props, and to the irrigation enterprises with watershed protection. One must bear in mind, however, that the popula- tion of the West is only in its infancy, that the future will place a value upon the forest possessions incalculably greater than does the present genera- tion. The population of the New Canada of a few years hence will re- quire abundant and cheap wood sup- 1242 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1917 plies even more than the people of 1917. For every tree maturing in 1930 or 1950 there will be an im- portant use and an eager market. The province that possesses a near- at-hand wood supply will outstrip the province in which neither care nor foresight has been exercised in its growing forests. The forests of Alberta are prim- arily for Alberta's use. So with Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Each province gets all the dividends of con- servation, whether that conservation is applied and paid for by a provincial or a Dominion Government. The Real Question To all informed students of the situation the question to be settled is not who shall administer the for- ests of the three prairie provinces, but whether any authority, save the Dominion Government, would be willing to put up the money to do the job at all. IL is not a matter of selling timber and securing nice profits for the public treasury but of growing the timber of overtaking the gross damage of repeated forest fires. Not of cashing in on some of the "in- exhaustible" resources but of stop- ping the exhaustion. Not of ex- tracting financial fillips for the pres- ent, but of laying a broad foundation for the necessities of the future. This is something of what is meant by "control of the forest resources of the prairie provinces." And it is at the same time substantially opposed to what the platform exponents of 'provincial ownership' sometimes would wish their constituents to un- derstand. Who Owns the Young Growth? "Does a limit 1 older own the voung growth?" A most interesting decision on this point was rendered recently in the courts of Quebec by Judge L. J. A. Desy, of the Superior Court, Three Rivers district Judge Desy de- cided that a licensee could sue on fire damage caused not only to his timber of legal size but to what had not yet attained the dimensions on which his cutting rights were based. The dispute arose through a suit instituted by a licensee against a railroad contractor who, in the face of warnings, had set fire to a pi'e of old ties and caused a serious burn in adjoining timber and young growth, but particularly to the latter. The defendant's lawyer entered the in- genious plea that as the licensee was permitted by the Government to cut only what was of a given diameter, that therefore the Government was the owner of what fel. under that diameter. Licenses being renewed year by year, argued the defendant, .t was preposterous to assert that a license holder had more than a year's ^utting rights or could assert that certain trees would become his prop- erty many years hence w^hen they had reached maturity. Judge Desy. however, looked upon the licensee as the proprietor of the young growth for the reason that his rights could in future increment not well be cancelled unless by violation of the Government regulations. The defendant was obliged to settle the claim, which was in the neighborhood of four thousand dollars. THE CpVER PICTURE The cover picture this month shows Mount Assiniboine, British Columbia. It was taken by Mr. Herbert O. Frind, a well-known member of the Alpine Club of Canada. The July cover picture was also from one of Mr. Frind 's photographs. THE CANADA LUMBERMAN The annual number of the Canada Lumberman is a particularly hand- some and elaborate production, con- taining numbers of special articles of decided interest and value. Editor Horace Boultbee is to be congratu- lated upon the scope and timeliness of the contents. ('.((n(t" men familiar with the area affected, and the portions already destroyed and threatened with destruction are among the best of the south British Columbia district." On July 2()th, Nelson had its first rain for 33 days. The fall was heavy but brief. Fernie reported a gradual dying down of the worst of the old fires. On July 27th, however, high winds arose, causing renewed anxiety. A new fire broke out at Ella, from locomotive sparks, and another start- ing in one of the camps of the Elk Lumber Company on Spruce Creek, up the Elk River, found its w^ay into a neighboring guUey. The conse- quences of this outbreak is graphically summed up in the following despatch dated, Fernie, July 29: — 56 Trapped— 30 Accounted For Fernie, B.C., July 29. — Tw^o more bodies so charred that recognition is impossible were taken down from the scene of the Elk Lumber com- pany fire of Saturday and Nick Mus- covich, who displayed unusual brav- ery following the fire, dying to-day, has now fixed the known dead at 11. The various directions taken by the fugitives from the fire has made it difficult to check up the survivors. It is known that 5() men were trapped and 30 are accounted for, but it will be some time before the final result is known. Fernie, B.C., July 29. — Eleven men are known to have perished and a number are missing in a fire that swept the Spruce river valley, 15 miles northeast of here Saturday afternoon. Sixty odd men and about 20 teams were trapped in camp 14 of the Elk Lumber company, which is situated in a blind valley and their flight over the mountain was most difficult. Eleven bodies have been picked up in the rear of the fire and the ter- rible agony the men endured is shown in their contorted features. Nick Muscovich, a Russian, was found alive, his eyes burned sightless, and almost elemented. His body was severely burned and all his clothing was gone, except his boots, but after being given first aid he reovered and urged the rescuers to leave him and help men he knew to be beyond him. With assistance he walked to the emergency hospital and was later brought to Fernie. Terrible Experiences in Spruce Vallei; A vivid picture of the sudden and vicious sweep of the Spruce River \'alley fire will convey to readers some idea of the terrible character of a conflagration in mountain reg- ions. It is w^orth noting that the cause of the outbreak was said to be in a lumberjack's tent, possibly from a cigarette, and also that the flames received a great impetus be- cause of the presence of c{uantities of slash from the lumbering opera- tions. This fire yesterday originated Wed- nesday evening about supper iime when it started in one of the tents at camp No. 8, located at the lower end of the valley nearest the Elk river. Everything in the camp was wiped out then, but the 40 odd men stationed there experienced no fur- ther serious discomfort other than the loss of their personal belongings. From this the fire spread through the slashings and up the valley to the mountain sides. The men at camp No. 8 and additional assistance furn- ished by J. C. Hart, district forest ranger, were continually engaged in fighting it until noon Saturday, when it was believed to have been extin- guished and strict vigilance not deem- ed necessary any further the men were allowed to get a well deserved rest. Within one hour, however, a terrific gale rose and fanned some hidden embers into flame with such rapidity that in no time the fire was revived and utterly beyond control. The flames soared higher and higher and huge volumes of smoke rose high 1248 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1917 above the siirroimding mountains and were visible for many miles aroimd. Climbed over Mountains At camps 12 and 14 about 125 men were employed. These were in the path of the flames and with their es- cape down ihe logging railroad en- tirely cut off, they were obliged to seek safety by travehng over sur- rounding mountains and beat their retreat cross country as best they could. Many were successful, but it is feared that at least 10 were over- taken by the fire and perished. \\'ithin a large radirs from the lire the heat was unbearable and while rescue parties and medical aid were rushed from here promptly great difficulty was experienced in getting near to attempt to release the trapped men and as far as fighting the fire was concerned, it was beyond human power. Many head of live stock were used in the logging operations, some of which escaped by being cut from the vehicles by the drivers, and being liberated some raced through the flames down the valley, the har- ness, manes and tails aflame. Tried Flight hi] Engine George Bronson was one of the engineers on the logging railroad. Apparently he had attempted to bring his engine down through the fire and escape in that manner, but fallen timbers obstrucied the track and finding it impcssible to proceed, he sought safety in the nearby creek, where he was found frightfully burn- ed, with his head submerged. Cavannia had been pinned down by a falling timber and burned to death. PacqT.ette Mas the most hor- ribly biirned of the bodies so .far re- covered. Search parties are to-day operating through the fire swept area and a heavy shower last night has ma- terially cjuenched the fire and also temporarily brought about a con- dition whereby the starting of fires will not be so great. Apart from the loss of life the prop- erty loss to the Elk Lumber company will be heavy. The three camps are completely wiped out and it is said large quantities of logs and material also v/ere destroyed. This is ex- tremely unfortunate, as this season is the first for three years that the large sawmill of that company has operated here, and the disaster yes- terday will almost certainly result in all operations being suspended for some considerable time. The Fire in the Crow's Nest Valley . On Friday afternoon, July 20th, in the early afternoon a fire started at the head of the flume of the McLaren Lumber Company on Allison Creek in the Crowsnest district in the prov- ince of Alberta, close in the vicinity of a small sawmill which was erected at that point for the purpose of saw- ing m'aterials with which to con- struct the Hume. The forest ranger for the district in the service of the Dominion forestry branch, Mr. F. B. Boiillon, got word of the fire about 4 o'clock and started in to fight it. The lire was then creeping up the Crowsnest Mountain and it had to be fought on both sides from Allison Creek and AIcGillivray creek. Men \vere got out from McLaren's mill and mills further east on the Crows- nest Valle^,' and from the town of Coleman, and the fire was attacked from both sides, and by Sunday morning it was fairly well controlled although it had been impossible by that time to have complete fire lines constructed. Air. R. M. Brown, the Forest Supervisor, and Mr. E. H. Finlayson, the District Inspector of Forest Reserve, also arriyed and assisted in the organisation of the fire fighting. The wind began to blow very hard again and by after- noon a gale was sweeping through the pass, the result being that the fire got up into the tree tops and swept up the mountain side. In the evening the wind having dropped, C(tn(i17 1249 a night gaiii* was started but could not accomplish much in the dark- ness, but at dayhght a large shift was at work and during Monday fire lines were well under way and were completed on Tuesday, the fire being by that time well under control, and there has not been any further danger since that time. There is no definite estimate of the loss sustained in this fire as yet, but under the cir- cumstances and with the conditions that had to be faced it was kept w'ell under control and prevented from getting into areas of valuable timber. There were several hundred men at work and the cost of fighting the fire will be very heavy. No detailed encjuiry as to the cause of the fire has been made as yet but it seems reasonably conclusive that the fire started in some way from the Mc- Laren mill, illustrating that even among the people w^ho are most seriously affected by fire, namely, the timber owners, there is not sufficient- ly effective action to prevent danger- ous fires starting. Some Fin Reports Exaggerated Earlier reports of damaging forest fires in North Western Ontario turn out to have been somewhat exagger- ated. The fires reported from Sault Ste. Marie district, May 15th, when navigation was interrupted by smoke were on the United States shore, and not in Ontario. As is the case with many newspaper accounts based on statements of excited persons, the damage ascribed to the fire near the village of Hymens was overdrawn greatly. One new^spaper version mentioned the wiping out of manv settlers, with a total loss of §10,000. According to the ranger's report sent to the Department at Toronto, the private property damaged was a hen house and store, totalling -SI 70.00. Furthermore, the ranger states that far from Mr. George E. Hymens having cause for complaint, as quoted by the newspapers, it was he who started the fire by burning marsh grass. STANDS OF RUSSIAN OAK .John Alberts, of the Allis-Chalmers Co., Seattle, who spent considerable time in Russia, says he saw the most magnificent stands of oak timber near Odessa, a port on the Black Sea. Many of the trees were six to eight feet in diameter. The timber stands in the I'ral Mountains are very heavy, consisting larl^ely of oak, with some scattering ash and other wood>s. Mr. Alberts visited Riga, where large quantities of Baltic pine are exported and where som.e large mills are oper- ated. PROHIBITION AND LOGGERS {From ''The Timberman" ) Only a few^ short months ago the city rendezvous of the average logger in the Pacific Northwest was a short pace indeed from the corner saloon be ow the "line" in Portland or Seattle. A 25-cent room or even a 10-cent bed in vermin-infested odg- ing hous? served him w^ell enough in he days gone by. His accumulated pay checks, often untouched from Christmas to the Fourth of July, rnelted at the bar like the proverbial dew before the rising sun Ten days to tw^o weeks were often ample to reduce his roll to the last farthing. The logger was easily "rolled" or "trimmed" out of the last remnant of his once tidy little sum by the leeches of the lower levels of society, were any left after John Barleycorn fin- ished wdth him. A few^ days of such revelry usually sufficed to send him back to his camp with a bad taste in his mouth and a feeling of disgust. With prohibition has come a new order of things. This year on the second "dry" Fourth of July we have observed the logger in the better class hotels up town, enjoying a room w ith a bath. He now dresses as well as his superintendent and even fol- lows the latest whim in white collars. It no longer surprises us to hear that he is investing in agricultural lands, city real estate and municipal bonds. As for the prohibition question, we see nothing more to argue about. 1250 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 191 Insurance on Timberlands The natural sequel of organized forest protection has arrived. A company has been formed under the name of the Timber Lands Mutual Fire Insurance Company, with head office at Portsmouth, New Hamp- shire, to insure against loss or damage by fire on merchantable standing timber, young standing timber and plantations. It is the first mutual of the kind in America and was formed by leading lumbermen and those experienced in the handling of fire protection in the woodlands, after careful consideration of all available data concerning the average loss over protected areas. This field has al- ready been entered abroad by stock and mutual companies and in the United States by stock companies. Mr. S. Laurence de Carteret, for- merly local manager of the Brown Corporation at St. Raymond, P.Q. is Treasurer and Manager, and Hon. W. R. Brown of Berlin, N.H. is President. Such able guidance ought to ensure a successful development. In the company's foreword appears the following: "Placed on a mutual basis it not only enables policy holders to receive their insurance at cost but will act as a stimulant to planting and to long time management of woodlands, and will create a demand for adequate and continuous protection. It will also make timberlands a more desirable subject for loans and so liquidate capital, and create a more clefinite market for cut-over lands and plan- tations." 'Tt writes insurance only on tracts which are adequately protected from fire either by Forest Protective Asso- ciations, the State or the owner, and it will not accept tracts which contain or adjoin recent slashings or which are^exposed to undue hazards. "'The amount of insurance written on any tract is governed by its loca- tion and value, no line being given on anv risk in excess of that warranted by the assets of the Company. With this limitation timber may be insured for part or full value as may be de- sired by the owner. "Merchantable timber is insured on the basis of its stumpage value per thousand feet or per cord, and young growth and plantations on an agreed value per acre. "Unless a definite value for the whole tract is agreed upon, both by the Company and the insured at the time of issuing the policy, the tract or section in which fire has occurred is appraised to determine what its value was before the fire as well as determining its value after the fire, to arrive at the amount of damage. "The compensation paid is that proportion of the damage sustained which the insurance carried bears to the total value of the tract insured. MANCHESTER AND TIMBER Manchester ranks amongst the first order of ports in England for the importation of timber. Extensive accommodation is provided for han- dling and storage. These facilities, combined with the expeditious and economical methods of distribution, contribute to the steady expansion experienced in the imports: from 400,000 to 500,000 loads have been dealt with every year for some time past. Savings of from 3s. 6d. to 5s. 6d. per ton are effected by for- warding timber from the docks, as against the Liverpool docks, to most of the surrounding towns. The Canadian Forestry Association is in receipt of a one dollar bill en- closed in an envelope by itself, in- tended evidently as a membership fee. The post mark on the envelope is indistinguishable; the address is type written in blue ink. The Secretary would like to know the name of the member to whom this amount should be credited. (jinddidn h'{i\j Jounuii Ainjusl. ]U17 1251 HON. ADAM BROWN, Postmaster of Hamilton, Ont. standing beside a wliite pine tree wliicii he planted 58 years ago — in the year 1859. At the time of planting, the tree was but a few feet high. Mr. Brown was then Chairman of the Water Commission of Hamilton and even with the lapse of time in which his tree has reached such giant size continues in vigorous health. 1252 Canadian Forestry Journal, Aiuiusl, 191. What Birds are Worth to Forests By \V. C. J. Hall, Quebec. One Hundred Million Dollars is Estimated Insect Injury Yearly to Field and Forest. Canada has a formidable contract confronting her since the passing cf the treaty signed by Great Britain (acting for us) and the United States regarding the protection of migratory birds in North America. It should not be necessary to have a treaty at all. because it is in the direct interest of every man, woman and child that bird life should be fully protected, but unfortunately legislation and treaties are necessary owing to the fact that we all have been shamefully neglect- ful of our own interests, and in very many cases ignorant of them. To demonstrate the necessity of bird life, one must first of all show what would happen if we had no birds —the. foremost statisticians of the United States have stated over their signatures that if we had no bird life, no forests would exist on the North American continent in twelve years — if then the forests were thus obliterat- ed by the onslaught of insects, owing to the absence of bird life, what would become of us; naturally man also would become extinct and that very raridly. As things stand at present, the best informed statisticians affirm that the annual loss in the United States to field and forest crops, is one billion dollcU's; in the Dominion, the loss is estimated at one hundred millions annually, all owing to injurious in- sects. The only agency we have to check the devastations of the insects are the birds. A man can spray his trees in an orchard, or his potato crop in the garden, but if he is confronted with the task of looking to the whole of his farm in the same way, what could he do? Nothing! The case would be one of surrendering. Then take the for- ests, could any Government under- take to spray the forests? I trow not. The only way to preserve the balance of rature and let humanity survive, is to protect the biids and let them do the work. They charge nothing for it, it is their daily work, from morning to night. Some varieties of birds can and do consume their own weight of insects daily. With very few ex- ceptions, they are all useful in one way or another and it is our direct and vital interest to see that they are not killed, captured, or even molested. Any person versed in ornithology wil admit that birds take a toll of fruit, but compare the good they do with the small amount of depreda- tions they commit, it is about in the same proportion to the damage done to field crops by the red deer and moose; they kept a record one year in Maine and established that some fifty dollars worth of crops were damaged by these animals. That is the proper point of view to look at the matter from. FMch Robin Worth SIO Much as our existence depends upon bird life, still a large percentage of us are busily at work destroying the birds and especially, our alien popu- lation. These latter come from all parts of Europe, and finding they can carry arms without let or hindrance, they sally forth and shoot anything and' everything. Massachusetts has just passed a law prohibiting aliens from carrying arms in the State — in New Jersey no one is permitted to use anything in the shape of an arm, except the double barrelled gun. They conclude that anyone so armed is sufficiently eciuipped for sport, and does not need pump-guns, repeaters, or automatics. But the aliens are not the only offenders, far too many of our young people destroy insecti- (1(111(1(1 i tin Farvsliij Journal, Au(jiisl, 1U1\ 125: vorous birds. It is cstimaled liial each robin is worlli ten dollars an- nually to the country, so when a young fellow goes out and kills lil'ly odd of these birds one can easih' calculate the great work he did on that day. In the United States Dr, Hornaday, the best authority, as- serts that apart from the grown up population who use arms, each twelve months sees at least oOO.OOO young men mature and go out shooting; will any sane person claim that under such conditions there is a fair chance of bird life surviving in sufficient quantity to hold in check the opera- tions of injurious insects. In my opinion, it would be a good invest- ment for the Dominion Government to buy wholesale, Dr. Hornada>'s work, entitled "Our Vanishing Wild Life" and distribute it gratis to people in our towns and country places, as a preliminary educational measure to the masses. A Monument to a Bird It would be easy to quote many instances of the tremendous utility of insectivorous birds in America, and on the other Continents, but just one will suffice for my purpose: — In the State of Utah, near the Great Salt lake, the black crickets arrived for three years running and utterly de- stroyed the grain crops. The people had to buy grain in neighboring States anel fortunately could do so. The black headed gull made its ap- pearance, found the crickets to its liking, and in a short space of time freed the country of the pest. The population have erected, or are about to erect, a monument to the bird which saved them from starving. It is in the forest that the birds are of most ir estimable value, they are the great and only agency which keeps in check the gypsy-moth, the bud-worm, the larch fly, the brown-tail, etc., etc. The parasite does good work too, but cannot compare in efficiency with the birds. Disease will not exterminate injurious insects, nor will the parasite, animals cannot do it, man cannot do it, there is no force innature which can control the insect world but the birds, they are the most indispens- able balancing force of nature. Bird Life and Forests It would be well for the Conserva- tion C^ommission to take this subject up warmly, start a crusade for bird protection. They would find very able assistants in the women of the country. It would only be necessary to give one or two lectures in each town, city, or village, to enlist their services and start a branch Society for bird protection. This action would ensure a fair measure of pro- tection in such places and their en- virons. The farmers should be inter- viewed and their true interests ex- plained, they w^ould look after that section of the country. There re- mains the forests — I wonder how many of our lumbermen have given any study to bird life and realize what it means; it must be a small per- centage. Their efforts are confined to trying to keep fire out of their holdings, they have thought little of the insects and the bircls. It is time they awakened to the true situa- tion and lent their assistance to bird protection, thus helping thenlselves at an absolutely minimum outlay, for their fine rangers could placard the outskirts of their forests, and thus help to a very great extent. Fire and Insects As betw-een the damage done by fire and the insects let us see what figures tell us, and for this purpose let us take the Dominion only. We are told on the best authority that one hundred millions of damage is done annually to field and forest crops — well, for the sake of argument let us at one fell swoop assume that the figures are wTong, that only 50 per cent, of i is the correct amount, viz. — fifty million dollars, then let us assume that field crops are one half of' this total, or tw^enty-five mil- lions— let us proceed and cut the thing in half again, and get down to 121-^ millions. W'ithout in the east asserting that the calculations of our exports are wrong, let us figure on the 123^2 million basis, surely this s con- servative. If we can assist in con- serving such an amount, or the major 1254 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1917 part of it, we are assisting materially in conservation of the forests. And how? Simply by leaving our feather- ed friends unmolested; we do not have to expend one dollar. The task should not be hard. Jas. Buckland in concluding his pamphlet on "The Value of Birds to Man" says as follows: — "It is the nature of infamies, as well as of dis- ease whose progress is not checked, to daily grow worse; and if the present day wasteful and depraved practice of denuding the world of one of its most valuable natural resources is not checked, then will be wrought a mischief, a universal disaster more awful in its results than words can express." With the great war going on and the food being one of the most serious problems confronting the whole world, each and every one can help by pro- tecting the birds, thereby protecting the crops and forests, and thus doing a "little" bit even if they do not go to the front. There is no time to lose if we want to see birds in suffi- cient quantity in the near future, and the present time is very opportune to take up the duty, for no other word than "duty" can express the situation. Restoring War-Damaged Forests By Prof. A. Jolyet. Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Forets. The North East of France is a well wooded region and it is natural that numerous forests should have suffered as a result of the operations of war. However, though the damage in- curred may have been great, it does not follow that the forests must neces- sarily be destroyed. A forest is not merely formed by the sum of the plants living therein but also by the forest soil, or primitive soil modified by the existence of the forest, and by" the sum of the, plant andt animal Ufe there developed. The "etat boise" (wooded state) so pro- duced represents a valuable capital and it would be a serious mistake not to utilise it as soon as possible, for this state or condition, though surviving the destruction of the forest population, does not last for ever. There are two methods of regen- erating a forest in these conditions: one natural and the other artificial. The former is not profitable, being too long, whereas the interest of the owner lies in obtaining commercial timber from his forest as soon as possible. Mutilated Trees The first point then to establish in restoring a forest damaged by war is whether the injured trees are def- initely broken or merely bruised. In the first case they must be cut down level with the ground and, provided the species is a deciduous one and not too old, new shoots will then emerge from the stump. On the other hand, if the tree is a conifer, no shoots will be formed, but by cutting down the tree the danger of encouraging insect parasites will be avoided. In the second case also, felling is almost always advisable, for a mutilated tree is not likely to pro- duce healthy wood. As a result of the felling, gaps of greater or less extent will occur. These it will be necessary to fill up by means of appropriate species: (a) encouraging the natural reconstruc- tion of the forest with wild species, or at any rate not impeding the same by an excessive amount of cover; (6) capable of furnishing within a short period good marketable timber the sale of which will enable the pro- Canadian Forcslrij Journal, August, 1917 1255 prietor to put back the forest in its original state. Filling in Gaps Next, the two following cases must be considered: (1) Gaps of large extent.— When the removal of damaged plants leaves a very big gap, it is advisable to plant not merely a temporary but also a robust species with light shade in order to allow the reconstitution of the original species (oak, hornbeam, maple, ash, fir, etc. ) The majority of pines fulfil these requirements, the Austrian pine is particularly adapted to a thin chalk soil; in sandy soil, on the other hand, Scots Pine does best; Pinus Banksiana Lamb, in spite of the small value of its wood is also recommended on account of its great hardiness which favours a quick recovery. As these species all require light, the plantations must be fairly thin, the trees 5 to 10 feet apart. Clearings must then be made in succession and in this way, while obtaining an easily marketable pro- duct, the forest will eventually be completely reconstructed and render- ed capable of again yielding market- able timber in its turn. (2) Gaps of verij small extent. — When the gap left by the removal of the plants is not above twice the height of the surrounding trees in size, the use of pines, which recjuire a particularly large clearing, is not possible. However, as the object is to plant trees capable of early utilisation, there are other species of conifers answering to this require- ment, and among these the fir and spruce are preferable. Though they give a very thick shade, the pyramidal shape of their summits will give the minimum of inconvenience to the surrounding trees, especially to the deciduous species. The fir is most advisable from the cultural point of view and the spruce from the com- mercial standpoint. At the same time, this would be the best way to establish the fir in forests of deciduous trees and could only add to the value of the forest as a whole. Forest Exhaustion a Peril to Canada By Hon. W. C. Edwards, in an address in the senate. An Outspoken Warning Against the Illusion of Inexhaustible Timber. "Now I am coming to a subject on which I shall not have sympathy in this Chamber and shall have com- paratively few supporters in Canada. There are some men in Canada who have thought as much as 1 have on the climate conditions of Canada, her geographical construction, and her possibilities. You will be some- what astonished, honourable gentle- men, at the statement I am about to make. I know of no other public man in Canada who would make such a statement. Not since Con- federation has any public man made such a statement, but the reverse. On all our public platforms, in all our legislative halls, the statement has been continually made that Can- ada is a country abounding in a variety of natural resources which are of enormous value and inexhaustible. In my opinion this attitude has been more or less misleading and hurtful to Canada, giving her people an ex- aggerated idea as to her possibilities. Not only has Canada the disabilities due to her climatic condition and her geographical conformation, but she is not a country possessed of num- erous natural resources. I make the statement advisedly, and I think I 1256 Canadian Forcstrij Journal, August, 1917 know what I am talking about, and before many years have passed my statement will be found to be true. One of miy friends, in talking to me before I arose to address this honour- able House, said, "Edwards, don't be pessimistic." "Well, my friend," I said, "I wdll not be pessimistic, but I am going to tell the truth." Can- ada, as I have stated, is not a coun- try of a great variety of natural re- sources She h^s just four, namely, agriculture, lumber, mining, and fish- ing; and a fifth might be added, name- \y, our water-powers. Occupying the DLorthern portion of the North Am- erican continent we are naturally rich in water-powers. '■'InexhausiibleT' Coming to the next industry which I have nam.ed, that of lumber, I think it will be agreed that with this I am somewhat familiar. I do not hesi- tate to make the statement that every province in the Dominion of Canada far overestimates its resources in this respect. There are many in Can- ada who even to-day believe that our resources in this respect are inex- haustible and that it will only be a question of time until the United States will be exhausted of lumber and will have to turn to Canada for a supply. This idea, I assure you, is absolutely incorrect. The United States has as great a supply of lum- ber relatively to her wants as Can- ada has, and the total quantity of standing timber in Canada would not supply the wants of the United States for more than eight Vears. Canada was once a comparatively rich coun- try in this resource, but bush fires and unwise administration of our timber resources on the part of the various provinces have brought about the unfortunate result I have named. Pulpwood in Danger In pulpwood we are considerably stronger than in timber for lumber manufacturing — of this there is no question; but, if our pulpwood re- sources are no better administered than our lumber resources have been in former years, they too will become exhausted much more rapidly than is at present anticipated. Bad Settlement Policij I would ask honourable gentlemen who travel through this country from Halifax to Ottawa, or farther west, just to observe as they pass over the various streams the logs that are being sawn to-day; for I assure you, honourable gentlemen, that the logs being sawn to-day in most of the mills in eastern Canada are such as were left in the woods twenty-five years ago, and I do warn the various prov- inces of this Dominion that, if we do not take care of our resources in this respect, the lumber trade of Canada, except west of the Rockies, wdll in a comparatively short time be a thing of the past. A stage was reached several years ago in the lum- ber industry, making it the continu- ous aim and object of every lumber- man to conserve his resources in this respect: but they have not been sup- ported by the administrators of the various provinces. Considerable por- tions of country are each year being sold for settlemxent where the object is not settlement but to obtain cheap lumber, on the part of illicit settlers and a certain class of lumbermen. To give evidence of this I could show- to any one who would accompany me, say fifty miles from this city, in one single district from fifty to sixty farms once occupied^ by pretended settlers, but now, as all the timber is cut off, will be no settlers whatever. This condition of affairs. I assure honourable gentlemen has been most serious in so far as the timber re- sources of eastern Canada are con- cerned. Exaggerated Values In making the statements I do relative to our timber resources I do not want to pretend that we have not still timber resources of very con- siderable value, but I do contend that they are not nearly of the value which the average Canadian believes. With regard to the destruction of these resources, I quite admit that the provinces are not all equally guilty. In so far as fire protection is concerned, the provinces of Quebec and British Columbia have made the greatest strides in improvement in recent years." Canadian Fairslrij Journal, Augusl, I HI] 127)1 Conscripting Forests for Peace or War What Canada has done in utiHzing her timbei' endowment — New duties after the War. By Hobson Black Secreietry, Canadian Forcsliij Association. In these piping limes of war the regiment is just one of a hundred fighting units. Every beUigerent country, to a greater or less degree, "ca'ls up" its, raih'oads, factories, banks, farms, forests and mines and assigns them to the battlefield. In- dividuals and names mean less and less as the war grows old; the plan is everything. This total concentration upon "the idea of science" in the conduct of the war is certain to extend to our nation- al housekeeping when peace shall have returned. If the State can marshal armies and set them to work with such exactness and economy, why should not these same ends be secur- ed in the peace-time warfare of field and forest, waterway and mine? That, at all events is the line of public think- ing. Unless Canada is to be entirely crushed by the debts of war, the man- ner of operating the nation's natural resources in the interests of the great- est number of people must take its bearings by "the idea of science." When Trees Were Weeds It is in the history of all new coun- tries that the key of conservation is turned on an empty stable. As no new land starts business on a blue print of its future, preferring to work an elaborate cure rather than a s'm- ple preventive, it is not surprising that Canada during a hundred years should have victimized her forest re- sources by neglect and maltreatment There were days when French and English settlers shook their fists at every pine tree cluttering thrir agri- BRINGING OUT BRITISH COLUMBIA "BIG STUFF." 1258 Canadian Forestry JournaL August, 1917 cultural soils; days when a commun- ity blessed its stars when a million feet of spruce and hemlock went roar- ing to the skies in flame. We of 1917 are inheritors of that early miscon- ception of the country's trees and their relation to the age we live in. With the French governors, only the finest of the oaks were accorded any value under the law, being reserved for the royal navy. With the coming of the English some of the pines of greatest size and most accessible for water carriage were further reserved for naval and bridge-building uses. By the time of the Napoleonic wars when Baltic exports to Britain were tem- porarily disarranged, Britain reached out for Canadian wood supplies, and in so doing laid the foundations of our great lumbering industry. The National Thief In the developing days of 1825, for example, one would not expect to find any rigid regulation of individual en- terprise. Canada was too loose-joirit- ed, too eager for any form of exploit- ation that would give a show of im- mediate wealth. Accordingly, the de- mand for timber from the United Kingdom and the United States was fed without stint and with a full- blown optimism. Splendid forests of white pine, our finest wood, fell, never to be replaced. Thousands of square miles degenerated to permanent waste. Fire, then as now, the great national thief, took 'ten trees to the luml)erman's one. Only the mildest suggestion for fire patrol or suppres- sion of loss ever emanated from gov- ernment or licensee. So enormously did the present fact of a super-abund- dant wood supply overtop the thought of future depletion that "thrift" was as unpract ced as it was unpreached The Forest Primeval In the Canada primeval, forests covered probably more than 1,200 mil- lion acres. Indeed, with the exception of lakes and rivers, the great triangu- lar wedge of the prairies, the expan- ses of permanent barrens and the In- dian settlements, the green mantle of tree life zig-zagged from ocean to ocean. Not until the lumbering indus- try became established did any sign appear that this rich bounty of Provid- ence was a thing worth investigating and preserving. A few gingerly meas- ures became law, mostly in the direc- tion of personal arrest for starting con- flagrations. Forest fires pillaged the country practically without hindrance and with not a little help. The Mira- michi fire of 1825 cut a swath 80 miles long and 25 miles wide through the heart of New Brunswick, w ped out six towns, killed 120 people, 1,000 head of cattle, and an uninventoried mass of standing timber. That was spectacular because concentrated. But it has been duplicated in material losses time and time again since 1825, and indeed as late as last year when the Northern Ontario fires burned ac oss 800,000 acres and killed 264 people, with a vast sacrifice of pro- perty. In Northern Manitoba one fire within the last 30 years ran for over 450 miles. In Northern Saskat- chewan is an area of about 8,000 scjuarc miles, two-thirds as big as Bel- gium, fireswept almost to the point of permanent extinction of timber and soil. The burden wh ch Canada has carried as a consequence of forest fires will probably never be computed because public sentiment in the past, vitiated by that pioneer indifference to tree values, kept no account and charged the whole business to the gamble of unpreventable events. Jack Canuck's Wood Factory But we Canadians have of late been listening to reason. We are not pion- eers or colonials any longer. The na- tional machine is putting on extra decks. From the first forest equip- ment of a pair of mitts and a broad axe, we have developed 5,000 wood- using industries. We ship spruce not only as lumber, but as rolls of finished paper. Indeed we are doing that so acceptably that, in 25 years, exports have jumped from $91 to over 120,000,000 a year. And $15,000,000 worth of timber goes each twelve months to John Bull. Then we make 800 million laths and three billion shingles, and our whole lumber cut annually exceeds three and quarter billion feet. Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1917 1259 You can burn a candle at both ends, but not for long. You can strip a square mile of timber on the east side by the axe and on the west side by fire, but the axe will have short em- ployment and the capitalist and work- man and the public treasury will go light on profits. Every year we were adding to the export of forest pro- ducts until timber has become one of our great trading staples in foreign markets. Every year, too, we have been exporting probably four to five million dollars worth of the living timber by the route of llame and smoke, from which no credit slip ever returns. To thinking people, the an- omaly recjuired a cure and by painful- ly slow degrees the same conclusion was crystallized into action by the timber-holding governments. British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and the Dominion Government (controlling all the lands of the prairies and 40- mile strip along the C.P.R. in British Columbia), formulated plans for fire prevention, and in some instances for a mild instalment of scientific forestry practice. Ontario led the w ay with a ranger service of some magnitude; this served well enough in its earlier days and is now undergoing reorgan- ization. So followed the Federal for- estry branch administering the exten- sive forests in the northern parts of the prairie provinces, and later the British Columbia forest branch, and then the rise of the four mutual pro- tective associations of licensees in Quebec giving skilled fire patrol to 75,000 square miles of the best Provincial timber resources. As for the Maritime Provinces, well en- dowed with commercial timber. New Brunswick is about to adopt a modern plan of forest guarding, w^hile in Nova Scotia, favored by a smaller fire hazard, the principles of prevention are already applied with good effect. The Victory of the Tree This gradual ascent to what would seem the most elementary care and foresight in forest management is a clear-cut triumph for the tree. No amount of sentiment, no flood of re- morse— nothing but the prod of good business — has put forest conservation even as far as it is. The tree stands forth as an absolute essential of the country's day-to-day existence. It furnishes* the tools of the fishing in- dustry. For every ton of coal taken from a Canadian mine it must supply six feet of timber for props. No rail- way can run a yard without the tree for ties, coaches, buildings, fencing. No fewer than 500,000 track ties must be taken from our forests every year as renewals on the Canadian Pacific road alone. The same line uses 50,- 000 telegraph poles a vear and 60,000,- 000 feet of lumber. The Printed Page Consider the newspaper. The tree is the link between editor and reader, between the news of the world and the eyes of the world. Two hundred spruce trees go into one edition of a Montreal newspaper and a New York paper obliterates 15 acres of spruce and balsam forest with a single Sunday edition. Look into agriculture! Of what value is land without a farming plant — a wooden house a wooden barn, fence posts, implements, wagons furniture, fuel? And hydro-electric development! Forests are the guard- ians and regulators of the streams, the deep spongey masses of the "forest floor" acting as nature's reservoir for the excess waters of spring. As every- one knows who has seen a flood or felt the pinch of a drought, a river at e ther extreme is serving an evil and extravagant purpose, and yet an un- ruly river can too often be traced clearly to an unruly forest. Wreck a watershed forest and you wreck the gold mine of water power and irri- gation development. The tree gives employment to 110,- 000 Canadian men in more than 5,000 factories. It distributes more wages, attracts more capital and uses more human labor than any other industry we have with the single exception of agriculture. There are towns in On- tario and Quebec where the company that built the paper mill in the middle of the wilderness also created an en- tire municipal organization, streets, houses, picture theatre, playgrounds, town hall, police station, churches and 1260 Canadian Forestry Journal, Auyust, 1917 schools, as \v?.s indeed necessary to retain en^ployees. What Xext From the Log . But lumbering, as has been shown by references to fisheries, mining, ag- riculture and water powers, is but one department of !orest utilization. Man- kind is only at the commencement of new uses for the common log. Indeed in so m.any hundreds of ways is wood in its various forms now employed that mention of a very few will sug- gest the high reward for future re- search and experimentation. One might, for example, step into a drug store with an armful of pre- scriptions and have them filled with- out departing from the derivatives of the tree. Barks without number, cjuinine, chinTona, etc., turpentine, bal- sam products, chloroform, camphor, cough syrups, corks — the list would take the bottom out of the pharma- coepia. \Yood pulp is producing not only paper, but waterproof clothing, vests, mattresses, blankets, twine and dish towels. The Germans are using a mixture cf treated hemlock bark and molasses to feed their dogs, and all European countries have long em- ployed wood wool, a fine excelsior, for surgical dressings and mattress filling*. In no war in history have timbers played such a part in defensive con- struction, the durability- of trench and dugout depending wholly upon wood- en props. Good Uses for Sawdust The despised sawdust is an es- sential ingredient cf blasting pow- ders, porous bricks, metal polishes, floor sweeping compounds, inlaid lin- oleums, and as fuel. Hemlock and oak bark is used for tanning leather. Beechwood shavings are a necessity in vinegar factories. One might pro- ceed after this manner narrating how prolifically the tree and its parts con- tribute not alone to the obvious pur- poses of lumber manufacture, but to hundreds of industrial processes from the making of oatmeal wallpaper to supplying solvents for high explosive fibres. In place of steel and concrete substances pushing the tree from the market our employment of wood is increasing encrmcuslv. Its marvelous adaptation to the needs of primitive or civilized life, its ability to take a multiplicity of forms (as in the varied and unrecognizable products of pulp fibres), and the seemingly endless possibilities of wood distillation, and perhaps most important of all, the re- lative abundance of growing timber, its accessibility and cheapness — these have rendered the tree, were we to give the matter a moment's thought, one of the mightiest benefactions of Mother Nature. It is geared to farm and mine and factory and all the wheels of our commerce and finance. Whatever relates to the wood supply, therefore, is the immediate business of every moving item in the machine. In India the original Moguls owned all the land, and e\ery subiect of the scores of millions accepted the Mo- gul's say-so and paid tribute. That system with modification, has effect to this day. In Canada, whatever blunders we have made as stewards of the natural resources, our original law-making moguls saw to it that the title to over 90 per cent, of the forest- ed land of the country should remain perpetually in the name of the pco ;'le. Of course, much of the timber grow- ing on that land is licensed and put to sensible use in the lumber and pulp- mill, but the governments have retain- ed the ownership of the grounds on which the timber grows and thereby possess the right to impose whatever regulations the conservation sentiment of the country may demand. That is a great power and should be jealously guarded as it should be moderately exercised. How fortunate Canada is in her pubhc control of the timber land is appreciated perhaps better in the United States, where only about one-fourth of the public forest domain is subject to State or Federal regula- tion. Four-fifths were long ago alien- ated by thoughtless administrations. As in the early days the dismayed farmer reviled the forest as a barrier to the plow, that sentiment maintains its strong reactionary grip on this generation. We also kill wood-peck- ers and robins, frogs and snakes, from the same inbred prejudice unenlight- ened by the shy truths of the modern invest ii}"a^ or. Canadian Forvslrij Journal, August, 1U17 12()1 \\'ha{ Conscrralion Mvan.sl Conservation of forests means'that every acre of i^round in the Dominion capable of gro^\inii field croi)s shall be delivered to the ai,M'iculliirist when required. Trees cannot i is covered by a Tele- 5. phone System can summon his forces I.J ^ in the quickest possible time. ■"* Only a fraction of a second is required to connect his portable telephone set with the telephone line and he can then give the alarm over the entire reserve. We have developed special apparatus for permanent and portable telephones for forest protection For full particulars write our office nearest you. M>Mer// Ehctn'c Com party Montreal Toronto Kegina Halifax London Calgary Ottawa Winnipeg \ ancouver -"^Jl, ^Northern ^Etectrk-Forest-TeUphones- .» — ^ TENTS L SEND FOR OUR CATALOG. ASK FOR PRICES AND SAMPLES. Smart- Woods. Limited OTTAWA TORONTO MONTREAL WINNIPEG THE UNlVERSin OF TORONTO AND ARTS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED VICTORIA, TRINITY, ST. MICHAEL'S KNOX and WYCLIFFE COLLEGES FACULTIES OF APPLIED SCIENCE MEDICINE EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE FORESTRY For further information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. CIRCULATION, SEPTEMBER, 6,000 COPIES Canadian Forestry Journal Vol. XIII. WOODSTOCK, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1917 No. 9 CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER Address all Communications to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press, Woodstock. Ont. Establishing a Plantation of Conifers on the Prairies 1281 Four-thousand-year-old Sequoias 1283 | Waste of Hemlock Bark in B. C 1285 j Fining Offenders for causing fires 1289 j French Woodlands Razed in Retreat 1289 j White Pine 1291 j What the Woodlot Means to the Farm 1292 j Natural Forest in Contrast to Woodlot 1293 j Unique Forestry Exhibit at Prince Albert 1294 j France's Regard for her Forests 1295 j The uses of Wood Pulp 1296 j The Summons Verses by L. H. Bailey 1299 j Sheep and Goats as Tree Destroyers 1300 j Restoring Beauty to a Rocky Island 1301 j What Slash Disposal Means 1302 j Estimating Fire Damage 1304 | Timber Resources of Northern Manitoba 1305 | Russia in the Wood Market 1307 j The Pulp Industry as a Conservator 1308 j Stories from the War-Front Forests 1309 | What Kinds of Spruce to Plant 1310 f Afforesting Sand Dunes in Cadiz, Spain 1311 j How India's Forests Prevent Torrents 1311 | i The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one | dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Entered at the Post Office at Woodstock, Ont., as second-class matter. 1280 Canadian Furi'stnj Journal, Scplcmbcr, 1917 (Copyright by London Daily Mail BOY FORESTERS MAKE WORK A HOLIDAY. A busy scene in the forest bracken at Campsey Ash, Suffolk, where boys from Framlnghani College are shaping for the market many trees that fell in the gale of March, 1916. Photo by A . M. Black, A'ei'son I'he process of building a fire ranger's cabin at Duncan River, British Columbia. Cdiuididn Forcsliij Joimuil, Srplcinhc/ , lUll 1281 Establishing a Plantation of Conifers on the Prairies By a. Harding, Lougheed, Al'ta. What Trees to Plant and How to Plant Them — as Shown by Experience. The planting of bells of trees on the prairie is becoming more ex- tensive each year and the questions which are foremost in the minds of those who are undertaking the work are: 1st. What species of trees are best adapted for the soil and situation where it is intended to place the woodlot? 2nd. Where can they be obtained in the most economical and satis- factory way? For most districts, the valuable native conifers, especially the white spruce, should be favoured above all the species of trees which can be grown on the plains and partially wooded areas of the west. They not only excel other trees in usefulness for the protection of buildings and stock but their drought-resisting nature and the comparative ease with which they can be grown place them foremost in the list. Pines and spruce are rapid growers when once past the seedling stage and for a sustained growth and long life they must be placed in the shelter of other forest trees which are in- digenous to the west. Persons living within a moderate distance of a spruce or pine woods may obtain young trees for planting by carefully digging up the seedlings which are usually to be found at the edge of the forest or in openings which have been created by fires or logging operations. Preference must be given to those which are growing in the most exposed and sunny loca- tions. The soil can be easily washed from the roots for convenience in packing and then the trees placed closely together in small bundles and their roots wrapped in wet moss for transportation. It is usually best to take trees from (> to 12 inches in height, though slightly larger ones may be successfully handled. The Planting Meihod The trees should be carefully plant- ed in the garden or in other specially prepared soil, setting them slightly deeper in earth than they were origin- ally and cultivating them for several years until a suitable size for perman- ent planting is reached. People who are too great a dis- tance from the woods to procure their own trees, can have some one who lives by the woods dig up the seed- lings, taking great care never to allow the fibrous roots to become dry for an instant, then packing the roots closely in wet moss and placing in a box lined with burlap or other sacking and shipping to destination by express. This plan has been carried out with perfect satisfaction by the writer. Preparation of Soil Preparation of the soil for the plantation ought to be started early in the year previous to setting out the trees in order to conserve mois- ture and otherwise obtain a suitable condition for the trees. The soil should be plowed to a depth of 9 to 10 inches so that the tree roots can readily penetrate to a sufficient depth to withstand drought and become firmly rooted in the earth. Spruce and Pine Spruce and pine should be lifted with as much earth as is permissable for handling and spaced 4 by 5 feet or .5 by 5 feet apart in rows. 1282 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 In districts which have a fairiy heavy average rainfall and where it isdifticiilt to give time to cultivation, satisfactory results will be obtained by placing a light covering of hay or straw around the tree for a dis- tance of about one foot and giving no further attention to cultivation except to cut down weeds. The light mulch will prevent weeds from crowd- ing the trees and keep the soil from checking and readily becoming dry close to their roots. Where the annual precipitation is scanty, shal- low surface cultivation can be given for a few years until the trees are firmly established. Cultivation should not be continued after August 12th. In an experiment with two planta- tions of mixed spruce and pine, one was planted and mulched as described above, while the other received cul- tivation for several years. The re- sults at six years from the time of planting were somewhat in favour of the uncultivated one, which indicate that cultivation is not essential where an ample rainfall occurs. The height growth of spruce when once well established is commonly from eighteen to twenty-five inches and the growth of pine considerably more. Where it is intended to carry on the planting of conifers for a long period of years no better method of procuring stock can be found than by growing it from seed, but several years can be saved by getting the young tree to start the plantation with. Pines should be transplanted at two years and spruce at three or four. Spruce which have been allow- ed to stand in thick clusters in the seed bed until they reach a height of two feet can be lifted in blocks and the soil soused in water until the roots come apart and then be planted with as good success as the smaller trees. Instructions for the care of the seed bed can be obtained through publications treating of nursery work. Size of Trees for Planting A suitable size for planting is two to three feet. Trees of this height are more expensive to handle but they will escape injuries from grouse and other agencies to which smaller ones are more subject. Time of Planting Conifers are usually planted in the spring before growth starts, but where time cannot be taken for the work at that season of the year, equally good results may be had by planting from the 15th to the 25th of August, as the height growth is finished that date. Protection from Snows Where the plantation is exposed to drifting snow it is necessary to erect a snow screen at a distance of sixty to seventy-five feet from the plantation during the winter. WASTE AND THE SMALL JOBBER "Noted improvement has taken place in recent years in logging waste, due to better market conditions and a growing market for inferior mater- ials. This is not always the case, however, when logging is done by contract and one meets with con- siderable waste in high stumps, logs left lodged in the wiods, oversized tops, etc. On some operations ob- served, this waste amounted to 5 to 10 per cent, of the stand. "This could be prevented by a system of logging inspection and would not only pay for the inspection in increased stumpage but would be money saved for the operator. The fault is due largely to the fact that yearly contracts are made for logging, the logger trying to keep the cost per thousand at a minimum. The con- tractor's sole object is to make as much profit as he can (frequently little enough) and he will not take out difficult lodged frees or go to any particular trouble to cut low stumps unless checked up." From Annual Report, Department of Lands, Fredericton, N.B. CHESTNUT BLIGHT Chestnut blight has already done damage in Pennsylvania estimated at from $9,000 000 to $10 000,000. No tree attacked by it has been known to recover, although dozens of fake remedies have been brought out. (jinadidii Foicsiiij Journal, Scplcnibcr, 1917 Four-Thousand-Year-Old Sequoias By Ernest G. Dudley Giants of California That Knew This World Ages Before Julius Caesar. 128.^ Thousands of tourists gaze at the "big trees" of the Sierra, with un- seeing eyes, and then, content that they have seen all there is to see and know all there is to know, return home. Alas, — if the Forester only knew as much as they! The poet, as he watches the last dying glow of a California sunset enhance the already inconceivably rich coloring of an ancient Sequoia, murmurs to himself "deepening shad- ows," "forest dells," and "patriarchs of the forest." Artists vie with each other in their efforts to paint them and think of the colors, — reds, browns purples, and greens, and feel the soft elusive haze which their brushes can- not reproduce. Scientists, with minds intent on prehistoric geologic history, topo- graphy, and the dynamic changes in earth's crust and climate which des- troyed great forests of big trees, only to leave a few relics of past ages for man to wonder at, gaze with admira- tion on their beauty and vitality. All in their turn pay homage to the largest, oldest, and grandest tree that nature ever produced. And the forester — perhaps a poet and a scientist at heart, works among them. Sunrises and sunsets he has seen of which the artist has only dreamed. He has heard the! soft murmur of breezes mid their tops, high up in the clear blue California sky, and again the crash and roar of the storm king, which with inexorable fury, strives, as he has striven thou- sands of times before, to uproot and cast them to earth. He has mar- veled at their power of resistance, and with awe and wonderment, has seen one of them give up the fight on a calm and peaceful afternoon and crash to earth while trees merely nodded their heads as if in recognition of the passing of one of their lifelong associates. Thus the forester sees them, and seeing them thus, bends his energy the more to protecting and insuring their future. The Relics of The Past To do this he studies their past and their present. Geologists tell him that ages and ages ago whole forests of Sequoias abounded on the North- ern Hemisphere. Fossil remains in Greenland, Spitzbergen, and the Un- ited States prove this. Before the glacial periods, and there were no doubt several such ice ages, great forests of luxuriant vege- tation were in existence. To-day only the Sequoia and the Bald Cy- press of the Southern States (Taxod- ium) remains of this almost extinct vegetation. AH the more interesting is the fact that the two Sequoias, the coast red- wood and the big-tree are found only in California and w^ithin so limited a range. We knoW' that glacial action in California was restricted to the crests of the Sierras and that the ice bodies moved, but here and there, under some protecting ridge, a Sequoia, or perhaps only the seeds of Sequoia were left, and as the ice melted these formed the nuclei of the present groves. Then followed years of tor- rential rains which made canyons, valleys, and plains. 5,000 Years' Growth The forester is, of course, in- terested in the size and age of these trees. The General Sher- man, a tree in the Giant Forest, is 28 feet in diameter and 280 feet high. It is no doubt be- tween 4,000 and 5,000 years old, although ring counts on the stumps of trees felled in logging 1284 Canadian Forestri} Journal, September, 1917 operations have so far only yield- ed a tree of 3250 years old. Popular lecturers, in solemn tones, are apt to tell us, "Scientists agree that the bigtrees are 10,000 years old." This may or may not be the case. The foresters, however, after finding trees 3,200 years old, are willing to concede that there may be trees which took root between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago. During logging operations in the Converse Basin of Fresno County, a clear boled symmetrical bigtree was being cut, and, much to the astonishment of the sawyers, black sawdust appeared at several different intervals. When the tree finally suc- cumbed to their efforts, it was found that at different times fire had burn- ed through the bark and charred the wood. But the tree with infinite patience had each time enclosed the wound with new growth and left the trunk perfect as far as outward ap- pearance was concerned, except for one fire scar. The tree in question was 2,171 years old. It began its exist- ence 271 B.C. At the beginning of the Christian Era it was al- ready about twelve feet in cir- cumference. When 516 years of age (^A.D. 245) a burning oc- curred three feet wide on the trunk. It took 105 years to heal this wound. Then for 1196 years it grew without injury. When 1712 years old ( A.D. 1441) two fire scars were made, the heal- ing process taking 139 years. Again 217 years of growth fol- lowed without injury, until in 1797, when the tree was 2068 Years old, a great fire ate away the bark and attacked the wood in a scar 18 feet wide and nearly 30 feet in height. During the following 103 years before it was cut, four feet of this scar had been covered with fresh growth. If the tree had not been cut we might have expected it to entirely heal over about the year 2250. Thus it would have taken four and one- half centuries to repair the damage wrought by one forest fire. Any other tree would have been attacked by decay and completely destroyed after any of these fires; but the Sequoia, with its thick protective bark, and its equally wonderful dis- ease resisting wood, stands out among trees and man as having the greatest vitality of any growing thing. Why in Groves'l We are absolutely certain that many individual trees are at least 3250 years old. Many may be be- tween 4,000 and 5,000 years old. Why, then, do we find them still re- maining in the small isolated groves where the ice age left them? Why, as in the case of the pines and firs, did they not reach out and take their place, scattered all over the great for- ests of the Sierras? They bear mil- lions of seeds and wind and water scatter these about the forest. Yet century after century they have grown in the same spot. A few young trees grow up to take the place of those which die, but still in sight of the same little spot of earth where their parent tree, per- haps, is standing to-day. *■— " A TREE 4,000 YEARS OF AGE When one of the big trees in California fell, John Muir counted 4,000 rings from the heart out. That meant the tree was forty cen- turies old. Thus it was a strong young tree when Abraham went into Egypt; it was bearing seed when Sodom and Gomorrah were des- troyed; it was old as America when Joseph was sold into Egypt, nearly a thousand years old when David slew Goliath, and older when Christ was born than the Christian religion is to-day! Canadian Forcsfrij Journal, September, 1917 1285 The Waste of Hemlock Bark in B. C. By J. H. Hamilton, Editor of "Industrial Progress," Vancouver. There is one subject which is worthy of much closer attention than has been devoted to it up to the present, the utiUzation of hemlock bark as a tanning material. In 1916 the cut of hemlock in British Columbia amounted to one hundred and one million feet board measure. Taking fifteen hundred feet board to provide one cord of bark, this is equivalent to sixty-seven thousand cords of hemlock bark. The value of hemlock bark f.o.b. shipping point in eastern Canada and eastern States is about $14 to $16 per cord. Taking the conservative value of British Columbia hemlock bark at only $10.00 per cord, the 1916 cut represents a value of $670,- 000. B.C. hemlock bark should be worth more than Eastern Canadian bark, because it contains, on an average, 16 per cent, tannin against only 10 per cent, in the eastern bark. The Hide Situation Turning to the raw hide question, there are approximately 25,000 cattle killed annually in British Columbia. The hides are shipped out of the coun- try to the Western and Middle States and leather manufactured at those points is shipped into Canada. Con- sumers of shoe and harness leather in British Columbia have always had to import their sole and harness lea- ther from foreign countries or bring it from Eastern Canada. Added to this, enquiries are coming to hand frequently from the Orient and from Pacific countries for sole leather. As an instance of the insistant demand, it may be stated that in September 1916, Japan purchased the entire available stocks of sole leather in the ' V 'e i-rfk'-k^ Vi=^ Panoramic View of the farm of the Trappist Fathers at Oka, Quebec, showing some of the Lombardy Poplars bordering the highway. 1286 Canadian Forestrij Journal, September, 1917 Pacific Coast States and placed fur- ther heavy contracts absorbing prac- tically the entire output for six months ahead. So far as the actual demand for sole leather in British Columbia is concerned, a conserva- tive estimate places it at 250 "sides" daily, (a side being half a hide). This is equivalent to 120,000 "sides" per year. As above stated, British Columbia produces 25,000 hides (equal to 50,000 "sides") per year, so that the local market would more than absorb our local production of leather. The above facts would seem to make a very good case for the estab- lishment of a sole leather industry in British Columbia, the raw ma- terial being abundant and the con- suming market steady. Difficulties in the Way We now come to the influences which have prevented the establish- ment of a tan-bark and tanning in- dustry up to the present time. Up till a few years ago, western hemlock was in little demand as a building material, the name suggest- ing the inferior eastern species. The prejudice against hemlock was so strong that timber limits containing a large proportion of this timber were almost unsaleable owing to mills finding difficulty in marketing hem- lock lumber. Practical education has changed this and to-day the pre- judice of prairie consumers has been removed, western hemlock command- ing a price commensurate with its true value. In addition to this, hem- lock is being very largely used as a pulp wood and its use in this con- - nection will undoubtedly increase very greatly within the next few years. It may be asked why hemlock bark in British Columbia cannot be mar- keted and used in the same way as the inferior eastern hemlock bark, the more so since its tannin content is so much higher. The difficulty is purely an economic one. In East- ern Canada there is a steady demand for hemlock bark at prices which make the peeling and marketing of the bark quite an adjunct to the eastern timber industry. There the lumbermen send a section of their river-driving gangs back to the woods in early mid-summer to peel and pile tan-bark for drying, and before the fall rains it is hauled out of the woods on wagons. On the Pacific Coast this plan is not practicable, owing to the different logging methods in use and to some extent to the diffi- culty of haulage. Here most of the logging is done by donkey-engines and the log receives rough treatment in hauling over the ground to the loading deck, the comparatively soft hemlock bark becoming torn and pitted with stones and pebbles, which greatly lessen its market value. Ef- forts have been made by parties wishing to make experiments on a commercial scale, to secure regular supplies of hemlock bark from the loggers, but there appears to be a disinclination on their part to bother with the matter, as they did not feel assured a regular market will exist. Experiments Needed This situation is obviously one which should be studied by our pro- vincial forest department. Some way can be found for creating regular sup- plies of the bark and it appears to the writer that the best plan will be to demonstrate to the loggers that it will pay them to peel the logs and market the bark. The process ot extracting tannin from the bark is a simple one and the cost of establish- ing an experimental plant for manu- facturing dry tannin extract would be comparatively small. Once the government have assured themselves of the feasibility of the business, there is not the least doubt that capital would readily be forthcoming lo establish the industry on a large commercial basis. If the manufac- ture of dry tannin extract were car- ried en in British Columbia the pro- duct could be shipped to any part of the world, as the freight on the concentrated material would enable it to compete with similar products in the world's markets. Such in- dustry could without doubt be es- tablished in conjunction with the Canadian Fuieslry Journal, September, 1U17 \Wh large and growing pulp and paper industry in this province. Western hemlock bark has been used as the exclusive tannin agent in at least one Lannery in Washington for a number of years. This concern manufactures chiefly skirting leather for saddles. Its larger use has been prevented by the lack of tanneries, due to economic reasons, rather than unsuilableness. The prevailing cost of hemlock bark f.o.b. tannery has been $11.50 per cord. Canada exported $77,997,000 worth of wood and manufactures of wood for the year ending March 31, 1917. A mountain lookout station in 1 the State of Maine, equipped with a snug cabin at its top and having telephone connec- tion. These towers, which in [other^designs are be- coming extensively em- ployed in Canada are an essential of all good fire prevention systems. 1288 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 CONSEQUENCES OF A DROPPED MATCH MINIMUM FINE FOR GUILTY PERSON ,t, II nil II, "Seldom has the city been subject- ed to more apprehension and excite- ment than that occasioned last Fri- day night when word came in that 26 men who were fighting the forest fire on the east side of Kalamalka Lake had been siirroiinded by the flames and were shut off from es- cape," says the Vernon, B. C. "News". All sorts of wild rumors were prevalent and relief parties were rushed out to the lake from all quarters, every available car in the city being called into requisition. The worry and uncertainty continued through the night, many of the men, most of whom were members of the B.C. Horse, having wives and fam- ilies in town, whose suspense was almost unbearable, until the welcome news was received shortly after day- break that all the men had succeeded in fighting their way through the girdle of flames, and had emerged safely. A Terrible Ordeal The men who were subjected to this fiery ordeal and who so narrowly escaped a terrible death are not likely soon to forget their experience of last Friday night. They had been fight- ing the fire all day under a broiling sun, with the thermometer over ninety in the shade, and the heavy gales of wind which came up in the afternoon and blew steadily all night, swept the flames through the timber at a terrific pace. Faint with hunger, heat and thirst the men at times were taxed to the uttermost to maintain their struggle to reach a point of safety, and at times some of them were so exhausted as to almost suc- cumb to weariness and despair. Their escape was almost miraculous and furnishes one of the most thrilling chapters in the history of fire-fighting in this district. One of their pack horses was burnt to death but for- tunately all the men escaped without any injury beyond the strain of ex- As a result of charges laid by G. C. Melrose, District Forester, L. Norris, S.M., conducted an inquiry into the origin of the forest fire on the east side of Kalamalka Lake, and four men were charged with having illegally set out the fire w^hich caused the conflagration that raged through the timber for three weeks. Joseph Montague, Henry Slater, Chas. E Fraser and Lawrence Cars- well were tried on this charge, the prosecution being conducted on be- half of the Forestry Department by \V. H. D. Ladner. The accused were not represented by counsel. Magistrate's Dictum After hearing evidence in connec- tion with the case on Thursday and Friday, the charges against Fraser and Slater were dropped by the prose- cution. On Monday the Magistrate dismissed the case against Montague, but found Carswell guilty and in- flicted upon him a fine of fifty dollars. haustion to which they were sub- jected. A Devastating Fire. The fire which now extends over 1 5 miles in length has been burning for nearly three weeks. At one time Mr. Melrose, the chief forester, along with Fire Rangers McCluskey and Mohr thought that they had the blaze well under control, but the high winds of last week gave it a fresh start. It is the worst forest fire that has raged here for the past twenty-five years. From a manufacturer in Baden, Ont. : "I am very glad of having the opportunity of joining the Canadian Forestry Association as I think it is engaged in a splendid work. My thanks are due to you for the chance to assist even if only in a small way." Canadian Forestrij Journal, Sep I ember, If) 17 1289 Fining Offenders for Causing Fires The record of two acquittals and eleven convictions ouL of thirteen forest fire suits is mentioned in a statement of the Chief Forest Fire Warden of Pennsylvania. Altogether forty-seven suits have been started for the setting of forest fires. In addition to the above acquittals and convictions, thirty-one cases are pending and three have been with- drawn. Following the policy of making the punishment fit the crime by pre- senting bills for costs and damages caused by forest fires, no less than ninety-six cases have been settled out of court since April 1st through the payment of these bills by the guilty persons. Claims to the num- ber of 415 have been presented for this spring's fires only, 226 of them to railroads. Settlements are still being made daily, and the chances are that almost one-half of the 400 cases will be settled without recourse to law. French Woodlands Razed in Retreat The brutal vindictiveness of the retreating German forces on French soil, when nothing that remotely re- sembled "property" was left unspoil- ed, is described by the military cor- respondent of the Berlin "Lokal An- zeiger" in this manner: "In the course of these last months great stretches of French territory have been turned by us into a dead country. It varies in width from ten to twelve or fifteen kilometers (six and a quarter to seven and a half or eight miles), and extends along the whole of our new position, pre- senting a terrible barrier of desola- tion to any enemy hardy enough to advance against our new lines. No village or farm was left standing on this glacis, no road was left passable, no railway-track or embankment was left in being. Where once were woods there are gaunt rows of stumps; the wells have been blown up; wires, cables, and pipe-lines destroyed. In front of our new positions runs, like a gigantic ribbon, an empire of death." The Berlin Tageblait is also found gloating over this destruction of the dwellings and property of helpless peasants in this burst of fine writing. "And the desert, a pitiful desert, leagues wide, bare of trees and under- growth and houses They sawed and hacked; trees fell and bushes sank; it was days and days before they had cleared the ground. In this war-zone there was to be no shelter, no cover. The enemy's mouth must stay dry, his eyes turned in vain to the wells — they are buried in rubble. No four walls for him to settle down into — all leveled and burned out; the villages turned into dumps of rubbish; charches and church-towers laid out in ruins athwart the roads." All this was done in the territory which the French armies had to cross before reaching their present position before wSt. Quentin. Bu^ to what avail? It checked them not a bit. Across the desert waste they Duilt highways and rebuilt roads. The wells were poisoned. The armies laid water- pipes for their supply. Every farm- house and peasant's cot was reduced to dust. They carried their own shelter. The 'terrible barrier of death' was to them no barrier, only a reason why they must push for- ward with renewed strength and determination to hew down the van- dals guilty of the barbarous destruc- tion. Now in front of St. Quentin they see the Boches engaged in the same work preparatory to their next flight. 1290 Canadian Forcsiri/ Journal. September. 191. Courtesy liomeyn B. Ifoiifj/i «f I Jo\, ^'^'*"i*^*' c^ White Pine with mature cones bearing beads with pitch. 2. Detached clust ol leaves; 3. Seeds, some deta ched from their wings; 4. Young cones in Autumn of first ve ers ear . Canadian Forcstri/ Journal, Scplrmhcr, li)17 1291 The White Pine f- is one of the tallest ! trees of the forests of I North Eastern Am- j erica sometimes at- } tainini? the height of 200 feet with a long columnar trunk 3-5 feet in diameter. When growing in the open it develops a wide pyramidal head easily dis- tinguished from all other pines by its bluish green fine-needled foliage and the dark deeply-furrowed bark with which the large trunks are vested. It once constituted tfie bulk of large tracts of forest but being by far the most valuab'e timber tree of its range these tracts have been largely cleared away to meet the needs and wastes of a growing population, and now only occasional monarchs tower ng head and THE White Pine | I By Romeyn B. Hough ! I i shoulders above the surrounding forests of other growth sug- gest the magnifi- cence of the prime- val Pine forests. Fortunately it is (juick to reproduce itself and many tracts of land where cultivation has been neglected become quickl^^ cov- ered with its new second growth. The wood of the White Pine is the most valuable of the pines for house fmishing, window sash, bhnds, etc. It is light, soft, very easily worked, durable and of a light pinkish-brown color with thin lighter sapwood. Re- produced by permission from Mr. Hough's "Handbook of Trees of Northern States and Canada." R. B. liough, Lowville, N.Y. The Bamboos of Japan To Canadian eyes the sight of an enormous trestle work of slender bamboo poles carrying a railroad track across a mountain chasm might not immediately inspire confidence. Such, however,is a common occurrence in Japan, where bamboo is used for a multitude of structural purposes. .Japan has more than sixty species of bamboo which have been named. The tree grows with amazing rapid- ity. For commercial purposes it is often used split but more commonly in the original round shape for the power of resistance in bamboo against pressure is remarkably great. Cut- ting occurs at from three to ten years, which illustrates the repro- ductive advantage of the bamboo as compared with Canadian spruce, for example, which for saw timber pur- poses cannot be utilized usually until above fifty years. Japan's supply of bamboo forests is constantly increas- ing as artificial afforestation is easy. In the form of hoops for barrels and pails, the split bamboo is manufactur- ed in great quantity. Bleached bamboos are manu- factured with a view to prevent un- sightly change of color or to prevent splitting and other damage by ex- tracting the oil while the bamboos are still in their original round shape. The process gives the bamboo an attractive lustre. In the whole of Japan are over 600 species of forest woods. Twelve hundred and eighty men are employed on the state-owned forests for pro- tection and improvement. DOES QUARTZ CAUSE FIRES? A letter to the Forestry Journal last month from Mr. R. F Davy, Assistant Engineer, Department of Public Works, Temiskaming Station, P.Q., raised the question whether fires have been caused by the re- flection of the sun's rays on white quartz on a hill side. The Journal has since heard from an experienced woodsman, now a fire inspector, that he endorses the theory and that sever- al years ago he knew definitely of more than one forest fire that could have owed its origin to no other cause than the sun's rays acting on quartz. 1292 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 What the Woodlot Means to the Farm By Roland D. Craig, Commission of Conservation. Woodlots on the farms can be made an important factor in the re- Hef of the threatened fuel shortage. Farmers and the residents of smaller towns and villages situated within hauling distance of woodlots, should, as a measure of practical patriotism, use wood in preference to coal. Few farmers realize the value of the crop which can be obtained from their woodlots. If even a small pro- portion of the attention given to other crops were devoted to the protection and improvement of the "bush" a good financial return could be secured. Aside from its value in affording protection against wind and storms, its importance in the con- servation of soil moisture and its aesthetic value, the woodlot has a considerable value for the crops which can be harvested from it every year at a minimum expense. It should have a place on every farm. Live stock should be excluded as they destroy the natural reproduc- tion, injure the larger trees and pack the soil so that the growth of the trees is retarded. Defective and dis- eased trees should be removed first; then those of poor form, such as very crooked or very branchy ones whi.h interfere with the growth of better formed neighbours. The trees of the less valuable species such as dogwood, ironwood and hornbeam should then be removed. Every ef- fort should be made to secure natural reproduction, but, if that be im- possible, planting will be found profit- able. The tendency has been to encour- age the growing of soft-woods suitable for lumber, such as pine, spruce and cedar, but the function of a farmer's woodlot is better fulfilled by produc- ing hardwoods for fuel. The fuel value of one cord of sev- eral of the common kinds of wood is equal to the following quantities of anthracite coal: Hickory and hard maple 1,800 to 2,000 lbs. of coal; white oak, 1,540 to 1,715 lbs. of coal, red oak, black oak and beech, 1,300 to 1,450 lbs. of coal; poplar, chesnut and elm, 940 to 1,050 lbs. of coal; pine, 800 to 925 lbs. of coal. Therefore, hardwood is worth, to the owner of the woodlot, from $6.00 to $9.00 per cord, as compared with coal at $10 per ton, plus the cost of hauling it out to his farm. Canadian Forcstiu Journal, September, 1917 1293 F If a yield is to be sustained per- manently, it should not exceed the annual growth which, in unmanaged woodlots, probably does not exceed ^ cord per acre. This production can be considerably increased by careful management. A woodlot may be considered as similar to a savings' bank account from which the annual interest, represented by the growth, may|§be taken out or allowed to accumulate. In the case of the wood- lot, however, the withdrawals can be so made as to greatly benefit the condition of the stand and improve its productivity. The Dominion Forestry Branch and the various provincial forestry organizations have done much to encourage farm forestry by supply- ing advice and assistance. The Dominion Government distributes annually between 3,000,000 and 3,- 750,000 seedlings and cuttings among the farmers of the prairie provinces. In Ontario, the Forestry Branch of the Department of Lands, Forests and Mines also supplies seedlings for planting in farmers woodlots. Natural Forest in Contrast to Woodlot By E. J. Zavitz, Chief Forester of Ontario. The forest has been spoken of as an organism and the forest tree finds its best development as one of a community. Proper soil conditions, influence of trees upon each other, etc., are all lacking in the common woodlot or in the case of the roadside tree. It should be understood that the woodlot and roadside tree grow under different conditions from the forest tree, the former lacking many factors which influence the latter. To understand the abnormal state of roadside and woodlot trees it is advisable to study the conditions of the forest. The forest may be discussed in relation to the forest floor and the trees themselves. The forest floor meaning the soil, humus, leaf litter and undergrowth. The nature of the soil in the for- est is greatly influenced by the pro- tection and cover afforded by the trees and by the amount of humus it contains. Humus is formed by the decom- position of foliage, twigs, and other organic elements falling to the ground. It makes heavy soil less stiff and sandy soils more binding. It aids in preparing food for the trees and possesses great capacity for absorb- ing water. Humus is very essential to the proper development of trees. The lack of it in the woodlot, owing to driving winds, makes a great differ- ence between woodlot and forest. The litter of leaves, etc., has less opportunity of collecting and form- ing humus in the open woodlot. In the natural forest, where normal conditions prevail, the undergrowth is composed of the more delicate plants which are not a menace to the reproduction of tree species. When an opening is created in the forest, soil conditions are such that tree seeds have an opportunity to germinate and grow before the open- ing is filled with grass and weeds, as is the case with the average wood- lot. In the forest the tree seeds fall to the ground and are protected from sudden changes of temperature and moisture conditions by the leaf litter. Of course in many cases the leaf litter is a hindrance, as it prevents the seed from reaching the mineral soil. In the woodlot the seed may fall on the mineral soil, but the lack of pro- tection prevents it from properly germinating. After germination of the seed in the forest the young seedlings have protection which gives them a chance for a time. If an opening occurs by the falling of one or more trees these seedlings spring up to fill it. If the opening does not occur the seedling 1294 Canadian Forestry JournaU September, 1917 may be shaded out and die. The writer has passed through woodlots in May and early June where thousands of young seedhngs had made a start. By the end of August these had all disappeared. What causes their disappearance? Not always stock grazing, but often drying out from lack of protoclion; this lack of protection being usually due, to the want of leaf litter and humus as well as to the open condi- tion of the woods. It is difficult to say of what value a denuded soil is in relation to tree growth. On some sand formations in Ontario there stood in the original forest some splendid trees. After clearing the land, a few good crops were secured, but soon the sandy soil became weakened as it lost its covering of humus. ^To-day some of these lands are waste sand dunes. Trees in the forest with tall, clean stems have passed through many stages. We are apt to think that they always grew with many com- panions and passed from the seedling stage into the thicket or pole stage. Frequently some were crowded out to die. The tall forest tree we see to-day is the survivor of a long struggle and its roots may be taking up ground which in its youth pro- duced a few hundred saplings. The thicket or pole stage served its purpose. If the tall forest tree had been growing in the open it would have large branches a few feet from the ground and would never have reached the great height to which it has attained. To survive in the struggle, the tree in the thicket has to spend most of its energy in height growth during its early life, in which time the side branches are shaded out and die while very small. This cleaning of branches gives a clean stem on which a growth free from knots may be developed in the years to come. Unique Forestrp Exhibit at Prince Albert The Dominion Forestry Branch Exhibit at the Agricultural Fair in Prince Albert, Sask., on August 9th, 10th and 11th, attracted much favor- able comment by both the public and the press. The miniature for- est arrangement was most unique representing a regulated forest area cxntaining various age classes. The species used were white and black spruce and jack pine. The oldest age classes were made up of trees twenty-five to thirty feet in height, some being trimmed up from the ground for six or eight feet thus pro- viding a shady nook for tired visitors. Park benches were scattered around among the trees and were freely used by women and children. The trees from twenty feet down were not trimmed but left with their branches extending to the ground. Numerous of the trees had an abundant supply of cones — thus showing the seed crop. A small area of nursery stock was shown in front of the forest* as well as representative areas of burned forest, poor cutting area with high stumps, waste and no brush disposal. In contrast another area was shown alongside showing good cutting with low stumps miniature cordwood piles, some neat brush piles and some which had been burned. In this area was also shown the uninjured young growth coming up. A model ranger house presented by the MacDiarmid Lumber Co. of Prince Albert was placed among the smaller trees. For- est Reserve boundary notices and the numerous metal and cloth lire and Reserve notices were posted in conspicuous places. Adjoining the forest a small ran- ger's camp was pitched with tent and camp fire and examples of how to extinguish camp fires with water and earth. A canoe used by fire CaiHulidn Forcslii/ Journal, Scplirnhrr, 1917 1295 rangers in the north was shown with complete fire fighting equipment and outfit used by them. A hirge blaciv bear loaned by the soldiers at the Armory was chained at the edge of the forest and attracted much atten- tion by his antics. At the rear of the forest with a path leading up to it a further ex- hibit was arranged in one of the buildings. This building was dec- orated with elk, deer and game heads, bunting and flags as well as num- erous mounted birds and a large white-fish loaned by Mr. Geo. Mc- Donald, Fisheries Inspector. On the walls were arranged maps and mounted photographs showing the reserve activities and views of merchantable and young stands, planting and logging operations, brush piling and burning, forest fires and their results, effects of drifting sands. Forest Reserve improvements, graz- ing and uses. Outfits used by both forest and fire rangers for fighting fire were displayed from grub hoes to water alforjas. On two long tables were arranged for free distribution literature, bulletins, reports, blotters, rulers, pocket whetstones and other publicity material. Two stalls were occupied by equip- ment and pictures showing railway fire protection. A small hand jigger used by railway patrolmen and a gasolene car used by inspectors were shown with their equipment. Samples of Saskatchewan Forest Products and a model house of White Spruce were loaned by the I^rince Albert Lumber Co. The exhibit was arranged under the direction of Mr. G. A. Gutches, District Inspector of Forest Reserves lor Saskatchewan and with the assist- ance of Chief Fire Ranger S. W. Thompson, Divisional Fire Inspector T. MacNaughton and Ranger In Charge A. Williscraft. THE CRIME OF A MATCH! "The greatest crime that can be committed through the agency of a match is the lighting of a destructive forest fire. Consider the case of a building destroyed by fire. Money will replace it. In a year or two we may see another building rise on the same site, easily a better building than the one consumed. Then con- sider the destruction of a forest by fire. A flaming match, or a lighted cigar or cigarette stub, carelessly tossed among the dry leaves starts the conflagration, which sweeps up a hillside, leaving a bare and blackened ruin hundreds of acres in extent. Money cannot replace! it Time may restore this forest to some measure of its former grandeur and value, but scarcely in the life time of a man. Consider this burned area ten years after — or even twenty years — a mass of brush and brambles, with the gaunt and weathered trunks of many fire-killed monarchs still standing in disfiguring array." — Kennebec Valley Forest Protective Association. FRANCE'S REGARD FOR HER FORESTS "It is evident that France cannot supply her own requirements in wood. The policy adopted throughout France for the conservation of her forests, to cultivate them and to cut only as much as can be produced each year, necessitates the purchase elsewhere of the wood she needs for building purposes, etc. A change in this policy would bring about a revolution in France, where whole districts (communes) pay their taxes from the annual revenue from their forests, and in some cases even distribute a considerable surplus among the in- habitants."— From report of Dominions Royal Commission. 1296 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 THE USES OF WOOD PULP By John S. Bates Superintendent Forest Products Laboratories, Montreal. Paper making is only one of hundred purposes to which pulp is put. The pulp and paper industry has expanded very rapidly in Canada during the past ten years and it appears that Canada is destined to become perhaps the leading country in the world in the manufacture of pulp and paper products from wood. This is largely because of our ex- tensive natural resources of water- powers and suitable tree species. It is important to point out the oppor- tunities and responsibilities for Cana- dian engineers in this technical in- dustry. The consumption of paper increases so rapidly from year to year in the more highly develof)ed count- ries that there is no indication of slackening development, at least for some years to come. Canada now has a total of about 90 mills many of which are large and of modern design. The export figures for the calendar year 1916 show that pulpwood, wood pulp and paper have increased to nearly half of the total export value (approximately $100,000,000) of all forest products with the exception of the small proportion of specially manufactured articles. Woods for Pulp The soft woods are the most im- portant species for paper-making, spruce and balsam fir accounting for the bulk of the woods used with hem- lock, jack, pine, tamarack and other conifers coming into more extensive use. Poplar and basswood repre- senting the "soft hardwoods" are valuable for making soda pulp and a variety of hardwoods such as birch and maple are used in smaller quan- tity. In 1915 the total reported pulpwood consumption amounted to 1,405,836 cords with an average value of $6.71 per cord. In addition Can- ada exported 949,714 cords of pulp- wood, which quantity has remained fairly constant for several years while the consumption of pulpwood in Canada has rapidly increased. Uses for Groundwood Pulp The groundwood process is the simplest method of manufacture, in- volving the wet grinding of pulpwood blocks. In 1915 this process ac- counted for 52.9 per cent of the total pulpwood consumption. An import ant direct use of groundwood pulp is in the manufacture of wallboard such as ordinary "Beaver Board" and the thicker "Insulite" board used for insulating cold storage rooms and refrigerator cars. Fibreware, repre- sented by indurated pails and tubs, moulded egg cases and pressed milk bottles impregnated with paraffin, is composed mainly of groundwood pulp. Paper pie plates are cut and pressed from sheets of this pulp. The sulphite process is the most important of the chemic"al processes and in 1915 used 33.5 per cent of the total pulpwood. The wood is chipped and steamed in large digesters with a solution of calcium (and magnesium) bisulphite containing free sulphurous acid, which dissolves most of the lignin and other non-cellulose mater- ial amounting to about one-half of the dry weight of the wood. Pro- duction of sulphite pulp has now reached about 1,000 tons per day, over half of which is used in the manu- facture of paper in Canada. An im- portant development is the increase in manufacture of bleached sulphite pulp for high-grade papers. Making News-Print News-print paper is by far the most important manufactured product in the pulp and paper industry and is essentially a mixture of about 75 parts of groundwood- pulp and 25 Canadian Forestrij Journal, September, 1917 1297 parts of sulphite pulp with suitable loading, sizing and coloring materials. Canadian production now totals about 2100 tons per day which is now over half the production of the United States. Only a small pro- portion is needed for Canadian news- papers so that about 89 per cent is available for export chiefly to the United States. Other products made by mixing groundwood and sulphite pulps are hanging paper (wall paper), the cheaper grades of wrapping paper and book paper, container board for paper boxes, liners for cars and boxes, paper for posters, etc. Hard Rubber Substitute Sulphite pulp in the unbleached or bleached state is used for making many papers of the higher grades in- cluding print paper, book and writing tissues and wax paper. Recent at- tention has been given to production of imitation parchment and grease- proof papers such as glassine. Sul- phite pulp is .well suited to the moulding of plastics such as. toys and novelties by incorporating binders. Vulcanized fibre or hard rubber sub- stitute is usually made by treating pulp with zinc chloride and mixing with red ferric oxide, with the addi- tion of glycerine if a phable product is desired. Some of the paper wheels and pulleys come under this head. A sample of surgical cotton substitute from Europe turned out to be an excellent product from bleached sul- phite pulp and it is reported that large quantities are being used by Germany during the present cotton shortage. Viscose is one of the artificial silk materials which can be readily made from wood pulp. Bleached sulphite pulp is first con- verted to alkali cellulose by treating with strong caustic soda and then to soluble cellulose zanthate by the addition of carbon disulphide. After pressing into threads through dies or moulding into heavier articles the material is readily converted back to stable cellulose in the form of arti- ficial silk, films or moulded articles. It is also used for sizing textiles and paper. There are several plants in the United States and undoubtedly the industry will be established in Canada. The best gun cotton is made from purified cotton, but good grades have been made from bleached sul- phite pulp in England and at the present time to a large extent in Germany. Cellulose acetate is or- dinarily made from cotton and it is doubtful if bleached sulphite pulp will be used in America until the pro- cess can be improved. The non- inflammable and water-proofing qualities of cellulose acetate made it more valuable than nitro-cellulose foi aeroplane varnish, films, artificial silk and celluloid substitutes. In PICKING OUT A "JAM" ON THE KENNEBEC RIVER, MAINE. 1298 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 some industries a filter mass of sul- phite pulp has been successfully used in place of cotton fibre. Waste Liquors Waste sulphite liquor is one of the most frequently quoted industrial wastes, as millions of gallons are turned into the rivers every day carrying half of the original pulpwood substance together with most of the lime and sulphur used. Recovery of by-products is difficult and costly but it is safe to say that Canada will begin to practice recovery in the near future. In Europe and the United States evaporated liquor is used quite extensively as a binder for briquetting fuel and as core binder in foundry work. The tannin-like substances are separated and incorporated with true tannins in preparing sole leather. Sweden has taken the lead in re- covery of ethyl (grain) alcohol and produced in 1916 over one-half milhon Imperial gallons of 95 per cent alcohol for industrial purposes, motor fuel and potable spirits. It is re- ported that Germany has estabhshed this process in fourteen sulphite plants in order to conserve potatoes which are the usual source of alcohol in that country. Waste sulphite Hquor contains about 1.5 per cent of fermentable sugars which are pro- duced from the wood during the cooking process and these sugars are fermented to alcohol by yeast. The direct recovery of sugars and other organic matter makes available a fairly good cattle food. Recent pro- cesses aim at the precipitation of the lignin content for use as fuel and a number of new plants are going up in Norway. A^linor processes are the recovery of destructive distillation products, fertilizer and mordants for dyeing. There is also the possibihty of recovering sulphur compounds which however do not originate in the wood. Twine From Paper The sulphate process used 13.1 per cent of the Canadian pulpwood con- sumption in 1915. This process is a development of recent years and pro- duces a remarkably strong flexible fibre by the combined action of caustic soda and sodium sulphide on the softwood chips. The value of kraft ptilp is most noticeable in the brown, strong, thin wrapping papers which are now so widely used. A variety of ingenious uses for this pulp have been worked out in Europe and elsewhere. Paper twine is made by cutting kraft paper into narrow strips and spinning into a coarse strand now largely used for wrapping parcels and for binder twine. The threads may be assembled to produce first-class rope. By weaving there is obtained bagging material to replace burlap, carpets and matting, coarse cloth for upholstering furniture or even for wearing apparel, and also belting which is now used in Europe. By wrapping layers of kraft paper on a core and impregnating with tar binder conduits are made which can be turn- ed and threaded; these are especially useful for underground electrical con- duits and acid-resisting water pipes. Kraft pulp is also used for making imitation leather for suitcases, as well as counters and heels for boots and shoes. In Europe the sulphate process is sometimes modified to give more fully cooked sulphate pulp which can be bleached and used for higher-grade papers such as book and writing. Oils From Waste The spent liquor is always eva- porated, incinerated and causticized for the recovery of alkalise which are used again for cooking. One Cana- dian mill is now recovering so-called "resin oil" w^hich separates from the spent liquor. Turpentine and small quantities of other light oils may be recovered from resinous woods by distilling with steam during the cook- ing operation and resin soap separates from the spent liquor on cooling. This applies particularly to manu- facture of kraft pulp from longleaf pine in the Southern States. Methods have been proposed for the produc- tion of methyl alcohol, acetone, acetic acid, higher oils by the destructive distillation of the evaporated liquor with simultaneous recovery of alkali and perhaps oxalic acid from the residue. Canndidu Foicslii/ Jouindl. September, 1917 1299 umm0tt0 ?By '£. iif. lailry Have you flung your arms ami shouted till the forests answered back, Seen the footprints of the cougar or the black bear's shambling track'! Have you ridden mountain horses as they follow up the trails, , Seen the courfsying water-ouzel and the scuddling of the quails'l Then you come with me to Shasta Where the racing waters flow. Far behind the dome of Shasta, Where no tourists ever go. In the forests deep at Shasta Where the mighty fir-trees grow. Have you smelt the pitch-knots burning as they snapple in the breeze. Have you seen the camp smoke rising till it billows in the trees'! Have you stretched full length and slumbered on the needles for a bed. With the sun-flecks dancing on you through the tree-tops overhead'! Then we'll go to find the rivers Where they open to the sky. Wade the oozy turbid rivers Where the water-bushes lie. Feel the salmon in the rivers As it rises to the fly. Have you heard the boiling waters when they bubble through the night, Felt the touch of roaming night-winds as they wander from the lightl Have you breathed the wind of fir-trees in the silence of the wood With the night-damps closing round you where no human ever stood'! Then you join me in the darkness Where the night is dense and deep, Stretching silent in the darkness When the wild beasts lie asleep. Hear a startle in the darkness Where a panther makes a leap. Have you heard the rain drops tinkle as they strike upon the leaves. Have you felt the fore-winds freshen when they whiffle in your sleeves'! Have you sat beside the river when the rain begins to pour. Do you know the fragrant music that makes along the shore'! Then we'll hasten to the weather Be it rain or sun or cloud, To the hazy purple weather And the dust-deeps that enshroud. To the free and open weather. When the winds are wild and loud. Have you torn thro' thorny thickets, walked a ten-mile at a stage. Floated down the falling rivers, past the sedge and saxifrage'! Have you waited at the deer-licks for the coming of the game'! Have you bivouacked in the forest till you've clean forgot your name'! Then we'll off into the forests Where the bubbling waters run. Shout our challenge in the forests At the rising of the sun. Build our night-fires in the forests When the careless day is done. — From ''California Forestry." PULP FROM PAPYRUS It is reported from Christiania that a company is being formed locally to utilize papyrus in the manu- facture of paper pulp. The name of the company is the Walmer Papyrus Pulp Co., Ltd., with a capital of 150,000 pounds. Papyrus growing in North Zulu- land will be utilized, and it is stated that a concession has been obtained permitting exploitation for a term of 20 years. USING JACK PINE A good example of the conservation tendency in wood using industries is shown by a Canadian wall board company which previously used a spruce centre for its product and recently changed to jack pine with what are said to be excellent results. 1300 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 Sheep and Goats As Tree Destroyers Some Canadian planters of forest tree stock have had experiences with depredations of goats, both amusing and tragic. There is under way in the United States at the present time a discussion between the breeders of sheep and goats with regard to their availabihty as an agency to convert brush-land into grass land. The "Angora Journal" has the following to say: "Sheep are a grass-feeding stock; they will not eat brush unless forced to do so by absence of other pastur- age. They will browse on scant pasture, leaving the hazel, willow, or other bushes to grow unmolested if any grass is to be had. On the other hand, goats will leave grass to sheep and cattle if any green tree or shrub growth is available. They prefer it. Sheep never stand upright on the hind legs to browse; goats will browse off the foliage and tender bark to a height of six feet and even higher. Forest officials have adopted goats as a means of keeping fire-breaks clear of underbrush. Goats are used to do the pioneering ahead of other live stock on new lands in many Western States. "The prejudice against goats is questionable. It has been created by the inhabitant of the vacant city- lot— a neglected creature that was forced to get subsistence by any means it could. It gnawed the labels from tin cans to get the taste of the paste beneath — and acquired a repu- tation for eating tin cans. The goat of the open fields and prosperous farms is as different from the vacant- lot or common type as is the Hereford thoroughbred from the raw-boned cow of the city suburbs. The goat is the cleanest feeder of the live-stock world. It will not eat straw or hay that has been under foot. It nibbles the choicest bits of foliage and rejects all uncleanness. ONTARIO ! Ontario's timber production last year valued at $26,774,937 or 40 per cent, of Canada's total output. Pine production, 905,442,000 ft. B.M. Pulpwood, 246,282 cords. Railway Ties, 5,704,459. Ontario's woodworking industries, using 34 different kinds of wood, pro- vide a ready market for the lumber- man. Eighty-two per cent, of lum- ber used in Ontario's industries is purchased within the Province. COUNT OVER SURVIVORS Mr. William Kilby, formerly of the Canadian Northern fire protec- tion service at Winnipeg, is now with the Royal Flying Corps in France, ht s already been sent up as an ob- server and will qualify for his com- mission in a month or two. Writing to a friend, Mr. Kilby remarks: "We'll have to have a general pow- wow of foresters and kindred souls after the war to kind of count over the survivors " SAND BAGS OF PAPER Mr. H. R. Christie, formerly of the British Columbia Forest Service has sent to an Ottawa friend a sample of the German sand bags made en- tirely of paper fibres. In appear- ance the article somewhat resembles a coarse brown linen bag but is smoother in finish, each strand being tightly rolled and woven with great exactness. Mr. Christie states that the bags are very serviceable except when exposed to moisture, when they rot. The Germans, he reports, do not use nearly as many sand bags as the British and French, for the reason that they have more timber at their disposal and make prolific use of it. Canadian Foreslrij Journal, September, 1917 1301 Restoring Beautp to a Rocki) Island ' The whole northern country was once well forested, bearing the only crop it was fit for growing; we have lumbered it out of existence without care to save maturing growth and thus retain continuity of forest stand and new crop," writes the Editor of the Peterboro Examiner. "Fifty or more years ago many of the islands of Stony Lake were well wooded. About half a century ago a forest fire swept them and left liare rocks. Natdre has, in some parts, partially repaired the waste, and man might have done much that he has not done to reclothe the stony nakedness with the verdure of trees. "That this is feasible is shown by the action and experience of Mr. J. B. McWilliams, as to his island on Stony Lake, near Burleigh. When, a few years ago, he built a cottage there, his island was, to use his own words, "almost all bare rock, and now I have about twenty-five differ- ent kinds of trees growing, besides numerous shrubs, all on less than two acres of area." Here is at once practical proof and precept. It shows what can be done when care and recognition of the value, and love of tree growth are allowed to become agencies in repair of waste and in forest restoration. "On this island we have the beau- tiful and continuously growing evi- dence of what can be done on most of the islands of the Kawartha Lakes group, inexpressibly enhancing their present beauty, and in all the arid and treeless region of the north coun- try, that with proper government or county action might be clothed with a profitable growth of forest that would be a merchantable asset and vsource of revenue for future generations." DOLLAR COMPANY LOSES A serious bush fire broke out in the Dollar Company's holdings back of Union Bay, British Columbia, in August. Upwards of 500 acres were burned over before the fire was sub- dued. The Dollar Company had only purchased the property a few weeks ago, had 65 men working, and lost about $20,000 worth of logs, piles and poles. They saved all their machinery, however. A FEW DON'TS FOR HUNTERS Don't pass a loaded gun for in- spection to a brother hunter, or any- one else for that matter. Don't leave a loaded gun around the house or camp or anywhere else. Don't — whether it is loaded or not —lay hold of a gun by the muzzle and pull it toward you, from a canoe or a wagon. Don't climb over a fence with a loaded gun in your hands. Don't think you can do accurate shooting with a dirty gun. Don't "walk up" on any wounded game without having a cartridge in the chamber of your rifle, ready for any surprise. Don't by any chance set the woods afire. WEIGHTS OF TIMBER Weight of one cord of green spruce pulpwood is about 4,500 pounds. Weight of one cord of dry spruce pulpwood is about 3,000 pounds. Weight of one cord of green white- birch is about 6,000 pounds. Weight of one cord of poplar pulp- wood is about 3,200 pounds. Weight of 1,000 feet of old growth spruce logs, (according to Maine or Holland rule scale) is about 6,000 pounds. The weight of green lumber may be reduced from 30 to 50 per cent, or more in seasoning, while the strength of small clear pieces may increase in seasoning up to double the strength when green. 1302 Canadian Forestrij Journal. September, 1917 What Slash Disposal Means I After a logging operation the fire risk is increased from 100 | I to 200 per cent. This risk decreases every year, and from 6 to J j 10 years becomes normal again, rarely extending to 15 years. j I Director of Forest Survey, New Brunswick. I I I ^,1 ,n m, ,1, „„ ,u ,u nn ,-, ,„ „ „„ „„ m, ,„ „„ „„ „„ „„ ,„ ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ £ The slash disposal queslion is one that should receive the serious con- sideration of both the loggers and the Department officials. Slash disposal has passed the experimental stage and is being endorsed not only by forest administrators but by the loggers themselves in many locahties. The cost for disposal varies from 25 to 40 cents per M., as practiced m Quebec, in similar stands, by lopping. Similar results have Peen secured in northern Saskatchewan. In Minnesota slash is piled and burned generally as logging proceeds, and the results are shown from the following section from report of State Forester Cox, 1914: "All kinds of slash dj not burn the same, nor does any one kind burn the same under different conditions. Green slash of pure cedar and spruce, for instance, is hard to burn, but, if a fire is started and the green slash piled on, it burns well. Pine slash burns well either in winter or summer. Where the timber is dense and the slash considerable, the expense of burning at the time of logging is very nearly balanced or may even be more than offset by the increased con- venience in skidding. Actual opera- tions have shown that where timber is heavy (150 M. per "40" or greater), slash will be so dense that considerable piling will be necessary before skid- ding can be done, and under these circumstances it would be much cheaper to burn at the time of cutting than to wait until spring. Figures from further operations also show that 25 cents is a fair average cost f ( r burning of slash a. time of logging, to say nothing of the increased benefit to skidding and to the operation as a whole. "In summarizing conditions gener- ally, the policy has been adopted to enforce winter burning, or very early spring wherever winter burning would entail unreasonable expense." His general regulations for spruce and balsam stands are: "1. Upland Type. Where spruce alone is cut and the stand is mixed with pine or hard- wood, burn the slash as logging proceeds. 2. Swamp Type. Where 40 to 50 per cent of the number of trees remain standing, fire line a strip at least 150 feei wide around entire slashing by burning slash in winter or early spring. If clean cut, pile slash in windrows and burn in early spring. 3. Any Spruce or Balsam. Where most of spruce or balsam ^s cut out, but there is considerable t'mber remaining that may be valu- able in the future, pile slash in windrows as logging proceeds and burn in early spring." The question is of considerable im- portance, and one which steps should be taken to reduce to a minimum, either by lopping, piling and burning, or by intensive patrol during the danger period. (From Report of Department of Lands, Fredericton, N. B.) MILLION YEAR-OLD TREE A wood specimen found in glacial drift and estimated by the Wisconsin state geologist to be approximately a million years old has been iden+ified by the forest products laboratory of the Forest Service as spruce. Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, Scplcmhcr, I HI 130;3 Avoidable Waste in I he Forest. A lodiied tree in a New Brunswick opera- tion left to rot. A $30,000 corporation has been formed by twenty-eight prominent business men of Dallas, Texas, ac- cording to the News of that city, to manufacture paper from cotton stalks. It is planned to increase the capitalization of the company, which had been chartered, and erect a one- quarter million dollar mill for the process. Samples of paper from cot- ton stalks have been made and the method it is announced, has been proven satisfactory. TEA BY THE OPEN FIRE From the faucets of the fountain. And the bottles of the bar, I've tried many fancy gargles. Most as many as there are. But the drink that's first and fore- most, If you put it up to me, Is the scalding can of ashes, Swamp juice, soot — and tea. From "OUTI XG-'. 1304 Canadan Forestry Journal, September, 1917 Estimating Fire Damage An effort to secure uniform statis- tics regarding forest fires and the damage caused by them was made recently by a special committee of the Canadian Forestry Association. The committee secured many valuable suggestions and criticisms which will be utilized in a report. Dealing with this subject, Mr. Ell wood Wilson, Forester of the Laurentide Company, writes : "The necessity for uniform statis- tics of forest fires and the damage caused by them is a subject of great importance and likewise of consider- able difficulty. It would seem to be necessary to have, whenever a fire occurs, the date, location, cause, area burned over, stand before the fire occurred, timber which can be sal- vaged, and timber burned. Value of timber or other resource destroyed is also important. The last three items are very difficult to ascertain. Pro- tective agencies cannot be expected in the nature of the case to cruise and accurately determine the amount of timber on areas under their care. The ordinary fire ranger is, certainly not qualified nor has he the time to make a careful estimate of the amount of timber which can be salvaged, nor the value of the trees destroyed. At best the most he can say is: green timber destroyed, or old burn, or logging slash or some such general description, and he can say timber scorched but ht to cut, timber all burnt, etc., and none of these design- ations are of any real value for statistical purposes. In fact, the determination of areas is really often beyond the capacity of the ranger, and again the difficulty of leaving his patrol to measure burnt areas crops up. Then when the question of valuing such damaged areas is en- countered, further difficulties enter. Only an expert in local values is com- petent to say what timber is worth. The question of the value of young growth, of scorched timber and of areas which have just started to reproduce is a trying one, and no two owners will agree as to the value placed on such areas. Much pre- liminary work is necessary, especially in a country which has not even been carefully mapped, such as all of the Canadian co-operative associations are operating in. It might be pos- sible for these Associations to under- take such mapping and estimating work. This would give winter work for rangers and inspectors, a very important matter indeed." A RECORD LOG JAM Probably the record logjam of the world is blocking the Glommen River in Sweden. A quantity, estimated at about 450,000 dozens of logs, have piled up at Bingfoss lock, almost inextricably, to an enormous height, and it is only possible to extricate the logs one by one with immense work and difficulty. Instead of employing as usual about 20 to 30 men, the asso- ciation has now 130 men engaged, who work day and night totry to loosen this mighty mass of timber. Although everything has been done to stop more timber from coming down to Bingfoss, the river still carries a great deal of timber, and the quantity at Bingfoss i^ thus steadily increasing. As the situa- tion now is, it is hardly possible to clear the quantity of timber at the Bingen lock in a shorter time than two years, and there is no prospect of being able to release this year much more than one-half of the quantity of timber which has been marked this season for being floated in the Glomrnen River. CHEAP MEAL IN PLANTER'S CAMP Roast veal, fried potatoes, stewed tomatoes, dried corn, canned peaches, hot biscuits, butter, cookies, coffee, — not a menu of a fashionable hotel, but of a meal served in a Pennsylvania State Forest tree-planting camp. It cost 163^ cents per man. Caiiadidii Forcslrij Journal, Sep I ember, 1917 1305 Timber Resources of Northern Manitoba By J. A. Campbell, COMMISSIONER OF NOHTHKHN MANITOBA. In Spite of Fire Damage Much Timber Exists as Basis of New Industries. Many years ago the northern part of Manitoba as far north as what is known as the "Barren Lands," was thickly covered with a forest growth of spruce, tamarac, jack pine and other northern trees. Great areas of this was timber of merchantable size and besides there were immense stretches of valuable pulp wood, but during the last 25 or 50 years millions of dollars worth of this, one of our most valuable natural resources, have been destroyed by fire. In many parts of the burned area a new growth has sprung up which is now well developed and in the course of from 15 to 25 years, if properly protected, will be an exceedingly valuable asset. However, outside of the burned areas there are still great stretches of valuable timber and pulp wood which, taken in conjunction with means of transportation now available, and the prevalence of water power near them in almost every instance, form an exceedingly valuable resource and one which should be protected, con- served and developed with the great- est care. The Havoc of Fire Mr. J. B. Tyrrell has made frequent trips into the north country and per- haps to him more than any other man is due our knowledge of this resource, as well as much other information regarding the country. From Mr. Tyrrell's reports it is learned a great deal of timber in the territory in question has been destroyed by fire. On Grass and Minago rivers there is still some forest of excellent white spruce but on the northern part of Burntwood river this is rather scarce. _ Black spruce and canoe birch grow on the more level and imperfectly drained areas. The aspen is the com- monest deciduous tree as it grown on the drier uplands everywhere, oc- casionally forming beautiful forests. "The forests surrounding Reed Lake are mostly of poplar, but there are some good growths of fine large spruce about 25 inches in diameter." On the southwestern shore of Lake Atha- papuskow, "considerable areas are covered with large white spruce." At Wintering Lake, "the surrounding areas rise gently from the water and are densely wooded with close forests of white spruce, growing on the rich clay soil." An old fur station near Setting Lake was found by Mr. Tyrrell "considerably overgrown with large spruce trees quite indistin- guishable from those of the surround- ing forest." In an exploration trip in connec- tion with the Hudson Bay Railway, Mr. J. W. McLaggan covered the territory immediately north of The Pas and the following information is obtained from his report. The first portion is covered with small mixed timber. North of Cormorant Lake there are at least 5 million feet of good milling spruce and a very con- siderable area of the same south of Reed Lake. North of Herb Lake are spruce and poplar fit for railway ties and pulpwood. If fire had been kept out there would have been a big timber area in this district. Reaf- forestation is now being effected. Between Reed Lake and Elbow Lake he saw about two million feet of good spruce and poplar, averaging 12 to 14 inches in diameter. In the report of W. Thibideau on an exploratory survey of the ground between Fort Churchill and The Pas in connection with the Hudson Bay route is found the following: "All the timber between the head of the Little Churchill river and Churchill is reserved for fuel purposes. 1306 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 The pulp wood belt as estimated below begins at Split Lake and ex- tends to The Pas, ten miles in width on each side of the way proposed for route of Hudson Bay Railway. On this area, assuming one-sixth to be covered by pulpwood, the balance being river, lakes, ponds, swamps, etc., and assuming 10 cords per acre of an average of 6 inches in diameter, there would be 5,756,660 cords. This is a verv low but safe estimate." In 1910 Mr. J. R. Dickson, Dom- inion Forestry Branch, made an inspection of timber along the line of the proposed Hudson Bay Railway from The Pas to Split Lake. He covered a distance of some 235 miles along the line of railway. Mr. Dick- son deplores the ravages made by fires in the past, but points out that a great deal of new growth will soon be suitable for pulpwood. He intimates that if general drainage conditions could in some way be improved so as to partially replace the black spruce with the white spruce the wealth producing power of the region would be immeasurably greater. Mr. .J. A. J. McKenna concludes each section of his report on the Hudson Bay route with a recapitula- tion or summary from which are taken the following: 'Tt would seem that after the Saskatchewan is spanned at The Pas, construction of a line of railway to Churchill would not be unusually difficult or expensive, and from re- ports it would appear there aire in the intervening country stretches of fair timber. The country about the Bay has only been glanced at by explorers. Merchantable timber has been seen and vast stretches of pulpwood." LAWSUIT ON TREE VALUES An interesting lawsuit has arisen from the burning over of a portion of the State Forest in Elk county, Pennsylvania, by a fire which was undoubtedly caused by sparks from a locomotive. The land burned over was covered with very young trees of little value at the time of the fire — but of large prospective value. The Department of Forestry claims dam- ages on the basis of the value of the trees 60 years hence, when they would have been mature, discounted to the present at 3 per cent, interest. The railroad company insists on 5 per cent., which would make the bill considerably lower. " 'UP-GO' OF LUMBER COSTS" The Hardwood Manufacturers' As- sociation has issued a little folder showing the comparative increase in cost of different articles. Costs. Percentage of increase Logs, bo't. on mkt. 31 Stumpagc 100 Labor ' 20 Horse and mules... 40 Oxen 41 Feed 76 Steel rails 9.3 Railroad supplies.. 88 Wire rope 91 Manila rope 103 Machinery 60 Oil '. 29 Percentage of increase Saws 52 Planer knives 160 Belts 96 Packing 32 Files 101 Emery wheels 54 Mill supplies 58 Coal 137 Freight rates 8 Stationery 63 Federal taxes 100 Lumber 12 NEW ISSUES AVAILABLE TO ALL MEMBERS! The Canadian Forestry Asso- ciation will have ready for distribution in the near fut- ure two special illustrated pamphlets. One deals with, "What Ownership of the For- ests in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta really means!" and sheds some statistical light on the agitation for "provincial ownership" ; the second pamphlet undertakes to make clear the present situation in New Bruns- wick and to impress the need for a reconsideration of the Govern- ment's method of managing the Crown forests. Ten thousand copies of the first mentioned pamphlet will be given careful distribution throughout the West, and five thousand copies of the New Brunswick issue will - be available for propagandist work in that province. Balsa wood, found in Central America, is said to be the lightest known wood. It is lighter than cork, and has an average specific gravity of only .104. Cauddidu Forcstifi Journal. Scplcnihcr, 1917 1307 Russia in the Wood Market The eyes of the world are upon Russia, not only because of the perilous turns of military fortune following the Revolution but from the sudden ilood of publicity relating to trade opportunities after the war. Writing of the Economic Resources of the Russian Empire, Mr. Ernest H. Godfrey F.S.S. takes some in- teresting statements from a recent article by Baron HeyKing, Consul General for Russia in the United Kingdom, and makes comparisons with Canada. As Russia is certain to offer much greater competition to Canada in the export lumber trade of the world, the Journal reproduces the following excerpts: "The north of Russia is covered with large stretches of forest land, much of which has not been properly surveyed. Apparently there are no estimates of the quantities of timber available; but Baron HeyKing con- siders that the supplies are practically inexhaustible and that Russia is bound to become the chief source of supplies of timber for building, navi- gation, wood pulp and other purposes. Next to the grain trade comes timber as an article of export from Russia; and it is stated that for the year 1906-10 the average annual exports of timber from Russia were 164,516 tons from the port of Libau, 633,709 tons from Archangel, 962,903 tons from Petrograd-Cronstadt and 262,- 903 tons from Windau. In area. Baron HeyKing informs us, the Russian Empire extends over half of the continent of Europe and a third of the continent of Asia and comprises not less than 8,760,000 square miles. The Dominion of Canada embraces an area of 3,729,665 square miles; so that Canada, large as it is, is only equal to about two-fifths of the great Russian Empire, which in size is second only to the British Empire, now placed at something like 13 million square miles. The Russian Empire stretches over 163 geographi- cal degrees from west to east and over 35 degrees from north to south. It is larger than the United States, Canada and India combined and more than twice the size of the continent of Europe. If, in area, Russia and Canada present so great a contrast, in population the contrast is greater still. The Russian Empire contains a population which Baron HeyKing places at 186 millions, which is equal to that of the whole American con- tinent and Australia or to the com- bined population of the United King- dom, France, Japan and Italy. The population of the British Empire exceeds 440 millions. Canada, with a population of a little over 8 millions, has a density of less than 2 per square mile; the average density over the whole Russian Empire is about 20 per square mile, the figures for European Russia being, however, about 72 and for Asiatic Russia about 4 per square mile. Yet notwithstand- ing the great differences between Russia and Canada, which these figures represent in favour of the former, the case is altered when we examine the degree in which each country has developed its resources. Both countries have enormous poten- tialities; but the Dominion of Canada with its comparatively small popula- tion has made much greater progress in the development of national re- sources. According to the Russian Statistical Annual the railway mileage of Russia in 1914 was not more than about 39,000 which represents only three miles of railway to every 10,000 inhabitants and under half a mile to every 100 square miles of territory. In Canada, for the same year, the railway mileage was 30,795, a. 38}4 miles for every 10,000 persons and 0.8 of a mile for every 100 square miles of territory. This contrast is sufficient to indicate how backward the great Russian Empire is in the means by which its products must be made available for distribution, and what a vast field there is for enter- prise and capital in this one direction. 1308 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 The Pulp Industry as a Conservator (By J. L. Love, in "Canada Lumberman.") Probably no industry sheds so much waste as lumbering. Com- petent authorities, such as Dr. John S. Bates, head of the Forest Products Laboratories of Canada, estimate the logging waste left in the woods to be about 25 per cent, of the original tree. It is just here that the pulp mill gets in its first good work in its mission of conservation, and that in a double sense. Every lumberman is familiar with the "slash" that marks the trail of the logger through the bush; the tops and branches that are left behind to choke new growth and add to the fire hazard. Where a pulp mill is operated in connection with the sawmill a large proportion of this "slash" is trimmed and sent down the drive with the logs to be made into pulp. Not only is this hitherto absolutely waste material turned into considerably more money value than its bulk in merchantable logs is worth, but the fire risk is re- duced considerably. Waste eradication in the woods is only part of the pulp mill's mission, however. Having accounted for all the tops four inches and up at the narrow end, the mill still has a large field for raw materials to draw upon in the waste from the saws. This waste amounts to about 40 per cent, of the original tree, and only a neglig- ible part of it is used in developing power to operate the plant. A con- servative estimate is that the total waste lumber for the pulp mill to work up amounts to between 60 and 70 per cent, of the tree, and of this less than half is available for pulp, but in spite of this margin of quite irreclaimable refuse, the above fig- ures indicate that the pulp mill is doing its bit in the present world- wide campaign to cut out waste, and, incidentally to place the lumber industry on a more stable founda- tion than its own unaided feet have ever provided, of late years, at any rate. There is a broad economic aspect to the operations of a pulp mill in addition to that already noted. A mill producing one hundred tons of pulp a day calls for two hundred cords of pulp wood. To provide this raw material requires larger lumbering operations than most con- cerns cover, and the farmer has to be called in to make good the deficit. Hitherto, clearing his land has been the bane of the farmer's existence, and it has been done largely only as government regulations compelled. Now, under the spur of high and ad- vancing prices for pulpwcod, land is being cleared as if by magic, and large sections of the reclaimed sur- face are being put under crop. The economic aspect of this is obvious. The farmer has more money to spend and industry is benefited right along. GOOD STROKES ! Readers of Industrial Canada may have been surprised during the past two months to see large advertise- ments for "Thrift In Forest Fires," in which were given reasons for keep- ing 1917 clear of needless loss. The Provincial Paper Mills Ltd., To- ronto, undertook to co-operate with the Canadian Forestry Association's work by using an entire page to set forth the message against careless- ness with fire in the forest. Mr. I. H. Weldon, is President of Pro- vincial Paper Mills, Limited, and a generous supporter of the work of the Association. A half page advertisement was placed in the same magazine by the Howard Smith Paper Mills, Limited, Montreal, so that many hundreds of readers could not have failed to take some useful suggestions from the printed warning. Canadian Forcsliij Journal, September, 1917 1309 Stories From the War-Front Forests One of the mills of the Canadians behind the trenches in France runs day and night, and is rapidly eating up the neighboring wood. The noise of the circular saw mixes peculiarly with the constant throbbing in the air caused by the discharge of the heavy guns. A short distance from the saw- mill are the remains of buildings wrecked by enemy shell fire. A thousand feet an hour is the average output of the mill, and it will be doing better than this very shortly, as soon as the new machinery arrives. Timber operations within range of German guns very naturally have their own peculiar inconveniences. Of course there is alw^ays the risk of the mill and its workers being blown to atoms by shell or by bombs from aircraft. Such dangers are part of the ordinary business of the day in these parts. The trees with which this particular mill is dealing have been "strafed" by the Boche inter- mittently for months past, which brings another problem to the workers in the mill. Chunks of shell are em- bedded in many of the trunks, and in the course of months these chunks have in many cases become over- grown and difficult of detection through superficial inspection, con- sequently there is trouble when such a trunk comes under the saw. But in spite of this and other difficulties the mill constantly turns out its thousand feet an hour, producing big balks for road mending and for the building of dugouts, lighter stuff for pit props and trench revetments, and timber of every kind which can be put to any use in the business of the war. An Iron Cross Winner A journey of many miles from here into one of the fairest parts of France, into a part where the peasant even yet runs into the road to stare at the spectacle of soldiers in khaki, reveals still more of the Canadian foresters at work. They have a most interesting body of assistants — Boche prisoners. The German in the French woods seems happy in his lot. They seemed tractable enough, and went about the work with at least a show of interest. All were sturdy fellows; some elderly, but the majority in the prime of life. One wore the ribbon of the Iron Cross. They were all in German uniforms of field-grey, but the head-covering was most varied. A good many had the round cap of the German infantry, others wore trench helmets, one or two had the woolen "comforter" cap such as was sent out to our own men in the winter, a few wore ordinary civilian cloth caps. Here and there at a short distance were the soldiers of the guard, from English infantry battalions. The guard was not numerous. One man with a rifle is capable of looking after a power of his fellows who cannot summon such a weapon among them. A Prisoner's Meal Work was suspended punctually at midday, and the company trooped off to dinner. It was served out hot under the trees by the prisoner-cook. An imperial officer accompanying us spoke a sentence to the man in his own tongue and learned that the pri- soner was a cook by trade. "I speak half a dozen Indian tongues, but I believe it is the first time I have tried to speak German for seventeen years," remarked the offi- cer. Having duly received their por- tions in their tins, the prisoners squatted in groups under the trees and jabbered away to one another volubly. More potatoes were put away in that picnic of Germans in a French wood than many people had consumed in London during the previous couple of months. Another long journey through most beautiful country and they reached a third Canadian mill. Save for the villagers the Canadians have the district pretty well to themselves, and here, again, they are rapidly letting dayhght into the woods. 1310 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 What Kinds of Spruce to Plant There are three species of spruce native to Eastern Canada, namely the white, red, and black, but the white is much the best for ornamental purposes, and the black spruce has not done well under cultivation at Ottawa, says W. T. Macoun, Dom- inion Horticulturist in "The Can- adian Horticulturist." The black spruce grows naturally in swampy ground and appears stunted when grown in well drained soil. The red spruce, which is a very prominent tree in the Maritime Provinces, is a good deal like the Norway spruce in color of foliage but is not as grace- ful a tree as the Norway. The white spruce is, however, a very desirable tree. One should get the bluest specimens that can be obtained as individual trees vary much in color, some being much bluer than others. This native spruce is a more grace- ful tree than the Colorado blue or Rocky Mountain blue spruce, but both are necessary. Where there i^ only room for one the preference is given to the Colorado blue, as one cannot get cjuite as blue an effect from the white spruce and the Colorado blue spruce makes less room. More- over, the white spruce suffers from the Spruce Gall Louse, which in re- cent years has injured the appear- ance of it. The variety of Colorado blue spruce known as Kosteriana is particularly blue. They are obtain- ed grafted. If one has a large place and needs many trees the cheapest way to obtain blue specimens of this spruce is to buy small mixed seed- lings and select those of best color, as the Colorado blue spruce varies from a most attractive shade of steely blue to green, and all gradations are found in the seedlings. Well grown specimens of the bluest shades are expensive. This spruce is one of the hardiest. It succeeds well in the prairie provinces, where the temperatures are very low some- times. It is a rather slow grower, but eventually reaches a good height. One of the best spruces is a wes- tern native species, Englemann's spruce, which grows in the Rocky Mountains. This does very well at Ottawa. It has a more graceful out- line than the Colorado Blue Spruce and while the leaves are not quite so blue they are of an attractive bluish green shade. The Norway Spruce has been planted on private grounds in Canada, more, perhaps, than any other species. There are several reasons for this. It is one of the cheapest spruces to buy; it grows rapidly; and it is quite ornamental particularly for the first twenty-five or thirty years. The Norway Spruce is the fastest growing spruce of all the species which have been tested at Ottawa. Its pendu- lous branches make individual speci- mens very attractive and its large cones add also to its interest. It has been much used for wind-breaks in the province of Ontario and is very desirable for this purpose. Many hedges have been made of this tree and where they get plenty of light are quite satisfactory, but if the hedges are shaded they lose their foliage at the bottom. There are large numbers of dwarf, varigated and weeping forms of the Norway Spruce but none of them are very attractive. The Servian Spruce is a beautiful species which it was thought was go- ing to be hardy at Ottawa, but in a verv severe winter it was killed. FRUIT TREES ON THE PRAIRIE The climate that produces the finest wheat in the world is not fav- ourable to fruit trees. However, with great care certain hardy varieties of apples can be produced in some sec- tions. There are wild plums in Mani- toba; a number of the trees were planted on the Dominion Experi- mental Farm in Brandon some years ago and there is now a fine orchard. The plums, which grow abundantly, are small but of fine flavour. Black and red currants, raspberries and strawberries grow very successfully. (]anadi(in Fon-shij Journdl. Scplcnihcr. 1917 1311 © THE WORLD OVER © AFFORESTING SAND DUNES IN CADIZ, SPAIN (Z)e Castro, Manuel M. Fcrandez, in the Revista de Monies) The "navazos" form a characteristic method of improving sandy ground. The author describes those at the mouth of the Guadalete on the pliocene which, in the course of time has become covered with a sandy layer and trans- formed into sandhills. The land was redeemed for cultivation by convert- ing it into "navazos." It is possible to form a "navazo" wherever a shallow and pervious soil overlies a sub-soil which is only slightly pervious, so that, between the two, a layer of underground water is formed, which replaces irrigation by rising under capillary attraction. In the locality under con- sideration these strata are formed by the layer of sand and the pliocene re- spectively. The land round the mouth of the Guadalete had been converted into a series of "navazos" placed next to each other. As sand continued to form, it at length became impossible to hold them any longer, and the abandoned ' navazos' rapidly became sterile sandhills. It was then that the question of afTorestation was considered. The afforestation was carried out in 1905 to 1913 under the direction of the engineer Angel Fernandes de Castro by means of stone-pnes {Pinus Pinea L.) In those parts of the "navazos" which have not yet been invaded by sand, that is to say, in the ground that has been well manured by former cultivation, the trees have grown with great force, so that some seven-year- old pines have reached a height of over 16 feet, and there are annual growths of nearly 5 feet. Growth is slower on the higher ground which separates one "navazo" from another, but it is slowest inthe ground where the sand has encroached. The work of afforestation gave opportunities for various experiments. A group of closely planted trees was left to grow naturally, and it was found that the lower verticils of the Pinus Pinea died off completely, that is to say, a sort of natural pruning took place. Where trees were planted at nor- mal distances from each other this natural pruning did not take place, and it occurred still less where the trees were sparsely planted. In the latter cases it is, therefore, wise to prune. Round Cadiz and Seville pruning is carried out very energetically, and the small branches which are removed are used for heating baking ovens. The pines which grow in abundance, also supply wood for the construction of river boats and fishing smacks. HOW INDIA'S FORESTS PREVENT TORRENTS For over half a century, special laws have been passed in India for the protection of hill catchment areas by making reserved forests and protected forests. The examination of abundant material collected in all the Provinces shows that the protective measures which were introduced during the last decades, and carefully carried out, have decidedly prevented de-foresta- tion in districts where the effects of the denudation of the country had be- gun to be most severely felt. These measures were moreover taken at the right time. During the first half of the 19th. century, the destruction of the forests proceeded apace, as agriculture developed and villages increas- ed. While the contractors cut down jungles, the villagers did still more 1312 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 harm by uprooting stumps, grazing cattle on the young growth and firing the hillsides. The effect of such action was seen ,n the rivers, which became torrential during the flood season and shrank or dried up in the hot weather. In the Central Provinces, it cannot be said that any wholesale denu- dation of forests has taken p ace, indeed, in some places the forests have improved rather than deteriorated. The same may be said of the Presi- dency of Madras. In accordance with these facts, the flow of the rivers and streams is equable. In the Punjab, the landslips, violent floods in the rivers, and the washing away of all cultivated soil in the Pabbi Range, the Hoshiarpur Chaos, the Siwaliks, the lower Himalayas and the Salt Range are doubtless due to the denudation of forest growth. It can therefore be said generally that in most Provinces no serious damage to the flow of rivers has taken place, and no great injury has been done to cultivation. There are, however, local exceptions, and much dam- age has been done in the Punjab, in Bengal and Assam. Where damage was acknowledged, it was on the whole admitted to be due to forest denu- dation which changes the flow of the streams and accentuates their torren- tial character. It may therefore be said that the measures of Forest Conservancy adopt- ed by the Government of India during the last 50 years have entirely sat- isfied the climatic and hydrographic requirements of the country, and have resulted in the preservation of a sufficient area of forests, so that no wide- spread damage arising from the destruction of forest growth has occurred. This is chiefly due to the formation of reserved ann protected forests in the large catchment basins and if, as has been said above, inundations and floods have occurred in certain districts, these are due to the measures for forest protection not yet having been definitely enforced in these parts of the coun- try. Disastrous Fires from Trifling Causes A man dropped a lighted match inch of inflammable ground expanded on the shore of Kalamalka Lake, into fifteen miles of ruin. British Columbia, on July 8th last. In the Spruce Valley fire of British Within an hour a hot fire was racing Columbia of the same month, eleven through the underbrush. For three men lost their lives, most of them weeks after that there raged a series tortured to death as they struggled of forest fires, defying the organized over the mountain tops. The fuse efforts of hundreds of men. to that disaster was supplied by a At one time, 26 fire fighters were small piece of lighted tobacco care- ringed about with flames while their lessly thrown on the grassy floor of relatives, shut off from them and a tent. helpless to aid, awaited news in terror- Four out of five tragic holocausts ized suspense. Only after severe could be avoided if every Canadian suffering from exhaustion, thirst and camper and fisherman kept vigilant hunger did the band of workers force watch on his own pair of hands, and their way through to safety. every settler kept a tight rein on his That experience is a big price to clearing fires. It does not cost five pay for one person's foolish act in cents or five minutes to put out a handling matches in a forest. The camp fire or a cigarette or a match, court fined the careless man $50 but but it costs the people of Canada that does not help the province to four or five million dollars a year to bear the enormous loss. partially overtake the timber damage One lighted match dropped on one caused by runaway flames. Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Scplcnibcr, 1917 1313 BRITAIN'S HOUSING NEEDS The necessity for the consLrucUon of a great number of houses for the working classes in Great Britain was made the subject recently of an im- portant interview by a deputation which called upon Lord Rhondda, President of the British Local Gov- ernment Board. One of the deputa- tion stated that approximately 30,- 000,000 pounds a year was recjuired to provide for the normal growth of the population in England and Wales alone. Mr. Russell Taylor, of Liver- pool, state, that 500,000 houses would be required after the war in urban and rural districts. PLANT COVER FOR A SANDY BANK A Winnipeg member of the Can- adian Forestry Association recently inquired for a means of planting up a steep sandy bank near his summer cottage. The sand had refused to take any form of plant which the owner had tried to place upon it. The following suggestions were made by the Dominion Forestry Branch: "Evidently the first step is to get some plant growth established on the bank in question— at first some herbaceous growth, as trees would require some time in attaining the necessary size For this purpose the plant most generally used has been Beach Grass, known botanically as Ammophila arenaria; it is pretty com- mon along the Great Lakes and is a vigorous grower, spreading by means of strong root-stalks. I do not, how- ever, know of any convenient way for you to obtain seeds or plants. Another plant that suggests itself is the Awnless Brome Grass (Bromus inermis), which is now pretty ex- tensively sown in the Prairie Prov- inces. It has vigorous root-stocks, and soon forms a regular mass of roots. It thrives on loose and com- paratively poor land and is especially valuable for its resistance to drought, and generally to sudden climatic change. It does not attain its most vigorous growth till the second sea- son. Ten to twelve pounds per acre has been found the best w^eight of seed in the West. While I do not know of a case exactly similar to yours in which this grass has been used, I think it is well worth a trial. A pamphlet published about a year ago by the Michigan Agricultural College (Lansing, Michigan) — their Special Bulletin No. 79 — entitled "Michigan's Shifting Sands," gives a list of sand-binding plants suitable for use in that state and contains other information that may be of value to y u. You could probably obtain a copy by writing to the ( ol- lege. Mr. E. J. Zavitz, provincial for- ester for Ontario (Department of Lands, Forests and Mines, Toronto) may be able to give you further in- formation, as he has had quite a little experience in planting on sand lands in this province." Lt. A. M. 0. Gold, a Danish For- ester, formerly of the British Col- umbia Forest Service has left for England as an ofTicer in the For- estry Reinforcement draft. BOVRIL Saves Kitchen Waste There will be no more throwing away of good food if you keep a bottle of Bovril in the kitchen. Bovril helps you to make delicious dishes out of cold food. Better soup, better stews — less expense. 1314 Canadian Forestrij Journal, September, 191'. Rock Splitting Power of a Tree The great expansive power of tree- growth is shown in The Guide to Nature, by H. E. Zimmerman. Writes Mr. Zimmerman: "Accurate experiments have been made by scientific investigators to show the remarkable power of grow- ing plants. It has been found that comparatively delicate plants have, in their growth, lifted weights total- ing hundreds of pounds. Some years ago a picture was published in Strand magazine, showing how a plant had pushed itself up through a hard pave- ment constructed of asphalt, gravel, etc. The growing power of a tree, especially after it has attained con- siderable size, is correspondingly greater. Contrary to what many people think, most rocks have seams or cracks of varying defmiteness, or they eventually develop them through the action of rain, frost, and sunshine. Into these cracks, however minute, the rootlets of small plants penetrate, carrying with them a Httle humus, to decay and to be followed by other roots. Moisture follows, which freez- es and cracks off small rock-particles, when larger roots find their way in, carrying more dirt. The crack, wid- ening and deepening through the course of many years, becomes filled with drifting dirt, when perhaps a seed of some tree blows into it, and then the real process of rock-splitting begins on a larger and more rapid scale. If the rock has a well-de- veloped seam the expansive force of the roots of a tree is likely to split it entirely asunder. SWEDISH STORES OF PULP No less than 200,000 tons of wood pulp are said to be stored at Swedish ports awaiting sale or shipment. Much of the pulp held in storage has been bought and paid for by British dealers, but cannot be de- livered owing to the Swedish em- bargo on shipments of wood pulp to that countrv. American buvers have abandoned their efforts to purchase wood pulp in Sweden. The Swedish Government now requires a guarantee that Swedish pulp exported shall be used in the country to which it is first shipped. A NOTE FROM A GUIDE Burnt Church, N.B., June 22. Canadian Forestry Assoc, Ottawa. Dear Sirs: — I received your card on the 10th instant asking to watch my camp fire etc. as never before, or my parties not to throw away any lighted cigar- ettes, so I will now watch and pro- tect the forest even not my own parties but others that go about the woods. Alex. Mitchell, Guide. ASSET IN CA^P DISHWATER Lieut. Gordon B. Black, formerly of the "Western Lumberman'" staff, Vancouver, was recently promoted from the Canadian headquarters staff at Shorncliffe to the position of assistant to the Director of Timber Operations in Great Britain and Scotland, with the rank of Captain, which was conferred in recognition of the high efficiency introduced by him in the task of supplying the needs of the various Canadian hospitals in England. Capt. Black writes that the conservation of food in the for- esters' camps in England and Scot- and is a live issue, as instanced by the fact that a new arrival was sent to the guard house for twenty days for throwing away a "hunk" of bread instead of placing it in the receptacle provided for food remnants. As a further instance of the saving methods in vogue, Capt. Black notes that the dishwater in all forester dining camps is skimmed twice. The grease thus saved is sold to the Imperial Muni- tions Board each week, the monthly revenue amounting to a handsome total. Canadidn Forest 11/ Journal, September, 1917 1315 The following telegram was sent * to the "Timberman," Portland, Ore., by the Chief Forester of British Col- umbia, under date of August 13th: — "May and June conditions were excellent throughout the province. July conditions were dangerous. Three hundred and fifty fires to date have been reported as the result of the hot weather and of no rain. The damage to property, including mills and logging equipment, is $60,000. Seven men and 11 horses were lost in one fire at Cranbrook. The tim- ber damage has not been compiled. Summarizing the whole western pine situation the "Timberman" said: "Only organized and effective for- est fire fighting has kept the loss to a minimum thus far this season. The timber loss has been nominal and that of equipment small in proportion to the amount endangered. With a few exceptions the fires have been confined to slashings, but it has been persistent and sometimes costly work that has limited the damage." CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO 50 GTS. WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Ont. 1316 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 Ten Thousand Canadians in Forest Corps Answering questions addressed to him in the House of Commons, re- lating to the number of men in the Canadian Forestry BattaUons and their rates of pay, Sir Edward Kemp, Minister of MiUtia, made the follow- ing statement: 1. List of Forestry Battalions formed in Canada and which have proceeded overseas: Battalion Officers Ranks 224th. Forestry Battalion 47 1,536 230th. Forestry Battalion 30 1,038 238th. Forestry Battalion 44 1,084 242nd. Forestry Battalion 44 1,006 Total 165 4,664 4,829 Drafts Drafts from various districts 109 3,567 Drafts from the 230th. Fores- try Battalion Depot and not included in the 230th Bat- talion 40 913 122nd. Battalion (converted upon arrival in England) 26 686 Total 175 5,166. 5,341 10,170 In addition to the above a large number of men already overseas were formed into Forestry Companies. The following special rates of pay are given specially qualified men after arrival overseas; these rates include regimental pay and field pay of $1.10 per day. Consolidated rate of pay. Millwrights, 2 per Co. of 250 $ 3.00 Mill sawyers 2 per Co. of 250 3.00 Edgermen, 2 per Co. of 250 2.25 Sawfilers, 2perCo. of250 2.25 Engineers, 2 per Co. of 250 2.25 Log setters, 2 per Co. of 250 1.75 Cooks 2, per Co. of 250 1.75 Saw hammerers, 1 per 3 companies 5.50 Fines for Foreign-born Fire Setters Reports have recently been re- ceived by the Director of Forestry in regard to convictions secured by the officers of the Forestry Branch against Galicians who started fires which did considerable damage in the rnonth of May on the Riding Mount- ain Forest Reserve. One fire which burned over 1500 acres, and the damage from which was estimated at $1130, was delib- erately set by a Galician who was caught in the act by the fire ranger. In spite of the fact that he was dis- covered setting fire with lighted grass on the edge of a hay meadow the man put up a strong fight and it was only after several hours in court that a conviction was obtained. He was fined $100 and costs. Another Galician pleaded guilty to setting out a fire oh his own place which got away. He endeavored to put it out and helped the patrolmen to extinguish it, so was fined the minimum fine of $25 and costs. A third fire which ran over about 150 acres was also set out deliberately. The man who set the fire made a strong fight but was finally convicted and fined $50 and costs. These convictions will undoubtedly have the effect of making the foreign born settlers more careful in their handling of fire. Pennsylvania has about 2,000,000 acres of waste farm land, — land once cleared and farmed, but now aban- doned. Cunadian Fonslri/ JouiiKtl, September, 1917 U]7 ^ 3 M I M PUREST-CLEANEST J 1 w ■ MOST RELIABLeB ^J GET CATALOGUE ^^ AT BEST DEALERS ^^^ OR DIRECT 1 ^1 J a IKi WINNIPEG - VANCOUVER ^ ^ ■ ■■■■ ^H ■■ ^ Motion Pictures for Public Education The Canadian Forestry Association has made a commencement in the use of motion pictures in educational work. One film that vividly depicts the tragic consequences of a neglected camp fire showing a forest in flames, burning buildings, a settler's family fleeing from the fire, modern methods of fire fighting, etc., is being circuited by the Association through the settlernents of Ontario and Quebec. A second film will follow in a few weeks and, if the Association's financial condition permits, there will be several graphic films in constant use henceforth at small towns and villages in the vicinity of timber, each film covering two theatres weekly. Motion picture films represent a high initial cost and the risk of damage and loss is heavy. THE FUTURE WOOD SUPPLY James White, deputy head of the Conservation Commission, recently paid a visit to Victoria, B.C., and, after a tour of the Pacific Coast province, stated that he believed the pulp wood resources were in the neighborhood of 250,000,000 cords. He said that the situation was, how- ever, serious throughout Canada, especially in the far east, where the extent of pulp wood had been grossly overestimated. Cruisers in Eastern Canada and the United States had, in some cases, reported, that there was enough material to last fifty years. Later investigation had prov- ed that about thirteen or fourteen years would be nearer the limit. Mr. White said that the r-esult was that America must now^ look to the west for its supply of pulp wood. With the east facing exhaustion, British Columbia's pulp making - woods were destined to meet a large part of continental requirements. Soon Canada would be the world's greatest source of pulp and paper. If regulated, the forests of British Columbia could continue to give six milhon cords of pulpwood per an- num for an almost indefinite period. ONTARIO'S FIRE POSTERS Some of the most striking posters issued anywhere this year have come from the Forestry Branch of the Department of Lands and Forests at To- ronto. They are printed on paraffin-coated cardboard, in two colors, and will be certain to arrest the attention of settlers, campers, etc. 1318 Canadian Forestry Journal. September, 1917 FAIRBANKS - MORSE FIRE FIGHTING ENGINES These compact powerful little pumping outfits have repeatedly substantiated our claims during the past year, all over Canada. They can be readily transported wherever man or pack horse can go. Goverments and Private Owners of Forests everywhere, can materially reduce their fire losses by the use of these outfits. Full information and prices on request. THE CANADIAN FAIRBANKS -MORSE CO., Limited MONTREAL - OTTAWA ST. JOHN, QUEBEC, TORONTO, HAMILTON, WINDSOR, WINNIPEG, SASKATOON, CALGARY, VANCOUVER, VICTORIA. CANADA'S , , DEPARTHENTAL / K HOUSE FOR M; . MECHANICAL GOODS / C. aniulidn Foicslii/ Journal, Srplcnihcr, 11)1/ 1319 Fighting Fires in the Pacific States An interesting report on the ser- ious fire conditions on the Pacific Coast this year was issued by the United States Forest Service during August: — "With the most serious lire situa- tion in a number of years threatening milhons of feet of western timber, it has been necessary for the Forest Service to suspend some of its opera- tions in order to concentrate all avail- able forces in fighting the forest fires. "Reports received from the North- west indicate that the situation is more dangerous than at any time this year. In Montana and northern Idaho two thousand men are fighting the flames under the direction of the Forest rangers. In these two States alone approximately 8170,000 has already been spent this season, and that figure is increasing bv approxi- mately $15,000 a day.^ "In Oregon and Washington valu- able timber intended to furnish air- plane stock for the fighting forces of the United States and its allies is being threatened by the flames. Logging operations are so badly inter- fered with that several large mills now supplying the Government with this class of material may be forced to discontinue operations. Num- erous fires are reported as the result of incendiarism. "The reports state that in many places little or no rain has fallen for weeks. The forests are now so dry that any fire which occurs is apt to become a dangerous conflagration, while high winds make it difTicult to control even the smallest blaze. With such conditions, it is pointed out, there is need to keep all persons out of the woods. In order to accom- plish this the Governor of Oregon has postponed the opening of the 4. P. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Technical training and ten years experience, in part with U. S. Forest Service. Timber Estimating and Mapping Supervision of Lumber Contracts Surveying Forest Planting STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. FORESTERS AND RANGERS EVERYTHING YOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US Compasses Tapes Scribes Transits i &c^ Aneroids Log Rules Lumber Gauges Levels, &c. The Ontario Hughes Owens Company 529 Sussex St. OTTAWA, ONT. 1320 Canadian Forestry Jouinah September, 1917 STAi; CHEWING TOBACCO has thousands and thousands of friends who enjoy daily its rich and lasting flavor ('.(uuididn Foicslii/ Joiirndl, Scplcnihn . I'JJ/ 1321 huntini*' season in Mi a L Stale. In spite of the unusually dani^erous season, it is slated that until last week there has been a comparatively small loss of timber on the National Forests, private owners having suffer- ed most of the dam-age done. This is largely explained as due to the in- creased efficiency of the fire-fighting force which has profited b>' the les- sons of the past year. In man> cases, too, luck has been on the side of the rangers in handling particularly dangerous fires. The outbreak of fires in the past few days is taken by ofTicials to indicate that the situation is growing more serious. The whole organization of the For- est Service, in the affected Districts, is devoting itself exclusively io hre fighting. In accordance with a pre- arranged plan, men from Forests where there are no fires are relieving the rangers who have been worn out by their long exertions. While it may be possible to hold the damage to a minimum by these and other methods, officials say that not until the fall rains come will the danger cease. R. O. SWEEZEY B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E. CONSULTING ENGINEER. Water Powers. Timber Lands. Forest Industries, j 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. MIINATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOLS — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY Queen's | , UNIVERSITY i KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION , APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. GEO. Y. CHOWN, Registrar. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Cbancellor. ! 1322 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1917 Ranger Jobs for Returned Soldiers Several excellent suggeslions have been heard in the Western news- papers that returned soldiers could well be employed in the work of forest patrol. A member of a local legislature went as far as to advocate a Ranger School at Prince Albert for the instruction of the soldiers in their duties. The idea, excellent in itself, would not be acceptable for a moment to the parties most concerned, the re- turned soldiers, unless they could enter upon their work under a guar- antee that the merit system and not the patronage plan would prevail in the conditions of their employment. It is inconceivable that any soldier would accept the "boon" of spending five or six months at a Ranger School, only to find himself rated beside a political appointee who had mon- opolized the road to promotion through his personal "pull." 4. The Smith Stump Puller ■will take out every tree p by the roots, ' ^ Try This Stump Pulje^ at Our Risk ^ and stL' from one ork of t _,nd for ou breakage proposition Smith Grabber Co Sta LaCrescent. Minn. —.4. YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. YALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in th« number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Foicstry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wUl warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture. Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania. For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS H^-- 'y Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Fr"r s. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYE-DE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. 4. t- Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over '^ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. Ttie 0. Hill Nursery Co., Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, III., U.S.A. PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mattresses may be used on damp ground with perfect safety — they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary, with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated — may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government. Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. n~^..^»'»:<« MMttr r« 537 17th Street.l Pneumatic Mfg. Co.brqqklyn. n.y. (Airuididii Forcslii/ JoiiiikiI. Stptcnihcr. lUl / ' 1323 SEEDING and PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY By James W. Tourney, M.S., M.A., Director of the Forest School and Professor of Silviculture, Yale University. This book presents both the details of practice, and the funda- mental principles that control success and failure in the economic production of nursery stock and the artificial regeneration of forests. It explains the why as well as the how. Part I. deals with the silvical basis for seeding and planting, more particularly the principles which underlie the choice of species, the closeness of spacing and the composition of the stand. Part II. is descriptive of the various operations in artificial re- generation and the results that may be expected from the best practice. Chapter Headings of This Book: Part I. Silvical Basis for Seeding and Planting. Chap. I. Definitions and Generalities. jjj* [ The Choice of Species in Artificial Regeneration. IV. The Principles which Determine Spacing. V. The Principles which Govern the Composition of the Stand. Part II. The Artificial Formation of Woods. VI. General Considerations. VII 1 Yjjj'V Forest Tree Seed and Seed Collecting. IX. The Protection of Seeding and Planting Sites. X. Preliminary Treatment of Seeding and Planting Sites. XI. Establishing Forests by Direct Seeding. XII. to XV. The Forest Nursery. XVI. to XVII. Establishing Forests by Planting. xxii +454, pages, 6 by 9, 140 figures. Cloth, $3.50 net. Canadian Forestry Journal 119 Booth Bldg., OTTAWA. 4. — PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes, Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada ^TheCdmpers Favorite "BLOW^BED" (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) SLEEP ON AIR with a COMFORT SLEEPING POCKET Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 6 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. Illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A.. Dealers write ^rS \/ff\ ^ FOREST FIRES Wiien fire breaiss out tiie Chief Ranger wliose territory is covered by a Tele- plione System can summon his forces in the quickest possible time. Only a fraction of a second is required to connect his portable telephone set with the telephone line and he can then give the alarm over the entire reserve. We have developed special apparatus for permanent and portable telephones for forest protection. For full particulars write our office nearest you. Korthi^rn Ehctr/c Com patty Montreal Halifax Ottawa UMITEO Toronto London Winnipeg Regina Calgary Vancouver "■^-u. i Kcrthern ^Etectrk'Forest-TeUfihoneS' Canadian forcstrp 3ounial Vol. XIII. WOODSTOCK, ONT., OCTOBER, 1917 No. 10 OCT 1917 .^«kSB ^^ f '^'fe^ ::.:r:7$-^ .^' >'1fe«s?^^- TENTS L SEND FOR OUR CATALOG. ASK FOR PRICES AND SAMPLES. Smart- Woods, Limited OTTA WA TORONTO MONTREAL WINNIPEG 4. THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND ARTS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED VICTORIA, TRINITY, ST. MICHAEL'S KNOX and WYCLIFFE COLLEGES FACULTIES OF APPLIED SCIENCE MEDICINE EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE FORESTRY For further information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. 4. — ». -_+ CIRCULATION, OCTOBER, 6,000 COPIES Canadian Forestry Journal Vol. XIII. WOODSTOCK ONT., OCTOBER, 1917 No. 10 CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER Canada's Foresters at the Battle Front 1329 The Schoolground's Need for Trees 1334 The Case for New Brunswick's Forests 1337 Taking Out Logs— Two Methods 1333 Do Electric Wires Damage Trees? 1341 Beautifying the Railway Lines 1340 The World's Bid for Quebec's Forests 1342 How New Bird Protection Will Work Out 1343 Fixing the Guilt for Spreading Fires 1344 Covering the Sand Lands With Trees 1346 The Tree's Value to the Prairie Farmer 1346 Notes on the Western Fires 1347 Best Methods of Burning Brush 1358 German Prisoners in a Lumber Camp 1359 Early Days in the Lumber Camp ' 1361 The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one (|ollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Communications to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post Office at Woodstock, Ont., as second-class matter. i;v217 Canadian Forest rij Journal, October, 1917 1333 Taking Out Logs — Two Methods See Engravings on Page Opposite The righl and the wrong way to cut timber is shown by reahstic models which the U.S. Forest Service has had prepared for exhibition purposes throughout the country. Three mod- els are included. The first shows a stand of one acre of virgin timber, an actual scene in one of the national forests that has been produced on a small scale with great accuracy as to proportion and coloring. The second of the series shows the same area after a timber sale con- ducted in accordance with the reg- ulations of the Forest Service. The matured trees have been felled and cut into lengths which have been arranged in systematic piles to facili- tate their removal from the forest. All of the brush and small limbs, which, if left on the ground would constitute a fire hazard, have been arranged in compact piles in readi- ness to be burned under the watchful eyes of foresters. The third of the series shows an example of the wrong way to cut timber. Logs of various lengths are seen scattered about, no attempt having been made to arrange them in piles. Some of the trees felled have not been cut into lengths; many have been cut down without regard to size or maturity. All of the cut timber and trunks of the standing trees are charred and the condition of the ground indicates that the for- est has been burnt over, the inference being that careless methods on the part of those engaged in cutting out the timber have resulted in the spreading of a forest fire which might otherwise have been checked. FRANCE'S WOOD CUT The total annual cut of France amounts to 910,740,000 cubic feet, of which 225,920,000 cubic feet are timber, or a total cut of 39.39 cubic feet per acre. FROM A LIFE INSURANCE PRESIDENT! "I have not been able to do what I should like in connection with the objects of your Association but I can assure you of my very great interest in it and my appreciaUon of the work that is being done and the great need of it. "I have thought the best thing I can do, instead of enclosing SI, is to send you a cheque for SIO on account of the funds of the Associa- tion." AIDING QUEBEC SUGAR GROVES Arrangements are being made by Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief Forester of Quebec Province for an inspection of the Quebec sugar groves by com- petent forest engineers with the ob- ject of directing thinnings and other improvement work. This will be hailed as a most desirable and pro- gressive step, and ought to develop into regular co-operation between government and private owner in the management of woodlands. The sugar groves of Quebec, alone, are a very substantial asset and can be developed undoubtedly to surpass their present productiveness. QUEBEC'S GOOD MOVE Quebec Province is preparing to devote more attention to educational work in connection with forest pro- tection and utilization; It is prob- able that motion picture film.s will be made of forest scenes, brules, reforestation work, wood utihzation, water powder development, etc. THE COVER PICTURE The photographic reproduction on the cover this month gives a view across the beautiful Bow Valley, with the architecture of famous Can- adian Pacific hotel harmonizing hap- pily with its surroundings. 1334 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 A corner of the British Columbia Provincial Tree Nursery. The Schoolground's Need For Trees Giant Buildings and Barren Surroundings the Rule. How British Columbia is Helping the Children. In common with the lack of in- terest in shade trees on the part of most municipal councils, one en- counters throughout the Dominion an equal lack of interest on the part of school boards and departments of education in the encouragement of tree planting about school grounds. This, of course, is an invitation to propagandist work which would well repay the effort. Within the know- ledge of most readers of the Can- adian Forestry Journal are beautiful school buildings, erected with every regard for internal completeness, yet displaying in the school grounds the barren ugliness of a sand dune. Nearly all schools are surrounded by plenty of ground, capable of growing beauti- ful trees at trifling cost, yet there would seem a remarkable lack of initiative in leaving such grounds for ten and twenty years without sign of a tree. British Columbia has been con- ducting tree planting work on school grounds in such a way as to com- mend itself to other provinces. The following article by J. W. Gibson, M.A., Director of Elementary Agri- cultural Education at Victoria, B.C. will be found instructive: "In 1914 the Department of Edu- cation for British Columbia adopted a policy whereby school boards wish- ing to undertake a scheme of school grounds improvment would receive financial assistance as well as free advice and a supply of ornamental trees and shrubs. For several years the Provincial Government had been supplying ornamentals for the beauti- fying of its own public grounds in various parts of the province, and Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 191', 1335 for this purpose had estabhshed a large nursery in connection with the grounds of the Mental Diseases Hos- pital at r^ssondale, adjoining the Government farm. As in other places so it was found here that this horti- cultural work and the new and health- ful interests associating with it had a most benehcial effect on the men engaging in it. On the other hand, it made possible the production of large cjuantities of valuable trees and ornamental shrubs at a very low cost. "In the fall of 1914 it was found that the supply of nursery stock on hand was more than sufficient to meet the needs of grounds in con- nection with provincial public build- ings, and it was decided to make donations to school boards entering into an agreement with the Depart- ment of Education. This agreement provided for the complete planning, grading, draining, surfacing and planting of the school grounds, and was included as part of the work of the Director of Elementary Agri- cultural Education. In two years in the neighbourhood of sixty school grounds have been planned and most of the improvements carried out, in- cluding the planting of native trees as well as many beautiful horticultur- al varieties supplied from the schools' department of the Provincial Govern- ment nurseries. "As it takes from five to ten years to raise most varieties of trees to a size fit for permanent planting, a movement was made in the spring of 1915 to provide for larger future demands by starting many of the best varieties of Canadian trees from seed, and also in 1916 by purchasing at a very low cost several thousand three and four-year seedlings which were set in the nursery and will be available for distribution from year to year whilst the younger seedlings are coming on, "It is the intention of the Depart- ment to give more attention in future to the propagation of the best trees and shrubs which are native to British Columbia, not only in the provincial schools' nursery at Essondale, but also in others parts of the province. To this end a campaign has been started in the schools of the province with a view to interesting the teach- ers and pupils in the flora of their own respective districts. Teachers conducting school gardens are asked to include in each garden a forestry plot or bed for the propagation of native species from seeds and cut- tings. During the past year some schools have done excellent work along this line.^|Tn this way it is Pictures by Courtesy Agricultural Gazette British Columbia's tree nursery raises some choice evergreens for planting about the schools. 1336 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 hoped that the schools of the prov- ince will soon take on not only a much improved appearance, but also a truly national character, both as to teaching and general external setting. "We also advocate that cities and municipalities having several schools to provide for slTOuld establish small nurseries for the supplying of suitable trees, shrubs and perennial flowers in quantity. Such a school nursery in a city or rural municipality might be directly connected with one of the larger schools. In this way the pupils of such central school would l3e able to do at least part of the work and would have no small ad- vantage from an educational stand- point as a result of this. Already a move has been made along this line in connection with one of the schools in Vancouver City, and also in one of the schools in {he munici- pality of South Vancouver. "Most of the provinces in Canada have adopted the policy of supplying free to schools many of the text-books used by the pupils. It is our inten- tion in British Columbia also to supply in a similar manner that which will make school life mote pleasant and less monotonous — good playgrounds, carefully planned, well ecpiipped and liberally furnished with our best Canadian trees and flowering shrubs. Our provincial schools nur- sery helps to make this possible." $35,000 UP IN SMOKE In British Columbia one of the heavy losses of the fire season was at Campbell River, where the Inter- national Timber Co. sustained a loss of $35,000, The Kootenay district has sustained several fires, the w^orst being in the operations of the KooL- enay Shingle Co. One manufacturer of pulp build- ing board in the United States sold last year an amount equal to 300,- 000,000 feet of lumber, and this same company expects to sell over 400,- 000,000 feet board measure in the year 1917. Remember, this was only one concern. Probably the total coverage by pulp substitutes will reach between 600,000,000 and 700,- 000,000 feet. Hardwocd Trees in the B. C. Provincial Nursery. Canadidu Forc.slrij Journal, October, 1U17 1337 iHl iiihi li L ▲ A view of the B. C. Provincial Nursery at Essondale. The Case For New Brunswick's Forests By Robson Black Secretary Canadian Forestry Association A Discussion of Present- Day Forest Conditions With Some Suggestions For Provincial Action. WERE the whole of the Dominion of Canada inventoried after the manner of a personal estate, we would see five great natural en- dowments set forth in the order of their present day value: — AGRICULTURAL LAND THE FORESTS THE MINES THE FISHERIES THE WATER POWERS. From lands, forests and fisheries, the industiy of man has taken toll for more than three hundred years. At first content to realize from the land merely the food, clothing and fuel of a family, improved facilities for trade and growth of population gradually reared a more complex commercial machinery until in most parts of the Dominion the raw materials of field and forest, mine and waters, can be sent forth today in a completely manufactured state. The natural resources themselves, however, remain the foundation of practically all human activity. Towns and cities are built upon faith in their inexhaustibility. Transportation lines have been directed into almost every corner of the country to turn these resources to general profit. Export trade with lands less generously endowed has grown to great volume. In the days when the geographical bulk of the Dominion — so much of it unexplored and unassessed as to values^ — gave rise to prophecies of fabulous wealth, it was not surprising that the public should be blinded to the possi- bilities of depletion of mines or timberlands. Prognostications of inexhaust- ible resources in Ungava and about Hudson's Bay, in Labrador, and other sections of which accurate information was lacking, created an over-con- 1338 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 fident state of mind readily assenting to incalculable losses from forest fires and to the damaging of other public resources regardless of the almost ce .ain protests of the generations to follow. THE STATE AND THE NATURAL RESOURCES Canada fortunately has progressed beyond the doctrine of "look ' ac-iOr- yourself." At no time has the consciousness of a duty owed by the individual to the state, of the obligation of a Government to prepare for the future, been so deeply impressed as during this period of Canada's history. Public conviction and administrative policies are recognizing with startling frank- ness the duty of the State in managing not only armies of men, but the resources of the countiy on the most scientific far-sighted plan. The care of forests in every province of Canada is the direct and un- disputed responsibility of Governments. In New Brunswick, where pro- vincial ownership of the forests has effect, the Government is to the fullest degree the trustee and steward of the 7,500,000 acres of Crown Lands, largely forest covered. While the province has undoubtedly followed the neglectful trend of almost all other parts of North America during the past fifty years, the ruin of so much of the forest inheritance by fire is attributable in the main not so much to the various political administrations, as to a lack of public knowledge and concern. In whatever way wc dispose of responsibility, the penalty must be faced. It is not in the desire of any good citizen to pass along old-fashioned mistakes unremedied. The Director of the Forest Survey of Niew Brunswick estimates that lack of adequate forest fire protection has, during the past forty years, resulted in the destruction of standing timber which, had it been manu- factured instead of burned, would have represented a sale value of no less a sum than $80,000,000. In other words, the price of neglect is now being paid in a hampered industrial development, reduction of employment, capital turned elsewhere and the public's share of timber revenues cut down. NEW BRUNSWICK'S GREAT FOUNDATION It would appear, therefore, that forest conservation is emphatically public business. While it is true that a larger proportion of New Brunswick's Crown Lands, than of other provinces except Nova Scotia, has been granted outright, nevertheless there remains under the Crown, 7,500,000 acres (mostly under license) averaging as good timber contents as are to be found in the province. This area, about the size of Belgium, represents, with farm land, the chief natural endowment of the province. It represents the future source of raw materials not only for the hundreds of wood-using industries in exis- tence today (needing two hundred million feet of raw material a year for the Alaritime Provinces alone,) but is the main hope of attracting scores of new wood-using factories, increasing employment, developing farms, towns, and cities and providing new revenues for the public treasury without resort to direct taxation. No longer is the forest to be indentified with the "wilderness." It has come to be regarded in all progressive lands as one of the most vital and valuable portions of the people's estate. No longer does the farmer look upon tree-covered areas as necessarily impeding the progress of agriculture. He knows, sometimes by hard personal experience, that by far the greater part of New Brunswick is limited by nature to the growing of trees. Soil, climate, and topograhpic conditions together render more than two-thirds of all Canada unable to produce field crops. In Quebec, for example, out of a total area of 210 milhon acres, less than 9 millions are under farm cultivation. The balance is either permanent barrens or must for the greater part be retained for all time under timber. Undeveloped agricultural areas, like the Clay Belt, constitute the exceptions, but such areas comprise but an exceedingly small proportion of the unalienated Crown lands. Similarly, Ontario will Canadian Foreslrtj Journal, October, 1917 1339 probably always have not more than one-third of its total area fit for the i)low. This happens to be a balance fixed by nature and the part of wisdom is to realise not only from the tillable lands, but the huge untillable areas every dollar of profit that may be derived. SWEDEN'S $5,000,000 FOREST INCOME An interesting illustration is afforded by Sweden. Its latitude is much higher than that of New Brunswick while it is six times greater in area. Sweden realized early that the eggs of prosperity arc not carried necessarily in the one basket of agriculture. Enormous forests, growing on soil no better than New Brunswick's, within short reach of the European timber markets, promised splendid returns if properly managed. "Proper management" of course, meant not the hit-or-miss exploitation that characterizes so much of Canada's forest development, but scientific care in the growing and harvest- ing of timber as a crop. What the yield of a given area would be fifty years hence was of more importance than the catching of a momentary profit. Fire, the arch enemy of forests, was met and overcome. Fire, indeed, has in the main, been successfully excluded from the great forests of Europe for from fifty to one hundred years. Conservation and good forest management are meaningless terms as long as the plague of flames sweeps off in a week more than the constructive forester can accomplish in ten years. Today, Sweden is taking from her forests, as the dividends of fire protection and sensible development (and without impairing the precious "capital stock" of timber as New Brunswick does), no less a sum than $100,000,000 a year, representing Continued on Page 1349 The good effect of keeping live stock out of the farmer's woodlot. No grazing has been allowed on the section to the right of the rail fence with the result that a fine crop of hardwoods has succeeded in getting a foothold. 1340 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 Beautifying the Railway Lines In the beautifying of public groands and streets, Canada as a whole can hardly be said to set a world stan- dard. There are, fortunately, suffi- cient local exceptions to demonstrate what excellent effects can be secured when the right kind of initiative is shown. The Canadian Pacific Rail- way has exerted itself to secure the improvement of station grounds, the results of which are visible in almost any rail journey. The Grand Trunk has Interested its officers in similar projects. Along the lines of the Canadian Northern also may be seen the pleasing substitution of beautiful trees and shrubs and flowers for what was recentl^^ an ugly level of slag or patches of coarse grass. The accompanying picture shows the good work of Mr. A. W. Gonder, Canadian Northern Agent at Car- berry, Manitoba. There are about 200 balsam fir and spruce trees on an enclosed lot of 75 x 300 feet, all in thriving condition. The grass is well kept and the whole aspect of the station greatly improved. An- other evidence of the improvement caused by flower and tree planting may be seen at Rosedale, B.C. on the Canadian Northern Railway. A HELPFUL MEMBER! From a leading Western lumber- man: "I am a member of the Rotary Club and two or three weeks ago at one of the weekly meetings I called attention to the necessity of every member of the Club subscribing to the Forestry Association and taking on interest in its work. I intend calling attention to the Association again in a week or two — and will try tc induce all to join." It is estimated there are three mil- lion acres in the state of New York in wood lots. The cut of lumber is about 300 million feet annually. The state owns about 1,800,000 acres of forest land which is in process of being reforested. The bulk of this land w^as purchased at a low figure. The later purchases were made on a basis of $5 to $10 per acre. A bond issue of ten million dollars was sub- mitted and carried by the people with which to furnish funds to pur- chase the denuded forest lands, sus- ceptible of reforestation. The problem of reforesting areas that are otherwise unproductive, should be considered by agricultur- ists. Perhaps next in importance to the disposal of brush and slash is the effect of close cutting on hillsides. In many instances, the clearing of trees from a slope has encouraged a washing of soil that not only ruins the slope but also buries the pro- ductive field at its foot and greatly increases the damage done by brooks at flood conditions. Canadian Forestrti Journal, October, 1917 1341 Do Electric Wires Damage Trees? A Point of Much Concern to Tree Owners Discussed By Authorities. Can any deleterious effect be traced to electric wires strung through branches of shade trees? What are the possibilities of injury from this cause? These cjuestions have been asked of the Forestry Journal not only by those owning shade trees on town streets but by a reader identified with an electrical transmission enter- prise in Ontario. By the kindness of Prof. G. H. Collingwood, of Cornell University, who made a search for some authentic information on the subject, the Journ- al reproduces part of a bulletin issued by the Massachusetts Experiment Station. "It is rather interesting to note," writes Prof. Collingwood to the Journal, "that this bulletin states that alternating currents are appar- ently less injurious than direct cur- rents although tills may be because alternating currents are usually car- ried on high powered transmission lines across country and are therefore less often in contact with shade trees. "Most of the injury to trees from trolley or electric light currents is local," reports the Massachusetts Station. "The injury takes place at or near the point of contact of the wire with the tree. This injury is done in wet weather when the tree is covered with a film of water, which provides favorable conditions for leakage, the current traversing the film of water on the tree to the ground." The writer of this bulletin never found leakage in dry weather. Resistance of Trees "Th3 electrical resistance of trees is so high that it is doubtful whether injury ever occurs to them from con- tact with low or even high tension wires, except that produced by grounding when the bark is moist. Any escaping current from trans- mission lines that can be transmitted even through the least resistant tissue is likely to be insignificant. "It might be possible for direct currents to affect trees without caus- ing any perceptible burning. If, for example, a tree were subjected to a sufficient strength of current, thete might occur a disintegration of the cell contents, causing the tissues to become abnormal and finally to die, but the electrical resistance of trees is so great that a quite high potential would be necessary. Other Causes at Work "On the whole, the cases 6f;^death to trees from electricity are by no means so numerous as is generally believed. Because a large number of trees near electric roads, etc., often look sickly it must not be concluded that electricity is always the_ cause. In cities and towns, where most of these unhealthy specimens are found, there are innumerable destructive factors for trees to contend with. It is cjuite essential in diagnosis work, therefore, that all these factors be taken into consideration before a definite opinion in regard to the cause of any abnormal condition is formed." Readers will also be interested in what Dr. Fernow states in his book on "The Care of Trees: Watch the Wire Stringer "Every tree owner should look out for the wire stringer, who not only disfigures the tree by chopping off branches, regardless of consequences, but introduces the danger of electro- cution. Trees and branches, beat- ing against electric wires in winter storms, wear off the insulation and thus establish short circuits, which under certain weather conditions as, for example, in a thunderstorm, may bring about the total destruction of a long-cherished tree. "According to the latest investiga- tions there is a difference in the effects of direct currents which are used chiefly in operating electric 1342 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 railroads, and of alternating currents of the electric light plant, which, although carrying a higher current, appear to be less disastrous. Burns the Limb "In moist or wet weather, when the tree is covered wdth a film of water, the current causes, at the point of contact, an injury to the tree, which provides favorable con- ditions for leakage through the film of water, grounding the current and burning the limb, partially or entirely kilhng the cambium at point of con- tact, and drying out the limb above. With alternating currents the darn- age seems usually confined to this local destruction at or near the point of contact as a result of the heat created. With direct currents, in addition to these local burnings, elec- tric effects are sometimes noted a- a distance, the escaping current gird- ling trees at the base, and killing the cambium without the characteristic burning at point of contact or at point of discharge. This appears to happen only when the positive cur- rent is not as usually carried by the feed-wire, but by the rail, and leakage through imperfect rail-connection occurs. In an observed case the damage was done when the trees were four feet from the rail, the mois- ture conditions of soil and bark being evidently most favorable for electric discharge." "The only help is, of course, to string the wire outside of the tree line, or at lejst to prevent contact, keeping in mind that winds will sway the branches and that allowance must be made for this." The World's Bid For Quebec's Forests How the people of Quebec are benefitting from the world-wide ad- vance of timber values is shown by a comparison of timber sales conducted by the Quebec Government last month and those held 14 years ago. In 1903 the average price received by the public treasury for timber berths was $111 a square mile. In the following year it was $138 a square mile. In September, 19l7, the bids averaged $440 a square mile, one substantial tract going at $1,000 a square mile. This enormous ad- vance does not represent a speculative value because the purchasers were industrial companies intending to turn the forest growth to more or less immediate account. Quebec tax-payers owe to their forests their freedom from direct taxation. Last vear no less a sum than $1,683,000"^ was taken by the Quebec Government as forest rev- enue and this paid a great part of public administration, road construc- tion, public buildings, etc. The year before Confederation, Quebec took from the lumber industry a net total of $294,000. In 1866 this had risen to $630,000 and by 1905 was $1,280,- 000. Every tree in Quebec is growing more and more valuable. The in- dustrial development and volume of employment grows greater year by year, and the public treasury is a substantial gainer. Quebec cannot afford to hand over any part of her forest endowment to the needless waste of fire. Every fire represents a blow at employment and the pub- He good. 1500 PAPER CASUALTIES Amsterdam,- — The Bayerische Lan- des Zeitung, of Warsebourg, before discontinuing publication says that the war has proved fatal to the economic situation and the German newspapers generally. One thou- sand five hundred newspapers and periodicals have already ceased pub- lication, and the war has made de- mands on the German newspaper industry which are characterized as frightful and entirely unexampled. Paper has reached a price which enabled most paper mills to increase dividends considerably. .' Canadian Forcstrij Journal, October, 1917 1343 New York State's Tribute to the Importance of Scientific Forestry. Tiie new $250,000 Building of the State College of Forestry at Syracuse. How New Bird Protection Will Work Out By Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Zoologist The International Convention for the protection of migratory birds in Canada and the United States, ratified in December last, consti- tutes the most important and far- reaching measure ever taken in the history of bird protection. It af- fords the best means of ensuring not only a cessation of the decrease in the numbers of our migratory birds such as the insectivorous birds, the wild-fowl, waders and sea birds, but, in many cases, it assures an increase in their numbers, which have been ruthlessly depleted. It affects over 1,000 species of our chief insect-eating and game birds. It guarantees to the farmer the con- tinued existence of the insect-eating birds, the most powerful and active allies he has in the fight against the destroyers of his crops; and it guar- antees to the sportsmen a never- failing supply of ducks, geese, and other game birds. In fulfillment of its obligations under the Convention, the Canadian Government introduced the Migra- tory Birds Convention Bill to carry out the provisions of the Convention, and this measure has recently passed both Houses of Parliament. As soon as assent is given to the bill, regula- tions will be promulgated fixing close seasons. In the case of insectivorous birds. 1344 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 it will be unlawful to kill them or to take their eggs at any time of the year. The close seasons on ducks and geese will not exceed three and one-half months, and the dates of opening and closing will be fixed in accordance with local conditions and after consultation with the proper authorities in the different provinces. On a number of birds, such as the cranes, swans, curlew and most of the shore-birds, with the exception of woodcock, snipe, certain plover and yellow-legs which are becoming greatly reduced in numbers, a close season of ten years will be provided. The wood duck and eider duck will also be given special protection. Where they are injurious to agri- cultural or other interests, provision will be made for the killing of pro- tected birds under special permit. Regulations will also be made to prohibit the shipment of migratory birds or their eggs during the close seasons and generally to govern the traffic in them and their eggs. While the numbers of the migra- tory birds in Canada and the United States have been most seriously de- pleted by various causes confidence js felt that, with international ■ ^^^^^1 ■ ^^Bi^^^^^»«'^.-^.> ':■ ^ •■t.'^'>\tM ^H ^|^|^P!^!^^^HI||^HB9IHHBHpHH||Hp|||||||Hp|g|P|||| IS V[ n at H m io^'s fs~ ~ maimtscRati ■■ a ■ i " « - ' • ■ " eiEBs4a» ''"-•r»«nnr-~ .•».'» ' ^.... - .. ... J§W«Wf»r.;?w»a«-p*^.,-:„~- . '»'••'*»*.•' — -.= , »^®i!iF„ ^^ifc ^^^^^^^B^^^- c-^-^^^^^^^SHSfeHM miMH ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^j"^^^^^^! p^R ^^^^^^^K nl^^l ^1 ^^^^^B _,g&: HBHHHHBHHBBII^^SS^BSESHHHiHHH^^^BI B A MODERN CAMP TRAIN The North Coast Timber Co., of Tacoma, Wash., has just completed a new logging camp equipment, cap- able of housing 130 men. It is regarded as the latest word in the modern housing of men on wheels. The camp train consists of men on wheels.. The camp train con- sists of 17 standard cars. The blacksmith is provided with all modern tools. The filing car is divided into two sections, fitted with two benches and lighted by a sky- light. The bath and drying rooms are combined in one car. The library car is 11 x 42, equipped with six tables and shelves for books. The car is painted white and is sup- plied with several rocking chairs. Provision has been made for hous- ing the train men and cooks in one car. A kitchen car, with a dining car at either end, makes adequate pro- vision for feeding the crew. The sleeping cars are 11 x 42, each with accommodations for 16 men, and are provided with end doors. Steel bunks are provided, with a window for each bunk. In the arrangement of the cars a 16-foot clear space is left for a .sitting room. The camp train is lighted by means of an Edison storage system of 100 lights and is heated by steam. Every provision for the comfort of the man has been made. SMALL POWER PLANTS A FARMER'S AID In the study of wood using in- dustries N.Y. state foresters have discovered one Onondaga County man who has an interesting water power saw mill with which he does custom sawing. When the power is not needed for the sawmill he runs either a grist mill, or a cider mill with it. He also has a small electric light plant which is operated by the same power. The mill has been in operation for more than twenty-five years. Full and profitable utiliza- tion of the woodlot products will be assured only when the State is dotted with these "many-purpose" mills which were so common in former days. Cooperative mills are suggest- ed as a good financial move in New York farming communities. — N. Y. State College of Forestry Bulletin. 1346 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 Covering the Sand Lands With Trees The splendid work done by the District Agricultural Representatives of the Ontario Department of Agri- culture is now being utilized to a degree in the cause of forestry. With the sanction of the Minister, some refoiestation experiments have been carrred out by the District men, as is explained in the following state- ment referring to one of the districts: - "In a number of places throughout the county there are sand hills upon which apparently nothing could be made to grow, and which give an endless amount of trouble, especially along roadsides, where every windy day fills the road full of sand. One particularly bad hill Ues on the road about midway between Kemptville and Spencerville, on the Selleck prop- erty. This sand hill has drifted across the road allowance, and sev- eral strips of land have been pur- chased from the owner of the adjoin- ing field, in order to get around the sand. Every elTort to stop sand blowing has failed, three high board fences have been buried, and it is an every day occurrence to see autos stuck in the middle of the road. "With the idea in view of attempt- ing to stop the sand blowing we de- cided to conduct a reforestration :-experiment, to see if it would be possible to grow trees on this sand. Five thousand four hundred trees were secured in the spring from the Forestry Branch of the Department of Agriculture, and set out carefully in rows four feet apart, with the trees four feet apart in the row. We fur- ther experimented by hauling cedar brush and covering over half the area with it. I am pleased to state that at present nearly all the trees over which we put brush are living and doing well. These will, no doubt, in the course of a year or two stop the sand from blowing. The trees which we did not cover did not do so well, and many of them were either covered with the blowing sand, or blown out by the roots. Next spring we purpose replacing all dead trees, and covering the entire area, if pos- sible, with cedar brush, to give the trees as good a chance as possible. "Very little encouragement was given by adjoining farmers at the time the trees were planted, and a good deal of scepticism prevailed as to the possibility of the trees growing. However, we know that seeing is believing, and trust to have this troublesome sand hill converted into a young pine grove in the course of a few vears." The Tree's Value to the Prairie Farmer By Allan Campbell Trees on the farm perform a similar office to that of the paint on the buildings, as they improve appear- ance and are a good protection against various conditions of weather. The treeless farmstead is open to every caprice of the weather and in addition to this must in time prove depressing to the spirits of those who live within its bare environments. Particularly in this western country do we need farms that are homes in the true sense, and in this direction tree plant- ing can accomplish much, both from a sentimental and economical stand- point. The farmer who has to face the ordeal of an annual long haul to obtain his winter's fuel supply would feel a greater peace of mind could he contemplate on a certain part of his farm, hundreds of sturdy saplings growing his future fuel supply. For ornamentation and shelter, trees form an essential on the modern Canadian Forestrij Journal, October, 1917 1347 farm and the best means of compari- son is for one to slay on a treeless farm for a short period and then stay on a well treed farm. In the case of the former, one feels that home is just a figure of speech and in time becomes surfeited with the feeling of being too much outdoors and among the elements. There is a good choice of trees for the purpose of establishing a prairie home; the Green Ash, with its slender leaves, the Mountain Ash giving a splendid display of little red berries in the fall among its rose-like leaves, the Birch with white bark standing out in bold relief from the general environment of green. The Asiatic Maple is an- other tree of great color effect, as the leaves turn from green in the summer to crimson in the fall. These, with a background of evergreens, form a picture of extreme beauty in the fall. Flowering shrubs such as Lilac and Honeysuckle are an annual source of pleasure to their owners and others who are favored by their sphere of influence. Mention must be made of the Caragana, a favorite hardy hedge maker. It forms a tight hedge, is a good growe,r and bears a pretty yellow bloom. In evergreens, the Spruce and Scotch Fir form an all year green shelter and a most efficient windbreak. A plantation of Cottonwoods be- comes a fuel yard in the making and the rapid growth of these trees makes them a worth-while proposition to the average farmer. Trees rnay be acquired by various means, viz., from the woods, pur- chased from nurseries, and grown from seed. It is better to thoroughly thresh out the question of planting before actually putting it into prac- tice. A pencil drawing of the pro- posed layout is a good initial step and is easily altered to accommodate the desires of second thoughts that may crop in, whereas, should the planting be accomplished before thor- ough consideration has had full scope, any alteration involving the labor of transplanting may prove fatal both to the trees and the ambition of the planter. Notes on the Western Fires Forest fires in the Coast district have been numerous owing to the long spell of extremely dry weather, but so far the International Timber Co., Ltd., has been the only heavy loser on the Coast, says the Western Lumberman of Vancouver. A ser- ious fire broke out August 3 in the company's limits at Campbell River, Vancouver Island, destroying about 7,000,000 feet of timber cut at Camp Three, and seriously damaging a lot of valuable logging equipment, in- cluding an overhead system and five donkeys. The loss will run into big figures, but M. D. Rector, general manager, is not yet in a position to name the amount. In Vancouver district, the Taylor & Naysmith Lumber Company, oper- ating a sawmill and logging camp north of Burnaby Lake, met with misfortune on Sunday, August 5, when a fire which started in old slash- ings and down timber in the vicinity of their logging operations on Snake Hill, a couple of miles from the mill, got beyond the control of the men, destroyed several bunkhouses and other camp buildings, and damaged some of the equipment. The men managed to remove the two donkey engines before much injury had been done them. LIVES AND PROPERTY In the Kootenay district, the most disastrous fire was near Fernie, where the Elk Lumber Co. lost a camp out- fit complete, and ten of the men lost their lives. The camp was located in a blind valley, and when the fire swept up the men had to flee over the hills. Previous to that the lum- 1348 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 Improper and Proper Methods of Attaching Wire Fence to Trees. ber mill and camp of A. G. Lambert & Co., a Nelson concern, and the plant of the Christensen Lumber Co., both near Nelson, were burned, with a loss of about $25,000, and at Salmo the Kootenay Shingle Co. lost its whole plant and office build- ings. While a large number of fires have been reported to the depart- ment from various parts of the prov- ince, the damage outside that just mentioned has not been great. The timber damage has not yet been computed. Loss to Young drowth "The severe fires in southern Brit- ish Columbia late in July destroyed large quantities of young forest growth which had established itself on lands previously burned over, in addition to considerable areas of merchantable timber," writes Mr. Clyde Leavitt in "Conservation." A portion of the young forest so destroyed was upon the area included in the great Fernie fire of 1908. In- vestigations made by the Commis- sion of Conservation show that the damage done by repeated forest fires on a specific area is much greater than is generally realized. Such fires not only destroy the young growth, but the seed trees as well, thus pre- venting or greatly retarding the es- tablishment of a stand of commercial species. On this account, in many sections, reproduction of valuable species is wholly inadequate, or is entirely lacking; each successive fire diminishes the earning capacity of the area, from the point of view of timber production. During the past 50 years, forest fires in British Columbia have de- stroyed an amount of timber approxi- mately twice as great as that now standing in the province, or ap- proximately equivalent to the total stand of saw timber in the entire Dominion. Canadian Forcstrij Journal, October, VJll 1319 The Case For New Brunswick's Forests Continued from Page 1339 the value of wood and its manufactures. The share taken by the public treasurij is no less than $5,000,000 a year. WHAT THE TREE DOES FOR THE PROVINCE One does not need, however, to cross the oceans to learn what forests accomplish for the enrichment of a people. In a twelve month the sum of $15,000,000 is distributed in New Brunswick from lumber and pulp products. Another million dollars worth of wood is used by settlers for fuel and building materials. The Government of New Brunswick gains over $500,000 a year from various Crown timber taxes to ease the burden that must otherwise be placed on the pubhc for administration expenses. This sum will be materially increased as the result of recent re-adjustments of the dues on Crown timber. The forests of the province are producing wealth each year within about four million dollars of the whole value of agricultural production, ONLY UNTILLABLE SOIL IS NEEDED The timberman asks only non-agricultural soil for his wood crop and every million dollars brought to the province by timber means an increased demand for everything the farmer has to sell. One cannot emphasize too strongly that more than seventy per cent, of the land area of New Brunswick will never pay a profit to the plow. From the wood crops of that seventy per cent, the province must take its chief share of future prosperity. Contrary to a prevalent impression, forests, under modern lumbering conditions and with free access to fire, do not perpetuate themselves, except in part and that very unsatisfactorily and with extreme slowness. Nature unconlro'led is usually wasteful in her methods. Each decade has found the forest possessions of New Brunswick and other parts of Canada substantially weaker. Logged-over tracts are too often preyed upon by fire, and, even with fire kept out, the logging methods now in vogue encourage the growth of inferior species. As an illustration of this condition, white pine, the most valuable of Canadian timber trees, has been almost obhterated from New Brunswick's lumbering industry, although in the year 1825 no less than 400,000 tons of white pine were exported from New Brunswick to England. Once the standard species in New Brunswick, it represents today not more than five or six per cent, of the total lumber cut of the province. Hemlock, little valued yesterday, except for bark, now commands $8.00 to $10.00 per thousand board feet rafted at the booms. Spruce, now heading the market for saw timber and for paper making was regarded almost a weed tree within the experience of lumber operators now living, and has so advanced in value as to bring in 1917, $13.00 to $20.00 a thousand board feet wholesale, and $9.00 to $12.00 per cord F.O.B. for settlers' pulp wood. The spruce log is the standard in New Brunswick woods operations, the commercial timbers ranging in this order: Spruce, Fir, Cedar, Hemlock, Pine, Birch, Beech, Maple. THE NEW WORLD VALUES OF MARITIME FORESTS Thus, within the past ten years or less a new and increased valuation has been placed by the markets of the world on the forest assets of New Bruns- wick. The relatively slight value of a birch stand to-day is no more a guage necessarily of what it will be to-morrow than was true of the early price of spruce and hemlock. So with every other tree species now within the pro- vincial boundaries. The world's wood consumption is increasing enormously. The discovery of new methods of utilising what are now nearly useless woods. 1350 Canadian Foreslry Journal, October, 1917 is making remarkable advances, and certainly has many surprises in store. Coupled with these facts must be considered the exhaustion of cheap, access- ible forests and the rapid deterioration of what were recently virgin areas of timber. The supply grows less. The demand grows greater. It is for New Brunswick, therefore, to take full toll of every square mile of her forest possessions, to realise from the markets of the world such tremendous profits as have accrued to Sweden and other European countries as well as to some of our Canadian provinces that are awake to the advantages of a great tim- ber endowment. Clearly, no private corporation or association of companies or individuals can undertake the task of inventorying the timber possessions of the prov- ince, and establishing a permanent policy of protection and development. That is a Government function for more reasons than one. The loag-time element involved in the growing of trees is beyond the administrative reach of any but a self-perpetuated institution such as the State. The fmancial profits of even the wisest forest policy cannot be checked up week by week as with certain outlays for agriculture or fisheries or roads, but at the same time no resource responds more surely or generously to preservative measures than the forest. LOOKING INTO THE PROVINCIAL STOREHOUSE New Brunswick has now under way the first great step in building up a permanent policy in respect to its forests. The Forest Survey and Land Classification, which now has been under way for about a year and a half, had covered by May 15, 1917, more than 550,000 acres, out of a total of 7,500,000 acres of Crown lands. Not only will the province get knowledge of the location and contents of its forest land, the amount and kind of re- production, and rate of growth, but will be given an accurate soil map, where- by future settlement may be directed intelligently. The project will occupy several more years and is equivalent to a provincial stock-taking, a highly important element in any progressive and constructive policy. With public opinion heartily endorsing the continuance of the Forest Survey, the next step, obviously, is to employ the information so secured in the best interests of the people of the province. Few men acquainted with New Brunswick or Quebec or Ontario woods operations will contend that the present rate of cutting can be continued in- definitely, unless present cutting methods are materially changed. What are the faults of these methods? In what way do they hamper the natural re-growth of a tract from which logs are being taken? In practically all Government regulations covering Crown timber, cer- tain provisions have been inserted aiming to guide the cutting so that the forest area may be kept permanently productive. One of these provisions specified that trees below a certain diameter shall not be felled, except a few for skids, or those blocking a road route. For example, the New B unswick regulations stipulate that no spruce tree shall be cut on licensed lands unless it will provide a log 123^ inches or over, stump measurement. Few will assert that this regulation in itself is sufficient or that the Provincial Govern- ment is able wi h its present machinery to give it more than formal enforce- ment. And yet on the regulating of cutting by a minimum "diameter" pro- vision and other safeguards, dictated by long experience, the future security of every lumber and pulp mill and the bulk of the employment in the province rests. If the provincial storehouse of wood materials is to be handled on the basis of permanent production, every form of needless waste must be elim- inated. The cutting of stumps almost breast high cannot be condoned in these days of timber scarcity and rising values. The jobber who skims oil his tract, eaving lodged trees to rot, who abandons patches of trees that are shghtly inconvenient to reach, who uses good spruce logs for his roads and Canadian Forcstnj Journal, October, 1917 1351 skidways when infer'or logs are ready to hand, who refuses to utilize as much of the top as he might properly do, is not concerned in anything more than a hand-to-mouth policy. What the permanent interest of New Brunswick may be, can appeal to him only by reasonable regulations rigidly enforced by Provincial officers. The Province has an interest in its forests extending generations ahead i :nd having regard not to one class alone, but the whole people. A SENSIBLE CODE OF FOREST MANAGEMENT What would be the aim of a Provincial Forest Branch of technical for- esters, having authority to carry out public regulations, as they exist or may be amended? To secure a high production of valuable material and pay to the private owner and the state the largest possible returns in the long run. As stated by Henry S. Graves, Chief of the United States Forest Service, the objects of scientific forestry are: — "To secure quick reproduction after the removal of timber. "To produce valuable species instead of those having little or no market value. "To secure a full stock in contrast to those of small yield. "To produce trees of good form and quality. "To accomplish the most rapid growth compatible with a full stand and good quality." — a code of business-like objects, the gradual adoption of which in New Brunswick wall arrest the impoverishing tendencies of present-day woods methods, and develop rather than undermine the mainstay of prosperity. WHAT MAKES A LIMIT VALUABLE? Unlike some jobbers, who have no permanent investment in a forest tract, and have no industries dependent upon a source of accessible supplies, the licensee himself will, in most cases, heartily support whatever means will keep his limits in continuously productive condition. His interests are in- dustrial. The speculative era in timber has passed. His mills must be fed with logs or go bankrupt. To him the value of the limits lies not altogether in their present cubic contents of timber, but also in their ability to repeat their crops. In that last phrase lies the Cnw of the argument for a more determined and intelligent public supervision of cutting operations. Tim- ber crops are not repeated, except at a heavy discount and very slowly, as cutting methods now are allowed to exist. The operator, therefore, is in a position where only the rising market value of Spruce enables him to count his limit at a higher price, for the quantity of timber on cut-over tracts at each successive culling grows actually less, and the interval of delay grows longer; growth in the forest is slower than many believe. Because one lumber firm has been able to take off successively from one district, profitable quantities of timber and pulpw^ood during a period of, say, sixty years, does not necessarily signify that it is reaping only the increment of forest growth. Usually the history of a New Brunswick limit is in some such sequence as this: — The limit was worked for the choicest pine. Then came a second and third culhng of pine, a more complete and drastic operation, leaving relatively little of that species. Next, the operator took out the largest spruce of saw timber size. At each return he cut w^hat previously would have been passed over. With the biggest stuff already marketed he proceeded to shave the diameter limit closer. Finally the market for pulp wood made it worth while to take out spruce and balsam down to the smallest legal diameter. Obviously the tim- ber hmit w^as producing for the market more than its natural increment. It was giving not alone the increment, but much of the capital stock as well; in the case of pine, the larger part of the capital has gone. As time passed. 1352 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 logs in the driving" streams appeared smaller and smaller. The capacity of that area for periodical production had seriously declined. A notable consequence of severe culling of coniferous species has been to encourage the growth of hardwoods. The transition has been a money- loser from every standpoint. The great woods of commercial demand are coniferous — spruce, pine, hemlock, etc., and the great lumbering and pulp making industries of the province of New Brunswick cannot be maintained on other than coniferous forests. GETTING RID OF THE FIRE PLAGUE Under the proposed New Brunswick Forest Service should come the control of the fire ranging force. ' Until fire is eliminated, "Conservation of the forests" can make no real headway. One m.ay as well attempt efficiency by painting the lifeboats of a ship and building watertight bulkheads while the hull itself is perforated with decay. The Director of the Forest Survey has stated that of the 550,000 acres examined, 82,270 acres have been burned by fires of fairly recent date. Had this area not been burned over, there would have been, besides the amount already taken out from time to time, merchantable timber standing on those tracts to-day worth at least S7 14,000. This figure applies to only one-thir teenth of the whole area to be examined. CLOSING OUT A COSTLY RECORD Let us consider not the question of culpability for losses sustained in the past, but rather how New Brunswick can bring that record to a close. The success of any fire protection arrangement rests, first, upon organ- ization. New Brunswick's laws provide for the appointment of a Chief Fire Warden. Under him are fifteen county wardens who have a varying number of deputies. In some counties the deputies are paid a fixed sum annually, and in others they are remunerated on the per diem basis. By this system, 160 men, on an average, are on the Government pay roll as permanent wardens. They look after fire protection and game during the spring and summer, and game protection during the fall and winter. The fire wardens, responsible for timber guarding, receive remunera- tion varying in amount and form of payment from S2.00 a day to $250.00 a year, a few at $300.00, with some county wardens receiving up to $900.00 a year. The average amount received last year per man was about $52.00. For such pay no body of men can be expected to render more than inter- mittent service or to undertake arduous patrol, or to go far afield in search of fires. British Columbia this year, is paying its forest rangers $100.00 a month for a six months' period, for which the Government demands and secures an equivalent in energetic application to duty. Ontario pays its forest ranger's (under its recently le-organized system) $75.00 a month mini- mum, Quebec pay averaging $60.00 a month. Cheaply-paid forest guards usually represent unenthusiastic service. They are available for action usually only when fires have secured headway. Neither is it their hourly duty {o look after fire prevention and public education, such as applies to a truly efficient ranger working under an up-to-date system. Adequate wages and alert inspection always recoup the public treasury well during a season of average fire danger. One might hazard a guess, without being accused of exaggeration, that for every dollar withheld from the forest protection service, short of a really adequate amount, the people of New Brunswick are losing many hundred per cent per annum in forest fire damage. HOW A BETTER SYSTEM CAN BE PAID FOR The proposed reorganization of the fire guarding scheme involves no net outlay on the part of either Government or licensees, and would quickly put an end to a destructive agency that is penalizing the people of the province. Canadian Forcstrij Journal, October, 1917 1353 The Canadian Forestry Association leaves to the judgment of the Govern- ment and its staff of foresters the detailed plan upon which a reorganization could be based. It may be that the Government will consider the taxing of licensed lands at a half-cent an acre, somewhat similar to the method of Ontario, where the tax is double that amount, or of British Columbia where the fire tax is one-and-a-half cents an acre, the British Columbia Government con- tributing dollar for dollar. This would give the province §10,000 which with the $60,000 now spent on scaling, fire protection and administration of fish and game laws would make an annual fund of 3100,000 sufficient to con- struct a orest service second to none in Canada. The mere heaping up of a fund of $100,000 would not in itself correct the inadecjuacies of the present forest protective work. From the Parlia- ment Buildings at Fredericton, out to the most distant ranger in the field, there must be a plan of co-ordination and co-operation. This pre-supposes an efficient head-office staff, directed by the Chief of the Forestiy Division. To this officer should be delegated control of practically all the public forest administration, the appointment of a sufficient number of inspectors to get good service from the field employees, the allocation of rangers and the en- forcement of discipline. NEW BRUNSWICK'S PROBLEMS SOLVED ELSEWHERE The appointment of a Chief Forester, with power and sufficient money to reorganize the protective service, would in itself relieve the government and the people of the need for protracted debate and investigation. Methods of fire protection have become in a general way standardized the world over. Other parts of Canada have built up forest guarding systems that completely outstrip in actual results the methods that preceded them. New Brunswick offers few special difficulties that have not been already surmounted in Que- bec and British Columbia and in many of the states of the American Union. Under skilled direction, a reorganized forest department would bring into effect the system of issuing ''permits" for all settlers' land-clearing fires. It would introduce modern aids such as telephone lines, lookout towers, the cutting of trails and roads and other facilities for quick communication. An ounce of prevention is worth at housand pounds of cure in forest fire work, and speed is the essence of prevention. Speed in the detection of fires, in their incipient stage, speed in calling help, speed in reaching the scene of danger. At one time in 1916 sixty fires burned simultaneously on the areas of one of the well-organized Quebec forest protective associations. But every fire of the sixty had been promptly seen by rangers on patrol or from lookout towers, and, by using the telephones, men were rushed to all centres of trouble. Every fire was extinguished. Not one was allowed to grow big and get beyond human control. Prompt detection usually means prompt extinction. But detection requires the afore-mentioned mechanical aids, without which the best human labor is heavily handicapped. THE ADVANTAGES OF CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY The advantages of combining under a single department of the Govern- ment the work of supervising cutting operations, fire ranging and timber scaling are very clear. The three sets of duties have to do with Govern- ment responsibilities over Crown forests. The ranger would find occupation during the time of fire hazard, roughly from April 15th to October 15th. He could then be transferred to timber scaling or utilized in various field under- takings of the Forest Branch, Control of cutting w^ould, of course, require several technical men, w^hose services could be utilized also for forest surveys, mapping, land classification, construction of fire protection trails, telephones, etc. This would mean continuous year-round employment for the main body of employees, with the prospect of promotion as they became more efficient. In any line of work transient jobs do not attract the best class of men and this is markedly true of forestry employment. 1354 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 Schoolground Planting Left to Chance In Nova Scotia By L. a. Dewolfe, director rural science schools The question of a nursery to supply shrubs and other plants for school grounds is worth pushing. Thus far in Nova Scotia we have none. The Agricultural College grows a considerable ciuantity of shrubbery for its own use; but it has not given any to schools. There is not sufficient ground under control of the Education Department to grow material for distribution. Our Normal College has less than two acres of ground, with no chance to enlarge its area. From the other provinces we hope to learn some method of supplying oar schools with desirable material without having to buy it from private nurserymen. In Manitoba By B. J. Hales, B.A., Ll.B., principal OF normal school, BRANDON For some years past there has been some distribution of nursery stock by the province, but it was largely material received from the forestry murseries at Indian Head or from other sources. For the last year or two we have supplied a part of it. In connection with our forestry instruction in the Normal School, we have found it necessary to grow a considerable number of trees and shrubs, while in our horticulture we have found it necessary to grow quantities of herbaceous perennials. This year it was decided that all the distribution should be from the Nor- mal School, and that it should be confined to material of our own growth. As part of the old arrange- ment I received a shipment of seed- lings from Indian Head, but they were not distributed this year. We plant- ed- them in our own nurseries and will have them for future distribution. In Ontario By J. B. Dandeno, Ph.D., inspector of elementary agricultural classes There is no special provision made in Ontario to supply narsery stock of forest trees or shrubs for the orna- mentation of school grounds. Where school boards are desirous of ob- taining such material, they are ex- pected to secure it either from near- by woods or swamps, or from regular nurseries. Where the schools are maintaining classes in agriculture, a portion of the grants apportioned to the board for equipment may be used to purchase trees, shrubs, or peren- nials. In schools where agriculture is not taught (the subject is optional) according to the prescribed regula- tions of the Department of Educa- tion, no financial assistance is received for this purpose. THE FARMER AND HIS PULP WOOD. In many parts of Canada there is a close connection between the pulp- wood market and the prosperity of the farmer. Proper handling of his forest might make it a continual source of income. The wanton burn- ing of any timber to destroy it should be made a crime. It is less likely to be burned if the farmer understands how to make money from it. Intel- ligence is better protection than punishment. Attention to forestry matters is important, both to the welfare of the farmer and the future of the Cana- dian forest resourses and industries dependent on them. Co-operation between forestry and agricultural departments in this re- gard would be an advantage. "From Pulp and Paper Magazine'' Canadian Forcstri/ Journal, OcUjIxt, 1!)17 1355 THE RIGHT LOG LENGTH TO PREVENT WASTE By R. O. Sweezey, The point to observe aliout 16 ft. logs is that spruce will cut one to four logs per tree. In black spruce we usually get two or three logs in the mature trees, and where two logs are cut, probably over 50 per cent, of such trees would yield an additional 8 to 12 ft. down to 4 in. top; but, as the operating company wants only 16 ft. logs, the lumberjack has no choice but to leave the top to rot in the woods. The difficulty lies in the fact that the logs are too long. Multiples of 12 ft., say, would give three logs, equal to 36 ft., where only two 16 ft. logs can be cut. It is obvious that both in theory and prac- tice the shorter the log the more com- plete will be the utilization of the tree. Now, in the Province of Quebec (which boasts the best log-makers in the world), where streams are so plentiful that long hauling is rare, logging is done mostly by the single- horse method. One immediate re- sult is that roads cost much less, and with small horses the jobber gets into corners where pulp logging by the Ontario system would be very costly. By reason of this single-horse system and narrow roads (aptly described by an Ontario operator as "cow- paths,") the jobber, equipped with his home-made sleighs of peculiar design, can and does make more logs and greater quantity in a given time than the Ontario log-maker. . But he prefers the shorter logs; 9 to 12 ft. suit him best, because one man alone can handle these better than he can the 16 ft. logs, for which, if he must make them, he demands 50 cents a cord more. Thus the extra cutting neces- sary in logging the shorter lengths is more than offset in the handling. The question, then, is why should not all Ontario pidpwood operators adopt the shorter lengths and save the waste now occurring in tree-tops? NEW STUMPAGE LAW IN N.B. An act to falicitale the collection of stumpage, which is of special in- terest to the lumber, pulp wood for paper mdustries, has been agree on in the New Brunswick Parliament. The new measure provides: All licensees of crown landn in the Province shall annually, not later than the first day of October in each year, furnish the Minister of Lands and Mines with a sworn statement of all operations upon timber berths held by such licensees, stating the quantity, number, and superficial con- tents and kinds of logs, lumber, or other timber cut or made, upon each of such timber berths during the 12 montlis previous to the first day of May in each year, and also the quan- tity cut or made upon granted lands during the same 12 months. All licensees exporting pulp wood, rossed or otherwise, shall furnish a sworn statement to the Minister of Lands and Mines at the close of the shipping season showing the number of cords shipped. Should any licensee fail to comply with the provisions of this act, or should the statement furnished be found to be willfully inaccurate, the licensee furnishing the same shall forfeit all right to his license, and the berths and limits shall become vacant. The Canadian farmer, in so many districts, receives part of his income from his wood lot or must clear his land before planting, that depart- ments of agriculture should pay con- siderable attention to the forestry side of the farmer's education. The opportunity seems to lie in three channels, the agricultural bulletin and country paper, the district re- presentative and his local organiza- tions or clubs, and the agricultural college. A comparatively small amount of instruction and demonstration should be of very considerable value to the young farmer. 1356 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 CANADIAN WOOD IN FRANCE. {From Report of Dominions Royal Commission) "Very little Canadian wood is sold on the French market because it is almost unknown, and, what is worse, in the few places where it is known it has the reputation of being of very inferior quality. This seems hard to believe, but it is only the strict truth. It can be explained by the fact that the Canadian lum- ber exported has been sent almost exclusively to Great Britain and when, from time to time, it was sent from that country to France, it lost its name and passed as the product of other countries. This was the case with our fine woods that brought high prices. It must be admitted, however, that certain shipments of Canadian wood of a most inferior quality were unloaded on the French market at low prices because they could not be disposed of elsewhere. Such proceedings have caused in- calculable harm to the reputation of our products. Unfortunately, our ex- ports of high quality lumber have not been able to counteract this un- desirable reputation, since they have always been credited to other coun- tries. At Contras, near Bordeaux, the following sign is displayed on a large lumber factory: "Bois de I'Am- erique du Nord" (North American Wood). It is evident that in France, Canada does not exist as a separate country, only "American" products are known." OUT FISHIN' A feller isn't thinkin' mean, Out fishin'; His thoughts are mostly good and clean Out fishin' ; He doesn't knock his fellow men. Or harbor any grudges then, A feller's at his finest, when Out fishin'. The rich are comrades to the poor Out fishin'; All brothers of a common lure, Out fishin'; The urchin with the pin and string Can chin with millionaire and king. Vain pride is a forgotten thing Out fishin'. A feller gets a chance to dream, Out fishin'; He learns the beauties of a stream Out fishin'; And he can wash his soul in air. That isn't foul with selfish care. An' relish plain and simple fare Out fishin'. A view of British Columbia Tree Nursery for the Improvement of School Grounds. Canadian Forcstri} Journal, October, U)17 i;iJ7 Bamboo bf^longs to the grass family, al- though its tall stalks resemble saplings. As material for rafts, fishing poles and even for houses it has been in use since the world was young. Orientals consider the young shoots, which resemble asparagus, a nutri- tious food. The banyan tree, on account of its habit of putting forth numberless trunks to sup- port its branches, is regarded as a robber. But it yields rubber equal to Para. •{•2£= ■Z^^^^iZ. r:^+ Although the spongy wood of the silk-cotton tree, found principally in Jamaica, West Indies, is too light to be of com- mercial value, the natives make canoes out of it and fill cushions and pil- lows with its long silky threads. Its root-forma- tions make the tree earthquake proof. T^'fS^ =^4>s:= 1358 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 Best Methods of Burning Brush By Henry S. Graves Forester, U. S. Department of Agriculture. An excellent time for burning brush is after the first snow of winter. This is usually a light fall, and the snow does not penetrate the compact piles of brush sufficiently to prevent burning. There is no danger of the fire running on the ground, and the branches of the standing trees are so damp as to prevent injury by the rising flames. If the brush is burned before winter, it should be only dur- ing damp weather, when the ground is so wet that fire will not run easily. When large areas of piled brush are to be burned the work should be organized with care. It should never be undertaken when there is a strong wind, and the best time is in calm weather. If there is any wind, the burning should begin with the piles on the lee side. Several piles may be fired at one time, but they should be some distance apart, with one or more unburnt piles between them. When the first fires have been burned down to coals, the intermediate piles may be ignited. This alternating method of burning the piles prevents the injury to trees and young growth between the piles that might result from the collective volume of heat of adjacent fires. Just as the brush on level ground is burned against the wind, so, on a hillside, the piles near the top are burned first, and the work progresses down the slope. Controlling the Fires W'henever large areas of piled brush are to be burned, a sufficient force of men, equipped with fire fight- ing implements, should always be present to insure that the fire will not get beyond control. In some instances, when brush is piled in the winter during logging and left for later burning, the piles become very wet from the snow and rain and do not dry out till late spring or sum- mer, a time when burning on a large scale is dangerous. If the brush of winter lumbering can not be burned as the logging proceeds, the piles must ordinarily remain unburned till the first snow of the following winter, or till especially wet weather comes in late summer or fall. The devices used in different locali- ties for starting fires in piled brush are many. Some loggers use a torch of burning wood, as resinous pine; others carry live coals from one pile to another; others use a long-handled torch; others, again, pour a little oil on the brush and start it with a match. The most satisfactory seems to be an ordinary tubular torch with wick- ing and a_ ferrule into which a rake handle can be inserted. A good sub- stitute, though a crude one, for the last is a piece of bagging or burlap wound around an iron rod or stick of wood and occasionally saturated with oil. Cost of Burning The cost of burning piled brush in the coniferous forests may vary from one to thirty cents per thousand, according to the manner in which the brush is piled, the condition of the brush, the size of the crew needed to prevent the running of fire, etc. Commonly, it ranges from five to fifteen cents per thousand feet. Where the cost has been higher than this, it has been attributed either to poor work in piling or to inefficient man- agement in the work of burning. The average cost of both piling and burning should range in coniferous forests between ten and fifty cents, and as the lumbermen become more experienced in performing tha work the cost will be correspondingly re- duced. In some coniferous forests careful records were kept of the area actually burned over. Where the stand per acre ran from 10,000 to 50,000 feet per acre, the aggregate area burned over by the brush fires was found to be approximately seven per cent, of Canadian Forcstrij Journal, October, 1917 1 359 the total area cut over in the logging operations. Where the brush is burn- ed as the logging proceeds, the per- centage of the area burned over is less. — Reprinted from American For- estry. German Prisoners in a Lumber Camp Canadian Front in France.— "Eyes lefdt " 'Eyes frond! " Uttered in gutteral German, these commands sound strangely on a Canadian ear. Stranger still is the mis-en-scene whence they arise. For the non- com, who shouts the order is a hulk- ing Hun in field grey, wearing the Iron Cross, and by his side marches a column of German soldiers. But no Mausers are in their hands, no bayonets at their sides, and the head- gear is not that of one regiment. Blue, red, yellow, white, border the caps of these men, and cjuite as diverse are the designs of their shoul- der straps. Tall and short, fat and thin, many be-spectacled, mingle in this conglomeration of Prussians, Bavarians, Saxons, Wurtemburgers — ■ no longer soldiers, but woodmen marching to dinner. They salute a group of Canadian officers as they pass, and the bully German non-com. in charge is quite evidently glad of a chance to air his authority a bit in public and do a bit of the swank- ing he was wont to do in the barrack square of Deutschland. Felling a Jack Pine It is in a pine forest of France that your correspondent saw these Boches working for the Canadians engaged in forestry work. Working, did I say? Well, imagine thirty-two husky Huns pretending to haul on a rope, leisurely pulling down a tiny jack pine, scarcely more than a sapling, and you can visualize their efforts. How an Ontario farmer would laugh at such "work." However, the Ger- mans do accomplish a little. They quite evidently like this "job," and it confers an appetite and an appre- ciation of the comfortable huts in which they are housed. By the roadside stands their own German "koch," and facing him a row of burnished kettles. Brimming with some savory stew, the steam ascends in fragrant clouds. To him in batches of twenty at a time come the prisoners, to fill their dixies and receive each one a generous chunk of bread. Squatting under the trees in this fine weather, they partake of their mid-day meal. Would that Canadians in Bocheland fared half so well. After feeding, several of the Huns produce long-stemmed pipes with china bowls, which they pufT contentedly, their enjoyment unim- paired by any thought of the sentries who stand back among the. trees in case some forgetful Hun might wan- der through the sylvan dells. A Fairy-tale Wood And what a pine forest is this! Its like does not exist throughout the length and breadth of Canada. A regular fairy-tale wood, this vast plantation of clean trunks, rising almost limbless to an average of fifty feet, green-topped, springing from an underbrushless carpet of moss and needles. They grow in yellow sand, these trees. The larger ones measure from 10 to 14 inches through at the base, and give some 40 feet of log. Hark, Canadian lumbermen. In* this country a stern government allows no timber-limit vandalism on the part of loggers. No brush nor slashing may be scattered about as in Canada, to start fires. Everything here is piled, swept clean. In the adjoining French section of this wood I actually saw windrows made of branches carefully tied together. Thus they are shipped olT to Paris for fire- wood. How French Fall a Tree In marked contrast to the Huns are the Canadian bushmen, who, over- ailed, stand in mihtary formation ere 1360 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 191'. they dismiss to lunch. A little group, they have charge of the more tech- nical jobs. Soon a mill will hum in this vicinity, as others are doing elsewhere, turning out its full quota each day. These Canadian mills are not only supplying our own troops, but Imperial and French troops as well. Canadians are hard at work in forests of beech, hornbeam, ash, oak, birch, cherry and chestnut trees, which are falling before them, and, oddest sight of all, are being pulled down by block and tackle. Such is the French fashion. Limbs chopped off, and a rope attached to its top, many a tree is torn out by the roots, which are afterwards sawn off. Queer lumbering perhaps, but it saves the older trees. Picture a quaint village, mediaeval church, fifteenth century houses, an inn, from whose timbered doorway d'Artagnan might well sally forth at any moment. Picture an em- parked chateau which escaped the revolution, whose pillared gateway was old when Marie Antoinette came joyfully to France. 'Mid such sur- roundings, among trees where the deer fed undisturbed, now rises a cloud of smoke, beneath which, en- trenched among the new, white tim- bers of a brand new mill, a whirling fiend devours the woods. H. R. MacMILLAN RESIGNED II. R. MacMillan, formerly Chief Forester of British Columbia and Timber Trade Commissioner for Can- ada, has resigned his position as assistant manager of the Victoria Lumber and Manufacturing Com- pany at Chemainus, B.C. At the request of the Imperial Munitions Board Mr. MacMillan has undertaken to locate the stands of British Columbia spruce adapted to aeroplane manufacture, and on this most important task he will be engaged for the remainder of the war. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT OUR WILD ANIMALS? The Canadian Forestry Journal is able to offer its readers an oppor- tunity to secure a most interesting "Animal Book". The illustration as above, represents the paper- bound edition which sells en the bookstands at one dollar. The Journal has arranged for a limited edition of leather-bound copies to sell at the same price, one dollar. The book contains 265 pages and 61 full-page Uustrations in color of the North American wild animals in their native haunts. The text is by Chas. K. Reed, who has won much fame through various nature books, and the plates are in natural colors bv H. P. Harvey. The book is shaped conveniently for your pocket. While authorita- tative in matter, it is brightly written and will pay high dividends in helpful and interesting reading. Enclose a dollar bill to the Canadian Forestry Journal, 119 Booth Building, Ottawa, marking your name very plainly on the attached coupon: Canadian Forestry Journal, Ottawa. Please send copy of 'The Animal Guide' in leather binding to the follow- ing address. One dollar is enclosed. Name . Address Canadian Forcslrij Journal, October, 1917 1301 Earlp Daps in the Lumber Camps 4. — Bij Capt. Robert Dollar Ed. Note: — Captain Robert Dollar began life as a camp boy on the Upper Ottawa in the employ of Mr. Hiram Robinson of Ottawa, a Director of the Canadian Forestry Association. He rose to a commanding position as a lumber exporter and ship owner. In passing through Western On- tario in a comfortable Pullman with dining car attached and in crossing to Spanish and Serpent Rivers, it brought back very vividly to my recollection the tremendous changes that have taken place in this part of the country in the last 35 years when there was hardly a white man on the shore of Lake Huron at Kil- larney and Spanish River Mills. At this time I was lumbering on the Serpent River some 30 miles from Lake Huro'n. We sent in the men and supplies in a steamer in the fall of 1881 and built a warehouse at the mouth of the river to hold our year's supplies. We boated supplies up the river to where the camp was to be built, sufficient to last until the snow and ice made it possible to haul with teams. The men were then cut off from all communication with the outer world. On February 21, 1882, I started with a team of horses to visit the camp. The entire distance of 250 miles was made on the trackless ice from Parry Sound, Ont. The time occupied was eight days. We slept out every night. The weather was intensely cold, being below zero the first three days, while on the last day it rained. Not being pre- pared for such a change in the wea- ther, we had a miserable time of it. Sleeping out in winter in a heavy rain storm is anything but comfortable to say the least. A Sd-MHc Tramp. The weather was so bad, I left the team and teamster at our warehouse at the mouth of the river and m.ade the last thirty-five miles on foot in the soft, slushy snow. It was hard walking and I was glad to get to the camp, and the men were delighted to get news from the outside world. I found the work had gone on success- fully, and we had a lot of fine tim- ber on the ice ready to be floated to Lake Huron, where it was to be load- ed on vessels and taken to Kingston at the foot of Lake Ontario. There it was rafted and run down the rapids of the St. Lawrence, then towed to Quebec to be again loaded into ocean going ships for Liverpool where it was again formed into small rafts and taken up the canal to Manchester. Here it was sawn up into sizes for making cotton spinning machinery. I spent three weeks looking over various tracts of timber, but could not find the sized timber recjuired for this trade, namely, 20 inches average dia- meter. On this account I decided BOVRIL Saves Kitchen Waste There will be no more throwing away of good food if you keep a bottle of Bovril in the kitchen. Bovril helps you to make delicious dishes out of cold food. Better soup, better stews — less expense. 1362 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 191', to shift my operations to Michigan, where the desired size of trees could be secured. It had got very near the breaking up of winter, and we had 12 more men than was necessary to drive the timber down the river, so I started out with a team of horses and the 12 men, intending to return as I came, on the ice along Lake Huron and the Georgian Bay to Mid- land. But the fates decreed other- wise. The first night we got with considerable difficulty to Little Cur- rent on Manitoulain Island on ac- count of the ice having melted in the recent spring weather. I found it impossible to go further with the team and decided to send it back to the camp, and tried to induce the men to return, as I could see we were in for a 250 mile walk. Besides there was the uncertainty of the ice not remaining long enough to make the trip. They decided that if I could do it they could. I tried to explain to them that it was a case of "have to" with me, but they could return and work in the camp until navigation opened. I had various camps in Muskoka and Parry Sound district, so that it was necessary for me to be on hand to arrange about getting the logs driven when the water was high. All of no avail. The met! were determined to get out to civilization. Primitive Travel. I bought a few hand sleighs and put on them what was actually re- quired for the trip. We started out, pulling the sleds on the ice. The third day out a severe snow storm was raging, and it was impossible to travel, so we had to lay up all day much against our will. I found we barely had provisions enough to take us to Byng Inlet, so I had given up the idea of going to Midland, as the former place was much nearer. Next morning we were up before daylight ready to start, when we dis- covered the ice had gone out during the storm. There we were on the bleak and barren shore of Georgian Bay and had now to "foot it" through the trackless forest. We reached French River which we had hoped to cross on the ice, but to our dismay it was wide open,' the ice having gone out with the previous storm. So we had to cut logs and pull them to the water and make a raft of them. This took an entire day and was attended with much hunger. The first raft capsized and two of our men narrowly escaped perishing in the cold water. We then cut larger logs and made a stronger raft. Our tools consisted of one axe. We secured the logs with twisted withes. We all got across alive, and to our delight we found the ice was still fast inside of the islands, and we were enabled to make much better time. Dividing the Flour. I found our provisions were about exhausted, so I had all the flour baked into cakes and divided equally. It was just enough for a small meal. I told the men that the nearest civilization was three days journey and that each one should divide his cake into three pieces but nearly all ate them at once. I divided mine into three days' portion. Each piece was about one inch square. The ice was getting bad and several of us went through it. I kept on the lead and got more wetting than the rest. The nights were very cold; we suffer- ed a good deal, wet in the afternoon and freezing at night. The frost hardened the crust, so in the forenoon we had fairly good walking, but after- noon every footstep went through the snow and into the water on top of the ice. I remember I had deer skin moccasins on which kept the water out as well as a pair of socks would. The men got tired out and it was only by encouraging and urging them on that we were able to make any headway, for many of them wanted to lay down and give it up. The last day before arriving at Byng Inlet I told them I would go on ahead and get provisions sent back to them with Indians and for them to follow my tracks, but before noon I came across an Indian wig- wam. A squaw and two children were the occupants. She could not talk English or French, so I made Canadian Forcstrij Journal, October, U)17 1363 signs to her that I was hungry, and tried to make her understand there were twelve more coming. I found she had about 20 pounds of flour, but no meat of any kind, so she start- ed in to make "slap jacks." I did not eat and encouraged her to make more until about three miles oil our men were in sight. I took her out and showed her the crowd, and she held up her hands in despair. I put aside enough for herself and children for one day and made her understand I would send her plenty the following day, so she went to work and baked the balance of the flour. To my surprise she went out into the snow and dug up a white fish three feet long and put it into a pot of boiling water, scales, insides and all. This was as sweet a fish as I ever tasted. In the meantime, I saw the very slow progress of the men. I got some birch bark and made a big smoke. The effect was magical and I could see them immediately begin to step out. When they came they ate everything in sight and I had a hard time to pre- CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO 4. 50 CTS WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Ont. 1364 Canadian Forestry Journal. October, 1917 vent them from leaving the squaw without any food. I almost had to use force to get them to start out for Byng Inlet. Ten miles distant we found a trail which helped us out and reached the mill at ten at night where we got plenty to eat and wash- ed our hands and faces. The first time in two weeks. We were more like negroes than white men. A few days before it looked like a physical impossibility to come out of our trials alive. I sent an Indian back to the squaw with four times as much flour as we used. I left our men here to rest up three or four days before proceeding. Starting the Drive. I was up bright and early next morning, as I knew I was urgently required to start the drives. I had a camp at Shawinager and started out on snow shoes that I borrowed. The distance from Byng Inlet to Shaw- inager through the woods was 45 miles, with no road or trail. At dark I was able to strike an unused govern- ment road which led to our camp, which I reached after everyone was in bed. I looked over this timber and works in the forenoon, (we were getting out what was called Tona- wanda timber, which was got out the full length of the tree; in the summer I towed this across Lake Huron to Detroit), and took one of the teams to carry me to Rosseau, which I reached after midnight. The winter roads had broken up and I could not get anyone for love or money to take me to Bracebridge, Muskoka district, my objective point, so I started out on foot again for a 35 mile tramp. I remember the mud was ankle deep in places and with dirty clothes and deer skin moccasins, I certainly was a "Lough" looking tramp. Next morning I was busy hiring men for the drives for the various camps, apparently none the worse after about as hard an ex- perience as few lumbermen, even in those rigorou? days ever had. EAST VALUES B. C. WOOD 1916 witnessed a remarkable in- crease in consumption of B.C. lum- ber in eastern Canada, the quantity sold in the east in 1916 being almost double that of previous years — a most satisfactory showing in a competitive market such as this where native and imported woods are readily avail- able. Energetic educational work has been carried on by the B.C. Forest Branch in Eastern Canada for the past 18 months, resulting in a wider knowledge and appreciation of the excellencies of British Columbia woods and a better understanding by our mills of the requirements of the eastern market. This market should show substantial increases from year to year and be of great value to our industry. With the return of normal shipping conditions it is hoped to establish a cargo trade from British Columbia to eastern Canadian ports via the Panama Canal. —B. C. Official Report. TROOPS USED IN FOREST FIRES The forest fire situation became very acute in August and early in September, due to the fact that there had not been any rain for nearly seventy days in the western part of Oregon and Washington. Forest fires were becoming alarmingly prevalent. In Columbia county, as an example, experienced state fire wardens soon became aware of the fact that the men whom they were receiving from the Portland employment offices were in themselves a menace and were actually setting fires. Incendiarism was becoming rife. Upon application to Governor W'ithycombe of Oregon, Colonel C. E. Dentler, commander of the North- west department of the United States Army, was appealed to and under the direction of Hugh Henry, man- ager of the Oregon Forest Fire Asso- ciation, small bodies of cavalry and motor patrolmen were distributed throughout the forest regions of Oregon. The results were very grati- fying. Not only was incendiarism brought t.^ an abrupt close but in one or more instances the soldiers actually assisted in the putting out of the fires. (AtiMuiiiin Fore^liij Journal, October, 1917 rM\:) TOY MAKERS USE PLANING MILL WASTE That a market for virtually all of the waste of a planing mill is to be had for the seeking is evidenced in the occasional bringing to light of what is being done by some planing mill managers in various sections of the country. The latest has to do with a planing mill in the Northern States. In turning out some of its products waste blocks of various sizes were numerous and served to furnish all the fuel required for the plant. This material had a fuel value of $3 a ton. One day a visitor looked the plant over, noted the waste blocks and began to figure out the number of them in a ton. He offered the man- ager $17 a ton for all the waste of that character turned out. A con- tract was made and the visitor in- formed the manager he was a toy manufacturer and that the blocks purchased would cost him less than half of what it cost him to make them. The mill manager immediate- ly placed his thinking cap in order, secured samples of all the planing mill waste, called on other toy manu- facturers and before returning home found a market for all the waste about the plant except the sawdust. The final result is that the sale of the waste purchases all the coal need- ed for the plant and leaves a profit averaging $300 a month to the com- pany. A little analysis of the waste pro- ducts about the saw and planing mills would soon prove that much of the material going to the slab pit has an excellent commercial value. PROFIT IN TREE GROWING "The growing of timber can be made a commercial success. In 16 years mine props and fence posts can be harvested. In 26 to 36 years tim- ber large enough to produce paper bolls can be grown. It will thus be seen that large corporations which make paper, for instance, can be in- duced to reforest large areas and thus insure an adecjuate supply of pulp paper for their future needs. The value of the wood will justify the carrying charges." — Dean Baker, Neu> York State, College of Forestry. FORESTS SELF-SUSTAINING The report of the L'nited States Forest Service for the fiscal year ending June 30 last, will show that the national forests are now almost s^lf-su staining. Receipts during the last fiscal year aggregated about $3,- 450,000, mostly from timber sales and permits for grazing, water power development and other purposes, compared with a total cost of oper- ating the national forests of about $4,000,000. Those in touch with the situation predict that during the current fiscal year the national for- ests will probably pay all expenses from the proceeds of their operation. Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 FAIRBANKS - MORSE FIRE FIGHTING ENGINES These compact powerful little pinnping outfits have repeatedly substantiated our claims during the past year, all over Canada. They can be readily transported vfherever man or pack horse can go. Goverments and Private Owners of Forests everywhere, ca . materially reduce their fire losses by the use of these outfits. Full information and prices on request. THE CANADIAN FAIRBANKS -MORSE CO., Limited MONTREAL - OTTAWA ST. JOHN, QUEBEC, TORONTO, HAMILTON, WINDSOR, WINNIPEG, SASKATOON, CALGARY, VANCOUVER. VICTORIA. CANADA'S . DEPARTMENTAL J HOUSE FOR Ml . MECHANICAL GOODS / Wm Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 1367 Gifts of Trees to Northern France (Editorial from the Philadelphia Bulletin.) It is interesting that the nursery- men of the country, assembled here in convention, are considering the proposal of reforesting Northern France at their own expense. This is the plan of Prince Poniatowski, a name familiar to all students of Na- poleonic literature, and while our nurserymen cannot do all of the re- planting of friiit and shade trees which the Boches have destroyed, they seem willing to do their share and to make it easy for other philan- thropists to co-operate. It is well known that as the Ger- mans have been driven back from their original line they have left only a desert behind them. Every- thing has been destroyed except the soil, and that has been so badly cut up that it will be long ere it produces its normal yield. The annual crops are to be restored much sooner than the vineyards, orchards and shade trees. It will be remembered that Professor Ferrero tells in one of his histories that in a single year Sparta- cus and his revolting gladiators did more damage to Italy than Hannibal did in seventeen. This was because the latter destroyed simply the annual crops, which meant the loss of only a year's income, but by the time of Spartacus the olive and the vine had replaced grain in Italy, and it took years to replace them. This is the case with Northern France. It needs fruit trees and vines to replace those which were destroyed, and several years will be necessary to restore former conditions. It may be that the nurserymen will p. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Technical training and ten years experience, in part with U. S. Forest Service. Timber Estimating and Mapping Supervision of Lumber Contracts Surveying Forest Planting STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. 4. -i— .4. FORESTERS AND RANGERS EVERYTHING YOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US Compasses Tapes Scribes Transits &c. Aneroids Log Rules Lumber Gauges Levels, &c. The Ontario Hughes Owens Company 529 Sussex St. OTTAWA, ONT. 4. — .- 1368 Canadian Forestry Journai October, 1917 CHEWING TOBACCO has thousands and thousands of friends who enjoy daily A its rich and lasting flavor Sold at lOc a Plug Canadian Foicslrij Joiirndl. Orlohcr, HUT 1369 start a propaganda among the chil- dren. It would be easy for any child to save enough to buy a peach or apple-tree cutting, to purchase a vine or even a young maple. Northern France is about as bare as the sands of the seashore, and here is an ex- cellent chance to do some construc- tive work which will cost individuals little but will amount to much in the aggregate. I FRANCE'S FOREST INCOME ■ The gross annual income of ! the state owned forests of France I prior to the war is said to have j been $6,000,000, or $2.72 per j acre of producing forest. The I total expenditure amounted to 1 $2,725,000, or 70 cents per acre. I Therefore prior to the great war i the annual net forest income j amounted to $2.02 per acre. I Raphael Zon, chief of sylvics, j U. S. Forest Service, tells us 1 that the forest area of France 1 contains 20 per cent, conifers I and 80 per cent, hardwoods (35 I per cent, of this being ordinary j oak and i per cent, stone oak). R. O. SWEEZEY B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E. CONSULTING ENGINEER. Water Powers. Timber Lands. Forest Industries. 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. . — ^ MIINATURE CONSTRUCTION I Landscape, (Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOLS — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS I Government work a specialty i MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. i MODEL MAKERS ! Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal I Phone 7720 Murray Hill i NEW YORK CITY Queens UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. GEO. Y. CHOWN, Registrar. + •|i.^— n^— n- UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. 1370 Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1917 BEARS INTERFERE WITH FORESTERS As an interesting example of the problems which a forester has to work out, it is said that forest officials in India have undertaken to girdle undesir- able trees in order to kill them off and give more room to the Deodar and other valuable species. Himalayan bears, however, have discovered that the sap from these girdled trees is sweet and toothsome and have undertaken some girdling on their own hook. They have caused a good deal of trouble be- cause they do not confine their operations to undesirable trees. NEW YORK TO GROW CHRISTMAS TREES The state of New York buys annually about a million and a quarter dollars' worth of Christmas trees. It is the intention to plant and grow a large proportion of the Christmas trees on the state forest lands and keep this large sum at home instead of sending it to other states. The state of New York is farming only 15 million acres out of the 32 million located within its boundaries. 4" Try This Stump Putte M M^ *«•_« The Smith Stump Puller Sn. C#fff* m€KSH will take out every tree and stump by the roots, clearing 4. TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hardy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYE-DE-HURST&SON,DENNYHURST DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven. Connecticut, U.S.A. YALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in th« number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wUl warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology. Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over "■ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Everg:reen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, IlL. U.S.A. PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mattresses may be used on damp ground wilh perfect safety — they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary, with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated — may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government. Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. Pneumatic Mfg. Co.B^^oyLYN.'Nlv. Canadian Forestrij Journal, Ocluber, 1U17 1371 SEEDING and PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY | By James W. Tourney, M.S., M.A., Director of the Forest School ! and Professor of Silviculture, Yale University. 1 This book presents both the details of practice, and the funda- [ mental principles that control success and failure in the economic [ production of nursery stock and the artificial regeneration of forests. [ It explains the why as well as the how. r Part I. deals with the silvical basis for seeding and planting, | more particularly the principles which underlie the choice of species, j the closeness of spacing and the composition of the stand. I Part II. is descriptive of the various operations in artificial re- { generation and the results that may be expected from the best practice. Chapter Headings of This Book: Part I. Silvical Basis for Seeding and Planting, Chap. I. Definitions and Generalities. jjj' [ The Choice of Species in Artificial Regeneration. IV. The Principles which Determine Spacing. V. The Principles which Govern the Composition of the Stand. Part II. The Artificial Formation of Woods. VI. General Considerations. VII 1 Yjjj"> Forest Tree Seed and Seed Collecting. IX. The Protection of Seeding and Planting Sites. X. Preliminary Treatment of Seeding and Planting Sites. XI. Establishing Forests by Direct Seeding. XII. to XV. The Forest Nursery. XVI. to XVII. Establishing Forests by Planting. xxii+454 pages, 6 by 9, 140 figures. Cloth, $3.50 net. Canadian Forestry Journal 119 Booth Bldg., OTTAWA. PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes. Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada SLEEP with a COMFORT ON Al R SLEEPING POCKET (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able' bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 6 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO.. ATHOL, MASS., U S.A.. Dealers write + ^^vrC^^^^^^"^'^^ FOREST FIRES When fire breaks out the Chief Ranger whose territory is covered by a Tele- j. phone System can summon his forces k, __ in the quickest possible time. Only a fraction of a second is required to connect his portable telephone set with the telephone line and he can then give the alarm over the entire reserve. We have developed special apparatus for permanent and portable telephones for forest protection. For full particulars write our office nearest you. Northi^rr/ E he trie Compafty Montreal Halifax Ottawa UMITEO Toronto London Winnipeg Regina Calgary Vancouver ^Northern £/ecfric - Forest- J^tephones- Canadian forestrp Journal NOVEMBER, 1917 >i. ■crU^ '> ■" ■ *-»^pr«s«»s* I .1^^ ML ON A NEW BRUNSWICK DRIVING STREAM TENTS '>*3t..*^'<: SEND FOR OUR CATALOG. ASK FOR PRICES AND SAMPLES. Smart- Woods, Limited OTTA WA TORONTO MONTREAL WINNIPEG AND ARTS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED VICTORIA, TRINITY, ST. MICHAEL'S KNOX and WYCLIFFE COLLEGES FACULTIES OF APPLIED SCIENCE MEDICINE EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE FORESTRY -* THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO For further information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. CIRCULATION, NOVEMBER, 6,400 COPIES Canadian Forestry Journal Vol. XIII. WOODSTOCK. ONT., NOVEMBER, 1917 No. 11 CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER A Victory Over Patronage 1377 Some Causes of 1917 Timber Losses 1382 An Adirondack Forest Experiment 1384 Making Rugs from Paper Fibre ^ 1401 Nova Scotia's Forest Position 1389 Win Russia's Forests Pay Her War Debts? 1390 The Story of Canada's Forests 1395 Oyer 7,000,000 Trees Planted on the Prairies in 1917 1392 Searching for Aeroplane Woods 1379 Forest Nursery P'ans Great Extension 1394 Canada's Debit Account for Forest Fires 1383 Recollections of Canada's Greatest Forest Fire 1409 Manitoba, A Forest Province 1394 Settlers at Peace River Pay Penalty 1414 New Brunswick Forestry Meetings 1405 The World Over 1408 The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Communications to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post OfBce at Woodstock, Ont., as second-class matter. 1376 Canadian Forestry Journal November, 1917 — 4. ^ — — — ♦ Canadian Forestrij Journal, November, ipi7 1377 A Victory Over ''Patronage'' Important Work of Western Forest Protection and Development Freed From Political Millstones. The ousting" of "patronage" from its long-entrcnrhod position as dic- tator of Federal Government pur- chases and appointments may be accepted as one of the most gratify- ing "drives" in Canadian political history. What a true merit system in making appointments to the "out- side service" of the Dominion For- estry Branch, for example, will mean to the Canadian people cannot readily be realized but most certainly the cutting out of "patronage" constitut- es the greatest boon to which that department could fall heir. Further- more, the success of the new principle may easily lead to its adoption by those provincial governm.ents yet ad- hering to the prickly advantages of "patronage" in making appointments to the forest services. A Bouquet from Winnipeg Most certainly, the prying loose of this keystone of Tammany ism in Canada has evoked an almost un- broken paeon of rejoicing from our newspaper editors, quite irrespective of political affiliation. Perhaps the strongest expression of all comes from the Winnipeg Tribune (Independent) which characterizes, as a "damned scoundrel" any man who ever at- tempts the restoration of patronage in Canada. A very considerable part of the newspaper campaign against patron- age was in response to efforts of the Canadian Forestry Association for months past to point out the mischief wrought by the iniquitous system in the Dominion Forest Service. Every newspaper in Canada, having any substantial circulation, was provided with quotations from the Civil Ser- vice Act demonstrating the sim- plicity of bringing "the whole or any part of" the outside service under operation of the Civil Service Com.- missioners at Ottawa by a mere Order-in-Council. Following is one of the Associa- tion's summarized statem.ents which found wide use in the leading papers: Technical Services "First steps in Civil Service Reform." "There are certain obvious "first steps" in carrying out the reform of the Dominion Civil Service, as prom- ised in the TJnion Government's in- itial manifesto. The Civil Service Commission of Ottawa has been asked to report on a plan for liberating the thousands of Governm.ent em.ployees outside of Ottawa from the fetters of the local patronage committees, so that appointments and promotions shall be determined through the Civil Service Commissioners alone. \Vhile ultimately all Government officers, whether in Ottawa or in the "outside service" must be brought under the operation of the merit system, certain branches of th'^. Government's work call for immediate application of the new plan for the riddance of patron- age. ^"It is doubtless highly desirable that not even a junior clerk in a town post office should be manipulated by a local political ring, but it is of m.uch more account that the members of technical services should come in for the first application of patronage re- lief. One of these technical services is the Dominion Forestry Branch, with a large staff of field men respon- sible for the protection from fire of the enormous areas of forest in the prairie provinces and a section of British Columbia. "Since the formation of the For- estry Branch, the greatest handicap on its usefulness to the people of Canada has been political interference with appointments to the field ser- vices, these services including not only fire ranging and inspection, but the important tree nursery work de- signed to supply Western farmers with shade trees and shelter belts. 1378 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 Such a responsibility as devolves upon the Dominion Forestry Branch and other technical services ought to be freed with minimum delay from the blight of the patronage business. If there is to be any gradual introduc- tion of the Civil Service merit plan into the "outside services," the tech- nical departments which suffer most gravely are due for prompt action." "An Insufferable Nuisance" "Patronage committees," said To- ronto Saturday Night, "have become an insufferable nuisance to the Civil Service itself, particularly in tech- nical branches like the Forestry De- partment. The scientific heads of such departments could not make suitable appointments of men with technical knowledge without being impeded by the threats and im- portunities of patronage committees whose members knew nothing or cared nothing about the duties to be performed." A Proper Beginning "The Forestry Branch," comments the Independent Hamilton Herald, "has not been a solitary sufferer. The patronage blight has fallen upon every department of the public ser- vice. But the Forestry Association is right in holding that the merit system should begin in the service where special technical knowledge is necessary to efficient work." Says the Halifax Chronicle: — "What is true of the Forestry Branch is true, in greater or less measure, of all departments of the Administration, and it is to be hoped that the Government will lose no time in putting its declared policy into operation, not only as regards appointments but all business of the several departments." "A Brake on Progress" "The ramifications of the patron- age system are endless; they reach into depths that are unfathomable," argues the Ottawa Evening Journal. "The patronage system has been a brake upon political and economic progress, and has been responsible for more evils than the ordinary man can begin to appreciate." Then speaking of the Forestry Association's assertion regarding in- terference with technical positions, the Journal adds: — "Was there ever anything more absurd than the application of the patronage system to the selection and appointment of technical officers in the public service?" Sir Robert's Manifesto The Union Government's assurance of future national immunity from the contagion of the patronage pot has been set down not only in very definite terms but by most practical action. Sir Robert Borden's second manifesto contains this statement: — "The system of patronage in the distribution of contracts and office which has prevailed in Canada for generations has been the root of many political evils. But inveterate diseases succumb only to heroic treat- ment— and heroism has not dis- tinguished Canadian parties in deal- ing with patronage. Hence the res- olution to abolish trading in patron- age, to fill public office by merit and not by favoritism, and to establish honest and open competition in awarding contracts and buving sup- plies." Mr. Crerar's View Hon. T. A. Crerar likewise com- mits himself to the policy of Civil Service Reform in these words: — "I am glad to say that one of the most important announcements in the statement of the new administra- tion is that paragraph dealing with the patronage evil in Canada. "The sole basis upon which people should be brought into the public service is their fitness for the posi- tion." "We Mean Business" Hon. J. A. Calders pronounce- ment, no less emxphatic, is reported in the Winnipeg Tribune as follows: "We believe that the time has come when an honest and sincere effort should be made to improve the civil service in Canada. Our civil service should be taken out of party Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 1379 politics and men appointed to the service on grounds of efficiency and necessity and not on purely political grounds. "I am talking smcerely to you men and women to-night and voicing the opinions of every member of this new government. We mean business." How The Commission Feels As an earnest of the Union Gov- ernment's intentions, the Prime Min- ister requested the Civil Service Com- mission to prepare at once a plan whereby the outside section of the Civil Service can be brought forth- with under sole control of the Com- missioners. A meeting of the deputy ministers and heads of departm.ents was called by Dr. M. C. La Rochelle and an illuminating discussion re- sulted: "You need not fear," observed Dr. La Rochelle, "any bad will or obstin- acy on the part of the Commissioners. To the contrary'-, it is their earnest desire to co-operate with you and to do everything to facilitate the com- ing period of transition. It is their intention to frame a system of exam- inations, where examinations can be used, which will be submitted for your approval and that of the Gov- ernor-in-Council." Searching For Aeroplane Woods The extensive utilization of British Columbia spruce for the manufacture of aeroplanes has called into the service of the Imperial Munitions Board a special staff of technical foresters, among whom are Mr. H. R. MacMillan and Mr. Roland D. Craig, the latter being "loaned" by the Commission of Conservation for an indefinite period. The President of the Canadian Aeroplane Company, virtually a Brit- ish Government creation, when at the coast recently made a thorough investigation of the possibilities. He said that there were great tracts of spruce in the province which would exactly meet the required conditions for aeroplane construction. The sup- ply of spruce in eastern Canada was very limited and the manufacturers were compelled to look to the Pacific Coast. Considerable of the material now used comes from Washington, but the preliminary reports as to a supply from .'British Columbia as well as the suitability of the shipments already made were causing all aero- plane manufacturers to look toward British Columbia. Greater length and greater diameter than is now being supplied is what is sought in spruce for aeroplanes. One British Columbia district from which good reports as to a field of supply had been received was in the northern section in the Queen Charlottes and around Swanson Bay. The Italian government is pro- posing to use fir as a substitute for spruce in aeroplane manufacture ow- ing to the difficulty of securing spruce of proper size and quality. It is re- ported that a contract for 25,000,000 feet has been made with Washington lumbermen. B. C.'S TRADE POSITION British Columbia mills have a pos- sible output of 2,500,000,000 feet per annum of lumber, according to an estimate made by the "Victoria Colonist." On that side of the con- tinent, says the "Colonist," there is the largest supply of merchantable timber. Pulp and paper mills when fully in swing will be able to supple- ment the shortage of products in the east and probably indefinitely supply the demand for paper. In the years 1912 to 1914 not more than five per cent, of the foreign lumber export trade on the Pacific was handled from the western ports, notwith- standing the natural resources, which are greater than all the States to the south. The figures, therefore, skow that British Columbia, which is in a position to supply the major portion of the demand, is only in a small minority in actual trade. 1380 Canadian Forest rij Journal, November, 1917 Will Russia's Forests Pap Her War Debts By A. J. Slack Director, Russian Information Bureau, New York During the year 1915 the debit balance of Russia's foreign trade amounted to $385,000,000. During 1916 it rose to over $1,000,000,000. This was partially produced by war conditions, but after the war Russia must pay the interest on her national debt, and, therefore, the question of turning the balance in favor of Russia is one of the most important problems of Russia's economic life at the present time. This problem is solved in a very interesting manner by the possi- bilities in the development of Russia's timber industry. The timber export even nowadays holds second place, following grain, in Russia's export trade. The Advance of Export In 1892 the receipts from the tim- ber industry in Russia's ordinary state revenue amounted to $9,572,000 — 1,9 per cent, of the entire amount of state revenue. In 1913 the re- ceipts from the timber industry in- creased to $46,11,176 — 27 per cent, of the entire amount of state revenue. During the period 1892-1913 the entire income of the imperial treasury was multiplied 3.5 times, whereas the income from the timber industry was multiplied 4.9 times. The export of Russia's timber de- veloped even faster than the timber industry in general. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the export of Russian timber amounted to only $765,000—1.7 per cent, of the total amount of Russia's export at that time. In 1910 Russia's export of timber already amounted to $70,- 482,000—9.5 per cent, of the total export. During the period 1800- 1913, the total amount of Russia's export multiplied 21 times, whereas the timber export multiplied 126 times. It is interesting to observe that during the same period the amount of grain export multiplied only 44 times. Russia's Vast Forests In 1913, as we have said before, Russia exported timber to the am- ount of $84,099,000. But this am- ount is surely negligible compared with the possible export of timber. In exporting grain, Russia meets the competition of the United States, Argentina, Canada, the East Indies, Australia, Bulgaria and Rumania. But in exporting timber, Russia cer- tainly can take and is going to take the leading place in the world's mar- ket. I. Amt. timherland (in acres) Germany 38,430,000 Balkan States 28,380,000 France (without colonies) ...27,141,000 Spain (without colonies) 17,844.000 Italy (without colonies) .... 11,256,000 Great Britain (without col- onies) 3,375,000 Other European countries .. 6,426,000 Total 132,852,000 Russia holds over 1,125,000,000 acres in timberland. Future Readjustment This table shows that timber is needed in all the European countries, exclusive of Russia, Scandinavia and Austria-Hungary. The import in Europe from the United States is comparatively small. Canada, per- haps in the near future, may become a great exporter of timber. Russia's chief competitors in the European timber market will be Scandinavia and Austria-Hungary. But the ex- Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Noirniber, 1917 1381 port from these countries has been diminishing during the last years. Scandinavia showed a tendency to increase the export of paper. As to Austria-Hungary, for the last years her competition with Russian timber has also become weaker and weaker. During the period 1906-1910, Russia exported to Germany 48. ument at the time as to the wisdom of the pk\ns adopted and the opposition to it developed to such an extent that the whole of the experiment had to be abandoned before it was well begun, but sufficient remains to show what would have been the results if the experiment had been carried through to completion and the showing is one to which Dr. Fernow has no reason to be ashamed to have his name attached in any manner, and public opinion which at the time of the inception of the experiment was inclined to be severely critical has changed its attitude and is now^ in- clined to praise. Demonstration Tract Created Shortly, the history of the tract is as follows: — The New York State College of Forestry was established by an act of the State Legislature in 1898 as a department of Cornell University and in the same act provision was made to establish a demonstration forest of not more than 30,000 acres for the purposes of education and instruction in the principles and practice of scientific forestry. The forest area obtained for the purpose is located in Franklin County on the Raquette River and had been partly logged over by the Santa Clara Lumber . Company. The headquar- ters of the tract were at Axton and the town of Tupper Lake, a saw mill centre located on the Ottawa and New York Railway, was within easy reach, being only three miles from the western boundary of the tract. About one-half of the property was virgin timber, the other half more or less culled of pine and spruce and a small portion burned over land. The stand was composed of sugar maple, yellow birch and beech, mixed with spruce and hemlock, and in some parts with white pine. Most of the merchantable pine had been taken out in the lumbering operations and also considerable of the spruce. There were also balsam and cedar swamps and the burnt over lands were largely grown up to aspen, poplar and white birch. In quantity the hardwoods were to the softwoods in the pro- portion of two to one. Supremacn of Conifers The problem to be dealt with and the methods proposed may best be staled in Dr. Fernow's own words: — "The most valuable crop to be grown in the Adirondacks — and, as for that, in most locations of the Northeastern United States — and es- pecially for the State, are the conifers. Coniferous w^ood represents three- quarters of the total wood consump- tion of this country and there is no reason to expect a change. Spruce and white pine hold now and promise for all future to hold the most im- portant position in the northern mar- ket, hence their reproduction should be the main object of the forester's skill. Mixed with the hardwoods, as they originally were, the white pine, culled out as the most easily market- able wood, has been almost eradicated in the Adirondacks, because it cannot reproduce under the shade of the remaining deciduous trees and spruce ; the spruce being more tolerant of shade, has persisted in producing young growth but by culling it out of the mixed forest, as it is culled in the usual lumberman's fashion, with the hard- woods left, not only is the develop- ment of the young spruces retarded and stunted, but in the composition of the crop it must, by necessity, take a less prominent part. Hardwoods Superfluous "It is then the reduction and re- moval of the old hardwoods, which alone assures success in the silvi- cultural program of re-establishing and giving advantage to the conifers. If this program be conceded as cor- rect, then it might appear even good business policy to be satisfied if only the cost of removal of the undesirable material were covered by its sale. To find a market for the hardwoods, minor material as well as logs, is the key to the solution of the silvicultural problem; increase in the proportion 1386 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 of the more valuable spruce and pine." The disposal of the hardwoods was then the first problem to be under- taken. The mills at Tupper Lake, the most convenient railway connec- tion, took their logs out by water and were cutting only softwoods. It was necessary to provide some means for utilising the hardwoods which included the carrying of them by rail to Tupper Lake. A great deal of the hardwood was, however, only suited for fuel but could not stand the cost of the haul to any market which would be large enough to absorb it. Stave Plant Erected Not to follow out the details of the negotiations it may be stated that finally the Brooklyn Cooperage Com- pany were induced to enter into a contract to erect a stave mill and a wood alcohol plant at Tupper Lake and a railroad to take out the ma- terial from the woods, the company to get the entire hardwood crop, logs and cordwood, that might be cut for the next fifteen or twenty years, delivered to them at the railroad at a fixed price. The Brooklyn Cooper- age Company were already the oper- ators of stave mills for supplying the American Sugar Refineries, but the wood alcohol plant which was sug- gested to utilise the smaller and rougher material was a new enter- prise to them Almost immediately after the contract was entered into in 1901 costs of labor and supplies rose rapidly and it was found that to continue to supply the hardwoods under the contract would involve a loss. This losing contract for the state helped with other things to precipitate the trouble which finally brought the experiment to an abrupt conclusion. Contract Criticized The contract has been criticised as improvident but it may be pointed out that there were many other con- tracts made at the same time that ended as unprofitably and for the same reasons, and that this contract received criticism beyond others be- cause it was a public contract and therefore open to general criticism. Whether better business management in the operations in the woods could have prevented the loss even under the contract as it stood is possibly a matter for argument, but no oppor- tunity to demonstrate it was given and it may fairly be suggested that in the first essay at such an important experiment by the state the question of profit might very well have been left outside of consideration until the methods were demonstrated. Industries Now Flourishing As a result of the situation the wood alcohol plant was closed down but the cooperage plant continued to operate and later the wood alcohol plant was started again to utilise the waste of the stave mill and both of these industries are found to be flourishing at the present day. The Oval Wood Dish Company of Michi- gan is now also establishing a plant at Tupper Lake for manufacturing hardwoods, particularly the dishes that give the name to the Company, and Tupper Lake is thus becoming an important centre for hardwood manufactures. It is possible that this might have been the result in any case but the fact remains that the initiation of business on such lines was due to the College experiment and that the local inhabitants are prepared to give the credit .to it for the bringing about of the establish- ment of hardwood industries in the town. The Planting Programme The discussion of the hardwood industries has been carried through to a conclusion as it seemed to be simplest and clearest to do so, and we may not return to its effect on the woods operations. The disposal of the hardwoods being provided for, it was possible to make almost a clear cutting and in order to ensure a fairly full restocking with conifers it was necessary to provide for considerable planting. A forest nursery was there- fore started at Axton followed by another one in the Wawbeek Division Canadian Forcstrii Journal, November, 1017 1387 of the tract. The reason for pro- viding the second nursery was in order to get better soil Lhan was available at Axton and also to have a supply of nursery stock near Ihc scene of opera- tions. The Wawbeek Division, being nearest to Tupper Lake, was to be cut over first. In the report sub- mitted in January 1900, 1,500,000 seedlings were reported in the nursery at Axton, and in the report submitted in January, 1902, the number of seedlings in stock in both nurseries was given as 1,250,000. Ten Dollars per Acre Plantations were made in 1901 and 1902, on a total of 225 acres, partly on the cut over areas and partly on old fields and burns, 232,000 trees, two and three year old seedlings, being used for the purpose. The cost of planting, including cost of stock, was about $10 per acre. The species used were white pine, Douglas fir and Norway spruce, with lesser quantities of Scotch pine, Riga pine, European larch, red pine and white spruce. A visit made to these plantations in 1906 showed the young trees hardly visible among the undergrowth of ferns and other vegetation, the whole experiment abandoned and the plan- tations left to take care of themselves owing to opposition, powerful in political circles, from people who objected to any timber operations in the district at all, and who finally secured the veto of the appropriation for the Forest School. The plantations, though without care and in spite of some damage from fire, have remained, and an oppor- tunity of visiting them during the present year allowed of some com- parisons and an appreciation of the development of the plantations. Un- fortunately from some points of view, the visit was made alone and there- fore unaccompanied by anybody who had been connected with the experi- ment and who could have made the visit more instructive On the other hand, the conclusions reached are unbiassed from the absence of such a mentor. Sixteen Year Old Scotch Pine, Axton, Adirondacks. Fine Height Growth A plantation of white pine, Scotch pine and Norway spruce, westward of the headquarters at Axton, was found to be growing vigorously, the pine trees reaching eighteen to twenty feet in height and making rapid height growth. The Scotch pine had made the most robust growth but the white was healthy and adding rapidly to its height. While the spruce gen- erally lagged behind it was not un- healthy and in some cases its height growth rivalled that of the pines. Nearer the headquarters even finer specimens of planted white pine were found associated with some evidently of older growth To the east a plan- tation of Scotch pine, which had evi- dently been set out on an old field and is an outstanding feature of the landscape, was visited and showed 1388 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 the same evidence of vigor, rapidly becoming a dense forest. A Pronounced Success In the Wawbeek Division near Axton a plantation of white pine, Scotch pine and Norway spruce made on cut over lands was seen and formed a marked contrast to the unplanted lands in the vicinity. Finally a plantation of Scotch pine made on burned over lands was examined. It formed a dense young forest, almost impenetrable, and, though small in area, should in time furnish a splendid stand of timber. Farther along the road the results of letting a fire run into this 3'oung growth were seen and formed a most unpleasing contrast. While the plantations show lack of care in some respects the general impression left is that they are a pro- nounced success and should have been carried to completion. While a less hasty visit and with someone fully acquainted with the original experiment would -have brought out fuller and more exact information, yet it is thought that even this slight sketch of the situation is a fair summary of its general aspect. One striking feature was the un- animity of opinion in the district, so far as it was met, that the abandon- ment of the work was a serious mis- take. Stock from the forest school nursery was supplied to the State Commission in 1902 for planting on state lands and stock remaining in the nurseries was used for similar purposes later, and if the initiation of the active and successful nursery and planta- tions established by the state is due in any degree to the Forest School experiment it is surely justified by its children. A Glimpse of the Annual Log Harvest that Pays into New Brunswiclt's Treasury Over Half a Million Dollars a Year Canadian Foreslri/ Journal, November, 1917 1389 Hauling Out Logs on a New Brunswick Timber Limit Nova Scotia's Forest Position By F. C. Whitman Annapolis Royal, Formerly President, Canadian Forestry Assoc. Deteriorating Source of Wood Supplies Runs Up Production of Fishing and Farming Costs. In the early "nineties" and up to 1904 the forest fire laws were not enforced in Nova Scotia, and during this time Nova Scotia experienced very disastrous forest fires, than in a single County swept over 40,000 acres. Fires in the Province scorched thousands of acres of woodland and its effect is plainly marked to-day. It will take years for this land to come back again to a producing con- dition. I am pleased to say that it is coming back and what was a short time ago a blackened territory is now green again with the natural production of forest trees. In the County mentioned reckoning the 40,- 000 acres at the low estimate of 500 feet of lumber to the acre, it means a loss of twenty millions of feet that would have cut a million feet annually and have made a distribution of ten thousand dollars a year in wages. It will take forty years at the very least before this burnt over land can be expected to give a reasonable cut of wood. These fires awakened the public to the necessity of putting the fire laws in force, and the Government on being urged, passed an Act in 1904 for the Protection of Woods Against Fires, and with amendments this Act is now in force in most of the Coun- 1390 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 ties that have forest land. In 1913 the Act was amended and consoli- dated and is now entitled the For- estry Protection Act. A Good Fire Law It has met with a most favourable reception by our own people and has been strongly commended by leading Forestry Authorities in Canada and the United States. In practical working it demon- strates that fires can be prevented or if started can be stopped. If there is any County in the Province that has land more suitable for growing wood and timber than for any other purpose it should come in under this Act and take advantage of it to pro- tect the growing trees and increase a needed supply of wood. Let me say that the City of Halifax should be interested. They have a beauti- ful spot on the North West Arm, much of that beauty is in the environ- ment, and if forest fires are allowed to creep in as they have been doing in the past few years it will surely spoil the appearance of the Arm and be a disgrace to the City of Halifax. That is not putting it too strongly for a little co-operation between the City authorities and the County would put a stop to the almost annual burnings. Deterioration Set-in To many. Forestry and Conserva- tion seems to mean a stop to the pro- duction of lumber; but lumber under forestry methods leads to a greater production and the assurance of a future supply. What has stopped the larger output of lumber has been fires, and over- cutting. Cutting down the trees faster than the annual growth, and natural reproduction can fill up the gap. Where fires have been severe, or where there has been more than one burn over the same piece of land, it takes from forty to sixty years to reproduce commercial lumber. In Nova Scotia we started at the top of the ladder and came down and we have now to start almost at the foot of the ladder and climb. That is to say, in lumbering the virgin timber and the older growth has been dis- posed of, and year by year the quality and average of cargoes of export lumber has steadily deteriorated. Nova Scotia is at a point where it is absolutely necessary in the first place to prevent forest fires; and in the second place to be more conservative in the cut of lumber and to let the trees grow. Few Seed Trees Left Pine lands will reproduce pine if a sufficient number of seed trees are left standing; unfortunately this has seldom been the case in Nova Scotia. It is the same with spruce, the next wood in value, and the more profit- able and quicker to reproduce. The least valuable is the hardwoods and these seed more readily than any other kind. The seeds are small and plentiful, there is an annual crop that spreads readily by the wind and is carried for miles in the Winter on the snow. This seed finds a quick lodge- ment in cut over or burnt lands and accounts for its rapid reproduction as compared with pine or spruce. A few years ago the Provincial Government completed a Forest Sur- vey of Nova Scotia. Accompanying the report is a detail map of the whole Province and more particularly the forest areas. It shows in colour the burnt land and the barrens, the stands and growth of pine, spruce, hemlock, hardwood' and mixed growth. When making this survey the Government maps or plans were corrected and consolidated as near as it was possible to do so. for the early forest surveys and land locations have not been at all accurate. The Forests Coming Back It is said of Nova Scotia that artificial planting or seeding is not needed, and that natural reproduc- tion is all that is necessary to give a continuous growth, provided forest fires are stopped. The Forest Survey of Nova Scotia is a starting point, and at any time comparisons can be made to see if we are progressing or retrograding. It is my opinion under the admirable working of the present fire laws|that Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 191'. 1391 Nova Scotia in its stand of timber and extensive new i^rowth of all kinds of wood is progressing. It would be impossible in this paper to take up all lines of reproduction and use of Nova Scotia's forest woods. I will therefore take it up as follows: Cooperage Doubles in Price Outside of the bigger interests in Lumber production, I think the mat- ter of Cooperage and the pressing need of an annual supply of barrels, fish packages, and boxes will appeal strongly to the farmer, fishman and manufacturer. For many years de- pendance has been placed on the saw mills for a supply of side boards, and log ends to be cut into heads and staves. This supply has fallen off and the price of material advanced to twice the former cost. In hoops the supply has been uncertain for several years past, and notwithstand- ing the importation of cooperage and hoops from New Brunswick, Ontario and abroad, the cost of a barrel has increased and is likely to be more difTicult to obtain and more costly in the future. Woodlots vs. Dear Coal Nearly every farm in the Annapolis Valley has a woodlot and with proper looking after it can be a source of profit in producing wood for farm use and for cooperage. The pinch in coal this year makes a generous woodpile at the door yard look a pretty good thing to have. The wood pile is of more importance, more consumers need it, and its value has increased. Speaking personally I find the measurement has decreased. For stave wood spruce is the best. It only requires a small sized tree and now is the time to consider whe- ther it would not be good planning to let the woodlot produce stave wood. A thinning out of too thick a growth, trimming off the low branches, letting in the light and air, will quicken the growth and turn a wood lot thicket into a producer of good wood. Cheaper Hoops from France Just before the war a buyer of hoops could not be supplied in Nova Scotia, and on inquiry found that the hoops required could be imported from France at a price delivered in Halifax the same as usually paid for this kind of hoop produced in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The French grow the hoop poles as a crop. They have acreage in hoop pole trees that are systematic- ally cut every year, and are thus able not only to supply their own wants, but also able to export them to other countries. Anyone would imagine on looking over districts in this Province where young birch trees are growing, that the supply of hoop poles was unlimited. The man who cuts them will tell you that perhaps one hundred trees out of a thousand are suitable, whilst the rest are either too small, or too large for practical working, or waste wood owing to defects and decay. On the other hand if a tract of young birch was looked after, culled when growing, a first cut of poles made when the bigger trees reached the proper size, the tract could be put in such shape that it would produce an annual crop with economy in time and labour and natural reproduction would fill in the cuttings. It must be apparent to any one that such a tract of land Avould have a cash value far greater than ordinary wild land. The Prop of Permanence Since writing the above I have read the following article in a paper on Present and Possible Products from Canadian Woods, by John S. Bates A.M. Canadian Society of Civil En- gineers. "There are several general con- ditions which should be kept in mind by every Canadian. Canada is con- sidered to be the third country of the world in value of Forest Resources. Russia first and United States second in the list. Contrary to public im- pression forest surveys indicate that Canada's present supply of merchant- able timber is only one fifth or one quarter of the supply still available in the United States. "There is real necessity for the 1392 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 extension of adequate protection of our present forests, wise utilization of the timber when it is cut and fore- sight in planning for natural and artificial reproductions. Trees are becoming to be regarded more and more as a forest crop, and with proper system there is no reason why our forests should not be a source of ex- panding and permanent wealth. Over 7,000,000 Trees Planted on Prairies On the farms of the prairies of the three provinces during the season of 1917, 7,450,000 trees have been plant- ed by the joint co-operation of the forestry department and the farmers with the three-fold object in view of providng the farmsteads with shelter belts, the farmer with a possible fu- ture supply of wood, and of adding pleasing elTect by beautifying the landscape of the prairie homeland. Incidentally, trees are said to have an important effect on the weather and climate, as well as in the supply of moisture. Certainly they tend to check the winds and by catching the drifting snow, they may be used to in- crease the supply of moisture in the soil of field or garden, an end much desired in certain sections of the prairie west. The deciduous trees are of five kinds, maple, ash, Russian poplar, caraganna, red willow and aspen leaf willow. The evergreen trees include white spruce, lodge pole pine, jack pine and Scotch pine. The deciduous trees are supplied free by the forestry department, and the nominal charge of a cent each is charged for the evergreens. The express from Indian Head, Sask., is paid by the applicant in each case. Inspectors Tour Country ' In order to supervise the work and to see that the ground is properly pre- pared in advance by summer-fallow- ing, and to see that the trees are pro- perly cared for after they are planted, nine government inspectors are kept busy during the summer season visit- ing the plantations and inspecting the preparations made by applicants. On one of these inspection trips Inspector J. Cowie visited the Ed- monton district a few days ago. His inspectorate extends from the Inter- national boundary to as far north of Edmonton as there are likely to be applicants for trees, from the Sask- atchewan boundary to the tree clad slopes of the Rock mountains. The territory is so large that a large slice to the north-east of the Red Deer river has been placed in another in- spectorate, covered by an inspector who also visits northern Saskatch- ewan. In 1916 Inspector Cowie dealt with 1,327 applications and plantations, and in 1,130 there was a decrease to 1,130 locations. The decrease is due to the scarcity of labor since the war, causing the farmers to have less time to prepare ground for planting trees. m per cent. Turn Out Well About eighty per cent, of the trees planted have turned out well, and where there has been failure it has been largely due to uninterested ten- ants on rented farms, the enlistment of farmers, and the selling or aband- onment of farms. Only about five per cent, of the failures were due to gross carelessness. The most success- ful trees proved to be Russian poplar and caraganna, and among the ever- greens the white spruce has proved to be the most adaptable to Alberta. The pines are best suited to rocky districts. Some farmers on the prairie have found that the double shelter belt has enabled them to grow small fruits most successfully. The outer belt of trees catches the drifting snow, and the garden of berry patch is planted in the treeless land between the inner and the outer shelter belt. The farm yard is often located inside the inner belt, where the family and live stock are quite comfortably located, even on Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 1393 the prairie which was once noted for its blizzards. In the distrcits near Edmonton this would not apply as much as it does to those settlements where there are no trees except those planted by the settler. In many districts to the north and west of Edmonton the trouble of the pioneer homesteader was to get rid of the natural growth of trees. But now that the native brush is being cleared off, the settlers of the Edmonton district are frequently turning their attention to the planting of shelter belts around their farm buildings. With the satisfactory supply of mois- ture found here, there is little or no difTiculty found in growing these trees. Another Plantation Started The forestry department have on their farm at Indian Head a planta- tion of 480 acres devoted to the culti- vation of trees and demonstration plots. Owing to the increase of applications in recent years, and to supply the demands of a large area, another plantation of 320 acres has been started at Sutherland, Saskatch- ewan, and sown with seed that will in due time produce a crop of trees. These tree plantations are under the supervision of Norman Ross, chief of the Tree Planting division of the Forestry Department, with head- quarters at Indian Head. To him all applications for trees should be made. The trees are supplied for planting on the farms only, and must not be planted in towns or cities. Those wishing to plant trees in 1919 must have their applications in before March, 1918. The ground on which the trees are to be planted must be summer-fallowed the year previous to planting, and a satisfactory report is received by the department from their own inspector before the trees are sent out. A WOODLOT'S FINE RECORD (By the Editor of the ''Weekly Sun" Toronto) After a somewhat strenuous day in picking plums and tomatoes, I took a stroll in th*e early afternoon out to the plantation of young pines at the rear of the farm. This was the first time I had seen the trees at close range since last spring, and I was simply amazed at their growth since planting, and particularly during the past summer. The trees, no bigger than young tomato plants when set out five years ago, now have an aver- age height of around six feet, many of them being eight feet or better. They were planted about four or five feet apart, and practically all the grouncl occupied is now shaded by a vigorous grow^th. In some places the limbs are so intertwined that it is a matter of difTiculty to force one's way between the rows. So few oi the trees died at the start that the loss is hardly noticeable, and I did not find more than three weak ones among the thousands that remain. The planta- tion covers a three-cornered hillside at one end of the farm, and is pro- tected by line fences on tw^o sides and a wire fence, separating the woodlot from a permanent pasture, on the third side. There is no part of the place which gives greater satisfaction than the woodlot on the hill, with the silver stream winding through the always green pasture below. THE PRESS IN CANADA There are 1381 publications of all kinds now being issued in Canada, including 138 dailies, 4 tri-weeklies, 40 semi-weeklies, 921 weeklies, 222 monthlies, 1 bi-monthly, and 16 quart^^^^^^- FORESTRY PROFESSOR IN FRANCE Prof. \V. N. Millar, recently of the Faculty of Forestry, Toronto Uni- versity, is now^ in France as Captain of Company A, 10th Engineers. His company is engaged in preparing ma- terials for docks, warehouses, rail- roads and cantonments for the Am- erican troops and the order calls for 140,000,000 feet ^B. M. of materials of all kinds. The smallest type of mill to be used will be capable of cutting 5,000 to 6,000 feet. It is claimed that these little shavers can be set in ten minutes and changed in twenty min- utes. They wdll follow^ the cutting. 1394 Canadian Forestry Journal, November. 1917 ''Manitoba a Forest Province'' Manitoba, a province naturally well endowed with ext'ensive forests in its northern sections where farm- ing will never play a large part, shows a total revenue of $12,000 yearly for the Dominion Forestry Branch, as against $100,000 spent by the Branch on the necessary work of fire protection, and improvements. Sweden takes for the public treas- ury from its forests $5,000,000 gross revenue a year, $3,000,000 of which is net revenue. As to the analogy between con- ditions in Manitoba and Sweden, we reproduce the following from "Mani- toba, A Forest Province," by R. H. Campbell, Director of Forestry: — "Sweden has probably the advantage of Manitoba in having better drainage in some of the northern areas and in having a more extended sea coast, with quicker and cheaper access to long estabhshed markets, but I cannot see that other conditions exist that give Sweden an advantage over Manitoba if the forest areas were in as good condition. This they are not at present, nor will they be for a long time to come, and it will require a large expenditure on protection and improvements \nthout regard to revenue during that time, to bring the forests into good condition and to produce a revenue that will more than offset the expenditure. Under the administra- tion of the federal government the forests have been allowed to get into such an unsatisfactory condition and the federal government should make the necessary' expenditure from its large revenues to place such a great natural resource, and so important to the prosperity of the province and of the whole country, in a condition of permanent security and producing power so that it may regular'y and continuously produce a revenue for the State and the raw material for industries. Forest Nurserp Plans Great Extensions During the past year, more than 500,000 forest tree seedlings have been shipped from the Quebec forest nursery at Berthierville, P.Q. The provincial forester, G. C. Piche, re- ports that of these, nearly 200,000 were white pine, 180,000 Norway spruce, 82,000 Scotch pine, 20,000 Douglas fir, 8,000 red pine, 7,000 white spruce, and 6,000 tamarack, the balance being made up of rela- tively small numbers of other species, mostly hardwoods, to supply the de- mands of farmers. The great bulk of the demand was, however, for the reforestation of burned-over non- agricultural lands. The Laurentide Company, Limited, and the Riordan Pulp and Paper Co. were heavy pur- chasers of plant material from the provincial nursery, in addition to supplies secured from their own nurs- eries. The Perthuis seigniory also has purchased a large number of small trees from Berthierville annual- ly during the past seven years. To date, the provincial nursery has shipped a total of more than 1,- 500,000 trees since its inception; of these, more than half have been supplied during the past two years. The demand for planting stock has become so insistent that the pro- vincial forester announces the pro- posed extension of the capacity of the Berthierville nursery to 3,000,000 seedlings annually. Of these, the majority will be Norway spruce, which is believed to be the most suit- able for pulpwood production. — C. L. in ''Conservation." Canadian Forcsirij Journal, November, 1917 1395 The Story of Canada's Forests By The Secretary, Canadian Forestry Association From English Conquest to the Great War the Forest has proved a mighty possession (Article published also in Confederation Number of Toronto "Mail and Empire") THE lumbering industry is prob- ably our most widely distribut- ed manufacturing enterprise. It is also one of the oldest, ranking with the fur trade, and the first attempts at extensive settlement. Since Con- federation, and before it, it has re- tained more than most industries the conservative traditions of independ- ent organization and manufacturing methods. In numbers of plants, in wider loca- tion of woods operations and selling agencies, the growth has been, of course, enormous; but as relates to any mechanical or marketing evolu- tion, a blue print of a group of 1917 saw mills would differ chiefly in bulk from the manufacturing scheme of 1867. There have been refinements, a closing out of the amazing waste at the mill end, a speeding up of processes; but the conservatism of lumbering as compared with the making of shoes, the manufacture of foods, the fabrication of steel, is striking and distinctive. Science and invention and market developments have to a great degree spared lumber- ing from the upsetting changes that have scrapped the machinery and methods of other undertakings in five and ten year periods. Lumbering Has Developed Canada For all that, Canada owes to the lumbering industry an almost incal- culable share of her national develop- ment. From first to last, the lumber- man has been a great employer — an indispensable source of winter revenue to the early settlers, a magnet for foreign capital, a lavish distributor of wealth extracted from a natural resource. To-day, touching only the bald statistics of the thing, the wood- using industries of all classes em- ploy more capital, pay more wages, and employ more men than any other industry except Agriculture. It is an interesting fact that what- ever other natural resources we may consider, whatever commercial ac- tivity may be under discussion, the necessity for a wood supply enters at one or another stage. The Can- adian Pacific Railway, for example, needs annuallv 5,000,000 track ties, 50,000 telegraph poles and 60,000,000 feet of lumber to operate th^ system. . The coal mines of Nova Scotia or Alberta are dependent upon pit props in great abundance, for it takes six lineal feet of wood for each ton of coal produced. Th3 fisheries require wooden boats, boxes and barrels. The farmer is helpless to extract a dollar from the most fertile land with- out the accessories of a wooden home and barn, wooden fence posts and fuel, wagons, implements, churns, and a hundred other products of the tree. Practically no other activity from a daily newspaper to an Arctic whaling fleet can carry on without the aid of manufactured wood. In the light of the present enormous development of wood-using olants — attaining nearly $200,000,000 worth of products a year — it is not the least interesting part of the story to find how in the days of our French and English forefathers the public policies towards the mighty forests mani- fested barely a trace of prophetic vision. None apparently reckoned upon a day when more than 5000 busy plants lying in a winding chain across the Dominion would look to the forest for their raw materials or when 110,000 men would get their living from the 'fabricating' of trees. 1396 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 The Beginnings of Lumbering in Canada Opening a page of Canadian his- torical records at 1683 we come upon seignorial grants conditioned upon 'the preservation of oak timber for the building of vessels.' Pine and other woods were merely occupying good room. Only the necessities of the Royal Navy caused any reference to the value of a forest in tne deeds or land policies of that time. Like- wise in 1713, 1747, and other years, we find the French Governors re- serving areas for oak timber for ship and bridge building. Down to the close of the French regime no in- dustry had. evolved from the forest resources except as applied to labor in getting out naval timbers. From the time of the occupation of the British in 1763, new demands arose. White pines adapted to naval masting and accessible for water car- riage were expressly reserved for use by the Home Government. Thirty- four years afterwards licenses were issued to contractors for the Royal Naval Dockyards who in turn sub- let the cutting and export rights to merchants and lumbermen in Canada. Therein was provided the first sub- stantial impetus towards extensive exploitation of the forest. The privi- leges of our present licenses may sometimes seem elastic enough, but what would be said to-day to a timber license, granted in 1808, by the naval authorities, to "travel into and search our woods in our provinces •of lower and Upper Canada where we have reserved to us the property in any woods or trees and the right of cutting them, and there to fell and cut so many good and sound trees as may answer the number and dimensions of said contract." A license giving one firm the pick of probably 350.000,000 acres of mer- chantable timber! The remoteness of Canada's tim- ber from the European user and the small capacity of ocean carriers was not the worst handicap in our lumber development, for a strange prejudice against Canadian woods had gained hold in the British market. Giving evidence before a British Parliament- ary commission in 1820, Alexander Copland, a timber merchant and builder stated that "Norway, Swed- ish, Russian, and Prussian timber is very superior quality to that import- ed from America. The bulk of that is very inferior in quality, much softer in its nature, not so durable, and very liable to dry rot. Indeed, it is not allowed by a professional man under Government to be used, nor is it ever used in the best buildings of London." This sort of buncome was bound to dissolve before common sense experience, and, indeed, it short- ly came that few buyers discriminated against Canadian woods in matter of quality. The export timber trade of Can- ada mounted until in 1825 from the one province of New Brunswick, 400,000 tons of white pine went over- seas. During and after the Na- poleonic wars, partly because of the disorganization of Baltic trade, and as much from the desire to encourage Colonial commerce and help pay the battle bill, the timber trade between Canada and the United Kingdom grew until Britain, ninety-seven years ago, imported 335,556 loads (a load equal to 50 cubic feet) of timber from British North America, and 166,600 from European countries. This was a most advantageous change from 17 years earlier when only 12,133 loads were provided by Canada, and 280,550 loads from European coun- tries. In the year of Confederation, 1867, Canada had so promoted its lumber industry as to sell to the United Kingdom $6,889,000 worth, and to the United States a bill just nine thousand dollars smaller. Canada's White Pine As was noted at the beginning of the article, the changes in the lumber industry of Canada since Confedera- tion have been chiefly in respect of extension of volume rather than of evolution of manufacturing methods. It is true that narrowly that period occurred the apotheosis of the square timber trade. Means of quick econ- omical, transport by rail have also wonderfully advanced. Canadian Forestrij Journal, November, 1917 1397 More significant, however, has been the striking change in timber vahies, due to the gradual depletion of once abundant tree species and the growth of population and markets. White pine, so prolifically distributed through Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick — then, as now intrinsically the most valuable wood we have — has been reduced to rather a poor second to spruce and Douglas fir in the total national cut. It is not to be gainsaid that a great deal more white pine has been delivered to fire than has been turned to commercial purpose. Indeed, the estimate of in- vestigators is that two-thirds of the country's original forest inheritance has been the victim of flames. White pine in New Brunswick does not take better than fifth place in the average season's cut. The words of a Quebec lumberman testify to a like condition farther west. "A boom at my fath- er's mill was practically all white pine, and about five or ten per cent, spruce. To-day the proportions have been reversed." Ontario alone main- tains its white pine preponderance year by year. Our most valuable hardwoods also have sufTered. Standing as they did on the agricultural soils of southern Quebec and Ontario, the advance of settlement took small account of future market prices for oak, elm, or walnut. We are, as a consequence," importing most of our precious hard- woods to-day from the United States, and the college building or residence of recent construction will as often as not exhibit oak pannelling supplied from Uncle Sam's forests. Hemlock, too, has supphed another lesson on the necessity of guarding resources for future values. Hem- lock in Canada had for long years a trifling value as a source of tan bark. As might be expected, the hemlock supplies of the country went the prodigal way of white pine until now operators are offering prices that a few years ago would have seemed quixotic. Spruce has become king of the castle. Spruce, white pine, and Doug- las fir account for 75 per cent, of the total annual cut, which in 1915 ran to 334 billion feet, board measure, worth $(31,919,806. Hardwoods re- presented only about 6 per cent. Over 3 billion shingles are produced yearly, worth about $6,000,000. Forest Wealth by Provinces Just as the most important fact in the nickel industry of Canada is the extent of nickel deposits, simi- larly the lumber industry must be viewed in the light of the living for- ests. Canada's timber resources are the third largest in the world, ranking after those of Russia and the United States. The estimated present sup- ply of commercial timber, according to the Dominion Director of For- estry, is 500 to 800 billion feet, not an 'inexhaustible' quantity when we con- sider that w^e are using three and a quarter billion feet a year, and with the population of 1950 will probably multiply the annual consumption sev- eral times. The area of 'commercial forest' (not including pulp wood, fire wood, etc., is) reckoned at about 250,000,000 acres, or one half the whole forested area of the Dominion. British Columbia, with 50 million acres, containing 350 billion feet, board measure, has more large saw timber than any other province. Douglas fir accounted in 1915 for more than two-thirds of the total lumber cut of the province, wdth red cedar, spruce-, yellow pine, larch, etc., varying from 8 per cent, downw^ard. The bulk of the best timber is in the Coast region. Alberta has about 5,400,000 acres of commercial saw timber amounting to 21 biUion board feet, spruce form- ing the bulk of the annual cut. Sas- katchewan timber area is 3,584,000 acres, the contents of which are about 14 billion feet, spruce being the pre- valent commercial wood. In Mani- toba 1,920,000 acres of saw timber contain about 6,850,000 feet of tim- l3er, and of the annual cut of lumber in 1915, spruce formed 93 per cent. Ontario, accessible to the richest markets of the continent and endow- ed with excellent transportation fa- cilities from the log to the finished 1398 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 product, placed a value of about $21,000,000 yearly upon its lumber, lath and shingle production in 1915. Its productive forest areas are from 70 to 90 millions of acres containing approximately 150 billion feet of merchantable timber. White pine, spruce, red pine, jack pine, balsam, fir, tamarack, hemlock, white cedar and hardwoods are present, for the greater part in abundance. In 1915 white pine formed 60 per cent, of the timber cut, hemh ck over 10 per cent., red pine 10 per cent, spruce 8 per cent., maple, elm, and twenty other species the remaining 12 per cent. Quebec contains about 80 to 100 million acres of merchantable saw tim- ber, the coniferous species being about the same as in Ontario. The value of the 1915 lumber, lath and shingle production was $19,196,000. Esti- mates place Quebec's saw timber at about 160 bilUon feet. Quebe 's white pine represents 15 per cent, of the total cut against Ontario's 60 per cent, while spruce in Ontario was but 8 per cent, of the total cut as against 55 per cent, in Quebec. The claim is sometimes made that the two provinces have approximately the same values in white pine, al- though statistical proof is largely lacking. New Brunswick's forest area is a little over 12,000,000 acres with stand- ing timber of about 22 billion feet, spruce being the wood of greatest utilization. Nova Scotia has about 10 billion feet of timber covering more than 5,700,000 acres, the tree species differing little from those of New Brunswick. Canada's Future as a Producer of Wood As to the future of the lumber in- dustry in Canada, few can doubt that with better trade organization, with aggressive sales methods to meet the increasing inroads of wood sub- stitutes, and the searching out and cultivating of markets — with these elements of efficiency and balance more fully developed, the lumber in- dustry will have an open road to great expansion and prosperity. To particularize on such an experience as that of British Columbia lumber trade during the past three years merely re-states the need for better trade organization, and adequate transportation facilities to take care not only of foreign export orders, but the demands from the prairies as well. Similar remedies are called for in the East as in British Columbia. While export orders of British Columbia timbers to Australia, New Zealand and South Africa have been steadily mounting, the evidence of H. R. MacMillan, former Timber Trade Commissioner for Canada, who recently visited the Antipodes, is that so firmly established in public favor are timber from the Baltic states and from the United States that Canada must exert prodigious effort to take her place as a serious competitor, although the war has opened the door for valued introduc- tions. At present, British Columbia woods are praclically unknown by name in many of the markets and sometimes grossly underestimated as to quality and adaptability. What Canada Expects In total exports of sawn lumber, the country now ranks well up to fourth place in the Hst of all nations. We send beyond our borders about forty-three million dollars worth a year. About $10,000,000 of that amount goes yearly to the United Kingdom. Exports of wood in all- its forms of manufacture (including pulp and paper) were valued at $62,- 000,000 for the year ending March 31st, 1916. While many lumbermen anticipate a great demand for lumber from the United Kingdom. France, and Belgium after the war, the com- parative distances of Baltic and Can- adian sources of wood supply have tempered the expectations of others, for the average freight rate from Bal- tic ports to England is 13^d. as against 4d. from Canadian ports. " The United States lumberman is, to an unrecognized degree, the arbiter of the Canadian price. One may study the barometer of United States lumber production and see at every occasion when production overtops home consumption, or when the mag- Canadian Foiesfrij Journal, November, 1917 1399 net of Canadian demand show? extra vim, the American mill hurries car- goes across the border. Canadian prices must meet the competition, and do. A quiet home demand in Canada and keen trade openings in the United States will, in turn, find the Canadian lumberman bidding in Uncle Sam's home towns. In this way the meeting line of Canadian and American competition swings from side to side of the international boundary. How this works out is seen in the United States sales to Canada of lumber and shingles am- ounting in 1915 to $6,741,000 and reaching as high as $14,328,000 in 1913. In the former year Canada sold to the States lumber and shingles valued at $22,279,891. The total value of the Canadian lumber and shingle production in 1915 was $69,- 750,000. The growth of Canadian agricul- tural population and the opening up of new districts, building of new farms, homes, and towns, and the parallel development of manufactur- ing industries, will give a great and steady impetus to the lumber de- mand. We North Americans are the greatest wood users on earth, con- suming six or seven times the amount per capita of the European. Our rapid expansion of 'plant' accounts only in part for this large discrepancy. Wood in all its forms is a world staple, the variety of uses for which are only now being unfolded by scientific ex- perimentation. It is not too much to predict that within a very few years a wide commercial use will be found for practically every tree species found in Canada and that what is now termed a superfluity of poplar or jack pme, for example, will be counted in with the other rich assets of the timbered areas. Canada Has Been Careless There is no reason to doubt that the present status of the lumber industry in Eastern Canada has been very materially affected by the coun- try-wide neglect of forest preserva- tion measures. Costs of getting out logs have risen steadily with the grow- ing inaccessibility of the forest . That this distancing of the wood supply has been due first to forest fires, few lumbermen will dispute. That the methods of woods operations have not been such as to perpetuate tree growh of the more valuable species on lands cut over, is another factor equally applicable but not as commonly admitted. Economy and efficiency have tightened up the sys- tem at the mill end, while as a rule the methods at the woods end have not changed essentially in genera- tions. The more advanced lumbermen, and particularly pulp mill operators have long been cognizant of the de- terioration of lumbered-over tracts, knowing well that if the lands on which the axe has fallen do not fully recuperate, as under present cutting methods they do not, every year brings the industry and the whole nation closer to timber exhaustion. This question of proper cutting regu- lations and rigid enforcement by the governments is sure to constitute one of the major issues to be reckoned with by wood-using industries in the near future. The fact is entirely obvious that the hope of the lumber trade lies in a perpetual source of raw materials secured as cheaply as possible. Other- wise, Canada's hope of export trade in competition with those foreign nations enforcing scientific care of woodlands will be rendered vain, and the home market will to a greater degree be occupied by a less expensive array of building substitutes, as con- crete, steel, and asbestos. 1400 * Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 1401 Making Rugs From Paper Fibre By Sydney A. Bonnaffon in "Commercial American" How The Tree Is Turned To Paper Yarn, Then Woven Into Beautiful Designs. As far back as history will take us the use of a iloor covering of some sort has been characteristic of the human race. Even if it has been but the strewing of leaves or grass in cave habitations by the most ancient known representatives of mankind, this desire for comfort or protection underfoot has been a distinctive trait. But, while such carpeting may have been sufficient for the needs of the earliest cave dwellers, it was not long before the use of animal skins as an improvement over the more primitive means came into popularity. And even to the present day the animal skin is used extensively for this purpose, but among the highly civilized peoples the use is for decora- tion rather than for general utility. In the days of ancient Greece and Bome the progress of civilization was reflected in a high appreciation of the decorative, and floorings of arti- ficial stone, mosaics of marble, tile and variously colored woods symbol- ized the wealth and luxury of the times. It was in Bome that the famous textile carpets of Asia, the first recorded, those made by the Egyptians, and the woollen carpets of Babylon, found their sale, and for beauty and durability they have never been rivaled in all the centuries since. Oddly enough, the looms which made those wonderful carpets of antiquit^^ differ in practically no respect from the Oriental hand-looms of to-day, which continue to supply the world's best and most expen&ive floor coverings. The Carpet-making Art Tnese Oriental rugs and carpets of Western Asia early found introduc- tion into European countries. The Moors brought them to Spain during their conquests in that country. Again, the Crusaders to the Holy Land brought them home with them. Italy, because of its proximity to the rug markets, had Oriental rugs long ahead of other modern countries. Before the advent of the textile carpet in Europe tapestries and needlework hangings were occasionally used as carpets, but it was not until the fourteenth century, and in Flanders, that carpet making really had its start. From then on the develop- ment of the industry** spread rapidly, although the influence of the Oriental article, particularly in the matter of design and colors, w^as strong, and has continued so up to the present day. Bugs and carpets, however, despite the modern improved methods of machine weaving and large scale pro- duction, have never become what might be termed cheap. Where low price has been desired, quality and consequently utility have had to be sacrificed. Little more than a hun- dred years ago American housewives considered even the modest home- made rag carpets as a luxury and only to be used in the best room of the house, while in other rooms the floor was left bare, or, as in the much- tenanted kitchen and sitting room, sand W'as used. Now, however, the living standard has risen, and with it a demand for an attractive as well as a durable and cheap floor covering. In recent years Japanese and Chinese mattings have come to be used as a cheap substitute for carpet. It is not, however, a cheerful winter floor cover- ing, nor can it be considered at all attractive, rather the contrary. Simi- larly, cocoa matting, made from the fibrous husk of the cocoanut, while durable, is rather a coarse and harsh 1402 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 floor covering and not popular for inside use. Various other vegetable fibres have been employed in making carpeting, but the product is usually found to be wanting in some respect as far as general use is concerned. The Start of Paper Weaving Appreciating the widespread need, not only in the United States, but all over the world, for a low-priced car- peting which would be attractive yet durable, William Scholes, a Phila- delphian, hit upon the idea of weaving rugs and carpets of paper. After considerable experimenting lasting over several years, Scholes succeeded in perfecting his idea, an all-paper rug, made from strips of tissue paper of various colors, twisted into thread and woven into a compact, heavy mat or fabric. When used as a floor covering this rug was found to be not only attractive»in design but durable as well, and very cheap, selling for a half to third the price of ordinary wool carpeting. Upon further experimentation it was found that the addition of a little wool brightened up the rug, giving it a rich appearance and also making it easier to sweep. Consecjuently, the manufacture of both kinds of rugs, the so-called paper-fibre " rug and the wool and paper-fibre rug, was taken up, and for a number of years the market has been supplied with them. The fact that the manu- facture of this interesting kind of carpeting dates back only a few years, however, explains why many have not as yet become acquainted with the product, although it has made its way to the front rapidly, and in the face of competition by many different floor coverings. How the Process Works The simplicity of the process of manufacturing the paper-fibre rug has almost as much to do with the low price at which it can be sold as the cheapness of the material of which it is made. For this reason the meth- ods involved in the process of manu- facture are interesting. The paper from which the fibre of the rug is to be made is first dyed while it is still in pulp form. The paper makers furnish great jumbo rolls of paper in the colors desired. These rolls of paper measure from two to five feet in length, and weigh as much as seven hundred pounds to the roll. The first step in preparing the paper for rug making is to cut it into strips suitable for twisting into a thread or fibre. This is done on what is called a slitting machine. One large roll of paper will be cut up into thirty or so long strips of widths varying ac- cording to the size thread desired — narrow strips for light-weight goods, wider for the heavy. The same ma- chine which slits the paper also rolls it up again, so that a large jumbo roll several feet wide will be cut up into inch or half-inch widths and re-rolled, but of the same thickness as the original roll. This done, the paper is ready to go through the dampening process, and is stored away in a humidifying room. When the paper has been in this room three or four days it is ready to go to the spinning frames. An- other humidifier here assures the proper action of the paper during the spinning. As the strips of paper unroll they go through a twisting process and are then rewound upon large spools. The paper is now in the form of a fibre yarn, the strips which went into the machine flat have now come out a round thread, having a polish and looking like a new piece of straw. The spools upon which the yarn is wound hold about a hundred pounds each. At this juncture the fibre, as far as its manufacture is concerned, is ready to be woven into the rug. Before this can be done, however, the fibre must be rewound once more so as to permit of its being used on the loom. Here, again, a special machine is required for the work. After the spools have been well filled they are taken from the spinning frames and placed on this machine, which winds them into cops to fit the shuttles of the 'oom. As in the pro- cess of spinning the fibre, female operatives tend the machines, taking Canadian Forestry Journal., November, 1917 1403 + GO >« » o r> * i" -. ST 3 » 3* n 1 c 1404 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 care of the process from the humidify- ing to winding the finished fibre upon the cops ready for the shuttles. Male operatives are, of course, necessary for the heavy work, such as operating the slitting machines and doing the actual weaving upon the looms. Coloring the Designs The loom for weaving fibre rugs must be of a special kind if the best results are to be obtained. When the loom is ready, and the warps prepar- ed and all drawn in, the design and cards are ready for attention. Here is an important branch of the work as in all carpet weaving. While a design may be very artistic it is nec- essary to color it with fine shades in order to bring out all its good quali- ties. Many a good design has been spoiled for the want of good colors to show it up to its best advantage. And it is here that the adaptability of paper to a wide range of colors makes possible the beauty and at- tractiveness of the paper-fibre rug. After the suitable colors are selected, the loom is ready for actual weaving. In the process of weaving a wide range of effects is obtained, not only by the use of difTerent designs and colors, but by the introduction of wool for the manufacture of the part wool and part paper or fibre rugs previously referred to. In fact, the manufacturers believe that not only are the wool and fibre rugs highly attractive — it being possible to make up elaborate designs and color com- binations— but their wearing quali- ties are greater in that they will not show the wear nor the dirt as quickly as the all-fibre rug. The wool seems to brighten up the rug, leaving the fibre in the ground for its support. The addition of the small amount of wool, however, does not add to the cost or price of the rug as much as would be supposed, the product still being very cheap compared with the usual prices charged for ordinary textile carpets. Sizing the Rug After the woven rugs come from the loom, they are run through what is known as a size box containing a mixture suitable for stiffening them and setting the colors more firmly. Leaving the stiffening box, they go over the calenders, several in num- ber, which are filled with steam, and these dry the rugs, making them lie flat on the floor. They are now fin- ished and ready for final inspection before shipment. In order to supply the demand for the paper-fibre variety of carpeting, manufacturers of the product are now making not only rugs in usual sizes, but also hall runners and bath mats, so that an entire house may be furnished with suitable floor covering of this kind. From bedroom to kitch- en and porch there are suitable de- signs and qualities, differing to suit the needs of each. For example there is probably no better porch rug made for all-around use than a rug of wool and fibre. Particularly is this so because of its absolutely sanitary character under any con- ditions of weather or climate. It is odorless, creating no smell in damp weather, and it can be washed, scrubbed and otherwise cleaned as desired. Neither rain nor sun hurt it, for in the case of rugs for porch and outside use there is practically nothing to fade. Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 1405 Public Meetings in New Brunswick Well-attended lectures at Saint John, Freder- icton, etc. ---Some Urgent Maritime Problems. A second series of public meetings was held during November in New Brunswick by Mr. Robson Black, Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association. With the co-operation and hearty assistance of such bodies as the Saint John Board of Trade, the Fredericton Science Club, and leading lumbermen and clubs of other cen- tres, well-attended lectures were de- livered. The itinerary included Woodstock, Fredericton, St. Stephen, Saint John, Sackville, Bathurst and Campbellton, and by a most generous co-operation of the leading news- papers verbatim reports of the ad- dresses were spread by means of their columns to most parts of the pro- vince. The Association has added to its equipment for use in these public meetings motion picture films and a portable motion picture machine. These are in addition to an excellent stereopticon equipped to 'dissolve' pictures on the screen in full colors. Public Sentiment The difficulties in the way of more advanced forest conservation policies in New Brunswick are of such a nature as to make a persistent educational campaign the key to progress. Gener- ally speaking, the people of the pro- vince are not seized of the reasons for a change in old-fashioned public policies aiming to perpetuate the forest supplies. The pleasant super- stition of super - abundant forest wealth has been so long accepted as to form a very substantial volume of indifference when forestry subjects are mentioned. This, in turn, has exerted very little pressure on suc- cessive administrations at Frederic- ton. Only in very recent years have thinking citizens in large num- bers awakened to the serious peril facing the whole economic structure of New Brunswick, should the forests fail. That the forests actually are failing has been forced upon the realization of the most casual on- looker. The yield per square mile, the quality of the yield, have both been running down hill. Good timber becomes increasingly inaccessible. The farther the Forest Survey goes, the lower becomes the average rate of yield, the greater becomes the per- centage of relatively barren timber- lands. New Brunswick's position as relates to her forest supplies is grave enough to cause every lumberman, every jobber, every townsman, to hold up both hands for an immediate application of conservative woods methods under the supervision of competent government officers. Happily, the Forest Survey and Land Classification, instituted by the late Government, is being continued at full swing by the Foster adminis- tration, the new Minister in charge of forests, Dr. E. A. Smith, giving tathe Forestry Division the most thorough support and encouragement. Fire Protection Reforms At the next session of the Legis- lature, it will not be unreasonable to look for a revision of the whole fire ranging system of the province, sub- stituting for the system of County Wardens (efficient in spots) a cen- tralized organization under command of the Provincial Forester, Mr, Prince. This will go far to rid the province of forest fire losses, for although New Brunswick has travelled in great good luck during the past few sum- mers, the total timber waste during the past twenty years has been enormous. Settlers' fires are allmyed to run in absolute freedom, inviting from day to day a repetition of the 1406 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1917 holocausts of North Ontario's Clay- belt in 1916 when 220 men, women and children were swallowed up in flames. Last summer, settlers were observed many times piling their slash against standing timber and setting the torch to the debris without either knowledge or care of the con- sequences. Nothing in New Bruns- wick's fire laws prevents this criminal conduct, except in two townships. New Brunswick has travelled in good luck, much as did Ontario's Clay belt for many years. One never can mark on the calendar, however, the day when the good luck shall come to an end. Modern forest protection sy- stems are not built upon assumptions of luck, but upon exactness. Jobbers and Cutting The problem of supervising the cutting done by the jobbers calls insistently for Government action. This winter, a commencement is being made, and the Chief Forester has designated a number of his technical men to supervise the cutting, co-operating as far as possible with the timber scalers whose duties have always included inspection of cutting to see that the regulations are pro- perly carried out. The new force of technical men will act in a supple- mentary capacity and doubtless will tune up the inspection considerably. One of the quarters where educa tional work is very badly needed is in putting a stop to the raids on spruce lands by fake settlers. The Forestry Journal understands that the Govern- ment is opposing such efforts success- fully, despite strong political pressure. Reference was made to this situation some months ago in the Journal, and the argument offered that the settler who, of his own free choice or as a dummy for an organized group, ap- plies for a homestead knowing it to be non-agricultural land, filled with spruce, is a malefactor and should be treated without mercy. He is a bird- of-passage at best. He never intends to settle and could not on such land if he would. He pays no taxes to the public treasury. No sooner is he located, with a dozen of his fellows, than he besieges the Government for a 'colonization' road and in very many instances forces upon the people that useless expenditure. The "home- steading" of non-agricultural lands by spruce hunters is a patent and dangerous fraud and no local member of the legislature has any business re- cognizing, let alone advocating, the request of his constituent in such a matter. Education from Within While the Canadian Forestry Asso- ciation, through twenty public meet- ings, the distribution of French and English literature placed in the hands of thousands of New Brunswick citizens and teachers and children, the supply of free lecture sets on forest conservation to the schools and churches, a steady campaign of news- paper and magazine publicity, etc., has endeavored to bring to the doors of the people* the plain facts of their present crisis, and to make the Forest Survey better understood, and the reasons for new reforms of forest administration palpable, it might be suggested that an educational branch of the Forestry Division, operated from Fredericton, would prove a valuable accessory to the adminis- trative work now being carried on. CLEARING NORTH COUNTRY Hon. G. Howard Ferguson, Min- ister of Lands, Forests and Mines, is advertising for tenders on pulp and other timber in the townships of Idington and Owens on the National Transcontinental in Northern Ontario. A new project is being instituted under which it is proposed to cut strips of four chains wide through the townships, so that each farm ar quar- ter section will have ten acres of cleared land. The purpose of this new plan of timber clearing is to encourage subsequent "cleared farm" settlement. Ontario's wood-working industries use 54 difTerent kinds of wood. On- tario is a great producer of railway ties; more than 5,700,000 were taken out of the forests last year. Canadian Forestri/ Journal. November, 19J7 1407 STAIr CHEWING TOBACCO 11 Q)ve/v-Jxv6Unja-Xy' ^ this plan includes also a nominal yearly tax on the land itself." Says Professor Fairchild of Yale University: "The tax on yield has many decided advantages. It avoids the evils of the general property tax. It is equitable and certain. It is in harmony with the peculiarities of the business of forestry and will be a distinct encouragement to the prac- tice of forestry. Its adoption by the states would remove one obstacle to the perpetuation of the nation's forest resources." Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1!)1/ 1437 Pulpwood Lands Reforest Slowly optimistic Attitude of Lumbermen and Pulp Limit Holders is Not Justified. During the past summer, Dr. C. D. Howe, has been engaged, for the Commission of Conservation, upon an investigation of the reproduction and growth of the pulpwood species, after logging, in the St. Maurice valley, Quebec. This study was initiated as part of a broad investigation to determine what technical measures are neces- sary to ensure the perpetuation of the vast pulpwood forests of eastern Canada. This project will necessarily require a number of years for com- pletion, since it will be necessary to place parties in the field in other portions of Quebec as well as in typical districts of Ontario. Possibly similar work may later prove feasible in New Brunswick, although the investigations under way in con- nection with the present forest survey in that province will furnish at least a very considerable portion of the basic information necessary. Hardwoods Dominant Dr. Howe's investigation shows that while the coniferous species comprise about two-thirds of the forest numerically, in the section of the St. Maurice valley investigated, the proportion is practically reversed when we consider the relative space occupied in the crown cover by the conifers and hardwoods. That is, the hardwoods monopolize the light to the extent of about two-thirds while the softwoods fill but one-third of the crown cover. Thus, the hard- woods are biologically dominant, and this dominance is constantly being increased by the fact that practically all of the cutting is of the coniferous species, principally spruce and balsam. Practically no utilization of hard- w'oods has yet been found feasible on account of the heavy loss due to sinking when the logs are driven down the streams and lakes. This region was first lumbered lightly for white pine squared timber between 50 and 60 years ago; then more closely for white pine and spruce sawlogs about 30 years ago. Since then, practically the whole area has been cut twice and some of it three times for sawlogs or pulpwood or both. The object of the investigation was to determine the condition of these cut-over lands with respect to the regeneration and rate of growth of the present pulpwood - producing species, namely spruce and ba' im, with a view to estimating the future crop. A Comment on Cutting The results of the investiga- tion show that the optimistic attitude of lumbermen and limit holders in regard to the repro- ducing power of this type of forest is not justified. The good yields of pulpwood material at the end of each of the several cuttings in the past 30 years do not represent the amount of growth accrued during the inter- vals between cutting periods, but are obtained by cutting suc- cessively smaller trees, and in general lower grade material, and also by including a larger proportion of balsam in each cut. For example, the spruce stumps were measured and classified ac- cording to the age of the cutting on sample plots, totalling 50 acres, and the results are here stated: Stumps Grow Smaller In cuttings from 15 to 20 years old the average diameter of the stumps was 15 inches; cuttings 10 to 15 years old, 12 inches; while in cuttings less than 10 years old, the average dia- meter was 11 inches. This shows a reduction of 4 inches in the average 1438 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1917 diameter of the trees taken within the trees from 4 inches to 8 inches in past 15 to 20 years. The actual diameter already present on the reduction, however, is doubtless average acre. They wilt furnish greater, since the measurements re- another crop of pulpwood material cord the present diameters of the in time, but here again the time is stumps without making allowance long. The growth tables show that it for reduction in size by decay in the will require about 70 years for the past two or three decades. "^ 4-inch trees and about 50 years for The tallying of the stumps on the the 8-inch trees to reach the 12-inch sample plots showed the following diameter limit. The larger balsam increase in the proportion of balsam however, will be merchantable in 10 cut for pulpwood. years or less. On areas lumbered earlier than 15 {From report of Committee on Forests, years ago no balsam was cut. In Commission of Conservation.) cuttings from 10 to 15 years old, 65 per cent, and 35 per cent, respec- CANADIAN AIRPLANE OUTPUT tively were spruce and balsam. In The factories operated in Eastern cuttings five to 10 years old 45 per Canada bv the Imperial Munitions cent, of the stumps were spruce and Board for" the manufacture of air- 55 per cent, balsam, while in cuttings planes now has a monthlv output of less than five years old the proportion ^yell over a hundred machines, ac- is 22 per cent, spruce to 78 per cent, cording to word recently received balsam. here. The spruce used in making Young Trees Present the airplanes is cut in British Co- So far as numbers are concerned, lumbia, and a market for a consider- this culled-over forest is well supplied able quantity of British Colbumbia with young growth of potential pulp- Coast spruce, which otherwise might wood^material. The condition of the not be used for commercial pur- average acre is represented in the POses, has now been found, columns beloM^^^^^^ ^^^ FOREStS7"pROFESSION Seedhngs, treesup to 1 in. diameter, 635 Says "American Forestry" con- Saplings, 1 in. -4 in. diameter 99 cerning "Forestry as a Profession": Poles 4 in. -8 in. diameter 30 "In Germany a forester cares for Trees over 8 in. diameter 6 about 10,000 acres of forest and BALSAM usually has two to four assistants. Seedlings, trees up to 1 in. diameter On this scale we would need a body ;. 3,972 of 50,000 foresters and about 200,000 Saplings 1 in. -4 in. diamter 161 assistants, besides a large body of Poles 4 in. -8 in. diameter 59 specially trained labor, to care for Trees over 8 in. diameter 6 our woods as they should be cared for. The casual observer is in danger ot To-day not the hundredth part of being misled if he bases his prediction this number of available men exists of an abundant future crop of pulp- in our country. wood upon the number of young The American way is not to run spruce and balsam trees beneath the after the salesman — the man who has forest. The amount of future pulp- his labor or his goods to offer must wood material and the time of hustle and prove his worth, harvesting the crop, depend as well It is a safe estimate that 10,000 upon the rate of growth exhibited by good, capable, honest and industrious the young trees now present. men can find employment in the for- These statements refer to the time est work just as fast as they really required, under the given conditions, hustle and prove that they are worth to make a merchantable forest from having. And 5,000 more of stronger the seedling stage onward. It will be men can force their way into the for- seen from the foregoing table that est business and acquire forest prop- there are 30 spruce and 59 balsam erty and be their own foresters." Canadian Forest rij Journal, December, 191, 1439 Fast-Growing White Spruce in Quebec Dcnwnslidling the Possibililij of Producing Piilpwood in 30 Years. (a) Ordinary Growth. (b) Fast Growth. A piece of ordinary growth white spruce showing almost fourteen annual rings, compared with a piece the same size of rapid growth white spruce from Quebec, showing a little more than two annual rings. Both pieces are magnified two diameters. A sample of wood recently sub- mitted to the Forest Products Labora- tories, Montreal, shows- what may be expected of white spruce when it Is growing in a favorable position. The tree from which the sample was taken was 29 years old and was 12 inches in diameter at \8 inches from the ground, which means that the tree averaged to add almost seven- sixteenths of an inch to its diameter every year of its life. It is interest- ing to know the effect of such rapid growth on the properties of the wood and the following gives the results of certain determinations together with comparisons with wood cf a more usual, slower growth. The absolutely dry specific gravity is 0.354, which indicates 22.1 pounds per cubic foot. According to recent reports of the U.S. Forest Service, based on determinations of many samples, the average weight per cubic foot of white spruce, absolutely dry, is about 27 pounds. It appears, therefore, that this rapidly grown specimen is about 20 per cent, less in weight per cubic foot than the aver- age white spruce. Since spruce is the most valuable wood in Canada for sulphite pulp an examination of the length of fibre was made. This showed that in the last year of growth, i.e., 29 ^'-ears from the pith, the fibre averages 3.45 millimeters in length, and at 19 years from the pith it averages 2.72 milli- meters in length. It may here be stated that the fibre ordinarily is longer in each successive year's growth until about 50 annual rings have been formed. Furthermore, at any given number of years from the 1440 Canadian Forestry Journa!, December, 1917 pith the fibre is longest at from 10 to 30 feet from the ground and decreases gradually either higher up or lower down. Now for comparison we have figures from ordinary growth white spruce as follows,— in one tree at 3 feet from the ground and 30 years from pith, average length of fibre 2.25 millimeters; in a second tree at 8 feet from the ground and 20 years from the pith 3.01 millimeters, and at 30 years from the pith 3.65 milh- meters. Keeping in mind the fact that the fibre in the rapidly grown specimen was taken at only 18 inches from the ground it appears safe, by comparison with the other figures cjuoted, to state that the fibre in this particular tree averages at least 10 per cent, longer than in the ordinary white spruce. One may conclude from the re- sults stated above that white spruce, planted in favorable ground and pro- tected from suppression by crowding, wdll yield trees of good size for pulp- woocl within 30 years, and although the wood will be slightly lighter than that of slower grown trees, the fibre will be of good length. H. N. LEE. Wood Technologist, Forest Products Laboratories of Canada, Montreal. Turning Timber Orders Towards Canada One of the most interesting cpies- tions awaiting the close of the war is Canada's future share in the timber market of the British Empire. Al- ready a readjustment is in process whereby it is hoped a larger part of the enormous volume of timber orders given to Russia (60 per cent, of the total requirements) will be turned towards Canada. Readers of the Forestry Journal will be glad to know that the Executive Council of the Imperial Institute in London has constituted an Advisory Committee for Canada. This committee con- sists of Sir George Perley, K.C.M.G., High Commissioner for Canada,chair- man; Sir Robert Kindersley, K.B.E., governor Hudson's Bay Company; J. G. Colmer, C.M.G., former sec- retary, High Commissioner's office in London; J. H. Plummer, Dominion Steel Corporation, and Sir Keith Price, of the Ministry of Munitions. One of the most important matters on which action is being taken by the committee is that of the more extensive utilization of Canadian tim- bers in the United Kingdom. The Imperial Institute Advisory Com- mittee on Timbers has been taking evidence on this subject. Arrange- ments have been made for a series of practical trials of selected British Columbia timbers to be carried out by H.M. Office of Works, with a view to the inclusion of these tim- bers in official specifications. "SUPPRESS THE PATRONAGE EVIL" Says Industrial Canada, organ of the Canadian Manufacturers' Asso- ciation, Toronto: "That live organization, the Can- adian Forestry Association is awake to every opportunity to promote its propaganda, the safeguarding of Can- ada's forest wealth. Industrial Can- ada is cjuite willing to second its plea for more careful and impartial selection of the men on whose effi- ciency so much depends in the way of conserving our great forest re- sources." A CORRECTION In the November issue of the Jour- nal an article on the 1917 forest fire Itsses on the territory of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Associa- tion contained the statement that 4367 acres had been burned over "or 61 scpiare miles." Obviously the latter figure ought to have been 6.8 scpiare miles. Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1917 1441 :: The Ghost of the Tree :: ♦ By liOLMAN F. Day, in "Kin o' Ktaadn" "I have heard some of you woodsmen talk about the ha'nts and the swogans and the witherHcks and the side-hill loungers — says The Stranger, I know these arc jokes, my friends, but do you know when I am up here among these trees that are doomed in these days to the grinders of the great paper mills, I feel a queer obsession. I feel that each tree has a sort of soul, — a spirit in it, and one potent both for tremendous good and trertiendous evil. Strong as the weight of the avalanche, Yet weak as brook-breathed vapor, I must obey — but then I sway — Behold me — I am paper. I am ha'nt of the heart of the Tree, the ghost of the hemlock and spruce, Phantom of fibre and wraith of the wood by the axe of the chopper turned loose. Cased in the coffining bark long was I hidden and furled, But now by the manual magic of men I carry the news of the world. I am free — free — free — I, the soul of the Tree, Joy and sorrow and terror or smiles — seek for them all through me. Fame and name and shame. To me they are all the same, I carry them all to the ends of the earth. Horror and pleasure and mourning and mirth. And to me neither credit nor blame. I am Paper, I am Paper, pallid spirit of the spruce. Summoned far from soughing forests, patient servant for your use. They were sent who stormed the mountains on which, silent and serene, Crowding massed the ranks of wood- land, mighty Army of the Green. First the woodelves saw with terror flash and flicker of the axe. And they watched the steady heaving of the broad, red-shirted backs; Then they heard the pulsing chopping as the axes chocked and checked. And they lelt the forest's tremor as the toppHng giants rocked. Then as back and ever backward were the elves constrained to flee, On the bark they knocked and whis- pered: "Wake. 0 Genii of the Tree " I am Paper, I am Paper. Have you praises or abuse For the message I am bearing? Look to them, who set me loose; Look to them who sent me whirling through the boiling sluices' jaws, And to them who held the tree trunks to the yelling teeth of saws. Yes, to them who tossed the gobbets of the sodden, dripping wood To the slavering, grating, grinder, grunting neath its iron hood. For they free from solid fibre might and spirit of the tree That in race o'er whirring steam- drums texture book and form in Me. If I wrench your soul with anguish by the message that I bear, Look to them who dull my whiteness -those who spread the poison there. I am Paper, I am Paper, standing ready for your call. White and silent and unspotted; I am serf and slave to all. Have you thought or inspiration? Have you word to send or sav I am waiting, calm and patient, st your servant and your slave. 1442 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1917 .r*5 '^r^- Shipbuilding in British Columbia. — Placing the frames. for another ship. Sii^.^^^: Courtesy "Canada LumberiHan. Nearby are the keel blocks ready Write! What is it, threat or secret, bargain, pledge, or sale, or boast? Sign! Ah, mortal, I have bound you! Mark you well the forest's ghost! Here I stand and threat and mock you, shade of promise, debt, or fraud. Work and pay or pray for mercy! You are servant, I am Lord. I am ha'nt of the heart of the Tree, the ghost of the hemlock and spruce, Phantom of fibre and wraith of the wood by the axe of the chopper set loose. Bearing the news of the world, or message of cheer or of hope. Binding to bondage of debt or of shame, or dragging a neck to the rope; I, the soul of the Tree, Hover from sea to sea — Theirs the fault or theirs the praise who have helped to set me free. Fame and name and shame; To me they are all the same; They who have dragged me out of the wood, Be I for evil, be I for good,-^ To them be the credit or blame. Grim as the weight of the avalanche, Yet weak as brook-breathed vapor, I must obey — but then I sway: Behold me — ^I am Paper. MUNITIONS BOARD OPENS CAMPS E. L. Kinman, acting for the Im- perial Munitions Board, has pur- chased a holding of the Merrill-Ring Logging Company at Jackson Bay, B.C. The Board had found great difficulty in securing suitable timber sticks for its shipbuilding programme. The lot purchased carries perhaps the most available stand of exceptionally large fir in British Columbia. It will be logged in full length, the location and ground conditions readily per- mitting this. To get the contents in board feet of a sixleen foot log, measure the top diameter inside 'the bark in inches, subtract four, square the remainder and add twenty per cent, for the final result. Ciijuulian Forvslrii Joiiindl, Dcccrnhcr, IfflJ 1443 Coupling Science to Timber Crops By G. C. Piche Chief Forester of Quebec at Inaugural Lunch- eon OF THE Woodlands Section of Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Montreal Value of Limits Is Not in Area But In Ability to Produce Permanently. I have always wondered why such a class of men were not taking more care of their forests, why should they bend their efforts only in one direction. It is very sensible to improve your fabrication, but w^hy should you leave your forests, your source of raw material in a bad state: why not apply the same methods of scientific man- agement that you employ successfully in your mill for the production of your timber supply; why leave your forest operations in the hands of your choppers, of your jobbers who have only a precarious interest, instead of employing technical men as you do in your mills. Is this not a lack of foresight, and — if you would be sin- cere— -have not some of you found that the savings made in your mill by your improved methods have been more than wiped out by the increased cost of your wood? Why should the cost of your wood always be on the in- creasing scale whereas you have succeeded in halting your cost price in your mill, to an almost fixed basis, and then when the cost of labor and supplies follow the same trend on both cases? I know some will object that you are obliged to go further for your logs, that driving is becoming more and more expensive, but why did you not forsee this? It is becoming a necessity, an im- perious want that the paper men will devote some of their energy — to the care and handling of their wood- lands. It is obvious that a well de- fined program should be followed and the work must be systematized if results are desired. A Permanent Forest The pulp and paper industry, being established for a long time can afford to manage its forests on a p remanent basis, better than any other class of lumberman. Therefore th^re should not be any hesitation in considering the question from a broad point of view; and though the expenses may seem high in many cases they will often be an addition to the capital of the company just as when you replace a type of screening machine by a more efficient one. The question of depreciation of timber limits is ano- ther subject that should be con- sidered broadly — and I am glad to note that at the last enquiry directed by Mr. Pringle this was agitated with good and telling effect for many who ignored it before. The Value of Foresters I suppose that you expect me to draft a sort of a program. I feel the necessity of one, and however im- perfect it may be, it will pave the way for discussion, for suggestions, and something may come out of it. Naturally the first effort to be made is to secure the proper man to put in charge of your timber lands; without any question this man should be a forester, a man with technical train- ing, and I hope that my friends of the technical section will not dispute me in this matter. You do not go to any plain man for your chemical work, but employ a chemist; for your engineer- ing work you employ a real engineer; why not employ a good forester for your forest work? wSome will object that a practical man is needed. This question of practice has always been brought forth by the men who wanted to save their- jobs when a better man appeared on the stage. A forester needs practice as much as the chemist, as the engineer, but he does not re- 1444 Canadian Forestry Journal, Decethbet^ J 9 17 quire to have grey hairs, he will not be any good then. He will be afraid of going into the woods, his rheuma- tism will prevent him from plodding all over the works. A forester if given a chance, if employed for the work for which he has trained himself will certainly do good. Inventoring Timber The next move is to make an in- ventory of your timberlands. How can you work without this data? You keep a strict account of your stocks of sulphur, of coal, of china clay, of colors; why should you not do the same with your forest? The operations to be conducted in an efficient manner must be directed by the head office according to a work- ing plan and not be carried in a hap- hazard way as done now. The tim- ber shoidd be cut not only on one river, with the chances of jamming, but on different streams and on sev- eral grounds so as to equalize the cost price, instead of allowing it to jump every year. The improve- ments to be made in the way of port- age roads, of depots, of river clean- ing, of dams, should be known in advance and a fixed budget prepared every year for the carrying of this class of work. Growth Studies Studies should be made of the rate of growth of the various species found on your timberlands; so as to know^ how they should be cut. Investiga- tions of the old lumbered tracts should also be conducted so as to find what have been the results of the lumbering as it was done then. A good deal could be learned this way which would help greatly for drafting plans of lumbering on similar areas. We have begun this work in a few locali- ties, but the province is too large and the interested should have the same studies made for their own benefit. Are Our Mills 'Limit Poor'? Reforestation is another subject that will require to be looked after. With the increasing cost of labor and supplies, it will become more and more necessary to have a larger yield of raw material per unit of surface; instead of culling on an average 2,(m) feet per acre; it will be far more economical to cut in 30-40 years from now 5,000 to 10,000 feet per acre. I claim that most of the paper men are limit poor, as a mill pro- ducing 100 tons per day would only require a forest area of 200,000 acres, of 500 square miles, if same was man- aged to produce wood properly. What an enormous capital is carried use- lessly by the companies on account of the fact that their holdings are too poor in timber. I calculate that by adding $1.00 more to the cost price of your wood you could reforest enough land each year to insure yoir a permanent supply for the future. Naturally the question of time will have to be considered here, but in your plan you can take care of this matter. How To Use Hardwoods The utilization of the hardwoods is another subject that should be taken into consideration. It may be neces- sary to modify the present methods of lumbering in order to assure a more complete utihzation of all the trees now found on the timber limits but this problem requires an im- mediate study, and we should all unite to find the solution. BURNING WEEDS BY OIL SPRAY To eliminate growing vegetation from the tracks of the Spokane, Port- land, and Seattle Railway during the past summer, an old oil-burning loco- motive was equipped with an in- cinerator and dispatched over the line. The apparatus was designed by the mechanical department of the road and performed efficiently when placed in operation. Fuel oil and steam to atomize it is carried through pipes to a series of six burners mount- ed a few inches above the rails and just ahead of the leading pony truck. They are arranged in a sheet-iron box that is filled with crushed firebrick and are similar to large blowtorches. To deflect the heat against the road- bed, a large shield, supplied with a water pan, is attached with stay rods to the front of the locomotive and supported close to the track. Back Canadian Foreslry Journal, December, 1917 144") of the pony trucks there is a sprinkler that is used as a ])rotection for the ties. The engine carries a supply of fuel oil and can cover from 15 to 20 miles a day depending on the density of the vegetation. A somewhat similar contrivance has been in use on the Canadian Northern western lines. Logging Debris — An Imperative Problem By Ellwood Wilson Forester of the Laurentide Company, Grand Mere, P. Q. The next step in forestry progress in Canada will probably be inward the better disposal of logging debrLs. With the advent of co-operative fire protective associations and the con- sequent great improvement in the forest fire situation and the greater knowledge of the causes of fires and the means for their prevention, it is being realized that could we econ- omically and practically do away with the slash from logging opera- tions, one of the most serious of the remaining causes of forest fires would be ehminated. A fire once started in a logging slash is practically im- possible to extinguish until it reaches an unlogged section or some other barrier. The uncut forest, except in exceptionally dry seasons, does not catch fire readily and the fire, if dis- covered soon enough, is comparative- ly easy to put out. In looking over a map of the St. Maurice Valley showing the burnt areas, one sees right away that nearly all the fires have followed logging operations, showing that the debris is a great menace. Top Lopping Lopping the tops in our spruce and balsam operations has been proved by actual experiment to cost prac- tically as much as brush burning, and it is only a half-way measure. Where the tops are lopped they rot sooner, but for the first year or two are almost as dangerous as unlopped tops, and fires originating in such areas are almost as difficult to ex- tinguish. Burnirig the debris is per- fectly feasible, evcen with several feet of snow on the ground, and is very easy in soft wood operations. For two winters, the Forestry Depart- raanl of the Laurentide Companv has been cutting hardwood and all of th^ debris has been ];urnt without diffi- culty. The claim that ilie additional cost is too great might possibly be true if only one operator burnt his brush, but if such disposal were made compulsory by law, all operators would be on the same footing, and it would be no hardship. A Misleading Idea The claim that has often been made that it is cheaper to spend more for fire protection, instead of burning brush, is plausible but fallacious. Even by putting on many more rangers, it is very difficult to keep fires out of slash, and once started, the remaining timber is almost cer- tain to be ruined before the fire is put out. Our dependence for the future is entirely on the uncut forest and the cut-over areas, on which trees below a certain diameter limit and the young growth are left and these must be thoroughly protected. The whole subject is being carefully studied and as fast as the owners of timber lands can be brought to see the necessity of absolute fire pro- tection some practicable law will be formulated. The first Pennsylvanian to really appreciate the value of fcrests was William Penn himself. In 1681 he provided that for every five acres cleared in Pennsylvania, one acre should be left in woods. 1446 Canadian Forestry Journal, Dzcemhcr, 1917 The Dawn of Science in Lumbering By Hugo Winkenwerder Dean of College of Forestry, University of Washington Logging and lumbering is not the game it used to be. We still call it a game, but if it is it looks a good deal like a hand in poker when the jackpot holds all your resources and the dealer hands you nothing better than a pair of deuces. It was no trick to make money in the lumber business 20 years ago, but during the last 10 years it took a genius. Logging chances are every year becoming more and more difficult, more effi- cient, though at the same time more ■ complex machinery is necessary, so that logging is becoming a highly specialized and technical engineering problem; mean and discouraging labor problems, that can no longer be solved through the labor agency, but re- quire a thorough knowledge of econ- omics and human nature and the patience of a divinity for a solution, are constantly bobbing up; more efficient methods in manufacturing have become a necessity; transporta- tion problems are now almost con- stantly in need of attention; and the marketing problem which didn't exist at all 10 years ago, has, in its war A\ith the substitutes, become one of the most important in the industry. These are only a few of the more im- portant general problems in the ever- growing load the industry has to carry on its shoulders. There is a limit to human capacity, and if these problems are ever to be solved it will have to be done by experts, who have the technical foundation and the time to work them out thoroughly. The Forest School Can Help You know as -well as I do that in looking after the daily routine of your business, both you and your present administrative organization of managers, superintendents and foremen don't have the time to make extended studies on the problems that are in need of investigation, and that it would be done better and much more thoroughly if you had some one with the proper technical training who, working under your general supervision, could give all, or nearly all, of his time to this work. Every other really big industry is doing it. You've got to come to it. Your industry is shouting from the housetops right now for just that kind of thing. Why not make a start immediately? You know that you have a hundred and one prob- lems that you would like to work out, any or all of which may mean greater efficiency resulting in smaller oper- ating costs. Technical Questions That you will look to the forest schools to supply you with men of sufficient technical training so that you can gradually work them into positions where they will be a help in the solution of these problems is evident from the demands that have been made on the technical schools of other industries and are now being made on the forest schools by the lumber industry. Our work as an information bureau concerning tech- nical questions that arise in the in- dustry has been growing tremendous- ly, and it is a barometer that shows your technical difficulties. One of the most expensive woods used in America is boxwood. It sells for about $1,500 per thousand board leet. News has reached Ottawa that the son of Mr. E. W. Beckett, Crown Timber Agent at New Westminster^ B.C. has been killed in action. Canadian Forestrij Journal, December, Iff 17 1 1 I' How Fast Does a Forest Rebuild Itself ? The rate of growth of trees in the forest is usually exaggerated greatly. Dr. C. D. Howe, who during the past summer made a study of the reproduction and growth of the pulpwood species after logging, in the St. Maurice \'alley, Quebec, on behalf of the Commission of Conservation, produced the following conclusions: Over 2,000 trees were analyzed to determine their rate of growth in diameter, height and volume. While the results of this study have not yet been tabulated, they have gone far enough to justify the statement that within the forest type under consideration, it takes about 40 years for the little spruce trees to accjuire a diameter of one inch: 100 years to make a six-inch tree, and 150 years to reach the minimum diameter limit of 12 inches established by the cutting regulations in Quebec, for white and black spruce. Balsam grows somewhat faster. A one-inch tree is made in about 16 years, and it takes in the neighborhood of 70 years to reach the Quebec diameter limit of seven inches at two feet from the ground. PRAIRIE GARDENS, INDIAN HEAD, SASK. By the provision of trees and shrubs and the encouragement of Improved environment round the farms, a means is found to make farm life more attractive. 1448 Canadian Foresfnj Journal, December, 1917 Twentp-two Times as Much B. C. Timber Burned as Has Been Put to Use An astounding proof of heavy for- est fire losses in the Province of Brit- ish Cokimbia is made piibhc by the Commission of Conservation which has been conducting an investigation of the forest resources of the province during the past four years. This investigation has shown that on 95,000 square miles — nine times the size of Belgium — the timber has been uselessly destroyed by fire, most- ly many years ago. The amount of timber so des- troyed is estimated to be not less than 650,000,000,000 feet, or about twenty-two times as much as the total that has ever been cut by the lumbermen in that province. Put- ting the loss in another way, this timber is equivalent to almost twice the amount of saw timber now standing in the province, and to nearly as much saw timber as is now standing in the forests of all Canada. Much of the area burned over contains young forest growth, which, if protected from further destruction, will, in time, furnish the basis for enormous industrial development on our Pacific Coast. If we assume that the 97,000 square miles of cut-over and burn- ed-over lands should be made to produce an average of only 100 board feet per acre per annum, the total increment would amount to 6,200,000,000 feet per year, or about five times the present annual cut. That this estimate is by no means beyond the bounds of rea- son is shown by measurements of growth which have actually been made. The Government and private oper- ators of British Columbia have real- ized fully the gravity of past losses by forest fires, although probably few were prepared to admit that the situa- tion was as grave as the conclusions of the Commission of Conservation actually show. Happily the pro- vincial forest service is making sure that the annual losses are kept as close to a minimum as the present staff and expenditures allow. This year, for example, the total losses to merchantable timber from forest fires was estimated at $178,401, which is a vast decrease from some of the summers prior to five years ago. At the same time it must be borne in mind that a good many of this year's fires were on areas previously burned over and, therefore, the timber crop was not there to be destroyed. The total estimated stand ot tim- ber in British Columbia to-day — regardless of present commercial value — is placed at approximately three hundred and fifty billion feet. The commercially valuable timber- ed area of about eleven million acres is estimated to bear a stand of two- hundred bilKon feet. The "Lumber World Review" in issuing "The British Columbia Tim- ber Primer" makes an estimate that five per cent, of the total area of the province bears timber having a pres- ent commercial value. French Forestry and Canadian Timber Growth Lt.-Col. J. B. White, woods man- ager of the Riordan Pulp and Paper Company, Montreal, and for the past two years in charge of forestry work in England and France, stated re- cently that if yields of 30,000 to 45,000 board feet per acre were fre- quent in France, as his own investiga- tions had shown, there seemed no reason why Canadians should tolerate the relatively small productivity of timberlands in Eastern Canada where soil and climatic conditions were not dissimilar to those of France. One plot, measured by Col. White, con- tained 100,000 board feet within an acre. Such a showing did not tend to increase our satisfaction with Can- adian lands producing only two to three thousand board feet per acre. Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1917 1449 A Prophecy on Forest Denudation The Journal reproduces the follow- ing letter from the Mont re,-) 1 "Gaz- ette" because its authorship com- mands attention. Mr. William Little of Westmount, P.Q. was to a great degree the founder of the Canadian Forestry Association and has upheld its work with splendid zeal, even now when the weight of advanced years makes itself felt. As a leading lum- berman and the son of a lumberman, Mr. Little has evinced a foresight no less noteworthy than his public spirit. Many lumbermen to-day re- count Mr. Little's early prophecies of Canadian forest conditions which, while gloomy enough then, have since proved abundantly true. To the Editor of the Montreal Ga- zette: Sir, — If you will refer to the col- umns of the Gazette of a cjuarter of a century ago, you will find therein editorials by the Gazette and letters of mine by the score, protesting against the sacrifice of our timber resources in the most reckless manner by our government for the merest trifle of their value, beseeching them to take stock of our white pine and spruce timber before it was too late, only to be ridiculed as visionary alarm ists. The End of White Pine Now, at last, when our stock of white pine timber is reduced to the mere cullings discarded by previous operations, while in most of our log booms are found about nine spruce logs to every one of pine, and but few of these are over ten inches at the top end, we find that our spryce timber, except that in British Colum- bia, is in about as deplorable a con- dition as our white pine, for we are informed by Mr. James White, of the Commission of Conservation, that in- stead of having, as supposed, ma- terial for a supply for fifty years, as reported by cruisers in Eastern Can- ada and the United wStates, that about thirteen or fourteen years' supply on this side of the Rocky Mountains would be nearer the limit. And this is the stock we are now to depend on, not only for our home rec(uirements, but to supply the Empire and her Allies that have been robbed of their timber by the German armies that de- vastated everything wherever tra- versed by them. Spruce Prices Jump This scarcity of spruce timber is now becoming evident not only here, but in the New England States, as is shown in the markets of Boston and New York, where spruce timbers that were sold three years ago at from S18 to $20 per thousand feet, are now sell- ing for $40 a thousand feet, board measure, and the smaller spruce tim- ber that was of hardly any value, a few years ago, is now, on account of its great demand for pulp and paper making, considered of almost as much value as common pine, so that the Canadian pulp mills that sold their output of woodpulp at $16.50 per ton in 1914 are seUing it now at S42 per ton. And the spruce wood itself that was sold, f.o.b., cars here only two years ago for from $5 to $6 per cord for unpealed pulpwood, has lately been sold at $15 per cord, for rossed wood on the cars. And a press item states that the pulpwood timber is now get- ting so scarce in the Adirondack woods that the pulp mills at Water- town, N.Y. State, are paying from $18 to $21 per cord for rcssed wood delivered to their mills. Effects of The War And a glance into the future would indicate that even these prices must be greatly increased when account is taken of the frightful devastation of timber that has already been made in the forests of Europe, notably in Belgium, France, Poland, Eastern Russia, Western Prussia, Austria- Hungary, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Ser- bia, Bulgaria, Roumania and even in Great Britain and Ireland; and it is known that in all these countries the stumpage value of spruce and fir tim- ber even years before the war far exceeded any price paid for like 1450 Canadian Forest nj Journal, December, 1917 stampage in either the United States or Canada, in many instances fully ten times the amount paid here. One cannot fail to realize that such property must rapidly advance in value when hostilities cease, which cannot very long be deferred. How Europe's Forests Pag I have a descriptive illustration of a spruce forest in Saxony which shows that the smaller spruce trees there were valued at $15 per cord stumpage, in the woods for pulpwood, and the larger trees were valued at from $25 to $35 per thousand feet, board meas- ure, for lumber. And an illustration of a forest ol fir timber in the Vosges, France, planted 100 years ago, that was valued at $1,500 an acre or fully $40 per thousand feet stumpage. And another spruce forest near Ober- indorf in the Black Forest, Germany, was valued at $2,500 per acre, which is equal to $50 per thousand feet for the wood crop alone. Such prices as these for similar tim- ber should admonish us against fool- ishly sacrificing our spruce timber for one-tenth of its stumpage value as we did our white pine, and as we are now doing with our spruce, or we will soon have only the stumps left, as is the case with our pine, to remind us ot our great imprudence. —WILLIAM LITTLE November 3, 1917, Slash Disposal Experiments in Canada Specific experiments in slash dis- posal on the Western Forest Reserves have been so successful that the Dom- inion Forestry Branch has decided to continue this work and, by means of investigations on larger areas and areas of varied conditions in timber, soil, etc., to develop a policy which will render Canadian forests as free from fire danger, due to the leaving of slash, as European forests are gen- erally considered to be. The experiments were first con- ducted under the easiest conditions, namely, in jack-pine timber, on small tracts, in somewhat open and even- aged stands without heavy brush, and on -sandy land where the fire could not run easily. The brush was piled while the operation went on and burned later. Spruce forest was- chosen for the next experiment, and here also results were satisfactory, even though the litter customary on the forest floor of such forests would seem to offer a dangerous possibility for fire getting beyond control in the burning process. At the outset, cau- tion dictated that the piling of the ])rush be done by the operators and the burning by the forest rangers. Subsequently, however, both piling and burning were given into the hands of the operators, and it was found that burning immediately after the trees had been ciit gave the most satisfaction and proved the safest method. The cost of this slash disposal varied from 25 to 75 cents per thou- sand feet board measure, according to the efficiency of the operators after some experience, their spirit of willing- ness or unwillingness to adopt this new method appearing greatly to influence their efficiency; that is to say, the higher cost was maintained for work done by operators who contended that the experiment would not work, while the lower cost was the result where workers started in with the idea that the work would be 'done well and quickiy. Not the least of the benefits der- ived from these experiments is the admission by a majority of the opera- tors that this is the proper method of handling slash to insure protection against fire, some also adding that having the brush out of the way facilitates further operations to such an extent that they regard the cost of its removal as practically nil. — Journal of Forestrij. Can(t(li(tn Forcslii/ Journal, JJcccniber, 11)17 1451 How Manp Logs are Lost bp Sinking? One of Ihe penetrating ([iiestions asked of the paper manufacturers of Canada in the course of the Govern- ment "probe" into news print paper prices recently has had to do with the percentage of loss due to sinking of logs between the timber limit and the boom. This loss, if determin- able, affects the costs of operations and must be included in any thor- ough-going compilation of produc- tion figures. An interesting reference occurs in the well-known text book, "Logging" by Prof. Ralph Bryant, of Yale For- est School, as follows: From 10 to 30 per cent. "A very appreciable loss in driving timber is due to sunken and stranded logs. The extent of this loss is de- pendent on the species driven and the character of the stream. "Where timber is brought down rough streams, over waterfalls, and past obstructions it is often badly battered and broken, and gravel and sand become imbedded in a large per cent, of the logs. Occasionally they accumulate iron and spikes, especially where iron dogs are used in rafting. Much of this foreign matter is not readily detected, and mills suffer a monetary loss due to (himagcd saws and time lost by the saw-mill crew. "The actual loss in log scale from all causes on the Mississippi River drives averages about 10 per cent.; on the Cumberland and Tennessee Riv- ers in Kentucky, 10 per cent.; in Montana, 10 per cent.; spruce, 5 to 10 per cent, and bircli, 3 to 27 per cent, on short drives in the North- east; hardwoods in Pennsylvania, 25 to 40 per cent.; yellow pine, 20 to 33 percent. The loss in the Lake States may be as high as 30 per cent. On short drives of coniferous timber the loss is small and may be from zero to 3 per cent. This loss is due largely to sunken and stranded logs and not to the deterioration of sapwood." Evidence In Legal Suit In the case of James L. Gates, Elliott C. Young, Lumber Inspector of District No. 2, Wisconsin, tried in the courts of LaCrosse, Wisconsin, in 1901, an attempt was made by plaintiff to compel defendant to re- imburse him for difference in scale between the "bank" and the boom. During the trial prominent lumber- men from the Black River district testified that "there might and would occur a difference between the woods and mouth scale of from 10 to 30 per cent. Winning the Children for Forest Conservation The scheme of travelling lecture sets, used by the Canadian Forestry Association for the carrying on of its propaganda in many parts of Canada has been developed this winter much beyond the proportions of last year. Three outfits are now employed, moving from town to town, and bring- ing the gospel of feres t conservation to thousands of adults and children who could not otherwise be reached without heavy expense and an in- crease of staff. What the "Outfits" Are These outfits supply from fifty to sixty lantern slides mostly colored, and a readaole manuscript, bound in cloth board covers. They are used chiefly by school boards and churches, most of which possess stere- opticon equipment. A lecturer is chcsen from among the school teach- ers or l^cal clergymen, whose duty it is t'' read the introductory story, and accompany each lantern slide, as projected upon the screen, with a paragraph of descriptive matter, all 1452 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1917 of which is contained in the manu- script supplied free by the Forestry Association. Booking the Lectures The method ol booking these towh- to-town lectures may interest mem- bers of the Association. An arrange- ment is first made with the Boards of Education in about twenty towns and cities to use one of the lecture sets. The outfits are so prepared as to carry themselves automaticalK from place to place. Each is packed in a stoat wooden case, in which the individual slides rest in the centre of inch-thick layers of soft felt making breakage almost impossible. In the inside top of the lid is pasted a route list of the" towns and the dates when each must receive the box. A packet of ready-addressed gummed -lalDels is also attached to the inside of the cover. Each recipient is noti- lied by letter a fcM' days before the box is to reach him. He, in turn, is relieved of any trouble in sending the outfit to the next address for he tears off one of the addressed labels, sticks it on the outside of the box and hands the latter to the express agent at the conclusion of the engagement in his community. Each recipient pays the small expressage fee. Remarkably good res alts have been secured from the circulation of these lectures. Going direct from town to town, much valuable time is saved and not a little expense. School principals and clergymen and leaders of Boy Scouts have taken up the idea with enthusiasm so that the demand at present is in advance of the three lecture sets. It will be seen readily that thou- sands of Canadians are being reached in this way, and have been given an introduction to the subject of forest conservation. The public illustrated lecture cannot be surpassed as a means of implanting ideas and creat- ing a body of permanent opinion. A few examples of how the Canadian Forestry Association's travelling lecture sets are being used and enjoyed are given herewith: — At London, Ontario, the Board cf Education used one jf the outfits as the basis of five evening meetings, held in the schools of the city. The report of the Secretary-Treasurer speaks of the lively interest shown by the senior scholars and their parents and of the entertaining and instructive character of the lecture material. Five meetings in one city from one lecture outfit is indeed a full measure of co-operation. At Bathurst, New^ Brunswick, the local moving picture theatre was used to assemble the students of the schools where a Canadian Forestry Association lecture was greatly enjoyed. At Chatham, N. B. another outfit was utilized before a larte audience of children in the assembly hall of Aberdeen School and reports speak of the close attention of all present. At Brantford, Ontario, Inspector Kilmer reports that "the lecture and views were both very much enjoyed and appreciated by the students and good results will ensue." It is estimated that with the three travelling lecture sets at work, the Forestry Association by^this means alone is speaking to a minimum of 2000 to 2500 young people every week. Canddian Foresirij Journal, December, 1917 1453 National Existence and Forest 1 Maintenance ! } By Dr. Bernard E. Fernow | "When the questions of the extension of suffrage to women, of | tariff, of taxation, of coinage and currency, which are all merely in- ! cidents, will have sunk into the background, the question of the 1 economy of the resources which constitute and sustain the political, I commercial, and social power of the nation — long neglected — will still j claim attention; for only those nations who develop their natural | resources economically, and avoid the waste of that which they pro- = duce, can maintain their power or even secure the continuance of 1 their separate existence. A nation may cease to exist as well by the ! decay of its resources as by the extinction of its patriotic spirit. While | we are debating over the best methods of disposing of our wealth, | we gradually lose our very capital without even realizing the fact f Whether fertile lands are turned into deserts, forests into waste | places, brooks into torrents, rivers changed from means of power and 1 intercourse into means of destruction and desolation — these are I questions which concern the material existence itself of society; I and since such changes become often irreversible, the damage j irremediable, and at the same time the extent of available resources j becomes smaller in proportion to population, their consideration is I finally much more important than those other questions of the day." 1 I White Pine Immune in N, B. An interesting meeting was held Crown Land Department. The opin- on the 3rd of December at Frederic- ion expressed by those present was ton, N.B. when the field staff of the that no White Pine Blister Rust has New Brunswick Government Forest yet been discovered in New Briins- Service was addressed by Prif. R. wick. Arrangements were made B. Miller, Dean of the School of For- whereby the Forest Service will do estry, and G. C. Cunningham, in scouting this winter under the direc- chacge of the Dominion Government tion of Mr. Cunningham. Plant Pathological laboratory on the White Pine Blister Rust, and by J. In regard to the Spruce Bud Moth, H. Tothill, in charge of the Dom- Mr. Tothill states that as a result of inion Government Entomological la- his studies of representative areas for boratory on the Spruce Bud Moth, the past five years in New Bruns- Among those present were Col. T. wick, he is of the opinion that the G. Loggie, Deputy Minister of Lands present outbreak is now on the de- and Mines, A. T. Murchie, Super- cline. The staff of the Forest Ser- intendent of Scalers for New Bruns- vice will also collect data in this re- wick, and W'. E. McMullen of the gard this winter. 1454 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1^)17 A New Medium Between Foresters and Woods Managers Recently at Montreal was launched a "Woodlands Section" of the Can- adian Pulp and Paper Association. As expressed in the by-laws the ob- jects shall be "to stimulate interest in more economical and efficient methods of production and utilization of raw materials for pulp, paper and lumber industries; and to provide means for the interchange of ideas amongst its members and to encour- age investigation of woodlands prob- lems." This heralds a movement having the highest import for the wood- using industries of Canada. For alto- gether too long, the technical for- ester has been an appendage rather than an integral of Canada's lumber and paper making enterprises. In almost every other department of a paper manufactory than the man- agement of the forests, the technical expert has been accepted as a basic necessity. Now arises a medium, identified with the business control of the industry, whereby the For- ester may at last be allowed to place his special knowledge at a company's disposal. This will be achieved very happily by the creation of a sort of common council table at which the problems of the woods departments should come nearer solution. As knowledge of actual woods conditions ceases to be guess work and becomes scientifically-proved, those responsible for the affairs of great wood-using corporations are coming more and more to realize that the forest management of the past cannot hold the log supply abreast of the mill's necessities, can- not 'make good' the common boast that the timber crops are repeating themselves every thirty or forty years. The more data produced on a forest region, the clearer becomes the conclusion that Eastern Canada's forests are rapidly deteriorating. If this is permittee! to continue, the same deterioration will eventually sweep the mill investments to ruin. It is high time, therefore, that the science of woods management was given more scope in actual cutting and logging practice, not by brushing present men and methods to one side but by giving effect to the most rea- sonable and valuable elements of each. Guarding 21 Million Acres Wherever modern forest protection gets a working chance, it demon- strates its ability to save public and private timber owners an enormous amount of money. The past season was a tricky fire year in the Pacific Northw^estern wStates, producing no fewer than 7,688 fires, of which 938 are given as 'bad' fires. On regular patrol on the 21,000,000 acres were 2,579 regular rangers and 12,000 extra men were called in to fight fire at various times. The total expended for fire protection was $1,- 825,000. On the lands of the West- ern Forestry and Conservation Asso- ciation, 650 patrolmen extinguished 2388 fires. The loss of timber was very much under previous severe years. One of the special causes of trouble, is said to have been the activities of the I.W.W. and other pro-German w^orkers, intent upon destroying some of the areas particularly of aeroplane spruce. Canadian Forest rij Journal, December, 1917 1155 STAEr CHEWING TOBACCO 91 Qa^e/L-Jxt^Unja-dAP y^xxi has thousands and thousands of friends who enjoy daily its rich and lasting flavor 1456 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1917 British Columbia's Search for Markets With the wealth of forest products this province has to offer to the mar- kets of the world, combined with its geographical location in relation to such markets as South America, Aus- tralia, South Africa, India and China, British Columbia should do a large export trade. Some of these markets will take the lower grades which are always produced when high grades are»sawn. British Columbia has a large and important market in Can- ada, but wider markets absorbing all grades will give that stabilizing in- fluence so necessary in the lumber industry to-day. A restricted market dependent on the success or other- wise of a grain crop in one particular part of the world is too uncertain a foundation for a business in so widely applied a staple product as lumber. Therefore, we hope to broad- en our business and sell our products in a greater number of markets. We need variety in our markets to absorb all the product of the log. This will enable us to produce more economically with a greater benefit to the consumer. As a result of a better log market in British Columbia the export of logs in 1916 amounted to but one- half the quantity exported in 1915. Pulp and Paper In pulp and paper production in British Columbia marked activity has been evident during the whole year. All plants in operation have run continuously, producing a total of 80,000 tons of paper and sulphite wood pulp. Three new companies have commenced operations this year, two of which are already producing, and the third will be doing so in the very near future. Our production of pulp and paper in 1917 will prob- ably be double that of 1916. In addition to pulp and paper de- velopments on the coast large areas Tree 'doctoring' needed on Ottawa's beautiful driveway. A broken stump of a limb has allowed fungus diseases to penetrate the trunk. For lack of attention thousands of fine trees are lost each year by our Canadian municipalities. of pulp timber are available in the interior, development cf which will undoubtedly be undertaken before long. Many enquiries regarding these are now being received from concerns who are beginning to realize that the last great reserves of pulp timber of the continent are in this province. To sum up, the experiences of 1917 have shown that notwithstanding great difficulties such as shortage in labor and supplies and the confused railroad situation regarding cars, the Pacific Coast province of Canada is struggling successfully to overcome the handicap of war conditions. — (Canada Lumberman). Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 19J7 1457 Forest Reserves in Burma (Dealing with the question of laying down and putting through a strong policy for future reservation with the object of taking in all areas capable of procuring marketable timber that are unsuitable for permanent cultiva- tion and checking the inroads of the taungya-cutter) . A glance at the map of most forest divisions in Burma shows a number of forest reserves of various sizes, and that these reserves are for the most part more or less remote from the more populous parts. The chief reason for the former appears to have lain in the suspicious attitude of the authorities to reserva- tion, and, for the latter, to the boun- daries being thrown back in deference to the wishes of the villagers. Moreover, owing to the value of teak overshadowing that of all other species, it is only in recent years that reservation in the interests of the latter has received serious considera- tion. In throwing back the boundaries of the reserves in deference to the wishes of the villagers, we certainly have not considered the best interests of the community. In accessible areas the throwing back of the boundary has resulted, so far as the excluded area was con- cerned, in the removal of all market- able timber by the trader and the serious depletion of the immature stock by the wasteful use of the vil- lager. Superimpose a trade demand for firewood and areas that were at one time capable of producing mar- ketable timber are in a couple of decades reduced to wastes that are only reclaimable at an enormous out- lay. What the result of excluding forests in deference to the wishes of the vil- lagers has been is emphasized by the fact that it is now necessary to ser- iously consider the question of form- ing village forests, that is, within a generation the villagers and traders have squandered the resources of the accessible areas. Reserving by Patches. The Forest Officer in the past was to a great extent compelled to take too narrow a view, but this view is broadening and the same process of evolution has lessened the suspicions with which the civilian authorities formerly regarded our operations. In the past we were compelled to re- serve in patches and to exclude much of the accessible areas. Should we continue in the future to allow without protest what re- mains of the unclassed forests to be turned into irreclaimable waste we shall justly lay ourselves open to the reproach of future generations. As a result of our past policy the less accessible areas are reserved to a great extent and the more accessible steadily deteriorating, though bur- dened with troublesome regulations, made in a vain effort to stay their ruin and impossible to enforce ef- ficiently. The only remedy for this state of affairs appears to lie in the reservation BOVRIL Saves Kitchen Waste There will be no more throwing away of good food if you keep a bottle of Bovril in the kitchen. Bovril helps you to make delicious dishes out of cold food. Better soup, better stews — less expense. 1458 Canadian Forestry JournaL -December, 1917 of all tracts capable of producing" timber or fuel. In carrying out this reservation all lands suitable for permanent cultiva- tion should be excluded and definite areas should be set aside for such communities as must exist by taungya cultivation. Communal Forests. The settlement might be by town- ships or any other suitable units and should be carried out on broad-mind- ed lines. To begin with unnecessary bogies, such as that relating to the use of fire in areas unlikely to be brought under fire-protection, should be eliminated from the proclamation. We should also revise our ideas on the subject of what constitute tres- pass by man and beast and modify the ruling, limiting the exercise of rights to the number of houses actual- ly inhabiting a village at the time of settlement. The area, within a reasonable rad- ius of habitations, should be reserved for management mainly as com- munal forests, the original inhabi- tants getting their produce free, and provision being made for immigrants, being as far as possible provided for at privilege rates. The profit on the management of such communal for- ests should be utilized for the benefit of the villages in their vicinity. It should not be considered trespass by man or beast to stray within a reasonable distance of a right of way. Above all the necessity for dealing with unimportant technical offences in a broad-minded way should be impressed on Divisional Forest Offi- cers,-— {Official Bulletin) WILSON AVE., ST. THOMAS, Described by Mr. Thomas Adams, Town Planning Expert of the Com- mission of Conservation as "an in- expensive and attractive street suit- able for suburban and semi-rural districts which are served by single- track street railways. The flower beds at the intersections are planted and maintained by the Horticultural Society, (See cut on page 1427,) Do you use a Lantern? In School, in College or as a travelling lecturer? The "McIntosh" Stereopticons will meet your ideal of what projection should be. For thirty-nine years Mcintosh lanterns have been demanded by the most dis- criminating users ot the United States and Canada. Let us know your requirements. Do you want an ideal instrument to project opaque objects? Or the most compact lantern in the world for travelling? Or a bigger machine with dissolving effects? Perfect lenses, high class workmanship, beautiful finish and at most reasonable prices. Mcintosh Stereopticon Service BOOTH BUILDING OTTAWA +.—... Dry Matches Marbles After all day in a boat. rainstorm or wet snow. Ask your dealer for WATERPROOF MATCH BOX If he can't supply you, we will send prepaid for his name and 50 cents. Dry matches may save your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S.A. Canadian Forest rn Journal, DcccnilHT, 1917 1459 FAIRBANKS - MORSE FIRE FIGHTING ENGINES These compact powerful little pumping outfits have repeatedly substantiated our claims during the past year, all over Canada. They can be readily transported wherever man >r pack horse can go. Goverments and Private Owners '.of Forests everywhere, ca.- materially reduce their fire losses by the use of these outfits. Full information and prices on request. THE CANADIAN FAIRBANKS -MORSE CO, Limitea MONTREAL - OTTAWA ST. JOHN, QUEBEC, TORONTO, HAMILTON, WINDSOR, WINNIPEG, SASKATOON, CALGARY, VANCOUVER. VICTORIA. CANADA'S ^ DEPARTMENTAL >^ ^. HOUSE FOR ^ , MECHANICAL, GOODS 1460 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1917 ..--.4, S ^ - ■on 05 ■et S J) 05 V < . -z H- C D r- e " BS 4< 'J — •^ 0 al, ^ O te > a ^ u ^ '^ 7^ "^ O :~ K o i- < £ ^fa s£ o i> <»< a fc. f o ft, 3 a) 5 c . I- •s s Cdiuulidii Forcslrij Journal, iJcccnihcr. IU17 11()1 a 1 I I ■ 1 ^ purest-cleanestC ^k 1 T [^ MOST RELIABLeB ^^A GET CATALOGUE ^^^ AT BEST DEALERS ^^^ OR DIHECT 1 ^1 2 a WINNIPE^- VANCOUVER. ^L. J J H ^^J Try This Stump PuHe ^_^ #l_._^ M9S^^t^ The Smith Stump Puller 3C %fUr niSn wni take out every tree ^ and stump by the roots, clearing from one to three acres a day, cloin^ the work of twenty m you to send for our 3 ye tee against breakage and our free trial proposiiioD Address W. Smith Grabber 11 Smith Sra. LaCrescent. Minn. fcs;^""- '^]i^ 4. TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hi.r'Jy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYE-DE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven. Connecticut, U.S.A. VALE University Forest School is a •■• graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wUl warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut . 4. Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over *^ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list ana mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, in., U.S.A. 4. . ._.. .. .. PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mattresses may le used on damp ground with perfect safety — they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary, with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated — may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government, Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. Pneumatic Mfg. Co. g l^^o^^'^y^rlX.y 1462 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1917 CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO MINIATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOi-S — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY R. O. SWEEZEY B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E. CONSULTING ENGINEER. Water Powers. Timber Lands. Forest Industries. 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. Queen's UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. GEO. Y. CHOWN, Registrar. 4. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. Canadian Forest rij Journal, Dvccniber, 1917 +.— ..^.H— ^ — — 1463 On One of the Beautiful Elm-lined Streets of Fredericton, N. B. 30,000,000 Feet of Logs from a New Brunswick limber Limit. 4,.«.„— .— ..^..^..^ — ...^..-►,.— ,-»..^,.^..— K.^..^. «._„^..^..-M,^.,^.. 1464 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1917 Every Forester and Lumberman Should Have This Book HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN By JAY L. B. TAYLOR Forest Ranger, United States Forest Service. Tliis Handbook will be a helpful guide to all engaged in woods work, and those whose recreation takes them into rough and unsettled regions. It has been pre- pared as a result of the author's experience in field work of the United States Forest Service. A feature of this book is its convenient si/e and the flexibility of its binding. 429 pages, il4 x 6^4, 236 figures. Flexible binding, $2.50 net. THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW By J. P. KINNEY, A.B., LL.B., M.F. This volume has been prepared to meet the needs of those engaged in the study or practice of forestry, and the requirements of lumbermen and others interested directly in the production and sale of timber products. 308 pages, 6x9. Cloth, $3.00 net. 2ND EDITION, THOROUGHLY REVISED THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (Forest Organization) By A. B. RECKNAGEL, B.A., M.F., Professor of Forestry, Cornell University. In this edition the author has brought the book into accord with the best usage of today. Many important changes have been made which increases its usefulness to the forester. 279 pages, 6x9. illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. Canadian Forestry Journal 119 Booth Building, OTTAWA (Amodidii Forcslru JoiinuiL Dcrcmhcr, I!)/'. 1465 P. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Technical training and ten years experience, in part with U. S. Forest Service. Timber Estimating and IVIapping Supervision of Lumber Contracts Surveying Forest Planting STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. FORESTERS AND RANGERS EVERYTHING YOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US Compasses Tapes Scribes Transits &c. Aneroids Log Rules Lumber Gauges Levels, &c. The Ontario Hughes Owens Company 529 Sussex St. OTTAWA, ONT. •{• " ~ "" • ••" " — — 1 ~1 -T "■ H !■ fg ll^^anii 50 CTS. WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Ont. 1466 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1917 The Canadian Forestry Association (Eighteenth Year) 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA, CAN. Patron. HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL. Honorary Presid nt, RT HON. SIR ROBERT L. BORDEN. Honorary Past President, RT. HON. SIR WILFRID LAURIER. President. HON SYDNEY FISHER Vice-President, GORDON C. EDWARDS Treasurer. MIS.S M. ROBINSON | Booth Building, Secretary, ROBSON BLACK, ' Ottawa, Can. Directors. Territorial Vice-Presidents. Lt.-Col.J.B Miller, F. C. M hilman, William Little, On'ario: — Hon G. Howard Ferguson. Hiram Robinson, E. Stewart, W B. Snowliall, Thomas Qtiebec: — Hon. Jules Allard. Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edvards, Geo. Y Chown, >. d • i u r- i /-^i i . ^, , „- T, ,,,^T^ ,, „, New Brunswick: — Hon. George J. Clarke. Hon. W. A. Charlton, \\ m. Power. M.P.P., Hon. W J. Roche, Sir Geo. H. Perley. Alex. MacLaren, R. II ^'^^'^ Scotia:— Hon. O. T. Daniels. Campbell, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Ellwood \\'ilson, Manitoba: — Hon. T. C. Norris. Senator Bostock, G. C. Piche. Alex. MacLaurin. Prince Edward Island:— Hon. J. A. Matheson. Mer. P. E. Roy. A. P. Stevenson, Wm. Pearce, C. c < , u -u ti^ a? at .• „ „ , ^ • ,, , ^ T , ^ ,, C-- Saskatchewan: — Hon. W. M.Martm: E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphv, C. Jackson Booth, Sir Wm. Price. J. W. Harkom. A. S Goodevc, W C. J. Alberta:— Hon. A. L Sifton. Hall, J. S. Dennis, J. B. While, E. J Ziivitz, Geo- British Columbia:— Hon. T. D. Pattullo. Chahoon, Jr., R. D. Prettie, Hon. N. Curry, A. C Yukon: — Hon. Geo. Black, Commissioner. Flumerfelt, H. R. MacMillan, Clyde Leavitt, Albert Ungava: — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of Grigg, J. T. Home. Montreal. The Association prepares and places through its Publicity Department, many hundreds of special articles every year, reaching the Canadian Public through daily and weekly newspapers, weekly and monthly magazines, including agricultural, financial, religious, literary, engineering, juvenile, and practically all divisions of Canadian journalism. Co-operates actively with forest protective associations. Government forest departments and commercial organizations in distributing information on forest affairs to the Canadian public. Campaigns for forest protection through its Publicity Department, the distribution of illustrated literature to settlers, campers, etc., the presentation of lantern slide cartoons in motion picture theatres, and many other methods calculated to bring practical results. Holds series of illustrated public lectures on forest protection in various sections of the Dominion. Issues an illustrated monthly, "The Canadian Forestry Journal," which goes to 4,500 members, and to 200 Canadian editors by whom it is quoted extensively. Holds conventions in various sections of the country to discuss local and general forest problems, and to a rouse interest in public forest policies. A Free Cartoon Service is supplied to newspapers, also a free "cut" service, campaigning for forest pro- tection through interesting illustrations. These are a few of the concerns of the Canadian Forestry Association. Support is entirely from voluntary sources. The Association is not identified with any Government or pccial interest. MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION BLANK. Secretary, Canadian Forestry Association, 119 Booth Building, Ottawa. I hereby accept membership in the Canadian Forestry Associa- tion entitling me to a year's subscription to the Canadian Forestry Journal and all other publications. I enclose $ Class of Membership Annual $1.00 Contributing 5.00 Life 25.00 Please designate class of membership preferred. Canadian Forcslrij Journal, iJcccmhcr, lUl t 1467 I A Free Lecture in Your Locality i on ''Guarding the Forests'' The Canadian Forestry Association provides free of charge special lecture outfits consisting of 56 photographic lantern slides (many in colors) and a complete manuscript. Can you make use of this in your locality? These 'forest travelogues' have proved of lively interest wherever shown. The Manuscript discusses entertainingly the subject of forests, forest industries, fire rangers, lessons from, home and abroad, the trail of the Fire Dem.on, etc. For each lantern slide a descriptive paragraph is provided. Anyone having a steropticon can give the lecture effectively and there is no dull material in it. A 'forest travelogue' in French will -presently be available. Arrangements have been made for the purchase and circuiting of motion picture reels showing forests in j flames, and old and new methods of fire prevention. An Ontario school principal said of our lecture outfit: "We all enjoyed the scenes, and ideas expressed, in the lecture were timely and instructive." From a Quebec user: "We gave the lecture at two points and everybody was much pleased." From a Western clergyman: "I gave the lecture before the Boy Scouts and again before my congregation. They all liked it greatly and I congratulate the Association for taking this excellent means of awakening the public." CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA. 4. PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes, Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) SLEEP ON Al R with a COMFORT SLEEPING POCKET Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 8 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. Illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A.. Dealers write FOREST FIRES r^' {f. Make tlie life of the forester better wortli living. Tiiey relieve him from the appalling loneliness. They help him to keep in human voice touch with 'r'~^ foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire — sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the Office nearest you. Northi^rrt E/ectr/c Compafty Montreal Halifax Ottawa Toronto Regina London Calgary Winnipeg Vancouver "^-^xH, r^--^^ ..-.'^■^ ^Northern ^Etectric-Forest-TeUfihones- UniVersify of Toronto Library Acme Library Card Pocket Under Pat. "Ref. Index File" Made by LIBRARY BUREAU ;;::;-?fS?^ i|j?;S;-;i;i;;i|} i 'Siii;'