\ Canadian forestry Journal AVoI. >tH*t X I ^ JANUARY. 1918 - '^jutui.^JU^. i^f^ y^' No. 13 ^:.t r\ "Topping" a Douglas Fir ai a Height of 181 Feet. Foresters, JIttention! Have You Ever Seen a Robe Like This Before ? Note the Pure Wool Kersey Lining — the Cambric Partitions that contain the Eider- down FiUing and the Waterproofed "High Count" Shelter Tent Duck. — A great combination — absolutely frost-proof — ^light as a feather and lasting almost until the end of time. You need one — you should have one. Send us your name for further information. CAMBRIC PAHTITIO EIDERDOWN FPLLIN WATERPROOF DUCK Smart- Woods, Limited OTTA WA TORONTO MONTREAL WINNIPEG THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND ARTS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED VICTORIA, TRINITY, ST. MICHAEL'S KNOX and WYCLIFFE COLLEGES FACULTIES OF APPLIED SCIENCE EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE MEDICINE FORESTRY For further information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. CIRCULATION, JANUARY, 6,700 COPIES Canadian Forestry Journal Vol XIII WOODSTOCK. ONT., JANUARY, 1918 No. 13 CONTENTS FOR JANUARY Wood Fuel to Relieve Coal Shortage in Eastern Canada 1473 Wood Fuel Problems Demand Solution 1477 Rising Value of Farm Woodlots 1498 Canada's Foresters Overseas 1487 The Forest Resources of the McKenzie Basin 1481 Loaning Money on Limits 1494 Aeroplane Fleets from British Columbia Woods 1479 Will Alberta Reduce Needless Fire Losses? 1492 Taking Food from Forest Trees 1500 About British Columbia 1497 Immigration after the War 1501 Can Forests be Planted at a Profit? 1501 The Annual Meeting at Montreal, Feb 6 7 1492 The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Communications lo THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 119 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press, Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post OflSce at Woodstock, Ont., as second-class mailer. ■■ M 11 ■■ W n ■■ ■ M ■ M H M ■ 11 I, 1, ■ M ■ ■ n w w 1||| 1472 Canadian Forvslri) Journal, January, 1U18 Cotirlisi; "Sunshine An Old Time Mill near Montreal. A Witness To Canada's More Primitive Days. C(inadi(in Forcslrij Journal, Jamiarij, 191S 1473 Wood Fuel to Relieve Coal Shortage in Eastern Canada Bv Clydi-: Lkavitt, Chief Forester, COMMISSION! OF COKSEHVATIOX SUMMARY Eastern Canada is mainly dependent upon United Stales supplies for coal. War conditions have resulted in an acute shortage of coal pro- duction and distribution in the United States, which, in turn, has caused a series of fuel crises in eastern Canada. The demands for coal for local industrial and domestic uses in the United States are so heavy that exports to Canada and other countries must necessarily be carefully checked and regulated. There is, to say the least, serious doubt as to whether the coal situation in eastern Canada can improve materially during the con- tinuance of the war, due primarily to the labor and transportation shortages and to the enormously increased demand for coal for war purposes. As long as such doubt exists, prudence demands that all reasonable precautions be taken to mitigate the disastrous results that might follow from an acute shortage of coal supplies. The most urgent considerations of patriotism demand that the local consumption of coal be reduced as much as possible, to facilitate the preparation of troops, munitions and food supplies and their move- ment overseas, from both United States and Canadian ports. A vigorous campaign for the conservation of coal supplies is being waged in the United States. Canada can surely do no less. The consumption of coal can be considerably reduced through the wider use of wood fuel, of which Canada has enormous suj^plies. On the other hand, the production of wood fuel has been seriously curtailed, due largely to the serious labor shortage. The production of large quantities of hardwood fuel is essential to meet the situation. To stimulate such production, and to increase the demand for wood fuel to the necessary degree will require a vigorous campaign of edu- cation, coupled with specific and well-organized effort on the part of provincial, city and municipal governments. This is a question of preparedness, and results may be expected to be commensurate onlv with the effort exerted. 1474 Canadian Forcstrij Journal, Januarij, h)lH THE FAMINE IN WOOD There has been almost or quite as great a famine of wood as of coal in many of the towns and cities of east- ern Canada. This condition is ano- malous, to sa> the least, in a country naturally so rich in timber resources. Under normal conditions, the de- mand for wood fuel is relatively small, due to the greatly increased use of coal for nearly all fuel purposes. The severe coal shortage has, however, resulted in greatly increasing the de- mand for wood fuel. That the sup- plies of wood in fuel form have at many points been grossly inadequate to meet the increased demand may be at least partially accounted for by the following considerations: (1) The universal labour shortage, with consequent high cost of such labour as may be available. This renders it both difficult and expensive to convert standing timber into fuel form. The labor shortage has been due primarily to the heavy enlist- ments including large numbers of axemen and other woods workers, for forestry battalions and other branches of overseas service. (2) The uncertainty as to how long the emergency demand for large quantities of wood fuel will continue. There is a more or less natural ten- dency on the part of many people to be optimistic and to assume that an existing emergency will not be re- peated. Dealers, in many cases, feel that Government control of the rail ways in the United States will solve the problem of coal distribution to such an extent that a coal famine next winter is extremely unlikely, to say the least. They argue that if such should prove to be the case, the emergenc>' demand for "wood fuel will disappear, prices will drop, and dealers having large reserve supplies might face heavy loss. Accordingly, while dealers for the most part do the best they can to secure supplies to meet current demands, they arc, in many cases, naturally disinclined to invest amounts adequate to ensure the laying up of supplies of wood fuel sufficient to meet the situation in case of an extreme and i)ro!onged shortage of coal. This consideration is inten- sified by the fact that wood fuel supplies ought to be laid in from six months- to a year ahead of time, to ensure proper seasoning. Properly seasoned wood has, of course, a fuel value materially higher , than green wood. Need for Education The fact that good authorities be- lieve that the fuel situation will con- tinue to be more or less critical throughout the duration of the war does not entirely remove the element of doubt as to how great will be the demand for wood fuel in particular localities. The point has not, how- ever, been adequately considered that the demand for wood fuel can be very materially stimulated by an educa- tional campaign urging people, as a patriotic measure, as w^ell as one of prudence and necessity, to sub- stitute wood fuel for coal so far as reasonably practicable. This action is now being taken in a systematic and thorough way in many of the states, under the Federal and State Fuel Administrations. (3) Coal is more convenient than wood for most fuel purposes, in ad- dition to being as cheap or cheaper, the relative fuel values being taken into consideration. The demand for wood fuel is thus limited under nor mal conditions. According to the United States Forest Service, two pounds of seasoned w^ood have a fuel value equal to one pound of coal. On this basis, a standard cord (4x4x8 feet, or 128 cubic feet) of hardwoods, such as birch, beech and hard maple, equals one ton of anthracite coal. One and a half cords of hemlock, soft maple or tamarack, or two cords of spruce, balsam, cedar, white pine or basswood are required to make the same equivalent. (4) In localities where sawmills exist, a considerable percentage of the local demand for wood fuel is supplied by mill waste, consisting of slabs and edgings. Some of this material is of hardwood, such as beech, birch and maple, but more often it is comprised of coniferous species, such as spruce, balsam, pine. Cdiuididii Forestry JdiirnoL Jdnnanj, 1918 M75 etc. The produclion of this class of material is, at present, considerably below normal, because of the pre- vailini* depression in the lumber busi- ness, which has resulted in many mills working only part time or closing down altogether. This relative stag- nation is due to w'ar conditions which have materially decreased the amount of building. It has also been inten- sified by the prevailing shortage of railway equipment, which has made it difficult to secure transportation. The car shortage has also had the effect of preventing, to a considerable extent, the shipment of mill waste to points where a demand might exist for it for fuel purposes. The amount of mill waste available for fuel has been further limited by the utiliza- tion, in some cases, of spruce and balsam slabs and edgings in the manufacture of pulp. (5; Many dealers, who formerly dealt heavily in wood, now give this feature of their business compara- tively little attention, preferring to concentrate upon the handling of coal. In the case of the latter, the financial turnover is quicker than in the wood business, and the demand is more steady and more dependable. Current business is, of course, hand- led, but there is less inclination to tie up investments for the long periods of time that would be required to allow the proper seasoning of block wood. The Farmer's Attitude (6) In ordinary times, very con- siderable quantities of block wood are cut by farmers from their woodlols during the winter. Under present conditions, however, farmers in gen- eral are faced with a severe shortage of labor, which renders them less able than formerly to cut firewood for sale during the winter months. In addi- tion there is less necessity for such action on their part, since war condi- tions have resulted in bringing to them better returns for their crops than has previously been the case under normal conditions. (7) Very large quantities of cord- wood are consumed annually by chemical companies for destructive distillation and the manufacture of charcoal. This demand materially reduces the supplies that would other- wise be available for domestic use and is at the same time a factor in holding prices to a relatively high level. (8) The increasing settlement of the country, together with the cutting which has previously taken place has naturally reduced the amount of wood conveniently accessible to trans- portation by team or rail. This is notably the case in the vicinity of the larger towns and cities where the demand for fuel is necessarily great- est. This means that taking the situation as a whole it is constantly necessary to go further and further away for an increasing proportion of the supplies of hardwood fuel needed for consumption in the larger towns and cities. This situation renders it more essential than formerly that if a large production of wood fuel is de- sired there should be special atten- tion on the part of some particular organization to see that the action desired is taken on a commensurate scale. Canada's Dependance Upon U, S. Coal Eastern Canada can not afford to overlook the fact that a very con- siderable proportion of her coal sup- plies must come from mines which are situated in the United States, and over a considerable mileage of United States railways. The coal shortage of the United States has been officially estimated to be not less than 50,000 - 000 tons. Federal and state fuel administrations have been appointed to assist toward solving- the very 1476 Canadian Forestiij Journal, Januari;, 19LS serious prol)lems which have resulted from this great shortage in the pro- duction of coal. The demands for coal for industrial purposes directly due to the war are very heavy, and may be expected to increase greatly. Demands for export are also heavy, as well as the demands for local domestic use. Very good authorities consider that the coal shortage will continue throughout the duration of the war, and that this situation will continue to alTect Canada as seriously in the future as it has in the past, if not rnore so. The amount of coal which will be allowed to be furnished to specific localities or specific industries will presumably be limited, through the various fuel controllers in both the United States and Canada. As a matter of fact, the fuel problem is world-wide today. In England, France and Italy, the coal shortage is so great that the rationing system has had to be adopted. It is report- ed that in the latter country the coal supply has been so short that during last summer more than 1,000 square miles of forests were cut down for use as fuel and for making charcoal. In Sweden also the coat shortage has become so serious that the Govern- ment forestry organization has been compelled to cut great quantities of timber for use as fuel. Using Our Forest Materials In view of the extreme seriousness of the coal shortage in most of the countries of the world, and of the opinion of those who ought to know, that the condition will remain more or less critical throughout the war the obvious thing for Canada to do is to consider how far her great forest resources may be utilized to meet the conditions which may possibly face at least the eastern portion of the country during next winter. Canada may well take a lesson from the situation in the New England States. The Federal Fuel Adminis- trator for New England, Mr. J. J. Storrow in a call for a conference on the subject, said: "A serious shortage of coal threatens New England this winter. The situation does not warrant neg- lecting any possible measure of pre- paredness. For this reason it seems advisable to make a New England campaign for the production of wood on a large scale. Good hardwood properly prepared and dried can be used extensively for domestic pur- poses as an emergency measure. Wood cut in November can be burned the latter part of the winter, when the coal situation may be most acute. The campaign should also look ahead toward a large supply of wood for next winter when the coal situation may be more serious than this year.'' A Practical Programme The full attendance at the confer- ence bespoke the interest of everyone in the solution of the fuel problem and conclusions reached were summarized as follows: 1. People throughout New Eng- land should be urged to use wood wherever they can do so in order to save coal. 2. It is earnestly recommended that the fuel administrators and the agri- cultural and other officers throughout the New England states shall urge upon all woodland owners to cut cord- wood promptly and extensively. 3. As far as possible portable saw- ing machinery should be used in order to save the expense of additional handling. In some instances the wood can probably be cut into one foot lengths advantageously. The machinery uses a different class of laborers, reducing the number of skilled laborers required. 4. In order to secure the best re- sults, local organization is necessary. Leadership and sometimes capital are required, which we believe should come from the local banks and business men. 5. It is recommended that the fuel administrator in each state shall ap- point a representative committee from the several counties and wood-using industries, including the State Fores- ter in each state, these committees to take charge of the wood situation under the fuel administrator. Inso- far as their judgment approves, local Continued on Page 1502 Canddidii Forestry Journal, JoniKirt/, lUlS 1177 Wood Fuel Problems Demand Solution How Coal and Wood Compare as Fuel — Prices You Can Afford To Pay. The question of an increased sup- ply of wood fuel for the Canadian people has never before called so im- peratively for full discussion and sensible action. Canada brought 17,500,000 tons of coal from the United States in 191G and month after month of the coldest season was filled with anxieties, in- creasing prices, and not a little actual sufTering. The winter of 1917, even with the aid of the Fuel Controller, and generous co-operation by the United States Government, has provided an experience through which most householders, particularly in Ontario, do not care to pass again. In the emergency, questions have naturally been raised as to the need for Canada facing an annual dilemma in the presence of great supplies of hard- wood timber in woodlots and the natural forest. Regrettable as it may seem that practically nothing has been done until recent months to investigate the possibilities of a wood fuel reserve and to devise means of connecting the wood supply with the wood consumer, there is hope that something of a practical nature will be accomplished before next winter. To this end, the Commission of Conservation, through Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Chief Forester, has been working with the Fuel Controller. Mr. Leavitt's plan, which will be found in the leading article of this issue, promises one of the most reasonable solutions that has yet been ofTered and ought to receive the sup- port of municipal authorities every- where. Wood and Coal Compared How does the heating power of wood compare with that of anthracite coal? One standard cord of well-seasoned hickory, oak, beech, birch, hard maple, ash, elm, is approximately ecjual to one ton (2,000 pounds) of anthracite coal. It takes a cord and a half of hemlock, red gum, sycamore or soft maple and two cords of cedar, poplar, spruce, white pine or bass- wood, however, to give the same amount of heal. One cord of mixed wood well sea- soned equals in heating value at least one ton (2,000 pounds) of average- grade bituminous coal. The table shows the price which the consumer "can afford to pay for a cord of wood as the equivalent of anthra- cite coal at various prices. Prices which ti-.e consinner can ajjoi I to fiaij Jar wood as a substitute for coal. Equivalent price for wood deliverecl in IG inch stove lenglhs. Price of coal delivered Hickory, oal<, beech, Soft maple, hard maple, ash, elm, cedar, poplar, locust, cherry basswood. Per ton Per Cord. Per Cord. .5.00 .5.00 .2.50 6.00 6.00 :>.oo 7.00 7.00 3.50 8.00 •- ■* ■ *.,.»- * j«> ♦-«^ i^ *" -r, /5^- _ "/■^^^;^w--;^^,,;^- -.-^^^P ^^ v^ ^. ^ Typical scene near i he delta of the McKenzie, showing scrubby growth of willow, with Eskimo tents ai d natives in the foreground. 1482 Canddian Forcstri/ JounuiL Januarij, 1918 f -^ "^> ^s. -k •^4/ ^UKON ^. o N \ i \ MlTISH^ i COLUMS/A M oucke'naie 3' CbSi-rv, ^"iii -n-"' .1 ot- '^J :.-' ^- -^ ~ A^ >^ ^—^^''^ /"^i^-^-^ 1 *^ / X ^ J ^^ / ^ -6/ R..' r\ ; \f K • / *. / :^ .si-ru ; j ■•; J ^ .'y-— '^^— »v^^jL^^*\ ^^x^ ^ Jv, ' ) ) a" I * -^ ^ ^>1^ / // 1 ^ tK^itA.5/^/.5£^rA ; The timber is restricted to the Northern Forest type, being composed of spruce, balsam, poplar, aspen, birch, banksian pine and balsam fir. The total quantity of timber of merchantable size growing in the McKenzie basin is approximately 67 billion feet and is distributed as shown by the table on a succeeding page. 100 Years for Pulpwood In addition to saw-log timber there are approximately 116 million cords of mixed wood. The rate of growth of the trees in the more northerly districts is very slow, so that although it takes only 30 years for young spruce to attain pulpwood size under the best con- ditions, it requires nearly 100 years of growth to produce pulpwood timber in the districts adjacent to the upper McKenzie. In sub-arctic regions the rate of growth is almost negligible. I Canadian Forcstrij Journal, Januari/, 1918 1483 Timber on the Liard River. • »*• -■ Bank of the Peace River near Vermilion, showing trees falling in the river, due to bank erosion. 1484 4,— — Canadian Forcstrij Journal, January, 1918 C/3 c: C O O C o oooo o -y • ooooo ^ fe = 2§g S S y:-^— OCOOO 5-Bl i'gs'gg ^O '*- r: C O 3C o^ ^ ooogo o oooOo j p oooo^o . i^ cDocfcTo >-o cocgo ' O oo oc o --i' CQ o: «— S '-J :z; a^ < - « ^ aj t- C5 cz) ^ r- - ^ - c« o,o.2.2 .2 m .2 '^ V3 C^ ll. nill nill mill mill '2 Q 0) 73 re = occo ^ ^ uT O o u-3 < •»H u r«^ T—l '"' b N CJ ta o a 0^ g ss a z a; o u os: nil. ,000 inilli( nil. 800 millic ,000inilli ■p o o 00 cm" o s CO < s 55 C/3 H < 5 o 2.2.2 o a; K ^ f^ u O U S J3 's's'i S S — o a w oocgo oooco o z H s O^OOOOO 00 5 o SH < T-* rr^ CO C^O o" 0 •— s c fi c a CD c« o o,2 2.2 2 ^ fX r^ ^ rH P* ^ 's oa c» j; oooco o < 0) — O O L': o o ir: H ^ L'i O I> LO O i> ;h ^'t-' -f^-f ci 0 rr. to .= 2 ^-2 2-2 c 2 :r r= ■:: ^ c: s c co'rf ooo o c OOOO o o^o^o__o__ 5 o'o'o'o" o" oooo o _: o__io o o^ lo >.0 goo: ~J^ O'RR' T3^ p- o*2"o CJ « 5 ^ oOO OO oo OO o ^ « «> c ^ Oi O « 52 o c« 3 rt-2 ^-' *S [« c3 OO OOO ooRRR o'o'o 18 1 18: Canada's Foresters Overseas A Splendid Record of National Service By the Youngest of Our Professions. Forestry, the youngest of all the engineering professions in Canada, has given liberally of its manhood to the overseas forces of the Dominion. Numerically, the ranks of Foresters or Foresters-in-training have not yet reached beyond a very few hundred. According to lists compiled for the Canadian Forestry Journal, and which at best cannot be free from some omissions and inaccuracies, there are 122 foresters or forestry students at- tached to Canadian forest services or colleges who have donned the uni- form and gone overseas. Of this number at least 17 already have been killed, while many others have been wounded in action, some repeatedly. Most of these men enlisted before Forestry Battalions were organized. A few have been transferred so as to utilize their technical abilities, but it is a striking fact that the greater number of Foresters and students were at the front early in the cam- paign and chose to take their place as iighti-ng men. Some have fought in Mesopotamia, others across the sands of Egypt, and most of them in France and Belgium. Toronto's Record Of the relatively small group of graduates and students of Toronto University Forest School, under Dean Fernow, twelve men have made the supreme sacrifice, while twelve others have been either wounded, gassed or victims of shell shock. From the Toronto school alone, there went forth 4 Captains, 29 Lieutenants, 8 N.C.O's, and 24 privates. Indeed, the only men who did not go were those debarred by physical defects. The profession of Forestry in the de- gree to which the graduates and students promptly placed themselves at the service of their country and cheerfully accepted a tragic record of casualties surely stands in the fore- front of all callings. Many have given their lives whose services were sadly needed by Canada. Letters from the wounded and from men in desolate corners of the field of war, thoroughly homesick and tired of the business of fighting, nevertheless re- fuse to complain against conditions or express regret that they were called to a perilous and exhausting task. {See Next Page.) ONTARIO'S RESOURCES OF TIMBER The present area of forest reserves and parks in Ontario is 22,574 square miles, or 14,447,360 acres. This area while large in itself, is not great in comparison with reserves and parks in Quebec ; nor is it large in proportion to the total area of non-agricultural lands in Ontario which must always be chiefly valuable for the production of timber. There are many millions of acres of cut-over or burned-over forest lands in the province, belonging to the Crown which are now practic- ally without fire protection, but which contain a great deal of young growth and much timber at present below merchantable size, but which, if protected from fire, would ultimate- Iv become merchantable. Paper pulp in the Scandinavian countries costs seven times more than in 1914; it costs twenty times as much to bring it to France by sea, the in- surance being from 8 to 10 per cent, of the value of the cargo; the port dues are from 1 to 6 per cent.; labor costs 60 per cent more; and coal is seven times as dear as before the war. It now recjuires $30.00 worth of coal to make a ton of paper in France, as compared with $5.00 worth four years ago." 1488 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1918 it — 6 0) iJ « ^ s o 4> c a CO ■— 0 a x (J > o O c ~ -^ - 0) '"^ a ^ SD ^ ST. ^ W in 0 u CO G 7; .5 ^ >. 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CO . ■^ -~ < 3 ? «, -c ^ ,,• V2 0 '- ' .2 3 > ♦J — S C3 C3 ii M ffl " -O 'O 3 S c3 3 ffl CQ — ' O !U :3 M tic -3 X' 00 ° j; =5 o cj > ec C3 ffl O « U CQ O CQ M >> O fe O) 3 ffl '3^ Q Z Q U ■S, C a C, '::^ aj o oj 0 o a s s £ s oi en 00 to CO ,. ^^ ;3 ;3 ;:3 ;3. :^. . i-i ^ ;« E5 ^ «? u": uo 1^0 32 Ci o ^^ >> -3 S 'S ■Sop:; ffl£« ID C S 3 CO *3 e ^ tfl ->-> 05 s .52 > 3 3 03 en e W 3 CO 3 W ;:;; W i5 !£ S « rt C3 cj 3 r^ r^ ^ r^ ^ ^ '- 3 3 0 3 3^3 -3 ^ C/3 ^ ^ U ^ U U S S o o en izi ■"J -3 tn en 3 3 c3 rt ►^ ^ U U OT C3 ^ I — ' ^-- -^ _j 'O TD 'O C3 3 ,« 4^ 3: --I K> rn 3 3 i_ — " 3 - ^ ^] m ^] J 5 w f^ S tf w d S_ 6 Q :4* d ffi H-; K H-; J y^ d fiH* od cj cQ d u ffi PC n o 3 1492 Canadian Forcstri/ Journal, Janiiari;, 1918 Annual Meeting, Montreal, Feb. 6 and 7, The Annua). Meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association will be held at the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, Wednesday, February 6th, and Thursday morning, February 7th. At the time this issue of the Forestry Journal goes to press, no final announcement as to the addresses can be made, but the Asso- ciation will have a strong programme, well worthy of the attendance of all members who can be in Montreal on the dates mentioned. A special feature this year will be a "Wood Fuel Symposium" in which the wood fuel situation in Canada will be discussed by practical men, including a Forester, a fuel merchant, a railway trans- portation expert, and others. Mr. A. F. Hawes, U. S. Forest Service, Washington, D .C. will open the subject. No subject has more immediate interest than the securing of an adequate supply of wood fuel for the Canadian people and the various speakers will bringforward constructive ideas as to the best means of surmounting the present difficulties. On the afternoon of Thursday, Feb. 6th will be held under the same roof the first public meeting of the Woodlands Section of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, with special addresses. On Friday will open the annual Forest Protection Conference organized by the four mutual forest protective associations of Quebec. This conference is certain to attract wide public attention, and will have a programme of vital subjects. Tuesday, February 5th is the date for the annual meeting of the Canadian Lumbermen's Association, at the Windsor, Montreal, with their annual banquet in the evening. The Canadian Society of Forest Engineers will also hold a business meeting and dinner during the week. Will Alberta Reduce Needless Fire Losses? A Call For Action at the Next Legislature Session. Why a ''Permit law" is necessary. Last year the Canadian Forestry new and vastly improved Fire Act. Association brought to the attention Fire Commissioners A. E. Ham in of the Governments of Saskatchewan Manitoba and A. E. Fisher in Sask- and Manitoba the vital need of a atchewan, were to the fore in promot- better instrument in lorest fire pre- ing the cause of better fire protection vention than the "Prairie and Forest and found little opposition from their Fires Acts" then in existence. Both administrative chiefs. Action was Governments gave the ciuestion care- taken by both provinces in reducing ful consideration and finally accepted the risk from settlers' fires started for in its main outlines a draft amend- the purpose of clearing the ground of ment submitted by the Forestry slash and stumps. Inasmuch as the Association and made this part of a greater part of new settement is now ('.(iTKulidn Forcslrij JoiirnuL JiiniKirij, 19hS lt93 going into tree-covered lands of the northern areas, this peril has become higlily acute and resulted in heavy annual losses to timber possessions and the settlers themselves. Those in charge of the Timl)er Reserves, (made up mostly of non-agricultural soils) have been often helpless to hold back settlers' fires and had no auth- ority to prevent their being lighted in seasons of great hazard. How the West Has Paid From this cause alone, the three prairie provinces have lost a vast amount of their own timber supplies. At the same time, the Dominion authorities could not prevent such annual disasters, for the reason that most of the settlers were under Pro- vincial jurisdiction. Fortunately, Manitoba and Sask- atchewan saw the reasonableness of the proposals that they should co- operate in safeguarding their local forest materials. This was done in 1917 by the passing of new Prairie and Forest Fires Acts in both pro- vinces, requiring a settler to take out a permit before setting a clearing fire and giving the enforcement of the provision into the hands of municipal guardians or Dominion rangers. The object of the precaution is to guide the settler in what might become a A^ery dangerous act. There is no hardship to the settler and a good service rendered to the community. A Loophole in Manitoba Manitoba's Act in practice divulg- ed one weakness, which the approach- ing session of the Legislature may remedy. This was in the failure to give Dominion Forest Rangers full authority in a zone about the Re- serves. Because of this loophole, much iire trouble was encountered b\' the rangers in the 1917 season. Alberta, however, did not sec its way to adopt the amendments to its Prairie and Forest Fires Act, although the need in Alberta is per- haps even more pressing than in the two sister provinces. Forests have a special importance for the people of Alberta in that they are essential not only to create supplies for farming and stock raising, but to maintain the uniformity of the rivers, to make the irrigation enterprises possible, to give pit props to the coal mines, free fuel and building materials to the north- ern settler, and support and increase the wood using industries. To all such constructive activities, however, the unsupervised settlers' lire- is a perpetual menace. If New Brun- swick lives up to expectations this year and blankets the province with a ''Permit'" system to control clear- ing tires. Alberta would then be the only province tolerating such a pub- lic peril. Wherever the "permit" law has been applied it has proved a con- spicuous success, winning the con- fidence of those who at first created some opposition. Alberta's Ofhportunitij \Vill the Alberta Legislature step into line with progressive action this year? A draft amendment, carefully pre- pared, and asking only the minimum precautions consistent with the safety of settlers' lives and national pro- perty, is now in the hands of the Premier, Hon. Chas. Stewart, await- ing decision. One of the Canadian Forestry Association's travelling Lecture Sets reached Halifax about a week before the disaster. It was used before several meetings of school children and teachers and forwarded to Syd- ney, N. S. To the three Lecture Sets now in use, a fourth wall be added shortly, showing the proper management of the woodlot. The latter Lecture will be utilized for meetings wdiere the most direct results may be obtained by confining the subject to woodlot considerations. The Association invites correspond- ence from those who can utilize one of the sets to advantage, before a school, church, or general audience. Each consists of from 50 to 55 lantern slides in xolors and a manuscript, with complete directions. No charge whatever is made by the Association, the only item of expense being the small fee for expressage. 1491 Canadian Fon'shij Journal, Januari/, 1918 Loaning Money On Limits A Plain Talk To Bankers by Mr. Ellwood Wilson, Chief Forester of the Laurentide Company. Editor's Note. — A special meeting of members of the Canadian Bankers' Association was arranged by the Canadian Forestry Association in Montreal for December 14th. Re- presentatives were present from most of the leading financial institutions. Mr. Wilson " kindly undertook to address the meeting on the subject of "A Financial Analysis of Fores- try". Mr. E. L. Pease, President of the Canadian Bankers' Association acted as Chairman. Bankers are practical men, men whose language is dollars and cents, the only profession which does not allow a limit of error. Your books and accounts must balance to a cent. When the physicist or engineer makes a measurement, he knows that it cannot be absolutely accurate and allows for a certain amount of error and works with it always in view, he says that his work is correct to so and so many places of decimals. Not so the Banker, he works to two places and has no margin of error whatever. Now I want to interest you in one of the most vital and practical pro- blems which confronts Canada to- day. It is not necessary with an audience like this to go into statistics and details of the magnitude of our lumbering, pulp and paper and wood- working industries. You all know it, it is you gentlemen who finance these. All I need ^ay is that our industries dependent for their raw material on our forests are second only to agri- culture and in the number of men employed are first. Your interest, therefore, in this matter is a very real one, and your influence in the proper use and conservation of this important natural resource is very great indeed. If you are interested, your clients also must be, perforce. Worked Like a Mine One or two facts in this connection stand out strongly and I will state them categorically. Our timber sup- ply is not inexhaustible. In the past, our forests have been treated like mines to be worked to exhaustion and then left. They should be treat- ed as an agricultural crop taking a long time to mature and should be properly handled so as to insure a perpetual supply. We are cutting and burning at present, more than our annual growth in every Province, except British Columbia. We are operating so as to gradually make commercially extinct our most valu- able species; oak has practically disappeared from our markets; white pine is rapidly following and spruce will be the next to go. A practical and rational policy may be adopted at the earliest possible moment and in this you can be of the greatest service. The war has taught us that timber is absolutely essential for offence and defence. Now we must have timber supplies for the future and we should have sense enough to get together the men who know about these matters, the men who are in- terested in financing the dependent industries and the men who are operating, and work out a proper general policy and see that proper legislation is enacted to put the policy into force. This will naturally entail higher cost«i for raw material which must be met by increased cost of product to the consumer and the gene' dl prblic must be educated as to their resr.onsibility in the matter. \\e krtow what our present [con sumptHn of wood for all purposes is, pretb closely, and there is no reason in history or in our own experience to make ms think that we shall ever need any less; the probability is that Cniuiflidn Fori'slrt/ JoiinKiL .1 (tiUKirii. 191H 1 195 ^^^ij^lH ('■Dill li sii "Sunshine" WATER POWER DEVELOPMENT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA The waters of Lakes Coquitlam and Buntzen being at different levels are connected by a tunnel and a series of enormous pipes, the power house translating the flow into electrical energy^ we shall need much more. We know the rate at which consumption has increased, so that we can figure that in the future, decade by decade, we shall need so and so much timber. We do not yet know exactly or even approximately how^ much we have. We have reconnaissance figures for British Columbia and Nova Scotia, a guess for Ontario and partial ac- curate estimates for Quebec and New Brunswick. We must ascertain roughly our stock, then we must find out how fast it is growing, the amount which is being added year by year^ and also the amounts w^hich can be predicted for the lands which have been burnt over and cut over. With these figures before us we can then say that the present stock will last so many years and w^e shall have to plant so much per year to meet the needs of the future. The prosperity of not only the timber using indus- tries, but also of the country in general, is bound up in this matter. We have the men who can do the work, all we need is an educated public sentiment which will back up our Governments to spend the necessary money and the amounts needed, considering the value of the work is relatively small, nothing like, for instance, the expenditures on good roads or other public works. Reforestation work, once started, is like the familiar advertisement, "it works while you sleep," piling up value in almost geometrical ratio. The Banker's y lew point Now^ I want to call your attention to some of the things connected with the forests which come within your own special domain. In general, before entering into financial arrange- ments with a new^ industry, you assure yourselves that the plant is well designed, that the sources of raw^ material are ample, and that the men in charge of the work are competent. Also, speaking generally you attend to these matters with wood using 1496 Canadian Forest ri/ Journal, January., 1918 industries, except that you do not generally examine very closely into the supplies of timber. Millions of dollars have been spent for mills which do not even have accurate maps of the lands from which they clraw their supplies, and whose only estimates of quantities are made by men who often do not know whether Lhev are exploring their own territory or that of a neighbor. I might men- tion two cases among several others, which have come under my personal notice. A cruiser of experience, went for his employer up one of our rivers and reported plenty of timber. A year or so later, when foresters were sent over the same territory, they found that there was only a fringe of timber along the river and that the country behind was practically all burnt clean. A large block of limits were bought, having been reported as only very little burnt and a good stand of timber remaining. When a detailed cruise was made, 97 per cent, of the territory was burnt and had only a very slight reproduction. This reflects very little on the cruiser, for he has been expected to cover hund- reds of square miles of country in a few weeks and for almost nothing. Naturally he cannot go over the country in detail, but must travel along {he rivers which are always the best wooded and must get what little information he can about the back country by climbing a hill and looking through a pair of field glasses. Another case in point is that of a bank which lent money on limits which were afterwards found to have practically nothing on them. This is work for trained and experienced men which costs money and is amply worth while. If the wood is not there a large investment is saved from an unsound enterprise and if it is in sufficient quantity, the supply of raw material is there and the management has an accurate plan of its territory and an estimate of its resources from which operations may be intelligently planned. Then, too, the mills can be so proportioned that they will always have timber and not be built of such a size that they will use up their raw material before the investment has been amortized. Getting Rid of Fire Until lately timber lands were subjected to heavy fire risks which could not be readily covered by in- surance. Now in many sections of the country, co-operative and Government fire protection systems' have done away with this menace. In the St. Maurice Forest Protective Associa- tion the loss totalled for the past three years is only half of one per cent, and with improved methods which are being adopted each year the loss from forest fires will soon be a negligible quantity. This improvement of fire protection methods has now brought into the field a reliable timberlands insurance company which will insure lands having adequate Government or co-operaLive fire protection at a very reasonable rate, but will not in- sure lands not so protected at all. Now, no bank should make loans on timberlands without adequate pro- tection either, but should demand that intending borrowers properly protect themselves by joining Assoc- iations. They should also demand proper maps showing location of timber and the certificate of a com- petent forester as to the amount of timber. In the past no one has under- taken engineering work, or chemical work w ithout the advice of competent technical men and this should be the attitude of timberland owners, whose lands should be handled by trained foresters. It is only necessary to point to the successful enterprises w^hich have availed themselves of such assistance. I do not want to be understood in claiming that such success is due to trained foresters, but I do say that it is significant that the most successful industries are those employing technically trained men throughout their plants and the woods are no exception. "Sound Common Sense" The cjuestion of reforestation is a large and pressing one and should be faced at the earliest possible moment. Our most successful wood using in- dustry has had such a policy under Canddidii Forcslrii .louinaL Januarij, li)18 149- considcralioii for several years and has made a beginning on a good sized scale and is increasing its plantations year by year. Other of the more progressive concerns are following suit. This again is no sentimental proposition but good sound common sense. Instead of having to drive wood for 150 to 200 miles, it can be grown within 5 or 30 miles of the mills and taken by logging railroads from the stump to the mill without the necessity of tying up money in huge storage piles for the winter. Instead of cutting on an average of say six cords to the acre, plantations should yield from forty to seventy cords depending upon the age of the tree^. It may be possible to grow a spruce for pulp wood in 14 years; it has been done. Far less area will be required than wath natural forests and lire protection costs and management will be much reduced. Studies begun on cut over areas show that we shall probably have to w^ait fifty to sixty years for a cut of about three cords per acre, paying ground rent at five dollars per square mile per annum. Where Accuracy Counts Let us look at this thing from another standpoint. A concern has large timber limits from which it is cutting. This reduces the capital stock and therefore the value of the limits, on which depreciation should be written off each year^ just as is done with every sort of properlx". So that in examining into the timber- land assets of a concern it is not enough to know that they have so and so many square miles of limits, but w^e must know how much is burnt, how much is lumbered and how much timber per square mile remains. Many concerns are carrying limits on their books as an asset, which are practically valueless and more are an annual loss because ground rent and fire protection have to be paid for. Could not the owner of timber lands, for the sake of his business and for the sake of his bond holders, replant each year the amount that he cuts, just as he would replace worn out machinery or plants? In other words we must stop mining our forests and put them under a system of rational management as has been done in European countries, under pressure of necessity. The sooner we commence, the less it will cost us and the more we shall add to our national riches. About British Columbia! The total area of the province of British Columbia is 355,855 square miles, or 227,747,000 acres. Of this total area, the lumber industry has at various times selected and acquired title to the timber on nearly eleven and a half million acres, or about 5 per cent, of the total area of the province. The respective areas held under the different forms of timber- land title are as follows: Timber limits- 8,374,200 acres Timber berths (rail- way belt) 1,123,117 " Crown grants (fee simple) 922,206 '• Timber leases- 619,125 " Pulp leases 354,399 " Timber sales. - 64,440 " Tan bark leases - 32,252 " Total 11,489,739 - The fact that title could be secured to provincial timberlands, up to December, 1907, for the formality of staking and paying the annual taxa- tion, may be assumed to have re- sulted in title being taken to prac- tically all the timberlands having sufficient value to justify the pay- ment of the taxes (license fees). A more leisurely survey of the forest resources has shown that some valu- able areas w^ere overlooked, but it has 1 l<)cS Canadian Forcslrij JoiunaL January, 1918 also developed the fact that there were included many areas not sufTi- ciently timbered to be of commercial value. The one factor largely offsets the other, and it is fair to say, broadly speaking, that in the judgment of the lumber industry the province of British Columbia is commercially timbered to the extent of about 5 per cent, of the total area. In addition to the 5 per cent, of commercially timbered lands as noted above, there is 10 or 15 per cent, of the area of the province that bears a forest growth that will eventually come to have commercial value as the prices of wood products increase and new ways are found to log more cheaply the lighter and less accessible stands of timber. The cruising and mapping of the timberlands of British Columbia has not as yet progressed sufficiently to indicate closely the total stand of timber in the province. Tentatively, it may be placed as being in the vicinity of 350 billion ^eet, but of this total not more than 200 billion feet has been adjudged to have a present commercial value by being honored bv purchase by private interests. And of this 200 billion about 60 billion feet would interest a logger on the basis of the lumber prices pre- vailing during the past five years. (Clark and Lyford, Forest Engineers, Vancouver.) Rising Value of Farm Woodlots ! By "Ahmik" in The Toronto Globe From a land in which timber was an enemy to be destroyed, to one in which trees are among the most precious of possessions. This is what has taken place in Ontario within the space of one life- time. The nature and extent of the change that has occurred were viv- idly called to mind on noting the re- sults of the sale of part of a wood lot on a farm belonging to Mr. George Cain, in the Township of Clarke, a few days ago. Ten acres of bush were sold, at an average price of $100 per acre. Part sold up to $200 per acre. Some of the poorest, consisting of second growth measuring in circumference no more than the span of a man's arm, went well over $50. High Prices Secured It was mixed timber — elm, maple, hemlock, and a few scattering small pine for the most part. None of it was equal, or anywhere near equal, to the original forest; a good deal of it would have been classed as un- derbrush, by the pioneers. And still the timber, as it stood, sold at the prices noted. "A year ago," said Mr. Cain^ the owner of the place, "I offered the whole 50 acres, land, bush, and a good barn, for $1,800. Now I have sold ten acres of the bush alone for $1,000, and I have four or five acres of standing timber left still. Seven or eight years ago I sold a block of timber, which was 100 per cent, bet- ter than that recently sold, for eight- tenths of the average price per acre." That statement- shows how timber has appreciated in value in the course of a few years. The extent to which timber values have changed in a rather longer period of time is still more strikingly shown by this statement. "As a lad," said Mr. Cain, "I helped to log up and burn in the fallow timber that was vastly better quality than that disposed of in either of my two sales." And the man who has witnessed this sweeping change in conditions is still in the full vigor of his man- Canadian Forcslry Journal, January, 1918 1499 hood. That wood fuel has become so scarce in Clarke in the course of one generation shows a grievous lack of foresight on the part of the past and passing generation, be- cause there are thousands of acres in the township, unlit for agricul- tural purposes, that could have been made a permanent source of wood supply. That these waste areas are not being re-forested is a serious reflection on the present generation. Only 10 Per Cent. Left The case of Clarke Township is not an isolated one. All over On- tario there are men, still not old, who can remember when a large part of Middlesex was included in what was then known as the "■Queen's Bush." To-day, according to the Bureau of Industries, only a little over 10 per cent, of that county remains in forest — not enough to serve as wind-breaks, still less to provide a source of supply for fuel. Of the counties lying west of To- ronto, there are only two that have a fourth of their area wooded. There are eighteen counties in Ontario in which over 80 per cent, of the land is cleared. Peel showing a bad lead with nearly 92 per cent, stripped of timber. In Germany, where the density of population is some hfteen times greater than that of Old On- tario, about one-third of the area was in forest before the war. If 25 per cent., at least, of the land in Old Ontario was covered with tree- growth, and this properly conserved, climatic conditions would be better, there would be no failures in water supply, the Province would have nothing to fear from a coal famine, and the land under cultivation could be made to give greater aggregate yields than are secured now\ Not Learning by Experience The greatest folly that has been shown in the making of agricultural Old Ontario has been in the whole- sale removal of timber from land unfit for growing anything but tim- ber. The greatest present folly in the same connection is in the fail- ure to take immediate steps for the reafforesting of areas unfit for profit- able cultivation. The nlost extraordinary thing of all is that in New Ontario— in the great Clay Belt — the folly perpe- trated in Old Ontario is being re- peated. In this great north country, which holds so much of hope and possi- bilities, many of the pioneers are treating trees just as their pre- decessors did in the frontier coun- ties a generation ago. Although settlement in the north is but of yesterday, there are considerable areas there, in which the fuel ques- tion is already an acute one. The Crown Lands Department is as much at fault as the settlers themselves. It continues, and not improperly, the recpiirement &i a certain area of clearing in return for a deed. Where the Department fails is in not requiring the mainten- ance of a certain portion in bush in return for a continuance of the deed of possession. Supervision Needed In Old Ontario drastic regulation is also called for. In some of the European countries, I understand, a private land-owner has not unlimit- ed control over the timber growing on his property. He cannot cut and slash at will. Cutting, in some cases, if I am correctly informed, can only take place after public sanction has been secured^ and cut- ting must be counterbalanced by fresh planting. Something of that kind is called for in Ontario. Trees, some trees at least, are longer-lived than men, and it is not right that the possessor of to-day should have full control over the heritage of to-morrow. The fuel question has already reached so acute a stage that in no case should the cutting of immature timber be permitted. , Neither should the stripping of land unfit for tillage, or on creek banks, be allowed. The timber, climate and water situation in this Province is such as to call for the adoption of a well thought- out, comprehensive policy of forest conservation. "The most inexcusable feature in 1 :)<)() Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, January, 1918 the case" observes the Globe editorial columns, "is in the fact that large areas which have been stripped of Limber are unlit for profitable tillage. More inexcusable still is the fact that, in the presence of a clearly recognized fuel shortage, no well-defined plan is being followed for the reafforestation of land unsuitcd to the production of lield crops. Measures are not even being taken to prevent the premature cutting of trees which have barely passed beyond the sapling stage. The future needs of this Province from a fuel standpoint have been, and are being, ignored. The removal of wind-breaks and of farm woodlots has given free sweep to destructive winds, has reduced the moisture supply for growing crops, -and has dried up streams and rendered the water supply in wells uncertain." Taking Food From Forest Trees It is said that Daniel Boone and some of our other early pioneers could go into the wilderness with only a ritle and a sack of salt and live in comfort on the game and other wild food which the woods afforded. While few people want to try that sort of thing nowadays, persons who know the food value of the fruits of native trees and shrubs are, according to foresters, able to use them to good advantage in supplementing other foods. Aside from the numerous edible mushrooms, roots, fruits of shrubs and smaller plants, the trees of the forests afford a large variety of edibles which are highly prized by woods connoisseurs. First in im- portance, of course, are the native nuts — beech nuts, butternuts, wal- nuts, chestnuts and chinquapins, hazel nuts, and several kinds of hickory nuts, including pecans. The kernels of all these are not only toothsome but highly nutritious and are used by vegetarians to replace meat. The oil of the beech nut is said to be little inferior to olive oil, while that of butternuts and walnuts was used by some of the , Indians for various purposes. The Indians, it is said, also formerly mixed chestnuts with cornmeal and made a bread which was baked in corn husks, like tamales. In parts of Europe bread is made from chestnuts alone. The chestnut crop in this country is being reduced each year by the chestnut l)light disease, which in some sections is gradually killing out the tree. Acorns are commonly thought to be ht only for feeding hogs, but many kinds of them can be made edible and nourishing for people as well. The Indian custom was to pound or grind the acorns up and leach out the tannin, which makes most of them unfit for eating when raw, by treating the pulp with hot water. The resulting flour, which contained considerable starch, was made either into a porridge or baked in small cakes or bread. As a rule, the acorns of the various white oaks having less tannin are the ones best suited for food, but Indians also used those of the black oaks, even though they contain much tannin. The acorns of the basket or cow oak, the chinquapin oak, shin or Rocky Mountain oak, live oak, and of several other species are sweet enough to be eaten raw. Another nut which is not suited for eating raw, but from which a palat- able food is said to have been pre- pared by the Indians is the buckeye. The kernels of these nuts were dried, powdered, and freed of the poison which they contain when raw by filtration. The resulting paste was either eaten cold or baked. Several western pines have seeds which play an important part in the diet of the local Indians. Perhaps the best known of these is the fruit of the nut pine or pinon, which forms the basis for a local industry of some size. Not only is it extensively eaten by local settlers and Indians, but Canadian Forcslrii Journal. Januarji. 19hS i:)<»l large quantities arc shipped lo the cities where the seed is roasted and sold on the street. The similar seed of the Parry pine and the large Digger pine seeds are eagerly sought by the Indians. The latter tree is said to have gained its name from its use as a food by the Digger Indians. The seeds of the long leaf pine arc edible and are improved by roasting. In- deed, it may be said that most nuts are more digesti!)le wiien roasted than if eaten raw. Immigration After The War By \V. F. Burditt, Chairman, Town Planning Commission, St. John, X. !^. As to preparation for immigration, one of the first needs is a thorough survey of all government lands avail- able for settlement. A survey that shall take account of the physical characteristics of the country, the quality of the soil, water supply, laying out of farms of such size and shape and in such a way as to conduce to economical operation, laying out of roads with a view to economical transportation, etc., so as to ensure that the man who goes into the wilderness to carve out a farm will be ultimately rewarded for his labour, and will not find that he had been located on some barren rocky ridge that might have been more profitably devoted" for all tine to the growing of timber. Through the lack of such preparation in days gone by, there arc hundreds of farms in New Bruns- wick at the present day upon which the owners, by laborious toil, are scratching out a bare subsistence, and which would yield a better i)rofU if devoted wholly to the production of spruce timber. Can Forests Be Planted At a Profit? Ellwood Wilson Before St. Andrew's Literary Club, Montreal "Let us make a little calculation. If we hold our virgin timber for sixty years at the present rate of ground rent, which by the way is likely to be raised in 1920 and every ten years thereafter^ and allow 4 per cent, compound interest, and at the end of that period cut six cords per acre which is a fair average, our wood will cost 31 cts. per cord on the stump. If we hold our cut over lands for sixty years and cut three cords, interest charged at the same rate our w^ood will cost 61 cents per cord. Now if we plant at a cost of ten dollars per acre, and pay taxes for sixty years, interest compounded at 4 per cent, and at the end of the period cut fifty cords to the acre which is a conservative figure, our wood will only cost us 21 cents per cord. Our logging costs will be much cheaper as will also our fire protection and administrative expense. From a purely business standpoint, reforesta- tion is a sound proposition." C. F. A. IN NEW OFFICES 44ie Canadian Forestry Associa- tion now occupies new and improved offices at 200-7 Booth Building. The growth of the Association's work also made necessary an increase in staff. Both questions were discussed at a special meeting of Directors at Ot- tawa on January 5th, at which Hon. Sydney Fisher, President^ Mr. A. S. Goodeve, Mr. R. H. Campbell and Mr. Clyde Leavitt were present. 1502 Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1918 (Continued from Page 1476.) committees in the several towns should be organized in order that the local committees shall protect them- selves against extortionary prices. The Fuel Administrators for each state should appoint committees in each town to canvass all timber land owners and urge upon them the necessity for increasing the cutting of wood not only to be used this winter but for a reserve supply of seasoned wood for next winter. Even where S2.00 or even S3. 00 per cord is now .paid for cutting the wood the owner is receiving more for his stumpage under present prices than he did a few years ago when cutting cost but SI. 00 per cord. ConnecticuV s Plan The State Forester of Connecticut has been working on the wood pro- blem in, that state, as member of a committee under the State Fuel Ad- ministrator. He expresses the opinion that the campaign for the greater production of wood fuel is increasing the output of cordwood in Connecti- cut, though the results will show more plainly next winter. Although the consumption of wood will no doubt be considerably increased in the cities, the greatest efTect is anticipat- ed in the rural communities, where wood may be the only fuel available next winter and where it is hoped to establish a sufficient reserve supply. Town woodyards are regarded as feasible, especially in connection with the community chopping bee idea, which was started in Massachusetts. Action along these lines ought, in general, to be even more feasible in eastern Canada than in the New England states, for the reason that, as a general rule, in eastern Canada coal costs more and wood costs less than is the case in New England. Cut-A-Cord Campaign The Massachusetts Fuel Adminis- trator has issued a circular entitled "New England Cut-A-Cord Cam- paign. Stock up the Wood Shed. Coal May be Harder to Get Next Year than This." This circular calls attention -to the fact that coal is in great demand all through New Eng- land but that in spite of the best efforts of the Fuel Administrator the supply has fallen far behind the re- quirements, and the situation is serious. The Fuel Administrator says that the outlook for any im- provement in future ' coal deliver- ies is unfavorable, and it has be- come the duty of the Administrator to advise the public of these facts and to urge that personal and community prudence and nation- al patriotism require that New England should begin at once to utilize as fully as may be the native cordwood supplies. The opinion is expressed that an organized effort should be made without any delay to provide a store of wood sufficient for immediate and future needs. The reports from several states in- dicate positively that the supply of wood now on hand is everywhere short even of normal requirements, and that there nowhere appears to be any danger of glutting the market through any cutting activity that may be inaugurated. In view of the likelihood that there will be an even greater stringency in the coal situa- tion later in the season, and with the possibility that these conditions may not be materially improved another year, the present or future market for good cordwood bears a most promis- ing appearance. It was further recommended by the conference referred to above that an appeal should be made to Local Committees of Public Safety in all wood-producing localities and to County Agents as well, to take an in- ventory of all available supplies of cordwood stumpage that are situated within a reasonable distance of a market, and to endeavor forcefully to arrange for its cutting without delay. The circular concludes by earnestly requesting the Granges and the Farmers' Clubs to immediately take an active part in co-operating with the local Committees on Public Safety in this important matter. Stop Burning Old Ties Publicitv material, issued bv the CniKulinn Forcslrii .lournaL Jdiiiiaru, liUS 1503 STAG CHEWING TOBACCO has thousands and thousands of friends who enjoy daily ^ its rich and X' \ \ lasting flavor ug 1504 Canadian Forestry JournaL Januarij, 191S federal or state agencies, co-operating to meet this critical situation con- tain references to the following: The Boston and Maine railroad and Xew York Central and Hudson River railroad have decided to stop the burning of old ties. The laLter company has been burning 1,750,000 lies each year. It is estimated that these are equivalent to 30,000 tons of coal. The annual conference of county agents and Farm Bureau representa- tives held at Durham, N.H., Decem- l^er 5 and 6, adopted a plan which calls for the appointment of men on the Executive Committees of the Farm Bureaus, who shall be respon- sible for the wood campaign. In many cases, the local Fuel Adminis- trators will be appointed in order to tie up more closely the various agencies concerned. The Fuel Administrator for Clare- mont, X.H., reports that the Cham- ber of Commerce has appropriated SI, 000 for buying stumpage at a price not to exceed $1.50 per cord; and for cutting and hauling. The wood is to be sold at cost price. Mr. Frank L. Hildebrand, repre- sentative of the Federal Trade Com- mission in New England, reports that i)ecause of the shortage of wood in northern New Hampshire and Ver- mont, more coal than usual has been consumed. Many locaUties have had their full quota of coal, and it is doubtful whether they can get more since it would be unfair to other sections. Municipal Yards On October 13th, A. W. McAllister, the Fuel Administrator of North •Carolina issued a timely circular urging cities and towns as a war measure to furnish wood to consum- ers at cost. His plan is as follows: Let each municipality (1) buy wood by wholesale in large quantities for delivery by wagon or railroad at a municipal woodyard, which should be located on a railroad siding if wood is to be shipped in by rail; (2) equip the >ard with power-saws, etc., utilizing such available equipment as the municipality already has; (3) use convict labor, workhouse labor, or street force to do the work; (4) use the municipal teams for delivery of wood to consumer, cut ready for consump- tion at actual cost; (5) put somebody in charge of the work \yho is capable of doing it successfully; (6) do not use coal cars for shipping in your supply of wood; (7) if wood cannat be bought in sufficient quantities to supply the municipal yard, contract with land owners for the privilege of cutting the wood under forest conservation restrictions and direct the cutting of the wood with your own labor; (8) encourage consumers to substitute sheet iron wood stoves for their coal burners. War Fuel Companies War fuel companies have been or- ganized in practically every country of Tennessee. Each company has a manager w^ho superintends wood cut- ting. Six per cent, on the money invested is all the profit charged by these concerns, which are directed by patriotic citizens. Wood is being purchased in Tennessee for $4 a cord dehvered. It will retail at $5.50 a cord for fire wood and $6.50 a cord for stove wood. Local Administrator Shurtleff of Lancaster, N.H., reported that 20 business men of his town have con- tracted for 500 runs of 13 inch wood at $3 a run, the same to be sold by them at cost. An effort will be made to have lumber companies keep their crews chopping cordwood after completing the lumber jobs and before the spring drive. A preliminary survey of the local fuel situation at Missoula, Montana, has been made by the Forest Service. It was found that there is a consider- able shortage in the supply of mill- wood which ordinarily furnishes an important part of the total fuel con- sumption. Since there is little likeli- hood that this shortage can be met by an increased supply of coal, efforts were made to locate adequate supplies of cordwood within a reasonable dis- tance of town. Such a supply w^as found in' the form of tops and defec- Canadian Forestri/ Journal. Januarij, 1918 1505 live trees on logged-ofT lands belong- a very active interest in the wood ing to the Anaconda Copper Mining fuel campaign, and has assigned an C.ompany, which has agreed to permit expert forester who devotes his whole cutting of this wood free of charge. time to co-operating with other agen- The'U. S. Forest Service has taken cies along these lines. To show how urgent is the need for coal conservation, the following is quoted from bulletins of the United States Fuel Administration: Why United States is Short of Coal ■"This country is short on transportation facilities, therefore it is short on coal. •"One begins to comprehend the nature of the problem when confronted with this fact^the transportation of the 30,000,000 car-loads of coal mined last year constituted more than half of all the freight carried by the railroads. "But when to this eloquent factor is added the explanation that the railroads themselves in their locomotives used last year between 125,000,000 and 135,000,000 tons of coal, and that they will this year require for their use 175,000,000 tons, it is seen that the hauling of coal is a burdensome proposition. "The greatest handicap to increasing coal-production during the past year has been the lack of railroad coal-cars, aggravated by the lack of engines and other transportation facilities. "It would be fortunate, indeed, if the railroads could use their entire rolling stock and power plants, their terminals and their labor force, for the transportation of munitions, of soldiers, and of food, so vital to the prose- cution of the war. "But, unfortunately, the transportation of coal alone uses up 30 per cent, of the entire railroad equipment of the United States, cars, locomotives, sidings, and terminals. Coal shipments clutter up and overtax the roads. "Coal is therefore not only a problem, but it creates problems. It may all be summed up in transportation. The waster with the shovel, therefore, is a man who stands in a very serious position. With every shovelful of coal he wastes he lowers the efficiency of the man on the firing-line, he lowers the temperature of the cantonments, he reduces the speed of the submarine destroyers, he diminishes the force of the projectile, he slackens the speed of the munition-plant — in brief, he compels the unfortunate use of cars to carry him another shovelful of coal." "When it is popularly said that munitions will win the war, or that finances will win the war, these are merely other w^ays of saying that the production of coal, and its application to the w^ar in armaments, war-ships, merchant ships, shells, rifles, tanks, submarines, aeroplanes, or locomotives, will win the war. The war has created a demand upon the United States for one hundred million more tons of coal this year than is normally produced. Because of the car-shortage and the congested condition of the railroads, it will be impossible to increase the supply more than fifty million tons. The remaining gap of fifty million tons wdll have to be filled in by conservation in the homes and industrial plants of America. "Arbitrary limitation is a last resort and to be avoided if possible. In many cases industrial concerns have already begun a voluntary curtailment of their use of coal . The way to prevent those losses incident upon limitation of industry is for every consumer of coal to cut off waste and unnecessary con- sumption with an iron hand and to start on this intensive course of con- servation without a moment's delay."" The following, we are told, are the lines of investigation and effort already undertaken by the Conservation Division of the United States Fuel Administration: 15(;() Canadian Foreslrij Journal, Januartj, 1918 "First. The consolidation of plants engaged in certain industries, such as ice-making. "Secondly. The reduction of electricity used for illuminated signs and needless outdoor display. "Thirdly. The urging of Congress to pass a law for day-light saving, which, it is estimated, will save at least 1,000,000 tons of coal per year. "Fourthly. The encouragement of the fullest use of all water-power now available, and the development of all water-power which can be made available in time to be of use in the present emergency. "Fifthly. A campaign to increase cutting of wood for fuel. "Sixthly. The encouragement of coal conservation in the homes of the country." How Wood Can Help Experience has shown that it is altogether feasible to materially re- lieve the coal shortage by a more ex- tensive use of wood fuel in at least the following directions: 1. Farmers and rural communities generally, within easy reach of wood supplies, should make as general use of this fuel as possible, to relieve the demands for coal and freight cars alike. To a certain extent this would involve reversion to the old-fashioned wood-stove, which has become more or less obsolete, even in such com- munities. This will, of course, be feasible to a lesser extent in the larger towns and cities. 2. The general substitution of wood for coal in furnaces and stoves during early autumn and late spring, as well as during mild weather in the winter, when only a moderate fire may be re- quired. The United States Forest Service advises that where wood is to be burned in a stove or furnace in- STEREOPTICONS Do you use a Lantern? In School, in College or as a travelling lecturer? The "McIntosh" Stereopticons will meet your ideal of what projection should be. For Ihirty-nine years Mcintosh lanterns have been demanded by the most dis- criminating users ol the United States and Canada. Let us know your requirements. Do you want an ideal instrument to project opaque objects? Or the most compact lantern in the world for travelling? Or a bigger machine with dissolving efTects? Perfect lenses, high class workmanship, l)eautiful finish' and at most reasonable prices. 1 i I f 1 i Mcintosh Stereopticon Service BOOTH BUILDING OTTAWA ASK FOR Mi. 4. — ... plDry Matches After all day in boat, rainstorm or wet snow. Ask your dealer for WATERPROOF MATCH BOX If he can't supply you, we will send prepaid for his name and 50 cents. Dry matches may save your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S.A. iMRBLfS + — Canadian Furcslrii JournaL Januart}. 191S i:)()7 FAIRBANKS - MORSE FIRE FIGHTING ENGINES These compact powerful little pumping outfits have repeatedly substantiated our claims during the past year, all over Canada. They can be readily transported wherever man 'orf pack horse can go. Goverments and Private Owners '.of Forests everywhere, ca„ materially reduce their fire losses by the use of these outfits. Full information and prices on request. THE CANADIAN FAIRBANKS -MORSE CO., Limilea MONTREAL - OTTAWA ST. JOHN. QUEBEC, TORONTO, HAMILTON, WINDSOR, WINNIPEG, SASKATOON, CALGARY, VANCOUVER. VICTORIA. 1 :)08 Canadian Forcstrii Journal, Januarii, 1918 tended for coal, it will be found de- sirable to cover the grate partly with sheet iron or fire brick, in order to' reduce the draught. If this is not done, the wood is wasted by being consumed too fast, and makes a very hot fire w^hich in a furnace may damage the fire box. 3. The heating by wood of churches, lodgerooms, halls, etc., where warmth for only a limited period of lime may be necessary. 4. In many cases, it will be quite feasible to eke out limited stores of coal by burning wood in the day- time, reserving coal for holding the fire over night. 5. Furnaces may be run low, keep- ing the house in general only warm enough to prevent water pipes from freezing, supplementing this by the use of wood fuel in stoves or grates to keep the living and dining rooms comfortable. 6. Wood can be used much more generaly than at present as a su')- stitute for coal in cooking. 7. As Senator Edwards has pointed out, a great saving of fuel can be accomplished by making windows and doors tight against the entrance of cold air from the outside, through the use of weather stripping, etc.; also by the insulation of furnaces and pipes w'ith coverings of asbestos or other suitable material. Further, wherever possible, the burning of mill w'aste in incinerators should be avoided by saw-mill owners, and this material reserved for heating during the en- suing winter. What Should be Done in Eastern Canada/ It has already become necessary for Dominion, Provincial, city and municipal governmental agencies to take a hand in solving 'the coal problem. Voluntary economy in the use of coal may be expected to assist materially in reducing consumption. Every householder may play an im- portant part in relieving the situation in this way. Furthermore, there are in every city many small families living in large houses, of which only a portion of the rooms are in actual or necessary use. In such cases, a material saving in coal consumption may be accomplished by closing up unused or unneeded portions of the house during the winter months. All these measures are, however, inadequate to meet the conditions as they are very likely to exist next winter. If therefore becomes ex- ceedingly important to consider how far the generous forest resources of eastern Canada may aid in relieving the shortage of coal, which may in all reason be expected to continue throughout the duration of the war. More Cutting Xccdcd The Dominion Fuel Controller has repeatedly called attention to the urgent need for increasing the production of wood. Provincial Gov- ernments have expressed the keenest desire to co-operate in every possible way, and are definitely at work on the problem. City and municipal governments have, in isolated cases, taken steps to accumulate a reserve of wood fuel to supplement the dealers' stocks. Winnipeg pur- chased a large reserve of wood and * the Mayor of that City reports that this action proved an important factor in averting a local fuel crisis. In Ottawa, similar action has for some time been under consideration, and authority is now being sought for the purchase of a reserve supply of fuel by the city. In a limited num- ber of other towns, mostly in Ontario, action of a similar character has been taken or contemplated. In general, however, the situation so far as wood fuel is concerned, has not received anything like the attention which its importance justifies. As in practically all other lines of war- effect, special organization is es- sential to results. Publicity Campaign Surely, if special organization all C(in(i(li(in Forestrij Jourruil, Jdnuaiij, 1918 1501) along the line is essential in the United States, to stimulate the production and consumption of wood fuel, to reduce the demand for coal, similar action is even more necessary in eastern Canada, or may be expected to become so before next winter. A campaign of publicity, through the press and otherwise, should be instituted, prac- tically parallel to the extensive cam- paign for food conservation. It is the order of the day to relieve the strain upon war essentials to the wider use of available substitutes. Action along these lines should be taken whether it later becomes necessary or not for the authority to enforce conservation, in at least some locali- ties, by prohibiting the use of coal between April 15 and December 15. This is a possibility which has been discussed to some extent, and in- dicates at the very least how seriously the situation is regarded. Local Governimnt AcUon Each city and municipal govern- ment should investigate carefully the local situation, and determine to what extent it is necessary to supplement the efforts of the regu- ,. — 4* +— .. Try This Stump Puller^ -_^ #*___^ M9S^^t^ ^he Smith Stump Puller 3W VUr KlSn ■^m take out every tree ^ and stump by the roots, clearing from one to three acres a day, doing the work of t you to send for < te« agrainst breakage free trial proposition W. Smith Grubber 11 Smith Sta. LaCrescent. Minn. TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS M..r'> Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYE-DE-HURST&SON,DENNYHURST DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Hlc. Correspondence Francaise. YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. Y^Lli University Forest School is a * graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in th« number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and. under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects ofTered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wUl warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology. Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at' the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut 1 Hill's Seedlings and Transplants 1 A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over I ^^ half a century. Immense stock of leading s hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list ana j mention this magazine. S Forest Planters Guide Free. I The D. Hill Nursery Co , Everg-reen Specialists I Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, 111.. U.S.A. PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These cvcnly-boft air mattresses may be used on damp ground wiih perfect safety — they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary, with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated — may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government. Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. Pneumatic Mfg. Co. ^ roo kl yn.' n V 1510 ('.(inadian Forcslri/ JouinuL Janiiurij, 1918 .+ + — "- CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO MINIATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOO S — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1660 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY + — . . . — + R. O. SWEEZEY I B. Sc. M. Can. Soc. C.E. ! CONSULTING ENGINEER. 1 Water Powers. Timber Lands. I Forest Industries. j 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. 4. . 4. <♦ ♦■ Queens UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO I ARTS MEDICINE j EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. GEO. Y. CHOWN, Registrar. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. C(in(i by 9. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.50 net. I Embodies the result of a study of the more important phases of 1 forest practice in Corsica, Algeria and Tunisia. The author's exper- 1 ience abroad includes not only continental Europe and the French I Dependencies (which latter are described in this book;, but also forest I management in Britisli India as well. BRYANT— LOGGING. The Principal and General Methods of ! Operation in the United States. 1 By Ralph Clement Bryant, F.E . M.A., Manufacturers' Asso- I ciation. Professor of Lumbering, Yale Universitv. XVIIIx590 I pages. 6 by 9. 133 figures. Cloth, $3.50 net. j ' Discusses at length the movement of the timber from the stump j to the manufacturing plant, and the chief facilities and methods for 1 doing this: with esocial reference to logging railroads. I TAYLOR HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN I By Jay L. B. Taylor, Forest Rangei', I'nited States Forest j Service. IXx420 pages, ili by 'oH. 236 figures. Flexible j Binding, S2.50 net. Prepared as a result of the author's experience in field work of the I United States Forest Service. Solves problems which confront a 1 forest ranger in government, state and private employ. The sugges- 1 tions offered will also be found of use to others whose work or re- i creation takes them into rough or unsettled regions. j Canadian Forestry Journal, 119 Booth Bldg., Ottawa Canadian Forestrij JuurnaL Januaru. U)1S „, -I ..__•!• •{•. ., P. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry' Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. FORESTERS AND RANGERS EVERYTHING YOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US 4. PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Timber Estimating and Mapping. Supervision of Lumber Contracts. Surveying. - - Forest Planting. STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. I I Compasses Tapes Scribes Transits &c. Aneroids Log Rules Lumber Gauges Levels, &c. The Ontario Hughes Owens Company 529 Sussex St. OTTAWA, ONT. . — 4. ^. -— + SQCTA WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this montli and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Ont. 1511 (Ainadifin Forcslrij Journal, JaiuKuij. l^hS A Live Book on Our Wild Animals at a Bargain Price! In the long winter evenings there is opportunity for burnishing up your half-forgotten knowledge of our Canadian wild animals and for learning a hundred things you never suspected before. We have such a book packaged ready for you. In the bookstores, it sells commonly at $1.50. (The iiiustration above shows the paper- bound edition priced at one dollar). The journal has arranged for a limited edition of leather-bound copies to sell to our readers for $1.00. The book contains 265 pages and 61 full-page illustrations n color of the North Amerxan wild animals in their native haunts. The text is by Chas. K. Reed, who has won much fame through various nature books, and the plates are in natural colors by H. P. Harvey. The book is shaped conveniently for your pocket. While authorita- tative in matter, it is brightly written and will pay high dividends in helpful and interesting reading. Enclose a dollar bill to the (Canadian Forestry Journal, 119 Booth Building, Ottawa, marking >our name very plainly on the attached coupon: ONTARIO FOREST BRANCH SHOULD CONTROL CUTTING ( Fioni "Const'ivation') Ontario should not delay in j)lacing cutting operations on Crown limber lands under its new Forestry Branch, wliich has a technically trained staff and is proving itself very efficient. Such a step would avoid duplication and would secure scientific regulation of logging operations with a view to securing reproduction of the forest on cut-over lands. Trained foresters are now in charge of cutting operations on Crown lands in Quebec and British Columbia, and probably soon will be in New Brunswick under the scheme of forest service reorganiza- tion nmv in contemplation. THE LATE HON. RICHARD TURNER The recent death of Hon. Richard Turner at Quebec, removes a loyal friend of the Canadian Forestry Association Mr. Turner was never too busy to comment on the publicity enterprises of the Association and the last word received from him on May 25th, 1917, read as follows: "I am in receipt of your packet of special circulars, which is excellent and com- mends itself in every word. I have no doubt but your work will educate all classes to be more careful and I heartilv concur in all your efforts.'" ITALY STOPS" BIG OUTPUTS All manufacturers in Italy who pro- duce more paper than 100 tons per month must contribute to the general fund created February 18, 1917 a cpiota of $19.30 per ton of paper manufactured, exclusive of news- print paper, and manufacturers who produce from 50 to 100 tons per month must contribute $482.50 per month. R. R. BRADLEY Forost linginctT and Mem. Can. Soc. of F. K. Consulting Forester to the New Bruns- wick Railway Co. Canadian Forestry Journal, Ottawa. Please send copy of 'The Animal Guide' in leather binding to the follow- ing address. One dollar is enclosed. ;^. . ^ „ , ^ ,, .. . ^ j Timber and Pulpwood Estimates. Forest j ; Maps. Advice on the Management off .\ame I Wood Lands. Timber lands listed for sale. I , , , I GLOBE ATLANTIC BUILDING, ST. JOHN, N.B. j Address ^ .— . .— . . . — .— . — •* Canadian Fort'slrij Journal. Januari/, 1!^>1S 1515 J SEEDING and PLANTING ! IN THE PRACTICE I OF FORESTRY t 1 By James W. Tourney, M.S., M.A., Director of the Forest School 1 and Professor of Silviculture, Yale University. I This book presents both the details of practice, and the funda- I mental principles that control success and failure in the economic I production of nursery stock and the artificial regeneration of forests, j It explains the why as well as the how. I Part I. deals with the silvical basis for seeding and planting, I more particularly the principles whicii underlie the choice of species, I the closeness of spacing and the composition of the stand. j Part II. is descriptive of the various operations in artificial re- j generation and the results that may be expected from the best practice. ! Chapter Headings of This Book: I Pait I. Silvical Basis for Seeding and Planting. Chap. I. Definitions and Generalities. jjj' I The Choice of Species in Artificial Regeneration. IV. The Principles which Determine Spacing. I V. The Principles which Govern the Composition of I the Stand. I Part II. The Artificial Formation of Woods. I VI. General Considerations. VIII f Forest Tree Seed and Seed Collecting. I IX. The Protection of Seeding and Planting Sites. j X, Preliminary Treatment of Seeding and Planting j Sites. j XI. Establishing Forests by Direct Seeding. j XII. to XV. The Forest Nursery. j XVI. to XVII. Establishing Forests by Planting. i xxii+454 pages, 6 by 9, 140 figures. Cloth, $3.50 net. Canadian Forestry Journal 119 Booth BIdg., OTTAWA. + — i. - — 4i PETERBOROUGH CANOES l-"or service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes, Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada -i — + (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) SLEEP with a COMFORT ON Al R SLEEPING POCKET Recommended l)y tlic Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs G X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. Illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A.. Dealers write ^ FOREST TELEPHONES Make the life of the forester better worth living. They relieve him from the appalling loneliness. They help _^^ him to keep in human voice touch with y^"' foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire — sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the Office nearest you. Northern E/ectric Comparty Montre.i! Halifax Ottawa Toronto London Winnipeg Regina Calgary Vancouver --^^-^A ^Northern ^Etectric -Forest-Tetephones- I. , -ZZ._ . „ „. ■ ) . ^ Canadian forestrp 3oumal k^ol. XIV. FEBRUARY. 1918 No. 2 . :<«£aaaBse«r- ; - ■ iij j^iOiHi j»isi»«sss»iarding one of these, that of Durham, N.C., may be of interest. The management of the fuehvood situation lies in the hands of a committee of three one from the city government, one from the county commisvsioners, and the secretary of the Chaml)er of Commerce. A wood yard, adjacent to the raih'oad tracks, was purchased by the city, and the former owner was retained as manager at SI 00 per month. The yard is equipped with two electrically-driven circular cut-off saws and a splitting machine. About 60 cords of wood can be reduced from 8 ft. lengths to stovewood per day. The wood comes largely from farmers' w^oodlands nearby and is green pine and oak, cut in 8 ft. lengths, and split in halves or cjuarters. The price piled in the woods is $3.50 per cord. It is hauled from the woods to the roadside by six county teams driven by convicts, and there is piled in a long rick, from which it is loaded on to motor trucks. Three trucks are in use, two three- ton trucks belonging to the county, and a 5-ton truck belonging to the city. The trucks make four trips a day, the distance being 23^ to 3 miles, and carry about one cord per ton of rated capacity; making a total daily delivery of all of them about 40 cords. The cost of hauling is about $1 per cord. The estimated cost of sawing to stove length is 50 cents to 75 cents per cord. It is sold at $6 per cord on the yard, or $7 delivered. It is intended to run the yard at cost, and the prices may be reduced later. The city plans to buy 6,000 cords of standing timber at 50 cents per cord to be cut and hauled by convict and city labor. The estimated cost of this wood "fitted" for delivery is as follows: Stumpage % .50 Cutting and splitting 1.00 Hauling !^ 1.00 Sawing to stove lengths 75 Cost on yard $ 3.25 Why a Municipal Yard'^. There are two sound arguments for the establishment of municipal wood vards. The first is that it offers the best way of guaranteeing a market for a large amount of wood at a uni- form price and thus stimulates pro- duction. The second is that when properly handled it furnishes an in- surance against a serious coal short- age. Such a wood yard should not be handled as an ordinary business with the idea of keeping the minimum allowable stock on hand. There should be a definite plan of main- taining a sufficient supply of wood to relieve any unforeseen coal shortage. This amount will naturally vary with local conditions. It has been sug- gested that this reserve should equal 10 per cent, of the fuel ordinarily used in the town or city. On this basis a town which uses 10 000 tons of coal would need a wood reserve equivalent to 1.000 tons, or about 1,500 cords of wood. To supply this at $8 per cord would require a work- ing capital of $12,000. The question has been raised whether the possession of such a wood fuel reserve would not mitigate against a community in the eyes of the Federal Administrator and in- vite an embargo on coal to that community. This can be answered in the negative. The fact is that the Administrators in certain States, notably Indiana and Missouri, are already discriminating against well- wooded regions, and this may be done more widely next winter. Such a community which has a wood fuel reserve will therefore have a great advantage over one similarly situated but without one. Organizing Idle Labor The methods described above are aimed to bring about an increased sale of wood. Much wood can un- doubtedly also be produced by the consumers themselves and con- siderable has been done toward bring- ing this about. Professional and business men have already been mobilized in some sections to work Saturday afternoons and holidays cutting wood. In Massachusetts a movement has been organized to form "Cut-A-Cord Clubs." Various colleges encouraged their faculty and students to do work 1528 Canadian Forestry Journal, Fcbruanj, 1918 of this kind during the Christmas holidays. In Indiana the boys in some of the rural schools have or- ganized "Sawbuck Clubs." In Connecticut wood cutting bees are being organized, in some cases by the town selectmen. The town buys stumpage at $1 per cord and pays the men $2.50 per cord for cutting. This wood is kept as a reserve for the relief of the poor. Millworkers are being greatly helped in their fuel problem in some cities, through the co-operation of the employers, who have arranged for the purchase of stumpage from nearby woodland owners. In one town near Wor- cester, Mass., millworkers have been putting in Sundays cutting wood which was offered them at a low price. An effort has been made throughout Massachusetts to mob- ilize the labor thrown out of em- ployment on heatless Mondays for the cutting of wood. It has been pointed out that a man can easily cut enough wood on Monday to keep his family warm for a week. Forestry and Wood Fuel It is important that a nation-wide campaign of this kind looking toward the greater production of wood fuel should be conducted along the lines of true conservation. It is therefore particularly fortunate that thf cam- paign has been directed from the start by the U. S. Forest Service. Probably the greatest obstacle to the r racticc of forestry on this continent has been the lack of a market for the poorer material of the forest. While the straight, sound trees of the more important species have been steadily increasing in value, those unfit for lumber have remained at practically the same low value. In fact in many sections cordwood has been less valu- able during the lasL decade than fifty years previously when the rural popu- lation was greater; when people re- lied entirely on wood as fuel; and when railroad locomotives burned wood. In order to make the practice of silviculture possible it is important to have a profitable market for these low grade woods. It is the splendid market which has prevailed in Europe even for branch wood that has made such an intensive forestry possible. The present fuel emergency, by giv- ing a much better market for wood than has previously prevailed, makes better forestry practice possible. The foresters aim to take' advantage of this opportunity and direct the cut- ting just as far as possible so that the woodlots will not be depleted, but will be improved. In co-operation with the county agricultural agents demonstration cuttings will be made wherever practicable to serve as object lessons to surrounding owners. Economy Forced on us. Certain permanent benefits should result to our forests as a result of this fuel emergency. The attention of the nation has been focused upon the coal problem. Every one realizes as never before how completely we are at the mercy of the railroads for coal, yet how independent we may be for wood, an almost ecjually good fuel. We realize also that already about one-fourth of the original sup- ply of anthracite coal has been used up, and that at the present rate of consumption, 5 tons per capita, the problem of coal conservation is im- portant. Hereafter it will be im- perative for the nation to take the necessary measures to require the use of local wood, a replaceable fuel, as far as possible in place of coal, a non- replaceable fuel. It seems that the tendency must be to return more and more to wood as a domestic fuel as time goes on, and as the country becomes more densely populated. Some of the organizatons at pre- sent being developed will also be of permanent assistance in the forestry movement. There is no reason, for example, why the municipal wood yard should not be made permanent. It might be enlarged so as to give farmers an opportunity to sell not only wood, but fence posts, and rough lumber direct to the consumers. Better methods of marketing so as to give the timber grower a greater share of the profit, which has hither- to gone so largely to the operator, will do much to establish permanent forestry on this continent. Canadian Forcstrij Journal, Fcbruarij, 1918 1529 The Fuel Merchant's Point of View How many difficulties face the wood fuel merchant in any private attempt to relieve the coal shortage was interestingly outlined at the "Wood Fuel Symposium" of the Canadian Forestry Association, m Montreal, February 7th, by Lt.-Col. H. Jekyl of Montreal and Lachute, an extensive wood fuel wholesaler. "Ordinarily, the demand for fuel wood is small." remarked Col. Jekly. "Last fall I contracted for a large supply of fuel wood and found the demand very little so that I was obliged to dispose of much of it to the chemical plants. Coal is much cheap- ei, as prices now stand. We are paying farmers as much as 38.50 a cord deliveied to the railway siding. "Another factor is storage space within the limits of a large city. Space in Montreal is too precious for storage of large quantities of wood fuel. The fuel merchant can store very much more coal in a given area. At present the local yards are nearly all full of cordwood. "If there were some guarantee to take the wood off our hands should the market fall, we would be glad to make ample provision, but just now we feel that as soon as the war ends the market is sure to sink. "Cars for cordwood transport are exceedingly hard to get. I have been able to ship only two cars out of a pile of 2000 cords and hence must hold that wood over until next vear." EDUCATING THE FARMER Lt.-Col. Harkom, Melbourne, P.Q. who followed Lt.Col. Jekyl, observed that most of the wood for fuel came from farmers' woodlots and the price had gone up from four to eight dollars. As many farmers gave only 96 cubic feet of wood for a "cord " it brought the price for a standard cord of 128 cubic feet up to $11. At the same time, the farmer who could not do his own cutting was obliged to pay three dollars a cord to get his trees felled and sawn. Col, Harkom took issue with the common practice of cutting the woodlot clean, leaving the area unproductive for perhaps one hund- red years. "We are leaving to posterity a big war debt and it is our duty to leave them the means where- by they can pay it." The farmers ought to be educated so as to realize the potential value of a flourishing woodlot and take profits from it without ruining the capital stock. LUMBERMEN CONCLUDE AN ACTIVE YEAR The tenth Annual Meeting, of the Canadian Lumbermen's Association was held in Montreal on Tuesday, February 5th and proved the most successful in the history of that active organization. The meetings were largely attended as was fully justified by the progressive reports of the Presidenf, Secretary and Treas- urer, and by the programme of new work to which the Association com- mitted itself for 1918. One project which was received with hearty favor was a formation of a War Service Committee which will act in an ad- visory capacity to the Dominion Government, and will be competent to furnish at a moment's notice whatever may be asked for in regard to the lumber manufacturing re- sources of the country. Excellent addresses were given by Mr. H. L Thomas of Ottawa, on the "Ontario Workmen's Compensation Act," and by Mr Holt of Chicago on the "Feeding of Men in the Lumber Camp." The report of the secretary Mr. Frank Hawkins, showed that during the year the Association had undertaken many constructive en- terprises and had carried them through to success. The session was regarded by all present as constitut- ing a red-letter day in the history of the Canadian Lumbermen's Associa- tion. The President for 1918 is Mr. W. Gerard Power. On Tuesdav evening a bancpiet was held at the Windsor Hotel, Mr. W. E. Bigwood, the President, acting as toastmaster. 1530 Canadian Forestrij Journal Februarij, 191^ New Brunswick Decides For New Forest Service Telegram from Hon. E. A. Smith, Minister of Lands and Mines, New Brunswick, to the Canadian Forestry Association, Feb. 2nd, 1918: "Our Government is preparing a Forest Act to be introduced at coming session for the better protection of our forest lands placing same under a Forestry Commission to control all branches pertaining thereto, with permanent staff of employees ap- pointed on qualification and merit only." Readers of the Forestry Journal who have been following the pro- gressive developments in New Bruns- wick will read the foregoing definite commitment of Dr. Smith with much gratification. It is assumed that the Forestry Commission will contain representatives of the Government, the licensees of limits and owners of "granted" lands. The Forest Act referred to is in course of preparation and after the thorough consideration given to the question by the Govern- ment, with examination of other pro- vincial systems and a series of con- sultations with forest service auth- orities, the Act is certain to assure the Province a modern and effective form of administration. Fire protection is by no means the only undertaking for which the forest service will be responsible. It is probable that in recent years the loss to the public through careless opera- ting of timber tracts mainly by jobbers, has brought about a heavier annual waste of the forest than through the agency of fire. There- fore, the duty of the Forest Service under the new act will be to super- vise the cutting and eliminate as much needless waste as possible. This will require not only a clearly worded Act but resolute administration. In The Forests of France The following is an extract from a letter received by Mr. R. H. Camp- bell, Director. of Forestry, Ottawa, from Captain W. H. Millar, formerly Professor at the Toronto Forest School, and now with the 10th Forest Engineers of United States in France: We are located in a region now of quite large Scotch pine timber, which is just exactly the same as some of our red pine stands in Northern Ontario, except that the soil is not by any means as dry and sandy as we gener- ally find where red pine grows pure. We are making a clean cut, first cutting out the under storey of hard- wood and grubbing the stumps in order to prevent sprout reproduc- tion. This is a planted forest about 75 years old and there are trees in it well over a hundred feet high and from 18 to 20 inches in diameter at the butt. However, there is not much of this kind of timber in our immediate vicinity, but very large areas of immature stands. I am sorry that I am not able to give you a detailed account of our trip across because I am sure it would be rather interesting to you both as a Canadian and a Scotchman. We received a most enthusiastic welcome in Great Britain which surprised us to a certain extent, especially when we found the French rather undemonstrative, though extremely friendly. "Although it is now almost Christmas we have not yet had what we would call cold weather in Canada and apparently there is not going to be much winter to speak of. Canadian Foresinj JournaL Februarij, 1918 1531 The Work of The Association A Twelve-month Of Active Propoganda As Discussed In The Directors Report For 1917. With the close of 1917, the Cana- dian Forestry Association concludes the eighteenlh year of its history. The concentration of public attention on the prosecution of the War con- tributed beyond doubt to a readier reception of the Forest Conservation gospel while at the same time making the growth of our membership and the collection of revenues none too easy. The factor, however, most worth em- phasizing is that the Canadian people have concerned themselves as never before about the forest resources of their country and the best methods for their perpetuation. This in turn, has stimulated conservation policies as applied by governments and pri- vate corporations and is gradually opening the door for an observance of sylvicultural principles in the hand- ling of timberlands. Public Good Will The efficacy of educational work in the advancing of Forestry ideas becomes better exemplified each year. While the science of forest manage- ment is very old and so thoroughly proven in Europe as to have been a national enthusiasm during a century, its elementary principles of fire pre- vention have hardly yet been ac- cepted as a whole in Canada and this is due materially to the tardiness of educational propaganda. Most of the major hindrances of fire protec- tion in the Dominion have their origin in an uniformed public senti- ment. Even with elaborate adminis- trative machinery and complete technical guidance for the prevention of forest fires one of the first con- structive efforts is to secure the good- will and co-operation of the public. Apart from the initial phase of fire protection the main hope of progress in the management of woodlands or timberlands and the improvement of forestry practice on public lands, re- quires not only constructive informa- tion but the effort to make it nation- ally popular. The Forestry Association utilizes many avenues for educational work, and while obliged to find each year the greater part of the revenues with which it operates, has managed to carry on new work in most of the provinces to advance its membership and record several substantial im- provements in provincial and federal laws and administration for which it has specifically campaigned. Working in the West Early in the year the Association increased its activities in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta with the object of securing comprehensive amendments to the existing "Prairie and Forest Fires" Acts, placing a check upon settlers' clearing fires and rendering it obligatory to take out a permit from a ranger or forest guard- ian before starting such dangerous operations. None of the prairie provinces had hitherto admitted re- sponsibility in curbing settlers' fires despite the annual losses caused to the timber areas and to settlers' property. The absence of any supervision such as is imposed in Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia, created a situation calling impera- tively for a remedy. With the co- operation of the Dominion Forestry Branch draft, revisions of the Arts were presented to the Manitoba and Saskatchewan Governments. These were immediately followed by news- paper campaigns in which we were given splendid support by leading Western editors. Inlluential public bodies such as Boards of Trade, grain growers, lumbermen's associations, etc., supported the Forestry Associa- 1532 Canadian Forcsiru Journal, Fchnianj, 1918 tion and their assistance counted materially. The representations made by the Commission of (Conservation on the need of a Permit Law were also efTective. Pressure was brought to bear by our strong Western member- ship so that many hundreds of letters were written to legislative members and ministers urging the passing of the amendments. Week by week, new articles were supplied to the neswpapers and fresh information to our members. The Government of Manitoba and Saskatchewan finally adopted the new^ bills and while the provincial machinery for adminis- tration is not yet complete the legislation placed a very valuable weapon in the hands of the forest guarding forces. The Alberta Gov- ernment was approached during the latter months of 1917 and by aid of the Dominion Forestry Branch, amendments to the existing Prairie and Forest Fires Act were submitted to the Premier, Hon. Charles Stewart. These amendments forbade the em- ployment of fire for clearing land in forested regions except by written permit and under supervision of re- sponsible officers of the Dominion of Provincial governments. Twelve Boards of Trade were appealed to for co-operation and most of them addressed the Government favorably on the subject. Influential organ- izations such as the United Grain Growers, and many others supported the Forestry Association and once more our Alberta membership of nearly seven hundred generously un- derlood by letter and personal inter- view to press the matter upon the Provincial Government. The Al- berta newspapers gave excellent aid and were kept supplied with special articles. As the session of the Legis- lature opens on February 7th, we have yet no means of knowing de- finitely the Government's attitude to our proposals. It is not anticipated however, that Alberta will allow itself to fall behind the sister pro- vinces in a matter of such vital im- portance. Political Patronage Closely allied to the protection of the western forests was the subject of political patronage in Dominion Forest Service appointments. The handicap of political interference in selecting rangers placed the Service at a great disadvantage, w^asting public money and nullifying discip- line. At midsummer the Association commenced a series of newspaper articles representing the patronage business as it affected the Dominion Forestry Branch in its field manage- ment. This developed a wide edi- torial discussion demanding a cessa- tion of the policy in which many of the leading newspapers referred to the subject repeatedly. It was grat- ifying, therefore, to have the Domin- ion Government place itself on record as determined to remove the influence of patronage committees in appoint- ments to the w^hole of the Civil Ser- vice and to take practical steps through the Civil Service Commission to implement that assurance. In New Brunswick Believing that the situation in New Brunswick called for the Associa- tion's assistance that field was given special study and a part of the year devoted mainly to educational and propagandist campaigns. In this enterprise w^e had most valued and constant aid from Mr, Clyde Leavitt, Chief Forester of the Commission of Conservation, Mr. W. B. Snowball, of Chatham, N.B., the Minister and | staff of the New Brunswick Depart- ' ment of Lands and Mines and our New Brunswick members. , The institution of the Forest Sur- 1 vey by the provincial government and the close sympathy of the Minister of Lands and Mines with the plans of the Forestry Division gave ground for believing that a re-organization of the Forest Service and an extension of its authority to the supervision of cutting and the application of modern fire protection was more than possible. To encour- age these objects the Association commenced a newspaper campaign early in the summer discussing th (Ainadian Foirstrij Journal, Fcbruarij, 1918 1533 aims of conservation from various points of view. An illustrated bro- chure giving a survey of the forest resources of the province, the forest industries, the evidences of fire dam- age, present character of the fire prevention service as compared wilh more modern systems, the advant- ages of supervised cutting and other informative matters calculated to support any Government action for the improvement of the Forest Ser- vice. This was given most careful distribution throughout the province and met with a good reception. Public Meetings At midsummer the Secretary held nine public meetings in towns and country places. Good audiences were secured and at the same time a much larger field was reached by extended newspaper notices. Two thousand copies of a 32-page illustrated book- let, "Hon. Premier Livre Sur La Forest," were placed with French- speaking children in the northern areas with a special insert regarding New Brunswick's Forest Service re- forms. Consultations were had with many New Brunswick authorities who were agreed that educational work was a pre-requisite of progres- sive legislation. In October, the Secretary held seven more meetings and illustrated lectures in the pro- vince and again these were attended by wide newspaper publicity. Fol- lowing these steps the newspapers and magazines co-operated very generously with the Association in publishing special articles and edi- torials focusing attention upon New Brunswick's need for a thorough- going forest service. Quantities of newspaper cuts and cartoons were supplied free to thirty of the best circulated papers and liberal use made thereof. Fhe object of supplying these engravings was to help to keep forest problems to the forefront im- mediately prior to the legislative session. In the adjustment of difTiculties arising from the lack of fire protection along Government Railways right-of- ways through private owned timber- lands in New Brunswick the Associa- tion was also able to be of some help. Of the many lines of direct publi- city, mention may be made here of some of those found especially ef- fective during the year. In East and West The Association regards the public meeting method entirely unique as a means of arousing a serious and per- manent interest in forest conserva- tion. Thirty-two such meetings were held by the Secretary during the year at Brockville, Vernon, Penticton, Nelson, Calgary and the following points in New Brunswick: Chatham, Moncton, Tabusintac, Millerton, Blackville, Doaktown, Boiestown, Bay du Vin, Woodstock, Fredcricton, St. Stephen, Saint John, Sackville, Campbellton and Bathurst. In ad- dition, interviews were had with members and officers of the Govern- ments of New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia for the discussion of forest conservation matters. Then Secretary's mileage was in excess of 17,000. By the co-operation of the Minister of *Lands and Forests of Quebec, we were enabled to arrange a lecture route in Quebec for Mr. Avila Bodard, who gave illustrated addresses at ten points and will probably cover many others during the winter and spring. Similarly, we were able to make arrangements in the French-speaking communities of New Brunswick for a series of twenty illustrated addresses by Mr. J. A. Doucet of the Dominion Forestry Branch, for which great favor we are indebted to the Director of Forestry. Mr. Doucet's meetings will take place during February and March. A successful meeting of the chief executives of the Montreal banks and other financial men was arranged by our Association on Dec- ember 14, Air. EUwood Wilson giving an address on the financier's interest in forestry practice. Travelling Lectures To encourage the holding of other public meetings for the discussion of Forestry, two travelling lecture sets were added to the two in use in 1916 1534 Canadian Forestri] Journal, February, 1918 and those have been widely employed in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. By arranging an itinerary with Boards of Education, churches, leaders of Boy Scouts and others, these sets go direct from town to town where advance arrangements have been made for meetings. Each lecture set consists of from 50 to 55 lantern slides, mostly in colors, and a complete manuscript — the whole securely boxed against breakage. With these travelling lectures opera- ting almost continually, each re- sponsible for from two to five lec- tures a week with the exception of midsummer, a very large audience in the aggregate is reached. Winning the Children To get into contact with a greater number of the school children than can be reached in any other way, three thousand school teachers selec- ted for- us by their school inspectors, were supplied with special forestry talks for the children, called "Ad- ventures in the Forest." With each talk went two large printed cards bearing two photographic illustrations and two cartoons which are passed about the classroom at the close of the teacher's address. In many schools, essays are set on the Association's talks. This branch of our propa- ganda will be widely developed if our means permit. A commencement was'made in the circuiting of motion picture films. The supply of films of educational value is not only very limited but the cost bears heavily upon the Association's small revenues. How- ever, it is hoped to develop a Film Library for circulation in timbered districts. At present the Secretary utilizes motion pictures at most of his lectures. Helpful Literature In the field of direct educational work through printed literature, the Association has gone to the limit of its purse. Publications for school child- ren, boy scouts, settlers, railway employees, etc., have been prepared and issued in as large editions as the funds could bear. While substantial ground has been covered, it is the Association's hope that Governments and private corporations will take up the duty of spreading educational literature, and thereby more ade- quately cover the ground. Fourteen thousand copies of ' "Mon Premier Livre Sur la Foret" were given careful circulation in Quebec, New Bruns- wick and some in Manitoba. Ten thousand of "Your Enemy's Photo- graph" in two languages were handed to settlers. Substantial editions of "Provincial Rights and the Western Forests," "The Forests of New Brunswick," "Fire," "Who Loses?" "Open Seasons for Fish and Game," "Timber Reserves in Canada and Europe," "Adventures in the Forest," "The Pine Tree^" "White Pine Blister Rust," etc., reached a large public such publication being directed where it would do most good. Our method of distribution safeguards against waste as small packets of copies are sent to persons actively co-operating without work, or delivered direct, by post to the ultimate reader. The Forestry Association's mail- bag of out-going literature in 1917 contained a total of over 200,000 pieces. To Save the White Pine Steps were taken in April and May to arouse public interest in the white pine blister rust which menaced the white pine areas of Eastern Canada. A popularly-written expert treatise on the subject of the white pine rust was prepared at our request by Dr. Gussow of the Department of Agri- culture, and 3,000 copies of it in pamphlet form, well illustrated, were sent through the white pine districts of Ontario, Quebec and parts of New Brunswick. The Association com- municated with the local councils and school boards of practically all of the towns within reach of white pine areas, supplying them with education- al literature on the subject and asking their co-operation in getting the school children, boy scouts and others at work, so as to locate infections. Canadian Foresirif Journal. Fchruari/, 1918 1535 Newspaper publicity also gave much attention to this subject. We had communicated with the Minister of Agriculture and a large number of the members of the House of Com- mons placing before them the serious danger certain to follow neglect of the blister rust menace and asking support for the Dominion appro- priation of $50,000 to assist pre- ventive work in Eastern Canada. This grant passed the House without opposition. At the beginning of the season among many similar schemes to awaken public apprehension of the forest fire danger we addressed ap- peals to 6,000 Canadian clergymen drawing to their attention the need for public warnings regarding the consecpiences of carelessness of fire while in or near timbered areas and asking their co-operation in spreading these hints on fire prevention. While unable to trace the results of this appeal we know that in many cases, at least, pulpit announcements were based upon it. Special Advertising Early in the Spring four hundred lumber firms were supplied with ad- vertisements setting forth the case for personal care in the forest, and in scores of instances the firms placed the ads. in their local papers and in magazines at their own expense. This will be made an annual enter- prise. The Canadian Forestry Journal has given the Association's work vigorous support and has kept in view its chief office as a propagandist organ. The loyalty of our old mem- bers and the adherence of so many n,ew members is very largely due to having a monthly medium capable of popularizing the forest conserva- tion cause. The Association desires to improve the Journal substan- tially in 1918. The cost of magazine publication has risen rapidly forcing many to forego book paper and il- lustrations and to increase their subscription rates. For propagandist purposes, fifty copies of the Journal are sent monthly to the Reading Camp Association which places them with lumber camps. Copies also now appear on twenty- four Pullman cars and on the tables of the leading clubs and in some of the convalescent homes of the Mili- tary Hospitals Commission. Best Year Financiallij Financially, we have had our most advance year with total revenues of $11,773, and total expenditures of $10,801.45 leaving a balance at December 31st of $972.46. At midsummer, the Association applied to the Minister of Finance for an extra grant of ore thousand dollars to develop the work during the remainder of the year and this was given. Special subscriptions were secured from the following firms: Howard Smith Paper Mills, Ltd., $100. J. R. Booth, $200. St. Maurice Paper Co., $50. • River Quelle Pulp and Lumber Co., Brown Corporation, $150. Riordon Pulp and Paper Co., $150. Sir Clifford Sifton, $100. Sir George Perley, $25. . Hull Lumber Co., $25. H. H. Hettler Lumber Co., $50. Provincial Paper Mill, $50. Hon. Richard Turner, $25.00. J. K. Macdonald, Toronto, $10. W. E. Bigwood, Toronto, $50. E. B. Eddy Co., $100. A. H. Campbell, Toronto, $25. Pembroke Lumber Co., $25. Whalen Pulp & Paper Mills Van- couver, $100. M. J. O'Brien, Renfrew, $100. Colonial Lumber Co., $25. Belgo Canadian Pulp & Paper Co., $100. Canada Paper Co., $100. Bronson Company, $100. Wavagamack Pulp and Paper Co., $25. Hon. N. Curry, Montreal, $50. McLaren Lumber Co., $100. Lake Megantic Pulp Co., $50. St. Maurice Forest Protective As- sociation, $100. Donnacona Paper Co., $100. Ontario Paper Company, $100. Total 5,235. 1536 Canadian Forcstrij Journal, Februarij, 1918 The Association's most hearty thanks are due to these special con- tributors, who have so generously recognized the national benefits ac- cruing from our work. Membership Growth 2000 In a year filled with so many ex- citing events within and without the Dominion, the Association's mem- bership could be promoted only with some difTiculty. Prospective mem- bers were canvassed systematically by letters and literature, many of our old members aiding us from time to time by personal canvass, so that when the year came to a close we had added a total of 2,000 new members. This is about double the additions of 1916, and brings the total mem- bership to 6,200 representing an in- crease of one hundred per cent, in two and a half years. It is note- worthy, too, that the revenues of the Association have also doubled in the same period. Wider Effort Needed At no period has a widespread edu- cational effort been so vitally neces- sary in the interests of the nation nor has the public mind been so re- ceptive. No work pays higher divi- dends than the spread oi information regarding the natural resources, their maintenance, and utilization. During the past year we have opened many new fields and it is important that succersful educative methods should be developed in all parts of the Dominion so that citizens in remote distiicts, as well as in organized communities, should be brought into contact with conservation ideas. Be- cause of the urgent call for extended service and the adaptability of the Forestry Association for such a mis- sion the Directors feel that the Association will have in 1918 the most liberal co-operation possible on the part of Governments, woodpus- ing industries and patriotic citizens in providing means sufficient for the task. The Annual Meeting at Montreal Lt.-Col. J. S Dennis Elected President; J. S. Gillies, Vice-President. Large Gain In Membership. The Annual Meeting of the Cana- dian Forestry Association was held at the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, on Wednesday, Februaiy 6th and Thurs- day morning, February 7th. The meetings this year were fea- tured by a Wood Fuel Symposium in which the crisis in Canada's cord wood supply was thoroughly dis- cussed from the point ot view of the Canadian forester, the wood fuel merchant, the railway transportation expert, the owner of woodlots, etc. The United States Forest Service very kindly permitted the attendance of Mr. A. F. Ilawes, of Washington, D.C., who has had charge of much of the organization by which the United States Government co-operating with many of the States has succeeded in getting near a solution of the wood fuel problem. Mr. Ilawes' address was of a remarkably practical char- acter, filled with suggestions cal- culated to assist Canadian municipal- ities facing the same situation. Directors Present Report The meeting of the Directors of the Association, held on Wednesday morning, February 6th, was attended by a good representation of Directors and members. The president, Hon. Sydney Fisher, was unable to be present, as he had been undergoing dental treatment of a serious nature, and addressed a letter to the meeting referring to the excellent progress of the Association during 1917, and expressing hearty wishes that the present year should prove most pros- perous and useful. In Mr. Fisher's absence, Mr. Wm. Power, former President of the Association, acted as chairman. The nominating com- mittee presented a report, which was Canadian Foreslrii Journal, Februaiij, 1918 1537 heartily endorsed by the meeting, electing Lieut. -Col. J. S. Dennis, Vice- President of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as President of the Association for 1918 and Mr. J. A. Gillies of Gillies Brothers, Lumber- men, as Vice-President. Hon. Smea- ton White, President of the Gazette Printing Company, Montreal, was made a Director in the place of the late Denis Murphy. Hon. W. E. Foster, Premier of New Brunswick was made territorial Vice-President for New Brunswick. According to the usual precedent, Mr. Gordon C. Edwards, Vice-Presdient for 1917, would have assumed the Presidency but for a special request made by Mr. Edwards that, owing to matters of health he was unable to assume any new office this year. The report of the Directors covering the main activities of 1917 was read by the Secretary, Mr. Robson Black, and adopted by the meeting. This report which appears elsewhere in this issue of the Journal, shows that the Asso- ciation has had a very active year and that results of a most practical and important character have result- ed from the educational campaigns. Membership Doubled The membership of the Association has more than doubled during the period of the war, while the revenues have multiplied to a similar extent. The Directors voted to increase the Secretary's salary by $200. The report of the Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson, showed receipts of $11,775.91 and expenditures of $10,801.45, leaving a balance at Dec- ember 31st of $974.46. Riddance of Patronage The resolutions presented the fol- lowing resolutions which were carried unanimously: "Whereas, the patronage system of making appointments undoubtedly constitutes the most serious obstacle to forestry and lire protection on Dominion lands in the West. "Resolved that, this Association continue its efforts to secure the early abolition of the patronage system of making appointments in the field ser- vice of the Dominion Forestry Branch as a part of the general reform to which the I'nion Government is pledged. The White Pine Menace "Whereas, the pine blister disease undoubtedly constitutes a most ser- ious menace to the white pine forests of Eastern Canada, in which it is already now firmly established. "Resolved, that this Association, while recognizing what has already been done in this direction, continue to exert its inlluence upon the Dom- inion and Provincial Governments concerned, to the end that no prac- ticable means be omitted to restrict the further spread of this disease, so far as humanly practicable." Fire Statistics The report of the special com- mittee of ten members (T. W' . Dwight convenor,) appointed by the Associa- tion to take up with the Provincial Government the matter of the col- lection and publication of uniform statistics of forest fire losses was presented and showed that the com- mittee had made an earnest effort to encourage better methods of collect- ing statistics and of securing their publication. Copies of the report forms in use by British Columbia, Ontario, and the Dominion Forest Services as well as the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association, had been sent to all members of the com- mittee, who in turn had offered numerous suggestions and criticisms of undoubted value. The report advocated better standardization of the headings under which information gathered is to be classified if uniform summaries are to be made at the end of the season and incorporated in a general publication of hre losses for the Dominion. Such a publication was issued by the United States Forest Service covering the tires in that country. The Dominion- Forestry Branch has prepared a summary of the available fire statistics for 1914, 15, 16, covering the whole Dominion, which is in course of publication. 1538 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1918 The meeting decided Ihat the com- mittee should continue its elToiis in 1918. An interesting discussion took place as to the possibility ot obtaining more detailed information as to the amount of timber destroyed. Mr. Ellwood Wilson thought that the ordinary rangers were not competent to gather such information. The lack of maps was also a great hindrance. Mr. Clyde Leavitt thought that the question should not be looked at wholly from the view point of Lhe private owner. No one would sug- gest that detailed information of fire losses should be made public with obvious consequences to the limit holder. The Provincial Government, however, Mr. Leavitt thought ought to be in a position to know more definitely what quantities of timber had gone by fire in a given period. The forest protective associations w^re semi-public bodies. Their rangers presumably were as compe- tent to estimate timber damage as those of Ontario, British Columbia or in the employ of the Dominion Forestry Branch. Mr. W. G. J. Hall believed. that the Province of Quebec was able to pre- sent statistics as complete as British Columbia. The question of damage value was not yet a matter of general agreement. Mr. Kernan agreed with Mr. Wilson that the reports as now given by the Quebec Associations were as complete as practicable. Anything more detailed at present would he guess work. The only w^ay to better the situation would he by much expenditure for maps and scientific estimates. Mr. Leavitt strongly contended that an intelligent inspector could be trusted to give an eye estimate, that would prove much more useful than the present dis- regard for timber damage, evidenced by the report forms. Mr. R. H. Campbell emphasized the necessity of statistics in making any progress. There were a good many uncertain- ties in estimating quantity or value of areas burned. At present the only way of reaching any conclusion on this point was through careful de- duction by technical men in the head office. A man on the ground, how- ever, ought to be in better position to make a reasonably accurate guess. Mr. Arthur Graham, Manager of the Ottawa River Forest Protective As- sociation, said that an attempt was now being made to get' more complete reports. The most accurate informa- tion now^ available was through the members of the Association and their cruisers and foresters. Mr. Wm. Power, (temporarily vacating the chair), urged that the Association ought not at the present time to ex- press an opinion on the matter. In this Mr. W. F. V. Atkinson concurred. It w^as agreed on Mr. Leavitt 's sug- gestion that the committee should continue its efforts towards stand- ardization of fire report forms The afternoon of Wednesday was devoted to two addresses. The first by R. A. Pringle, K.C. Dominion Paper Controller, on "Some Aspects of Canada's Forestry Problem." The second by Prof. F. F. Moon, Acting Dean New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y. on "The Responsibility of the State in Forest Management." The attendance was ..most satisfactory and the addresses were listened to with keen attention. An address on "Forest Products in Canada" by Dr. John S. Bates of the Forest Products Laboratories, was postponed until the following morning when it w^as heard with deep interest. Thursday morning, February 7th, The Wood Fuel Symposium was opened by the chairman, Mr. Wm. Power. Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Chief Forester, Commission of Conservation summarized the Canadian wood fuel situation along the lines made familiar to readers of the Forestry Journal through Mr. Leavitt's excellent article in the January issue. Uncle Sam and His Wood Supply Mr. A. F. Hawes of Washington, D.C., whose paper appears elsew^here in this issue , spoke with striking effect on the subject, "How^ the United States has Attacked the Wood Fuel Problem." Brief addresses were con- tributed by Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief Canadian Forestrij Journal, February, 1918 1539 Forester of the Forest Service, Que- bec; Mr. E. J. Zavitz, Chief Forester of Ontario; Mr. G. H. Prince, Direc- tor of Forestry Division of New Brunswick, each summarizing aptly the wood fuel problem as it affected his province and telling of the steps taken thus far to head oft" what promises to be a fuel crisis in the winter of 1919. The point of view of the wood fuel merchant was taken by Lieut. Col. Jekyl, whose remarks are published elsewhere in these pages and Mr. Guy Tombs of the Canadian Nor- thern) Railway undertook to explain the transportation problem as ^ it afTected carriage of cord wood to towns and cities. The Wood Fuel Symposium con- centrated a great many points of view upon a subject of hrst national importance. It was noteworthy, too, that all speakers dealt with the sub- ject from a most practical point of view and spent no time on any phase of it not related to the nation's immediate requirements. LI. -Col. Harkom acted as chairman during the greater part of the Wood Fuel Symposium as Mr. Power was ob- liged to attend another meeting. Forest Conference a Splendid Success The history of the Forest Pro- tective Movement in Canada will proba^bly look back upon the Con- ference organized by the Quebec Forest Protective Association at the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, on Friday, February' 8th as one of its chief mile- stones. Not only were the addresses of a thoroughly practical nature but they were given in an interesting form. Motion picture films helped to vary the programme. Mr. Ellwood Wilson, President of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association offi- ciated as Chairman, and the business of the day was introduced after a brief address on behalf of Archbishop Bruchesi of Montreal. Attractive papers on various aspects of forest protection were read by Messrs. Forrest H. Colby, Forest Commis- sioner of Maine; J. B. Harkin, Com- missioner, Dominion Parks Branch; G. H. Prince, Chief Forester of New Brunswick; E. J. Zavitz, Chief For- ester of Ontario ;W. G. Howard, Com- mission of Conservation, New York; W. C. J. Hall, Superintendent Forest Protective Branch, Quebec; G. C. Piche, Chief of Forest Service, Que- bec; Ward C. Hughson, President Ottawa River Forest Protective As- sociation; W. Gerard Power, Presi- dent, Southern St. Lawrence Forest Protective Association and Robert P. Kernan, President, Laurentian Forest Protective Association. An unexpected but sterling feature of the day's addresses came through the presence of Major K. E. Kennedy of the Royal Flying (^.orps, who has seen a great deal of service at the Front, and who was prevailed upon to take the platform and tell the meeting some of his impressions as to the adaptability of the modern aero- plane for forest protection. Major Kennedy proved to be a facile and graphic speaker with a thorough know- ledge of his subject. The address,, published elsewhere in this issue, will throw a great deal of light upon the problem of utilizing aeroplanes for such civil undertakings as forest guarding. It is a testimony to the rising tide of public interest in forest protection questions that the large meeting hall was completely filled, many visitors standing about the door for lack of accommodation. No previous meet- ing devoted to this subject registered more than half such an attendance. Mr. Henry Sorgius acted as Secretary of the Conference and deserves great credit for its successful outcome. 1540 Canadian Forestrij Journal, February, 1918 MEETING OF THE TECHNICAL SECTION The Annual Meeting of the Techni- cal section of the (^.anadian Pulp and Paper Association, held at Montreal, was excellently attended and excited deep interest. Dr. John S. Bates and C. B.Thorne were re-elected Chairman and Vice-Chairman. Three new councillors, Messrs. O. Holland, John Stadler and F. A. Sabaton, were appointed. The afternoon session consisted in reading a paper on the Estimation of Cellulose in Wood by Dr. B. Johnson and W. R. Hovey, (read by Mr. Hove^O- Practical Paper Making by J. J. Sullivan. Coated Papers by J. B. Foullis (read by Mr. Stephenson) and a review of the Paper Industry in Canada by A. L. Dawe. One of the most interesting features of this year's meetings was a sym- posium of the natural resources of Canada, as applied to the pulp and paper industry. Mr. L. H. Cole of the Mines Branch read a paper on the "Minerals used in the pulp and paper industry." Dr. A. W. J. Wilson, also of the Mines Branch, addressed the Section on "Pyrite in the sulphite industry." This was discussed by Mr. G. D. Jenssen of New York, Mr. John Stadler and others. In the afternoon papers were read by Mr. R. H. Campbell, Director of Forestry on the pulpwood resources of Canada, and Mr. A. M. Beale of the Water Powers Branch. Mr. .Campbell's paper was discussed by Mr. Ellwood Wilson and others. LT. H. R. CHRISTIE, M.C. Lt. II. R. Christie formerly of the B. C. Forest Branch has been awarded the Military Cross for heroic action at the front. CHICAGO'S BID FOR TREES Chicago has entered upon a re- markable forestry scheme. The city is to be completely surrounded by woods, with the exception of the Lake Michigan side. There will be a great half-circle ot forest preserves starting from the lake shore to the north, and running around to the west and south, enclosing the whole suburban area. About 1,000 acres have already been planted, at a cost of $3,000,000, and $8,000,000 more is to be spent on the project, under powers granted Cook county by the state legislature. It is not a mere "reforestation" plan, making amends to nature for the destruction of aboriginal forests. It is an improvement on nature. Most of the area constituting the new forest belt was open prairie land when the white man first saw il. COUNTERACT I. W. W. Ten thousand soldiers are being sent into. the woods of the Northwest as the Spruce Production Division of the U. S. Signal Corps. Their duties are to get out spruce and hr for air- plane stock. These men are volun- teering from Western National Army camps and from civil life and from other services to counteract the trou- ble caused by I. W. W. agitation in western lumber camps. A monthly production of 15,000,000 board feet of spruce is required to take care of the extra needs for the aircraft con- struction program, and small opera- tors are being encouraged to get out rived timbers in order to speed up production. Four New York State College of Forestry students have en- listed in these logging squadrons and have left Syracuse for Vancouver Barracks. Pennsylvania spent $2,275,000 in acquiring one million acres of forest land. Due to rise in timber values, this land is estimated to be worth now six million dollars. In some sections of the Adiron- dacks convict labor is being em- ployed successfully in reforestation. At Goldsmith's in the Saranac River Valley a gang of fifteen convicts have planted 300,000 trees on State land. Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, Fcbvuarii, 1918 l.'vll A Swiss View Of Overseas Axemen A Swiss forester gives in the Journal Forcstier an interesting ac- count of a Canadian lumber camp in France in one of the famous fir forests of the State in the Jura Mountains, ki Joux. This is a forest of about 6,500 acres of silver fir of magnificent dimensions — very dif- ferent from most French forests in which Canadians have been working — the trees being often over 160 feet in height and sometimes 3 feet in diameter. The forest being care- fully m.anaged under selection sy- stem, or perhaps, we should say. under a long term shelter-wood sy- stem, is supposed to permit a sus- tained yield of 222 cubic feet per acre, valued at SoO per acre per year — an unusual figure. From the description, we judge that the operation is organized like a first- class American logging and mill camp, with both cable and animal skidding and a four-foot circular, with cut-off and trimmer saws, and loco- mobile to carry the lumber. A stone crusher to furnish material for mak- ing the heavy bottomless roads pas- sable alone is an innovation. The Woodlands Section The organization of the Woodlands Section was completed at a well- attended meeting at the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, Thursday afternoon, Feb. 7th, Mr. Ellwood Wilson pre- sided and the following officers were elected : President, W. Gerard Power, of Quebec, president of the Canadian Lumbermen's Association; vice-pre- sident, Angus McLean, of the Bath- urst Lumber Co., Bathurst, N. S.; Both these officers were elected by acclamation with the following board of directors: Thos. Mack, of the Brown Corporation, La Tucjue; M. C. Small, of the Laurentide Co. ; E. Wil- son, of the Laurentide Co.; John Black of the J. R. Booth Co., and F. M. Anderson, of the Shives Co., Limited, Campbellton, N.B. Mr. F. A. Sabatton, of the Lauren- tide Co., Grand Mere, gave a stimu- lating paper on the work of paper mills, especially with regard to the production of newsprint. In this he pointed out the great efficiency in the work of the mills, with better mach- inery and more perfectly trained men, the increase in the training of the employees having greatly improved the output of the machinery. Educate d in Mills In connection with this, Mr. Sabat- ton pointed out that most of the mills were located so far from large cen- tres of civilization that the work of training employees was a hard one. With regard to this, he showed that of 21 paper machine tenders, who were considered the highest class of skilled labor attached to paper mills, 18 were French-Canadians, who had been edu- cated to the work in their own mills These men, who, otherwise, would have been lumberjacks or farm hands, but for the training they had received with the Laurentide Co., were now making from S 1,400 to $1,600 a year, and working an eight-hour day, with all sorts of privileges arranged by the company. A number of other discussions came up, especially with regard to the use of tractors in lumbering operations, which was discussed by Mr. W. Ger- ard Power and others. Over 14 million dollars have been spent to get rid of the gypsy moth in Massachusetts and adjoining States. 1542 Canadian Forcstrij Journal, February, 1918 THE KICKINGHORSE RIVER NEAR WAPTA, YOHO PARK, B.C. MTS. HUNGABEE AND SCHAFFER, TRAIL 24, B.C. Caimdidu Foreslrij Journal, Fcbniari), }91erinlendent, Forest Products Laboratories of Canada. An Address Delivered Before The Canadian Forestry Association, Montreal, February 7th, under title "Forest Products in Canada." My first intention was to survey the whole field of forest products as briefly as possible. However, this has already been done in a paper | read before the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, reprints of which are available for anyone interested. It seems unnecessary to repeat this detailed discussion, and I shall there- fore touch on only a few points which stand out in prominence before those who are concerned with the welfare of our forests. Wood Exports vs. Munitions We must not lose sight of the significance of wood in Canada's list of natural resources. Forest pro- ducts are next in value to agriculture, the income being something over $200,000,000 annually. In studying pulp and paper industry now brings into the country a larger income than any other manufacturing industry with the exception of munitions and is an outstanding example of an export business yielding real money in t "Present and Possible Products from Canadian Woods" by John S. Bates, Forest Products Laboratories of Canada, 700 University Street, Montreal, distinction from war business largely based on domestic credits. At the present time it is out of the question to ship large quantities of wood pro- ducts across the water and we see Europe being drained of its limited supply to feed the war machine. In the future the Empire will turn to Canada for its supplies, particularly for the valuable softwoods which fortunately predominate in this northern climate. In considering the economies of forest products there are certain methods of utilization which are the main units and which are self-con- tained, such a*s lumber, pulp and paper, and wood distillation. The tendency has been to start with round wood from the forest for each pro- cess, so that control can be more certain and each plant can be inde- pendent. The possibilities for econ- omy by co-ordinating one indiistry with another are becoming more apparent every day. Tlie expansion of the main industries wdll bring about these new methods by very- reason of their size, so that there will be enough wood w^aste at one centre to serve as raw material for a by- product plant. Already the kraft Canadian Forcslii/ Journal, February, 1918 1547 pulp plants in the east convert large quantities of slabs and edgings; the saw mill waste in British (Columbia offers opportunities for processes out- side the range of the lumber industry. The practical requirement is that utilization must yield a (inancial proht. The close utilization in Europe is out of all proportion to Canadian conditions and we must wait for an increase and spreading of population. The rising cost of wood in Canada is in many ways a blessing and it is only right to place a real value on wood as it stands in the forest. As more and more by-pro- duct industries become feasible, the utilization of waste will bring true economy by throttling the drain on our forest supply. A Permanent Forest Looking at the problem in a broad way, the protection and reproduc- tion of the forest overshadows all other duties. The most effective utilization of the wood and waste that is now coming out will not counterbalance the loss of forest wealth and the aim should be to build up in Canada a permanent and ever-expanding forest. It is to the foresters, the lumbermen, the federal and provincial governments that we must look for the carrying out of this policy. The public may well take a renewed interest in fire protection, forest reserves, tree plant- ing, more rigid cutting laws, and measures for natural reproduction. Conditions are favored by the owner- ship of such large proportions of the forest areas by the governments. Logging is such a definite proposi- tion each year that it is hard to change the methods so long in use. We know that about 25 per cent, of the tree is left in the woods in the form of limbs, tops, stumps, etc. In general it is not likely that new processes will go far towards saving this material, because there is al- ready so much by-product wood within easier reach at the manufac- turing plants. Burning of slash in the wet seasons appears to be the main duty at present in order to curb forest fires. New Conditions Ahead The lumber industry has had a long history in Canada, but now faces new conditions. The manufacture has been so simple and the com- l)etition so light that lumbermen have not been forced to introduce radical changes. Although the plants are widely scattered and the number of specially trained men is small, it is not going too far to say that the lumbermen must get together for an intensive study of their industry. No outside forces can accomplish what they themselves can do by com- paring the mechanical and physical properties of the different woods, ex- tending the use of a species where this is legitimate, eliminating decay in lumber yards, kiln-drying and finish- ing woods to meet special recpure- ments, selecting timber on the basis of quality and welcoming the co- operation of industries and experts for the conversion of waste. Saw- mill waste amounts to about 40 per . cent, of the original tree and consists of slabs, edgings, trimmings, sawdust, bark, shavings, seasoning waste, shaping waste and culls. There are many chances for extending the by- product manufacture of small wooden articles by mechanical processes. A new development in Canada is the chipping and baling of saw-mill waste for shipment to chemical pulp mills. Spruce and white pine have been the main-stays of the lumber industry; Douglas fir is now coming to be recognized as Canada's fore- most structural timber and the im- mense supplies in British Columbia will be a source of great wealth. Openings for Enterprise The pulp and paper industry is en- joying a development which is with- out parallel among the wood-using processes of the country. The export figures is now over $50,000,000 an- nually, being half of the total export value of all forest products. The restrictions on pulpwood export and the duty free market for pulp and paper in the United States have rapidly increased manufacture wdthin the country and the ratio is improving every year. From the simple ground- 1548 Canadian Foreslrij Journal, February, 1918 wood process more and more atten- tion has been turned to unbleached sulphite pulp, bleached sulphite pulp, kraft pulp, newsprint paper and high- grade papers. The production of soda pulp is still only 21 tons per day while the imports amount to some- thing like §500,000 per year, and there seems to be an opening for the utilization of some of the poplar which troubles the forester in con- nection with forest reproduction. Waste sulphite liquor still carries large (piantities of wood material down the rivers but serious attention is being given to the possibilities of recovering ethyl alcohol, tanning solu- tion and binders. Products of sur- prising variety can be made from kraft pulp and it is likely that paper twine, paper textiles and leather substitutes will be on our list of forest products in due course. Acetone for War Uses Among the distillation processes I he destructive distillation of hard- woods is of main importance in Canada. It is gratifying that manu- facture is carried beyond the stage of crude products and that the specially refined and derived products are made in Canada for both local and export trade. The process has been vital in that it has supplied practically all of the methyl alcohol and acetic acid, so essential in the scheme of moden civilization. The war has given a new stimulus by reason of the tremendous demand for acetone as a solvent in the manu- facture of cordite, the well-known British propellent explosive. This same pressure has introduced in (Canada new chemical processes for acetone and acetic acid which may have a serious effect on the distilla- tion of hardwoods. While hardwood distillation is rather crude, it sur- vives by reason of the variety of useful products — wood alcohol, emth- yl acetone, formaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetone oils, charcoal, creosote oils, etc. An important development is the Seaman process now established in the United States for the distillation of hardwood sawdust and finely divided mill waste. Work of the Laboratories In closing this brief discussion of a large subject I beg to refer to the work of the Forest Products Lab- oratories of Canada. As you know we are concerned with the varied problem of wood utilization. The fundamental basis is a Study of the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of Canadian wood species. There are also investigations of pro- cesses and it is clear that many field studies will have to be made. In addition to the present Divisions of Timber Tests, Timber Physics, Pulp and Paper and Wood Preservation there is large scope for a Division of Lumber to properly serve the lumber industry in a technical way. It is impossible to talk of expansion under present war conditions, but it is right to plan. In playing a part in the better utilization of Canadian woods it is clear that we must have the full co-operation of foresters, as well as lumbermen and all others concerned with the handling of wood. There is a growing need for more detailed know- ledge of our forest resources. Methods of utilization now known could in many cases be applied if there could be more discussion and a closer touch between woodsmen and process men. Foresters have raised the problems of punky poplar, bal- sam fir and birch and the utilization of hardwoods in connection with re- production of softwoods. These are difficult questions but some action may follow from a better under- standing of the situation. There is some indication that the large pro- portion of soluble matter in the de- cayed poplar may yield products of value. An attempt is being made to grind hardwoods for mechanical puip. WALNUT SCARCE FOR GUNS Black walnut, which has always been the favorite wood for gun stocks on account of its failure to splinter badly when struck by a bullet, or bit of shell, is extremely scarce at present. Birch and maple are being tried out by producers of hardwood lumber for this purpose. Canadian Foreslry Journal, Fchruarij, 19hS 1549 Evergreen Snow Fences By J. E. Long Editor, Canadian Government Railways Emploijccs Mayazinc. Monclon, X.B. Praiseworthy Action Taken By Government Rail- way In Safeguarding Tracks For Winter Traffic. Passengers travelling over the Canadian Government Railways are frequently heard commenting favor- ably on the fme appearance of the beautiful spruce hedges which line the right-of-way between Campbell- ton and Bat hurst. To the traveller the appeal is purely to the esthetic sense, and the dense growth and well- kept appearance of these hedges rest the eye and captivate the sight in spite of the enchantment of the many natural beauties of mountain., bay and forest, with which the region is so generously adorned; but to the railway man they mean more than a decoration, as they are utilitarian as well. Here is the beautiful com- bined with the useful in the highest sense. Primarily these hedges were de- signed to protect the Railways' tracks from the drifting snow in winter time; that they have grown beautiful is due to the great care with which they were planted, and tended by the sectionmen, and to the mellowing influence of the passing years. Now the Railway has natural snow fences, serviceable, efficient, beautiful, a combination well planned and pa- tiently perfected. To James Patterson, of Campbell- ton, retired roadmaster, is due in no small measure the credit as the originator of this improvement. In a recent interview, Mr. Patterson gave to the writer the following in- teresting information : "The winter of 1887 was most severe, the snowfall was very heavy, and the high winds almost continu- ous. My men and I spent many days and nights endeavoring to keep the tracks clear of snow, so that the trains might not be delayed or the cuts blocked with the heavy drifts. We did the best we could with the snow-fighting apparatus we had, but our best efforts were but feeble ones, and after some of the heaviest storms our wooden snow fences were com- pletely buried, and the cuts snowed uj) full. B. C. SPRUCE PRODUCTION Recently the British Columbia Government passed the following Order-in-Council relating to greater spruce production in the province: That the Minister of Lands be and is hereby authorized and empowered (a) To forthwith arrange with the Imperial Munitions Board for the immediate logging of aeroplane spruce upon all areas of vacant Crown Land that may be judged suitable for the purpose by the Department of Lands, as well as upon Coal Leases, Coal Licenses and Mineral claims to which Crown Grant or Surface Rights has not been issued. (b) To call upon all holders of Crown Timber held under License or Lease which is judged by the Lands Department to be suitable for the purpose to proceed immediately with the logging of aeroplane spruce and in default of compliance the Minister shall instruct the Department of Lands to arrange for such logging in co-operation with the Imperial Muni- tions Board. (c) To arrange with the Imperial Munitions Board on equitable com- pensation to be paid for timber so cut from anv license or lease. 1550 Canadian Forestry Journal, fchruary, 1918 Forests in Canada's Arctic In an article in the Geographical Review by R. M. Anderson, giving an account of the explorations in the Canadian Arctic coast, the following data regarding "timber areas" are given : "The northern limit of spruce trees on the Coppermine River is about 20 miles from the coast, although some stragglers are found growing 5 to 10 miles from the coast on Naparktok- tuok Creek, a few miles east of the river. Willows of good size, and from 10 to 15 feet high, are found in many places north of the tree line, and persist until they dwindle to small ground-creeping shrubs on the north- ern islands and wind-swept mainland coast. "To the west there are no trees anywhere near the coast until we come to Franklin Bay, where we find spruce of fair size 10 or 15 miles inland, in the valley of Horton River. Spruce comes rather close to the coast on the Anderson River south of Liver- pool Bay. Still farther west we find the great northward extension of limber in the Mackenzie delta, fair- sized trees occurring northward nearly to Richard Island about 150 miles north of the Arctic Circle. "On the Horton River, the Copper- mine River, around Dismal Lake, and to a less extent farther west, we often noted the large proportion (in some places 90 per cent.) of dead spruce trees near the northern limit of tim- l)er. There seemed little evidence of fire destruction,and the explanation that the northern regions are becom- ing colder and the vegetation re- treating seemed inconclusive. On one of our winter trips Mr. Johansen accompanied a sledge party south- ward to the timber-line on the (Coppermine River and made a care- ful study of conditions. He found that practically all the dead trees showed traces of the ravages of bark beetles, three species of them being found." VON ALVENSLEBEN SOLD OUT The case of the Red Cliff Land & Lumber Company vs. Alvo von Alvensleben has been before the British Columbia courts for almost two years but the end is now in sight. Alvensleben a German of high lineage who was in business in Vancouver is now interned at Salt Lake City having been located at Seattle for many months immediately previous to the United States entering the war. In 1911 he bought a large area of timber from the plaintiff company, the purchase price of which was in the neighborhood of S2,200,- 000. At the outbreak of the war there had been paid $1,700,000, and the original action was for fore- closure because of the final amounts owing under the agreement and also for interest. The application for fore-closure was abandoned because it would have been in the nature of a forfeiture and the action just de- cided was for a declaration of amounts due as a first lien against the pro- perty; that the property should be sold' and that the plaintiffs should be permitted to bid on it at the sale. This the court allowed. NEW OFFICERS C.S.F.E. The following officers were elected at the Annual Meeting of the Cana- dian Society of Forest Engineers at the University Club, Montreal, Wed- nesday, February 6th. : President, Ellwood Wilson. Vice-President, J. H. White. Secretary, Clyde Leavitt. The meeting was a most successful one in every respect, Mr. .W. F. V. Atkinson, Forester of the Spanish River Pulp and Paper Mills, Ltd., gave an excellent paper which will be reproduced in the next issue of the Forestry Journal. Canadian Forestry Journal, Januarij, 1918 ir)51 STAQ CHEWING TOBACCO 99 Ove^-Ia&ilfia-d^ 'SoocL has thousands and thousands of friends who enjoy daily its rich and lasting flavor Sold at lOc a Plug 1552 Canadian Forest rij Journal, February, 1918 Trees and National Character Alexander von IIiinil)oklt has written, in his "Views of Nature," I think, that it is the vegetation of a country which produces the first and most lasting impression upon the mind of an observer. To credit that assertion, one must stop and reflect a moment. The more careful the consideration the more likely will one be to recognize the truth of Hum- boldt's statement. In the cooler parts of the globe we have well marked contrasting groups of trees which grow in diameter by annual additions of new wood out- side of the old wood and immed- iately under the bark, namely the broad-leaved deciduous trees — the oaks and hickories; and the trees which, in general, shed their leaves so slowly that they are called per- sist eijt-leaved trees, as the pines and spruce, in which the new leaves are on, before the old are off. At any season of the year one can hardly fail to observe the differences of appear- ance between an oak and a pine. One might almost say that they had but little in common beyond the fact that both were trees, so far as ex- ternal appearance revealed. If, how- ever, the view point were changed to a tropical region,a new type of tree would claim our attention. The simple beauty of the palms would attract us at once. To the palm w'e might add the tree fern, which though wholly unlike the palm in its structure and methods of reproduc- tion, possesses a marked general re- semblance in form, /. c, in shape. The year through, the tropical forest would be perpetually evergreen. Here there arc three distinct types which force themselves upon our notice at once. Tree Impressions In addition to these forms of de- ciduous leaved and "persistent- leaved" trees, there would be the topographical setting in which w^e found them, but a moment's thought will convince that it is the trees and not the setting which produces the permanent mental picture, unless the topographical settings are different — as a winter street scene and a w-inter river view. But place both of our northern tree types on the same set- ting, and no matter how striking it would be, the trees would be the first to claim the observer's notice. The exuberant growth of the tro- pics, produces one mental impression and the stern, harsh simplicity of a northern pine, or spruce forest, an- other each equally abiding, though quite different in kind. So much for the scene, in mass — the impression made, we may say, upon the ordinary observer. Be- yond and deeper than this, however, are the sensations awakened in those w^ho observe more minutely. The "red-blooded man," who camps annually in the woods for the love of' it, will recognize that his Camps in the pine or spruce forests differ in his memory from those made in the broad-leaved forests. This is especially true if he thinks of his winter camps, where he has a sense of protection under the evergreen foliage of the pines and spruces that is W'hoUy wanting in the leafless for- ests of the broad-leaved trees. The passing storm has in each a different note. The bending snow^ - laden branches of the evergreen tree is a picture quite other than the rigid branches of the leafless tree, as but little snow can remain on the latter. The Pine Woods Camp Service recognizes finely the calm content of the pine woods camp, and describes it as only an outer, can: "Here by the campfire's flicker, Deep in my blanket curled, I long for the peace of the pine- gloom Where the scroll of the Lord is un- furled. And the wind and the w^ave are silent. And world is singing to world." Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1918 I.mS ATHABASKA FALLS, JASPER PARK 1554 Canadian Foii'slry Journal, Fchiuari), U)1H The real breath of the north, where the pine tree thrives, is in that utterance. Parkman, the historian, from in- timate knowledge of winter in the pine woods of the north, actually pictures the scene before one in a few graphic lines, thus: "Lakes and ponds were frozen, rivulets sealed up, torrents encased with stalactites ot ice; the black trunks of the pine- trees were beplastered with snow, and its heavy masses crushed the dull green boughs into the drifts beneath. The forest was silent as the grave." And now: "A song to the oak, the brave old oak, Who hath ruled in the greenwood long." The evergreen forest most appeals to one in the winter, when the de- ciduous trees are bare, resting in the semblance of death; but in the early spring when the sap flows again and life becomes manifest, I turn to the broad-leaved forest for recreation' hope, and the renewal of life in which the very outermost twigs and buds are bathed. All through the sum- mer one can watch the occurring changes: the developing leaves, the maturing fruit, the nesting birds. Even the light is brighter than in the dark evergreen forest. • When au- tumn comes in ^the forest, when the leaves are ''Slain by the arrows of the early frost," nature caps the climax of her scenic glories in the coloring of the dying leaves, so that our last vision and fmal memories of them may be the brightest of the year. To a visitor from the old world, where there is no such autumn coloring as here, the appearance of our scarlet oaks and our maples is un- forgetable. With that other type of trees, the palm and the tree fern, "Steeped in the Sun." We here have but little Do you use a Lantern? In School, in College or as a travelling lecturer? The "McIntosh" Stereopticons will meet your ideal of what projection should be. For thirty-nine years Mcintosh lanterns have been demanded by the most dis- criminating users ot the United States and Canada. Let us know your requirements. Do you want an ideal instrument to project opaque objects? Or the most compact lantern in the world for travelling? Or a bigger machine with dissolving effects? l^crfect lenses, high class workmanship, beautiful finish and at most reasonable prices. Mcintosh Stereopticon Service BOOTH BUILDING OTTAWA 4. ... .u—mJ. Dry Matches After all day in boat, rainstorm or wet snow. Ask your dealer for If he can't supply you, we will send prepaid for his name and 50 cents. Dry matches may save your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U. S. A. i 4. Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1918 1555 JfTt'i' FAIRBANKS - MORSE FIRE FIGHTING ENGINES These compact powerful little pumping outfits have repeatedly substantiated our claims during the past year, all over Canada. They can be readily transported wherever man .or! pack horse can go. Goverments and Private Owners -.of Forests everywhere, ca.. materially reduce their fire losses by the use of these outnis. Full information and prices on request. THE CANADIAN FAIRBANKS -MORSE CO., Limitea MONTREAL - OTTAWA ST. JOHN. QUEBEC, TORONTO, HAMILTON, WmOSOR, WINNIPEG, SASKATOON. CALGARY, VANCOUVER. VICTORIA. CANADA'S DEPARTMENTAL J y' i5r)() Canudian Forcslrij Journal, February, 1918 to do, though the palm is scantily represented on our southern coast. I have watched the cocoanut palm, with its restless foliage swaying in the ever present land, or sea breeze of the ocean shore. But this has not altered in my mind the idea of tropical rest, for ' I see that the motion is produced by a force ou't- side of the palm. Nor can I escape the idea that the tropics, where the palm flourishes is the land of little achievement; where God has been too kind for man's own good. True, this has little to do with the trees them- selves, for their activities may be great. It is possible, however, for one from long habit to look at trees as helping to form human habits and so forming human histqry. If such association can be tolerated, it is easy to look upon all tropical life, plant and animal, as lacking the vigor and helpful productiveness of the land of the oak and the pine. J. T. R. in "Forest Leaves." Forests, The Keystone of War By Prof. J. W. Toumey, Dean of Yale Forest ScHOOt "\'ictory is with the army whose country has the greatest iron mines and smelters, the largest area of waving grain and abundance of wood. Of all the products of the soil upon which the very life of a nation depends in times of war, wood is the only one that cannot be rapidly increased un- der necessity and by the employment of adecpiate labor. Therefore, pro- vision for adecjuate national defence necessitates the maintenance of vast reserves of timber throughout the nation, reserves from which billions of feet can be drawn in a single year if necessary to meet the needs of the army and navy. A sane and conservative develop- ment of forest resources to meet the needs of the nation in times of peace necessitates a constantly increasing intensity of management of all ab- solute forest land and the building up and maintenance of an enormous forest capital. Please remember this forest capital can be drawn upon in times of war and may determine the fate of the nation. England has for centuries neglect- ed her forests and for generations has obtained most of the wood used in her buildings and industry from be- yond the sea. The stress of war iound her with a meagre forest capital, and New England's sons many of them New Hampshire boys, are today felling the remnant ot the forests of that proud country that the empire may live. When the sombre clouds of war are lifted from Europe's battlehelds and peace again rules over the earth, Englancl's lesson, learned in this bitter strife, will be taken to heart by her people and forests will clothe her idle lands. A forest capital, far beyond that of former days, will not only add to her economic development in times of peace but be developed and main- tained, to better insure her against vital needs in times of possible future strife. France has been more far-seeing in her forest policy, and, next to Ger- many, has been the most successful nation in Europe in the economic de- velopment of her non-agricultural lands for the production of timber. When the war broke out she had a forest capital that under the neces- sity of strife could be drawn upon for vast supplies of wood necessary for mining, transportation and trench construction, all vital to her very existence. If the French had had no forests at the outbreak of the war, France would be devastated today and the nations of middle Europe feasting in the halls of Paris. Canadian Forcstrij Journal, Fchruarij, 1918 1557 10 MILLIONS FOR PLANTING No limit will be set this year on the number of forest tree seedlings by the Pennsylvania Department of Fores- try for free -distribution. Anyone who wants to plant trees this spring may have them for the asking. The only condition being that applica- tion for less than five hundred trees will not be filled; applicants must pay for packing and transportation, and the trees may not be sold, but must be actually planted in Pennsylvania for reforestation. No applications can be filled for ornamental trees. The State Forest nurseries have raised more trees last year than ever before; but so many of the foresters have enlisted, and so few laborers are available, that the number to be planted on the State Forests probably will be even less than last vear. Over 10,0()(),()()0 trees are ready \o set out next spring, and as many more are in the nurseries, but are too small to plant this year. The stock available for free dis- tribution is almost all three years old, and includes white pine, Scotch pine, red pine, pitch pine, Norway spruce, European larch, Japanese larch and red oak. Try This Stump Pullet J g%---. »»•-»*. Th« Smith Stump Puller 3C C#ff#* niSn win take out every tree ^ and stump by the routs, clearing from one to three acres a day, doing^ the work of twenty men. We want you to send for our 3 r**r gaarao tea aeain** breakaga and our free trill propoaitloa Addresa W. Smith Grabber Co. U Smith Sta. LaCrescrnt. Minn. 4. + . TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hi.rdy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYE-DEHUR$T&SON,DENNYHUR$T DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. ♦ YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. YALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in ths number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific in.stitutions of high standmg, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjerts Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wUl warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology. Silviculture, F«rest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for oyer '^ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list ana mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D Hill Nursery Co , Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, HI., U.S.A. PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mattresses may be used on damp ground wiLh perfect safety — they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary, with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated — may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government. Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. Pneumatic Mfg. Co. ^ loo k LV n^n'-Y 15j8> Canadian Forestry Juufnal, February, 1918 *— — ♦ — - CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO ■ * MINIATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, .Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOLS — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY yi ■■ ■• ■■ »B^—» -^^aa im^^m^—t w — ibii- — ■■■■— i •(• R. O. SWEEZEY | B. Sc, M. Can.Soc. C.E. ' CONSULTING ENGINEER. ! Water Powers. Timber Lands. | Forest Industries. j 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. j _ 4. ♦ 4 Queen's UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. jEO. y. chown. (Registrar. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1918 1559 FOREST BRANCH ROLL OF HONOR The British Columbia Forest Branch during the past three years has furnished a large percentage of recruits for service overseas, the stafT in all parts of the province having frequently been reduced to skeleton proportions by the frequent enlist- ments. Casualties have been many and some of the wounded foresters have already been returned from the front as unfitted for further service. Fourteen of the gallant fellows will return no more, having given their lives in the cause of freedom. The honor roll to date is as follows: Capt. J. B. Mitchell, M.C., Lieut. J. R. Chamberlin, F. B. Wheatley, A. J. Pickup, V. K. Wood, A. Rees, W. A. Boultbee, P. Johnston, V. A. Harvey, N. F. Murray, R. F. Irving, P. McLennan, G. R. Malcolm, and Mr. Ash. Lieut. J. R. Chamberlin, of the Royal Flying Corps, was the only ofTicer whose remains were sent back to Canada for burial. LAUNDRY BILLS AND FORESTS Who would think of attributing increased laundry bills to the forest? And yet acetic acid, so necessary to the cleaning of linen, is indirectly a forest product and has grown re- markably scarce. The U. S. government needs every ounce of acetone tliat acetic acid can furnish. "Part of the reason why some laundries have advanced the price to four cents each for collars became apparent on Saturday," remarks the Philadelphia Ledger, "when it be- came known that the United States Government was likely to take over control of the acetic acid industry on very much the same lines w^hich have been applied in the case of ammonia. "It is understood that the Govern- ment, in the interest of obtaining an adequate supply of acetone for war purposes, has undertaken to control the distribution of acetic acid throughout the country, and that word to that effect, if it has not al- ready been circulated among the trade, will be sent out this week. Acetic acid has long been a standard chemical in the cleaning of collars and other white goods. A minor effect is likely to be seen in the production of benzoates, no- tably benzoate of soda; which is largely used by some manufacturers of foods. Acetic acid is largely used in the manufacture of synthetic ben- zoates, and Federal control may cut down the production." Hardwood distillation yields raw pyroligneous acid, wood gas and charcoal from beech, birch and mapl?;. From the tar of the pyroligneous acid come wood tar, acetate of lime and wood alcohol. From the acetate of lime, acetic acid is made. From acetic acid, acetone is made and used in manufacture of the high explosives, known as cordite and lyddite. Just now there is an enor- mous demand for acetone in manufac- ture of cordite. Wood alcohol is various degrees of purity enters into the production of aniline dyes, formaldehyde, photo- graphic films and smokeless powder. TROPICAL FORESTS There are at least two very large forest regions in the tropics. These are the Amazon region of South America and the Indo-Malay region of southeastern Asia and adjacent islands. The forested region of the Amazon River basin comprising an area of 1,600,000 square miles is the largest in the world. The forested area of Borneo Sumatra the Philip- pine Islands the Malay Peninsula and Burma is roughly estimated to be not less than 500,000 square miles, or nearly as large as that of the United States. Thus the forested area of these two tropical regions alone comprises more than 2,000,000 square miles. Contrary to the usual opifiion it is claimed that tropical forests are not all composed of hard woods fit only for special purposes, but that they have a much larger percentage of soft and medium hard woods which it is quite practicable to develop economically. 1560 Canadian Forestrij Journal, Januarij, 1918 ^, „ ,. ,„ .,__.. .. ,. „ ,. ,„ ,„ .„ .. « „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ ,„ , Useful Forestry Books FERGUSON— FARM FORESTRY By John Arden Ferguson, A.M., M.F., Professor of Forestry at the Pennsylvania State College. VIIIx241 pages.. d}4 by 8. Many full-page half tones. Cloth, SI. 25 net. Covers especially the subject of forestry as applied to the farm and woodlot. The subject is treated from the broad standpoint of the woodlots in the great plains and prairie regions, as well as in the more eastern regions. KINNEY— THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERICA By Jay P. Kinney, A.B., LL.B., M.F., Chief Supervisor of Forests, United States Indian Service. XVIIIx275 pages. 6 by 9. Cloth, $2.50 net. This book discusses the chronological development of legislation directed to the preservation of existing forest resources, reforestation of cut-over, burned-over areas, the extension of forest areas, and the svstematic management of forests for productive purposes. KINNEY— THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW By Jav P. Kinney, A.B., LL.B., M.F. XXIXx279 pages. 6 by 9. Cloth, $3.00 net. This book contains information that will prove of inestimable value to anyone who desires to ascertain easily and quickly the funda- mentals of American timber law, or who needs reference to court decisions to support a well-founded view as to the law upon any particular point. WOOLSEY— FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY. Tunisia, Algeria and Corsica. With a Translation of the Algerian Code of 1903. Bv Theodore S. Woolsev, Jr., M.F., Assistant District Forester, United States Forest Service, 1908-1915. XVx238 pages. 6 by 9. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.50 net. Embodies the result of a study of the more important phases of forest practice in Corsica, Algeria and Tunisia. The author's exper- I ience abroad includes not only continental Europe and the French I Dependencies (which latter are described in this book;, but also forest j management in British India as well. f BRYANT— LOGGING. The Principal and General Methods of Operation in the United States. By Ralph Clement Bryant^ F.E .- M.A., Manufacturers' Asso- ciation. Professor of Lumbering, Yale University. XVI 11x590 pages. 6 by 9. 133 figures. Cloth $3.50 net. Discusses at length the movement of the timber from the stump to the manufacturing plant, and the chief facilities and methods for doing this: with especial reference to logging railroads. TAYLOR— HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN Bv Jay L. B. Taylor, Forest Ranger, United States Forest Service. IXx420 pages. 4M by Q^. 236 figures. Flexible Binding, $2.50 net. Prepared as a result of the author's experience in field work of the United States Forest Service. Solves problems which confront a forest ranger in government, state and private employ. The sugges- tions offered will also be found of use to others whose work or re- creation takes them into rough or unsettled regions. Cauddian Forcsiru Journal, Jdnuart/, 1918 ir)(31 P. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN. CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General P'orestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. FORESTERS AND RANGERS EVERYTHING YOU NEED CAN BE SUPPLIED BY US PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Timber Estimating and Mapping. Supervision of Lumber Contracts. Surveying. Forest Planting. STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. 1 I The Ontario Hughes Owens Company 529 Sussex St. OTTAWA, ONT. • — " — ♦ 50 CIS. WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Ont. 1562 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1918 A Live Book on Our Wild Animals at a Bargain Price! In the long winter evenings there is opportunity for burnishing up your half-forgotten knowledge of our Canadian wild animals and for learning a hundred things you never suspected before. We have such a book packaged ready for you. In the bookstores, it sells commonly at $1.50. (The illustration above shows the paper- bound edition priced at one dollar). The journal has arranged for a limited edition of leather-bound copies to sell to our readers for $1.00. The book contains 265 pages and 61 full-page illustrations n color of the North Amer can wild animals in their native haunts. The text is by Chas. K. Reed, who has won much fame through various nature books, and the plates are in natural colors by H. P. Harvey. The book is shaped conveniently for your pocket. While authorita- tative in matter, it is brightly written and will pay high dividends in helpful and interesting reading. Enclose a dollar bill to the Canadian Forestiy Journal, 119 Booth Building, Ottawa, marking your name very plainly on the attached coupon: Canadian Forestry Journal, Ottawa. Please send copy of 'The Animal Guide' in leather binding to the follow- ing address. One dollar is enclosed. Name ,. A Special Message! The National work of the Canadian Forestry Associ- ation depends upon prompt receipt of all the annual fees. Make the 1918 remittance a ''Con- tributing Membership" at five dollars if you possibly can. The Forestry Journal is only one feature of your membership. You are a partner in the widespread educational work, so essential to progress in forest conservation. Part of your fee goes to pay for our propaganda. Make it a ''Contributing Fee' if you think you can afford the amount for genu- ine national service. +.- ™ " ' '"'^^■'' ■■ "I' * R. R. BRADLEY Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. of F. E. Consulting Forester to the New Bruns- wick Railway Co. Timber and Pulpwood Estimates. Forest Maps. Advice on the Management of Wood Lands. Timber lands listed for sale. Ajj^„^^ I GLOBE ATLANTIC BUILDING, ST. JOHN, N.B. j\.auress j,^ ,„ ,_, ,„ ,„ „ ,„ „ „ „ „ ^, „ „ „ Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Fihnutrii, 1918 1563 ——"—"— — i— — — - — ■• — - — . — . — ' — — — -— — i — — i+ SEEDING and PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY By James W. Tourney, M.S., M.A., Director of the Forest School and Professor of Silviculture, Yale University. This book presents both the details of practice, and the funda- mental principles that control success and failure in the economic production of nursery stock and the artificial regeneration of forests. It explains the why as well as the how. Part I. deals with the silvical basis for seeding and planting, more particularly the principles which underlie the choice of species, the closeness of spacing and the composition of the stand. Part II. is descriptive of the various operations in artificial re- generation and the results that may be expected from the best practice. Chapter Headings of This Book: Pai't I. Silvical Basis for Seeding and Planting. Chap. I. Definitions and Generalities. jjj' ^ The Qioice of Species in Artificial Regeneration. IV. The Principles which Determine Spacing. V. The Principles which Govern the Composition of the Stand. Part II. The Artificial Formation of Woods. VI. General Considerations. VII 1 VIII [Forest Tree Seed and Seed Collecting. IX. The Protection of Seeding and Planting Sites. X. Preliminary Treatment of Seeding and Planting Sites. XI. Establishing Forests by Direct Seeding. XII. to XV. The Forest Nursery. XVI. to XVII. Establishing Forests by Planting. xxii+454 pages, 6 by 9, 140 figures. Cloth, $3.50 net. Canadian Forestry Journal 206-207 Booth Bldg., OTTAWA. PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes. Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada — — 4. ^TheCdmpers Favorite Ik "BLOW BED" SLEEP with a COMFORT ON Al R SLEEPING POCKET (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 8 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. Illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL. MASS., U.S.A.. Dealers write 4. FOREST TELEPHONES Make the life of the forester better worth living. They relieve him from the appalling loneliness. They help ^^^ him to keep in human voice touch with p^-'' foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire — -sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the Office nearest you. North(^rtt E/ectn'c Com party M jntrea! Halifax Ottawa ^y>^" LIMITED Toronto Regina London Calgary Winnipeg Vancouver j^^*^. 'NortheFti 'Etectric 'Fotvst-Tehfyhones- CZI__ ' ZZIZIZZZZD Canadian forestry 3oumaI Vol. XIV. MARCH, 1918 No. 3 AN INDIAN FIRE RANGER'S ADVISORY BOARD. IN NORTHERN QUEBEC Canadian Forestry Journal CIRCULATION 6500 COPIES MONTHLY Vol. XIV WOODSTOCK ONT., MARCH. 1918 No. 3 CONTENTS FOR MARCH ''Money in the Maple Bush" by the Editor. ' "The Forests of Canada in Peace and War" By Robson Black, Secretary Canadian Forestry Association. "Flying Patrol for Forest Protection" By Major K. E. Kennedy, Royal Flying Corps. "Choosing Trees for Ornamental Planting" By Odilon Bedard F. E., Quebec. "The Forester's Place in the Planning and Operating of Wood Industries" By W. F. V. Atkinson, F. E. "Britain's Penalty for Neglected Forests" By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell. "High Prices Make Farm Forestry Possible" "Canada's Profits from Her Forests" "How to Cut a Woodlot" "Heading Off the Fire Season" "Know These Facts About Your Cordwood" "A Community Wood-Chopping Day" "Where is the Fuel for Next Winter?" "Millions of Waste from Wood" "British Columbia Forest Facts" "Patronage Makes Farewell Bow" War Front Letters from Forestry Men The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Communications to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post Office al Woodstock, Ont., as second-class matter. Salvage Covers and Water Pails Fill Your Every Requirement SEND FOR SAMPLES Wood's Manufacturing Co., Ltd — Successors To SMART-WOODS, LTD., Ollawa, Canada- THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND ARTS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED VICTORIA, TRINITY, ST. MICHAEL'S KNOX and WYCLIFFE COLLEGES FACULTIES OF APPLIED SCIENCE MEDICINE EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE FORESTRY For 'further information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. Canadian Forestry Journal, March, 1918 1569 LOOKING ACROSS ILLECILLEWAET VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA 157v) Canadian Forestry Journal, March, 1918 i^ Pii-turos by Courtesy C. G. R. Magazine Showing the good work of the Canadian Government Railways in planting spruce hedges between Campbellton and Bathurst, New Brunswick iiiiiiii A snow hedge with end (shown at i^rrow) returned at right angles to prevent the snow from drifting into the cut (jinddian Forcslru Jorrnd!, Marclu If>IS 1571 Money in the Maple Bush B\ Tin-: Kditoh II has often been said that I he forest represents more services to human kind than ahiiost any other national possession. To the minds of the majority, kmiber and pulp wood are the sole associations of a produc- tive forest. The wider one's observa- tion becomes, the more clearly it is seen that lumber and pulp wood are just two of the thousand-and-one dividends paid by a timberland, al- beit, they produce more profits to the country than other forest activities combined. 55,000 in the Sugar Trade Although most Canadians are to a moderate extent consume-rs of maple sugar and its products, it is seldom realized what a valuable source of revenue lies in this annual use of maple woods. The Dominion has toda\- 55,000 sugar-making plants and in H)l(i i)r()duced 19,()00.()00 pounds of maple sugar, worili about 81,500,000. Quebec alone has more than o5,()00 sugar making plants, 20,000 others being shared by Ontario and Nexr Brunswick. Only in recent years has the plan of co-operative effort come to the rescue of this most important industry and today :uich an organization as the Pure Maple Sugar and Syrup Co-operative Agri- cultural Association in Quebec, is doing most valuable educational work, which witii tlie aid of other co- operative bodies, ought to be able to double or treble the income derived by farmers through maple sugar manufacture. Mr. J. H. Crimm. the well known Montreal manufacturer, stated recently that if the waste of sap could be saved and the quality improved, the farmers of Eastern Cauda might just as well ' secure BOILING DOWN THE SAP IN A MODERN QUEBEC SUGAR CAMP 1572 Canadian Forcstrij Journal, March, 1918 .$4,000,000 a year, and if all the Irecs were tapped this amount could be easily doubled. Adulteration Discouraged Since the Dominion Governmenl gave protection against the plague ot adulteralion which was undermining the market at home and abroad, th^ entire business has been placed upon a new footing. The market is growing rapidly, not only in Canada, but in the United States and Great Britain, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and Newfoundland. Last year, an order for one-hundred thousand pounds came from Lyons, France. Another order for 25,000 one-pound cakes was received from Chicago. From 70 to 100 car loads are sent every season to the United States. Mr. Gustave Boyer, President of the Co-operative Agricultural Association said recently that the enforcement of the law protecting the making of good sugar was having a marked effect. Last year out of 209 samples, 162 were found pure. Indian Methods The manufacture of maple sugar in Canada began with the Indian tribes. On the approach of Spring the Indian tapped his trees aslant with a toma- hawk and inserted above this opening; a chip of wood or pipe from which the sap fell drop by drop into a birch bark receptacle. The sap was then boiled in earthernware vessels. In this way they obtained a small quantity of thick black syrup, the only sugar used by the Indians. The industry has not made the progress that might have been antic- ipated. In 1860 the Eastern Cana- dian farmers made 13,000,000 pounds of sugar, two-thirds as much as was made in 1910. They secured these earlier results with very crude equip- ment and lack of markets. As time went on the unfair and dishonest competition of adulterators almost forced the industry to the point of ruin. It is estimated that scarcely one- quarter of the valuable maple trees of Canada are being tapped each season. According to the Quebec producers, to justify any adventure into the maple sugar business, from 700 to 1000 maple trees should be tapped. This necessitates employing two men. With 1,000 cans, from 1500 to 2,000 pounds of sugar can usually be made, taking into account the average yield every season. Mr. J. H. Lefebvre, Secretary of the Co- operative Agricultural Association, has made 1300 pounds with 400 cans. "If the yield is 2,000 pounds," says Mr. Lefebvre, "keep 400 pounds for your own use, leaving you 1600 pounds, worth from 10 to 14 cents. Even at 12 cents a pound the returns amount to .$192. These sugar camps, when properly worked, pay very well. It requires only a few days work at a time of the year when nothing else is being done." $30 an Acre If a high quality of sugar and syrup are made, 100 trees per acre, with an average ot 2 pounds of sugar per load selling at 15 cents a pound, the results would be an income of ,$30 per acre on practically waste land, giving the farmer good returns for his labor. STARTING THE SAP FLOW Canadian Forestry Journal, March, 191S 1573 It has been estimated that about 9 per cent, of the sugar contents of a maple tree is obtained from a single tap. At the same time experts ar( of the opinion that it 20 per cent, could be obtained no damage would be done to the tree. A general rule for the guidance of maple sugar producers is that a tree capable of producing half a cord of wood should be tapped only in one place, while one from which a whole cord could be obtained may be tapped in two places.— R. B. A QUEBEC MAPLE BUSH DURING THE SUGAR MAKING SEASON 1574 Cdnadidn Forcslrij Juurrtdl, Mdich, lUlH The Forests of Canada in Peace and War Bv RoBSON Black Secretary, The Canadian Forcslrij Assuciatiun Oltaiva The Vital Relation of the Dominion's Forests to the Future Safety of the British Empire ! LOOK a moment at the map on the opposite page! Notice that strip of solid black across Can- ada! It is the British Empire's chief forest resource, the only coniferous timber supply along the All-Red Route. Australia and New Zealand, al- though once well forested have wrecked their great inheritance through fires and ruthless operations. South Africa has to import its big timber from outside. Parts of India, notably Burma, are rich in hard wood supplies but the selling price alone would make their general use pro- hibitive. John Bull, in peace time, places a tremendous drain on the world's forests. He requires 600 million cubic feet to keep him going a year. Omy one log out of eight used is grown in the British Isles. The balance he brought from Russia, Scandinavia, and America. His cheque for Canadian lumber and square timber is about $14,000,000 a "year. John Bull in time of war found the problem of getting timber supplies as great a source of worry as his shell output. Ships could not be spared for transporting such bulky cargoes across the Atlantic, or even the North Sea. Premier Lloyd George repeatedly expressed anxiety over the maintenance of timber supplies, for during the first two years of the war more ships were used for timber than for any other import. "The situation," said the Premier, "calls for the gravest uneasiness." The employment of Forestry Battalions in the British Isles relieved the situa- tion substantially, although that drastic course has almost under- mined the foundations of Britain's mature timber stands. Little, if any, British timber is sent to France be- cause of pressing requirements at home. The forests of France, so splendidly planned a century ago, and jealously guarded from fire and reck- less exploiters, are able to furnish the fighting front with 200 million feet of timber each month and to keep British coal mines supplied with pit props as well. Nearly 30,000 French trees are falling every day in order to hold back the German legions. Without rich forests, France }^ 1585 want the bullets to go. Suppose you see a company down there which you think should be annoyed — you just point your machine that way and let them have it until you decide they have enough, or until you are forced to move on. The aeroplanes also do a good deal of damage to the enemy by dropping bombs, and they are of course of great assistance to the infantry by showing them where the enemy is, and routing out groups of Germans who may be hiding in a shell hole or a small trench, some- times holding up our advance by means of their machine gun fire. The aeroplanes get after these chaps at once, and if they cannot manage to settle them alone they signal down to the advancing infantry and they do the job. Getting Messages Back In advance movements the in- fantry in some parts of course go faster than others, and it is absolutely necessary for the safety oi tlie troops that the higher command, miles fur- ther back, should know exactly at what point each unit is, and which sections need to be reinforced. There are special machines for this work, and they are sometimes called "liaison machines" because they act as mes- sengers. When they cannot get a wireless through to headquarters, sometimes they take a picture, or make a drawing, which will contain the necessary information, and then fly back to headquarters and drop the message and hurry back to get on the job again. In this way, by keep- ing the higher command absolutely posted on the situation of every unit in the advance, our guns are kept from shelling out people. I think w^hat I have told you just about covers the extent of our co-operation with the infantrv. MR ATKINSON: I have a ques- tion I would like to ask. Supposing you have a lake with a row of trees? around it, along the shores close to the water — trees say, 40 feet high — how great w^ould the area of the lake have to be in order to make a safe landing ground for an aeroplane, the minimum area I mean? Alighting in Water MAJOR KENNEDY: I think in a lake like that if vou will take an LAKE McARTHUR, TRAIL 24, BRITISH COLUMBIA 1586 Canadian Forestrij Journal, March, 1918 angle of say 45 degrees from the tops of the trees to the lake, and consider the point where the line touches the water as the boundary of your lake, you will require an area within those points of 200 yards in length as a minimum. It will take mighty good flying to get into a lake that size too, and a slight error in judgment might send you crashing into the shore. MR. ATKINSON: Then to be safe you would need to have an area about 300 yards in diameter? MAJOR KENNEDY: Yes, rough- ly speaking, about 300 yards. It is not necessary that the area should be circular; what you want is to have 300 yards in which you can head into the wind Outside of that all you need is to have room for your wings. MR. POWER: In getting out of a lake wouldn't you need to have a larger area? MAJOR KENNEDY : If you have a good strong wind it would be easy enough to get out of a lake of the size mentioned, but in calm weather it might be hard, especially if you have a big load. Under those circum- stances I should advise leaving ofT S0me ol the load. MR. KENNEDY: What would be the life of the average motor? MAJOR KENNEDY: Well, that would depend on the type of motor and the work it would have to do. I know that we have had machines at the front which have done six or seven hundred hours' flying under very bad conditions, and with re- newals of various small parts, piston rings, etc., and a general overhauUng they can be made practically as good as new. The main thing is to get hold of a good mechanic, but of course over there would not be the same wear and tear on your machines. You'd never get the same conditions here. If you take good care of your machines, have them thoroughly overhauled after every 50 hours' flying, they will last — well, I'd hate to say how long they will last because they might last longer than I'd say. (Laughter). Flying in a Gale MR. POWER: Does the wind afTect the machines very seriously? Up where we are the wind comes up very suddenly — one minute the air might be quite calm and all of a sud- den a gale blows up. How would that affect us in the use of aeroplanes? MAJOR KENNEDY: What do you mean by a "strong gale"? Do you mean when it l^lows about 50 miles an hour or so? MR. POWER: Yes, about that. MAJOR KENNEDY: We don't mind a little thing like that at a! Of course it would hold up the speed, but there would be absolutely no danger at all. In Texas they have what they call "Northers." The day will be beautifully fine, and all of a sudden it turns cold and a gale come up, blowing 40 miles an hour and up- ward. When that happens the pupils usually dive for home, but sometimes of course some of the chaps who don't know any better go up and fool around and have a grand time. Flying in a gale is just like skating against a strong wind. You can keep on going but it's harder work and you can't get the speed. MR. ATKINSON: Major Ken- nedy, I would like to ask if a landing can be made on a frozen lake in winter, with a depth of say a foot or two of snow? MAJOR KENNEDY: You can land anywhere if you have the necessary space. I landed once on a pebbly beach and got away with it all right. Of course it isn't good for your machine, but you can do it. You want to have good shock ab- sorbers though, — they are very neces- sary. I have landed in three or four inches ■ of snow with wheels, but of course you would have to have skids for landing on ice. MR. ATKINSON: May I ask another question. Cold conditions don't seem to make much difference to you, but how about sudden changes from extreme cold to extreme heat, heat such as we experienced in the recent fire in Northern Ontario? Would things keep right on working or would the machine be affected? An Egyptian Test MAJOR KENNEDY: No. It couldn't be any hotter than it is in Canadian Forcsirij Journal. Marclh 191S 1587 Egypt, and you certainly get ex- tremes in flying there. In mid-sum- mer you get the heat all right, then when you go up three or four thousand feet, which is a normal elevation for flying, it is quite cold. Up higher it is very cold, and if you stay up long enough you freeze. One thing you would have to look out for over here would be to keep your radiators warm. You might fmd it a bit hard to get started in very cold weather, but not if you keep your machine in a heated building. A MEMBER: Do you think there would be any trouble experienced in landing in the Rockies? MAJOR KENNEDY: All you need is a small piece of land of the dimensions mentioned, and I should think you could find that unless you have nothing but up-and-down peaks. I don't remember just how high the Rocky Mountains are, but we have flown over some of the highest peaks in Europe without any trouble. So far as space is concerned, I would undertake to land jn the city of Montreal, and not kill myself. I might spoil the machine but I could save myself all right. MR. HOWARD : How about land- ing grounds? Would you sometimes have to go very great distances with- out finding a place where you could land? MAJOR KENNEDY: That de- pends largely on your height — how high you are flying— but if you are up 5,000 feet you have a choice of ten square miles to land on. Of course accidents will happen, but they are usually due to people choosing the wrong places at which to land, an error in judgment, you know. But I should think you would get one or two small lakes in an area of ten square miles in this country, where you could make a safe landing. The Association was organized rather laic in 1917 and therefore had not an opporlunity to perfe^'t its organiza- tion for the full period of the fire hazard. This Association comprises those limits on the north shore of the St. Lawrence around Quebec and in the Saguenay district. The report of President Robert B. Kernan outlines the construction of a system of look- outs and telephones, and the use of motor cycles in open and extended districts. The cost of patrol and fighting fires worked out on tbo economical basis ot .0031 dolhrs per acre, the total expenditure for 1917 amounted to S19.705.73. The total area patrolled for members of the Association was 9,88S squ;Me miics. LAURENTIAN'S FINE YEAR The first Annual Report of the Laurentian Forest Protective Asso- ciation of the Province of Quebec makes a remarkably good showing. A Partnership Suggestion! The Canadian Forestry Associa- tion is not a Government institu- tion in any degree. Neither is it affiliated to any commercial in- terests. Each year's programme is fitted to each year's receipts. Many important enterprises that should be started at once must wait upon the receipt of membership fees. The Association has no endowment, no reserve funds. Your fee and the next man's fee, decide how much work the Association shall do in 1918. The copies of the Forestry Jour- nal sent to each member alone cost over 60 cents a year, for printing and engraving. When a member's fees remain unpaid, it means that the general funds of the Associa- tion must be drawn upon to meet the cost of his Forestry Journal. Nor doecL M /// satisfy you because the natural flavor of the tobacco is in it. 1602 Canadian Forestry Journal, March, 1918 very badly. People who talk glibly about the housing question forget how near the heart of that question this matter lies. A dip into the literature of the United States would show them that it was the forest which solved for the builders of that country the problem of comfort and cheapness. When Peace Comes While the needs of peace will make themselves gradually felt and in- creasing prices will tend to provide the required supplies, it is otherwise with international disputes, and it is against the sudden shock of these that the statesman will have specially to prepare. Whether they take the form of war or of trade boycotts, it is certain that the defensive strength of this country will depend on its ability to dispense with imports for a limited period. We have at present three million acres of wood, of which per- haps two million are or might be coniferous forest worked on economic lines. I cannot tackle the estimate in detail. I can only state my belief that if these two million acres were made fully productive, the afforesta- tion of another million and a half acres would make us reasonably safe. Possibly others here, who have de- voted more study to the subject, will agree in this conclusion. The cal- culation is one which any one may make for himself, imports being reckoned in loads and a load represent- ing pretty fairly the average annual production of an acre of well-managed coniferous wood. Whatever the pre- cise amount to be afforested may be, it constitutes a considerable change. I may leave it to othes to discuss today how it can be introduced with the least possible disturbance into the complicated structure of our national life. Pine Blister a Mighty Menace Fire, waste, unskilful lumbering, and, above all, the blister rust, threaten to deprive Canada of one of its greatest sources of wealth. Prof. J.^H. Faull, of Toronto Forest School, told an audience gathered un- der the auspices of the Royal Cana- dian Institute in Toronto recently. While fire, waste and unscientific lumbering have in the past done much to lessen Canada's income from her white pine forests, the speaker said, the great menace of the present hour is this comparatively new pest, the blister rust, which was introduced into America from Europe about twelve years ago. Fortunately it requires two hosts to complete tis growth, and by the elimination of one of the hosts the pest may be very effec- tively combatted. The white pine blister and its destructive consequences, oddly enough, is the result of a strong move for reforestration which swept Canada and the United States a little more than a decade ago. The slogan of this movement was "Plant white pine", which is the basic tree of the Canadian forests, and the immediate result was that the stocks of ssedlings in the hands of American nurserymen were de- pleted. Som3 years previous a re- forestration movement had swept through Europe, and large stocks of white pine seedlings had been imported from America. This blister rust disease had always existed in the Ural mountains, but its ravages there were not serious. When white pines were set out in Europe, how- ever, the disease became very virulent and attacked practically all the im- ported stock. When, during the re- forestration movement in Canada and the United States, American stocks of seedlings became depleted, the nur- series sent buyers to Europe for the purpose of securing enough young trees to meet the demand in America. The Europeans were shrewd enough not to inform the buyers of the ravages of the blister rust, and large stocks of seedlings were imported and distributed throughout the white pine districts. The disease requires about three years before it begins to Canadian Forestry Journal, March, 1918 1603 manifest itself by a swelliiii> of the limbs of the tree, which take on a sickly, yellowish appearance. Once established, the fungus progresses down the branch or stem year by year. Each Spring there arise from the swollen, discolored tissue invaded during the previous year numerous pale orange or whitish blisters filled with countless spores. About four years ago the prevalence of the dis- ease in our (Canadian forests was remarked, and since then a vigorous campaign has been carried out in Ontario and Quebec to eliminate the new pest. II Br Better Gardens **]P*VBRY back yard should be used for the cultivation of fruits and W* vegetables" — says the Food Controller's Bulletin. Market Gardens *°^ must be worked to capacity. But all this effort is wasted unless the seeds sown are capable of producing sturdy, vigorous plants. Plant Rennie's War Garden Seeds and insure a full crop ! Cabbag^e v^*-- K o^. % oz. oz. n ib Danish Summer Roundhead .10 0.90 2.75 Cauliflower Rennie's Danish Drouth- Resisting 15 4.25 1.00 1.85 3.50 10.00 Celery Paris Golden Yellow (Extra Select) 15 .60 1.10 2.00 Onion pi:t. oz. k ib- i^. Rennie's Extra Early Red .05 .35 1.00 3.75 Radish— Cooper's Sparkler k05 ,20 .65 2. 20 Tomato— Market King 10 .60 1.75 Rennie'slmproved Beefsteak .10 .75 2.50 pkt. Pansy — Rennie's XXX Exhibition Mixture 25 Sweet Peas— Rennie's XXX Spencer r.Ii-ture ... .15 Nasttsrtiunn— Rennie's XXX Chameleon Mixture. .10 Stocks — Rennie's XXX Large Flowering Globe Mixture 20 For Planting Mar. 1st to Apr. 15th Order NOW! ••■ LOOK FOR THE STARS- •* "•i^ Our 1918 Catalogue should be in your hand by now. It is your patriotic duty to consult it at every opportunity. Our Government insists ■we must pro- duce more. Start right, then, and be sure and sow good seed — RENNIE'S SEEDS. Jyook for the special star border bargains in our Catalogue — it will pay you to do so. ♦•__ Jf4(^ WILLIAM JtCX-fJUI^lX-f LIMIXE^D. KING & MARKET ST* TORONTO AUSO AT MONTREAI. V^INNIPEC .VANCOUVER 1604 Canadian Forcslrij Journal, March, I91H A Forester's Impression of England Mr. .las. R. Dickson, formerly of the Dominion Forestry Branch, Ot- tawa, and now with the Forestry Corps in Eni>land in a letter to the Director of Forestry says that he has been extremely busy sizing up and rerorling on timber and sawmill operations which the British Board of Trade have given the Forestry Corps the option of taking oyer and carrying through. Mr. Dickson goes on to say: "Have been engaged so far in the ?ovth of England and fmd the work verv interesting and congenial. I think our good friend Ellwood Wilson would have taken a fit had he seen the pair of calipers they sent me out with to make a very careful check valua- tion survey upon the result of which ar other forester's fate depended, as his estimate had been seriously cjues- tioned. In the first place it was a hi'ge awkward affair, made by a blacksmith, and all of iron — so just imagine the weight! And it was made for a left-handed man, with even at that all the diameter figures put on wrong way round, so that our left- handed Hercules was required to read them upside down. Furthermore the long caliper arms were tipped with ^4 inch right angled nibs which were forever catching in the rough bark, and even when they were placed just right the diameter measurement was being taken at such a distance irom the scale, and there was necessarily so much "play" in the moveable arm that one could only hope to be some- where within an inch of the "correct answer." With the unaided eye I can estimate to within a half-inch error, so that after all one's work with them these English calipers were, you may say, twice as bad as nothing. "The small local sawmills in English woods, cutting 3 to 6 M.B.M.^ per day, turn out a fair quality of stuff but cut rather a pathetic figure beside one of our big Canadian mills. When they get an extra big log at one of those little mills it's funny to see "all hands and the cook" piped to shove on the carriage and so help the poor fellow at the windlass win through. .In Even-aged $tand Most of the Scotch pine I've been working in was planted just after the Napoleonic wars and is therefore about 100 years old. What a dif- ference between one of these perfectly pure even-aged stands, with often not a piece of debris or bit of underbrush to be seen anywhere on the mossy floor, and roads or "rides" as they cam them, intersecting everywhere: and, say a typical corner in the Riding or Duck Mountains with weed trees hogging most of the ground and a mass of debris and underbrush so dense that a mile an hour is good going even usmg both hands to save your eyes and a little Latin to save your temper. "In a word one can pick up in the old land some splendid ideas both on how to do things and how not to do them. In the latter regard one of the 4. — Dry Matches After all day in a boat, rainstorm or wet snow. Ask your dealer for If he can't supply you, we will send prepaid for his name and 50 cents. Dry matches may save your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Oladstone, Mich,, U.S.A. Canadian Forestnj Journal, March, 1918 1605 F-M Speeder Easy Running— Durable The F-M Speeder is easy running and durable because it is carefully built and it is equipped with ball bearings and accurately machine cut gears. These machines aid Government and Railway Forestry Officers to easily cov- er their routes and reach an objective quickly. For Farther Information please address our nearest house. . The Canadian Fairbanks-Morse Co,, Limited ^'Canada's Dapartmental House for Meeh(uiical Goods.'' St John, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton, Windsor, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Calgary, Vancouver, Victoria 1606 Canadian Forcslrij Journal, March, 1918 first things to strike you is the hap- hazard way in which forestry work has been so far attempted. I hope and indeed quite expect that after the war something in the way of a general land classification will be undertaken in order that the big re-planting pro- gram which is inevitable may be gone ahead with on some definitely or- ganized and permanent basis so far as the nation is concerned. The people both here and in France are wailing more and more about the way in which we are slashing down their fine old forests— and "pity 'tis 'tis true." For our Corps is now supplying nearly three-quarters of Britain's requirements on both sides of the channel. A Lord from Scotland was here only to-day to plead that some of his cherished old woods should be spared. It' is satisfactory to note that in spite of our tremen- dously heavy overhead charges the Corps is still able to provide the government with timber products at a cost fairly well below the regular market prices." New Lecture Sets for Western Canada The Forestry Association, through the co-operation of the Dominion Forestry Branch, hopes to have avail- able within the next few weeks, several new Travelling Lecture Sets which will have their headquarters at Winnipeg, Prince Albert and Cal- gary for the use of our Western mem- bers and friends who desire to con- duct illustrated lectures on forest conservation in their localities. Each set will have a complete manuscript, and at least fifty lantern slides. Applications for use of these sets are invited by the Association. 8 Lectures a Week by Travelling Outfits Four Travelling Lecture Sets are in constant use by the Canadian For- estry Association, reaching hundreds of men and women and school children. Boy Scouts, etc., every week. The following are typical experien- ces from Saint John and West Saint John N.B., where one of the sets recently was used by two organiza- tions. Each set consists of fifty-five excellent lantern slides, many in natural colors, and a complete manu- script, containing a popular lecture and fifty-five descriptive paragraphs for the slides. The four Sets are kept moving from town to town and are responsible for at least eight illus- trated lectures on forest conservation every week. From Mr. James A. Estey, Estev &. Co., Saint John, N.B.— "We duly received your lantern slides and we had our lecture on Tuesday evening. We got a very fine representative audience. The lecture and slides were much enjoyed and the after discussion combined with the lecture will prove an assistance in forest con- servation. We varied our evening, somewhat, and one of our Associate members read for us "The Lumber- man" by Whittier. Last Tuesday evening we followed up your lecture with "An Evening with the Province Beautiful". Forest conservation and preservation got a place, of course." From the Saint John Telegraph: — "The necessity of conserving the forests of the country was again shown to a large audience in Charlotte Street Baptist Church, West Saint John, last evening, by Rev. J. H. Jenner, and the subject proved a very interesting one to those present. The lecture was provided by the Canadian For- estry Association and it covered the subject in a very interesting as well as an instructive way." C.(in(i(li(in Forcstrn Joiirndi Mdrrh. lUlS KiO" FROM NEW BRUNSWICK. Woodstock, x\.B., January Isl, 1918. Canadian Forestry Association: Ottawa. It is lo mc a i^leasure to write my appreciation of the i>reat work you arc doing in the matter of forest protection and growth. Truly we hold a great trust, a princely heri- tage. Our duty is to make it more profitable and pass on to our suc- cessors more productive and richer than it is today. Enclosed [)lease find card with two new sul)scribers. G. W. SLIPP. UP-TO-DATE WOODSMAN lie was preparing his home lessons. His father, a struggling tradesman, was listening to him reciting some poetry: "Woodman spare that tree. Touch not a single bough, In youth it sheltered me And I'll protect it now\" Taking the book from the boy's hand, the father wrote in pencil: "Woodman cut that tree, Spare not a single bough, In youth 'twas dear to me, But coal is dearer now." Try This Stump Puller^ M 4^.._^ KMS^t^ ^^^ Smith Stump Puller 3t IfUi* nffSN will take out every tree ^ and stump by the roots, clearing from one to three acres a day, (loiug^ twenty men. W year gnaran .„ ^ TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS H..r 'y Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYE-DE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST DRYOEN, ONT. Shippers to II. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Franraise. .+ 4. YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. YAI-E University Forest School is a * tiraduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestrj' is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology. Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest lechnology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over ^^ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 50J Dundee, 111., U.S.A. PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mallresscs may bf used on damp ground wiih perfect safety — they are non -absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary with no place for dust or vermin lo collect. Easily deflated and inflated— may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. Pneumatic Mfg. Co.B^'^n'JIV^^IS^v 1608 Canadian Forestry Journal, March, 1918 CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO I i § : I I I 9 I I I Queen's UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil, MeclianuHl iind Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. GEO. Y. CHOWN. Registrar. -«■ n^^B*!* MINIATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOO: S — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY R. O. SWEEZEY B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E. CONSULTING ENGINEER. Water Powers. Timber Lands. Forest Industries. 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. _. .. 4. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demaml to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Cbancelior. Canadian Forrslri/ Journal, March, 1918 1609 Heading Off the Fire Season In order to head off the 1918 lire season with as mueh direet education- al work as possible, the Canadian Forestry Association is at present working out the details of an ex- tensive programme by which a num- ber of French Canadian lecturers will be sent through the timliered districts of Quebec, holding public meetings, giving lectures iUustrated with stereopticon and motion pir- tures, with similar work carried out by English speakers in the northern parts of Ontario and New Brunswick. This work was commenced in March by the sending of Mr. J. A. Doucet on behalf of the Association to the northern districts of New Brunswick. Mr. Doucet was released for three weeks' work by kindness of the Dominion Forestry Branch. He has completed an itinerary of Petit Rocher, Bathurst, Grand Anse, Pa- quetville, Caraquet, Lameque, Tra- cadie, Rogersville, Moncton, Mem- ramcook, Jacquet River and Camp- bellton. Valuable educational work has also been commenced in the Gaspe Penin- sula, contiguous to the territory in which Mr. Doucet has ])een working. Mr. J. D. Brule, I-^astern Manager of the Southern St. Lawrence Forest Protective Association, has been giv- ing a serious of illustrated talks at well-attended public meetings, using a lecture equipment with lantern slides provided 1)y. the Canadian Forestry Association. The Forestry Association hopes to have at least two other lecturers at work in the month of May, through most of the strategic points in the timbered dis- trict of central and western Quebec and in Ontario. As an introductory enterprise, a number of motion picture films are being circuited in the outh'ing motion picture theatres of Quebec, each film being accompanied by lantern slides bearing fire warnings, some of which put the argument for forest protec- tion into one or two striking sen- tences. These slides will be supplied in the French and English text and to any readers of the Forestry Jour- nal desiring copies to these. The first group of these slides, six in number, can be secured at thirty cents each. Canada's Profits From Her Forests By R. S. Pringle, K.C., Paper Controller, at Annual Meeting Canadian Forestry Association, Montreal, Feb. 6, 1918. Canada was fortunate in having vast timber resources, and having on the one side the European market, the greatest in the world, at its doors the United States, the second greatest market, and on its Pacific Coast the third greatest market, that of China, Japan and Asia generally. That the Dominion was ready to meet conditions, was shown by the fact that it was the third greatest tim- ber country of the world, Russia com- ing first, and the United States second. After the submarine w arfare attain- ed great proportions, prices of paper proclucts rose so rapidly that the United States Government appointed a commission to see if there were not a combination to enhance prices. Then, early in 1917, the Canadian newspapers became alarmed at the prices proposed by manufacturers of news print. Must Guard Newspapers. "The newspaper has become a ne- cessity in every country," said Mr. Pringle. "It is possibly the most potent factor in keeping up the es- prit du corps of any nation. What KHO Canadian Forestry Journal, March, 1918 \voul(l have happened here had it been in liie power of the manufacturers to siuit off the press of this country, and we were to find some mornin.i^ that the press had been obliterated, and no news could reach us, can hardly l)e thought of." Consequently, when it was repre- sented to the Government that a con- dition had arisen which might en- danger the publication of newspapers, the Government did what every gov- ,ernment was doing today under war conditions. They investigated whe- ther they should drop the laissez faire attitude and intervene to see that an adequate supply of news print was furnished to the newspapers through- out Canada. As a result, in April, 1917, an or- dor-in-council had been passed au- thorizing the Minister of Customs to fix certain prices at which news print could be supplied to the press of Can- ada. The manufacturers took the ground that these prices were un- rcasona])le, and that if they were given an investigation, they could show that, with the increase in cost of i)ulp and everything else going to- ward production of news prmt, they could prove their contention. ^riiat investigation had been grant- ed, and had gone on, said Mr. Pringle, but he regretted to say that it was still pending, and no official de- cision had yet been arrived at. A Huge Industry. Proceedmg to give some of the re- sults of his enquiry, Mr. Pringle said that in 1870 there were only 21 pa- per mills in Canada, and these had grown to 52 in 1917. The capital in- vested in 189(3 had been $4,672,211, which by 1915, had grown to $86,110,- 56(), and it was at present wtII over 3100,000,000. In 1870 there were 760 men em- ployed in the industrv, with annual wages of $197,815. By 1915 this had grown to 10,952 employees, and the wages to $7,57'1„856. The value of the product was, in 1870, $1,071,676, which had grown by 1915 to $29,395,- 535, and had shown still greater in- crease in 1917. In .July last, there were being manufactured in Canada 1,900 tons of news print every day, and today the figure was over 2,100 tons daily. Similar progress, said Mr. Pringle, had been shown in the pulp industry, and he quoted elaborate figures to show the reasons for this growth, with its natural result in a great in- crease in the production and value of pulpwood. Without attempting to criticize any provincial arrangements, Mr. Pringle insisted upon the necessity of a scheme of co-ordination with a view to conserving the national lumber re- sources and preparations for refor- estation. This, he argued, was not merely a national question, but an Imperial necessity, since Canada was the greatest source of lumber in the British Empire, and with the deple- tion of resources that had gone on during the past few years. Great Bri- tain would in the future inevitably look to Canada for supplies, espe- cially in the reconstruction period after the war. 1 P. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. PHILIP T. GOOLIDGE FORESTER Timber Estimating and Mapping. Supervision of Lumber Contracts. Surveying. - - Forest Planting. STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. Canadian F^orcslrii JaurnaL March, 1918 Hill The Game Birds of North America Every reader with an interest in wild life should broaden his informa- tion on "GAME BIRDS" A splendid little book of (U pages, 5x7 inches, made up of heavy coated paper throughout. -^- - Forty-nine of the best illustrations in life-like natural colors you ever saw — really a beautiful piece of quadri-color printing. Decorated board covers. Mr. Reed, the author has a happy faculty of entertaining des- cription. Every bird is the subject of a compact and fascinating paragraph or two, and the coloring is practically perfect. The forestry Journal secured five hundred copies at such a price as enables it to quote to its readers, as long as the five hundred last. FIFTY CENTS A COPY, POST FREE. CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 Booth Building, Ottawa. 50 GTS. WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! 1 We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our j list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Ont. 1612 Canadian Forestry Journal, February, 1918 A Live Book on Our Wild Animals at a Bargain Price! During the bright spring days there is opportunity for burnishing up your half-forgotten knowledge of our Canadian wild animals and for learning a hundred things you never suspected before. We have such a book packaged ready for you. In the bookstores, it sells commonly at $1.50. (The illustration above shows the paper- bound edition priced at one dollar). The journal has arranged for a limited edition of leather-bound copies to sell to our readers for $1.00. The book contains 265 pages and 61 full-page llustrations n color of the North Amer can wild animals in heir native haunts. The text is by Chas. K. Reed, who has won much fame, through various nature books, and the plates are in natural colors by H. P. Harvey. The book is shaped conveniently for your pocket. While authorita- tative in matter, it is brightly written and will pay high dividends in helpful and interesting reading. Enclose a dollar bill to the Canadian Forestry Journal, 119 Booth Building, Ottawa, marking your name very plainly on the attached coupon: Canadian Forestry Journal, Ottawa. Please send copy of 'The Animal Guide' in leather binding to the follow- ing address. One dollar is enclosed. BRITISH COLUMBIA'S MILLS. '^ There are at the present time 290 sawmills in British Columbia with an approximate yearly capacity of two and a half billion feet, also some 70 shingle mills, with an approximate capacity of two and a quarter billion. Pulp and Paper Industry. , 1915 1916 tons tons Paper manufactured 50,307 65,229 Sulphite wood pulp 13,000 14,389 For the year 1917 the output should be considerably increased as the large new plants of Swanson Bay and Ocean Falls have been working con- tinuously. It is expected that the pulp and paper mill now building at Port Alice, will be in operation early in 1918. ... — 4. 1 Ciiagnun & MttviBBHtt I * I Lumber Contractors j Timberland Cruisers I Forest Industries I I == I GHICOUTIMI, P.O. I I LT.-COL. L. J D. MARQUIS Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. ofF.E; Quebec Assoc, of F.E; Former Mem. Que. F. Service Forest Cruising and Mapping Timber Factors and Logging Costs Facts on Forest Growtii and Future Products 90 LOCKWELL AVENUE, - - QUEBEC ♦"— ' • R. R. BRADLEY F'orest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. of F. E. Consulting F"orester to the ^s^ew Bruns- wick Railway Co. j Timber and Pulpwood Estimates. Forest Ajfirnp s Maps. Advice on the Management of "'""'* I Wood Lands. Timber lands listedfor sale. ... 1 GLOBE ATIANTIC BUILDING, ST. JOHN, N.B. Canadian Furesirij Journal, March, 1918 A Tree Made Famous by the War By POLLOIXIII POGUE 1613 Along the Pacific coast from Alaska to Oregon grows picea sitchensis, the spruce that the war has made famous. For many years it grew and fulfilled the function of existence without getting any particular publicity. It is the largest of the spruces and al- ways contributed a large proportion of the spruce cut of British Columbia. In 1915 it formed about half the cut. Under the commercial name of silver spruce, its lumber was favorably known for its strength, lightness, and lack of taste and smell. These cjualities made it a favorite wood for box making and co-operage work, especially desirable for boxes intended for foodstufTs. It was also used in the manufacture of laminated wood, and large doors for garages, freight houses and dock sheds. While lacking the structural strength of Douglas fir, it was used in building construction for framing, sheathing, joists, subfiooring and shelving, and for many other light uses. The different species of spruces collectively have for many years sup- plied more lumber and the spruce cut has had a higher total value than any other kind of timber in Canada. In 1915 spruce lumber valued at about $24,000,000 was produced in Canada. Silver spruce was also called giant spruce, Sitka spruce and tideland spruce. It is not found in any other province of the Dominion. Its aver- age value under any of these names in 1915 was about $15 a thousand feet board measure. A Forest Parvenu. The war has taken silver spruce out of obscurity, given it a new^ name, aeroplane spruce, under which it is worth eight or ten times as much as it was und^r any ot its old plebeian names. When the great aeroplane construction programmes ol the Allies created an enormous demand for the highest grade of spruce available, sil- ver spruce woke up one morning and found itself famous. Previous to this, the white spruce stood higher in popular favor. Designers and con- structors of aeroplanes, however, recognized the special c[ualities of silver spruce which make it desirable for airplane building. Full grown trees average 150 leet in height and four feet in diameter. Some trees grown to a height of 200 feet and a diameter of between 10 and 15 feet. The tall straight trunks, tapering very little, provide the long wing-beams and other parts on the aeroplane for which long lengths of timber are re- quired. A length of from 18 to 35 feet is demanded for wing beams on various types of planes, and silver spruce is the only tree that will fur- nish such long straight sticks. Silver spruce is "also unusually clear, tough and strong for its weight, which is only 25 pounds to the cubic foot. It is extraordinarily even in the grain and long in the fibre. It is non- resinous, odorless, and does not warp or split. The northern silver spruce w^hich grows in British Columbia, is the best of the species, and the only really satisfactory timber for aero- plane construction. It is especially fine in texture, clear, and free from defects. There is no difference be- tween sapwood and heartwood. The color of the wood is white. It is soft and easily worked. The silver spruce of Northern British Columbia sur- passes for the construction of aircraft, timber found anywhere else in the world. Cost of Airplane Spruce The Imperial Munitions board is paying S125 a thousand for B.C. aero- plane spruce. This seems a high price, but it is only selected timber that will bring this price. The freight charges on spruce from this province to the aircraft factories of Eastern Canada is over $100 a thousand. The spruce actually worked into aeroplanes costs the government much more than these figures mdi- cate lor there is considerable waste. PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes, Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada The Campers favorite V' BLOW BED" SLEEP with a COMFORT ON Al R SLEEPING POCKET (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 6 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. Illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A.. Dealers write FOREST TELEPHONES Make the life of tlie forester better worth living. They relieve him from the appalling loneliness They help '=^i-» ^^ him to keep in human voice touch with " ' foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire — sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the Office nearest you. Northi^rrt E/ectr/c Company Montreal Halifax Ottawa UMITED Toronto Rcgina London Calgary Winnipeg Vancouver ^Northern ^Electrk-Forest-T^letyhones- 1 ~~' ■■ j ,. — . — , — . — ,_.,,. i Canadian forestry Journal Vol. XIV. APRIL. 1018 l^' I No. 4 FAOULTY Iff FORES MAY 1918 Salvage Covers and Water Pails Fill Your Every Requirement SEND FOR SAMPLES Woods Manufacturing Co., Ltd — Successors To SMART-WOODS, LTD., Ottawa, Canada.- + THE UNIVERSin OF TORONTO AND ARTS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED VICTORIA, TRINITY, ST. MICHAEL'S KNOX and WYCLIFFE COLLEGES FACULTIES OF APPLIED SCIENCE MEDICINE EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE FORESTRY For further information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. Canadian Forestry Journal CIRCULATION 6500 COPIES MONTHLY Vol. XIV. WOODSTOCK ONT., APRIL, 1918 No. 4 CONTENTS FOR APRIL "The Seigncry of Lotbiniere'' By L. Garneau, F. E. ''Helping the Robins to Nest" By Winthrop Packard "New Silver from Old Stumps" By James Lawler "Norway's Profits from Forests" "Logging by Elephants in Burma" "The Practical Application of Scientific Forestry' By R. 0. Sweezey, B. So. "New Brunswick Launches its Forest Service" "The Forests of Alberta and the Public Welfare" The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Co'""^"^i<^olions to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post OfTioe at Woodstock. Ont.. as second-class matter. a; o > o o it C/5 -M fc- tl-H 00 > "3: kers to withou a: f-H ) 1/3 '— ^ m •y o S. 'O C ^-^ "^ '-^ ^ .2 O !_ 4J > Qi zt ^ O o 2 O s end t ood e til o :3 C/3 ^ >> o §1 ^ ^ o 'i~^ ^ >-. ^^-< O C3 ^ —J 5: O d workc hand s them? C3 ^ <1^ ^ ^ ^ t-" •21 ^ O oca 8>< _> ^ t; o £s o S C^ -hJ ,, -5 ^^S O a«;^ C3 « C3 K^ OJ **«J»'rS« HAULING LOGS IN A BURMESE TEAK YARD. WOMEN AS RANGERS "I wonder," asks a correspondent in the Toronto newspapers, "how the Ontario Government will get men to do the work of fire rangers? The government has to patrol miles of railroad besides the forests. Of course, women could not do the forest work, for the men have to carry all their provisions and their canoes over the portages and to cut portages and find new routes and rough it generally. Perhaps women could do the railroad patrol work, and thus leave hundreds of males free for the other and rougher and heavier work. Patrolling the railroads is healthy, and it would be a change. What do the women think about it?" DECLINE IN PUBLISHING For twenty years the number of newspapers and periodicals in the United States has been steadily declining, relatively to population. In the last decade or so the number of daily newspapers has notably decreased. A contemporary reports that, though the population of the fourteen largest cities in Michigan had doubled, the number of daily papers has fallen from forty-two to twenty-three. 1632 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1918 The Fuel Value of Wood By W. B. Campbell Forest Products Laboratories of Canada, March 12, 1918. An Authoritative Guide for the Wood User, Giving Accurate Data on Fuel Values. Owing to the scarcity of coal in the winter just passed 1917- 18; many people are becoming more interested than heretofore in the use of wood as fuel. It is the purpose of this short article to discuss the value of different woods in this connection. The primary quality of a fuel is to give off heat when burned. Secondary qualities are ease of hand- ling, ease of kindling, amount of ash, etc. From a chemical point of view, the burning of a substance in air simply means the combining of that substance with the oxygen of the air. This reaction liberates heat in a greater or lesser amount depending on the substance burned. The amount of this heat is measurable and the unit used for practical purposes in this country is what is known as the British Thermal Unit or more familiarly as the B. T.U. One B.T.U. represents the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of water through 1 degree Fahrenheit. For every combustible substance there is a corresponding "Heat of Combustion" which is invariable for that substance and is expressed as the number of heat units or B. T.U's. given off by the combustion of 1 pound. This quantity is the same no matter how slowly or how rapidly the combustion takes place and it has no direct reference to the temperature of the fire. If com- bustion is rapid a large number of heat units are produced in a short time and consequently the temperature is high. If combustion is slow the number of heat units per second is small and the heat gets a chance to become dissipated, consequently the temperature is low When Wood is Wet If a fuel is wet the water must all be evaporated during the burn- ing of the fuel and this takes away some of the heat. To heat up a pound of water from the ordinary temperature to the boiling point, evaporate it and heat the steam to the temperature of the chimney gases requires about 1220 B.T.U. Consequently for every pound of water in the fuel, this amount of heat goes up the chimney. This loss is present to a greater or lesser extent with all fuels but is par- ticularly important with wood. Coal may contain 2 or 3 per cent, water or 40 to 60 pounds per ton. Green wood may contain 1,500 to 2,000 pounds of water per cord. Air dried hardwood holds about 720 pounds per cord. The reason for demanding well dried wood is therefore quite obvious. Why Woods Differ The next statements may not seem quite so evident but they are equally true. The "Heat of Combustion" or "Calorific value" is, within narrow limits, the same for all woods. That is, a pound of one wood will give off almost exactly the same amount of heat as a pound of a difTerent wood. This does not mean that a cord of one wood will give the same heat as a cord of any other wood because one cord may be much heavier than the other. Some woods are highly resinous — red pine, for in- stance—and these have a slightly higher heating value on this account but the difference is not great. The reason for all woods having equal Calorific Values is not far to seek. Fundamentally, all woods Canadian Forestri] Journal, April, 1918 1633 consist of the same substance and one species differs from another chiefly by the way this is arrani^t^" in the wood structure. Since ^.i woods do consist chiefly of the one substance, the Calorific Values of all of them must be the same. Measurements of the Calorific Value show that 1 pound of perfedlij drij wood yields 8,220 B.T.U. For' com- parison it may be stated that 1 pound of good hard coal yields about 12,000 to 13,000 B.T.U. and poor coals go very much lower. Perhaps it would be better to com- pare these in terms of cords and tons. One cord of air dried maple or birch will contain about 3,250 lbs. of dry wood and about 720 lbs. of moisture. Its heating value will then be 3,250 X 8,220—26,715,000 B.T.U. less 1,220 X 720— 878,400 B.T.U. giving a net heating value of 25,836, 600 B.T.U. A ton of coal gives a net heating value of 2,000 X 13,000—26,000,000 B.T.U. These two values are very nearly equal so that we can say that one cord of well dried hardwood {beech, birch or maple) is equal to one ton of good hard coal. Other woods have heat- ing values in proportion to their weight per cubic foot. A Guide to Values The following table shows the number of cords of various common woods required to equal 1 cord of well dried hardwood or 1 ton of coal. Ash 1. 10 cords. Basswood 1.70 Beech 1.00 " Birch 1.00 " Butternut 1.60 Elm 1.00 " Maple 1.00 " Oak, red 0. 97 " Oak, white 0.93 " Poplar 1.55 " Cedar 2. 10 " Douglas fir 1.20 " Balsam fir 1. 80 cords. Hemlock 1.60 Jack pine 1.50 Spruce 1. 60 " Tamarack 1. 15 " Split Wood is Best This table gives approximately the heating value of well air dried cordwood but the amount of drying is important. Wood piled with the bark on dries very slowly so that when purchasing wood split wood is to be preferred to small sized round wood since the latter will probably not be so dry and will include more bark and rotten wood which has little heating value. Some other consideration may at times be as important as the actual heating value of the wood. For instance, the ease of lighting is to be considered if the wood is wanted only for kindling or for a quick fire in the kitchen range in the summer. Cedar and pine are especially good for this pur- pose. For an open fireplace the hardwoods are best. Spruce makes a very "crackly" fire which is some- times an attraction but there is always some danger that a spark may be thrown out of the fire to the detriment of clothing or th rug. A Comparison of Ashes Another point worth bea" mind in connection with the of wood in place cf cq difference in the amo' produced. A cord of ' make only about ashes while a ton makes from 20' judging from coal coming past winte' mount V lots W'' espec' Th 1634 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1918 mmi *f. #^ *\}hc'JovCS\S ^C^miASi are /he p/ec^^ed — sc^eiin'^ /or your- Victojy Boridx Wcif cll Him /ic IS- c^isyiti'sccf/ /le /f ides' inj/our nc^^/ectci^ ca/np /ire ancfj/^oim /osj'ccf-ciivay c/pareffi?/ Canadian Forestry Association, 1. An example of colored lantern slide cartoons prepared and circulated by the Canadian '^'orestry Association at its own expense in scores of motion picture theatres in timbered 'istricts. Special designs and wording are being used in French-speaking Sections of uebec. arch Trees Change Their Habits niferous trees retain fT the winter. So habit that the 'ip are often ^mmon par- "^r, a num- 'spicuous which lar- "ix season. Whether they have always been deciduous, or whether they have gradually adopted the deciduous habit is therefore, an interesting question. Some light is thrown upon the subject, however, by the be- haviour of young larch seedlings. It is well known that plants in the immature condition often run through more or less rapidly former conditions of existence. Thus the voung cactus plant may produce ■' leaves and only later take Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1918 1635 No Nrnj LnND/A'CnNiiDn m W m^ v' '■/ Dec/VlLX.lA>lfCf^I^IlLJ.JLf LIMITE^D. KING & MARKET ST* TORONTO ALSO AT MONTREAI. VN^INNIPEC VANCOUVER 1656 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1918 He Would Conscript Beaver as Fire Rangers (An Article by a Detroit Ranger in the N^orth Woods.) While beaver have generally been considered somewhat hostile to the inroads of civilization and averse to having near neighbors, it has occurred to the writer from ob- servations made this summer that they might be prevailed upon, albeit unconsciously, to relinquish this theory, and turn their well known industry to good advantage in the development of this district. It has been my privilege, while covering my district during the past year, to see considerable of a beaver colony and their work. This par- ticular colony has chosen as a home. Judicial Ditch No. 13, the main drainage ditch in the lower Rapid river district one-half mile south of Baudette and Spooner, on one of the three main highways leading to the two towns. The dam is about thirty feet long and holds about a nine-foot head of water. Not having access to green popple, which is their pref- erence for food and construction work, they have adapted themselves to their surroundings, and have cut the scrub alder and willow from the ditch bank and skidded dry tamarack and spruce from adjoining lands. Combining this with a good supply of weeds and mud, they have constructed a dam that is almost as impervious as concrete. Settlers have in a number of instances been compelled to destroy part of the dam, as it hinders drainage for a distance of about two miles, but invariably the following morning the dam is complete and full of water. One evening last week while going in an auto, it was nec- essary to slop the machine in order to make way for a big husky who was trying to drag a large tamarack across the road. We ran the machine up to wilhin twenty feet of him, but he tenaciously hung on until the log was landed in the pond, and then quickly dis- appeared. The point I wish to bring out is that it might be an excellent idea to press a few of these fellows into service, and have them conserve the water at strategic points for use on these peat-grade fires which are causing us no end of trouble just at present. The Forestry Journal will be sent to any address in Canada for One Dollar a Year. 4..—., DryMatcfies MARBIfS After all day in a boat. rainstorm or wet snow. Ask your dealer for WATERPROOF MATCH BOX If he ran't siippiv you, we will send prepaid for his name and 50 ccnt^. Dry matches may save your life' MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S. A Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1918 1657 F-M Speeder Easy Running—Durable The F-M Speeder is easy running and durable because it is carefully built and it is equipped with ball bearings and accurately machine cut gears. These machines aid Government >nd Railway Forestry Officers to easily cov- er their routes and reach an objective quickly. For Further Information please address our nearest house. . . The Canadian Fairbanks-Morse Co,, Limited ''Canada s Departmental House for Mechanical Goods.'' St John, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton, Windsor, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Calgary, Vancouver, Victoria 1658 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1918 ♦ — • " ■ A Free Lecture in Your Locality on "Guarding the Forests" The Canadian Forestry Association provides free of charge special lecture outfits consisting of 56 photographic lantern slides (many in colors) and a complete manuscript. Can you make use of this in your locality? These 'forest travelogues' have proved of lively interest wherever shown. The Manuscript discusses entertainingly the subject of forests, forest industries, fire rangers, lessons from home and abroad, the trail of the Fire Demon, etc. For each lantern slide a descriptive paragraph is provided. Anyone having a steropticon can give the lecture effectively and there is no dull material in it. A 'forest travelogue' in French will presently be available. Arragements have been made for the purchase and circuiting of motion picture reels showing forests in flames, and old and new methods of fire prevention. An Ontario school principal said of our lecture outfit: "We all enjoyed the scenes, and ideas expressed in the lecture were timely and instructive." From a Quebec user: *'We gave the lecture at two points and everybody was much pleased." From a Western clergyman: ''I gave the lecture before the Boy Scouts and again before my congregation. They all liked it greatly and I congratulate the Association for taking this excellent means of awakening the public." CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 206-7 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA. Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1918 1659 -^ — + TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS I Hurdy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest I Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYE-DE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST 1 ORYDEN, ONT. Shippers to IL M. Govern- j ment. Etc. Correspondence Francaise. Hill's Seedlings and Transplants ALSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list ana mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Evergrreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, 111., U.S.A. Try This Stump Puller^ ,^M g% rm*.-.t^ The 8tnlth Stamp Puller 3C Vlff* flfSM will take out every tree s. &nd stump by the roots, clearing from one to three acres a day, dol work of twenty ou to send (or our 3 tee agalntt breaksKa and oi free trial propositloa Addre W. Smith Grabber 11 Smith Sta. LaCreaccnI. Mino. YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven. Connecticut, U.S.A. Y-ALE University Forest School is a * graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to . the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standmg, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp. Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut ,+ .^== On the North fork of the North Sa.skatche\» an River. The common consequences of a forest fire: a "mine" of maturing timber wrecked in :i few hours. PERFECTION SLEEPING BAG WITH PNEUMATIC MATTRESS These evenly-soft air mattresses may be used on damp ground with perfect safety — they are non-absorbent. And they are ab- solutely sanitary, with no place for dust or vermin to collect. Easily deflated and inflated — may be rolled into a small light bundle and easily carried in and out of the house. Last indefinitely. Invaluable for motor, yachting and camping trips. En- dorsed by the Federal Government. Write for Catalog and endorsements to-day. Pneumatic Mfg. Co.B^^oyL'VN*^''N.Y 1660 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1918 CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO MINIATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOC S — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY R. O. SWEEZEY (B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E.) CONSULTING ENGINEER. Timber Lands. Water Powers Financin 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. Queens UNIVERSITY K^GSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. -jEO. y. chown. /Registrar. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1918 1661 YOU SHOULD HAVE THESE HELPS ! They contain up-to-date information covering the various branches of forestry, and have been written by men who are rec- ognized as authorities in their respective fields. Your library will be complete with copies of these books. HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN. By Jay L. B. Taylor. A helpful guide to all engaged in woods work, and those whose recreation takes them into rough and unsettled regions. It covers thoroughly the essential problems of woods work, and explains all unusual trade or professional terms. 429 pages, 4^x6^, 236 figures. Flexible binding, $2.50 net. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS. Second Edition, Thoroughly Revised. By A. B. Recknagel, B.A., M.F. This book is the result of the author's study abroad and the experience gained in years of work for the forest service in various parts of the United States. 279 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. LOGGING. By Ralph Clement Bryant, F.E., M.A. This book covers the principles and general methods of opera- tion in the United States. 608 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $3.50 net. FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY. By Isaiah Bowman, Ph.D. Covers the physiography of the United States and principles of soils in relation to forestry. 781 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $5.00 net. FOREST VALUATION. By Herman Haupt Chapman, M.F. 310 pages, 6x9. Cloth, $2.00 net. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD. By Samuel Record, M.A., M.F. 173 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $1.75 net. Canadian Forestry Journal 206-7 Booth Bldg., OTTAWA. 1662 Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 1918 A Live Book on Our Wild Animals at a Bargain Price! During the bright spring days there is opportunity for burnishing up your half-forgotten knowledge of our Canadian wild animals and for learning a hundred things you never suspected before. We have such a book packaged ready for you. In the bookstores, it sells commonly at $1.50. (The illustration above shows the paper- bound edition priced at one dollar). The journal has arranged for a limited edition of leather-bound copies to sell to our readers for $1.00. The book contains 265 pages and 61 full-page lliistrations n color of the North Amer can wild animals in '■ heir native haunts. The text is by Chas. K. Reed, who has won much fame through various nature books, and the plates are in natural colors by H. P. Harvey. The book is shaped conveniently for your pocket. W hile authorita- tative in matter, it is brightly written and will pay high dividends in helpful and interesting reading. Enclose a dollar bill to the Canadian Forestry Journal, 119 Booth Building, Ottawa, marking your name very plainly on the attached coupon: Canadian Forestry Journal, Ottawa. Please send copy of 'The Animal Guide' in leather binding to the fo! low- ing address. One dollar is enclosed. Name . This type is not commonlj recommended for inland situations. Some years ago, the steamer ran on the Lessar Slave Lake but was 'scrapped' when the railway arrived. The fire rangers have found it quite a convenient look- out tower and have appropriated it as a piece of equipment unmatched on any other fire district. •I" " ..^..^. — ■■ ■• «» P. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. Address —■ ■■ Btf» PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Timber Estimating and Mapping. Supervision of Lumber Contracts. Surveying. Forest Planting. STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. — . — 4. Canadian Forestry Journal, April, 19 IS 1663 Useful Forestry Books FERGUSON FARM FORESTRY By John Arden Feri,nison, A.M., M.F., Professor of Forestry at the Pennsylvania State College, VIIIx241 pages. 5}4 by 8. Many full-page half tones. Cloth, $1.25 net. Covers especially the subject of forestry as applied to the farm and woodlot. The subject is treated from the broad standpoint of the woodlots in the great plains and prairie regions, as well as in the more eastern regions. KINNEY— THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERICA By Jay P. Kinney, A.B., LL.B., M.F., Chief Supervisor of Forests, United States Indian Service. XVIIIx275 pages. 6 bv 9. Cloth, $2.50 net. This book discusses the chronological development of legislation directed to the preservation of existing forest resources, reforestation of cut-over, burned-over areas, the extension of forest areas, and the svstematic management of forests for productive purposes. KINNEY—THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW By Jav P. Kinnev, A.B., LL.B., M.F. XXIXx279 pages. 6 by 9. Cloth, $3.00 net. This book contains information that will prove of inestimable value to anyone who desires to ascertain easily and quickly the funda- mentals of American timber law, or who needs reference to court decisions to support a well-founded view as to the law upon any particular point. WOOLSEY— FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY. Tunisia, Algeria and Corsica. With a Translation of the Algerian Code of 1903. By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., M.F., Assistant District Forester, United States Forest Service, 1908-1915. XVx238 pages. 6 by 9. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.50 net. Embodies the result of a study of the more important phases of forest practice in Corsica, Algeria and Tunisia. The author's exper- ience abroad includes not only continental Europe and the French Dependencies (which latter are described in this book;, but also forest management in British India as well. BRYANT— LOGGING. The Principal and General Methods of Operation in the United States. By Ralph Clement Bryant, F.E , M.A., Manufacturers' Asso- ciation. Professor of Lumbering, Yale University. XVI 1 1x590 pages. 6 by 9. 133 figures. Cloth $3.50 net. Discusses at length the movement of the timber from the stump to the manufacturing plant, and the chief facilities and methods for doing this: with especial reference to logging railroads. TAYLOR— HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN By Jay L. B. Taylor, Forest Ranger, United States Forest Service. IXxl20 pages. 43^ by 6^^. 236 figures. Flexible Binding, $2.50 net. Prepared as a result of the author's experience in field work of the United States Forest Service. Solves problems which confront a forest ranger in government, state and private employ. The sugges- tions offered will also be found of use to others whose work or re- creation takes them into rough or unsettled regions. Canadian Forestry Journal, |5)7 Booth Bldg., Ottawa j PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes, Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada # The Campers Favorite Ik." BLOW BED" (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) SLEEP ON Al R with a COMFORT SLEEPING POCKET Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 6 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadjan Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A., Dealers write ^£§ FOREST TELEPHONES Make tlie life of tlie forester better worth living They relieve him from the appalling loneliness. They help ^ him to keep in human voice touch with "7^"' foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire— sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the Office nearest you Nortfidrn Electric Compafiy Montreal Halifax Ottawa 'Northern * Electric -Fcrcst-TeUnhones* I.. .. "i Canadian forestrp 3oumal JUN 4 1918 UViiatSin OF TORONTO MAY, 1918 (o t i> No. 5 Our National Precept: "GREATER PRODUCTION." TENTS IN EVERY STYLE May be had made up of the celebrated Write for Samples and Prices. The Woods Manufacturing Co., Ltd. FORMERLY SMART-WOODS, LTD. OTTAWA - TORONTO - MONTREAL - WINNIPEG THE UNIVERSin OF TORONTO -+ AND ARTS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED VICTORIA, TRINITY, ST. MICHAEL'S KNOX and WYCLIFFE COLLEGES FACULTIES OF APPLIED SCIENCE MEDICINE EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE FORESTRY For 'further information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. Canadian Forestry Journal CIRCULATION 6500 COPIES MONTHLY Vol. XIV. WOODSTOCK ONT., MAY. 1918 No. 5 CONTENTS FOR MAY "Britain Turns to Canada's Forests" "Russia's Grip on Britain" "Farming Muck Lands" "The Control of Foliage-Eating Insects Under Forest Conditions" By John D. Tothill. "Facing the Truth of Forest Exhaustion" "Forests of South May Last 25 Years" "Wooden Fences and Yard Improvement" " 'Going it Blind' on Fuel Supply" "A Model Municipal Wood Yard" "The Fire Fighter's Profession" By E. T. Allen. "The New State-Sense and Conservation" "The Menace to Our White Pine" By Prof. J. H. Faiill, Ph. D., University of Toronto "Firmer Handling of Crown Forests" "Forestry and the War" By Dr. B. E. Fernow. The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Cofrtmunications to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post Office at Woodstock, Ont'., as second-class matter. v3> Courtesy of Rod and Gun in Canada Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1918 1669 Britain Turns to Canada's Forests An Imperial Call to Stop Deterioration of Canad- ian Forest Resources and Realize New Profits. "There appears to be no reason why the Canadian forests should not supply the United Kingdom with coniferous timber and meet its growing needs for many gen- erations. "Meanwhile the forest capital of Canada is growing less year by year. This we submit, is an Imperial question of the first mag- nitude which deserves the im- mediate attention of the Imperial and Dominion Governments." The foregoing statement sums up a conclusion of the Forestry Sub- Committee of the British Recon- struction Committee which has par- ticular interest for Canadians. Prob- ably few readers of the Forestry Journal have thought in times past that the forests of Canada held such a vital relation to the needs of the Mother Country. Yet the fact can- not be contraverted that Great Bri- tain has been to the extent of 60% of her daily needs at the mercy of the Russian timber exporter. Who shall say in these uncertain times what degree of freedom the Russian exporter will enjoy during the next ten years at the hands of his German master? The radical re-arrangement of the political conditions in Russia has given new weight entirely to the counsels of those Canadians who have striven for a larger share of Britain's timber orders even in face of obviously higher freight rates. At the same time if the Canadian people are to take any profit what- ever from the conclusions of the British Reconstruction Committee, they' will have to recognize that no permanent trade arrangement in limber supplies can be founded upon a deteriorating source of raw mate- rials. Canada cannot reasonably pre- sent any plea for a greater proportion of John Bull's timber trade until some guarantee can be given that the forestry policies and practices of the coun{ry are capable of assuring permanence in production of forest materials. At Russians Mercy The Forestry Sub-Conmiittec was composed of men of unquestioned standing and practical knowledge of world wide conditions, such as Lord Lovat, Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William Schlich, Lord Cavendish. Hon. F. D. Acland, and others. "The United Kingdom," they ol)- serve, "is dependent for more than 60 per cent, of its timber on the virgin forests of foreign countries which are being steadily depleted. The proportion derived from sources within the Empire fell from 22 per cent, in 1899 to 10 per cent, in 1913. Every year we become more depen- dent on Russia, which in 1913 sup- plied us with nearly half our total imports. We have no means of reckoning how long the virgin forests will last, but unless they are brought under systematic management their exhaustion can only be a question of time. The arguments advanced on this subject by competent students have been supported since 1895 by a steady rise in price. Canada^ s Importance The only large reserves within the British Empire are those of Canada which are rapidly being depleted by fire. The Dominion Government has initiated measures for their protection, but the problem is both large and difficult. It is one in which the United Kingdom has a deep interest since the Canadian reserves are the only source on which the United Kingdom can fall back if supplies from Russia fail. The arrangement prevailing before the war under which the exports from the Canadian forests were absorbed by, the United States, while the 1670 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1918 United Kingdom, drew its siii)plies from RiiP.sia, no doubl found much justificalion in economy of transport, but unless the Canadian forests can be adequately protected and made available in case of necessity for the United Kingdom, it is certain that the area of timber within the British Isles must be increased far beyond that recommended in the proposals made in the following pages. We commend this Imperial question to the attention of the Conference mecling in London. "It is urgent because preparations made now cannot mature for many years, and unless provision is made now either in. Canada, Russia or the British Isles, it is practically certain that the United Kingdom will find timber difficult to procure in sufficient quantities before such preparations can mature." Russia's Grip on Britain "Russia, as will be evident from the facts already given," continues the Forestry Sub-Committee, "is now the crux of the whole question. She is, and has been for several years, the only source on which we could, under present conditions, rely to make good the decline in our imports of coniferous timber from other coun- tries and meet our ever-expanding demand. She has accomplished this bv increasing her supplies to us from 2,241,000 loads in 1889 to 5,401,000 loads in the year preceding the war. We have now reached the point when any check in the Russian supply would inevitably cause a timber famine in the United Kingdom." The Russian forests are something of a mystery, and the reports which reach us are conflicting. The area of land classed as forest in Russia and Siberia is enormous, amounting to 1,260,000 square miles, of which by far the greater part belongs to the State. Much of the so-called forest is without commercial value. Of the million square miles belonging to the State, less than two-thirds are true forest land. Applying this proportion to the whole area the total extent of true forest land in Russia and Siberia is estimated at 814.000 square miles. To this must be added 82,000 square miles of forest in Finland, making a total of 896,000 square miles for the Russian Empire. These forests spread over a very wide area and in climates ranging from temperate to arctic, vary greatly in the amount of timber they carry and in the rate of growth. The forests of Central Russia appear to be generally of poor quality, and with regard to Siberia railway con- struction on a large scale would be necessary to make its timber avail- able for export. Devastation by the inhabitants and fires have also de- prived a great part of the Siberian forests of their value. The timber imported into the United Kingdom has hitherto come from the virgin provinces and from Archangel. While the information at our disposal in- dicates that the timber produced by these northern forests could be very considerably increased without ex- ceeding the annual growth, it is evident that permanency of the sup- ply must depend on the introduction of systematic management. The growth in the northern forests is extremely slow and it will take a long time to replace the pine, spruce and larch now Ijeing felled. It must also be remembered that the develop- ment of the Russian Empire is certain to be accompanied by an increased home consumption, which may, as in the United States, gradually cur- tail or even, extinguish the reserves available for export. We have al- ready indicated what this woidd mean for the United Kingdom. Planting Programme The Sub-Committee recommends the immediate institution of a plant- ing programme to cover 1,770,000 Canadian Foreslrij Journal, Maij, 1918 1671 acres of ^vaste land, two thirds to I'lo.OOO.OOO will have to be invested be planted within the lirst forty in the project over a forty year period, years. It is estimated that probably Farming Muck Lands Some Practical Suggestions Applicable to Clay- belt Development in Ontario and Quebec. By Dr. B. E. Fernow^ In these days of movements to make the extensive peat bogs of the Dominion useful for fuel and to pro- vide for the settlement on farms of returned soldiers, it is of interest to inquire also into the agricultural possibilities of these muck lands. The first thing to realize is that such lands are a specialty and a specialized study of their nature and their requirements must precede the attempt at farming them. They are a rich resource if properly treated, but without this proper, special know- ledge enormous waste of human energy may be experienced in futile attempts to farm them. Attempts at settlement on these lands without that knowledge may prove a disaster. The United States Department of Agriculture has lately brought to- gether information on this subject in a bulletin* The information is simply a record of actual happen- ings, not of theories or scientific in- vestigations. While the experiences may perhaps not be immediately translated for use in the clay belt, for instance, they are suggestive as to the difficulties and the possibilities of such farming. An analysis of the results of 140, muck-land farms in Southern Michi- gan and Northern Indiana leads to the following summary: 1. The muck soil of this region is well suited to the growing of celery, onions, peppermint, cabbage, corn, and hay, and, when properly fer- *Farmers' Bulletin No. 761, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1916, pp. 26. Manage- ment of Muck-Land Farms in North- ern Indiana and Southern Michigan, by H. R. Smalley. tilized or manured, is fairly weU ada])ted to oats, wheat, and rye. 2. The use of fertilizer, especially potash, on muck soils is very pro- fitable, the yields being increased in most cases from 50 to 200 per cent. Manure also gives excellent results. 3. Celery and onions require an enormous amount of man labor as compared with corn, oats, and hay. Peppermint, cabbage, and potatoes occupy an intermediate position with regard to man labor. 4. The gross acre value of inten- sive crops is high, but the value of these crops per day of man labor is not as high as in the case of extensive crops. 5. The average labor income for 28 celery farms was $394; for 23 onion farms, $1,732: for 10 peppermint farms, $1,519: for 39 grain and stock farms, $1,056: and for 7 of the more successful grain - and - stock farms, $1,994. 6. Grain and stock farming is a much safer type of farming than any intensive type, , although the profits per acre may be much less. 7. A small muck farm, even though operated intensively will us- ually return only a moderate labor income. 8. Tile drains were used on most of the muck farms studied. The best results have been obtained with 5 or 6 inch laterals laid 5 to 12 rods apart and at a depth of 3}4 to 4 feet, al- though small open ditches are very satisfactory in some cases, especially on the celery farms. 9. The growing season on muck land is considerably shorter than on other land in the same region, on account of later frosts in the spring and earlier frosts in the fall. 1672 Canadian Forcstri) Journal, Maij, J»iS 10. Nearness to a market or ship- ping point is of great importance in the profitable production of truck crops. The intensive crops of vegetables require an enormous amount of labor, and hence on that ground alone will have to be ruled out. Moreover, the market is only limited, even if it were near enough. Difference in Labor An interesting table shows that, while hay, oats, rye, wheat can be grown with less than five labor days per acre, potatoes require nearly double and other vegetables up to six and eight times the labor. While one man may tend as much as 75 acres of the first mentioned crops he may not handle more than five of celery and onions. The farmer who has to depend largely on his own labor will almost invariably make better labor income from the exten- sive crops, so that, while the average per acre production of 100 farms showed somewhat over $18 for ex- tensive crops, and nearly $102 for intensive crops, the result per day of man labor was $8.73 for the former and only $5.54 for the latter. Clearing muck-land of a growth of tamarack, black ash or elm is found to cost SI 5 to $30 per acre, but in some cases going up to $75 and $100. All muck-land must, of course, be drained The rapid settling of new muck-land necessitates the laying of tile drains deeper than usual (3.5 to 4 feet). If placed nearer the surface, uneven settling of the soil will fre- quently throw the tile out of line, thus ruining the drain. Open ditches may, of course, answer for a tem- porary measure. Next to drainage, fertilizing or manuring is the most important factor in determining crop production on muck-land, even on the mild hardwood muck to which this study refers. "Many muck soils have produced fairly good crops for a year or two, after which production diminishes rapidly unless fertilizers or manures are applied." The deficiency is mainly in potash and phosphates. "The most experienced muck farmers use fertilizers from the very start without waiting to see if a crop can be produced without it." From 1(H) to 200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre are needed for small grain crop every two or three years. This expenditure is, howevei", reflected in the increased yield; without potash, muck soils usually produce very light crops. Compacting the muck by means of heavy rollers does not only produce a better seedbed, but is claimed to reduce danger from frost. Details of soil management are given which every muck soil farmer ought to study. While the conditions in the clay belt may differ, there is much suggestive advice found in this bulletin. B. E. FERNOW. BRITISH FORESTS IN WAR-TIME A wholesale destruction of woods was going on in the country, said Major Couthope, M.P., at the annual meeting of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. "Tens of thou- sands of acres of w^oods have been destroyed, but in many cases the de- struction is hidden by means of leav- ing narrow belts of trees. By this time next year there will be com- paratively little soft-wood timber left in the country, and hardwood timber will have very much decreased. The stumps of the recently felled trees provide breeding grounds for in- sects." BRITAIN'S 4 PER CENT. The inadequate provision of the forests of the United King- dom for national needs is shown by the fact that only Portugal of all European countries ranks lower than Britain in percentage of total area under forest. Great Britain has just 4 per cent, in woods, Sweden 47 per cent., Russia in Europe 37, Germany, 25, Norway 21, France 18. . — + (.anadian Fnrcs'rif Journal. Mai;, 1918 1G73 LAKF OF THC WOODS Some Notes on the Control of Foliage Eating Insects Under Forest Conditions By John D. Tothill In Charge of Natural Control Investigation, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture How many readers have wit- nessed an insect outbreak in the woods? Swarms of caterpillars; trees for miles stripped of nearly all their greenery; and a sense of depression like that produced by a forest newly swept by fire! Outbreaks of this character occur at irregular intervals on most of our valuable forest trees. At such times the losses involved are often very great. About thirty years ago, for instance, an outbreak of saw flies occurred on the larch or tamarack in New Burns- wick. The insects were present in such numbers that practically the entire tamarack stand was killed and since that time the tamarack swamps have been praclicallv unpro- juctive. In recent vears the same forest area has been exposed to an outbreak of the spruce budmoth. This has resulted in the weakening and death of a large proportion of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) now of great value for the production of pulp. In this case the loss involved will probably be greater than the sum total of fire damage for the past fifty years in the forests of the same Province. Other cases could be cited for all our Canadian forest regions, but these two cases will serve perhaps to indicate how great are the losses often resulting from outbreaks of forest insects. Camping in woods rendered des- olate by an insect outbreak and far from human habitation, one is faced with the apparent hope- lessness of the situation. Cre- 1674 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1918 osoting of egg masses, tanglefoot- ing of trees, spraying of trees, intensive forestry practice, and all such methods are simply out of the question. Can anything else be done to control, or better still, to prevent such damage? An answer can perhaps be found by considering the nature of an insect outbreak. In the case of any particular insect, the struggle for existence is so intense that an outbreak is usually impos- sible. New Brunswick, for instance, probably supports at least ten thou- sand dilTcrent kinds of insect but the competition for a livelihood is so keen that most of them are uncom- mon or rare. An outbreak then results from a set of peculiar condi- tions favoring a particular species. A great many dift'erent factors tend to keep insects in a condition of numerical stability or control, or, in other words, to prevent outbreaks. The more important of these factors I will rapidly review. In the first place the vagaries of climate are powerful factors in con- trol. Hailstorms in July will some- times free acres of forest lands from a destructive caterpillar. Ever so light a frost in June will often kill millions of tender larvae. In fact 'unusual' weather at any time is liable to produce direful results in the insect world. Value of Birds The useful work of insectivorous birds can scarcely be over estimated, particularly in reducing the numbers of succulent larvae feeding in the north woods. The wood warblers are pre-eminently useful in this respect as any one can testify who has camped in June and July beside one of the countless brooks in the north woods region. From dawn until the day grows hot groups of these shy little birds may be seen busily searching out a meal of insects from the leaves, from the twigs, or from the bark according to their respective prefer- ence. Then again epidemic diseases play a,n important part in reducing the numbers of insects. With the insects unduly abundant and the weather conditions favorable for incubating the fungus or bacteria organisms, causing these epidemics such a death rate may result that statistics for the great plague of London or for any human epidemic . recounted in history pale into significance. At times, indeed, injurious insects are locally exterminated in this way. Predatory Insects Other powerful aids in reducing the numerical strength of certain kinds of injurious insects are the predatory mites and insects. In the case of the oyster shell or mussel scale, for instance, the most impor- tant single factor in control in Eastern Canada and many other places is a tiny eight legged mite. This little organism ekes out an existence by feeding on healthy eggs of the scale. In this way the scale is often reduced from a condition of great numerical abundance to one of extreme scarcity. As to predatory insects the impor- tanc'fe of their work can be likened in a general way to that of insectiv- orous birds. In a favorable year such insects were estimated to destroy three quarters of the entire forest tent caterpillar crop of New Bruns- wick and better tribute could scarce be paid. No account of the factors tending to reduce or prevent insect outbreaks would be complete without referring to the work of insect parasites. Among all the insects of the earth there are two groups that stand out from the rest on account of a method of existence involving parasitism on other insects. I refer to the parasitic two-winged flies (Diptera) and to the parasitic four-winged flies (Hy- menoptera). In Canada there are several thousand species of such parasites and they are among the most useful members of our wild life. Some of them attack eggs, others small larvae, others older larvae, and some again attack only pupae; so that an insect like the forest tent caterpillar is liable to attack by parasites in any of its first three stages. Any of my readers who have tried to rear adult insects Canadian Forcslnj Journal, Mai/, HihS 1675 f rom larvae or from oggs will know how effective the parasites often are. In the northern woods, under average conditions, these insects cause an immense annual mortality among such pests as the fall webworm, forest tent caterpillar, and spruce budmoth. I'nder particularly favor- able conditions these parasites may so supplement the work of other factors in control as to all but elim- inate such an injurious insect as the forest tent caterpillar from an area as large as New Brunswick. Thus the actual killing value of insect parasites is fully as great as that of any of the various factors making for numerical reduction of injurious forest insects. It may be noted, moreover, that the parasites, and, to a lesser extent, the predacious insects, are distinguished by having a regulative value in control. When the forest tent caterpillar, for instance, is scarce in a district it is usually true that the percentage of parasitism is low; when such a caterpillar in- creases so, as a rule, does the per- centage of parasitism. Thus the tendency of these organisms is to keep their food supply neither ex- ceedingly scarce nor overly plentiful. A Disturbed Balance With this kaleidoscopic and neces- sarily sketchy review of the more important restraining influences upon insect activity in the woods, we have a clue to the causes of insect out- breaks. Outbreaks result when for some reason one or more of these restraining influences have not come into play. Probably more often than not, the prime cause of an outbreak is a lack of insect parasites before the insect host concerned is notice- ably abundant. When an. abundant insect is suddenly eliminated by clirriatic vagaries, or epidemic dis- eases, or what not, over a compara- tively large area such as Prince Edward Island, the parasites are also eliminated from the same area, that is, they perish of starvation. If into such a parasite-free area a few moths be subsequently blown, their progeny in a few years' time may produce an outbreak. With a consideration of the nature of an insect outbreak in mind it is now possible perhaps to answer the question as to whether or not any- thing can be done in a practical way to control, or better still to pre- vent, insect outbreaks. Man is im- ])olent to manipulate the vagaries of weather or to do very much in the way of starling epidemic diseases. He can, however, and should to the utmost of his ability encourage and protect insectivorous birds. Distributing Parasites Moreover, through a knowledge of the insect parasites and insect predators of given destructive species throughout their geographical range, he may in many cases discover that certain of these parasitic or predatory species present in one part of the insect host's range are lacking in another. By collecting, transporting and colonizing such species, he may help to check or may even prevent outbreaks. Such operations must of course be based upon careful study. The Dominion Entomological Service, has an unusually clear-cut case of this kind under consideration at present. The forest tent caterpillar which ranges from coast to coast through the Canadian forest regions is at present comparatively uncom- mon in most of this range. At Sylvan Lake, Alberta, however, an outbreak of the insect has been in progress for some three years. Upon investigation it was discovered that none of the insec": parasites efTecting this forest pest in other parts of the country were operating there. It is proposed that certain of these parasites, know^n to be abundant on the lower end of Vancouver Island, be colonized at Svlvan Lake. WOOD MEAL MANUFACTURE The production of wood meal as a foodstuff will soon be realized. A factory for this purpose is connected with the eastern army headquarti.^ at Souvalki; there are two factories using Steffen's method, and another being built. The War Commit for Cattle Food Substitutes controlls the use of this meal. — German officar renort. Courtesy of Rod and Gun in Canada Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1918 1677 Facing The Truth of Forest Exhaustion United States Lumbermen Invite Scientific Guidance in Cutting and Logging. In any "alarmist" statement re- garding depletion of the Canadian forest resources are several patent dangers to the cause of conservation. At the same time, the great millstone on the conservation cai se in Canada undoubtedly is to be found in the public belief that the forest supply is practically inimitable. A deep rooted conviction that we are drawing our wood supplies from an inexhaustible bank account is the real factor behind public indifference and administra- tive slothfulness. To demonstrate that Canadian white pine for example is being cut and burned without provision for reproduction may suggest to some persons that they should ask their dealer for wood substitutes, to replace boards with cement and shingles with asbestos. The very contrary is the conservationist's purpose, for he is an advocate of the most thorough utilization of forest products, and has no brief for the wood substitutor. Obviously the greater the public de- mand for wood products, the higher the value placed by private and pub- lic administrators on the raw mater- ials and consequently the more efficient will be methods of fire pro- tection and cutting operations. Truth is truth and sooner or later will out. As concerns the forest resources of Canada the earlier the truth is known and ])ublished broad- cast, the lighter will be the handicap placed on the people of Canada in days to come. In the spreading of facts relating to the forest conditions of the Dominion, incidental disad- vantages to private investments must be borne with what patience is possible. Across the American border, the forestry problem at the present time is inviting the frankest discussion. The old-time inclination to hush any and all references to fire damage on private timber tracts has apparently gone with a lot of other hobgoblins of pre-war days. Who would have said five years ago that the Western United States timber owners would ask the government to introduce scientific control of cutting on their limits. And yet, here is what the "'Timberman'" of Porland, Ore., says in its most recent editorial: "The lumbermen and the Forest Service should get together and work out some definite plan for perpetua- tion of the timber supply on some scientific and workable basis. The Government is interested primarily in the available supply of timber for the nation's use. Herein lies the marked distinction between governmental and private interests. The time for the lumberman to consider this question is now. There never was a more opportune time than the present for the lumbermen of the country to initiate a broad national movement looking to the assurance of the future timber supply." And again: — .\ at i una I Business "The growing of timber is a national function. It is not the business of an individual. "Another step in formulating a national forest policy would be the purchase of all timber lands belonging to private interests lying within the National Forests in the West. "Then should follow the purchase of areas of timber land lying within a zone ten to twenty miles around the National Forests. "With this as a basis there might be evolved a co-operative plan between the national Government and the private holders of timber lands where- by exchanges could be made of cut- over timber lands for cutting rights within the National Forests. The basis of exchange could be deter- mined, in a measure, by the size of the tract, its location and adaptability for 1678 Canadian Forcstri/ Journal, May, 1918 reproduction. The condition in which the land was left after cutting would also he a factor in the exchange value. The land suitable for agriculture would be opened for settlement, the idea being to make every acre of land sustain either trees or people. "The eyes of the nation as never before are focused on the lumbermen. There are no bigger, more broad- minded or patriotic men in any in- dustry than are to be found in the lumber fraternity. Let us have the Ijreadth of vision to go forward and give the country an example worthy of a mighty industry which seeks to maintain itself, not for its own sake alone, l)ut for the country's as well. The lumber industry is the one of the few basic industries which has within itself the possibilities of perpetuation. Let us grasp them — NOW."' Forests of South May Last 25 Years Charles S. Keith, president of the Southern Pine Association, recently made the statement before the Feder- al Trade Commission that the South is denuding its yellow pine forests at the rate of one and a half million acres annually, and further that not a foot of timber is being grown to replace that cut from the virgin forests. Mr. Keith based his principal contention for an advance in lumber prices on the South's rapid inroads on the nation's supply of timber. To the average lumberman, Mr. Keith's further unchallenged statement carries deep significance: That within the next twenty-five years the South will become an insignificant factor in lumber production. The high water mark he placed at 1911. Mr. Keith's utterances are deserving of consideration in the formulation of a definite national policy to insure our future timber supply. As Mr. Keith has so forcibly pointed out, the supply of timber in the South alone is diminishing at the rate of one and a half million acres a year, and reforestation is T.^.ot even considered on private lands as an element in production. Canada's While Pine In view of the foregoing statement, it is pertinent for Canadians to inquire how long the white pine forests of Canada will last when thev are called upon to take up the burden of the vanished Southern Pine? Could the entire white pine possessions of Canada last undersuch circumstances, five vears? Wooden Fences and Yard Improvement In the efforts towards improve- ment of back yard conditions in the City of Toronto, much emphasis is given to the riddance of unsightly back fences and the old-fashioned laneways. A member of the For- estry Association in submitting the accompanying photographs made the following comment : "It is hardly necessary to draw attention to the fact that there is a very serious waste of lumber. Not only is there this waste of lumber, there is also a loss in productiveness, and a condition detrimental to the best sanitary state of affairs, and in addition there is a considerable loss in community development. The smaller picture shows the .iunction of four back yards with wire fences. When shrubs and plants are in full bloom, the backs of these houses ap- pear like one large garden and the neighbors vie with each other in their maintainance and productive- ness. "Can something be done to pre- vent the enormous waste of lumber in this way? Incidentally if open fences were adopted the fuel situa- tion in many communities would be greatly relieved by the use of the old fences." Canadian Foresfrij Journal, Mai], 1918 1679 {See opposite paye) 1680 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1918 "Going It Blind" on Fuel Supply People of Canada Faced with Certain Coal Shortage must Organize for Wood Reserve. Canada is, in the main, "goini* il biind" on the Avood fuel supply for next Avinter. Six months from the daLe of issue of this Journal will see the cold weather back again. How many mimicipalities have taken the U. S" Fuel Administrator at his word and have supplemented the inevit- able coal shortage with fuel wood, is hard to ascertain, but judging by scores of reports in various local newspapers, amazingly little has been done. As in other campaigns the people have been waiting for leader- ship. They waited for it in Febru- ary and Aiarch, the best months for getting the cutting done so as to allow time for seasoning. Scarcely a hint of the danger of delay appear- ed from any cjuarter save through the Commission of Conservation and the Canadian Forestry Association. Xow with \\ inter five or six months distant, soni'e effort in the direction of public education and warning ap- pears. Advertisements are being cir- culated in the papers by the Ontario Government inviting municipalities to undertake to. supply their wood fuel needs from the abundant sup- plies in Algonquin Park. The newly appointed Provincial Fuel Adminis- trator, R. C. Harris of Toronto, has announced to some of the Boards of Trade that Canadians need not ex- pect to have their houses at the same temperature as last winter nor to be able to secure a normal coal supply. Doubtless, provincial action will ex- tend beyond a warning for very few municipalities wifl be found to take action of themselves if that is the limit of official co-operation. Action Comes Late Canadians may rest assured on one important point that we are six to eig'hteen months behind our Inited States neighbors in preparing for the coal shortage, which the U. S. Fuel Administrator savs is certain to arrive next winter. Recent issues of the Forestry Jour- nal have contained abundant inform- ation going to show the remarkable activity displayed by the Eastern States and the F. S. Government in supplementing the coal shortage with a wood reserve. The Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association recently spent a day in a small village, seventeen miles from Toronto. February had passed, March had passed and yet veiA' few of the villagers and farmers had cut more than a few cords of wood, just sufficient to act as kind- hng for the anthracite coal fires they expect to enjoy next winter. At their back doors lay enough dead and dying hardwood trees to keep their homes at summer heat through live or six winters. In such communit- ies across the border the State Fuel administrators tacitly informed the villagers and farmers that they need not expect their usual coal supply. This early warning, given six months or more ago, had the effect of driv- ing every citizen into the nearest bush for a few days hard work. A Grave Warning What says the U. S. Fuel Control- ler, as rellected in the official state- ment of C. A. Alacgrath, Fuel Con- troller for Canada? 1. That anthracite coal supplies to the points in Western Canada will be very materially restricted during the present coal year. 2. Under the circumstances, it is safe to predict that no American an- thracite coal will be available for ship- ment to points west of Winnipeg. 3. It is also proposed to restrict shipments of anthracite to Canadian lake ports during the early part of the present season. 4. That the public, both east and west, must be given to understand that conservation of c?ai must be Canadian Forestry Journal, May, li)lS 1081 practiced to the utmost extent by all classes of consumers. Mr. Macgrath's memorandum said that Sir George Foster had been able to announce that the attitude of the United States fuel administration was that Canada would receive pre- cisely the same treatment as the var- ious states of the union. The west- ern states had been given to under- stand that they must use the softer coal of the west and that the avail- able anthracite would have to be conserved for the purpose of sup- plying the eastern part of the union and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. "Worse than Folly'' In the face of the unfounded public confidence, in next winter's develop- ments, there is Ionic effect in the re- cent cidl lO aciion of Governor Bickett of North Carolina. "It is worse than folly," said he, "for the peo'ple of North Carolina to depend on coal for fuel next winter. He who chops a tree in this cause serves his country no less than he who digs a trench. This is my appeal to the peop.ie of North Carolina." This alarm is echoed by practically al'i the North Eastern States. Under the leadership of the United Stales Government the states have been or- ganized for wood cutting purposes. Readers of the Forestry Journal who failed to read the article in the Feb- ruary issue on "How Uncle Sam at- tacked the Wood P'uel Problem," will be repaid in going back to the graphic story of Mr. Hawes. Have Canadians any right to think that their super-conficlence in an un- known factor is going to keep their homes warm next winter when Uncle Sam himself is making every effort tc create an auxiliarv supply of wood fuel? It is only reasonable to suppose that if any persons are to freeze for lack of coal, it will not be the people of Massachusetts first and Canadians second. Possibly the coal situation may work out nicely for both countries. But that is onlv an effervescent guess, and will remain so until next winter actually arrives. Peat beds may be developed but not in time for 1919. Bricpielting of lignite mav be develop- ed, but not for NEXT WINTER. The only sure thing about NI^^XT winter is that it will bring many months of bitter cold, and that Cen- tral Canada cannot lay its hands on a single ton of hard coal, within its own boundaries. Peat and lignite coal may serve Central Canada some day, but six months passes quickly and six months from to-da\' means another winter. The Waste in Rural Paris For the large town and city, hard coal will always be the staple fuel. But for the small town, the village, the cross roads and the farmstead, cordwood is certainly the logical safe- guard. The United States Fuel C:>n- troller. while not issuing a specific mandate on the subject, has hinted plainly enough that those villages and farm homes surrounded by abundant hardwood supplies cannot expect coal to be diverted for their use next win- ter. The consequence is that bcal clubs, war fuel companies, school boy groups, etc.. have been organized months ago to lay in a stock of cord- wood and give it time to season. To what costly extremes the people of Ontario may be forced six months from now is known to only too many citizens of Ottawa and other cities who were obliged to pay $12 a cord for abominable examples of "wood fuel," consisting of green and rotted pine, mixed with green poplar, Iron- wood, pieces of fence rail, old ties, and soft maple — a mixture almost imposs- ible to burn without a previous im- mersion in gasoline. Such wood at such a price is at least equal to S'M) a cord for good hard seasoned maple, beech, elm, etc. However, another failure of the coal supply, coupled with a shortage of wood will bring thousands of householders to just such an experience. The people are willing to accept advice. They are willing to act. They are keen to avoid a repetition of last winter's experience. All that is needed is rousing leadership. 1682 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 191S A Model Municipal Wood Yard Virginia, Minnesota, has estab- lished" and successfully operated a model municipal wood yard. It has always been a problem to obtain any- thing but lemporaiy and transient labor for cil>- work because there was no form of employment which could be offered in the winter months. This possibility of using the city labor in the wood yard in the winter and thus creating a permanent employment for a better class of labor was a strong in- centive to the city. Once the idea had taken root they promptly proceeded to put it in oper- ation in true business fashion. A considerable tract of birch and maple timber within three miles of the city was purchased at a stumpage cost of about fifteen cents a cord. An eight- een horse-power kerosene saw outfit was installed on this tract and enough six-cord racks, divided into two-cord compartments, to take care of all the delivery teams. In this way there was no delay in measuring the wood while the teams waited. The wood was measured up and waiting for the teams at all times. The city teams were used for delivery. Iced roads and a down-hill grade to town made it possible to haul two full cords — the minimum delivered to any one address — at a load. The oiTice work was handled by a manager in the court house. The city papers advertised the fact that the city had wood for sale at S3. 00 per route for IG-inch wood, S4.00 for 24- inch, S5.00 for 32-inch, 36.00 for 36- inch and S8.00 for 48-inch. Full pay- ment to be made in advance. The applicant filled in the order. Both the citizens and the city have been greatly benefitted by the opera- tion. They expect to do even a larger business next ^\^nter, and are so well pleased with the way the thing has worked out that they hope to make it a permanent institutiom. ^Nfany other towns on the range have established city yards on one system or another, but none of the others are so well organized or so well operat- ed as the one in Virginia. — From '"The North Woods." How to Save Coal Many people believe that it is im- possible to get cordwood into the cities at anything but fabulous prices and that no one would use it even if it were cheap. This is very largely a superstition that has been built up and carefully fostered by the coal men. A recent experiment tried in St. An- thony Park North, a part of St. Paul, shows pretty conclusiveh' that both assumptions are poorly founded. A community- of about five hun- dred families was chosen as a basis of the experiment. The members of the Forestry Club of the University volun- teered to distribute some order blanks as their bit in helping out the fuel shortage. A little later they collected the orders for one hundred and ten cords of tamarack wood, a species that the coal dealers claim cannot be sold at any price. The wood was bought up North, shipped to the city in carload lots, sawed into 12, 16, and 24-inch lengths and delivered at $9.00 per cord. A carload of oak was handled in the same way and sold at the same price. If the same plan could be worked throughout the city, and every com- munity of this size could be sold the same amount, and there is no reason why it could not be done, it would mean a sale of eleven thousand cords of wood in St. Paul alone. Ten thou- sand tons of coal saved for Uncle Sam. —From ''The North Woods" The Forestry Journal will be sent to any address in Canada for One Dollar a Year. + Canadian Forest rij Journal. Mai/. I!) IS 1683 The Fire Fighter's Profession By E. T. Allen Manager, Western Forestry and Conservation Association The modern forest officer, whether ranger or firewarden, is accorded great respect and responsibility because of his highly trained and specialized public service. Few men except naval and aviation officers, who also must combine practical experience with technical knowledge and trained intelligence, are expected to be so proficient with hand and mind alike. Out of a service which a few years ago was not even skilled labor, and was assigned to any inhabitant of a forest region, has developed a profession of forest fire prevention which requires all the abilities of a thorough woodsman, knowledge of many en- gineering sciences, successful command of men, and a talent for law enforce- ment and enlisting public co-operation. This new profession has been able to develop largely because improved organization of private and public fire forces has created both rivalry and co- operation among those with joint problems to solve. It has been' stimulated by Ihe veiy fascination to an active and inventive class of men of its ever- widening field, challenging them to devise new methods and equipment and to keep abreast of invention in other fields in order that such may be seized and adapted. Telephony, heliography, meteorology, aviation, topography, range-finding — these are but some of the sciences which have been made part of methods for detecting and controlling forest fires, to say nothing of the mechanical perfection of equipment and the systematizing of feeding, trans- porting and handling men under the most adverse circumstances. To edi:cate the public into greater care with fire, new trails have been blazed into the fields of psychology and publicity. The technique of forest legislation and the processes of enforcement is an essential knowledge. Finally, there is the actual fighting of fire, never the same, defying all rules, profiting by all pre- vious experience but calling always for new and decisive reasoning. Ranger Specialists The most rapid development of fire prevention knowledge will be obtained by the engaging of each officer in specialized study of the subjects which interest him most, and his contribution of the results to his colleagues at meetings and in reports. But the development of maximum efficiency in actual field application requires that every officer study the progress along all lines. As the successful surgeon or engineer keeps abreast of everything done in his profession, from time to time adding his bit, so does the successful forest officer. It is this spirit which advances the profession in value and pubhc estimation, thereby insuring its support, and which increases the opportunity of each individual member to gain reputation and financial return. Relation to Public Much has been said of the proper relation of the forest officer to the public. As a rule greatest stress is laid on his personal relations. He is en- joined to be tactful and helpful; to educate his neighbors in the importance of forest protection to every citizen, to reduce fire hazard so as to have fewer fires to fight, to teach compliance with law so punishment will be unnecessary, to be popular in order to win voluntary co-operation. All of which is so well recognized nowadays as important that few if any forest ofYicers need it re- peated to them. None know it better than they do. Fnough is seldom said, however, of the assistance in gaining such community influence which lies in making the job stand for the professional competence described in the fore- going pages. People respect, and usually admire, a man who has authority because he understands a difficult subject. No matter how superior the passenger may 1684 Canadnn Forcsfrii Journal, May, 1918 feel personally, he thoroughly respects the officer of the ship that carries him He knows seamanship is as necessary as it is mysterious to him. The public is now fairly well educated in the importance of forest protection and, in time of hazard at least, it is appreciative of protective organization. But it is not sufTiciently accustomed to regard the forest ofTicer as master of a peculiar profession, who for this reason alone has been given grave respoi)sibility for life and property. Just as he acquired greater dignity when he became the representative of a public or quasi-public organization of high public service than he had when merely the local employee of a timber owner, he has now acfjuired an immeasurably higher dignity with the exactions in this service for training and knowledge beyond that of other men. It is this standing, above all, which the forest officer should have in the community. To gain it, he must take keen pride and interest in all the technic. details of his profession and see that its progressiveness is realized by the public. The type of officer who will do these things is the one that will prevail. The New State-Sense and Conservation "We have in general left behind us the days of crude plenty, but have not adjusted our ideas nor our habits to correspond with new economic conditions. Here the need is in- tellectual and moral education, — a better vision and more altruism. We need a keener social conscious- ness and a new state-sense, if we are ever to solve the problems of conservation." — Foundations of Na- tional ProsperitLj. From, the Log Book of a Lecturer The welcome accorded to lectur- ers sent out by the Canadian Forestry Association may be gauged by read- ing the following excerpts from a letter by Mr. A. H. Beaubien, who has had remarkable success in West- ern Quebec, where he has given illus- trated addresses on forest protection in the back settlements. "I got to Ferme Neuve after a 12- mile drive through pouring rain," re- ports Mr. Beaubien, "and was much elated when I faced a hall packed to the doors with very eager people. There were over 200 present. "On Wednesday, Mr. Mullin, the Chief Fire Ranger, arrived at Ferme Xeuve, and took me to Ste. Anne du Lac. We made the 18 miles under pouring rain again and arrived at seven o'clock p.m. The school house was filled with over 100 people which is practically the whole male popu- lation. Ste. Anne du Lac is just a little clearance on the shores of Lake Tapanee and it was inspiring to see these brave people coming through the woods with their lanterns, or paddling down the lake toward th village. "On the morning of the next day we started on a 32 mile tramp to Mont Laurier and had not been go- ing long when our bugg>' gave way. Luckily the fire ranger was at hand and repaired our rig but we had to walk for four miles because it was all that the horse could do to pull him- self and the buggy. We got to Mont Laurier at 7 p.m. I hunted up the moving picture operator and hurried to the hall. We had a full house. M'gr Brunet, the Bishop was present with seven or eight of his priests and the main hall and gallery were packed. I reckon that over four hundred people were present. After the lecture, congratulations were offered to the Canadian For- estry Association by M'gr Brunet Dr. Cartier and some other promin- ent gentlemen for the good work being done." These are the first educational meetings along forest protection lines ever held in the Quebec settlements. C(in(ipread infection. Infections have been reported from: Ontario and Quebec: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, - Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and South Dakota. To be Concluded in June Issue 1688 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, lillS Firmer Handling of Crown Forests During the passage of the two Bills in the New Brunswick Legis- lature creating a Forest Service, the personnel of which will be under control of a non-political Board. Hon. K. A. Smith, Minister of Lands and Mines made some interesting ex- j)lanations of the problems which the forest administration of the province has been called upon to solve. "The tremendous rise in the price of pulpwood has given an impetus far beyond anything ever experienced before in this province, to the cutting of this wood. As a natural sequence trespassing is a common occurrence requiring great vigilance on the part of the scalers in reporting these trespassers, who are now required to pay a penalty stumpage of $3.75 per cord or in superficial feet $7.50 per thousand. One of the hard probleins I found in taking over the adminis- tration of affairs in this office was to knosv how to deal fairly with the settler on Crown lands in disposing of the pulpwood he cuts in making his clearing. "If it were a matter dealing with bona fide settlers, then the problem would be a simple one, but where the records of the department show that a very large proportion do not fulfill the requirements of the settling act, it will be seen at once the question of dealing out justice is approached with a great deal of difficulty. Ac- cordingly I gave orders that all green pulpwood cut outside of the first ten acres be subject to a stumpage of $3.75 per cord, burnt wood $1 per cord and payment be exacted by the department. When it is shown that the settler has complied in every way in homesteading his lot, then 75 per cent, of the stumpage collected will be returned to him. Gel Clear of Politics "My proposal for this new Crown land policy is to remove the ad- ministration of the forests to a very large extent, if not altogether, from the sphere of politics. It is proposed to combine the following services, viz.: Protection of forests from fires; scaling of lumber cut on Crown lands, and protection of game, with one efficient staff the chief officer of which will be the director of forest surveys under a board consisting of the Minister, the Deputy Minister, the Director of the Forest Branch and two others, one representing the leaseholders and one representing the owners of Crown granted timber lands. The board will have authority to appoint the necessary staff to carry out these duties and the men em- ployed to possess the necessary qualification after examination. A new up-to-date fire service to be inaugurated to include the organiza- tion of sufficient competent men to cope with forest fires in all parts of the province, whether on Crown or granted lands; building telephone lines in the forest; erection of lookout stations; cutting fire trails; necessary tools for fighting fires; gasoline en- gines for railway work; in short, everything that experience has taught is necessary in the prevention of the great fire evil. More Money for Treasury On the first of August, 1918, the licenses which were sold in the year 1893 and not renewed under the legislation passed in the year 1913 will expire. There was strong in- lluence brought to bear that we shall allow the licensees to pay the bonus and interest, an amount that would equalize the payments made by those who renewed their licenses under the legislation referred to, but the gov- ernment thought it would be more advantageous to the province to allow these lands to go up for sale. Canadian Forcslrii JournaL Mai;, 1918 1689 In these days of hii>h sliimpage v-alues it was our opinion the tarifT rates existing when we came into ofl'ice were not in keeping with those charged by owners of private lands, accordingly we raised the rates on spruce from $1.50 to S2.5() per thousand, other lumber in proportion. The increased rate has been well received, so far as can be ascertained, by the licensees. The renewal rate of S8 a square mile annually has been left the same. During the year arrangements have been made for the placing of five parties in the field, whereas last year there were but three. These parties completed the survey and inspection, under forestry methods, of 925,000 acres, which is now being tabulated and mapped in this department. The total area surveyed so far amounts to 1,245,000 acres, or 16 V2 per cent, of the Crown lands. While the cost of labor and supplies has increased from last year the cost per acre of the survey makes a very favorable showing. The figures are as follows: 1916, $27.20 per square mile: 1917, $27.07 per square mile. The total amount expended since the inception of the survey is $44,574.57. There has also been introduced in the New Brunswick Legislature, im- portant measures with the object of giving greater protection to the forests of the province and to stop the wastage which has been going on for years. In speaking of the pro- posed new Acts Hon. Mr. Smith said in part: — Stop Deterioration The most casual observer could note that the forests are failing. It would take only a visit to the rivers or mill ponds to see the change that had taken place within a compara- tively short time, in the size and quality of the saw logs. Fir, which a few years ago was left standing in the forest, had come to a compromise thirty or forty per cent, of the operations. This was prima facie evidence that the spruce was being depleted rapidly. In the early days of New Brunswick, white pine formed the most valuable part of the forest. and huge (uianlilies of that limber were ex])orted to (ireat Britain. White pine failed to reproduce to any extent and lillle remains in the pro- vince at the present lime. Later spruce was in demand. Large mills and scores of portable mills were operated to meet the demand for spruce and in consequence of the indiflerence and the wasteful methods of the jobbers, spruce fast was going the way of the pine. Scalers' returns from 1910 to 1917 inclusive give a total cut of 2,228.- 337,215 feet, an average cut of 275,500.000 feet per year. This would indicate that the present as- sumed commercial softwood stand is about eighteen times the average cut of the last eight years. This did not mean that the softwood would be exhausted in eighteen years, because the annual growth was applied against the annual cut. An annual growth could be ex- pected on the greater portion of the timber estimate given before, and also on under size spruce and fir, which would be in the vicinitv of 5,000,- 000,(X)0 feet. Some of' the under- sized timber would reach commercial size in eighteen years. The average annual growth would apply to not more than five million acres. Superrise Scaling The outlook for a large return for the present logging season was not promising. From the information at hand the cut would not be more than fifty per cent, as compared with last year. One of the first questions that the government had taken up was the unsatisfactory method of obtaining a true account of the lumber cut on Crown lands. The general principle, he said, was to pay the scaler a flat rate of seven and one-half cents per thousand on the logs he scaled, this presumably being thought an incentive to the scaler to get as large a count as possible to remunerate him for his activity. However well this may look in principle, in practice it is not borne out. We have therefore decided to com- mence building up an outside service 1690 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1918 by utilizing to some extent the forest engineers, and gradually eliminating the objectionable features of the present system. During the short time I have been in office, I am convinced the present methods of scaling are antiquated and ver\' often not much more than a guess, said the speaker. Having been convinced of the difficulties of lumbermen in esti- mating the size of the tree to be cut in accordance with the regulations, I have seen fit to change this regulation by providing the simple recjuirement of a stump diameter, viz., 12 inches for spruce and 9 inches for fir inside of bark, said the Minister. Early in the season I sent a circular letter to every operator on Crown lands under the authority of legisla- tion passed at the last session, asking for the cut on both granted and Crown lands. The responses from the lumbermen, to a very .large extent, were unsatisfactory. As the law was enacted after the operations were completed last season, I have con- cluded, however, unwillingly, not to press the matter too strongly against the lumbermen in this connection, but should proper returns not be forthcoming during the present season the law will have to be invoked and the penalties claimed as provided by the timber regulations." New Brunswick Forest Club The second annual meeting of the New Brunswick Forest Club, Ltd., was held at the University of New Brunswick on Friday, April 12th, at 8 p. m., and the following officers were elected for the ensuing year. President — W. B. Snowball, Presi- dent of J. B. Snowball Co., Ltd., Chat- ham. Vice-President — R. B. Miller, Dean of N. B. Forest School. Secretary-Treasurer — L. S. Webb, Forester N. B. Forest Service. Executive Committee^R. R. Brad- ley. Consulting Forester New Bruns- wick Railway Co. and .J. R. Gareau, Forester J. B. Snowball Co., Ltd. Hon. Dr. E. A. Smith, Minister of Lands & Mines was unanimously elected a life member of the Club, in view of his great interest in Forestry work and importance of the work being carried on under his adminis- tration. Other new members elected were — Mr. J. \\\ Gill of Barnaby River. Mr. J. \V. Maloney of Rogersville, Prof. R. P. Gorham of the Provincial Normal School, Mr. Donald Eraser and Mr. Archibald Eraser of the Eraser Com- panies, Ltd., Mr. A. T. Murchie, In- spector of Scalers, Mr. L. A. Gagnon, Chief Game Warden, L. P. Rov, Camp- bellton, F. A. Barkhouse, J. G. B. Pugh, J. D. McKay and E. R. Rut- ledge of the New Brunswick Forest Service, Geo. F. Burden, Assistant Inspector of Scalers. An instructive paper prepared by Donald Eraser of the Eraser Com- panies, Ltd., dealing with the admin- istration of forest lands was read by G. H. Prince, Mr. Eraser being unable to be present. Prof. R. B. Miller gave a ver\' in- teresting address on the utilization of by-products from sawmills. Mr. J. R. Gareau led in a very prac- tical discussion on the methods em- ployed and the possibility of eliminat- ing the unnecessary waste in logging operations. A number of important resolutions dealing with the administration and protection of forest lands were prepar- ed for transmission to the Govern- ment of New Brunswick. WANTED! Accountant — A first-class oppor- tunity for the right man is open in the Logging Department of a large paper company for an accountant. He must write and read both languages. One who has had previous experience in this line of work is preferred. Box NY, Canadian Eorestrv Journal. 206 Booth Bldg., Ottawa. Canadian Forest rii Journal. Maij. 1918 1691 Forestry and the War Bv Dr. B. E. FERNcnv Deal}, Facultij af Fon'slrij, Uriiversilij of Toronto Has the Public Opinion Yet Been Convinced That Forest Maintenance Is State Business ? The relations of the ^var to forests and forestry are many; they can be discussed from a variety of points of view. There is a role which forests are playing in military evolutions — the consumption of materials for war uses, the destruction of forests in the w ar zone, the disturbance of regulated forest management where such exist- ed, etc. It is not my purpose to exhaust the theme, but to direct attention particularly to what I consider the most important and possibly most lasting effect, namely, upon the de- velopment of future forest policies in our country. I shall only briefly touch on other relationships. The war has taught us, in the first place, new appreciation of the value of forests and forest products. We have been made aware of the fact that, as in olden times, forests play a not unimportant role in modern military tactics — important enough to pay particular attention to the maintenance of boundary forests as a matter of State policy. Indeed, the aeroplane development as a most efficient reconnoitering means imparts a particular, additional value to forest cover as a screen against observers. Next, we have found that in mod- ern warfare, forest products are needed in large quantities, and that home supplies are preferable to importa- tions, not only because of the possible inability of securing such, but on ac- count of transportation difficulties. The average trench recjuires alone about one cubic foot of wood to 10 feet of trench — say, 60,000 feet, board measure, to the mile, or 15 billion lO the French front, not to account for shelters, artillery screens, block- houses, etc., and fuel. Such struc- tures consume on the French front as much as $500 to $1,200 worth of wood apiece. Again, forest industries which were on the decline or entirely abandoned have been revived by the war and new uses for wood products developed. In Germany, cut off from the out- side world, the long-abandoned naval- stores industry, based largely on spruce, and the tan-bark industry, based on oak coppice, have been re- vived, v^hile in France the need of pine timber has made serious inroads in the turpentine woods of the Landes. Wooden ships and aeroplanes call for special materials. The substitu- tion of wood cellulose for cotton in the manufacture of explosives and the use of sawdust for cattle feed are among the new uses. Moreover, we have learned to ap- preciate that certain classes of forest products are rare and of special value. Sitka spruce, once a despised material, is now found almost indispensable for aeroplane construction, furnishing long, clear, light, yet strong, material. The limited supply of such material suggests the propriety of Government control. French Forests Destroyed One of the first thoughts which the theme suggests leads us to the battle- fields in Flanders, where a wholesale destruction of forest cover has des- olated the country. While the ter- ritory occupied by the enemy rep- resents only a small fraction of the whole of France, it includes a pro- portionally large part of the French forest area; perhaps one-fifth to one- fourth of the total forest area — the most extensive and richest portion of French forests — is located in the war zone and much of it destroyed — a sad loss, \\ hich it will take many years to 1692 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1918 repair. It is mostly privately ONvned, but private endeavor by the impover- ished owners will prove entirely inade- (|uate to undertake the work of res- toration. There is little doubt that State aid will be needed. Xot only outside the war zone in France, but in Great Britain, the woodsman's ax has been busy cutting available supplies for war purposes. That in this cutting Canadian and American lumberjacks have been largely employed may be assumed to have made for efficiency in operation, but it may also have been secured at the expense of all silvicultural con- siderations. Many a forest managed under a natural regeneration system will have been cut without regard to the needs of reproduction, and French foresters will for many years to come find difficulties in returning to a sustained-yield management, which has been deranged by prema- ture harvests. The magnificent fir forests of the Vosges and Jura Mountains, the show pieces of French foresters, managed in selection forest, are being disman- tled without regard to reproduction and with the maximum of damage to young growth. Effect in Britain In Great Britain the utilization of home-grown timber on a large scale will have waked up the people to the possibilities of increasing its produc- tion, and we may confidently expect a more serious effort on the part of the Government to inaugurate a forest policy which will encourage private endeavor to replace the cut planta- tions and for the Government to attempt the ambitious pre-war schemes of wholesale afforestation of waste lands. The British Empire Resources De- velopment Committee bids fair to out- last the war and become a part of the Reconstruction Committee, which has begun its work. While in our country these more or less direct war influences are not felt lo a great degree, yet there is one development which has no direct bear- ing on forests and forestry, but prom- ises to be of the highest importance in the develo])ment of forest policies; it is the development of socialistic tend- encies. Xationalizinij Industry We are learning rapidly that gov- ernment is a tool which 'can be made efficient, and we are learning to realize community interests as superior to individual interests. The extension of government functions has grown marvelously in all belligerent coun- tries, so that Bellamy's description of the communistic state is not any more so Utopian as it was when first pub- lished, forty years ago. The States that have gone perhaps farthest in nationalizing industries are the Australians. In New South Wales not only are railroads and coal mines operated by Government, but woolen mills, cement, and even harness factories. West Australia adds brickyards and quarries, sawmills and steamships, hotels and laundries, agricultural im- plements, and now even retail baker- ies, butcher shops, and fish markets. The Ontario Government has under- taken at least the last enterprise, namely, to furnish fish at reasonable prices. Under the influence of the Farmers' Nonpartisan League, the North Da- kota legislature has gone so far as to declare for the principle that the Slate may enter upon any manufac- turing or industrial field, and has taken up first State ownership of flour mills and grain elevators. These socialistic developments have not altogether been merely dictated by war needs, but are bona fide changes of attitude toward private enterprise. We may, to be sure, not claim so much for the many Govern- ment activities which the belligerent countries, including the United States, have developed as war measures. Congress itself has become . more and more an exponent of Government ownership and control, with a tend- ency to State socialism. As Mr. Mann declares: "We are undergoing the greatest revolution in government which this country has ever seen." After the war, to be sure, a formid- able reaction may set in and we may Canadian Forcslrii Journal, May, ntlS 1693 experience a return lo unregulaeed industry and to the Nvastefiil com- petitive system, at least in part. But Nvhile this reaction may take place in directions of temporary character, there are other directions in which Government control will have shown itself so superior as to suggest its con- tinuation. May we not expect that if these activities are successfully car- ried on there will be arguments de- veloped for carrying on at least sonw of them beyond the war? The control of public utilities has been under discussion long before the war, and now we shall gain experience as to how efficiently the Government can manage enterprises such as rail- roads, shipping, munition work, mines, not to mention the food con- trol and control of profits. Before the war it would have been by most statesmen considered Uto- pian to undertake to regulate, as we do now, production, distribution, and even consumption. Now, we at- tempt all these things, cutting out competition as a factor in regulating prices and substituting a co-operative system. Are we bound to return to the wasteful system of competition? Or shall we have learned that, at least as far as the natural resources that are exhaustible are concerned, communal management is the only rational method. There is no doubt that the war and its incidental requirements have forc- ed us into abandoning at least tem- porarily long-cherished theories of in- dividual rersLis communal functions: and the opportunity for making the change permanent, for making radi- cal changes in industrial and economic conditions after the war, will never be better, provided the opportunity is seized immediately and the pendu- lum is not allowed to swing back too far. \V7// Competition Lessen'l For many of the Government ac- tivities which the war has developed convincing arguments can be brought forward in favor of abandoning them to more or less, unrestricted private enterprise after the exigencies of the war, which called them into existence, have ceased: but we may assume that the general attitude favorable to an extension of Government functions will remain and the piif)lic interest will more than heretofore be consid- ered in the new adjustments. Can we not make use of this al- titude in furthering the public inter- ests in our own special business — the conservative use and management of our forest resources? Is "it not timely to point out that, if anywhere,, in the handling of these resources communal interest is paramount and calls for Government control? The arguments for such State con- trol are familiar to you. The>' may be summed up in one sentence, name- ly, that forestry — the management of forests for continued production — is not attractive business for private enterprise for various reasons. At any rate, the idea of using our forest resources so as to produce" con- tinuous wood crops has so far gained little acceptance in America — none at all among the holders of the bulk of our remaining standing timber. In- deed, we may agree with Coolidge's statement, that "individual ownership has proved eminently uneconomical, and even destructive of the permanent productivity'' of their lands. He does not, however, draw the proper conclusion when declaring that ""there is no economic necessity for State pro- duction of timber." Xor do we agree with Professor Toumey, who also pins his hope on private ownership, although admit- ting that "'it is far more important to the nation that the second growth be adequately safeguarded than it is to the individual." Profits too Far Distant He proposes "'by liberal tax laws and technical assistance to help the private owner to attain a protected reproduction, etc." \ye, on the other hand, do not believe that there can be enough in- centive created by these means for private forestry. In vain have we striven for decades to interest the lumberman and tim- berland owner in a more conservative 1 69 I Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 191S treatment of his property with a view to a future, to substituting silvicul- tural management for exploitation. Outside of protection against destruc- tion of their property from fire, we have practically secured no response, and that naturally, for such manage- ment is financial! V not attractive. The Balance of Present and Future Needs Private interest in any industry can only be a financial one, but financially forestry — a sus- tained-yield management — means curtailing present revenue or making present expenditures for the sake of a future revenue, and that in a distant future which is of no interest to the individual. This time element, which is pecul- iar to our business, is a natural deter- rent to private enterprise in this field, for self-interest works only for the present. Only a long-lived, sta- ble, permanent ownership can assure us of conservative management; onl^' State ownership can afford to exercise providential functions, can guard the interest of a distant future and wait a century for returns on its outlays. That in some localities the forest cover, in addition to the mere material function, exercises a protective func- tion on waterflow, soil, and climate, afTecting local as well as distant inter- ests— this protective function only adds argument for State control. Is Regulation Possible? I repeat, we have tried persuasive and promotive methods to induce pri- vate enterprise lo engage in forestry, but the inherent troubles which sur- round this business have rendered the result negligible. We might apply methods of control and supervision over the use of private property which might insure continuity of supplies. Experience in the old countries has shown that, in spite of much more perfect machinery for enforcing laws, and in spite of much more ready dis- position to submit to laws, the at- tempts to control private manage- ment have been largely without the desired result. We may come as well now as ever to the realization that forestry'' is and must become State business. — From '' Foundations of National Prosperity.'' $8 AN ACRE. YOUNG GROWTH The question li the value of young growth in dollars and cents often oc-. Giirs in discussions of Canadian for- esters. The United States Forest Service has placed a value of $8.00 an acre on young coniferous growth sixteen years old on the Columbia National Forest in Washington. LUMBER IN THE MOVIES Two carloads of lumber a day, ap- proximately 15 million feet a year arc used by the studios of the Famous Players-Lasky Corporation at Holly- wood, Cal.. in the construction of "sets" and scenery for producing motion pictures which appear to the public as "Paramount" and "Art- craft" releases. The time was when the canvas wall and painted window satisfied the film-going public. Now nothing less is sufficient than a wooden wall finished in fine grain papered or hung with heavy drapes; practical windows of real glass; doors that slam and lock. Everything is built substantially. I The Forestry Journal will he j sent to any address in Canada I for One Dollar a Year. Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, May, 1918 1695 A Survey of Sugar Groves By G. C. Piche, Chief of Forest Service, Quebec A survey of maple sugar groves in various parts of the province was begun last fall by the Forestry Branch. The object of this survey is to gather accurate data on the following: 1. The proportion of the various species of trees in each grove, to determine the influence, if any, of a mixture of trees on the yield of the sap, etc., etc. 2. The influence of the soil. 3. The influence of the topography of the ground. 4. The temperature. Notes are also made on the equip- ment available, the methods of tap- ping the trees, of gathering the sap and also on the yield of sap, by species of maples, by a number of trees, and as influenced by the frost. Information is also bemg gathered on the methods of makmg syrup and sugar, and, finally, a statement showing the profits or losses of the industry will be made up. All reports will be compiled at the Forestry Branch by counties and by districts; thus before long complete and careful statistics concerning this valuable industry will be available. Sugar now sells at a high price. It is, therefore, in the interest of our farmers to work their sugar groves so as to secure their own supply of sugar and syrup. All the owners of sugar groves .'le- siring to help in the survey are in- vited to write to the chief of tie Forestry Branch, Quebec, who will be glad to receive any information that can be given. B. C. Gets Forest Products Laboratories Efforts which have quietly been exerted for several months past, looking to the establishment in Van- couver of a branch of the Forest Products Laboratories of Canada, are now certain of success. The new laboratory will be equipped at the outset with all necessary machin- ery and appliances for the carrying out of wood testing experiments on the lines pursued at the parent labor- atory maintained by the Dominion Forestry Branch at McCill Univer- sity, Montreal, where invaluable work has been carried on. Scientific dem- onstrations in tree chemistry w^ere initiated in 1913, the wood-testing department being added in 1914. It is proper to mention here tliat the setting up of the Forest Products Laboratories by the Canadian Gov- ernment was due to recognition of the great work done for the lumber and pulp industries at the United States Laboratories at Madison, Wis., es- tablished six or seven years ago. This institution really represents the joining up of a number of wood-test- ing stations built up in various parts of the United States years earlier by Dr. Fernow, who at that time held the position of chief forester to the United States Government. The result of the many requests reaching the Dominion authorities from the coast — the more especially since the starting of the spruce pro- duction campaign by the aeronautic- al branch of the Imperial Munitions Board^ — was seen in the arrival at Vancouver late in March of AV. B. Campbell, B.Sc, assistant superin- tendent of the Montreal Labora- tories, with instructions to commun7 icate with the B. C. Forest Branch, the Munition Board, B. C. I'ni- versity heads, and leading lund^er- men, with a view to the speedy estab- lishment here of a wood-testing unit which doubtless will, after the war, form the nucleus of a much larger scheme to be carried out in behalf 1()90 Canadian Forestry Journal Maij, 1918 of a belter ulilizalion of British Columbia woods. Conferences held with the bodies mentioned disclosed a hearty desire on the part of all to co- operate in every way possible with the Ottawa Government so as to se- cure the needed facilities with the least possible delay. As a result, Mr. Campbell was able to return east on April 15 with a draft of a comprehensive scheme for approval by the Director of P'orestry at Ottawa which will permit of certain wood- testing data being available by the end of May, by which time it is ex- pected the new building being erected by the British Columbia Government at the University for laboratory pur- poses will be ready for occupation and at least partially eciuipped. C. A Great Gainer evening of April 5, B. On the evening of April 5, Mr. Campbell was the guest of the B. C. Forestry Club, when about 40 lum- bermen and others were present. "In British Columbia," said Mr. Campbell, "the study of timber is by far the most important work that the new laboratory can take up at this lime. One of the prime factors is the study of strength in its various phases — strength in bending, strength as regards shock, resistance, hardness, tension stilTness, etc. ' The suitability of timber for any particular purpose cannot be judged iDy its characteris- tics as shown by any of these factors separately — they must be taken in combination. For instance, Doug- las fir is one of the strongest of woods for its weight that we have, yet for aeroplane construction it is not as suitable as the much weaker wood — spruce. The first series of tests are necessarily on the pure wood— i.e., the characteristically straight- grained pieces. Without the know- ledge to be derived from such teste it is impossible to proceed with tests of larger-sized material containing knots, checks, and other defects. At Mon- treal we have completed a study of the characteristic strength of the clear, straight-grained material of How many North American Game Birds Can You Name? Can You describe twenty-one kinds of ducks — six kinds of geese? If not, there is a good time awaiting you in a copy of "Game Birds." and by a piece of good luck the price is just 50 cts. post free. A splendid little book of 64 pages, 5x7 inches, made up of heavy coated paper throughout. Forty-nine of the best illustrations in life-like natural colors you ever saw — really a beautiful piece of quadri-color printing. Decorated board covers. Mr. Chas. K. Reed, the author, has a happy faculty of entertafning description. Every bird is the subject of a compact and fascinating paragraph or tw^o, and the color- ing is practically perfect. The Forestry Journal secured five hun- dred copies at such a price as enables it to quote to its readers, as long as the five hundred last. FIFTY CENTS A COPY, POST FREE. (STAMPS OR MONEY ORDER) CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 Booth Building, Ottawa. *— — Canculidn Fonstri/ Journal, Maij, lUhS 1{)U: Douglas fir, so that we have pro- gressed that far on the road to an exact knowledge of this species. An- Anotiier thing that will be very im- portant out here in the future is built-up stock, including three and live-ply veneers and bigger stuff. The possibilities for British Columbia manufacturers along this line are tremendous. The work of the For- est Products Laboratories in the East has been very heartily endorsed by the pulp and paper manufactur- ers, who have manifested their ap- preciation by offering substantial aid. One great benefit that is cer- tain to follow from the establish- ment of a wood-testing branch in British Columbia will be that archi- tects and engineers will have definite data concerning the properties of British Columbia woods which they will be able to use when designing structures, in the same way they now have knowledge of the definite properties of steel, concrete, and other standard building materials. This information will be especially valuable also in the export trade when it is a matter of introducing a new wood in competition with some that have been long in use. An in- stance of this is shown in the advan- tage which long-leaf pine has over Douglas fir on account of the scientific grading and the branding rf all grades by the mills. Constructors are enabled to select the class of material which exactly suits their needs, without the necessity of buy- ing high-grade material for purposes which would be equally well served by lower (juality timbers or lumber. Per contra, they also are able to avoid the danger involved in buying low-grade material where high grade is necessary. Aeroplane Work First. The laboratory to be established at Vancouver will at first be limited in its work almost entirely to pro- blems arising out of the production of aeroplane material. Owing to the lack of special knowledge of British Columbia woods and the influence of defects, it is necessary for the Minister of Munitions to de- mand very high standards of quality in the material reaching them. If an increasing understanding of the properties of the woods required will allow of even a very slight relax- ation of the specifications, a very great increase can be made in the amount of material available. It is just possible that further investigation may disclose that the j)rovince has other woods which might be used to advantage in aeroplane construction. B. C. FIRE DOES DAMAGE Forest tires which swept for three and a half miles along the Columbia river, between SuJlivan and Genelle, burned 37 high power line poles of the West Koo^enay Power and Light com- pany Sunday and yesterday and tem- porarily interfered with operations at Trail smelter. But for the fact that one line was preserved the whole plant would have had to close down. Forest rangers were quickly on the job and the fire last night was under control. ]\Icn from J. S. Deschamps" lumber camps and the West Kootenay Power and Light company cooperated with the forestry officials in fighting the blaze, which burned furiously at times. At one point it jumped about 900 feet across the (Columbia river. It is believed that sparks from a lo- comotive started the fire. In the same district five or six fires were started during the past two or three days by clearing fires getting away from the ranchers who were burning brush. Moving a Paper Mill. A paper mill looks as if nothing could move it. But a paper mill can be moved by a few careless men miles back in the forest. How? Burn down the limits and the mill disappears. No mill remains after its wood supply has been burned up. 1698 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1918 Splendid Work by Forest Corps The following letter, speaking in the highest terms of the work which has been done by the Canadian For- estry Corps, has been received by Sir luiward Kemp, overseas Minister of Militia, from Lord Derby ,and for- warded by him to Sir Robert Bor- den: ■'Dear Sir Edward: "I am writing this letter to let you know, on behalf of His Majesty's Ciovernment, how warmly they ap- l)reciate the splendid work done by the Canadian Forestry Corps in con- nection with the urgent demand which was received early in Febru- ary last for some 40,000 tons of tim- l)er to be sent to the front. This was an unexpected demand, and it was requested that delivery should be completed not later than the 31st March. Shipment was commenced from the 10th February and the whole order was completed on the 20th March, eleven days ahead of llie specified time. Worked 90 Hours Per Week. "I am informed that this satisfac- tory result is mainly to be attributed to the energy put into the work of production by the Canadian Forestry Corps, who supplied no less than :> 1,000 tons of the total. When the corps understood that it was an or- der of urgency, and that- the material was required for the front, many of the companies voluntarily worked long hours without any extra pay, some of them doing as much as 90 hours per week. They were at work during the whole of the Easter holi- days, so that had any further demand been made at that time it would have been possible to deal with it. "Tt is, as you are no doubt aware, largely due to the operations of the units of this corps in Franre that we have, with the exception of sudden and unforeseen demands such as the present one, practically stop- ped the shipment of British-grown timber to France, thus saving cross- Channel tonnage; while we are also able to save the shipment of foreign timber by haying the production of the corps in England to meet the various national demands. "Feel Real Gratitude." "I hope that the Canadian Foi- estry Corps will realize the real grat- itude which we feel for their admir- able work and for the spirit which they have shown throughout, in spar- ing no exertions whenever an oppor- tunity has been afforded them of as- sisting the fighting men at the front. "Yours sincerely, "(sgd.) DERBY. GERMANY'S PRICE LIST The Berliner Boersen - Zeitimg states that the prices of all sorts ot lumber have risen to astounding heights. Latterly the requirements of the army on the eastern front have considerably diminished but orders from tiie railway car factories have greatly increased. The most serious factor is the scarcity rather than the high price level. Indeed it is a serious problem how the flying machine fac- tories may be kept supplied with suf- ficient w^ood. Material for these fac- tories is so scarce that none of the wood which is usually discarded in the sawing is now thrown away. Concerns which do not belong to the flying machine syndicate have to pay at least $156 per M at the station in East Prussia; concerns which belong to the syndicate pay S125 per M, i.e., the price fixed by the war office. Ash is also very scarce and the price is as high as $226 per M of round wood; although this figure is the fixed official price for sawed ash it does not even represent the average level of prices paid for "free" ash. Alder costs $113 per M, when it is obtainable at all. Basswood is verv much in demand. Canadia Forcsirii Journal, May, 1918 iri99 The Forests of Newfoundland (British RECoxsTRrcriox C.ommittee Report.) Newfoundland has considerable re- serves of timber, which, though under a separate Government, form part of the same Imperial question. Thev illustrate incidentally how rapidly forests, which at first sight seem vast, may be absorbed. The Newfound- land woods cover 10,000 square miles, but more than a third has been takeii over by a single company. The pro- duce from this area, nearly equal to the whole woodlands of Great Britain, feeds the pulp and paper mills of the Anglo - Newfoundland Development Company and supplies the require- ments of four British newspapers. Newfoundland has assisted the United Kingdom during the war with sup- plies of pit wood from the three-mile l)elt round the coast reserved by the Colonial Government for the use 'f the Colony and not ordinarily avail- able for export except in the form ol" pulp. Labrador, which is a depend- ency of Newfoundland, is believed to have considerable resources in tim- ber suitable for pulpwood and pit- wood. India, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand are already importers of soft woods, and no relief with re- gard to future supplies, but rather the contrary, may be expected from those cpiarters. French Lecturers do Excellent Work The educational propaganda of the Canadian Forestry Association this year has taken an unusually practical turn. The aim has been to carry the educational work directly to the door of the settler in timbered districts in an effort to reduce the annual har- vest of settlers' fires. It has been proved abundantly that no system of mechanical equipment such as patrol- men, fire towers, telephone lines, etc., is more than half complete in itself and must fail in its objects if the human material responsible for caus- ing the fires is not brought into an intelligent and sympathetic relation towards the whole forest protection enterprise. Mr. A. H. Beaubien, a talented French speaker with personal know- ledge of Quebec conditions in the tim- bered areas, was engaged by the For- estry Association to hold public meet- ings covering three weeks in the ter- ritory of the Ottawa River Forest Protective Association which em- braces twenty million acres. Mr. Beaubien held his first meeting at Ferme Neuve near Mont Laurier, Quebec, on Tuesday, May 7th, il- lustrating his address with a large number of excellent lantern slides. Mr. Beaubien's route was confined almost wholly to the country settle- ments, particularly the newer par- ishes where the greatest need exists for educational activities. At all of Mr Beaubien's meetings every au- ditor is presented with reading mater- ial which further emphasizes the common sense of being careful with clearing fires, Co-operation of the parish priests and inlluential local men was secured in advance, the lectures being well advertised by printed matter and by the announce- ments at the church services. It is expected that two additional French lecturers will be made avail- able for Central and Eastern Quebec through the co-operation of the De- partment of Lands and Forests of Quebec. Mr. J. A. Doucet concluded a three weeks' tour of Northern New Bruns- wick on behalf of the Canadian Forestry Association, wdiere his pub- lic lectures on forest protection were a pronounced success. Large aud- iences were secured, in one instance 1700 Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1918 amounting to 550 persons at Tra- cadie and without doubt a great amount of splendid service to the cause of forest conservation was ac- complished through Mr. Doucet's efforts. In the French Canadian communi- ties to which he confined his lectures, practically no educational work had been done hitherto, except what has come through the French literature of the Canadian Forestrv Association. The parish priests gave most valuable aid and the reception accorded Mr. Doucet in all c(uarters was hearty. Other illustrated lectures are beinc given on the Ontario and Quebec sides of the Ottawa River by the Forestry Association' as well as along the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway which goes through the Claybelt in which a very decided fire hazard exists this vear. Lectures in Western Ontario Mr. Robson Black, Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association, has been delivering a series of illustrated addresses in North Western Ontario including Fort Frances, Port Arthur, and Fort William. The meeting at Fort Frances was under the auspices of the Patriotic Fund while the Canadian Club at Fort William sponsored the address in that city. Motion pictures were freely utilized at all points. Other addresses have been »given by the Secretary before Boy Scout assemblies and such busi- ness men's organizations as the Ro- tary Club of Brantford which as- sembled for the purpose at the Brant theatre, and the Kiwanis Club of Ottawa. A Lantern Slide Service There are many roads by which public education may travel and one of those that affords least resistance can be found in the employment of lantern-slide cartoons to be flashed before audiences between the reels in a motion picture theatre. The Forestry Association this year has already placed several hundred lant- ern slides with motion picture theatres from Nova Scotia to British Colum- bia. Some of these are in the form of colored cartoons while others are striking statements of some out- standing fact connected with forest protection, the extinguishing of camp fires, care with lighted tobacco and matches while in the woods, etc. These lantern slides have met with a splendid reception and will be con- tinued through the summer, each theatre in a timbered district re- ceiving a new assortment of slides each week. As far as can be ascer- tained the Forestry Association is now covering every motion picture theatre in the timbered districts of Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick. The French slides have been used to excellent advantage, the motion pic- ture theatre proprietors co-operating with the Association in a thorough and generous manner. The Province of New Brunswick is arranging to place new sets of slides periodically with every motion picture theatre in that province. His Eminence, Cardinal Begin, says : "For a long time in Canada, general opinion placed an unlimited confi- dence in the richness of the wooded districts which were supposed to be inexhaustible. But now that their richness has been considerably dim- inished, it is high time to save what is left. " "It behooves governments, asso- ciations, and individuals to give their most serious attention." Canadian Foreslnj Journal, Maij, 1918 1701 mm War Time Production THERE must be no "slackers" this year, either among the seeds, or the growers. Every man and woman with garden space, must produce to the limit of his or her ability. And that is why Rennie's seeds are so essential — live, vigorous seeds from tested stock, to ensure record crops, BRUSSELS SPROUTS — Amager Pkt. ViOs. Oz. Vi lb. Market 10 .90 2.75 CABBAGE— Rennie's First Crop.. .10 .75 2.25 CABBAGE— Early Jersey Wake- field (Improved) 05 .60 1.75 CAULIFLOWER— Rennie's Danish Drouth- Resisting 15 &, .25 1.00 3.50 10.00 CELERY— Paris Golden Yellow, Extra Select 15 .60 2.00 TOMATO— Bonny Best (Original). .10 .60 1.75 Rennie's Improved Beefsteak. . .10 o75 2.50 FLOWER SEEDS pkt. New Giant Astermum — Mixed Colors 15 Rennie's XXX Giant Comet Asters— Mixed 10 Dreer's Peerless Pink Aster 15 Early Blooming Cosmos — Mixed 10 Rennie's XXX Exhibition Mixture Pansy 25 Rennie's XXX Prize Rufifled Giant Single Petunia — Mixture 25 Rennie's XXX Large Flowering Globe Stocks — Mixture.. . .20 Rennie's XXX Mammoth Verbena — Mixture 10 Giant Zinnia — Mixed 15 Mail Your Order TODAY LOOK FOR THE STARS Turn the pages of your Rennie cat- alogue. You will notice a great many paragraphs with stars at the corners. These are extra special values that defy competition. When buying from dealers insist on RENNIE'S. XHE T^ IT 1U"N' YT^ COMPAALY i^KlNC & MARKET^ST* TORONTO %A.CSO AT MONTREAL -WINNIPEG VANCOUVER. 1702 Canadian Forcstri] Journal, May, 1918 Good Work on Snowball Limits 'I'hc following excerpts from a letter from Mr. J. R. (iareaii, Forester of the J. B. Snowball Co., Chatham, X. B., show the progress made in introduc- ing Forestry- oversight on private holdings : "Our field work of last summer ex- tended over three months' time and a total area of 100 sq. miles was covered. We made a five per cent estimates. For part of the time we had a two three-men crews 'party, while for the rest of the season our party was com- posed of but one four-men crew. "We managed, however, under these rather unfavourable conditions and in spite of the high price of ever^'thing, to do our work for four cents per acre. "Since last October, all our time has been devoted to logging operations: supervision of the cutting, scaling, etc.. Our plans for the future, briefly stated, are the following: From the time the drives begin, to as late as the end of July, my time will be taken up with first, the looking after the drives, and afterwards the scaling on the booms and the towing. "When all our logs have reached our mills we will start with our forest valu- ation work and we intend to have a three three-men crews . party and re- main in the field from tw^o to threr months, but the time we will spend in the field will largely be determined by our next winter's cut of which we have yet no idea whatever. "Without any other desire than to let results speak by themselves, I may add to the above that we are beginning to see the results of the work which has been commenced here two years ago. For For instance ground has been covered and has been cut this tinier shows that our estimates proved to be 94.4% of the actual quantity which was cut on the whole of the ground to which these estimates applied; and as to the elim- ination of waste I may be permitted the following quotation from a letter from Mr. Prince under the date of January 18th of this year: We have had several examin- ations made of your camps and on the whole would say that their work is very satisfactory, and in some casds closer utilization is carried on than in any oiher parts of the province." THE TEAK FORESTS OF SI AM The teak forests of Siam are mainly located on the hillsides in the northern part of the Kingdom, some 500 miles from Bangkok. The teak trees are girdled and allowed to stand for several years before being felled, and the logs are then dragged to the nearest stream and floated down, reaching the saw- mills at Bangkok, fully seasoned, in about 5 years from the time of girdling. Teak logging is regulated by the Government, and only trees of 76.5 in- ches girth may be girdled. A Government counting station is located at Paknampoh, a village situated on the River Chao Phya, 155 miles from Bangkok. The average number of teak logs arriving at this station each year is'estimated at 100,000, and in addition about 20,000 logs, cut from the forest region adjoining Burma, are floated to Moulmien. The total annual output of cut teak of all grades amounts to roughly 55,000 loads of 50 cubic feet, but of first quality the yearly output would likely reach only about half of the above estimate. On reaching the saw- mills the logs are usually squared and the first-ciuality squares are graded according to the British Admiralty specifications, and are designated "Eu- rope first class."- Canadian Forestry Journal, May, 1918 1703 Our Coal Bill Affected by Timber Shortage How Canada's Coal Prices are being added to by Pennsylvannia\s Scarcity of Mine Timber is interestingly told in the following from the Philadelphia North American. "One of the most serious problems confronting the anthracite operators is the ditTiculty in securing sufficient timber to properly ensure the safety of the miners. This is especially true of the heavier timber needed for gangway purposes, and at the present time operations have been temporar- ily halted on account of the inability of timber contractors to meet the ever increasing demands upon them. Virtually all of the mountains in the anthracite fields have been stripped of their virgin timber and in many places the young growth has been cut to meet the demand. Owners of the few remaining virgin tracts are de- manding fabulous prices. The cost of mine timber has been steadily climbing for the last several months, and while the coal companies have indicated their willingness to pay the J) rices demanded, they have been unable to get the needed supply. Shipments of heavy gangway, slope and shaft timber from the far south have been greatly curtailed since the freight congestion early in the current year. In many instances timber shipped from Georgia and consigned to the mines has been commandeered by the government for use in the shipyards. Contractors throughout central Pennsylvania are cutting every avail- able stick of timber. Roadsides once sheltered by giant oaks have been stripped of that protection. Whole rows of big trees that once gave beauty to the farm lands have l)cen cut down and sent to the mines. Small tracts held by estates have been disposed of at unprecedented prices." HONOR FOR COL. GRAVES Col. Henry Graves, Forester of the United States Forest Service, has been elected Honorary Member of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society of Edinburgh, Scotland, in recognition of his eminent services to forestry. The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society was founded in 1854 and shares with the Royal English Arbori- cultural Society the leadership in forestry matters not only in Great Britain but to a large extent through- out the British Empire. Its list of 1,500 active members includes the names of a large number of pro- fessional foresters in the British Colonies and possessions, all over the world, but the Society has less than thirty honorary members, of whom about half are distinguished foreign scientists and administrators, mainly European. The Society, in addition to the publication of its transactions and the consideration of papers at its regular meetings, makes an annual excursion for field study. It also offers annual prizes and medals for essays on practical subjects and for inventions connected with appliances used in forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855. This distinction isshared by Colonel Graves with onlv one other citizen of the United States, Dr. C. S. Sargent, who was elected an Honor- arv Member in 1889. "WOODMAN SPARE THAT TREE" According to "The Little Journal," ])ublished by Arthur D. Little, Limit- ed. Cambridge, Mass., only about one third of a long leaf pine tree is used as merchandise, two-thirds being de- st roved or discarded as waste. 1704 Canadian Foreslry Journal, May, 1918 War Needs Over-ride Private Rights The right recently assumed by the British Columbia (Government to enter upon and utilize any area of spruce timber for aeroplane con- struction without the consent of the owner is thus defended by Mr. H. R. MacMillan, foreslry expert of the Spruce Production Department, Imperial Munitions Board: "Tf we had to wait until everybody that had an [nterest in a particular stretch of spruce-bearing limits had made up his mind that he could do no better than accept our offer, the war would be over before the spruce would be cut. The owners of the spruce that is available are scattered all over the world, and even with the utmost co-operation on their part when we did get in touch with them, tremendous delays would result ow- ing to the time taken to send paper back and forth. When to this is added the natural hesitation of men to part with what they believe to be valuable property until they are quite sure they are obtaining a fair equi- valent, it will be seen that in effect a great deal of spruce is practically tied up indefinitely. "The spruce bill meets this situa- tion. It gives power to cut spruce and fixes the price the owner must accept. That price is S6.00 per thousand for first-class spruce, and $2.50 for second. The money is paid for all logs that are put into the water on the figures furnished by a government scaler. The owner is under no expense. We cut the spruce and we take all the risks of towing to the mill. The owner gets his price net. The money is paid over to the provincial govern- ment and is kept in a trust fund, out of which the owners receive their respective quotas. "The prices we offer are generous. The best evidence that they are the best that anyone could expect is shown by the fact that although they have been published for several weeks the first complaint that they are not high enough has yet to be received. "As things will stand when the bill becomes law we shall be able to go in and take the spruce we need wherever we can find it, regardless of all questions as to ownership, and the owner will get adequate compensa- tion." AHEAD OF THEM ALL Quebec le^ids all Canadian pro- vinces in pulp and paper making. In 1916, 924,000 cords of pulp wood were cut by Quebec workmen, and this huge log pile was worth almost $7,000,000. Ontario came second, with 637,000 cords cut. 1 The Forestry Journal will be I I sent toamj address in Canada \ I for One Dollar a Year. I I ' I ; ^ „ ^ „„ „ „„ „„ , bA •^„ R„ n, ,... n,. ..u n„ ,m nn »n .i« ■ of^ Marbles DryMatches After all day in a boat. rainstorm or wet snow. Ask your dealer for WATERPROOF MATCH BOX If 111' can't supply you. we will send prepaid for his name and .'><> cents. Dry matches may save your life' MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S.A. Canadian Forcstrij JournaL Mail, 1918 1705 LMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)iiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:= I FAIRBANKS-MORSE | Portable | Forest Fire | Pump I = Weighs 120 lbs. I Will pump 20 = gallons per min- I ute against a I pressure of 120 I lbs. per sq. in. = Readily trans- = ported by Horse, = Auto, Canoe-, or i by Hand, it = will reach any s fire alone or in I relays. = Hundreds in use. | I The Canadian Fairbanks-Morse Co., Limited | s "Canada's Departmental House for Mechanical Goods''' = S St. John, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton, Windsor, Winnipeg, ^ S Saskatoon, Calgary, Vancouver, Victoria. S ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir 1706 Canadian Forestry Journal May, 1918 Slacker Lands in War Times By J. A. Mitchell, U. S. Forest Service The great menace of fire unquestion- ably is to the future of our limber supply. In the pincy woods, par- ticularly, repeated fires are fatal to the establishment of reproduction: while in the hardwoods the trees, though not always killed, arc stunted and deformed and laid open to fungus and insect attack. As young growth seldom has an immediate commercial value, its loss is usually ignored — the fact that a crop has been destroyed, being overlooked. The loss in such a case is as real as if merchantable timber were destroyed — the destruc- tion of a ten-year-old stand postpon- ing under present conditions, the date of a possible harvest from fifteen to twenty years, if not indefinitely. At the same time, the land burned over has, to all intents and purposes, been rendered unproductive for a corres- ponding period. Herein lies the im- portance of fire protection from an economic standpoint, for no poten- tially productive land should be al- lowed to lie idle. The community has a right to and will, sooner or later, demand that it be producing something. Ontario Fire Rangers Of the personnel of the Ontario fire ranging force this year the Toron- to "News" says: The force this year consists of 1200 men, about seventy-five per cent, of those engaged coming from northern Ontario, many of them being exper- ienced woodsmen. The remaining twenty-hve per cent, is composed chiefly of returned ,soldiers. In the last two or three years fewer stu- dents have been engaged for this work and this year none have been taken on the stall. Last year a number of returned sol- diers, suffering from shell shock, were ])laced on the staff. They were taken from hospitals where they were being treated. The work in the north was found very beneficial to them, and this year an additional number has been engaged. No men who have been exempted from mil- itary service ur boys under military age are being employed this year. The department feels that if men of those ages are fit for fire-ranging they are fit for farming, too. Most of the men are married or are over military age. They range in age from thirty- eight to hfty-five. It is necessary to secure the men by April 15, otherwise some of them would be aw^ay hunting. This year the department is adding further equipment to several of its stations. Last year automobile trucks were experimented with, and they were found to be very satisfac- tory, as it is possible for a truck to carry twelve men with all equipment. These trucks are stationed at such places as Cochrane. This year five more trucks have been added. FOR BETTER PRAIRIE HOMES "The demands that were made during the year on the Mitchell Nurseries at Coaldale, twelve miles from Lethbridge, for trees, shrubs and small fruit plants give evidence that farmers' households are improving their home surroundings and adding to their material comfort. The men folks on the farm are usually in- different in such matters, and they do not seem to appreciate the fact that the money value of a farm is greatly increased if the house and buildings are surroujided with trees; for so long as the human eye will invitingly wander to a bluff of trees, so long will an asset of this nature have an actual money value; the farm animals and poultry, too, ap- preciate the shade. The womanfolks have too long been contented with promises that the trees will be planted "next year"; but trees do not grow on promises, although they always do well on summerfallowed land. The bleak and uninviting appear- ance of the country school houses Canadian Forestri/ Journal, April, 1918 1707 TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hardy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYEOE-HURST&SON,DENNYHURST ORYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over *^ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co., Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Boi 503 Dundee, 111.. U.S.A. Try This Stump Pullei __^ #*_ n*.^C^ The Smith Btnmp Puller 3lt I#lff nISH will take out every tree ^ and stump bj the roots, clearing from one to three acres a day, the work of twenty men. We want you tu send for our 3 Tear gaaran tea aealnst brcakaea and our free trial propoiitlon Addresa W. Smith Grabber Co, U Smith Sta. LaCrescent, Minn YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven. Connecticut, U.S.A. VALE University Forest School is a * graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and. under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wUl warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture. Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp. Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut ^agnon S. jMortgarto Lumber Contractors Timberland Cruisers Forest Industries CHICOUTIMI, P.O. LT.-COL. L. J. D. MARQUIS Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. ofF.E; Quebec Assoc, of F.E; Former Mem. Que. F. Service Forest Cruising and Mapping Timber Factors and Logging Costs Facts on Forest Growth and Future Products 1 90 LOCKWELL AVENUE, - - QUEBEC +" '" " ■" '" ■"■ "° "" "— ■ . A . „_«_.._„ — " • * ! R. R. BRADLEY I Forest Engmeer and Mem. Can. Soc. of F. E. | s Consulting Forester to the New Bruns- • I wick Railway Co. | j Timber and Pulpwood Estimates. Forest | i Maps. Advice on the Management of; I Wood Lands. Timber lands listed for sale. I i GLOBE ATLANTIC BUILDING, ST. JOHN, N.B.I 4i-— — " — >" — ■• — '» — ■» — ■ — "— '" — »• — '• — '" — '■ — ■ + The Forestry Journal will be sent to any address in Canada for One Dollar a Year. . . . could be entirely changed by the cooperative effort of a few public spirited farmers, who might very readily arrange among themselves to summerfallow a strip of land in the school grounds, get the trees heeled in the fall, and set them out in the following spring. The teacher and scholars would be glad to look after the work of keeping the ground culti- vated to conserve the moisture for the growth of the trees afterwards." — From Annual Report of President Marnock of the Lethbridge Board of Trade. 1708 Canadian Forcstri] Journal, April, 1918 CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO i i I s I i I Queen's UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION . APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Sinnmer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. GEO. Y. CHOWN. Registrar. ♦ MINIATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, .Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOLS — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1660 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY ♦_ R. O. SWEEZEY (B. Sc. M. Can. Soc. C.E.) CONSULTING ENGINEER. Water Powers. Timber Lands. Financing Forest Industries. 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. Canadian Forestry Journal, Mai/, 191S 1709 {From an Illustrated Brochure Distributed bij the Canadian Forestry Association to 3000 Alberta Settlers in Timbered Districts ■'I'm an Alberta farmer. Fifteen years ago, I owned a place in Peel County, Ontario. In the spring of 1916 I started West. Queer chances interfere with plans sometimes and I never reached be- yond Matheson, a brisk little town on the Temiskaming and Northern Raihvay. I left the train for a day; I didn't get aboard again for six months. The country looked too good to miss. Splendid rich soil, good roads, a first class railway, and ready markets. Being a new^ country, most of the clearings were marked off by thick patches of spruce bush. When midsummer came, the smoke of bush fires was everywhere. Hot mornings gave way to hotter after- noons and still the fires raged. Some- times a settler would pile his debris against the standing timber on the edge of his clearing and then set fire. Another might attempt a wind- row, out of reach of the spruce bush, but with no one watching it the first night breeze sent the llames racing across the peaty topsoil and into t-lie forest. On my brother's farm, we tried to burn during the hottest days and burn safe, too. But you might as well talk of having a safe smoke over a powder keg. I recollect one day saying to my l)rother: "This slash burning is bound to put some of us in the grave- yard,— if rain doesn't come before Saturday." He neither agreed nor disagreed. Through the kitchen door I could see the clouds of smoke gathering across the seillement. "You play with death," I warned, "every time you start clearing fires in weather like this." "How else will the land get clear- ed?" my brother asked. ^SV//V or L^nsafr Ways? "They get it cleared just as quick in Quebec, Nova Scotia and British Columbia, and most of the States," 1 told him, "but they make the jol) a safe one. They have a law that settlers can't start slash fires without a written permit from a fire ranger. They can't start a fire during drought, and what's more, they have to pile slash back from the timber. When that is done, the settlers' families are not afraid of l)eing burned out every few years and the newspapers ck)n't argue over the exact number of ycmng- sters caught .in the flames." "A man in a new country must take chances" — but as my brother said that, his eye lighted upon his two little girls, and his boast sounded l)retty hollow. \\'ell, you have all heard about that week — end of July, 1916 — when with hardly an hour's warning, all the innocent-looking bush lires joined forces and roared down the country like the Day of Judgment. Fleeing men and women and their children were dragged down as if by hungry wolves. No refuge was safe. Mine shafts were charnel houses, and even the small rivers were a useless pro- tection. My brother, being close to Matheson, brought out his family in safety, ])ut his five years' labour was gone in thin air. Two hundred and twenty-three people, mostly women and children, died that week-end, be- cause settlers did their burning "as they pleased" and without reference to the law^s of safety. Of course, all that is changed in Ontario, for the year following the fire, they started fire ranging in the settlements and made every settler take out a permit for his burn. The fires are supervised just as in nearly 1710 Canadian Forestry Journal, Maij, 1918 all the other provinces. Life is safe and the people are gradually forget- ting the limes when forest fire horrors were conliniially before their eyes. Inviting Another Horror Since 1 came to Alberta, I have seen those same Ontario conditions of the days before the fire duplicated in almost every detail. We have the settlements in the tree-covered coun- try of the north. In fact nearly all the new farmers are homesteading in more-or-less timbered territory. We have to use fire to burn off our slash and we have been doing it just like Ontario used to do — with a strong invitation to a wholesale waste of life and property. I'm a farmer^ — couldn't earn my living at anything else — but I can see beyond my farm gate when the good of the Province of Alberta iS at stake. I can see that Alberta can't get along on merely bare land and a set of strong muscles. We need coal to keep us warm, wood for buildings, posts and implements; we need towns and cities to provide a near-by mar- ket, and we need all the manufac- turing industries w^e can lay hands on. There's none of these things can come to, or continue in. Alberta, un- less we all join in saving the forests. The coal mines are no good to us without wooden pit props, and if pit props get scarce up goes the price of coal. There's not much use hav- ing water powers unless they have something to bite on. They must have raw materials, like wood, to turn into products. What good is cheap land if fence posts and lumber are too dear to purchase? What hope is there for industries in Northern Alberta unless they are forest industries.. A neighbour told me the other day that there was no room for the forest in northern Alberta, that every acre would soon be under crops. "Crops?" I retorted, "what crops? When I tell you that not twenty acres in a hundred in northern Alberta can grow wheat or support stock, I'm not basing my talk on an ignorant opin- ion. Look at this!" And I unfolded a Dominion Government Report proving that only about one acre in five in our part of the country was any good for field crops. "What be- comes of the four-fifths?" said I. He didn't know. A Western Desert "Will it be a desert waste of black- ened stumps and useless soil, or will it produce timber? Will it fetch pulp and paper industries into this country, with their busy towns and pay lists, or will it be a No Man's Land for- ever? Will it keep the settlers sup- plied with cheap fuel and building materials, or must we import them at high prices from British Columbia^' Do you wonder that I have no use for forest fires? Every time I see one, I see a cloud of trouble. I see higher cost for farm necessities, and a poorer chance of making Alber- ta prosperous for my children. Personally, I never start a clearing lire unJl every precaution has been taken. I pile my slash fifty to a hundred feet from the standing bush. I burn only in safe weather, usually ■n the evening, and keep watch on the operation all through. I consult the fire ranger and follow his instruc- 'ions. The rangers are not policemen, I take it. They are the best friends the settler has. Some of these ran- gers have been telling me that the Alberta staff have set out this year to keep Alberta clear of forest fires. They want the personal help of every man, every woman, every boy and girl who lives anywhere near timber. Every good citizen this year is to look on himself as a deputy fire-ranger. Watch every kind of fire — but above all, keep a tight rein on the slash burning. That's all that your country asks. You'll see to it, won't you?" ♦ — ■— • — — • — - — " — + PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER I I Timber Estimating and Mapping. Supervision of Lumber Contracts. Surveying. Forest Planting. STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. Canadian. Furcstrif Journal, April, 1918 1711 . ._.. + Useful Forestry Books FERGUSON— FARM FORESTRY By John Arden Ferguson, A.M., M.F., Professor of Forestry at the Pennsylvania State College. VIIIx241 pages. 5M by 8. Many full-page half tones. Cloth, $1.25 net. Covers especially the subject of forestry as applied to the farm and woodlot. The subject is treated from the broad standpoint of the woodlots in the great plains and prairie regions, as well as in the more eastern regions. KINNEY— THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERICA By Jay P. Kinney, A.B,, LL.B., M.F., Chief Supervisor of Forests, United States Indian Service. XVIIIx275 pages. 6 by 9. Cloth, $2.50 net. This book discusses the chronological development of legislation directed to the preservation of existing forest resources, reforestation of cut-over, burned-over areas, the extension of forest areas, and the systematic management of forests for productive purposes. KINNEY— THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW By Jay P. Kinnev, A.B., LL.B., M.F. XXIXx279 pages. 6 by 9. Cloth, $3.00 net. . This book contains information that will prove of inestimable value to anyone who desires to ascertain easily and quickly the funda- mentals of American timber law, or who needs reference to court decisions to support a well-founded view as to the law upon any particular point. WOOLSEY— FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY. Tunisia, Algeria and Corsica. With a Translation of the Algerian Code of 1903. Bv Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., M.F., Assistant District Forester, United States Forest Service, 1908-1915. XVx238 pages. 6 by 9. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.50 net. Embodies the result of a study of the more important phases of forest practice in Corsica, Algeria and Tunisia. The author's exper- ience abroad includes not only continental Europe and the French Dependencies (which latter are described in this book;, but also forest management in British India as well. BRYANT— LOGGING. The Principal and General Methods of Operation in the United States. By Ralph Clement Bryant^ F.E . M.A., Manufacturers' Asso- ciation. Professor of Lumbering, Yale University. XVIIIx590 pages. 6 by 9. 133 figures. Cloth^ $3.50 net. Discusses at length the movement of the timber from the stump to the manufacturing plant, and the chief facilities and methods for doing this: with especial reference to logging railroads. TAYLOR— HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN By Jay L. B. Taylor, Forest Rangef, United States Forest Service. IXx420 pages. 4^ bv i^%. 236 hgures. Flexible Binding, $2.50 net. Prepared as a result of the author's experience in field work of the United States Forest Service. Solves problems which confront a forest ranger in government, state and private employ. The sugges- tions offered will also be found of use to others whose work or re- creation takes them into rough or unsettled regions. Canadian Forestry Journal, Hj Booth Bldg., Ottawa + — >- PETERBOROUGH CANOES For service our Canvas Covered Canoes are unequalled. We make a complete line of Canoes, Skiffs and Motor Craft. Our catalogue will be of interest to you. Peterborough Canoe Co., Ltd., Peterborough, Canada ^TheCdmpers Favorite L "BLOW BED" (Successors to Metropolitan Air Goods Co.) SLEEP ON AIR with a COMFORT SLEEPING POCKET Recommended by the Forest Service, Campers, Physicians, Invalids, Tuberculosis Patients and Sportsmen everywhere. A warm, dry, comfort- able bed. Wind, rain, cold and water-proof. Packs 6 X 25. Air goods for home, camp, yacht, canoe, etc. Illustrated Circular Free by mentioning Canadian Forestry Journal. ATHOL MANUFACTURING CO., ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A.. Dealers write FOREST TELEPHONES Make the life of the forester better worth living. They relieve him from — j« the appalling loneliness. They help '"k, ^^ him to keep in human voice touch with "y^-' foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire— sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the Office nearest you. Mortf/arf/ Ehctr/c Com party Montreal Halifax Ottawa Toronto Regina London Calgary Winnipeg Vancouver -"^-^-J^. ^Northern ^ Etectric- Forest-Telephones- r"": im. . '■ .; " ) Canadian forestry 3oumal Vol. XIV. JUNE, 1918 No. 6 FACULTY OF FORESTRY ' JUL2 3 19J8 I • jjiB^ rjfr" isJPB. J3SS*"! «*«L '^ n„ .^iu. Making the Earth tn lirinu Forth T'O Ways U e Have of Doina it. TENTS IN EVERY STYLE May be had made up of the celebrated Write for Samples and Prices. The Woods Manufacturing Co., Ltd. FORMERLY SMART-WOODS, LTD. OTTAWA - TORONTO - MONTREAL - WINNIPEG Make the life of the forester betttr worth living. They relieve him from the appalling loneliness. They help hjm to keep in human voice touch with foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire — sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. .Address the Office nearest you. Northern Etectr/c Compafty Montreal Halifax Ottawa UMITEO Toronto London Winnipeg Regina Calgary Vancouver t---?..-/^'-'^----^' Northern EtectrkFbrestTetefitif^^ +. — - Canadian Forestry Journal CIRCULATION 6500 COPIES MONTHLY Vol. XIV. WOODSTOCK ONT., JUNE, 1918 No. 6 CONTENTS FOR JUNE "Claybelt Settlers Join Hands With Rangers" "The Mill and the Farmer" "Forest Fires Taking Serious Toll" "Machine Guns or Forest Fires" "Forestry Course for Returned Soldiers" "The Poet's Reading of the Trees" "Finland's Public-owned Forests" "What the Railways are Doing for Forest Protection" "War Record of Dr. Fernow's Students" "The Management of Woodlots" "Digging Wealth from Buried Trees" "The Tragedy of Cross For.is" "War and the Birds" •'The Fight to Save Our White Pine" "War Needs Collide with French Traditions" "Good Results of Prairie Planting" "Genealogy of Forest Products" "The National Purse and the Paper Mill" "New Brunswick on the Right Track" "Great Fire Hazard in N. W. Ontario" "Research Council and Reforestation" "Paying the Fire Fiend his Price" The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address alt Communications to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press, Woodstock. Ont. • Knlered at the Post Office at Woodstock, Ont., as second-class matter. 1710 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1918 Canadian Forestry Journal, June^ 1918 171' 171.S Canadian Forrslri/ Joum'iL June, /.''/a Claybelt Settlers Join Hands With Rangers The ])eopIe of Ontario, whose con- cern over forest fires \vas greatly stimulated by the 1916 Claybelt dis- aster, may rest assured that the pres- ent efficiency of the Forest Protection Service bears a cheering comparison to that of previous years. The build- ing up of a protective service is no small undertaking and there remains much to be done before the machine can be said to be complete, bul the procedure of the Department of Lands and Forests has been along right lines and the results are bound to give general satisfaction. The Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association recently covered part of the territory in the heart of the district that gave greatest trouble in 1916 — Mathcson, Porfjuis .Junc- tion, Iroquois Falls, Cochrane, and Hearst. This is now well organized under a vers- competent superinten- dent, Mr. E. R. Poole of Cochrane, who has equipped his division with lookout towers, canoes, speeders and other aids in travel and observation. Perhaps the most heartening conclu- sion in one's visit to the Cochrane dis- trict is that settlers are co-operating with the rangers in safeguarding their land-clearing fires. A very few sum- monses were issued as a guarantee of the (iovcrnment's sincerity in apply- ing the ])ermit law. With that as a reminder, the rangers proceeded in their work \\'\i\\ a maximum of tact and consideration, realizing that the control of settlers in an unorganized country is a most difficult proposition and that unless their goodwill is gain- ed the issue of permits and control of fires becomes practically impossible. For that reason, the personal qual- ification of the rangers assumes first importance. Xo man should be re- tained in the Service who bullyrags or antagonizes the decent settler or tries to tie him up with red tape. The importance of the district super- intendent's duties cannot be over- emphasized, for it is he who knows his settlers personallx' and knows the way they should be handled. For the same reason, there can be no cast-iron rules fastened upon all parts of the forested region, for what will suffice with one district and one class of set- tlers is not precisely applicable to other conditions. In the Cochrane district very little trouble with settlers fires has been experienced. Permits are being ap- plied for regularly and the Forest Fires Act is taken with due serious- ness. High prices of pulpwood, of course, act as a further damper to needless destruction. The soldier colOtiy at Kapaskasing appears to be a model in its observance of the Fire Laws and in all the heavy burning this year on soldiers' lots, normal pre- cautions have been taken and the ranger's advice sought on many oc- casions. WASTED WOOD IN B. C. The indiscriminate cutting of con- venient shore timber by hand-loggers in British Columbia results in the injury of many good logging sites; for, as the hand-loggers are not allow- ed to use steam power, the\' fail to get to the water a large proportion of the trees they cut down. It is estimated that at least 40 per cent, of the trees cut by hand-loggers are wasted in this way," says a pamphlet on "Forest Resources in British (>ol- umbia," issued by the Commission of Conservation. "Since these workings are nearly always situated at the foot of a mountain and at the water's edge, where a destructive fire is most likely to start and gain headway, the resulting debris products a fire menace of the worst kind. "It is extremely doubtful whether the advantages gained in forest utilization bv this mrvins, or the (jindilidn Forcslrii .loiinuil. June. /.'//A' 1719 fuinisliing" of employiiuMiL lo Ihc nomadic, irresponsible men who fol- low the occupation of hand-logi>ing are commensurate with the result- ant damage. Though the discon- tinuance of hand-loggers" licenses was recommended bv Ihe I^rilish Columbia Forestry Commission in 1910, they arc still issued. "During the last 2 Machine Guns or Forest Fires If Canada presented (lerniany with one hundred machine guns, the Gov- ernment responsible for the act would not only be deposed but thrown into ])rison. Any weakening of Canada's natural resources is equivalent to direct gift to the Teuton adversary. It adds to our handicaps and to his relative advantages. It saps this country's power to bear up in time of war and during the trade struggle of peace times, for the natural resources are the great keystones on which the national arch depends. To have our forests burn down by wanton acts of our own population is quite as pleasing to the Hun as to send paid bombers into our munition plants. To see the national strength reduced by stingy fire protection serves the German aim quite as handily as to submarine our ships. If German forests were disappearing as fast as our own, some sense of military satisfaction might be felt at the present time. But such is not the case. In Saxony, with 435,000 acres of forests, the loss from fire is rarely more than $300 per annum. Wurtemburg, with 418,000 acres of forest losses about $650 per annum. The Duchy of Baden, with 240,000 acres had onh 99 acres burned in nine years. Thus, on about 1328 square miles of German forest, the loss runs about |950 a year. Similar figures apply to other Qerman forest areas. " Canada, of course, cannot hope to establish conditions of forest manage- ment analogous to those of Germany, and the fire hazard will long remain alarmingly high, certainly until the great peril of logging slash is thoroughly removed. But even with all allowances for our peculiar situation in which all steps towards conservation must be gauged by the liklihood of immediate profit in terms of cash, Canada's forest fire losses remain out of all proportion to our "irreducible minimum." Farm Fertility Needs Tree Protection Addressing the York Pioneers Club other grain crops, York County has at Toronto, Mr. Charles W. Nash, an for years exceeded the average of the Englishman who came to Canada province. The average yields for the many years ago from the agricultural county and province respectively be- countv of Sussex, gave his audience ing as follows: Oats, 46-40; Barley, the benefit of his observations of the 36-33; Rye, 17-16; Peas, 18-16; Corn, contrast of results obtained in con- 50-44. As one reason for the fall- servation of fertility of the soil in ing off in productivity of the soil Canada and Great Britain. The 40 in York, and in the province in gen- and 45 bushel crops of wheat, which eral, Mr. Nash gave the too extensive were general throughout York County removal of the forest, an opinion in when he first knew it are now the which he i s endorsed b y many exception, he said, and he quoted farmers of long practical experience. Government statistics, showing that Not only does this removal of the the average yield of wheat for the forest leave the cultivated land too county in 1917 was 25 bushels, a greatly exposed, locally, but where figure which was below the average the tree growth is entirely removed for the past 16 years, however, by from the location of the source of eleven bushels. The average yield streams the results are disastrous to a for the Province of Ontario was only regular and sufficient supply of water 28 bushels of wheat and in this and through the country-side. 1724 Canadian Forestry Journal, June 1918 Messrs. Arthur D. Little, Limited, of Cambridge, Mass., who have favored the Forestry Journal with the above illustration state that two thirds of a long leaf pine tree is discarded as waste and that only one third actually becomes merchandise. \ Canadian Foresfri) Journal, June, I91S 1725 Forestry Course for Returned Soldiers I Commencinj^ March 25, a four weeks' course in forestry for returned veterans who desire to qualify as forest guards was opened in Van- couver under the auspices of the Vocational Branch of the Military hospitals Commission, the classes being" intended to serve students from the four western provinces. It was stipulated that men enrolling should be in fairly good physical condition, have a fair education, and possess previous experience as lumbermen, loggers, trappers or ranchers. The course of instruction will cover lec- tures, demonstrations and field work on the subjects noted below: 1. Elementary Forest Survey — (a) Use of instruments ;(b) system of land surveys; (c) mapping. 2. Forest Protection — ^(a) Fire pre- vention; (b) fire detection; (c) fire fighting; (d) fire laws. 3. Forest Management — (a) Na- - ture of forest; (b) identification of tree species: (c) principles of administra- tion. The following well-known forest engineers and professors have been engaged as instructors: H. R. Mac- Millan, M.S.F., assistant director of aeronautical supplies. Imperial Muni- tions Board; Judson Clark, Ph.D., fores! engineer; P. L. Lyford, forest engineer; R. D. Craig, M.S.F., dis- trict inspector. Imperial Ministry of Munitions; E. H. Finlayson, B.S.F., inspector of Dominion forest re- serves. Alberta; D. R. Cameron, B.A., B.S.F., inspector of Dominion forest reserves, British Columbia; W. J. VanDusen, B.S.F., district forester: Professor MacLean, University of British Columbia; J. Davidson, University of British Columbia, and Mr. Lighthall of the B.C. University, who is also Dominion land survevor. first. He can't kill the Land or Mines, but the Forest is his natural prey. Are you aiding the Fire Fiend this year? If not, put out your camp- fire, lighted match and cigarette. Millions of acres in Canada are growing excellent timber. New in- dustries are coming to use that timber. Thousands of workmen will be given good jobs. But we cannot have both the in- dustries and FOREST FIRES. One kills the other. Forest fires are preventible. Put out your camp fire, lighted match or cigarette when in the bush. A NATIONAL WARNING Canada will pay her war debt from her productive Lands and Forests and Mines. The Fire Fiend, who is the Kaiser's ally, is scheming to finish the Forests SETTLING SOLDIERS In many of the schemes of soldier settlement and the encouragement of immigration after the war, there appears for almost the first time some concern for the quality of the land, on which homesteading shall be permitted. We may read in this some hope that examination of soil in advance of settlement may reduce the amazing evils consequent upon indiscriminate "locating." Cana- dians, as a rule, have been slow to recognize that the normal, profitable crop on most non-agricultural soils is timber and that the bitterest ex- perience a government can visit upon a farmer is to establish him in de- fiance of Nature's fundamental laws. One of the primary duties of the Soldiers' Settlement Board will be to guard the soldier-settler from the pitiful consequences of a bad loca- tion. If areas are hastily thrown open without thorough examination by foresters and soil experts, whose advice will be accepted as final, the efforts of the Board will prove worse than useless. It will be a matter of great interest to the Forestry Asso- ciation and its members to follow the work of the Board and ascertain how far scientific guidance in the selection of lands for veterans is allowed to dominate. 1726 Canadian Foresfrij Journal, June, 1918 t — — ^^ r " " ] I I The Poet's Reading of the Trees \ ! i 1 I l|lii iia.^i)ti nil •!» >» .»-. «)> .1" '«! in. .- r « If THE HAWTHORNE-TREE By Siegfried Sassoon Not much to me is yonder lane Where I go every day; But when there's been a shower of rain And hedge-birds whistle gay, I know my lad that's out in France With fearsome things to see Would give his eyes for just one glance At our white hawthorne-tree.. Not much to me is yonder lane Where he so longs to tread : But when there's been a shower of rain I think I'll never weep again Until I've heard he's dead. THE STILL TREES By John Russell McCarthy I thank you, Elm and Beech and all my friends That live so wisely on the happy hills, I thank you for your silence. Even a friend (Especially a friend) must have his moods. His long still days of dreaming silence spent In strange communion with his soul and God. And you, my friends, have chosen for your silence The slow lean months of winter. All the burdens And all the joys of this embattled earth You dare forget, so that your soul and God May have their hour of studious solitude. So I, 0 friends, who walk among you now. Go searching inward to the soul in me, And bend my dreams unto the God we know I thank you, \L\m and Beech and all my friends That live so wisely on the happy hills. THE POPLARS By Theodosia Garrison My poplars are like ladies trim Each conscious of her own estate; In costume somewhat over-prim. In manner cordially sedate, Ljke two old neighbors met to chat Beside my garden gate. My stately old aristocrats — I fancy still their talk must be Of rose conserves and Persian cats, And lavender and Indian tea; I wonder sometimes as I pass If they approve of me. I give them greeting night and morn, I like to think they answer, too. With that benign assurance born When youth gives age the reverence dwe. And bend their wise heads as I go As courteous ladies do. Long may you stand before my door. Oh, kindly neighbors garbed in green, And bend with rustling welcome o'er The many friends who pass between; And where the little children play Look down with gracious mien. THE LONELY TREE By Wilfred Wilson Gibson A twisted ash, a ragged fir, A silver birch with leaves astir. Men talk of forests broad and deep. Where summer long the shadows sleep. Tho' I love forests deep and wide. The lone tree on the bare hillside. The brave, wind-beaten, lonely tree Is rooted in the heart of me. .\ twisted ash, a ragged fir, A silver birch with leaves astir. 4m_.. Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1918 1727 la the Forests of Finland: Scotch Pine Crown Forest at Evois, Finland, 95 years old. Finland's Public-owned Forests By Samuel T. Dana. Amazingly Low Fire Losses and High Income to State; 180 Foresters Employed. Finland, with a total forest area variously estimated at from one-half to two-thirds of its total land area, probably has a larger proportion of forest area than any other country in the world. Of this forest area con- sid-erably more than half is owned by the State. According to recently published official statistics the area of these State forests in 1912 was as follows : Area Percent, (acres). Cultivated lands 56 174,000 Productive (drv) forest land :.... 42.67 13,295,000 Unreclaimable swamp and marsh land 53.00 16,516.000 Water 3.77 1,176.000 100.00 31,161,000 The small per cent, of cultivated land and the large per cent, of unre- claimable swamp and marsh land are particularly noteworthy. Of the total 1728 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1918 area of 31,000,000 acres included in the State forests, only a little more than two-fifths consists of productive forest land, which is even less than the proportion of productive forest lands in the XaJonal Forests of the United States. The bulk of the State forests are in the northern part of Finland and consist largely of pro- tection forests interspersed with ex- tensive areas of barren land. In the very northernmost part of the country nearly 8,000,000 acres have been set apart as protection forest, of which only 3 per cent, is private land. Since the management of this protection forest must be particularly careful and financial returns correspondingly low, this district is left out of con- sideration in calculations of future incomes from the State forests. The State forests consist mainly of land which has always belonged to the government, or in earlier times to the Crown. The policy of increasing this area by purchase was, however, adopted in 1874, and considerable areas were secured up to 1895, when the policy was abandoned. In 1906 purchases bv the State were resumed, and from then to 1912, 39,809 acres were purchased for S204,025 ($5.13 per acre). During recent years an annual appropriation of about ^39,600 has been made for this purpose. While these purchases are small in comparison with the total area of the State forests, they are nevertheless significant as an indication of the well-established policy of Finland not only to retain forest lands already in the possession of the State, but to add to these as circumstances make it possible. A Land of Small Trees As would naturally be expected in a country lying as far north as Fin- land, the individual trees are com- paratively small and slow-growing, with only a few large trees per acre. Reconnaissance estimates show that on the State forests there are approxi- mately 141,000,000 trees of mer- chantable size, divided into two 10 to 12 inches d.b.h., 82,629,004 trees Over 12 inches d.b.h., 58,781,445 trees The fact that this apparently large number of trees does not indicate a heavy stand is evident, when it is remembered that these represent only 10.6 trees per acre of productive forest land, or 4.8 trees per acre of total forest-bearing land. The stand per acre of productive' forest land varies from 486 cubic feet in parts of the extreme north to 2,002 cubic feet in the south. In general, the stand averages about 715 cubic feet per acre in northern Finland and twice as much, or 1,430 cubic feet per acre, in southern Finland. It is interesting to note that in some cases the stand on dry forest land is considerably more than on unreclaimable swamp land. This is particularly the case ^^^th Norway spruce, and is due to the fact that large areas of spruce swamp still remain untouched as a result of poor markets for the smaller-sized material. The timber-sale business in the Finnish State forests is well developed. In 1911 forest products to the value of 12,495,200 were sold, of which 85 per cent, was saw timber. This is a marked increase over the timber-sale receipts of $1,401,000 in 1905, which at that time was reported to be the maximum ever received in one year. The total amount of the cut in 1912 was 86,202,000 cubic feet, or 6.43 cubic feet per acre of productive forest land. This is believed to be considerably less than the annual growth. The highest cut was, as might be expected, in the southern part of the country, where on one forest it averaged 64.35 cubic feet per acre. In comparison with the United States, it is interesting to note that the amount cut under timber sales on the National Forests in 'this country for the same year amounted to 431,492,000 board feet (possibly 86,300,000 cubic feet) and yielded $942,819. It should be remembered, however, that in the United States these figures refer to stumpage value only, while in Finland most of the timber is cut by the government and sold in the form of logs Sale by Auction The bulk of the sales are carried on by general auctions, at which the timber is disposed of to the highest Canadian Forcslrif Journal, June, 1918 1729 bidder above a certain minimum price. In 1912, 2,465,430 saw-limber trees (10 inches and over in diameter breast high) were offered for sale at such auctions, together with con- siderable tie material and firewood. The trees are ordinarily sold in the form of smgie logs, and the average price per log was 83 cents, varying from 12 cents to SI -93. Because of low bids about 630,165 stems were left unsold. Of the material put up at auction, 76.6 per cent, was Scotch pine and 23.4 Norway spruce. Considerable smaller saw timber, tie material, and firewood are also offered for sale at smaller local auctions. In 1912, for instance, pro- ducts valued at $229,724 were dis- posed of in this way. These auctions are constantly increasing in popular- ity and importance, as is seen from the fact that while they were held in onlv three of the State forests in 1904, they were held in 45 in 1912. The chief purchasers at such auctions are now sawmills, which some ten years ago had practically no interest in them. Small Fire Losses For so large and comparatively unsettled a forest area the extent of the fire damage is remarkably small. In 1912 onlv 991 acres were burned over at a loss of $11,945 ($12.05 per acre). This showing is particularly remarkable, when it is remembered that it is not so many years since reckless burning of the forests was the rule, and fires w^ere frequently set in order to clear patches of land which were cultivated for a few years and then abandoned. Trespass oc- curred in 277 cases, but amounted to only $1,732. The State itself operates three sawmills. These at first were intended only for the utilization of such forest products as did not find purchasers in the general market and for the procuring of firewood for the State railways. They.. have, however, de- veloped considerably, until now they are a source of more or less export material. In 1912, for instance, 2,000 standards were produced by these mills for export, and considerably more in 1911. In addition to making possible the utilization )f the more distant forests, these mills have proved of decided advantage in giving the government a clearer insight into conditions in the international timber market and a better grasp on the sawmill industry. Public Income The total income from the State forests in 1912 was $2,726,853 and the net income $1,692,039. This am.ounts to a net income :f 12.7 cents and is certainly a creditable showing, when the poor growing conditions and comparative inaccessibility of much of the State forest areas are considered. From 180 to 200 trained foresters are regularly employed, in addition to which there are a varying number of temporary appointments in the different forests. Technical forestry is now taught at the University of Helsingfors, where the course covers from three to four years. ^ / WALNUT NEEDED FOR ARMY Major E. A. Shepherd, of the Ord- nance Department of the U. S. army, has sent the following letter to lumber manufacturers: "The Ordnance Department and the Signal Corps of the United States army jointly request that you refrain for the duration of the war from the manufacture of veneer from walnut lumber, other than butts, crotches, or figured material, none of which walnut lumber is suitable for the manufacture of gun stocks or air- plane propellers. "The walnut lumber that enters into the manufacture of veneers, other than that above stated, is urgently needed at this time by the United States Government in the prosecution to a successful conclu- sion of the war which we are now waging against Germany. In other words, this lumber is a vital necessity for the manufacture of gun stocks and airplane propellers for the im- mediate equipment of our forces. It is requested, therefore, that you refrain from the manufacture of veneers, as stated above." 1730 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1918 The Status of Railway Fire Protection in Canada Bv Clyde Li:avitt Chief Forester, Commission of Conservation, and Chief Fire Inspector, Hailwai) Commission. From the viewpoint of fire pro- tection, the steam railways of Canada, aggregating about 38,024 miles, may be classified under three general heads, according to their legal status : 1. Lines subject to the jurisdic- tion of the Board of Railway Com- missioners for Canada. 2. The Government Railways System. 3. Provincially chartered rail- ways. Lines Sul)ject to the Board The first class, comprising lines subject to the Railway Commission, totals some 32,389 miles, or nearly 84 per cent of the total. These are primarily lines which hold their char- ters from the Dominion Government or have been declared works for the general advantage of Canada. In- cluded in this class are such com- panies or systems as the Canadian Pacific, Canadian Northern, Grand Trunk, Grand Trunk Pacific, Great Northern, Kettle \'alley, Algoma Central and Hudson Bay, Atlantic, Quebec and Western, Quebec Orient- al, Dominion Atlantic, Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia, Esquimau and Nanaimo, Halifax and South Western, Temiscouata, and a number of smaller lines too numerous to mention here.+ The Canadian Northern System retains its status as a corporation, and remains subject to the juris- diction of the Railway Commission, notwithstanding that the ownership tFor complete list of these and other lines, revised to 1914, see Forest Protection in Canada, 1913- 1914, pp. 10-15, published by the Commission of Conservation. of its stock has been acquired by the Dominion Go\'ernment. Thus, it is on an entirely different basis from the Canadian Government Railways proper. The requirements of the Board relative to fire protection, applicable to lines under its jurisdiction, are briefly as follows: (a) Rights of way must be Main- tained free from all unneceeeary combustible matter. (b) Efficient spark arresters and other fire-protective appliances must be maintained on all coal-buming locomotives. (c) The dumping of fire, five coals and ashes upon the right of way is prohibited, unless e^^tin- guished immediately. (d) The use of lignite as 1- valuable degree, the ordinary supervision by railway officials, on Dominion chartered lines. There is, however, no legal provision for such outside or supplementary inspection, so far as the Government Railways are concerned. To a certain extent, this defic- iency has been overcome through the expenditure of money by private and provincial government agencies, co- operating with the Government Rail- ways management. Failing adequate action by the Dominion Govern- ment, which should have set the pace for the privately-owned lines, instead of the reverse, it became imperative that limit-holders and provincial governments in eastern Canada should protect their valuable timber properties by themselves un- dertaking work, very largely at their own expense, which privately owned lines are required by the Dominion Government (through the Railway Commission) to perform without cost to timber owners and provincial governments. The inconsistency and unfairness of this attitude on the part of the Dominion Government are, of course, perfectly' obvious. Thus, we see, in Ontario, the provincial Forestry Branch main- taining fire patrols along the Trans- continental, only one-third of the cost being reimbursed by the Depart- ment of Railways and Canals. There is no provision for an outside inspection of fire-protective appli- ances on engines, which has proven itself so valuable on private lines in preventing the occurrence of fires. The report of the Provincial Forester for 1917 states that 60 per cent, of the railway fires in the province during that year occurred along the Trans- continental, where the worst con- ditions exist. This proportion is twice to three times as high as it should be, considering the total mile- age of other lines. In Quebec, the situation is very much the same. On the Transcon- tinental west of Parent, a special patrol is maintained by the Forest Service. East of Parent the patrol north of the St. Lawrence is main- tained by the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association, and on the south shore by the Southern St. Lawrence Forest Protective Associa- tion. The Dominion Government pays one-third the salaries of the fire rangers on this railway patrol, the balance being borne by the associa- tions and the Provincial Govern- ment jointly. The Government Railways management also furnishes gasoline and oil for the power speeders used on this patrol, co-operates in keeping the speeders in repair and maintains a fire-fighting tank car at Monk station. In New Brunswick, the provincial Forest Service maintains a power speeder patrol through Forest sections along the Transcontinental and Inter- national railways, the Government Railways management paying one- third the salaries of the fire rangers in question, and co-operating along much the same lines described above. In this province, a special inspector of fire protective appliances on engines is given qualified inspectors of the prov- incial Forest Service. In this respect, developments here are in advance of those in Ontario and Quebec. It is, of course, understood that the Government Railways manage- ment issues the usual standard in- structions to section men and other regular employees relative to extin- guishing fires, and also that the special patrols above referred to are regatded as necessary to supplement whatever the section forces may be able to do in this direction. In Nova Scotia, so far as known, there are no special co-operative arrangements, the railway and the province each handling its own fire protective work independently. In Manitoba we have boih ex- tremes. On the Transcontinental, between Elma and the Ontario bound- ary, the Government Railways main- Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 191S 1733 tain a special power speeder patrol wholly at its own cost, permitting co-operative inspection of fire pro- tection work by the Dominion For- estry Branch. On the Hudson Bay Railway, on the other liand, the necessary special patrol is maintained wholly at the expense of the Dominion Forestry Branch. This again ex- emplifies the inconsistency and un- fairness of the existing fire protection situation on the Government Rail- ways. This whole matter, however, now bids fair to be straightened out in due course. At the 1917 session of Parliament, an amendment to the Government Railways Act passed the House, providing for placing the Government Railways under the jur- isdiction of the Railway Commission with relation to matters in general, including fire protection. This bill, however, failed to receive considera- tion in the Senate, because it was contingent upon the enactment of the consolidation and revision of the General Railway Act (defining the jurisdiction of the Railway Commis- sion as to privately-owned lines), which bill failed of consideration in the Senate at that session. During the 1918 session, the House and Sen- ate failed to agree as to amendments to the consolidation and revision of the General Railway Act, and the ciuestion was not raised of amending the Government Railways Act to give the Board jurisdiction over the Government Railways. This mat- ter has been strongly urged on grounds other than fire protection, and very likely will come up again. More recently, the suggestion has been advanced that possibly the Government Railways might be amal- gamated with the Canadian North- ern and with other lines which the Government is considering taking over, including the Grand Trunk and the Grand Trunk Pacific; all to be managed as one system, on what would be practically a corporate basis, by a Board of Directors to be selected by the Government, pre- sumably much along the lines al- ready announced with reference to the proposed management of the Canadian Northern System, the stock of which is now owned by the Dominion Government. Should this action be taken, and should the greatly enlarged Government Rail- ways System be made subject to the jurisdiction of the Board of Railway Commissioners, as the Can- adian 5s^orthern, Grand Trunk and Grand Trunk Pacific are now subject, the question of fire protection would automatically become solved, through the application, to what now com- prises the Government Railways Sys- tem, of the same regulations which are now applicable to the other lines over which the Board now has jurisdiction. Provincially Chartered Railways Fire protection upon provincially chartered railways has very largely ceased to be a serious problem, except in the province of Alberta. Here we have the Alberta Great Waterways and the Canada Central railways, still in the construction stage and aggregating some 350 miles of track. The Dominion Government has no jurisdiction over such rail- ways, except as to lines in forest reserves, and there is no provision in the provincial legislation for the enforced adoption of preventive meas- ures. Consequently, the Dominion Forestry Branch is left to take what measures it sees fit, at its' own ex- pense, supplemented by whatever action the Companies may see fit to take voluntarily. The Commission of Conservation, the Canadian For- estry Association and the Depart- ment of the Interior have made urgent representations to the Alberta Government to have this condition corrected, on a basis consistent with what is being done elsewhere. In British Columbia, the provincial Forest Service has practically the same authority as to fire protection on provincial railways that the Railway Commission has as to Dominion chartered lines. Only small and rela- tively unimportant lines come under this category. The Pacific Great Eastern has now been taken over by the province. 1734 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 191S In Ontario, similarly, the mileage of provincially chartered railways is small, and the legislative provision for their control is adequate, being administered by the Forestiy Branch Department of Lands, Forests and Mines. The Temiskaming and North- ern Ontario Railway has much the same status provincially that the Canadian Government Railways have from a Dominion viewpoint, being owned by the province and operated by a commission. This commission reimburses the Department of lands, Forests and Mines for one-half the cost of the special fire patrol main- tained along this railway by the Forestry Branch. In Quebec, the only provincially chartered railway of any consequence from fire protection viewpoint is the (Quebec Central. The Quebec Pub- lic Utilities Commission has fire reg- iilations parallel to those of the Dominion Railway Commission, and the Provincial Forester acts as an officer of this Commission in enforc- ing these regulations. In New Brunswick, the recent absorption of several small lines into the Government Railways system has very nearly removed the problem of provincial railways from further consideration. However, a few small and unimportant lines remain, and fire protection on such 'is thoroughly provided for under the new Forest Fires Act of 1918, which is admin- istered by the Provincial Forester. Nova Scotia has of provincially chartered railways only the Cape Breton, Sydney and Louisburg, and Maritime Railway, Coal and Power Co. Provincial legislation is ade- quate as to fire protective appliances on locomotives and as to right of way clearing. There does not, however, appear to be provision for enforced patrol by railway companies or fixing responsibility on railways for extinguishing fires due to rail- way causes. Prince Edward Island, Saskatch- ewan and Manitoba have no pro- vincially chartered railways in opera- tion. kiiiii«>.. i^jijuiLii uij '■^doMmSs/OAj OF cms£R^Tia$_ Clearing Land Without Destroying Adjacent Timber The lower picture shows the slash resulting from clearing operations, the upper the same yrca after the slash has been burned under permit from the Ontario Forestry Branch Pre- cautions were taken which have preserved from destruction the adjoining valuable pulpwood forest. " At present prices for pulpwood, settlers in forest sections possess an extremely valuable resource in the timber on their lands. Canadian Forestry Journai June, 1918 1735 MULxNl 1.1.1 KOV, LAKE LOUISE. L/ War Record of Dr. Fernow's Students The Faculty of Forestry (Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean) during the past session has managed to "carry on" \Wth the teaching staff reduced by about 50 per cent, and the enrol- ment of students to the same number as the previous year, namely ten, four of them in the fourth year, all unfit for military service, and five in the first year, too young for enlistment until the end of the session, when two of them had reached the proper age. Professor W. N. Millar of the staff, being a citizen of the United States, enlisted immediately after the de- claration of war by that country, joined the tenth Engineers (Forest) Battalion as captain, and is in France directing a logging operation. Prof. J. H. White of the staff has accepted employment with the provincial gov- ernment as assistant to Mr. Zavitz, Provincial Forester, with leave to continue his lecture work in part. A thorough re-organization of the fire protective service has been the main work of his department. Dr. Howe of the staff continues this summer his investigation for the Commission of Conservation into the reproduction of cut-over pulpwood lands and is also superintending the establishment of permanent sample plots on whi'-' the development of young tree crops, rate of growth, etc., can be studied in detail from period to period. In this work several of the students are employed. Another set of students is employed 173t) Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, June, 1U18 CATHEDRAL PEAK, YOHO. under the Dominion Forestry Branch in the survey of the Petawawa military reservation, which is to be used as a forest experiment station. This party is under the immediate direction of Mr. R. A. Courtnage, one of this year's graduates. Mr. Courtnage enlisted at the beginning of the war in the aviation corps, but while flying in England came to grief in a colHsion and broke both legs. • Apparently the fractures have been so successfully healed that no difficulties are experienced in the field work. Among the men returned from the front, we should mention Mr. E. G. McDougall (B. Sc. F. '11), who unfortunately lost one leg, but who has found acceptable employment in the Wpather Bureau. Capt. A. E. Parlow (B. Sc. F. '13), who has been three years at the front and has been wounded several times, has returned honorably discharged, to assume his work with the Dominion Forestry Branch in British Columbia. Several other men have returned but are not yet physically in condition to take up the work of their chosen profes- sion. It might be supposed that the ma- jority of forestry students had enlisted in the forestry battalions, but this is not the case. Out of the 80 men at one time enrolled in the Faculty, who are enlisted, 31 being graduates, only 13 are to be found in these battalions. Two of our students, one a graduate, have at- Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1918 1 tained to the position of major, five to that of captain, and 43 to that of lieutenant. Eighteen have been wounded, gassed, or otherwise in- capacitated. Six have been decorat- ed with the military cross or medal, three mentioned for bravery, and the following have given their life for their country; James Douglas Aiken, graduate 1916. Charles Laidlaw Anderson, 1918. George Edward Bothwell, gradu- ate 1913. Robert Alexander Rankine Camp- bell, 1915. Albert Edward Cuzner, 1918. James Russell Chamberlin, gradu- ate 1914. Kenneth Brown Downie, 1918. Harold Sylvester Edmonds, 1918. Alister Munro MacKenzie, 1913. Ronald Mackenzie Richards, 1916. Frederic Gustavus Stupart, 1918. Arnold Monroe Thurston, 1916. John Archibald Trebilcock, gradu- ate 1915. The work of the Faculty is to be kept up through the coming session asj^usual, and a number of discharged soldiers expect to enrol. Meanwhile, the Khaki University also proposes to start forestry courses in London, preparing for entrance into the Fac- ultv. tion, and has thus quickly re-attain- ed some degree of prosperity. — {" Foundations of National Prosperity"") Dr. Felix Regnault entertains the view that the decadence of Greece, Rome, Spain and Italy has been due primarily to a faihire to practice conservation. AIRPLANES FOR B. C? The feasibility of the airplane for forest fire patrol work is regarded as plausible by Hon. T. D. Pattullo, provincial minister of lands. His opinion regarding advantages which should be derived from the in- auguration of such service was ex- pressed in conversation and an air service veteran who returned after being wounded six times, furnished him the inspiration. Such returned flying men, thought the minister, would prove invaluable to the gov- ernmental forestry branch for patrol work along the^ British Columbia coast areas. The distance they could cover in a day's run would aggregate more than that of three or four mounted patrolmen on terra firma, while observation from the aii' over forest areas would have manifold advantages over observations taken from the ground. THE POWER OF PRODUCING WEALTH The power of producing wealth is therefore infmitely more important than wealth itself; it insures not only the possession and the increase of what has been gained, but also the replacement of what has been lost. This is still more the case with entire nations (who cannot live out of mere rentals ) than with private individuals. Germany has been devastated in every century by pestilence, by fam- ine, or by civil or foreign wars; she has, nevertheless, always retained a great portion of her powers of produc- HOW TO PREVENT FOREST FIRES Never leave camp with your camp- fire burning. Never drop lighted matches or tobacco in the woods. Never clear land by fire in very hot weather. Try taking these precautions this year only. You'll do the same next year by habit. 1738 Canadian Furesfrij Journal, June, 191H The Management of Woodlots G. C. Pir.nr:, CmiiF of Forest Shhvick, Qikekc. Recognizing the gradual diminu- tion in merchantable timber, and even in certain places, of firewood, it be- comes more and more evident that it is necessary to take proper precau- tions for managing the forest property in a systematic fashion. The Pro- \incial Government, controlling the greater part of our forests, has es- tablished very suitable regulations, whose execution is supervised by the members of the Forest Service. How- ever, a certain very important part of our forest domain escapes this control. I speak here of the woodlots or private woodlands which are dis- tributed through all the province, in all the villages, and which constitute an important part of the inheritance of our farmers. I should say here that many of our woodlots are very well managed, and could not be handled in a better way. Consequently, the remarks which follow do not apply to these good foresters, but to those who have not heretofore considered the woodlots in a serious manner. The proper management should be carried out so as to remove only the annual crop, that is to say, an amount of wood equal to that produced by the woodlot during the year. If one cuts more than the yearly production, what the foresters call the "incre- ment," there results a gradual re- duction of the forest capital. It is necessary to understand that often owners of woodlots are obliged to make heavy cuttings, for instance when one wishes to construct a build- ing or to realize a certain sum of money which he requires; but with proper organization one foresees such a necessity and, instead of removing each year all the crop of wood, a certain portion is left in reserve. Just as is done in properly managed finan- cial institutions, such as banks, the ]Moprietor of a wood lot ought to establish a reserve fund by economies made each year. A second point to observe is to direct the cutting to- wards the trees which have practically reached full growth. If we consider the tree as a capital, yielding each year a certain percentage of interest, we should remove the tree when its percentage of interest, that is to say, the annual increase, falls too much below the mean, and replace it by a younger and more vigorous tree. Trees injured by storms or lightning should also be cut out each year so as to obtain all the benefit the wood can give before it deteriorates by rot. Also, those that are attacked by insects or fungi are equally exposed to destruction and ought to be removed without delay; finally, when fire sweeps over a portion of the woodlot it is necessary to hasten the removal of the injured trees. It is evident that there is really very little extra trouble in managing a wood lot properly so that it can give the proprietor a fair revenue. Natur- ally, if there are places bare of trees it is of the greatest importance to plant them with suitable species, and for this purpose one can obtain from the nursery at Berthierville, Que., all the plants desired under advantageous conditions, for the Provincial Govern- ment takes great interest in the ques- tion of reforesting. The Hon. Mr. Allard, Minister of Lands and Forests, will be very pleased to see all the forest owners cover the clearings in their woodlots with judicious planta- tions, that is to say, with species appropriate to the local conditions. He would be glad to have all those who need advice write to the Chief of the Forest Service, Quebec, ex- plaining to him the conditions ob- taining in their woodlots, whose management they wish properly oi- ganized; the Government Forest Engineers will then furnish freely the necessary advice on the management Canadian Forcslrij Jcurnal, June, 1918 1739 of the plantation so as to improve and perpetuate the property. The Forest Service can assist the Forest owners in the following wa>'s: 1. In preparing a plan of manage- ment of the woodlot. 2. In furnishing at the ordinary price the necessary plants for filling the clearings in the property. 3. In indicating the me{hods of cultivating the most profitable species of trees for the woodlot. When it becomes necessary to examine the woodlot the conditions will be as follows: The Forest Service will pay the salary- of an expert who is appointed to make the examination; but the forest owner will defray the expenses of board and transportation, the estimated amount of which should be forwarded in making the application, so as to avoid misunderstandings. It would be preferable for several neighboring owners to unite so as to reduce the individual expenses; and from the standpoint of the Forest Service this will be very helpful, for we have only a small number of forest engineers at our disposition, and consequently, cannot send them everywhere. We hope that those interested will study this question seriously, since it is greatly to their advantage, and that the3' will profit by the assistance so generously offered by the Provincial Government, thereby increasing the interest from their property and, consequently, their income. Digging Wealth from Buried Trees Forests of New Zealand which nourished and died so man^'^ ages ago that the ground they covered is now swamp and plain, are yielding more than a million dollars a year to Maori natives and whites who dig kauri gum, the undecaying resin of the prehistoric trees. Nearly $100,000,000 worth has been gathered in the last half century and an equal amount remains to be dug. From two to 12 feet under the surface of the earth the resin lies, in strata which show that three succes- sive forests matured and died in the creation of the deposit which is used by manufacturers of linoleum and varnish in the United States and Great Britain. The trees of the kauri forests of today furnish the most valuable wood of New Zealand for general building purposes. The tree is a giant of the bush that ranks with the cedars and firs of Northwestern America in girth but not in height. The diameter runs from four to 12 feet, with specimens that have meas- ured 15 and even 20 feet. The height averages 80 to 100 feet, with a maximum of 150 feet. Cover Old Forests The great gum deposits are not found in the forests of the present day but on fern-covered hills, plains and swamps. In some instances the bur- ied forests flourished so many ages ago that no trace of them remains except the hundreds of millions of pounds of resinous exudations. The gum fields are principally in the provincial district of Auckland in the northern part of the North Island, covering about 1,800,000 acres, At one time kauri gum was so abundant that it was dug out with little trouble near the surface, but half a century's industrious digging has diminished the supply until now it is necessary to go down several feet for it. In some cases the excavations go to a depth of a dozen feet, and re- cently companies have begun operat- ing with converted gold dredges. Brings $1500 a Ton The gum, as it is found, varies from the diameter of a marble to lumps weighing 100 pounds or more. In color it ranges from pale lemon yellow and reddish brown to almost iDlack. IVIuch of it is transparent or semi-transparent. Its grades for market purposes are as varied as its coloring. The most valuable deposits are found in dry soil and the best grades bring as much as $1500 a ton, 174U Lanadian Forestry Journal, June, Ji>hs while specimens varying in color from light amber to brandy, no larger than a teacup, have sold for SIOO. The swamps yield the dark colored resin, which is cheap. The average value of all the gum is about S300 a ton. In 1913, when 9596 tons were produced and 8780 tons exported, the average value of the exported article was S3 15 a ton, a dozen times its worth when its export to the United States began in the early sixties. Better grades of the gum are used as a substitute for amber in the manufacture of mouth-pieces for cigar holders and pipes. The great bulk of it is used in making oil varnishes and linoleum. The most recent use is believed to have been in the manu- facture of explosives by the Germans, who are known to have bought thousands of tons of it in the years preceding the declaration of war in 1914. Equipment is Simple The digger's ecjuipment usually is a light pointed iron rod which is used to test the ground, and a spade. Many diggers, however, notably a large number of Austrians who have gone to New Zealand expressly to gather kauri gum, do not use the spear but turn the soil completely over with a spade. As a rule they work in gangs of 20 to 30, passing the winter on the highland and the summer in the swamps and lowlands. They work long hours in the fields and other hours night and morning scrapping gum in their camps. The earnings of the gum digger vary greatly. Some earn from S3 to $5 a day; others make as much as $40 or 350 in a week, but the higher figures are not realized long. In exceptional cases diggers have secured $250 wortli of gum in six weeks or a few Maoris have obtained half a ton in a week from a small patch. Including Maoris and aliens, prin- cipally Austrians, gum digging has employed 10,000 persons at a time, although, as many of these are youth- ful or aged natives, the labor was equivalent to 7000 able-bodied per- sons. Many of the Austrians were recalled to their native country prior to the war. Those who remained petitioned Premier Massey to be sent as soldiers in the Allied cause, but their petitions were refused. Gum digging is a standing resource for the industrious unemployed in New Zealand and has enabled Auck- land to tide over periods of serious commercial depression with com- paratively little difficulty. It has also been of vast benefit to hundreds of settlers with small capital. Kauri Forests Valuable kauri forests of the pre- sent day have been burned purposely to make way for settlement, against the advice of forestry experts that it would have been better to have kept the area as national or state forests. Kauri timber is nearly vanished from the islands. It is stated that kauri timber burned in the Puhipuhi forest would have had a value of £3,000,000 had it been worked into lumber. As late as 12 years ago it was reported that there were 160,000 acres of kauri forest standing in its natural state. Most of this has been burned to do away with alleged fire hazard and to clear land, and kauri timber has doubled in price in the last 15 years. Besides these direct losses, New Zealand is suffering from the squan- dering of some of its most beautiful scenery because of the destruction of the forests. RANGERS MUST REGISTER Toronto, June 10. — Unless repre- sentations that are being made to the authorities at Ottawa, by the De- partment of Lands, Forests and Mines are successful, vast stretches of Northern Ontario are going to be left unpatrolled by fire rangers for several days, because of national registration on June 22. The regu- lations declare that each man must personally register at the headquar- ters of the registrar for the area, which would mean that all the fire rangers would have to leave their posts and journey to the registration point. Some of the men would have to be away several days to make the return journey to the headquarters. Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1918 1741 The Tragedy of Cross Forks Bv Samiel T. Dana, U. S. Forest Service. The effects of forest devastation on community development are seen most clearly in the smaller towns in the regions primarily adapted to timber production. Here deserted villages are signposts that too often mark the trail of lumbering operations. As in the mining regions of the West, towns spring up almost overnight, flourish for a few years, until the adjacent timber is cut out, and then sink rapidly to inactivity or even complete extinction. Unlike mining towns, however, there is not the same necessity for their dis- appiearance. Timber is a renewable resource, which can be so handled as to insure continuity of cut and therefore of industry. In the mountain counties of Pennsylvania, particularly in the northern part of the State, one comes upon town after town that has declined with the passing of the forest. Run down and deserted houses still standing give an idea of the towns' former prosperity. Six and eight room frame houses with up to half an acre of land can be bought for from $200 to $400. Most striking of all, perhaps, is the rise and fall of Cross Fork, in the hills of southeastern Potter County. In the fall of 1893, before lumbering operations started, perhaps five or six families were living on the site where two years later stood a busy town. For some 14 years Cross Fork led a feverish existence while the forest wealth was stripped from the surrounding hills. The life of the town was, of course, the big sawmill, which had a daily capacity of 230,000 board feet and was up to date in every respect. In 189'? a stave mill was established also, and various other minor wood-using indus- tries existed at different times. In its prime, Cross Fork had a population of 2,000 or more and was generally known as one of the liveliest, most hustling places in the State. A branch line of the Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad was built to the town. Stores of all kinds flourished. There were seven hotels, four churches, a Y. M. C. A. with baths and gymnasium, a large, up- to-date high school, two systems of waterworks, and two electric light systems But the prosperity of the town was as short-lived as the timber supply. In the spring of 1909 the big sawmill shut down for good. From then on the population dwindled rapidly. Fires became so frequent that the insurance companies canceled their policies. Five-room frame houses with bath were offered for sale for from $25 to $35 without finding a buyer. In the winter of 1912-13 the stave mill also ceased operations, and the next fall railroad service, which for sometime had been limited to' three trains a week, stopped alto- gether. To-day the total population consists of but 60 persons. It it had not been for the State, which bought up the cut-over lands and has under- taken in earnest the work of reconstruction, the town would be as desolate as the surrounding hills. As it is. Cross Fork is now a quiet little hamlet, the merest shadow of its former self and without hope for an industrial and useful future until the timber grows again. The cut-over lands of the Lake States tell the same story of temporary prosperity characterized by the rise and fall of mushroom towns. Immense tracts of little value for anything except timber production have been left dotted with deserted villages as the lumber industry devasted them and swept on. Meredith, for example, was once a prosperous town in the north- eastern corner or Clare County, Mich., for which one looks in vain on any modern map. To-day its hotels are in ruins, the town hall has been moved elsewhere, the railroad which connected it with the outside world has been torn up, and its population has dwindled from 500 to 3. 712 Canadian Forcslrij Journal, June, 191H War and The Birds By N, TouRNKiK, Thundersley, England. Certain wild things, as a rule, seem unfrightened and wholly undis- turbed by the long spells of the tremendously heavy gun-fire on the Western Front. It is singular to note that, though the birds there may be silenced by a thunder-storm they sing continuously through the deafening roar of a heavy bombard- ment of the trenches. The lark rises singing between the lines, ahd the wren plays among the brambles, despite the thundering of the guns. When, as in the Forest of Argonne, one leaves the more leafy soil of the surface path for the mud of a com- munication trench, — ^and surround- ings where trees and undergrowth have suffered more severely, and where one can only set his foot at the risk of his life, — -plant, insect, and bird life again go on undisturbed. It is, as it were, as if war with all its appalling turmoil had now become so familiar to the kingdom of birds and wild animals that it had lost its power to frighten. During the winter and spring of 1914 and 1915, however, wild ani- mals of all kinds, scared by the heavy cannon and rifle firing, fled from Germany and parts of Austria, and entered the Swiss forests and the Alps. They included wild boars, deer of several kinds, goats, etc., as well as innumerable wild fowl; and, in the Lower Engadine, even bears entered the Swiss Yellowstone Park, as it is termed. The lakes and rivers of Switzerland were crowded by the denizens of the air and the marshes, and fowlers were busy, till shooting was prohibited by the Swiss author- ities, and sharp imprisonment instead of fines dealt out to offenders against the law. The strangers were then allowed to have a rest in peace and comfort before continuing their jour- ney southward to warmer climes. There is no doubt whatever it was the war that frightened the animals and birds from their accustomed haunts, and crowded the Swiss lakes and forests. A large number of wild bears from the Black Forest entered the Jura Alps, across Alsace and Lorraine, and in passing through the fighting armies were noticed by many of the scouts and other soldiers. Use and wont, however, prevail in wild life, even as they do in human Deer again feed in the glades of the Forest of Argonne, despite the hurri- cane of shells that may fall but a few miles away, till everything green disappears, shredded and pulverized, into the torn earth, and only stumps of trees are left protesting mutely against the folly of man. And, here, too, in the Forest of Argonne, an officer taking his morning ride may come upon the magnificent wild boars still frequenting the lonely thickets. It may be probable, though, that this long period of great hostiUties is influencing bird life in another and more remarkable way. The roar of the heavy artillery may possibly have diverted or retarded the movements of birds on their migratory course. And a curious effect has been noticed in the Midlands of England, and elsewhere: every year since the war began, the swallows and martins and other migrants are loath, very loath, to leave. The Forestry Journal will be sent to any address in Canada for One Dollar a Year. . . . Canadian Foicsfri} Journal, June, 1918 1743 The Fight to Save Our White Pine By Prok. J. II. Faill, Ph.D., Univkrsity of Toronto. Northern Ontario and Western Canada Must be Guarded Against Deadly Menace of Blister Rust. The terrific destruction wrought by introduced fungi and insects has been demonstrated too often to allow us to supinely take a chance with White Pine Blister Rust. It has been recently estimated that the United States alone suffers losses of at least $500,000,000 annually from imported pests. Two or three examples will suffice. The potato blight was brought into Ireland in the middle forties; two years of its ravages served to cut the population of Ire- land into two by deaths from famine and by emigration; its effects even reached America, and the Irish poli- tical domination in New York and other places along the Atlantic sea- board today is to be traced back to the immigrations of that period. The American grape mildew gained a foothold in France about 1850. The result was disastrous, the yield being reduced to one-tenth or one-twen- tieth of the normal, ruining growers, causing migration, and necessitating a radical change in cultural methods. The latest instance is that of the chestnut blight, a disease introduced from central China on stock of the Chinese chestnut; starting from New York city in 1904, it has swept re- lentlessly to the northern limits of the chestnut forests, to the west as far as western Pennsylvania, and south into the Virginias and Ten- nessee, over wide stretches destroy- ing 100 per cent, of the chestnut of all ages, resulting in a loss that two or three years ago was variously estimated up to $100,000,000; the calculations of foresters for refores- tation throughout the chestnut zone have been completely upset; the value of the chestnut as a basic forest tree has vanished. The fungus that causes the blight we now know occurred only in China on Chinese chestnut, which is so resistant that comparatively little damage results. Up to 1904 the fungus was not known to science and was apparently re- stricted in its destribution to China. It is a striking example of the in- creased virulence exhibited by many parasites when transferred to a new species or variety of host. Blocking New Diseases Passing around the circle we find our optimists linked with the equally dangerous fatalistic pessimists, who, too, would pursue a laissez faire policy. They argue that wherever there is commercial intercourse the maladies will follow the traders' flag, and that in spite of our best efforts, in time plant pests of every kind will spread to all parts of the civilized world, limited only by the existence of unfavorable natural conditions. They are wrong, for, just as many diseases of man have been prevented from gaining a foothold in Canada and the United States, such as bu- bonic plague and leprosy, so too, there are hundreds of plant diseases, like European potato canker and the root knot of alfalfa that have not been allowed to establish themselves on the American mainland. Speaking for the Department of Agriculture of the United States, one of their leading plant pathologists remarks: "The securing of these diverse species and varieties of plants from all quarters of the world, however, ^s always accompanied by the danger of intro- ducing foreign diseases of these plants along with the plants themselves. A special inspection is maintained for the purpose of preventing the intro- duction of such diseases, and it is not overstating the truth to say that dozens of dangerous new diseases are intercepted every year." 1744 Canadian Forest ri/ Journal, June, 1918 These pessimists are likewise wrong when they advocate that a disease may just as well be allowed to run its course once it has gained entrance, that to make expenditures on control or eradication measures is throwing good money after bad. That doctrine is vicious. There are many, many cases in which effective economic control and preventive measures have been devised, which, when applied, reduce staggering losses almost to the vanishing point, as with yellow fever in man, and with various smuts, mildews and rusts among' plants. It is true that the chestnut blight ap- pears to have passed beyond control but it came like a bolt from a clear sky; it was here and probably already beyond control before we even knew^ of the existence of the fungus that causes it; certain it is that during the two years spent in becoming ac- quainted with its mode of reproduc- tion, of dissemination and attack the case had become hopeless. In its newness to botanists, in its lightning spread, and its quickness and com- pleteness of destruction, the chestnut blight organism stands unique cer- ainly among tree-destroying fungi. But the case of the blister rust of the pine is different. We have long known this pine rust and the vital features of its life history, so that it is not necessary to defer action pending the discovery of further scientific data. Control and Prevention I have pointed out that we have the blister rust of the pine with us — it is spread practically throughout all the well settled part of Southern Ontario and probably Quebec. I have pro- duced evidence to show that it is a dangerous menace, and I have taken the ground that an active campaign should be waged against it. But what action? 1. The prime necessity in the blister rust situation is action, and our best energies should be directed towards eradication and control, w^e possess the knowledge essential to those ends. Further research will add new data of value, and so must be provided for, but the foundation principles governing the course of action to be pursued are in hand. 2. A study of the history of this disease in America attaches the full blame for its introduction to the imported w^hite pine stock, and it likewise reveals the fact that the disease occurs in the nurseries or forests of Russia, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, England, and now the United States, Ontario and Quebec. Therefore, an absolute embargo must be maintained against importations of white pine nursery stock fr^m Europe and the United States, and provision should be made to enable Ontario and Quebec to maintain a complete quar- antine against such provinces as may be deemed necessary, and to regulate, the movement of nursery stock within their own limits. As other 5-needled pines are likewise susceptible to blister rust (the mountain pine of the- West, Pinus monticoia for example, being even more so than P. strobus), the embargo must embrace all 5- needled pines. Fumigation Useless It may be pointed out here that fumigation of stocks affected with blister rust ife perfectly useless, and inspection at the dock is valueless. This is an example of a disease that can be passed on only by an expert. Looking back over the past, it cannot but be regretted that the services of expert plant pathologists h'ave not been sooner requisitioned. The Dominion government, for instance, took no steps in this direction prior to 1909, and even yet the service is undeveloped and handicapped. 3. Blister rust has not yet been found in the forests of British Colum- bia, and Alberta. Therefore, a quar- antine against the entrance of nur- sery stock of 5-needled pines should be thrown around those provinces. It would seem desirable, too, that some scouting should be done in them, especially along the transcon- tinental highways and in the fruit- growing districts. To Plant White Pine'l 4. It is very questionable if the planting of white pine should be con- Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 191S 1745 tinned in Eastern Canada. This is a serious blow at what has been a prime and perfectly sound principle in the practice and plans of forestry in America. The first and most valuable choice of trees for reforestation pur- poses is removed from the list. At all events, to plant white pine in Eastern Canada is almost certain to bring loss 'And disappointment and with that a lowering of the planting enthusiasm. If we can keep the disease out of northern Ontario and Quebec, white pine could be safety planted there only if it were obtained from stock grown in the North or West. 5. Whether or not white pine plantations, of which there are several in Canada, should be annually in- spected or eradicated, should be de- termined entirely by the circum- stances of the case. Where eradica- tions are effected it would seem desirable that the government should replant with other species of trees. 6. There is no evidence yet, so far as I know, that the blister rust has been carried to America in European currant or gooseberry stocks. Yet there is a possibility that it could be, and as long as that uncertainty pre- vails, these stocks should l)e placed under the same embargo conditions as the pine. Guarding the West 7. There is absolutely no question in my mind but that the various cultivated varieties of Ribes, and especially black and red currants, are the most potent agencies in the spread of the blister rust. There is a free and extensive movement of these commodities throughout Ontario and the other eastern provinces, and the disease is very readily spread from these plants to others of their ow^n kind as well as to the pine. It is equally certain that the disease can be spread to the West in the same way This opens up one of the difficult features in the situation, the only solution of w^hich lies in an embargo for the present on the shipment of currants and gooseberries into North- ern Ontario and into Western Canada except through the Minister of Lands, How many North American Game Birds Can You Name? Can You describe twenty-one kinds of ducks — six kinds of geese? If not, there is a good time awaiting you in a copy of "Game Birds." and by a piece of good luck the price is just 50 cts. post free. A splendid little book of 64 pages, 5x7 inches, made up of heavy coated paper throughout. Forty-nine of the best illustrations in life-like natural colors you ever saw — really a beautiful piece of quadri-color printing. Decorated board covers. Mr. Chas. K. Reed, the author, has a happy faculty of entertaining description. Every bird is the subject of a compact and fascinating paragraph or two, and the color- ing is practically perfect. The Forestry Journal secured five hun- dred copies at such a price as enables it to quote to its readers, as long as the five hundred last. FIFTY CENTS A COPY, POST FREE. (STAMPS OR MONEY ORDER) CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 Booth Building, Ottawa. 1716 Canadian Foreslri/ Journal, June, 1918 Forests and Mines. Similar action should be taken in Quebec, M'ith the River St. Lawrence as the base line. It will be of interest here to note some of the quarantines now in force against the white jiine blister rust. specimens similar to the cut. So widely spread is the disease in South- ern Ontario that immediate eradica- tion is out of the question. Indeed, we may as well accustom ourselves to the thought that the rust is pro- Area Canada United States.. California Delaware Indiana Kansas Michigan Massachusetts Minnesota White Pines Ribes Quarantined Area All None * All foreign countries: Europe and ,\11 Asia, New England and New Y*rk are quarantined as regards lilack currant. East of IVIississippi River. All points outside State. All points outside State. All points outside State. All points outside State. None Europe. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin. And similar action has been taken by almost a dozen other states, and as in nearly all cases cited, since the beginning of 1917. Success of Quarantine It is likewise significant^to em- phasize the fact that local communi- ties have in more than one case maintained successful quarantines; thus the orchardists of Rogue River Valley, Oregon, combined in 1910, put into effect a quarantine against orchard diseases, and hired an expert plant pathologist as an adviser. Similarly, the melon growers of Rock- ford, Colorado, have employed such action with success. 8. Scouting carried on during the last two years by the Ontario and federal governments has shown that blister rust is spread throughout practically all of southern Ontario with a spot infection at Petawawa, and others in Ilahburton, Victoria, Peterborough and Simcoe counties. Much valuable information in this work has been gained through the schools in response to a circular with colored reproduction of a diseased currant leaf sent out by the Ontario Forest Service, at the suggestion of Mr. \V. A. McCubbin, calling for bably a permanent factor with us in Canada and will have to be considered in future forestry propositions and be combated as in the case of cereal smuts, potato mildew and other blights. Our commercial pine forests lie mostly north of the old Canada Atlantic Railway, which runs from Parry Sound to Pembroke and Ot- tawa, and the infection has not yet crossed that line except at Petawawa. It would seem most hopeful then to isolate Northern Ontario, with the Canada Atlantic as the southern boundary, and that using this as a base, operation's be directed towards the south. These operations would consist of scouting, of eradicating spot infections, and of experimenting with safety belts. In regard to the last operation, there is good reason to believe that the fungus will not spread beyond a belt a third of a mile wide if that be kept free from the alternate host. Michigan touches Northern Ontario along the St. Mary's River, and Michigan is said to be free from the disease and is guarding against it. There is some infection in Southern Minnesota, but the State authorities are actively engaged in routing it out. In Quebec, the St. Lawrence forms a natural bar, and suitable action could Canadian Forcstri] Journal, June, 1918 Mil prevent spread of the rust northwards. The quarantine maintained by Northern Ontario should involve pine and Ribes (gooseberry and currant) stocks and possible Ribes fruits. Southern Ontario The problem of Southern Ontario remains and is a very perplexing one. One thing is certain, that as long as Nve make a fight to keep blister rust out of Northern Ontario it will be necessary to keep in touch with the situation in the southern part of the Province, by means of scouts, schools, or other agencies. It might prove feasible, too, to conduct or to en- courage local campaigns in the various alTected counties, making use of ex- isting organizations in this work. Such campaigns would have as their object eradifcation or control. In some districts the value of the currant industry is insignificant, and if such areas could be kept free from the currant, white pine could be planted with safety. Local conditions would determine the action to be taken in every case. 9. The situation in Quebec is nol so certain, and this is unfortunate, for if the disease has a foothold north of the St. Lawrence River, not only are the richest of the Quebec forests menaced, but also the task of keeping it out of Northern Ontario is rendered doubly difficult and costly. There should be no delay in carrying out an intensive scouting campaign in Que- bec north of the St. Lawrence, and in eradicating or controlling such in- fections as may happen to occur. Th€ movement of Ribes stocks and possibly fruits should likewise be regulated. 10. The outlook is serious, and the proposition of protecting our pine forests a big one; it is a proposition for the forester and the pathologist, the lumbermen, the nurserymen and local agencies; our efforts may be like an attempt to sweep back the tide, ]3Ut on the other hand, they may be partially or completely successful. It is, of course, conceivable that our fears are overwrought, but experience does not encourage that hope. The stakes are large and warrant our best-conceived and ])rompt efTort. Encouragement is to be gained from the fact that the disease has been eradicated from the small areas in Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Penn- sylvania in which it had broken out, and from one infected spot in New York State, and one in Wisconsin — though only after ]:)rompt and drastic action. Southern Ontario and South- ern Quebec are infected badly, but our north country is free. Now whether or not our great pine forests of the North will fall a prey to this destructive disease depends on the promptness and efficiency of the action taken. Every stroke will tell if rightly landed, but there must be a good many of them, and today not tomorrow. The problem is a big one and no longer confined to a single interest. It involves federal and provincial governments, lumbermen, and nurserymen — with a relationship, too, to the bordering United States — therefore, it is to be strongly urged that a Commission representing all these interests be appointed to have fiill control of the entire blister rust situation. On the outcome will de- pend the reforestation policy of Can- ada (and to some extent of our neighbors across the line), and the health, productivity, and perhaps ex- istence of our valuable commercial white pine forests. RESOURCES AND POPULATION As time goes on, there takes place a gradually reversing proportion of population and natural resources un- til the mukiplicadon of settlements and growth of cities render the in- tensive industrial processes of manu- facturing and commerce and a more prudential use of natural resources matters of sheer necessity. This very logical readjustment in passing from the simple economic activities of a primitive existence to the complex organization of modern industry, as population increases, is frequently said to exemplify man's most pro- gressive traity-adap lability to en- vironment.— {"'Foindations of Na- tional Prosperity") 1748 Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1918 War Needs Collide with French Traditions •^ Lieut. R. G. Lewis, who is with the Forestry- Corps in France, and who in civil life has charge of the forest statistics work for the Forestry Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa, writes as follows: — "We have a French forester at- tached to us in the capacity of in- spector, chiefly I beheve to see that we don't do too much damage to the French forests in removing what the British army has bought from the French Government. He speaks no English and his complaints received scant attention at first as the damage was usually done (and often concealed before he could make his com- plaint through an interpreter. I have been inspecting with him for the last few weeks and whenever his com- plaints were not unreasonable I have tried to adjust matters. Of course it is absurd to suppose that in war time when there is an urgent demand forllumber of all descriptions, we should take as much time to exploit a coupe as the French bucherons do in peace time. We can, however, avoid unnecessary damage and still keep up production and that is what I am trying to accomplish. I alfeo keep track of the progress of the exploitation of each coupe and com- pare our final figures with the French service's estimates which are won- derfully accurate. I manage to pick up considerable valuable informa- tion along forestry lines from the commandant and from French lit- erature he has recommended and which I am translating. Taking il all into consideration I believe I may derive some benefit from my transfer to the so-called Forestry Corps after all. I have certainly been convinced since I came to France that we weren't taught enough abou t French forestry methods at the Faculty of Forestry. And I am also convinced that some modifica- tion of the French "selection" sys- tem is more applicable to Canadian conditions than the more artificial German methods." In a later letter Mr. Lewis says: "I am still trying to keep the peace between the demand for lum- ber and the threatened destruction of forest and have come to the con- clusion that the man between the devil and the deep sea had more or less of a sinecure. But so far no actual blows have been struck and I have hopes that the war will end before the opposing factors come to actual violence. We keep our stumps low, down to eight or ten inches above ground, we pile our brush as we go. We avoid logging with a donkey and cable and I am sure the loggers have learned to show the volunteer growth more respect than it ever re- ceived before at the hands of a Cana- dian lumberjack. But of course from a forestry standpoint without regard to the war and its necessities, we do a great deal of damage that could be avoided. However, taking every- thing into consideration, I do not think we do any more damage than is necessary considering the quan- tity of timber we produce and the speed with which it is produced. And the constant cry is "More production." "Do not leave a fire until it is out. After the fire is surrounded by a fire trail, and back-firing has been done, the crew should be put at work covering all burning logs and stumps with earth. If available, water should be used to extinguish all smoldering places along the fire-trail. The crew should not be reduced too rapidly, since a high wind may fan the smoldering fires into flame which will spread across the fire-trail and all the work of days will be undone. Keep one man on the burned area at least three days after the balance of the crew is disbanded. This is the most important rule of all." — From instructions to fire rangers of Cali- fornia State Forester. Canadian Forestry Journal, June, 1918 1749 Good Results in Prairie Planting Bv Alex. Harding, Lolgheed, Alberta. When I began the work of raising a fairly large area with the greatest conifers here twelve years ago the economy. work met with the greatest scorn and Protection against the various ridicule from the public. People enemies of trees is the thing which hoped that the experiment would be offers the greatest difficulty, but I a disappointing failure. I was young think that ways have been arrived at then and the district had just been to meet them. opened but today most people con- It is my desire to carry out an sider that it has been a fme work, experiment with Engelmann spruce Most of the spruce are now but so far have been unable to obtain eleven years from seed and many of either seed or little trees from our them are from 7 feet to 9 feet 5 inches own Rockies. It is not that I expect in height. Pines are^nine years and this species to excel the white spruce, range up to 12 feet high. but I consider it best to make use of I have saved seed at times since several of the best species of timber and have a small stock coming on. trees when developing a farm wood- I also set in parcels of young trees lot. The white spruce is very free from the woods. I have planted a from injuries and defects but no one good sizedpatch both in the natural can tell what is ahead and by referring woods and in the open, but at present to European texts it becomes quite my intention is to carry out a thor- plain that trusting mainly to ough experiment covering all features species is not the best forestry of the work so that in time I can plant method. What is the Purpose of Conservation ? The purpose of conservation, in practice and as a public policy, is to increase the productive power of natural resources and to heighten social values. As we insist, it deals not with natural resources alone, but with the coordinated functioning of natural resources, labor, and capital; and it is particularly concerned with their productive possibilities in the future as compared with their actual utilization in the past and the present. — "Founda- tions of National Prosperiti;.'' Private Rights and Social Welfare "The final arbiter between private rights and social welfare is official authority asserted in behalf of the sovereignty of the State and perpetuity of society and made effective through the arm of the pohce power in supervising and, possibly, restraining the arbitrary exercise of individual freedom and in restricting' the unsocial use of property." — "Foundations of National Pros- perity." "Natural resources are but one of three essential economic supports of industrial society. Excepting extreme conditions of extensive or intensive industrial organization, land, labor, and capital are mutually interchangeable and compensatory in productive processes. The economic importance, or value, of a unit of either in terms of another is, at any time, inversely pro- portional to the relative supplies of the two." Conservation has been characterized as a managerial pohcy designed to promote industrial capacity. 1750 Canadian Forcsirij JournaL June, 191 S Genealogy of Forest Products Bv G. C. Piciii-:. A- -Raw materials obtained from the forest without manufacturing. Firewood, mine props, fence posts, hop poles, railway ties, masts, marine timber, booms, poles. Sawlogs, square timber, flat timber. Hemlock bark, birch bark. Foliage for decoration purposes, fruits, nuts, flowers. Spruce gum, pine gum, tamarac gum, Canada balsam. B — Uses of forest products in the industry. I — The timber is not affected in its physical appearance, a — The industrial preparation is brief. Sawn lumber, deals, boards, etc. Building timber, beams, joists, rafters, etc. Shingles, laths, mouldings, flooring, etc. b — Manufactured goods. Packing cases, boxes, cooperage goods, veneer furniture, carriages, farm wagons, railroad cars. Musical instruments, caskets and coffins, trunks, valises. Excelsior, shuttles, spools, bobbins. Agricultural implements, machine construction, handles, « pulleys, boot and shoe fmdings. Matches and toothpicks, brushes, novelties, woodenware. Ship and boat building, sporting goods, etc., etc. n — The wood is transformed into pulp and paper. Alechanical pulp, chemical pulp or cellulose. Newspaper, writing paper, wrapping paper, toilet paper. Fibreware (buckets, pails, tubs) undergrounds, conduits, viscose, twine, cloth, carpet, artificial leather, all manu- factured from pulp. Mordants, alcohols, turpentine, acetone, Oxalic acid, etc., extracted from residual liquors of this fabrication. Ill — Maceration or distillation of wood, leaves, etc. Potash, obtained by washing ashes. Tanin, drawn from the barks of oak, hemlock, etc. Charcoal, residuous of the distillation of wood. Wood alcohol, turpentine, Acetate of hme, gas, tar, creosote, obtained by distillation of wood. Cedar oil, spruce oil, etc., by distillation of needles. Maple syrup, maple sugar, birch syrup, by evaporation of sap of maple, or birch. Canadian Forest rij Journal, June, /.V/(S' 17ji Fickle Policies and Timber Rotation Hv SiH l-^OXAI.I) MlNKO-FllHCrSON. "A crop of timber is not like a crop of corn. It needs a rotation on the average in Australia of, I suppose, from 60 to 70 years; sometimes more or less. But if you take an average of 60 to 70 years, it means that you have to look forward to that time, and the man who plants to-day will be judged 70 years hence by the results of his handiwork, and he will be regarded either as a benefactor of his country or a parasite upon it, according to the result of the cutting. To secure that continuous good mna- agement over so long a period is, therefore, essential. There must be no break, no change of policy. Ministers, governments, majorities as I know very well from my ex- perience, are creatures of the day — here to-day and gone to-morrow — but forests go on for ever, and, there- fore, either by commissions or other- wise, provision is necessary to secure a permanent policy without change, but always making improvements." The National Purse and the Paper Mill In 1912 the total value of pulp and paper products, exported from Can- ada amounted to but $14,659,325. In the ensuing six years this amount had increased to $52,924,888. For the current fiscal year the total ex- ports promise to exceed S60,000,000. — the ten months ending in January, 1918, showing a total of $51,817,7oV. More than one-half of this amount applies solely to newsprint paper, of which our exports last year ex- ceeded .$26,000,000. The figures also include chemical pulp to a consider- able amount and mechanical and pulp wood and other minor products. Most of these exports were sent to ths United States. ..The annual domestic consumption of paper produced in Canada exceeds in value 820,000,000. — making a total annual production of pulp and paper for foreign and domestic use of approximateh' 880,000,000. In 1890 there were 58 pulp and paper mills in Canada, capitalized at $7,574,118, and giving work to 2,817 employees. In 1915. the num- ber of mills had increased to 80, the amount of invested capital to $133,- 736,602, and the number of employees to 15,686. The amount of capital at present invested in the pulp and paper in- dustry in Canada is more than $145,800,000. Together with trans- portation and electric light and power development, the pulp and paper in- dustry ranks as one of Canada's three greatest industries. The phenomenal growth of the Canadian pulp and paper industry is traceable, primarily, to government restrictions placed upon the export of pulp wood from Canada and the re- moval of the import duty on news- print paper and pulp by the United States Government. To these may be added the influx of a large amount of new capil^al, the enterprise of the manufacturers and a greatly stimu- lated demand for the finished product during recent years. The value and importance of such an industry to the Dominion of Can- ada at the present time^in view of the fact that our unfavorable trade balance with the United States, our chiefest buyer of pulp and paper products, now exceeds $400,000,000 annually — is almost beyond compu- tation. 1752 Cdnailian Forestry Journal, June, 191S New Brunswick on the Right Track (From the report of lion. E. A. Smith.) M>' predecessor in office is enlitled to the thanks of the people of this Province when he organized the Forest Surs-ey, and I am glad here to place the credit where it belongs. Here we have a staff of professional men, non-partisan, with one great object in view, the preservation and care of the forests. The Depart- ment of Forestry was carefully plan- ned with a competent staff and an up to date equipment. My proposal for this new Crown Land policy is to remove the administration of the forests to a very large extent, if not altogether, from the sphere of politics. This does not mean that we are going to eliminate the present service al- together, but on the contrary we propose to retain many competent men now in the employ of the Department. It is proposed to com- bine the follo^^'ing services, viz.: Protection of forests from fires Scaling of lumber cut on Crown Lands. Protection of game With one efficient staff the Chief OfTicer of which will be The Director of Forest Surveys under a Board consisting of: The Minister, The Deputy Minister. ' The Director of the Forest Branch and two others, one representing the leaseholders and one representing the owners of Crown Granted Timber Lands. The Board will have authority to appoint the necessary^ staff to carry out these duties and the men employ- ed to possess the necessary qualifica- tion after examination. It is es- timated that a fund of one hundred thousand dollars will be reqiured annually to carry on this service and it is proposed this fund will be raised as follows: From taxes received from wild lands $30,000 From "Licensees Crown Lands one half cent per 'acre about 30,000 From Provincial Govern- ment 40,000 $100,000 A new up to date fire service to be inaugurated to include the organ- ization of sufficient competent men to cope with forest fires in all parts of the Province, whether on Crown or granted lands; building telephone lines in the forest; erection of look out stations; cutting fire trails; necessary tools for fighting fires; gasoline en- gines for railway work, in short ever^lhing that experience has taught is necessary in the prevention of the great fire evil. Already we have the co-operation of the Rail- way Commission in extinguishing fires along railway lines, together with their valuable support and advice in the past in all matters of afire nature. It is my hope in the very near future, the Canadian Govern- ment Railway System will become subject to the Railway Commission in all matters regarding forest fires. At present the fire service is more a name than a reality. It is true the game wardens by their commissions are appointed fire wardens as well, but it is found when a fire breaks out these men are left pretty well on their own resources and are \\ithout the necessary equipment and organ- ization to cope with the fire evil. 4. I PHILLIP T. COOLIDGE 1 FORESTER Timber Estimating and Mapping. I Supervision of Lumber Contracts. s Surveying. - - Forest Planting. I STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. j BANGOR, MAINE. Canadian Forcslry Journal, June, 191S 1753 Great Fire Hazard in N. W. Ontario Representatives of railways, lum- ber and pulp and paper interests, the Ontario Government and fire rangers of Ontario recently held an import- ant meeting at Port Arthur, in an endeavor to secure closer co-operation of all interests in the prevention and lighting of forest fires. It was shown that the protection of the existing pulp and timber limits was absolutely essential to the future of the lumbering and pulp and paper industries. It was no less important to the agricultural future, since lands that had been badly burned over were rendered practically useless by the destruction of the soil. The district covered by the meeting boasts of its potential water powers, yet if the forest areas were destroyed, the value of these resources for water power purposes would be cut in two for all time and the rivers made subject to excessive floods and droughts with resultant damage to all dependent interests. Reasons For High Hazard The hazard in the district was rendered much greater: 1. Because of the abnormally dry spring weather and almost entire absence of rains, and location in proximity to Lake Superior, which retards the early spring growth. 2. High prevaihng winds during the dry period of April, May and June. 3. Increased danger from settlers' fires, due to opening up and clearing of lands. 4. From Loon Lake on the east to the height of land at Raith, on the C. P. R. and C. G. R., and Kasha- bo\\'ie on the C. N. R. there are the heaviest railroad grades between the Atlantic seaboard and the Rocky Mountains. The consequent danger from locomotive fires in this area are greatly increased. Publiciii] and Vigilance It was recognized that in addition to all other precautions, that publicity co-operation, and eternal vigilance on the part of all concerned, must be secured. On behalf of the Department of Lands, Forests and Mines, L. E. Bliss, Superintendent of Fire Rangers said that he fully recognized the seriousness of the situation, and stated that his department which had recently been reorganized, had arranged for increased protection. Ina short timehehoped to have such measures and protection in force as would be second to none in either Canada or the United States. The department was providing for additional equipment such as truck, car, rangers, and lookouts, etc., and that the fire laws would be strictly enforced, that a special endeavor would be made to locate the cause of all fires, and to hold all earless parties legally liable for in- fraction and disregard of the fire laws, for which heavy penalties are provided, that during the extreme dry season all setting out of fires would be prohibited if found advis- able. It was in the interests of all, therefore, that no fires should be allowed to get beyond control, that would endanger the property of others, otherwise drastic measures would have to be adopted. <.,_. . „ . , — —.4. I The Forestry Journal will be i f sent to any address in Canada \ for One Dollar a Year. .„ 4. 4. — 1 ::> I Camulidu l-'mcslii] Jourruil. .lunc lUlS Research Council and Reforestation Sir (ieoiiJio I'Vjster, on ^^a\' 17lh. tabled in the House of Commons a report by Prof. Macallum, admin- istrative chairman of the advisbry rommittee on scientific and indus- trial research. The report, which is 'a voluminous affair, covers the var- ious branches of enquiry instituted and carried on by the advisory council since its appointment. There are some interestini^ refer- ences to the work done by the com- mittee which enrpiired into the cfues- tion of the growth and reproduction of the forests of Canada, more par- ticularly those of the eastern pro- vinces. In regard to this matter, the report says: "The research council is of opin- ion that this investigation of the gro\\-th and reproduction of our for- est trees, thus inaugurated and con- tinued, will, in a few years, enable the forestry denartments of Dominion and provincial Governments to in- augurate, on a scientific and prac- tical basis, a scheme of reforestation. \\hich will parallel the l)est results obtained in the past in Europe, and, in consequence, preserve for Canada, one of her greatest and enviable re- sources, now in danger of extinction, because of reckless waste, and of the almost entire disregard of any system required for its prevention." Ilarrisbui'g. Pa. DANGER TO WHITE PINE i 'Editor, Canadian Forestry .Journal. I beg the privilege of calling your attention to a short article on page 1153, December Number, with the lieading "White Pine Immune In N. B.." since the headlines unfortun- ately carry an erroneous impression. Probably this has been called to >(nir attention by some of your own l)lant pathologists, and it may be well and desirable to correct in another issue the impression which might have been gained in the minds of \our readers, that New P>i-iins\\ ick white i)ine is immune from this ex- tremely dangerous disease. Appar- ently you desired to convey the idea that the disease had not yet been discovered in this province, but most assuredly the white pine species, wherever it grows, is not immune from the disease. We have the pro- blem \\\{\\ us in Pennsylvania, and I am exerting my utmost effort to hold it in check, and, fortunately, last year by very early and thorough eradication of infected pines, we pre- vented as far as we could determine by inspection in over half of the counties of the state, including over two and a fourth millions white pines, and over one hundred thousand separate currant plants, the spread of the di.sease from the pines to the currants. This fortunate situation, I fear, can not last long, even with the most careful inspection. J. G. SANDERS. Economic Zoologist. LONGEVITY OF TREES Regarding the longevity of Euro- pean trees recent information gather- ed by the German I'orestry Com- mission assigns to the pine five hundred and seven hundred years as a maximum, four hundred and twenty-five years to the silver 11 r, two hundred and seventy-five years to the larch, two himdred and forty- five years to the red beech, two hundred years to the birch, one hundred and seventy years to the ash. and one himdred and thirty years to the elm. The heart of the oak begins to rot at the age of three hundred years. A sequoia gigantea, felled in Calaveras county, California, had attained the age of three thousand years. It was three hundred and eight>-seven feet in height, and measured fifteen feet in diameter, one hundred and twenty-five feet above the earth. The Bradburn yew, in Kent county, England, had attained the same great age. Canadian Fmcslrij Journal. June, /.'^/A' 1 /.').") lUilllllllllllllllllllllilMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIillilllilllllllllllllEillllllMIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIillllllMIH; S l"airlj:inkv-Mr,is( |-'orest Fire Pump sliowing rarbiirctor side of eng' — — ami dischaiijo side of pump. ■— I AN OPEN LETTER:-. j = "We extinguished two forest fires on two different occasions with ^ = the aid of this pump, using it for three days, each time from 3 a.m. = = to 1 1 p.m., only stopping when changing it from place to place. E E It has proved a grand success, and has more than made up for = E its cost, in the saving of fire-fighters' wages and in timber saved." = E A Fairbanks-Morse Forest Fire Engine will exactly fill your needs. E E Full information on request. E I The Canadian Fairbanks-Morse Co., Limited | Z St. John. Qiicljec, MonLival. OUawa. 'roroiiLo, I lainillon. Windsor, Winnipet;. E ~ Saskatoon, Calgary, Vancouver, Victoria. ~ lasily transported in Catioos, Skids or Launches. 'fW'V^ "wo men can |iack it easily with slrelcher and shoulder straps. .Tlliilllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillllllllllllilllllilllllllllllililllllllllllllllllllll[||||||||lillllllllllr 1 7.j6 Canadian Forcslri/ Journal. June, 1918 Paying the Fire Fiend His Price ( Excerpt from A'eu) Brunswick Forest Service report.) The loss due to the destruction of timber alone, to say nothini> of the rendering of the soil unfit for good natural reproduclion, is so enormous that it surpasses the ordinary imag- ination. It is the common belief among the people, and is ])robably true, that had not Cains River been so severely burned, that the vast pine and spruce forests would have been almost inexhaustible, .and that this area would still hold the important place in the forest industry of the Province that it held in the early days of exploitation of the timber lands of New Brunswick. The need of proper fire protection and of scientific management of our existing Crown Land forests can not be too strongly urged at the present time. 60 Public Meetings in Quebec in Six Weeks Some first-class propagandist work has been carted out this month in Quebec Provxnce by Messrs. Victor Baillarge and Gustave Tessier of the Department of Lands and Forests. The Canadian Forestry Association was privileged to co-operate with the Department in the arranging of a series of public meetings in the ter- ritory of the Laurentian Forest Pro- tective Association and the St. Maurice Forest Protective Associa- tion, covering Central Quebec on the north side of the St. Lawrence. The managers of these associations gave thorough and valuable co-operation in the scheme and went to much trouble in making local arrange- ments through members of their staffs. The preparations, however, bore abundant fruit. Although the idea of public forest protection meetings is something of a novelty in parts of Quebec. Messrs. Tessier and Bail- large met with a goodly reception and were able to deliver illustrated addresses to audiences seldom running below 150 persons and reaching 400 and 450. The assistance of the par- ish priests was admirable and other leading citizens were glad to give the meetings any help they could. The consequences of these public lectures, (about 60 since the third week of May) can hardly be measured in mathematical equivalents. It is well-known that ignorance, prejudice, indifference are the great trio of forest destroyers in all parts of Canada, and there is no way of combatting them except by the educational method. GOATS FOR BRUSH CLEARING The use of domestic stock to keep down brush along fire guards and railroad rights-of-way ma>' be a rather novel idea to the forest ranger, but I will back twenty goats to do more work and do it better in brush destruction than one man. When once the large timber and all over eight feet high is down, then leave it to the goats to dolherest. They will surely keep down brush sprouts and young timber. Herds of angora, numbering five hundred or so, herded slowly along the old tote roads will keep them from ever growing back into brush. One will be surprised at the way a few goats will travel along a road nipping twigs and leaves. They are almost continuous in their work, travel and eat all day and at night they are easily corralled. When fires would come to tkese pastured roads there would be small Canadian Forestrij Journal, June, U)18 1757 4. — ^ TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS H^jr <> Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreign Tree Seeds EDYEDE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST ORYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. Hill's Seedlings and Transplants ALSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for oyer half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursary Co , Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, HI., U.S.A. Try This Stump Pulle _^ #»_.„ M9S^M^ '■''• Smith fi«nmp Puller 3t %MUr KKSH will take out everj tree „ and stump by the roots, clearing from one to three acres a day, doing^ the work of twenty men. We want you to send for oar 3 r*" gnatan tee aeainst breakae* <^nd our free trial proposition Addresa W. Smith Grabber Co. 11 Smith Sta LaCreacent. Minn. ♦■ " ■- YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. V^ALE University Forest School is a *■ graduate department of Yale llni- versitv. It is the oldest existing forest schoof in the United States and exceeds any other in th* number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology. Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut 4.. — .... I (Bminm S. MmxBBtttt Lumber Contractors Timberland Cruisers Forest Industr. s GHIGOUTIMI, P.O. LT.-COL. L. J. D. MARQUIS Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. 0/ F.E.- Quebec Assoc, of F.E, -Former Mem. Que. F. Service Forest Cruising and Mapping Timber Factors and Logging Costs Facts on Forest Growth and Future Products 90 LOCKWELL AVENUE, - - QUEBEC R. R. BRADLEY T'* Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. of F. E. Consulting Forester to the New Bruns- wick Railway Co. ] Timber and Pulpwood Estimates. Forest t Maps. Advice on the Management of Wood Lands. Timber lands listed for sale GLOBE ATLANTIC BUILDING, ST. JOHN, N.B chance of crossing and fire fighters would have ten times better chance than if they had eveiywhere to contend with brush. I would suggest that those roads be cut to at least forty feet wide and wherever a river and a railroad run parallel, even if fifty miles apart, I would run one of those fire guards from one to the other at reasonable distances apart — ^say in ten or twenty miles. This would make blocks of country offering reasonable insur- ance against fire spreading. If the provincial government ever tries five hundred goats on this work under a good careful flock master, they will never be without them. H. H. GLEUGH Vancouver, B. G. ] T.'xS C(in(uli(in Forvstrij Journal, 'June, 1918 Large Public Meetings on Forest Protection Mr. Holjson Black, Secretary ol the Canadian Forestry Association, held six public meetings in the Ontario C^laybclt district on forest protection subjects during the week of June 10th. Addresses were illustrated by motion pictures and "dissolving views'' in natural coloi'-. At Cochrane and Iroquois Falls, four meetings were held on Monday and Tuesday to ac- commodate the children from the schools as well as the adults. The evening meetings were therefore nt- A MEMBER'S LETTER Silver Mountain, Ont. June 12th, 1918. Secretary, Canadian Forestrv Assoc. Ottawa, Ont. Dear Sir: — I am enclosing herewith the Annual Membership fee, and I would like to say that it gives me great pleasure to belong to such an Association. The Canadian Forestry Journal is very interesting and instructive and be- comes a great help when speaking to others in my district. Wishing the Association every suc- cess. Yours truly, fSgd.. ) George Walker. tended almost entirely by adult res- idents, the capacity of the halls being taxed in all instances. The relation of the forests to the people of Northern Ontario's tree- covered agricultural soils is by no means identical with forestry interests in other parts of the Dominion, but is none the less emphatically real. It is hoped that further meetings will be held at Timmins and other points during the summer. Members of the Ontario Forest Service gave splendid co-operation. TO CANADA FOR TIMBER A report received at Ottawa from .J. E. Ray, Canadian trade commis- sioner, Manchester, England, indi- cates that the British government is propounding a scheme to erect at least 300,000 houses under state and municipal rate aid as soon as condi- tions are favourable. "This pro- spective demand for building timber, doors, window sashes, etc," says Mr. Ray, "should be closely followed b\' (Canadian manufacturers. ■'There are unmistakeable signs that after the war, timber merchants and builders will turn to Canada for larger supplies of these structural woods than they imported four or five \'ears ayo." STEEL BUNKS FOR CAMPS Inclvided in the well-known line of DENNISTEEL factory, hospital, camp and ship equipment is the all-steel sanitary bunk illustrated. Take up very little room, are comfortable, hygienic and practi- cally indestructible — a permanent investment. Write for particulars and folders on any of the following lines: Steel Lockers, Bins, Cabinets, Chairs, Stools. Etc. Standardized Steel Shelving (knock-down system'. Steel Hospital Equipment. General Builders' Ir6n-w(>rk. Ornamental Bronze. Iron and Wirework. Wirework of every description. The Dennis Wire and Iron Works Co. Limited London C AfM AOA . Halifa.\ Montreal Ottawa Toronto Winnioesi Vancouver (Aiiuulidii FoKslry Journdl. June, /.'y/y opinions based on superficial obser- vation or experiments, but will re- quire years of careful management and balancing of the various infiu- ences that affect regeneration to decide what is the best method to follow and how it should be modified to meet changing conditions. Gov- ernment forest experiment stations which will carry such experiments through to a conclusion are absolutely necessary if the proper methods are to be worked out and understood. AVith the cooperation of the Honorary Council for Scientific and Industrial Research a forest experiment station is being organized by the Dominion Forest Service at Petawawa in a typical pine region of Ontario where the systematic study of conditions following lumbering for pine and the possibility of bringing about its repro- duction will be carried out. A Complex Problem In the meantime the question may be discussed from the general know- ledge of the habits of the white pine and of the methods followed in other countries with species of the same general characteristics. The first thing that strikes the attention in studying the methods followed in other countries is that the prol)lem is not a simple one but a complex one and varies with every varying con- dition as to soil, moisture light and mixture of species. To quote Pro- fessor A. .lolyet of the Forest School of Nancy in his work on Silviculture :- "A forest is not, like a field of wheat, a simple group of individuals of the same species growing side by side to the time when the JDushman decides the fit time has arrived to use the axe; forest species, with require- ments often the most diverse, find themselves growing together and from birth to old age they not only in- crease in size but they modify their wants not only according to the physical condition of the soil which bears them, or according to the space which is allowed them; they themselves, increasing in size or shedding their foliage, have a consid- erable action on the soil, upon the ([uantity of light which they allov^ to pass to it; upon the debris which they give to it; always in a struggle with one another they lend themselves or oppose themselves to the existence of a whole population of trees newly arrived, of shrubs, of low plants or of animals which in their turn react upon them." The white pine is a tree suited to light, well drained soils and such soils are the ones that should be devoted to its production Not that it will not grow on richer soils as the finest pine known was that growing on good soil amongst the hardwoods, but these lighter soils are the ones available for forest purposes to which the pine is best adapted and on such soils it should be favored in every way. Handicaps on Germination What have been the results of some of the operations that have 1766 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 been carried out in previous years? The pine amonijsl hardwoods gener- ally dominated the stand, but when it was cut out the hardwoods held the ground. Their shade prevented germination of the pine seed or the development of the tree, if the seed did germinate. The res\ilt was that the forest became a hardwood forest and there is no evidence left of the existence of the pine except the old stumps or an occasional young pine that has happened to have special circumstances in its favour in a l)articular spot. In some pine forests the understory was of spruce and fir, both of which germinate and grow better under shade than does the pine, and when the pine was cut out the understory became the forest and the pine had no op,;ortunity for reproducing itself in such adverse circumstances. In many cases these results may have been satisfactory to the interested parties but in a study of the possibilities of the natural regeneration of white pine the cases are significant. The^^ show that the problem is not a simple one for even if the pine had not been taken out in the circumstances indicated and was left. to produce and scatter seed it would in time have been van- quished by the understory unless a fire or hurricane had come and opened up a space to light where the seeds could germinate and the seedlings grow. The pine is firm rooted and can therefore stand isolation without dan- ger of windfall better than some other species and while it requires light its demands in this respect may ]je considered as moderate. It would therefore lend itself to a system which would permit of the opening up of the stand of timber to a considerable extent. Systems of Cutting There are several main systems on which cutting is carried out. One is the clear cutting system in which all the pine is taken off the ground. This system might be followed where the stand of pine is mature and fairly even-aged, but in order to secure the reproduction of pine sev- eral things are necessary. There must be a stand of young pine on the ground ready to take the place of the old or provision must be made for a supply of seed before the old trees are all taken out. If the cutting is carried out after a good, seed year there may be sufficient of a supply of seed fallen which, germinating in the light and warmth of the uncovered ground, may furnish a satisfactory stand for establishing a new forest. If not then some of the pine must be left to furnish seed. But these must be left with reference to prevailing winds and the distance to which seed will carry. The pine seed furnished with a light wing and borne high in the tree in the long pendant cones wdll carry for long distances, but the proper distance within which a suffi- cient seed supply will fall must be determined by observation in difTer- ent districts. If, however, the ground is covered thickly w^ith pine needles w^hen the seed falls it may never reach the soil and get a chance to germinate and grow. With the too full opening of the ground, the grass may get a chance to grow and in a struggle with grass the pine has not much chance. If, however, the new growth is light, shrubs and such trees as poplar and white birch, the pine may be expected to hold its own and to overtop the others in time, and it may do this with the heavier shaded hardwoods if they get away to anything like an even start. If, however, when the pine is removed, the ground is shaded by a dense covering of hardwoods or of spruce and fir, the chances for the germination and growth of the pine are almost nil, and to ensure pine reproduction they would require to be removed at the same time as the pine. Local Conditions Mean Much The system most discussed in Canada, however, and the one sup- posed to be indicated by the diameter limits for cutting set by the several governments is the selection system, the system by which a selected num- ber of trees are taken out and the remainder are left to increase in size and to furnish a seed supply. But this system, even though carefully Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 1767 In a White I'ine Forest at Madawaska. Ontari 1768 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 followed, does not furnish all the conditions necessary. The soil and light conditions may not be satisfac- tory'. Here the presence of some broad-leaved trees, the fallen leaves of which assist the disintegration of the pine "needles, will assist in pre- paring Ihe soil. And the light con- ditions required for germination may be secured by making heavier cuLlings scallered through the area of opera- tions or the culling generally may be made surticiently severe to open the soil up fairly well to the light. What size of openings are to be made or how far the soil is to be ex- posed will depend a great deal on the nature and conditions of the soil and of the forest cover. Experi- ment and observation must determine the question and at the present time only general indications can be given from a general knowledge of the manner of reproduction of trees and the habits of the while pine in parti- cular. A Task for Foresters. Until the forester gets into active touch with the timber operations and has some authority in directing them so that observations will be made accurately and systematically and with due regard to all factors we will be working largely in the dark. II is by this method and by this method only that the forests of Europe have been brought to ^he perfection they have reached. It has taken time there. It will take time in Canada, but a beginning on right lines as indicated cannot be made too soon. The Forests of Cyprus Coming Back In ancient days Cyprus was no doubt rich in timber, and its moun- tain districts were clothed with trees varying with the altitude. In 1878, when Cyprus passed under British control, the condition of the so- called forests was deplorable, and it was clear that strong steps, aided by scientific knowledge and a Govern- ment Department, must at once be taken to remedy and stop the cause of destruction. An Ordinance was passed in 1879 for the dehmitation and preservation of the forests: and successive Forest Officers sought to remedy some of the abuses by prose- cution in the Courts, while the forest areas were gradually delimited and settled. They now extend to some 700 square miles. The trees consist principally of the Aleppo pine, but, at an elevation of 4000 ft. and over, of Finns Laricio. Large tracts are also covered with Quercus alnifolia, which is much in demand for making native ploughs and carts, while Arbutus flourishes in many places on the slopes of the h'lls and is used in the manufacture of rough furniture. ^Vith verv small sums voted an- nually to the Department, protection was the only course open to those in charge; and no progress in artificial reafforestation was made till many years after the occupation. Since 1907 special tree-planting has made considerable progress, some 300 miles of fire-paths have been made, and goats will gradually be excluded alto- gether by means of legislation passed in 1913 on the principle of local option for each village. The pohce protection has on the whole always been good, and there is no doubt that the forests of Cyprus are now in a fair way to recovery, and are likely to become an added source of beauty and prosperity to the island. It may be interesting to note in this connection that the rainfall appears of late vears to have increased. WILLOW TREES SELL HIGH A farmer residing along the Credit River, Ontario, planted willow trees on the river banks thirty years ago. During the past month he was of- fered $1500 for the willows as they stood. The purchaser was an agent of an artificial limbfactorv in Toronto. Canadian Foreslrif Journal, Juhj, U>1S 17(>9 White Pine Forest with an Understorey of Spruce, well Illustrating the Tendencies of White Pine Areas when Cut Over to Come Back in Other Species. Save the Soldiers from Profitless Lands The danger that some of Canada's returned soldiers may be settled by Government commissions on lands wholly ansLiited for agricultaral com- munities is engaging more and more public attention. In the case cf Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and British Columbia, it is comforting to note that only lands of proved agricultural possibilities are being opened to soldier-settlers. The importance of land classitication by agricultural and forestry experts is recognized and practised in these provinces to a degree that promises well for the land settlement policies of the future. In Ontario, for example, only the splendid agricultural soils of the Claybelt are being opened to the s ildier communities. All future settlement will be similarly safe- guarded, as far as organized colonies are concerned. There remains the danger so long persisting in Ontario and Quebec, with its attendant waste of human effort and its ill effects upon forest conservation, that sections of timber lands of doubtful agricultural value will continue to be thrown open to settlement, therein- creating all too 1770 Canadian Forcslri/ JournuL Juki, lUlS frequently a scattered, impecunious, ill-educated body of population. Unless the deliberations of the Dominion Soldier Settlement Board recognize the prime necessity of selecting homesteads for soldier settlers on the basis of expert advice by technically-qualified soil examin- ers and foresters, the old blunders in C.anadian settlement are likely to be perpetuated. The forester, of course, would not be called into council in regard to bare prairie lands. But in all instances where the Board pro- poses to take slices out of existing forest reserves or to open up forested country in any part of the Dominion, the advice of a professional forester is a first essential. There is a lively tendency for laymen to leap to the conclusion that any timber-bearing land will make good farm land. This has been responsible for enormous economic losses to the Dominion and a vast deal of human misery. Of the tree-covered areas of Northern Mani- toba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, probably 75 to 90 per cent, is un- adaptable to farming and should be maintained under timber. The sett- ler who tries to up set Nature's fixed arrangement impoverishes both him- self and the soil from which he hoped to get a livelihood. AN INDIAN FORESTER'S EXPERIENCE Few Canadian foresters or fire rangers are called upon to pass through the experiences which the Indian Journal of Forestry credits to one of the British forest engineers. The forester was visiting a clearing in a Sal forest, and with approving hand was patting the young sal- shoots, when, raising his eyes, he saw a sambar within a few yards, gazing hungrily at him. There* being no tree handy the forester didn't climb it. The officer ceased thinking of the girl he left behind him and concentrated his attention on the sambar. "P]very now and then," he writes, "the sambar hammered the ground with his hoofs and his tail stuck up at right angles and looked as if it had been dal/bed on as an after- thought." A sambar is savage at any time, but when he has a perpendicula^r tail, it is up to any human in the vicinity to ])re])arc for immediate dissolution. "Through a special in- tervention of Providence," continues the forest officer, "nothi.ng happened. After looking me over for a little, the sambar lowered his danger signal and trotted off into the forest. He had, I fancy, recognized the service uni- form, but he wasn't after me. I am young and slender, while the chief is old and fat. Apparently it was the boss the brute was laying for." Plucking a handful of young sal leaves the forester wiped the cold sw'eat from his brow, and turned to leave the clearing. lie immediately found himself gazing into the blazing eyes of a man-eating tiger! The position was critical, and the forester again deeply deplored the absence of a climbable tree. The tiger's tail, like the sambar's, was in evidence. But the tiger's afterthought wasn't perpendicular. It was vigorously swished from side to side and was playing the deuce with the young sals within its reach. The officer opened his coal, to get out pencil and paper wherewith to write a few last words, when — but let the forester tell his own story — ^"The tiger, I am of opinion, misunderstood my action. He thought, apparently, that I was about to give him a copy of the new forest orders dealing with the de- struction of man-eaters, for, with a snarl of rage, he bounded off into the forest!" The intrepid man was saved! The story of the adventure concludes with these moving words, "I reached my camp and took out a bottle of Scotch. I do not mind con- fessing that my hand shook as I poured myself out a first-mate's nip." SEN. CURRY'S TREES ESCAPE The "new forest", consisting of 30,000 Norway pine seedhngs, planted by Senator Curry some years ago at Athol, Nova Scotia, escaped all in- jury from the forcft fires that have just swept that section of the country. Canadian Foresfru Journal, July, 1918 1771 1772 Canadian Forcstrij Journal, July, 1918 X A Spt'eder that Means Business. I'ire Superintendent E. G. I'oole, of C^ochrane. i;ni.. lias F.quipped one of his Motor Speeders with a Fender, an Electric Headlight, a Fairbanks- Morse Power Pump, and has Allowed Plenty of Room for Fire-fighting Tools. Note the Convenient Arrangement of the Hose Reel at the Rear. Court Makes Settler Pay for Fire Damage Qucl)ec, June 18. — A case that in- terests every farmer and lumberman in the country, was closed here in the Appeal Court, when a decision of the Superior Court, condemning a home- steader to pay all damages arising out of a forest fire he caused. The case was that of Lojis Collard, .Joseph Villeneuve and the Faclories Insurance Company against Elie (iagne. In the Sujierior Court Gagne had oeen condemned to pay Collard S.5,879.28 with interests and costs; to Villeneuve, the sum of $834.60, and 10 the Factories Insurance Com- pany .SI, 600. These sums were claimed from Gagne because he was the cause of the forest fires that destroyed property belonging to the plaintiffs, the Factories Insurance Company also filing a claim for re- imbursement on insurance paid. The Superior Court condemned Gagne to pay all damages, and this decision has been maintained by the Appeal Court. CATCHING TREE THIEVES "RED HANDED" A reader of the Canadian Forestry JoLraal sends the fol- lowing note regarding precau- tions adopted by the Chinese Government against theft of newly planted trees. "So scarce is wood fuel in certain districts, due to China's indifference to forest protection in times past, that citizens are encouraged to plant trees by a drastic law making death the penalty for theft of saplings. I have planted many saplings myself but never \\ithout daulD- ing them from roots to topmost twig with a red powder obtain- able at any Chinese store. The object of this is that any robber touching the plant is easily traced by his red hands. The powder marks are not easily removed and form sufficient evidence to justify execution." Canadian Forestry Journal, Juhj, 1918 1773 Riddance of Patronage a Great Gain Dominion Forest Service now Appoints Field Staff on Merit Basis — Benefits to Soldiers. The bringing of api)oinlments to the outside service of the ^Dominion under the jurisdiction of the Civil- Service Commission under the amend- ments to the Civil Service Act passed at the last session of Parliament has been of great advantage already and its good effects have been felt in the forest service as well as elsewhere. The fact that the appointments of forest and fire rangers, permanent and temporary, are made through the Commission, which laid down the qualifications that would be required, placed the whole situation on a different basis and forestalled the efforts of men without qualifications and their friends to get them appoint- ed. It also impressed on those who made a business of activity in inter- fering with appointments that their occupation was gone and their influ- ence which was frequently exerted to upset discipline and efficiency in the service, has practically disappear- ed. Thus even the announcement , of the definite adoption of the prin- ciple of Civil Service Reform has had a wholesome effect and has materially improved the spirit of the service. UntV Rejected The definite results of the adoption of the Civil Service system has been that in appointments of temporary rangers or the filling of permanent positions that had become vacant only men who could show definite qualifications for the positions were considered and the appointment of the absolutely unfit or inexperienced was made impossible. In conse- quence, ineffective rangers have been largely eliminated from the temporary staff. The supervising officei^s of the forest service for the districts con- cerned were consulted by the Com- mission so as to get the benefit of their experience and local knowledge of the men and the conditions under which they were to work and full weight was given to this evidence in determining the selection of the can- didates. The knowledge that their judgment was to be given weight in the selection of the staff they were to supervise has given the supervising officers a greater interest and a better spirit in their work. The feeling of cooperation between the rangers and supervising officers has been greatly strengthened as they now are more thoroughly in sym- pathy in their interest in their work and their desire for efficiency. Course for Soldiers One important result of the adop- tion of the Civil Service system and an indication of how results follow one another is the establishment of a forest ranger course for returned soldiers at Vancouver in cooperation with the Military Hospitals Commis- sion. Consideration of the estab- lishment of a course of training for forest rangers was no new thing but action had always been hindered by the fact that even if men qualified themselves for positions as rangers, the existing system of appointment gave no guarantee that the man who spent his time and money qualifying himself would get an appointment even if there was a vacancy. Now, however, with the changed conditions, the establishment of such a course was a logical step and as the desire was to help "returned soldiers first of all the Military Hospitals Commission was approached by the officials of the Forest Service on the subject, and in cooperation a course was laid out. The lectures were given by officers of the Dominion forest service and by other foresters and a good number of returned soldiers who were found to be phvsically fit and took the course 1774 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 successfully are now working as for est rangers and are making a success of the work. Thus even in the first stages of its operation the Civil Service system has helped materially the spirit and the personnel of the forest service staff and promises to add permanently to its efficiency and its spirit of pub- lic service. Britain's Air Fleet Awaits Labor Supply Referring to the statement of Mr. Joynson-Hicks, chairman of the Brit- ish Parliamentary Air Committee, that England was preparing to launch into a tremendous campaign of air- ship building and fighting, the Imper- ial Munitions Board at Ottawa stated that Canada's organization for the production of airplane timber was complete except in one particular. "The production of airplanes de- pends as much upon the supply of suitable timber as upon any other one thing," said an official of the board. "The best timber so far discovered for airplane construction is Sitka spruce, which grows exclusively on the Pacific Coast, and there only in favored localities. Washington and Oregon States have a fair area of this timber, but Queen Charlotte Island and the bays and inlets of the Main- land and Vancouver Island on the British Columbia Coast have the greatest area in the world, the trees in some districts averaging eight feet in diameter. "Italy and France are securing their supplies in the United States while England also is buying part of her needs there. "It is stated that 70,000 men are engaged in the woods and mills of Oregon and Washington. In British Columbia, however, the supply of labor is very limited, and only 3,200 men " are now employed, though thousands more could be used. "There is practically no limit to the necessities of England and the Allies for airplane lumber. While the ac- tual footage required for an airplane is not great, in order to secure the quantity of the proper specifications from ten to fifteen times as much umber mist be cut. This will give some idea of the labor involved. Yet to win victorv, Mr. Joynson-Hicks says thousands of airplanes will be needed. "The Imperial Munitions Board has a fine organization for cutting shipping and handling the logs and timber, and although our output is now four times what it was last January, we could enormously in- crease our production at present had we the increased labor necessary fully to operate the logging camps and saw-mills." JOIN THE WOODLANDS SECTION ! A general meeting of the Wood- lands Section of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association will be held at Montreal in September. Papers will be given on these subjects: "Scaling"; "Driving Streams" ;|and "Company Camps." Membership in the Woodlands Section is open to lumber ifirms as well as paper firms who are interested in the production of wood. The benefits accruing from personal asso- ciation with the Woodlands Section are so obvious that no company eligible to nominate a member should lose the opportunity. A. L. Dawe, Secretary Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Shaughnessy Building, Montreal, is the official to be commun- icated with in this matter. L: The Forestry Journal will be sent to any address in Canada for One Dollar a Year. -~_* Canadian Fnreslrij Journal, July, 1918 1775 Substantial Forest Losses in West Word received by the ForeslrN- Journal on July 19 from British Cohimbia states thai the forest (ire peril is the worst since 1910 and that rain at the dale of writing was very badly needed. Experienced fire fighters were scarce and those direc- ting the operations were working practically without sleep for days at a time. On July 11th, rain was falling generally in the coast dis- tricts, where the propertv loss is estimated at $250,000. On Vancouver Island bad lires occurred at Campbell's Bay, Che- mainus, and Courlenay. At Grief Point, Bloedel, Welch and Stewart suffered a $50,000 loss. The latter proved one of the hardest fires to combat, as two large fires simultan- eously worked their way from Grief Point northward and from Powell River southward. It was feared for a time that they would meet with the resultant loss of valuable logging locomotives. The forest fire peril which created regrettably heavy losses in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick last month has caused great anxiety in British Columbia and Alberta. While official reports are not yet available for the Forestry Journal, newspaper despatches from Vancouver claim that on July 2nd thirty forest fires were then in progress, although the British Columbia Forest Service an- nounced officially that none of the fires was of serious extent. At the same time a public warning was given that the fire hazard was to be regarded as greater than last year when several disastrous losses occurred. Permits for burning slash had been cancellel at the end of June until weather con- ditions materially improved. Rain \vas sorely needed. The telegraphic despatches from Calgary dated June 27th asserted that dozens of forest fires were raging in British Columbia and Alberta, and that damage to the eastern slopeof the water shed wasv anticipated. Fifteen (ires were raging on Rest Creek, eight fires at Vernon and a large fire at Chemainus. A despatch from Vancouver dated .July 5th stated that No. 1 camp, International Lumber Company at Campbell River was burned out by forest lires and five logging engines were abandoned by their crews. If these engines prove to be a total loss, that item alone will run to $70,000. The "Pacihc Lumberman" of Van- couver states that 3,000,000 feet of standing cedar in the Squamish Valley were totally consumed, as well as about 300 cords of shingle bolts. The Provincial Forest Service has increased its fleet of motor cars which were found of great use in fire fighting last year. Ontario and Quebec have enjoyed noteworthy freedom from serious forest fire trouble thus far. Quite a number of small fires have been re- ported in both provinces, Ontario registering 244. Of this number 175 were attributed to the railways. Per- mits to burn slash, etc., up to May 31st numbered 2213 of which 10,364 acres in 106 townships were burned over. The Railway Board inspection reports show that 454 locomotives within the Ontario boundary were inspected and 218 were found to be defective in their fire prevention appliances. Districis Reduced The Ontario department this year made several changes in the handling of the work to have closer inspection of the territory covered. In five cases the territory has been con- solidated, while there were two sub- divisions made, making the districts number 31 instead of 34 as last year. The number of assistant chiefs have been increased to 41, which gives one assistant fire ranger super- vision over twelve rangers. The rangers make daily reports of the weather, wind velocity, fires if any, and any strangers they meet on their patrol, and these are sent monthly 1776 Canadian Furestiij Journal, July, 1918 to headquarlers. Owing to the earlier season this year a complete stalT was put on at once. Equipment Purchased For the purpose of coping with any fires that might break out in the bush country, the department has purchased this year 65 canoes, 100 tents, 5 portable fire pumps, 5 boats placed on Georgian Bay, Lake Wah- napitae. Lake Nipissing, Metagami River and Lake Abitibi; 5 motor trucks stationed at Matheson, Engle- hart, Gowganda, Port Arthur and Dryden. These can be quickly run to the difierent points of danger, and in this way probably prevent any- thing like the disaster of three years ago. The department has also built live chief rangers' headquarters, fourteen rangers' cabins, seven lookout tow- ers, six decks, one railway motor car house, one boat house, 187 miles of new trail, new portages, eight miles of telephone line, and there were 45 acres of special fire hazard burned and cleaned by the rangers. Additional information r.eaching the Forestry Journal from Nova Scotia shows the great need for in- tensive educational w-ork along the lines of forest fire prevention. A I any of the disastrous fires sw^eeping through parts of Nova Scotia in June were directly attributable to careless fishermen. Stories have come to hand of numbers of farmers and villagers who have lost their entire property, many of them uninsured, through preventable forest fires in the neigh- borhood. Were Precautions Taken? A tirnely word on Nova Scotia's losses is spoken by the Lunenburg Enterprise, as follows: "There is scarcely any concep- tion of the amount of property or its worth in cold cash that has been destroyed not only in Nova Scolia but in Lunenburg County during the past couple of weeks, by reason of carelessness in regard to bush fires. They start from nobody knows where, but there is one thing evi- dent that thev svnchronize with the sportsman's visit to the woods and streams for a day of sport. A cigarette, a careless match, some dry grass or tinder for it to^ fall in, and there you have the whole etjuip- ment for a destroying, devastating forest fire. The same thing goes on from year to year, and all the preach-- ing of public men and public bodies seems to have but little effect. People deplore the high cost of living and assessment and the enor- mous amount of money it takes to keep things going, and then, thous- ands of dollars are wasted, just plain w^asted. Their expenditure does no- body any good. It is a shame and it is pertinent to ask whether every pre- caution is taken by those in charge of the woods to prevent this annual waste or to discover those responsible for it. All will agree that the in- stances are rare when anyone has ever been called to account." According to the Bridgetown, N.S. Monitor, the forest fires in Hants County have driven the wild animals out of their retreats. Bears and a large number of deer have been en- countered on the railroad tracks. PERIL IN EDMONTON DISTRICT "There is considerable fire danger in some parts of the Edmonton district," states E. H. Finlayson, District In- spector of Forest Reserves at Calgary, according to an interview in the Edmonton Journal. "A year's total of fires is usually from 150 to 250, or more, and while most of these are con- fined to areas of less than ten acres each, the sum total of ground covered runs into as much as 40,000 acres. The causes of a large proportion of the fires are never known, but many of them are traced directly to settlers and campers." Some way of utilizing the fire-killed timber on wooded lands that have been swept by these conflagrations is one of the matters to which Inspector Finlayson has given attention. "Only an insignificant proportion of this tim- ber can be used for sawing purposes" he says, "but it is of considerable value in connection with the coal mining industry." There are billions of feet of fire-killed timber on the Alberta Canadian Forcslrij Journal, July, 1918 1 slopes of the Rocky momUains, and even if all the mines in Ihe province drew their supplies of minini* tim- ])ers from this source it would not bo ]K)ssible to use more than a small per- centage of the total. "Assuming that the next seven or eight years will see an increase of 100 per cent, in coal production," says Mr. Finlayson, "something like a half-billion feet of board measure will suffice for coal mining operations- until 1925. The cjuestion of a market for the bulk of Alberta's dead timber therefore still remains for future consideration." I f I (;>fv 5 ^■^'. .,i^^\ '^-^' Results of a Severe Forest Fire in 1906 on Head of Dungarvon River, New Brunswick. Timber and Much of the Soil Destroyed. The only Reproduction Yet Starting is Soft Maple. ■ — Photo bv G. H. Prince. 1778 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 191S Public Pay the Cost of Forest Fires Henry S. Graves, chief forester of the United States told the Federal Trade Commission that present cut- ting methods are crude and wasteful, but that fires were the greatest factor of loss so far. As systematic fire control is now operating, fires have been reduced to a minimum. The cost of this should be borne by Government and private owners. Mr. Graves said: "If when we started using wood in paper making, fire control and scientific reforesta- tion had prevailed, we would now have spruce enough in this country to meet our present needs without going to Canada for our supply, and newsprint paper would be cheaper. But as you must wait so long to reaUze the benefits of this plan, there is lacking the incentive for private owners. It is the public that is responsible for the present condit- tions, and it must pay the cost." \ PELEE, A NATIONAL PARK '■^ Point Pelee, the most southerly por- tion of Canadian territory, jutting out from the lake shore of Essex county, Ontario, into lake Erie for a distance of about nine miles, has just been created a National Park by the Dominion Government, to whom the land belonged. The creation of this park for the protection of its distinct and aLtractive tree and plant life and the wild life it harbours permanently and during certain seasons, was rec- ommended by the Commission of Conservation and the Advisory Board on Wild Life Protection; the Cana- dian Society for the Protection of Birds and the Essex County Wild Life Conservation Association also ad- vocated its creation. 4. — .- The Forestry Journal will be sent to any address in Canada for One Dollar a Year. . . . HOW RESEARCH PAYS The great laboratory of the General Electric Company at Schenectady is maintained at an annual cost of over $500, 000 and employs seventy-five investigators, including among them several who are eminent in the world of pure science. One of its products is the tungsten lamp which is now manufactured by twenty-two fac- tories scattered over the country. This lamp, according to a very careful estimate made in 1911, was, at that time, effecting a power saving val led at $240,000,000 per annum. Since then, the consumption of this type of lamp has increased three-fold and fur- ther research has increased its effic- iency of light production nearly 25 per cent. The research workers are discouraged from thinking of financial results, as discoveries are more likely to be made by those who are working in the scientific spirit. — Prof. J. C. Fields. FORESTER BUYING SPRUCE Mr. Ellwood \\'ilson, chief forester of the Laurentide Company is now a member of the Imperial Munitions Board and has been assigned the task of buying aeroplane spruce. FORESTER REPATRIATED Lieutenant J. R. Martin, among the Canadian prisoners in Germany to be repatriated and sent home, was formerly district forester at Nelson, B.C. He was wounded four times before being captured and spent 22 months in enemy territory. 4. — .._. FOR RETURNED SOLDIERS A recommendation has been made by the New Westminster Board of Trade that in the framing of a per- manent policy to assist the returned soldier to return to civil hfe, among the courses to be given at the B. C. University, forestry should be in- cluded. Canadian Forestry Journal, Julij, 1918 \119 The Origin of tlie Christinas Tree From ''Literary Digest.'' The history of the Christmas-tree is difficult to trace. It has been con- nected with Ygdrasil, the great tree of Norse mythology, and Christmas- trees and May-poles are known to be relics of that famous Scandinavian Ash. The roots and branches of Ygdrasil, the world-tree, or as it is sometimes called, the Tree of Time, bound together heaven, the earth, and hell. From it all tribes of nature received nourishment. According to a Scandinavian legend of great an- tiquity the Christmas-tree owes its origin to the service-tree which sprang from soil that had been drenched with the blood of two lovers who had been foully murdered. During the Christ- mas season flaming lights that no wind could extinguish sprang myster- iously from its branches at night, and the practise of illuminating the Christmas-tree may, perhaps, be traced to this tradition, which no doubt was strongly influenced by the fact that lights were (and still are) a feature of the Jewish feast of the Chanuca or Lights (December 10). Among the Greeks Christmas is called the Feast of Lights. From the earliest times Scandi- navia was inhabited by two distinct peoples — the Svea (or Swedes) in the north, and the (jota (or Goths), in the south. They spoke similar languages and were of the same stock. In the -fourth century the territory occupied by the Goths extended from the Baltic to the Black Sea, but this vast state was broken up by the Huns whose hordes then overran Furope. To the dispersion of the Goths may be attributed the spread of Scandi- navian customs over the continent and the fact that the Christmas-tree is sometimes said to have originated with the Germans. Sir George Bird wood has traced the history of the Christmas-tree to the ancient EgA'ptian practice of decking houses at the time of the winter solstice with branches of the date- palm, the symbol of life triumphant over death, and therefore of perennial life in Ihe renewal of each bounteous vcar. LUMBERMEN UPHOLD LABORATORIES A few weeks ago the American Lumberman offered the suggestion that the lumber industry should re- cognize and appreciate the value to it and to the people of the Forest Pro- ducts Laboratory, and should urge upon Congress the necessity for more hberal appropriations for its support in order that it might attain to the full measure of usefulness. It is gratifying to note that the lumber industry has taken cognizance of this suggestion and through resolutions adopted at the annual meeting of the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association in Chicago this week has requested the national legislature to provide more liberally for this branch of the United States Forest Service that is doing such an important work for the Government and for the industrv. PAPER FROM SAWDUST A portion of the edition of The London (Eng.) "Times" is printed on paper whereof sawdust is the prin- cipal constituent. The Times says: "Sawdust is a by-product produced in Britain. It takes the place of wood pulp, the importation of which is now greatly reduced owing to Government restriction. This paper is manufac- tured by the Donside Paper Mills, Aberdeen, where experiments have been in progress for a considerable time and are still being carried on in the hope of effecting further improve- ments." 1780 Canadian Forcslrij Journal, July, 1918 Why Forest Reserves are Created Bv II. C. Wallin, Chief of Surveys, Dominion Forestry Branch. Dominion Government Desires to Protect Settlers from Poor Soils and to Maintain Timber Supply. The objects of the reconnaissance surveys undertaken by the Dominion P'orestry Branch are to procure in- formation in regard to the value of the lands examined in relation to agriculture and as sources of water or timber supply, and to determine the advisability of recommending them for inclusion in Forest Reserve. The prairie lands becoming sellbd, landseekers are now turning to the wooded districts for their home- steads. A glance at the Dominion Homestead maps will show us how every year settlement advances a little further north. River bottom lands and lands surrounding lakes and along railroads are first taken up but gradually the settlements extend, the farms becom- ing more and more scattered as we get farther away from the main settlement. Experience has taught us that while generally the original settlements are well chosen, many of the homesteads surrounding them are or should be a cause of constant ■v^'orry to their owners. Up in the northern country the climatic topo- graphic and soil conditions are not as a rule favourable to agriculture. Pockets or belts of agricultural land are, of course, found but the greater part is unsuitable for farming. Many of the immigrants taking up home steads in Canada are not farmers, many are city- born and bred and having no experience and no know ledge of soil conditions, etc.. they are often induced to take up a piece of laad that is not capable of support- ing them in decency. The result is that they either abandon the land after a few years or else stay there trying to eke out a bare living by doing odd jobs on the outside. The man may be of a certain value to the community as a laborer but the 160 acres he has homesleaded are not doing their share in the development of Canada. They are idle or, if they are being tilled, they are tilled to no purpose. In- stead of increasing, the land is de- creasing in value on account of the timber or young growth, which usu- ally is taken off the homestead by useless clearing or by fires started accidentally or intentionally. To Save the Homesteader. The prevention of homesteading on non-agricultural lands is one im- portant reason why the Forestry Branch is anxious to have the coun- try examined with a view to classify- ing the lands with regard to their suitability for farming or for forestry purposes. But it is, of course, not only the increased prosperity of agri- cultural Canada that we have in view in recommending the with- drawal of lands from settlement or in establishing Forest Reserves as pro- posed by our reconnaissance officers. The protection of merchantable tim- ber and young growth and as a direct consequence thereof, the main- tenance of a stable water flow in the watercourse is perhaps of even more interest to the forester. Thus we have another object in reconnaissance work: namely the location and ulti- mate reservation of valuable stands of limber or reproduction. By including these in Forest Reserves and thus placing them under the jurisdiction of the Forestry Branch we are able to afford the forest cover a better protection from fire and wasteful logging. Moreover, the tim- ber sales will be based on rational methods. Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Juli/, 1918 1781 Along the Kapuskasing River, Northern Ontario. In addition to the determinalion of bonndaries of Forest Reserves, the reconnaissance surveys he'p us to gain a knowledge of the character, extent and material value of the forest growth in thecountry examined. We obtain maps which show us the topography of the country and the location and relation of site and cover types; we are furnished with reports which in addition to matter lelaling to soil, forest growth and proposed reserve boundaries, give us valuable information in regard to logging, fire protection, game and other mat- ters which bring themselves ^o the forester's attention during the course of the working season. Prairie Sand Lands To prevent homesieading on non- agricultural lands, the Branch has generally endeavoured to undertake the reconnaissance in advance of settlement. This has, however, not always been possible, especially in regard to the sandy areas in southern Saskatchewan where unfortunately numerous homesteads have been granted, which on examination were found to be absolutely unfit for permanent agriculture. The principal object of the recon- naissance survey is accordinglv to classify the land in i-egard to its rela- tive value as agricultural land or forest land and to locate the boundaries of any area which on account of its character is deemed advisable to recommend for inclusion in a Forest Reserve. Two Classes of Reserves The Forest Reserves of the Domin- ion are of two kinds:- 1. Forest Reserves in well popu- lated districts. 2. Forest Reserves in rugged and mountainous country or in the prac- tically unsettled and largely unsur- veyed country north of the prairies. Forest Reserves in populated dis- tricts generally consist of '^nc- . more or less timbered and as a rule hilly country surrounded on all sides by settled agricultural land. Such reserves are for instance the Moose Mountain, the Elbow, the Cypress Hills, and other r'orest Reserves in the southern portions of the prairie provinces. A survey of such an area must naiurally involve a very careful examination of the soil conditions especially in the transition area be- tween the interior non-agricultural and the surrounding agricultural lands. For that reason it is necessarv that 1782 Canadian Foresirij Journal, July, 19JS the ofTicer, to whom the work of examining proposed Forest Reserves of this character has been entrusled, has more than llie ordinary know- ledge of soils. Every quarler-seclion must be carefully examined and a correct classification of the land l)y chmate, topography, and soil into agricultural and non-agricultural land made. Lands that are positively adapted for continuous production of farm crops or are chiefly valuable for agriculture should be excluded, while lands that are undoubtedly non-agricultural or lands that possess minor agricultural possibilities but are more valuable for the growing of crops of limber shovld be included in the proposed reserve. Providing Farm Needs Areas unfit for farming in the 'settled portions of the central prov- inces are comparatively few, and it is of great importance that all avail- able land of this class be devoted to the growing of timber, thus to relieve to a greater or less degree the need of firewood, fence posts, and small building timber, which always is fcU in the treeless prairies. Proposed forest reserves in unseltlad districts do not require such a care- ful examination. The reconnais- sance in this case is more in the nature of an exploration in contrast to the survey of the proposed reserves in the old settlements which- really takes the form of a more or less intensive soil survey. Here large areas of unsettled and largely or entirely unsurveyed lands are invol- ved and anything but a rapid reconnais- sance is at the present time impractic- able and out of the question. This does not mean, however, that care should not be exercised by the forester in determining proposed re- serve boundaries. On the contrary the future possibilities of the land shoiild be considered and the inclus- ion of agricultural land should, where- ever it appears in apprecial)le quan- tities, be avoided unless its temporary reservation is considered advisable until such lime as the present cro]) x)f timber theron has been removed. Isolated small areas of good farm- land in the interior of the proposed reserve whijh cannot be eliminated from the proposed reserve by any readjusimont of boundaries may, how- ever, very well be included until a soil survey of the reserve can be made. A survey of this kind is, of course, only preliminary. Its principal ob- ject is to have defined by settled lines and placed under the juris- diction of the Forestry Branch a tract of lands which is (in the main) non-agricultural and is or will become, if properly protected, of considerable value as forest land. Cultivate Public Opinion The officers in charge of a recon- naissance party should always make it a point to acquaint himself with the views held by settlers that live in the vicinity of the proposed reserva- tion, in regard to the establishment of a Forest Reserve. He should explain to the farmers that the. creation of a Forest Reserve means protection of timber, grazing, and water supply for the use of the farmer himself. The idea is here and there prevailing that a Forest Reserve is created to prevent the "poor man" from getting his supply of firewood and building timber. This opinion, which of course tends to make the Forest Reserves unpopular, should be discouraged. Excellent Type of Farm House beinfi. Built by the Ontario Government for Accommodation of Soldier-Settlers at Kapuskasing, Northern Ontario. Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 1783 The Pejepscot Plantations In an article in the New York Paper Trade Journal Julian Rothery points out that forests, vast as they are, are not unbounded, and that the amount of pulp-wood available in this country and Canada which will permit of manufacture of reasonably cheap paper is not bottomless. He gives some interesting facts about what one paper firm has done in the way of reforestation and how its nurseries are conducted. To quote Mr. Rothery: "The Pejepscot Paper Company is one of the old established manufac- turers, with mills on the lower An- droscoggin River in ATaine and ex- tensive timber lands bo^h in Maine and Canada. It was also among the foremost to embark on a far-sighted policy of conservation, and its New Brunswick holdings constitute the finest spruce forest the writer has ever seen and probably the finest in eastern America. Due to careful methods of cutting, there is more timber upon the lands today than when operations were commenced many years ago. But it is the reforesting of the barren or open lands where conservation is the most direct and aggressive. The Pejepscot Paper Company established nurseries at several places in its woodland properties. "Thousands of these young trees have been set out in the old pastures and clearings and are slowly filling up gaps in the woodland cover. The cost is not heavy; the returns, both direct and indirect, are sulTicient to make it an object to continue the work each year until now, when the open areas of their large Canadian properties are nearly all restocked with valuable growing trees. They find planting is educational as well as practical, tending to promote care of the forest and impress upon observers the value of trees and forest cover." Can Forest Revenues be Maintained? The point is frequently raised in connection with Canadian forestry policies that our Provincial govern- ments will soon be ooliged to return to the forest a much larger percentage of forest revenues than is now turned over to maintenance of limber materials. Indeed, the argument is frequently put forward that the day is fast approaching when the Pro- vincial Governments instead of ex- tracting surpluses each year from I lie forest resources may be forced to turn over to their Forest Services every dollar of revenues so as to pro- vide a supply of raw materials to sup- port the forest industiies. West Australia recently launched a strong forestry movement and in ".Jarrah" the official mouthpiece, as- serts that the system of extracting revenues from forest exploitation. with almost no provision for main- tenance of timbercrops, mi'st cease. West Australia has reduced its forest area to about 3,000,000 acres, out of a total area of 975,000 square miles, and only 12,000 acres have been reserved. The export of forest products in 1913 brought 1,183,000,000 pounds sterling and only 12,000 pounds were spent on the Department of Forests. What business in the world could stand a system of management which aimed at taking all the profits and putting nothing back to consolidate, and improve the business and assure its future. Here is the most perman- ent and certain of all the primary industries, one which, under proper rnanagement will be yielding its timber in increased, not diminished volume long after the last ounce of gold has been won from the earth. 17.S1 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 191S treated as of no importance and allowed to starve for lack of a sound forest policy." The Forest Policy of West Aus- tralia is given as follows: 1. Demarkation and permanent reservation of the prime timber coiin- trv. 2. The regulation of the cutting of timber so that only that quantity is cut annually which can be replaced by the natural growth of the forest. 3. The improvement of all cut and semi-cut out areas with a view to assuiing Ihe regeneration of the best species for future cutting. A Wood Fuel Scarcitij in Ontario If Peel County, Ontario, may be accepted as typical of other counties in that province, the outlook for wood fuel supply for the coming winter is hardly cheering. Notices have been sent out to the farmers and others by the Provincial Fuel Controller urging the laying in of a supply of anthracite -coal and cordwood at tlie earliest pos- sible moment. This appeal may have some efTect on the cutting of wood fuel late next Fall but at present the farmer's sole attention is given to securing all the anthracite that his local dealer can import. At Bramp- ton, for example, dealers have found the farmer so obliging in teaming the coal to his farm direct from the rail- way siding that the townspeople have yet to get their first "look-in" on a winter coal supply. Other towns and villages have had a similar experience. The farmer is rapidly picking up all the coal in sight, while those who lack any means of transport are waiting Iheir first chance at anthra- cite fuel. In Peel County, a good quantity of fuel wood was cut last winter for home use. It is stated that the amount avadable for sale to towns- people will be negligible. A few weeks ago, a farmer seventeen miles from Toronto purchased two car loads of cordwood at $10.50 a cord f. o. b. and the net cost delivered in his own farm yard was $12.50 a cord. Any visitor to rural Ontario is aware of many communities where cord wood is going to waste in wood- lots while the owners and neighbors are frantically reaching out for coal. Labor scarcity doubtless has much to do with the present situation. For example, an Ontario farmer, owning an excellent lot of maple and elm, offered fifty per cent, of the. wood to any man who would come in and do the cutting; he has not had a single response thus far. $65,000,000 FIRE BURDEN Up to the present, the fire loss of the Dominion of Canada is 25 per cent, greater than for the correspond- ing period of last year. If this rate of destruction continues, the loss will exceed thirty-two million dollars in 1918, and, together with expenditures upon insurance and fire protection, will constitute a burden of over $65,000,000. This means about $10 out of the pocket of every man, woman and child in Canada, or almost $40 for the average family. WOODMEN AS RANGERS The New Brunswick Government is advertising for experienced wood- men lO act as forest rangers — one of the gratifying signs, points out The St. John Globe, of the new era of forest management in the Province. New Brunswick sets an example in piiici; h whi^h other Provinces would do well to follow in all departments of Government. FOREST FIRES SAVED APPLES? Says the Lunenburg, N. S. Record: "It is an ill wind that blows no- body good," was truly exemplified last week when the smoke from the forest fires settled, it is said, like a pall over the Annapolis Valley and saved the apple blossoms from frosts Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 1785 Canada's Piilpwood Resources The following table shows the aj)- j)roxiniatc amounts of certain classes of pulpwood material now standini* in the several provinces of Canada. All sizes of the species named are included; It represents, to some extent, a compromise between the guesses made by various individuals or organizations in the past, and in- formation relatin^g to the partial areas based upon investigations actually made in the field. Cords Nova Scotia 30,000,000 spruce and balsam. New Brunswick 33,000,000 spruce and balsam. Quebec 300,000,000 spruce and balsam- Ontario 200,000,000 spruce and balsam. Total for Eastern Canada 563.000,000 cords. Prairie provinces .. 85,000,000 spruce and balsam. Prairie provinces .100,000,000 poplar British Columbia .285,370,000 Sitka spruce, western hemlock, balsam and Cottonwood. Total for Western Canada 470,370,000 cords. Total for all Canada 1,033,370,000 cords In considering this table certain allowances must be made in arriving at commercial possibilities. In the first place, vast amounts of materials of suitable size for pulpwood are so situated as to be commercially in- accessible. In other cases, bodies of timber of limited size are so scattered as to make profitable operation im- practicable. Further, balsam does not float readily for long distances, and heavy losses result from sinking where long drives are necessary. Another factor, sometimes over- looked, is the heavy demand upon these forests for pur])6ses other than the cutting of pulpwood. The greatest of these is for the manufac- ture of lumber, for which very large amounts of spruce and balsam are used annually in eastern Canada. KILLING FARM WOODLOTS ( Kitchener ''News Record") In the past Waterloo county, like all other counties in older Ontario, has been prodigal in its cutting of trees in its woodlands. Were proof of this needed, the annual ilood and batches of complaints from in- undated' municipalities along the Grand River furnish it. There is presently a strong temp- tation offering all owners of bush land to cut down trees for firewood, owing to the scarcity of coal. This demand cannot be wholly ignored. Yet ])efore the comparatively few remaining patches of woods are levelled, the best forestry practise should be followed. Those who "kill the goose thai lays the golden egg," are frequently quoted. Alongside of them should be placed those who have indis- criminately cleared their bushlands. Had a wiser policy been pursued, they would have obtained greater money returns from their bushlands and still have them. Conservation and reforesting would have wrought this gain. MR. POWER'S ANNIVERSARY Mr. William Power, of Quebec, is celebrating thev 60th anniversary of his connection with the well-known lumber firm of W. & J. Sharpies, of which organization he has been President for many years. Mr. Power is a former President of the Canadian Forestry Association. 1786 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 The Inroads of Timber Substitutes By M. a. (iHAiNGKR, Chief Fori:sti:r of Bfitish (Loumbia. "It is not merely a question of lind- ing new markets for British Columbia lumber to be sold in. It is a question of protecting the markets we've al- ready got. Where would the pro- vince be if any serious proportion of its existing lumber business were wiped out? It couldn't happen, you'll say. People have got to buy lumber. It's a staple article, like wheat. Well, they've been carrying on a searching investigation into the lumber trade of the United States, and this is what they've found as a result: Just one- fifth of the entire lumber market that existed eight years ago has been wiped out. Wiped out by substitutes: steel, concrete, bricks, patent roofing, as- phalt paving; wiped out in some cases because the substitute was the better article, but in far too many cases simply because the makers of sub- stitutes used modern selling methods and the lumbering industry did not. There is no belter selling method than giving good service to the con- sumer, helping him to use your material and to get the best value out of it. That is the method adopted in this province. Many a sale of British Columbia lumber has been made to prairie farmers who have been sup- plied with bu'kbng plans, and bills of material showing them how easih and well they can build barns or sheds or chicken houses with British Columbia lumber. And, just as we have done in this case, we hope to co- operate withour lumbermen and get all the best selling methods carried out in this communiiy effort to in- crease the sale of British Columbian lumber. In short, persistent market work is one of the most practical methods of forest* conservation there is. Our American friends are engineer- ing some progressive ideas. For in- stance, in the interest of forestry they've allowed the export mills of the Pacific coast to form a selling combine, the Sherman law notwith- standing, and they are sending five lumber commissioners to strengthen their grip upon European and other markets. It is interesting to note that these five have been selected from candidates who have been put first through a series of severe practical examinations — a new idea in foreign commercial service, and a great change from the time honored method of giving foreign commercial jobs to good Americans ys'\{\\ a pull." A. II. Beaubien, B.A., Ottawa, working under the auspices of the Canadian Forestry Association, spent three weeks in holding public meet- ings in Western and Northern Quebec, in the territory of the Ottawa River Forest Protective Association. Mr. Beaubien met with remarkable good fortune and was greeted by large audiences. All lectures were illus- trated by stereopticon. Canadian Fureslrij JuurnaL Julij, 1918 178: J. Andre Doiicel, B.A., B. Sc. F. Forestry Branch, \vho by courtesy of the Director of Forestry and acting under the auspices of the Canadian Forestry Association, held twenty well -attended public meetings in Northern New Brunswick. The lec- tures were illustrated by stereopticon. The message of forest protection and forest maintenance was brought forcefully to the attention of thous- ands of French-speaking citizens. A PROPHECY OF 1656 An interesting prophecy of Great Britain's drastic experiences in pro- curing timber supply from her own lands is contained in "the Gentleman Farmer," by Henry Home, Lord Karnes, published in Edinburgh in 1776. "Considering the great quantity of waste land in Scotland, fit for only bearing trees, and the easiness of transporting them by navigable arms of the sea, one cannot but regret the indolence of our forefathers who neglected that profitable branch of commerce, and left to us the necessity of purchasing foreign timber for every iise in life. " Gabriel Plattes, in his "Practical Victor Baillairge, B.A., a graduate of Laval Forest School, and employefl in -the Quebec Forest Service, under- took a busy itinerary of five weeks in the territory of the Laurentian Forest protective Association, from the St. Lawrence through the Lake St. John region and down the Saguenay. Mr. Baillairge appeared under the joint auspices of the Quebec Department of Lands and Forests, the Canadian Forestry Association and the Lauren- tian F. P. Association. His tour was attended by a lively public interest, and large audiences were met at most points. Mr. Gustave C. Tessier, whose portrait is not available for this issue, undertook similar work in the ter- ritory of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association, and met with first-rate success. Husbandry," published in 1656, says: "Now the multitude of Timber brought yearly from Norwaii and other parts does plainly demonstrate the scarcity thereof here: also it may be conjectured what a miserable case the Kingdom will be plunged into in an Age or two hence, for want of Timber." 178.S Canadian Forcslri) Journal, Jiilij, 191H The Function of Watershed Forests The effect of the forests upon Canadian streams does not require srienlific datai to prove its reality. Every observer who has compared the flow and uniformity of streams under contrasting conditions of forest growth on the watersheds knows that tree life is a conserver of surplus moisture and a mighty aid in the regulation of the Spring run off. In this connection it will be in- teresting to many readers to note the conclusions of Mr. Raphael Zon, Chief of Sylvics, U. S. Forest Service, Washington, after a very thorough examination of available evidence in the United States and foreign lands. "The available observations upon the behavior of streams in this country and abroad have established the following facts: 1. The total discharge of large rivers depends upon climate, pre- cipitation, and evaporation. The observed fluctuation in the total amount of water carried by rivers during a long period of years depends upon climatic cycles of wet and dry vears. 2. The regularity of flow of rivers and streams throughout the year depends upon the storage capacity of the watershed, which feeds the stored water to the streams during the summer through underground seepage and by springs. In winter the rivers are fed directly by precipitation, which reaches them chiefly as surface run- off. 3. Among the factors, such as climate and character of the soil, which affect the storage capacity of a watershed, and therefore the regu- larity of streamflow, the forest plays an important part, especially on impermeable soils. The mean low stages as well as the moderately high stages in the rivers depend upon the extent of forest cover on the water- sheds. The forest tends to equalize the flow throughout the year by making the low stages higher and the high stages lower. 4. Floods which are produced by exceptional meteorological conditions can not be prevented by forests, but without their mitigating influence, the floods are more severe and destructive. Delusions Must Give Way to Facts {Dominion Advisorij Council on Industrial and Scientijic Research. "It should be understood that there is only one way of keeping the forest resource inexhaustible, namely, Dy means of reproduction. "We know next to nothing as to whether, and to what extent, the cut- over lands are reproducing the tim- ber that has been removed, still less at what rate such new crop is growing. "General principles of silviculture can be imported from Ivurope and, in so far as thie same species occur in Canada that are found in the United States, we can profit to some extent from the work of their foresters: finally, however, climatic and soil differences make it necessary to learn how to manage the species under their home conditions. We have in Canada not yet undertaken the first systematic study of the biology of any of our species, a knowledge funda- mental to its sibiculture. This is to be accomplished by observation in the field and by a systematic location of ])ermanent sample plots placed under different treatment and obsen'ed ])eriodically. "As regards increment, the rate fo production that may be expected from our species under varying con- ditions, we are also lacking in know- ledge. There are neither volume Canadian Foreslry Journal, Julij, 1918 1789 tables as aids for liml)cr cstimalini* nor growth or yield tal)les as bases for calculating the results of our silvi- culture in existence. Aieanwhile, tridy foolish ideas prevail regarding the rate of growth of forest trees and forest acres. A correction of these ideas through systematic measure- ments will 1)1 ing the wholesome reali- zation that the replacement of our cut timber takes many more years than is generally ])elieved. We may add that these investigations are most uigently needed for the species of the eastern provinces, whicli have already been largely exploited and where recuperalive measures should be ap- plied at once." Keep the Woodlot for Future Needs By 'M/?m//c" in Toronto Globe. The importance of a well-thought- out system of forest conservation in connection with land settlement cannot be too strongly emphasized. We all realize now the evil effects of over-clearing of land in older Ontario. There has been over-clearing even of good agricultural land; some land wholly unfitted for agricultural pro- duction, that should have been left in permanent forest, has been stripped clear of timber. As a result, over a vast territory once rich in wood, people would be in danger of freezing io death ;»'ere it not for imports of coal from the United States. Despite the hsson so taught there are consid- erable areas in New Ontario, north of New Liskeard, opened up only yesterday, in which the fuel problem is already almost as acute as it is in older Ontario. We should see that the folly shown in these two cases is not repeated in that vast territory stretching some 400 miles west of Cochrane, a beginning on the opening of which has been made by independent settlers, string- ing out along the line of the Trans- continental, and continued by the returned-soldier farming colony, farther west along the same line. In practically every case, land occu- pied along this line has been completely cleared as far back from the railway as cutting has gone. No such avenues of trees as have been planted here and there along the roadsides in older Ontario have been left along the right-of-way or where the lanes will lead up to the houses. There is no evidence of preparation for the leaving of wood lots as a permanent source of lumber and fuel supply for those making homes in that country. It should be pait of the conditions of sale that in all cases a certain proportion of the land allotted settlers shall be reserved for permanent timber growth. NEW PAPER-MAKING PROCESS From Queensland come reports of successful experiments in manufac- turing paper pulp out of "lalang" grass, which resembles very clcsely the "esparto" of Spain and North Africa, and which when dried before making it into pulp yields as high as sixty per cent, of iirst-class paper- making pulp. The expert states that esparto is the best pulp known, and the lalang grass product is within ten per cent, of the same value. There are millions of tons of this grass grow- ing in Queensland. Three crops a year can be cut from it, and this plant is said to be otherwise a curse to tiie country. Chinese "barr" — Urena — and the Queensland hemp — Sid Ret- usa — are said to produce thirty per cent, of first-class paper pulp. Lan- tana, which is also regarded as a great pest, makes an excellent wrapping- paper. Cellidose from seaweed and a paper milk bottle are the latest additions to the paper industry extension. 1790 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 For Every Acre a Proper Crop Sir Ronald Munro-Ferguson, Governor-General of Australia. "One of the considerations which I venture to submit is the need for the allocation of land for agricullure upon the one hand and silviculUire on the other. I have seen in some States great destruclion wrought by in- dividual pioneers who did not always make a success of their undertakings, and I have seen aoandoned holdings in the middle of destroyed forests — which, in their way, had been perfect of their kind. \\'hatever land is suitable for agriculture should be kept for agriculture, and where it is suit- able for forestry, and not for agri- c.ilture, then it should be Kept for forestry. That can only be done by survey, and after the survey, then classification, and then will come the question of forest reserves and the establishment of areas suitable for forestry as permanent reserves, and the issue of regulations sufficient to insure and preserve the safety of these reserves." New Settlers Must Take Out Permits in West According to an important order-in- council passed by the Dominion ■Government on May 7, 1918, all persons taking up a homestead on Dominion lands in a wooded district (outlined in the order-in-council) or within six miles of a forest reserve or timber berth must take out a per mit from a forest ranger before setting lire to clear land. Manitoba and Saskatchewan Gov- ernments have already applied a similar provision to all settlers under provincial jurisdiction so that the Dominion order-in-council will blan- ket all settlers now on patented lands or who may take up lands in the future. Alberta has yet no law en- forcing the permit plan on owners of homesteads: the Dominion measure will affect only those who may take up lands in future. 926 PAPERS SUSPENDED In the investigation before the h'ederal Trade Commission in the United States the statement was made that in 1917 no fewer than 926 newsrapers in the I'nited States and Canada si'spendod oublication while 250 others were eliminated by con- solidation. FORESTRY BOARD COMPLETE Archibald Fraser, of Fredericton, has been appointed by the Minister of Lands and Mines, representative of the private timber land owners upon the Forest Commission which is to have charge of the crown lands of New Brunswick, under the legislation passed at the last session of the Leg- islature. The other members are: Hon. E. A. Smith, Lt. Col. T. G. Loggie, Deputy Minister of Lands and Mines; G. H. Prince, Chief For- ester; D. J. Buckley, representative of the holders of timber licenses. The Abitibi Power and Paper Co., of Iroquois Falls, Ont., is now turning out daily about 425 tons of paper and pulp all told but after the war when additional paper making machines are installed, the output of newsprint alone will be about four hundred and fifty tons, making the largest produc- tion under one roof of any paper company in the world. Canadian Forest nj Journal, Jiilij, 1918 1791 Forest Legislation in Canada 1917-18 A Resume of Public Measures in the Provincial and Federal Fields. In Xvw Brunsa>ick The FOREST SERVICE ACT creates a Forest Service in the De- partment of Lands and Mines and empowers the Minister to appoint a technically trained Provincial For- ester. The Forest Service is to administer all statutes and regula- tions re Forestry, Hunting, Fishing, Forest and Game Protection, have charge of the protection of the forests from fire, the construction and maintenance of all permanent improvements (roads, telephone lines, etc., etc.) and reforestation. A Forest Advisory Commission is also created to consist of the Minister of Lands and Mines (Chair- man), the Deputy Minister of that department, the Provincial Forester, one lumberman to represent the licenses and another lumJDerman or forester to be named by the Minister, who must be "associated with the ownership or management of the Crown-granted forest lands." The functions of the Commission are to advise in regard to administration and to supervise all permanent ap- pointments. All permanent ap- pointments and, as far as possible, temporary appointments, are to be by examination conducted by an Examining Board, comprised of the Provincial Forester, and two others, all appointments to be approved by the Commission after a six months' probation. A Protecticn Fund, to amount to .S100,0U() per year, is created, made up as follows:- (I) .>30,000 of the revenue collected under the Wild Land Tax, (2) half a cent, per acre on all timber areas under license (the Forest Protection Tax), (3) fines and fees under the Forest Fires Act and the Game Act, (4) balance to be provided from Consolidated Revenue Fund. Any balance at the end of the year is to be placed in a Protection Sinking Fund, to be used in case of emergency. Permanent forest rangers are given all the powers of special constables. N. B. Forest Fires Act. The Forest Fires Act provides for a closed season (April 15 to October 15) to be lengthened if necessary, during which no one may set out a lire (except for cooking or warmth) within half a mile of any slashing or debris, fallen or standing timber or brush land, until he has obtained a permit from a forest officer. Pre- cautions to be taken when starling a fire are stated. Penalty is provided for any person leaving a fire burning so as to endanger the property of another person, and for carelessness, in dropping lighted matches or pipe, cigar and cigarette ashes. No per- son may start a tire on any land not ow^ned by him,exceptwith the owner's consent. Any person neglecting to do his utmost to prevent a lire from spreading is made an offender under the Act and liable to all expenses incurred in extinguishing it. Forest officers are empowered to compel the services of all males between eighteen and fifty years for extin- guishing a fire. The Minister is given power to destroy any material which constitutes a lire danger. . De- bris around camps, mines, saw^-milh- and engines must be cleared up, l)rush and debris resulting from clear- ing all rights of w^ay must be burned and any accumulation of inllammable debris within ;K)() feet of the centre of a railway must be burned; if this is not done, the forest officers are given authority to destroy such debris at the expense of the person interestad. Watchmen are required during the close season for stationary or port- able engines in a forest. Every adult is required to report fires, when know^n. 1792 Canadian Foresliij Journal, Julij, 1918 Railivaij Safeguards. During the close season all steam engines (locomotive or stationary) operating inside of, or up to a quarter of a mile from timber must have spark arresters and devices for pre- venting the escaping of fire or live coals from ash pans or fire-boxes, burners, chimneys and smoke-stacks must have spark arresters, and open waste-burners must be properly safe- guarded. During the close season fire-fighting tools must be kept ready for use, and no locomotive or engine may dump fire or live coals unless these are immediately extinguished. Railways under provincial jurisdic- tion passing through forested land are specially provided for, and no existing statute regulating them is repealed or at all interfered with. Locomotive engines must have the most approved fire-protective appara- tus, and every engineer must see that those appliances are properly used and applied. The right of way must be patrolled at least once a day and must be kept fiee from dead or dry grass or weeds and other combustible matter. Extra patrol may be ordered by the Minister when deemed necessary, and if his instructions are not carried or.t li^ patrol may be established at the expense of the company. Railway companies are made responsible for all fires within three hundred feet of their right of way, unless they can prove the fire not to have been caused by the Company or its employees. No railway company completing the construction of a lin3 after the passage of the Act may operate locomotives on the line .mtil the Minister has certified that the right of way has been cleared of inflammable materiil. The Minister may appoint fire rang- ers, under a Chief Ranger, to patrol railways under construcli^n. Rail- way companies mast put their employees at the disposal of the Chief Ranger to assist in extinguish- ing fire. Nothing in -the act is to be held to limit the right of any person to bring civil suit for damages caused by fire. Wild Lands Tax Act. Provides for a tax on alfwild lands exceeding five hundred acres of one cent per acre when held by residents of the pro/ince and two cents per acre when held by non-residents. Part of the funds realized are to be paid over to the Protection Fund created by the Forest Act as above noted. The Act prohibiting the export of pulpwood from Crown Lands was amended by adding to the "Manu- facturing Clause" a statement to the effect that cutting such wood into cordwood or other lengths and "ross- ing" or peeling the bark, were not "manufaciuring" VNithin the meaning of the Act. Poplar wood is also restricted from being exported. Un- manufactured pulpwood grown on ungranted Crown lands may be ex- ported to the United Kingdom until two months after the declaration of peace. Dominion Lands The Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act was amended to provide (1) that where existing road allowances are, for topographic reas- ons, found unsuitable, the Provincial government may be permitted, by Order in Council, to exchange these for suitable road allowances, and (2) that the government of British Col- umbia be given the right to the non-precious metals found within the Forest Reserves. The Forest Reserve Regulations were amended in a number of parti- culars, the general tenor of the amendments being as foilows:-(l) The regulations in regard to timber permits were changed so as to provide that the quantity of timber so granted should be limited, not by a specified quantity of timber of each class, but by a certain amount oi dues, thus allowing greater latitude as to the respective quantities of the various classes of timber that can be taken • out, (2) trespass is more clearly defined, (3) Regulations in regard lo the use of fire are improved: (4) Regulations in regard to operation are improved in some points, (5) Regulations as to the granting of permits for the cutting oidead timber on the forest resen^es are made more elastic so as to give every encourage- Candduin Fon's!rij JournaL Juhj, I^IS ITO;-". nuMil to |)erinUleos to remove it, (6) the rei^ulalions in ro<>ard to grazing and hay arc made more specific. In Ontario The Forest Fires Prevention Act was amended by providing for the appointment, at the request of the owner (i.e., the licensee of an area or any person having the right to cut limber on the land) of extra or special rangers to be paid by the owner as directed by the Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines. New regulations for forest reserves were promtdgated under the Forest Reserves Act. These forbid the dis- posal of land within the reserves for agricultural purposes altogether, and for prospecting and mining, hunting and fishing except under the regula- tions. Persons travelling through the reserves must give to any forest olTicer, when required, particulars as to themselves and their business in the reserve. Mining Prospectors operating in reserves must have s'early permits. Xo lands valuable for the timber thereon may be disposed of for mining purposes and all timber cut on lands so leased must be cut under regulation cf the Minister. Mining operations on reserves must have the permission of the Minister and no ores containing sulphur may be roast- ed in the open air in forest reserves. No tree may be cut, barked or other- wise injured except under written authority of the Alinister. Precau- tions must be taken in setting fire and all tires kindled in the reserves must be extinguished before Ixiing left. Locomotives passing through the re- serves must have spark-arresters or other efficient means of preventing sparks escaping. Making roads, erect- ing buildings and other improvement work may be done by the Minister, and no such work may be done without his written permission. A Superintendent and rangers may be employed for each reserve. All guides in the reserves must be li- censed. No mining lease may issue for work in the reserve until ?11 development work has been com- pleted. The Game .\ct is by Order in Council made to apply to forest reserves. In Quebec. An order in Council of .June 12, 1918, makes a number of increases in dues and rents to be paid by li- censees in the province, for the years 1919-20 to 1923-21, with further increase for the vears 1924-2.") to 1928-29. By this ""Order in Council the groim'd rent is increased from five dollars per acre to six dollars and fiftv cents for the vears 1919-20 to 1923-24 and eight dollars for the years 1924-25 to 1928-29. In most of the specified classes of timber the increases run from thirty up to one hundred per cent; on miscellaneous timber the due is a straight fifteen per cent. The further increases dat- ing 1924-28 will give a further in- crease on the 1918-19 to 1922-23 prices of twelve and a half to sixty per cent. In Alberta. The timber Areas Act was amend- ed so as to provide that anyone own- ing, leasing or operating any timber area who fails to give the Minister of Municipal Affairs any information called for by the latter shall be liable to a fine up to .S.iO and costs, or in defaalt, to imprisonment not to ex- ceed six months and giving the Minister power to assess the area after getting information from the Government of Canada or otherwise. A number of amendments, chielly as to matters of administration, were made to the British Columbia Forest Act. Saskatchewan reduced the tax on timber areas or berths (payable by owner or operator) from one and a half cents to one cent per acre, areas held under permit exempted. Persons who manufacture lumber from trees cut on their own timber areas may be granted a rebate of all sums over and above half a cent per acre, paid or payable during 1913 and subsequently. No change in forestry legislation is' reported from Nova Scotia or Mani- toba. 1794 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 Quebec Raises Dues and Ground Rent An increase in timljcr dues and i^round rent has ])ecn ordered l)y the Quebec Department of Lands and Poorest s and svill have an appreciable effect upon the wood-using indus- tries, as well as adding sul)stantially to provincial revenues. The Minister in a memorandum dated June I'ith, recommends the following modification of the Order- in-Council, April 26th, 1910:— 1. That the annual ground rent per square mile or fraction of a square mile pay- able on the issue of licenses to cut timber be of six dollars and fiftv cents for the years 1919-20 to 1923-24, both inclusive, and of eight dollars for the years 1924-25 to 1928-29, both in- clusive, nevertheless, the rent of ground rent may, at any time, be in- creased for license-holders who do not operate on their limits, the Crown reserving the right to fix the quan- tity of timber to be cut to constitute sufTicient lumbering operations; 2. That all wood cut in virtue of a li- cense during the lumbering seasons 1918-19 to 1922-23, both Inclusive, and 1923-24 to 1927-28, both inclusive, be su])ject to the following charge: I. Square, waney or flat timber, per cubic foot: (a) White pine, oak, hickory and walnut 0.08 0.10 (b) Red pine, elm, ash, cedar, ba3ssvood, birch, maple, tamarac 0.06 0.08 (c) Spruce, balasm, grey pine or banksian pine hemlock, white birch, as- pen, poplar 0.04 0.06 II. Saw logs and boom and timber dimension in the raw state, per thousand feet, board measure: (a) White pine, oak, hickory, walnut 2.60 3.00 (b) Red pine, elm, ash, basswood, birch, maple, tamarac 2.00 2.00 (c) Spruce, balsam, grey pine or banksian pine hemlock, white birch, as- pen, poplar 1.60 1.80 (d) Cedar 1.40 1.40 111. Poles more than 18 feet in length, not exceeding 10 inches in diameter at the small end, each: (a) 30 feet and less in length 0.25 0.40 (b) 30 feet and less in length 0.50 0.75 (c) 41 to 50 feet in length 1.00 1.50 (d) 51 feet and over in length 2.00 3.00 I v^ Railway ties or sleep- ers not exceeding 9 feet in length, each ..- 0.10 0.10 V. All other wood goods, ad valorem 15% 15% PERPETUATION OF PULPWOOD W. F. V. Atkinson, chief forester of the Spanish River Pulp and Paper Mills, Sault Ste. Marie, states that what C. D. Howe, Ph.D., in an article in the Pulp and Paper Magazine entitled "Forest Regeneration on Certain Cut-Over Lands in Quebec," says with regard to certain districts on the St. Maurice River in Quebec is subject of course to local conditions, generally applicable to parts of the Province of Ontario." It is absolutely essential to the perpetuation of Ont- ario's pulpwood areas that detailed studies be made and regulations worked out after these studies, if the pulp wood of the province is to be perpetuated for any length of time. The regulations will have to include, among other plans, that of the Crown securing the services of a large num- ber of forest assistants of all grades, amongst the duties of whom will be that of marking only such trees as can be properly harvested. This en- tails a change in methods of such a. radical character that it does not appear likely to be adopted for some time to come, or, at least until after the war." Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 1795 Railway Roadmaster Sets Good Example If all railway roadmasiers would imitate H. B. Cassidy, in charge of the Canadian Northern line from Quebec to La Tuque and Chiccutimi, railway fires would be of less fre- quency. Following is a copy of instructions sent by Mr. Cassidy to all section foremen. In case of fire I want you to assist the Fire Rangers when called upon. According to an arrangement be- tween this Company and the heads of the St. Maurice and Laurentian Forest Protective Associations in connection with the lire patrol and care of fire in every respect, you will arrange to co-operate with these people by all possible means, there- fore should the fire ranger happen to call upon you for assistance, him do everything possible to give them what assistance you can and as QUICK AS YOU CAN, because by acting promptly, fires are often controlled before any material dam- age is done. It has also been arranged wdth Fire Rangers in certain Districts to assist the Section Foremen in burning grass, old ties, etc., this with a view of showing seciionmen the proper meth- ods of doing this work,, and as you are aware many times when foremen undertake to burn the right of way, they do not always take all the nec- essary precautions to look after the fire and in many cases this involves a lot of extra work, due to carelessness in burning the right of way. The object in co-operating with the men employed by the Associa- tions named above, is to learn the best methods and o])tain the best results, as well as eliminating a lot of trouble. Therefore, I trust you will give all necessary assistance when called upon and be governed i>y their instructions with regard to fires in the future. As these people are desirous of assisting us in our work we should also be anxious to assist them in carrying out their part." COMMUNITY STUDIES One of the economic studies made last year concerned the relation of fores{ utilization to community de- velopment in the Pacific North-west and northern Lake States. The lumber "camp" is the natural result of a nomadic lumber industry. As the forests of any region become per- manent sources of timber supply they become capable of supporting a more stable population. Where the forest is' the main resource the development of permanent industrial communities as sources of labor supply is obviously desirable. In regions where the land, though originally timbered, will be put to its best use through clearing for agriculture, it is desirable that forest utilization should contribute as largely as it may to the upbuilding of organized agricultural communities. To learn both the present actual con- ditions and the possibility of bringing about improved conditions the study was undertaken. — From the report of H. S. Graves, Chief Forester of United States. CONQUEROR'S OAK FALLS A correspondent of London, Fng., says Canadian Foresters have felled the famous tree which stood in front of Windsor Castle, known as \^ illiam the Conqueror's oak. The tree was reputed to be a favorite of the Norman Duke, who protected it from deer. Old manuscripts show the oak tree existed in the year 900. Latterly the tree became unsightly and was very rotten. After ineffectual at- tempts to have it reinforced with cement, the King ordered its removal. The timber is very fine grain and color. One slab is used for a mantle- piece in the small replica of a Cana- dian log cabin built by the Canadians in Windsor Park as a tearoom for the King. A number of souvenirs have been made of the wood. One is a carved platpie of Windsor Castle background and Indian's head. 1796 Canadian Foresfry Journal, July, 1918 Boy Scouts Search Out Black Walnut Washington. — President Wilson's appeal to the Boy Scouts of America to help win the war by locating sup- plies of black walnut trees has been followed by arrangements under which the War Department, the Forest Service, and the Boy Srout or- ganization have joined elTorts to find the needed timber. As President Wilson pointed out, the War Department program makes the securing of black walnut lumber for use in manufacturing airplane propellers and gunstocks of the utmost importance. War Department and Forest Service officials are combing the country for black walnut timber, which can no longer be found in abundance anywhere but has to be cidled, often as single trees, from mixed forest growths. Much of the black walnut that is left is in far- mers' woodlots, and it is primarily to locate this that the Boy Scouts have been called into service. In the aggregate, there are said to be large supplies. Settlement Problems After the War The relation between the forests and settlement is a queslion involving many interests, and is one not easy of solution. The need for land for •settlement after the war will make it necessary to devote every possil^le piece of land to agricaltural purposes, but on the other hand the financial demands for the war will make it ad\ isable and necessary to protect the public forest property, and ensure that the forest on non-agri- cultural land is retained and brought into best producing condition. This is a question which cannot be decided from the point of view of either interest solely, and which shows the necessity of co-operation between the agricultural and forestry interests for the development of an agricultural and forest survey of the country such as will determine the best general lines of development for each district. A Government Roadway in Northern Ontario in Process of Construction. Canadian Forestrij Journal, Juhj, 1918 179: WEEDS KILLED BY PAPER II. E. Ho\ve, who conducts Iho chemical service department of The Scicniijic American, lei Is us in tlial paper that in the tropical countries where sugar-cane nourishes, weeds spring \i]) overnight in numljers and strength that will choke off any croj) with ease. The expense of keeping them down is by no means the smallest item of the cost of produc- tion, and their presence or absence often makes the difference between a profitable and an un])roritable year. Mr. C. F. Eckart, of a Hawaiian sugar company, therefore began experiments looking to weed-controL Says^Mr. Howe : "Weeds between the cane rows could be controlled by spraying, after which followed a demonstration that the weeds could be smothered by strips of paper, asphalt impregnated to withstand weather and handling. "Knowing that cane shoots are tightly rolled up, sharp-pointed and spear-like, Mr. Eckart conceived tlie idea of using paper over the cane rows, being careful to have the paper of the proper construction to hold the weeds beneath, while the cane, by gentle pressure, could puncture the covering. Considerable acreages have been under experiment and several interesting developments have taken place. 'The paper in yard widths is placed over the rows atid kept there by bamboo pegs, stones, and field litter. As the cane shoots come up those striking the paper at or near right angles puncture the covering and grow vigorously. The other shoots make tentlike elevations, at which points the paper is slit after five or six weeks, during which time the cane does not suffer, although the less hardv weeds are exterminated!" A Great Book on Our Wild Animals at a Bargain Price! In the idle moments of your sum- mer outing there is opportunity for burnishing up your half-forgotten knowledge of our Canadian wild animals and for learning a hundred things you never suspected before. We have such a book packaged ready for you. In the bookstores, it sells commonly at $1.50." (The illustration above shows the paper- bound edition priced at one dollar). The Journal has arranged for a limited edition of leather-bound copies to sell to our readers for $1.00. The book contains 265 pages and 61 full-page illustrations n color of the North Amer can wild animals in i heir native haunts. The text is by Chas. K. Reed, who has won much fame through various nature books, and the plates are in natural colors by H. P. Harvey. The book is shaped conveniently for your pocket. While authorita- tative in matter, it is brightly written and will pay high dividends in helpful and interesting reading. Enclose a dollar bill to the Canadian Forestry Journal, 206 Booth Building, Ottawa, marking your name very plainly on the attached coupon: CHARLES L. PACK HONORED Canadian Forestry Journal, Ottawa. Mr. Charles L. Pack, President of U^ ^j^^^.^ f^,^ ^^F-if-^ Pfr ^/^l!^^^ the American Forestry Association, ^ '"' and head of the National War Gar- den (commission of the Fnited States, has just had the degree of Doctor of Laws conferred uj^on him by Trinity College.- Guide' in leather binding to the follow- ing address. One dollar is enclosed. Name Address. 1 79aiiks-M(jr^ Hailwav Motor Car MlllllllllilllllllllilllllllllliillilllSlllllllllllilllllllllllill!llllllll(lll!lllllllllllllililllllll[llillllllllliilllllK- 1802 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 expense. How many teams a truck will replace depends on the hauling conditions, length of haul and many other factors; but take this one in- stance of a motor truck and trailer, hauling on a two-mile plank road, handling 30,000 to 40,000 feet a day at a cost of approximately $18, in-, eluding driver's wages, depreciation, interest on investment, taxes, gaso- line, tires, oil, etc. What would it cost with horses? The motor truck is unquestionably the new and big factor in logging. With a Forester in Armenia "The people out here grow Lom- bardy poplar as a timber tree. Little groves of it or now and then fair-sized patches is the nearest they come to forests. Most of it is grown in long rows along irrigation ditches. They trim it off along the trunk so that it develops into a very tall, thin tree. They use these poles as rafters, etc., in their mud houses. The really great need here is fuel wood. The people use manure cakes in their fires almost entirely, as only the wealthy can afford wood to burn. Twenty dollars (about) was the price I heard quoted for one cord. Except along the few river beds where willows, wild olive, and as far as I have seen, nothing else grow, this is a treeless country. In fact, the location of the villages is noticed by the presence of trees, which are on irrigated soil. My belief is that this is due to lack of enough water or to poor distribution of rainfall. "Now, to get down to what can be tried out here. I have some Western yellow pine seed, and some Douglas fir. But it strikes me that some of the real desert trees of America, such as the mesquite, the Palo Verde, and especially the eucalyptus, might do well here. Also I am anxious to try out some of the dry site conifers such as the jack pine, all four of the nut pines, and any other extreme drought resisting species. It also seems to me that the ailanthus should do well on some sites here and make a welcome shade tree. Then the thought comes to me that there may be a number of Australian species which might ht and perhaps the Aleppo Pine, Pinus halpensis Mill, might be worth trying out. And are there not some very hardy species that grow on the dry veldt in Africa and on the plains of the Argentine? As to the irrigated tracts it seems to me that there are better species than the Lombardy poplar. How about the American Cottonwood? Could you send me a few cuttings or some seed to experi- ment with? "I am writing this, and in fact we are all acting in our work, as if it was a sure thing that nothing in the way of another invasion of this district by the Turks and Kurds was going to take place. In reality we are always living on a powder mine here. There are some fifteen thousand refugees in Urumia and all around us thousands more. Three thousand fresh ones came in a little south of here about two weeks ago. Many of them were really almost naked and the poverty, famine, want and horror of it all make your heart ache. I am glad I came out to do what I could. This winter is going to be the worst that ever struck this region. Just at present it is summer and so warm that the poor people do not need clothes much. Also they manage to scrape up enough to keep alive, but when the cold starts in there will be the most terrible want that you can think of. I assure you that when you have a small mob of 50 Gilu, Kurdish and Syrian men, women and little child- ren pressing around you, filthy, dirty, covered with sores, haggard and gaunt and all of them crying out for any- thing at all to eat, it makes you feel pretty hard toward the plenty of the United States and the way they are not making use of it. Why, one night's expenditures on wine, women and song along Broadway would save Canadian Forestrij Journal, Julij, 1918 1803 tlie lives of whole nations out here. I thought that I had seen some of the poorest people alive when I saw some of the poor people of the Xcw York shims and the poor whiles of the South, but they are bloated bond- holders compared to these refugees. From ''American Forestry.'''' The Problem in Abitibi Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief of the Quebec Forest Service, who recently took control of the fire protection work in that province stated recently to an interviewer of the Quebec Telegraph some interesting facts con- cerning the new fire protective sys- tem in the Abitibi region: "I ^ have recently been to the Abitibi district on the line of the Transcontinental Railway, where I went to orhanize a fire protection service. It is a section comprising a large area of forest property of much value, and at the same time a rich agricultural centre. The land is extremely suited for agriculture and settlers are going there in large numbers. The constant rain of last season greatly delayed the settlers from clearance work. So this year they will have to do double the work, and it is expected that they will clear about 20,000 acres, srattered between the Nottaway and La Reine, about one hundred miles in length. "The settlers at Abitibi, are dis- tributed on each side of the Trans- continental Railway, some as far as ten miles apart. The Depart- ment requires that each settler should obtain a permit before burning his slash, as a precaution against forest fires, and the Department will employ ten special rangers during the dangerous season. Besides these precautions the Transcontinental Railway right of way requires a good deal of attention on account of the growth of scrub and grasses, part of the debris that have been accumulated and no^ burned or re- moved. These conditions make ic necessary to acquire and maintain sprinklers that will follow the trains as they pass this section to extin- guish any fires that may be started by the sparks from each train. "In addition to these sprinklers special pumps with adequate equip- ment will be installed along the line of railway, and distributed at various gi-en points at combat fire. It will mean a big expense, but the Government desires to protect the settlers' lives, as well as their prop- erty, and prevent a repetition of the terrible calamity at Cochrane two years ago, when two hundred miles of timber limits were burned, and 220 lives lost in the flames, that swept out of existence villages, and caused such dire results generally. "The Transcontinental Railway authorities have promised the Que- bec Government to assist in this matter of expense and protection, because they are also interested, especially in the welfare of the coun- try, or section of the railroad which has and is giving the railway a heavy and lucrative business, in both the passenger and freight bran- ches of the service, and as the rail- way officials admit, much more than they ever expected. "The forest fire protection service as merged with great success by the several protective associations or- ganized by the lumbermen of the Province is such that the gross re- sults in a general way, is far ahead of all other Provinces in the Dominion. The people of this Pro- vince have come to realize more than alsewhere, what forest fires mean as a medium of destruction to them- selves as well as the Province, and the Government on this account ob- tains more co-operation from the people than any other Province in the Dominion. But this does not prevent forest fires continuing, until a proper system of education in regard to the settlers is practically placed before them, that will cause even more precautions against forest fires. 1804 Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 The Motor Cycle and Side Car have been found to do good work in the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association Territory. FORESTRY IS FORESIGHT There is urgent need for a definite stock-taking of the commercial tim- ber and pulpwood now available. Mathematical accuracy is not essen- tial, but sufficient cruising and gath- ering of data should be completed to permit of reliable estimates being made, much work has already been done by the Commission of Conserv- ation in British Columbia. Similar work will be done m Ontario, as soon as the funds are available and the necessary organization has been com- pleted. Then, too, the provincial government of New Brunswick is engaged in making such a survey. As yet, however, only a partial me- thodical stock-taking has been made of the available pulpwood supplies of Quebec. Quebec has, however, the most important pulpwood area in Canada. The transportation fa- cilities of the province, both nat- ural and artificial, are excellent for the delivery of pulpwood and pulp- wood products on the important markets in America and England. Much additional information as to the amount, distribution and accessibility of these pulpwood areas should be ascertained. Then, mea- surements of each tree in typical areas set apart for that purpose, should be made from time to time to ascer- tain the natural annual increase in diameter under normal conditions in the forest. This information would make possible a close estimate of the probable duration of the supply. But unless there is a replacement of the trees removed, it is obvious that the supply can only last for one generation of trees. In a study of a limited area in the St. Maurice valley, Dr. Howe found that balsam and hardwoods predominate in the new growths, and that spruce and pine are being steadily and surely depleted. By practising scientific forestry and by discovering means for utilizing the hardwood forests profitably, much may be done to correct this defect. However, to improve upon nature, it is necessary to know how nature acts and reacts upon the thing we wish to improve. Thus fur, no determined and sustain- ed efforts have been made in Canada to get such data in regard io forests. It will be essential to discard the trust-to-luck-and-to-nalure policy and substitute therefore a policy based on knowledge obtained by scientific studies of conditions. Canadian Foresirij Journal, July, ]f)18 1805 TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hi^rcly Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowest Prices. Native and Foreiftn Tree Seeds EDYE-DE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M, Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. + . 4. Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over '^ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co., Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, HI., U.S.A. •Ian 111. i>ii 1.1 ID '• "I" Try This Stump Puller^ ,_^ #*___. m%S—.M, Ih* Smith Stump Puller aW %MUF muMSn win take out every tree and stump by the roots, clearing from ooe to three acres a day, doing the work of t yon to send for our 3 year Boaran tee aeainst breakage and free trial proposifion Add W. Smith Grnbber Co. ] I Smith Sta. LaCreacent. Minn _. 4. YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven. Connecticut, U.S.A. VTAI-K University Forest School is a * graduate tlcparlment of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United Slates and exceeds any other in the nuinler of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestrj' is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wUl warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry' are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY. Director New Haven - Connecticut »' " ■- (Baqmnt & iJJnrtBsrttr Lumber Contractors Timber land Cruisers Forest Industries CHICOUTIMI, P.O. ! 4. .I——— , ■_■ j. LT.-COL. L. J. D. MARQUIS Fores! Enjineer and Mem. Can. Soc. of F.E.- Quebec Assic. of F.E; Former Mem. Que. F. Service Forest Cruising and Mapping Timber Factors and Logging Costs Facts on Forest Growth and Future Products 90 LOCKWELL AVENUE, - - QUEBEC R. R. BRADLEY Forest Engineer and Mem Can. Soc. of F. E. Consulting Forester to the New Bruns- wick Railway Co. Timber and Pulpwood Estimates. Forest Maps. Advice on the Management of' Wood Lands. Timber lands listed for sale. GLOBE ATLANTIC BUILDING, ST. JOHN, N.B. ! Or P. O. Box No. 5, QTTAWA, Ont. | PHILLIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Timber Estimating and Mapping. Supervision of Lumber Contracts. Surveying. Forest Planting. STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. 1806 C(in(i(/i(in Fof'slrij Journal, Juhj, 1918 Courtesy "Canadian Lumberman'! CANADIAN FORESTRY CORPS FOOTBALL TEAM AT CATFORD, ENGLAND The Canadian Y.M.C.A. with the Overseas Military Forces of Canada is conducting a big work, for the men of the Canadian Forestry Corps in Great Britain and France. Here and there in the romantic old forests of England, up among the Highlands far north in Scotland and in the for- ests of France, are located camps of Canadian lumbermen in khaki. Within the confines of the city of London at CaLford, is one of these sUviions of the Canadian Forestry Corps, which is served by the men of the Red Triangle. At Catford no timber cutting is done, the camp being used for the setting up and assembling of the mills which event- ually find their way into the outlying forests, where cutting is in progress. The Y.M.C.A. centre at Catford is styled "The Canadian Forestry Club," and is carrying on a useful work in a social way, for the men stationed there. STEEL BUNKS FOR CAMPS Included in the well-known line of DENNISTEEL factory, hospital, ciimp and ship equipment is the all-steel sanitary hunk illustrated. Take up very little room, are comfortable, hygienic and practi- cally indestructible — a permanent investment. Write for particulars and folders on any of the following lines: Steel Lockers, Bins, Cabinets, Chairs, Stools, Etc. Standardized Steel Shelving (knock-down system). Steel Hospital Equipment. General Builders' Iron-work. Ornamental Bronze, Iron and Wirework. Wirework of every description. The Dennis Wire and Iron Works Co. Limited LO IM D OM C AfNJ AOA Halifax Montreal Ottawa Toronto Winnineii Vancouver Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1918 1807 >+ +> CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO — . + MINIATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOi S — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY -. — 4. R. O. SWEEZEY (B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E.) CONSULTING ENGINEER. Water Powers. Timber Lands. Financing Forest Industries. 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. ♦ ♦• QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO jEO. y. chown. Registrar. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construe- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical anil Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. -* ♦> Cut The Cost of Forest Protection The best communication system for forest protection work is C & W wireless. Why ? Because it is the most reliable and cheapest. Every C & W Wireless set is built for the hardest kind of service for a period of from ten to twenty years. It operates on a new patented principle with a gap voltage of 200 volts as against 8000 to 20C00 volts in the old style apparatus. This means the elimination of heavy, cumbersome and expens've insulation, and a factor of safety of ten as against one and a half in the old style radio sets. Because of its extreme simplicity of construction, the initial cost of a C & W set is actually less than that of any other radio set of the same size in the world. It is so small and compact that it may be installed on an ordinary 219x4 foot table. Once installed, the up-keep cost is negligible, because C & W sets can't break down. May we help you solve your problem? Send us complete information and our engineers will give you their best service. Cutting & Washington, Inc. 1083 Little Building - BOSTON, Mass. m.: Canadian forestry Journal Vol. XIII AUGUST, 1918 No. 8 INIV CUTTING B. C. SPRUCE FOR AEROPLANE MANUFACTURE TENTS IN EVERY STYLE May be had made up of the celebrated Write for Samples and Prices. The Woods Manufacturing Co., Ltd. ' FORMERLY SMART-WOODS, LTD. OTTAWA - TORONTO - MONTREAL - WINNIPEG FOREST TELEPHONES Make the life of the forester belter worth living. They relieve hini from the appalling loneliness. They help him to keep in human voice touch with foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire — sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the Office nearest you. Horthertt E/ectr/c Comparty Montreal Halifax Ottawa LIMITED Toronto Regina London Calgary Winnipeg Vancouver "^-^-^JX. ^Northern ^Etectric^Forest-TeUfihones- L „.______ ^ K, r^.',.., •'...r: :.1,-; i ,..^„:J Canadian Forestry Journal CIRCULATION 6800 COPIES MONTHLY ROBSON BLACK. Editor. Vol. XIV. WOODSTOCK ONT., AUGUST, 1918 No. 8 CONTENTS FOR AUGUST GROW TREES FOR AEROPLANE BUILDING. By Elhvood Wilson. B. C. BUYS FLYING BOAT FOR FIRE PATROL. SCOTLAND READY FOR FORESTRY ADVANCEMENT. NOVA SCOTIAS STAKE IN FORESTRY. A CHALLENGE TO NOVA SCOTIA. DEMARCATION PROMOTES SETTLEMENT. EXHIBITION COACH TO TOUR THE EAST. ITALY ON THIN EDGE OF FOREST SUPPLY. DO PRIVATE WOODLANDS PAY? SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION HOLDS THE KEY TO CANADA'S FUTURE. CO-OPERATION AND ITS BENEFICENT RESULTS. THE FOREST POSSESSIONS OF SPAIN TANK CARS IN FIGHTING FIRES. ENGLAND'S FORESTS SACRIFICED TO WAR. CONQUERORS EXPLOIT RUSSIAN FORESTS. AN EMPIRE PARTNERSHIP IN FORESTRY. GREAT TIMBER WEALTH OF SOUTH AMERICA. THE FORESTS OF NEW ZEALAND. BRITISH GUIANA'S TIMBER RICHES. THE SECOND CROP OF PULPWOOD. The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Communications tq THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post Office at Woodstock, Ont., as second-class matter. ■ ■ ^— — ' ' — ♦ 1812 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 191S !/3 « 5 '^ I. » — h O - r J s S £ 2!" o o b b a^ :« ^ •s 2 " 0 EQ o u ^ ± o ffl » a j: ■on « 3 Z Canadian Forestry Journal, Aui/ust, li)lS 1813 Grow Trees For Aeroplane Building By Elliuood Wilson, Chief Forester of The Laurentide Co., Grand Mere, P. Q., and Member of Staff of Imperial Munitions Board. The necessity for getting all the spruce possible for the construction of aeroplanes for all of the Allies has compelled an investigation of all the possible sources of supply. Before the war most of the factories in the United States demanded spruce from West Virginia or the east, New England, and were not at all desirous of using Western spruce. Germany was buying up all the supplies of eastern spruce possible and it is on record that when a car of western spruce was in- cluded in a shipment, the German inspector refused it, on the ground that it was western spruce. When the war broke out, it was realized that large amounts of long, clear spruce could be most readily obtained from the huge trees of the west coast and every effort was and is stdl being made to exploit this source of supply. Eastern spruce, best in quality. The Forest Service of the United States, immediately, on the entry of that country into the war, made a careful study, with most practical and elaborate tests, of all the possible woods which might enter into aeroplane construction. These tests showed conclusively that there is no superiority of one kind of spruce over another, that the value of wood is dependent altogether on its density and straightness of grain. Eastern and western spruce with the same number of rings per inch and the same air-dry weight are of equal value. Speaking broadly, eastern, spruce is a little better than western because it is slower of growth and therefore has more rings per inch. Since the western trees are very much larger it is possible to get longer and larger pieces of clear material out of them and these work up easier in the factory and consequently are preferred. At first this entailed a large waste as the factories took these long clear pieces and cut them up for the short parts. This source of waste has been reduced but not yet as much as it should be. Only one in a thousand pulp logs is useful. The great difficulty with eastern spruce is that it is very difficult to get long lengths and large pieces which are clear. As it grows naturally in the forest, the shade may not have been sufficiently dense during the early years of the tree to kill the lower branches, causing them to be shed. Consequently as the tree continues to grow the branches are gradually incased w'th new wood and cause knots. As the tree increases in size, these old short branches become entirely inclosed and a layer of perfectly clear wood is laid on. In Quebec spruce, for instance, this clear layer, rarely exceeds two inches in thickness for any length worth while. A careful estimate shows that about one log in one thousand of the run as cut for the pulp mills will contain sufl'i- cient aeroplane material to make it worth cutting up, that is, under present factory specifications. Of the spruce sawed up by mills manufacturing lumber from 13/2 to 2% of the total cut may make aeroplane stock. Factories demand easiest worked woods. The great difficulty at present is this: — The Allies need every cub'c ''nch of spruce stock which they can obtain. The Aeronautical Board in the United States is short of spruce as is also the French Government. The British 1814 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 191S Government is said to have sufficient material for the immediate future. The factories, naturally wishing to operate at a profit, and with as little trouble as possible, are demanding material which is the easiest to handle, i.e., long and large clear lengths. They are disinclined and in fact refuse to accept, short lengths which could be laminated in various ways and would be stronger and lighter than solid beams. They will not accept material which contains small knots or other minor defects, although some of the buying specifications allow them, and although careful tests show that such material could be used with perfect safety. To sum uo the situation briefly, the factories, and therefore the purchasing agents, act as though all they had to do w^as to demand the kind of spruce that is easiest to use regardless of the available supply, the amount wasted in cutting up, or the way in which the trees grow. There ^s not proper co-ordination between the producing and the consuming ends of the business. Grow Trees Especially for Aeroplanes. Everyone who stops to think, knows that the spruce, whether eastern or western, did not grow in ten years nor in one hundred. The supply available is known very closely. We shall want aeroplanes just as much or more after the war is over, and it is only common sense and good business to use our supplies with the greatest care possible to avoid waste and still turn out perfect mach- ines. By proper spacing in planting and care to preserve the proper density of stand, we shall be able to plant spruce especially for aeroplane stock and ensure a supply for the future, but there should be no delay in commencing. The United States Navy are utilizing eastern spruce and are not only obtaining enough for their own requirements but are supplying the British ^^'ar Mission. They are well organized and are handling the thing in a busi- ness-like way and '"man-fashion" and an arrangement has been entered into b>" which they will extend their operations in Canada and get what they can in the east, supplying what is needed to the Imperial Government. This has been arrived at by the closest co-operation between the Imperial Munitions Board, The British War Mission and the United States Xavy, and will do away with competition and useless duplication of effort and overhead charges ''Forest Conservation in Canada/' says the Forestry sub-committee of the British Reconstruction Commit- tee, 'Us an Imperial Question of the first magnitude which deserves im- mediate attention/' Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 1815 B. C. Buys Flying Boat for Fire Patrol First Official Experiment in Use of Planes for Forest Protection In line with the decision announced to be especially within the province of some time ago to improve the system an air patrol. The idea has been of forest protection, the British sei/ed upon by British Columbia, and Columbia Government has contracted will within a month or two be put with the Hoffar Motor Boat Company, into operation. of Vancouver, for the construction of At first it was thought possible to a patrol flying boat to be utilized for arrange with the Imperial Govern- forest patrol. ment for the leasing a machine from Some two years ago this up-to-date the naval force, one of the obsolete method of forest protection was the hydroplanes. But this idea has been subject of discussion at a gathering abandoned in favor of the purchase of Northwest lumbermen at Portland, of a flying boat type, which will be and the idea of an air force of fire better adapted to the purpose. The wardens was strongly advocated as machine contemplated will carry the both practical, economical and effici- pilot and one fire warden, it will have ent. The great stretch of country a wing spread of forty-two feet, and that an airship could keep guard over, chord of five feet will develop 100 and the ability to distinguish the horse-power, and have a speed of first beginnings of fire, and rapidly seventy-eight miles per hour, and a get help to the spot to prevent its climbing capacity of about 3,000 feet spread, were factors that appeared in ten minutes. Scotland Ready for Forestry Advancement That Scotland has been aroused by the experience of war time to the pressing necessity of national forestry policies is indicated by the following letter: West of Scotland Agriculture College, Department of Forestry, Glasgow, Scotland. To the Secretary, Canadian Forestry Association, Ottawa, Can. Dear Sir; I should like to indicate to you that for some time past in the West of Scotland here we have been very much interested in the development of the Canadian Forestry Association. As you are aware we have no analogous Association in Scotland, but there is a feeling at present that such an Associa- tion should be formed, and I had thought that you might be able to assist us with suggestions and advice regarding the formation of such. I may say that a very keen interest in the development of Forestry is being shown by business people in the West of Scotland here, and we should value very much any advice sent us. Yours faithfully, (signed) G. P. Gordon. 18l() Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 19J8- Courtesy Commission of Conservation. A Pure Stand of White Pine in Nova Scotia, supposed to have Started after a Fire in 1830. Second Growth White Pine is of the Most Common Occurence in Queens and Shelburne ('ounties, N'.S. Canadian Forcstri/ Journal, Aiu/ust, 1918 1817 Nova Scotia's Stake in Forestry By Dr. B. E. Fernow, in ''Forest Condilions in Xova Scotia.'" "Fully two thirds of the area of the Province consists of non-agricultural land covered with forest growth or not fit for any other use than timber grow- ing. This forest resource which furnishes not less than four to five million dollars in value of product annually is in danger of exhaustion within the next two decades." "The actual green forest area consisting of some five million acres and stated as occupying 52.5 per cent, of the area of the Province must, on the other hand be increased by the potential 5 per cent, of recently burned area and by nearly 12 per cent, of the better class barrens which can eventually be reforested so that the actual or potential forest area may be set down as representing 70 per cent, of the total land area. The balance, some 10 per cent, is hopelessly barren. This is a rather small percentage for waste land and only conservative treatment of the woodland area, protection against fire, and recuperative measures in the old burns and hopeful barrens will keep it there." "Less than 100,000 acres of virgin or semi-virgin timber remain and altogether not over 1,400,000 acres, one quarter of the green forest area, are furnishing the log supply of the present mills. Of the green forest area, pure hardwood forest is represented by less than 7 per cent, and pure coniferous growth by 20 per cent, the bulk of the forest, namely 73 pet cent, being of mixed type. A Challenge to Nova Scotia By the Editor of the Halifax ''Echo'' Conservation of natural resources that will go far to doing the same has been much talked of during the work that a host of rangers might do. last decade, but it cannot be said It matters not in which direction that here in Nova Scotia there has one turns, the lesson is again and been enough public interest in the again borne in upon us that the matter to give us any material ad- greatest drawback to development vantage. However, it is hardly to be in this province is an active, en- expected that a country that wastes lightened, widespread public spirit, its infant life through carelessness Every avoidable forest fire is not and indifference would be particular- merely a severe loss to the country ly interested in protecting its forests at present and for the future, but it and other resources. Yet the is in itself an accusation against our loss is almost immeasurable. people's lack of public conscious- Unquestionably, it is impossible ness. We are too apt to think in that a small province like Nova terms of our individual interests. Scotia with a limited income, could Community interests apparently have provide forest rangers enough to as- little weight with us, and that can sure the protection and preserva- only come from failure to think in tion of the forest, but it does come community terms. Public schools, within the limits of possibilities to churches, institutes, and all other reate a widespread public sentiment clubs and organizations should band 1818 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 IN NOVA SCOTIA'S NO-MAN'S-LAND A Characteristic Barren of the Sandy or Gravelly Soils. Burned in 1878 — • No Reproduction of Commercial Trees. together for a complete campaign of public education. Perhaps no or- ganization has such heavy respon- sibilities laid upon it as the church, because while many communities may be without any other organization it is difficult to find one that has absolutely no Church life. There should also be concerted effort on the part of the authorities, provincial and local, to create in the minds of every Nova Scotian, without regard to age or sex, that proper attitude toward public affairs, \\'ithout which the Province can never hope to attain its full development. Demarcation Promotes Settlement It has been often thought that there is antagonism between settle- ment and forest demarcation. There is really no more antagonism between them than between two banking accounts in the same bank. If the bank is so badly conducted as not to keep these iwo accounts clear, the depositors cannot be blamed for taking each what he best can in the general confusion! But that is a poor bank in which to place one's confidence. Such a bank represents the country with no forest demarca- tion. All through Australia I have seen failure amongst forest settlers, dumped down without discrimina- tion on ground which should have formed part of the national forest estates of the country, while what Australia is going to lose in the con- fusion we can get a glimpse of in the estimate of 588,000,000 pounds ster- ling as the loss through bad P'orestry during the next 30 years. (Z). E. Hutchins, late Conservator of Forests, South Africa.) *- ■ •— ^''- ^ ■" "V The Kaiser's right-hand man is abroad in Canada. His name is "The Unextinguished Camp Fire " Watch for Him! Don't be his partner! Canadian Forcstri/ Journal, August, 191S 1819 -gnrrJlTTTTw E^:ZD Bii^ZIl iMk^ B2D EtZD bkk^l LQVAL CITIZEN TO GUAOD THt FORESTS FgOfc< FIBR Canadian Forest by Asscx:iation Exhibition Cak. CntTtainin^ Lectures - Novel Exhibits - Motion Pictures dng when they have been deliberately spoiled so as to attain some other object. Again, in times of stress upon an estate it is generally the woods that pay, and the exactment of this payment is not always done scientifically. No one has the right to view such misman- agement and say, "I'm sure my woods don't pay"; the blame lies \\ith them- selves. One result of the non-paying impression has been that there has been no definite trial on any scale to make forestry pay, and it is cer- tainly more by the fortunes of war than" by anything else that our tim- ber, both old and young, is paying so well to-day. Forestry in our country and in our varied climate is distinctly a pro- fession in which hope plays a large part, but we nearly always find that with right treatment and judgment this hope is ver\^ often justified. We are now receiving a chance for im- provement that may never be pos- sible again if we allow it to pass by. On the other hand, if it be taken we can snap our fingers at foreign competition. We would have the timber, and not only that, but a very superior and more durable class of timber than any that could be supplied from abroad. We will have many difficulties to surmount, and we may make some serious mistakes but we gain the best experience from such tuition. Let us then go for- ward to our planting and regenera- tion in a large, a very large spirit of zeal, hope and trust, and without fail we shall not be disappointed in results. LUMBERMEN AND PUBLIC WEAL Commenting aptly upon the re- cent formation of the "New Bruns- wick Lumberman's Association" the Fredericton Gleaner says: "It is unnecessary to dilate upon the importance of the lumber industry in this province; everybody fully realizes that next to agriculture, it is the greatest industry we have, both in the amount of capital involved, the returns it brings in, and the wages paid to those engaged in it. Under such circumstances, while the improvement of the conditions sur- rounding the industry is actually of most immediate consequence to those actively engaged in it, at the same time its ramifications extend in many directions, and the welfare of so many people depends to a greater or less extent upon its prosperity, that it becomes more or less a matter of pubhc interest to see that the best is made of it. There never was a time when the conservation of our forest resources was of greater moment than is the case at present, and their waste in every form should be reduced to the lowest possible scale, and if it is not practicable to quit, cut it out alto- gether. Because our forest wealth has been given to us freely by Na- ture without any effort on our own part, we have been prone to treat it as an asset which we might be as careless of as we pleased. Because we don't have to plant before we can reap, in the case of our t'mber crop, we have never troubled to look very far ahead in the matter of future years' supplies. When one partic- ular district has been stripped of its trees, we have simply moved on further afield, and gathered in our year's cut elsewhere, without stop- ping to realize that such a plan of operations could not go on for ever. Canadian Foreslrij Journal, August, 1918 1821 Scientific Investigation Holds The Key to Canada's Future To Stop Exportation of Raw Materials Demands Great- er Faith in the Laboratory and Less in the Bank Loan In current discussions of afler- t he-war industrial development in Canada a new and hopeful note is sounding: — that no permanent pro- gress can be looked for until technical education and scientific research are more liberally provided for in our educational systems, and government policies. The newly-formed Cana- dian Industrial Reconstruction As- sociation emphasi7;es these needs in Canadian life very plainly. The Canadian Manufacturers' Associa- tion also seems clearly apprised of the demand for a closer alliance with scientific effort. In a recent publica- tion of the Canadian Railway War Board, the striking discrepancies be- tween the value of many Canadian products at the time of export and their value in the form in which they reach the consumer is vigorously underlined, although the War Board declines to launch into a discussion of causes and confines itself to arousing national pride of manufacturers. The bulletin discusses the handicaps under which Canada must pursue her way until to the raw materials, so abundantly allowed to us by Nature, is added a greater degree of labor, skill and art. The point is illustrated by the following: Raw eggs and icing. "Raw material is the white of an egg. A housekeeper adds labor and makes it white froth — adds labor with skill and it becomes a stiff white froth." "Employs, with her labor and skill, art — in putting into the dish first, the right amount of sugar and flavor — and creates a stiff, white highly-palatable material for icing a cake." "There is nothing new m this. "Her raw material is worth one cent. "Plus labor — two cents. "Plus labor and skill — five cents. "Plus labor, skill and art — twenty cents. "So with all industry." "Yet Canada sells rough stone for grind-stones at $5.00 a ton and buys foreign-made grindstones at $100.00 a ton. "Sells "fine copper in ore, matte or regulus" for 11.9 cents a pound and buys it back in ingots at 19.2 cents a pound; in strips, sheets or plates (unpolished at 22.8 cents a pound; in straight tubing at 28.6 cents a pound; in trolling spoons at $2.00 a pound; in cornets for the band at, say, five! "Sells wheat at 1.8 cents a pound, when she could get 2.5 cents a pound for it as wheat flour. And buys it back in the form of unsweetened biscuits at 7.2 cents a pound! "Sells a carload of pulp-wood for a six-gross carton of American tooth-paste! "A train-load of nickel matte from Sudbury for two cars of medium priced automobiles!" The Railway War Board econ- omist, however, might have contin- ued his interesting lesson to inform Canadian capitalists that advanced industrial processes are not set up by the mere construction of mill walls and the hiring of a staff. The suc- cess of scores of famous corporations all the world over may be traced back to the laboratories which in their own unadvertised corner apply scientific calculation to a thousand problems of industrial management. Canada has yet no reason to plume herself upon the amount of official 1822 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 encoiiraijement or public approi)ria- tions direrled towards research work. The best that parliament could do at its last session was to try to make a jest of the Dominion Honorary Council for Industrial and Scientific Research, and to slice down its ap- propriation to a f}uite insufficient minimum. So we find in many fields that while the outside world has left many branches of our nation- al activities far behind, banquet orators, purporting to represent im- portant industries, insist on glorify- ing the "practical" man and deriding the expert who attempts to get behind phenomena. The Brown Corporation. Excellent examples of the profitable conser|uences of industrial research have come to hand in a list of in- dustries which have sprung from the original sawmill founded by the fath- er of the present owners of the Brown Corporation of Berlin Mills, N. H., and La Tuque, Que. The sons of the original owner began business and might have continued to old age with the initial equipment. They preferred, however, to take advan- tage of modern processes and market demands, and soon built up a group of mills for ground-wood pulp, sulphite pulp and kraft pulp. Here again, one might have expected the "practical" paper maker to limit his operations. Through the em- ployment of a group of chemists, one of whom is said to receive a larger salarij than is paid to the entire staff of the Dominion Forest Products Laboratories at Montreal, the waste materials of the mills were so utilized as eventually to establish a series of important in- dustries maintained upon the other- wise wasted by-products. The fol- lowing list shows in proper sequence some of the products derived in commercial quantities from what would ordinarily have been poured into the rivers or thrown on the mill- dump Lumber Ground Wood Pulp Sulphite Pulp Kraft Pulp Kraft ]iipe Caustic Soda Chlorine Bleaching Powder Chloroform Carbon Tetra Chloride. Sulphur Chlorides Hydrochloric Acid Acetone Acetic Anhvdride "Kream Krisp" from Peanut Oil a cooking preparation. Carbon bisulphide Alcohol hydrolysis Oxalic Acid Bark for fuel Slabs and Edgings for pulp Cottrell processon sulphate fumes. Leaving the Sawmill behind. Years ago the saw-mill was the whole business with lumber as the only product. As water power was available, the manufacture of ground- wood pulp was taken up. The more technical process of sulphite pulp manufacture followed later and has expanded into the largest sulphite pulp mill in the world. In recent years the new Kraft Pulp process was started in the company's Cana- dian holdings at La Tuque, Que. Most of this strong pulp is used for the thin brown wrapping paper which is so widely used at the present time. An interesting development is the manufacture-of Kraft pipe made by reeling a wet sheet of paper into a core, drying and impregnating with asphaltum. This pipe is water-proof, strong, resistant to many chemicals and takes a thread like ordinary iron pipe. For the bleaching of sulphite pulp, large quantities of bleaching powder are needed. It was not long before the company undertook to make its own bleach by the electrolysis of com- mon salt. This operation gives chlorine which forms bleaching pow- der solution with milk of lime, caustic soda which always finds a ready mar- ket and hydrogen gas which is usually a waste product. Chloroform secured. In order to keep up the efficiency of the cells it was found necessarv to Canadian Foreslri/ Journal, August, WIS 1823 run continuously and this gave s])aie clilorine at intervals to be disposed of. In looking for processes Nvhich would take care of this surplus chlorine gas, several by-product industries were started. Chloroform was made by treating acetone with chlorine under certain conditions. Instead of buy- ing acetone, the company finally bought acetate of lime as raw mater- ial and made acetone by destructive distillation. Carbon tetrachloride is closely related to chloroform and was soon another by-product. As the sulphite mill had plenty of sulphur, the manufacture of sulphur chlorides was started. These are the ordinary chemicals used in making acetic anhydride from sodium acetate, and it was a simple step to convert acetate of lime into sodium acetate for treating with sulphur chloride to give acetic anhydride, now so much in demand for manufacture of cellulose acetate for airplane "dope." '' Kream Krisp'" All this time there was the loss of hydrogen gas from the cells. By bringing the hydrogen and part of the chlorine ga.s together in a com- bustion chamber and lighting a match, the hydrogen and chlorine i)urned one in the other to form hydrochloric acid, and the mixture has now been burning several years, with practically no attention, to form hydrochloric acid, which is one of the commonest and most important acids on the market. The widely advertised and highly nutritious lard substitutes are made by treating refined vegetable oils with hydrogen to form a harder fat of exactly the same composition as the main fat in lard. The company undertook to use up some of its waste hydrogen by combining with peanut oil and the well-known " Kream Krisp'' of the Brown Company is now a standard by-product. Not content to buy prepared peanut oil, the company bought peanuts and made its own oil. ^ With water power and sulphur to spare, the electrochemical conversion of coke and sulphur into carbon disulphide was added to the list of by-product industries. To make grain Alcohol. There is now some talk of making grain alcohol (ethyl alcohol) from finely divided saw-mill waste by an improved process of heating the wood under steam pressure with mineral acid to form sugars by the breaking- down action known as "hydrolysis," and then extracting the sugars for fermentation into alcohol. It is claimed that oxalic acid can be made from the woody residue in the digester. As a further example of careful attention to details, the company puts all its bark through a hydraulic press for use as fuel. Slabs from the saw- mill are barked in rotating "tumbling barrels" and the clean wood is then chipped for use in making sulphite pulp. Even the edgings are freed from bark by a hand operation of holding against a rotating drum set with knives and this material also goes into chips for the sulphite mill, in the kraft process the spent sul- phate Hcjuor always has to be evapor- ated and burned to recover the alkali, and the company has adopted the Cottrell process of electric percip- itation of fumes from the incinerator to recover some alkali that would otherwise be blown oirt to waste. How it came about. All this complication of manu- facture did not develop from the original saw-mill without careful study, technical skill, and financial courage on the part of the men in control of the company. At the same time there is hardly any- thing strictly original with the company in the whole Ust of by- products. What was necessary was an intelligent knowledge of the possibilities and painstaking experimental work to adapt eafch desired process to the company's own conditions. This has required first-class technical men with im- agination and patience, as well as libera) advances of money by the company for experimental and development work. It is said that the number of dollars now spent by the company each year on re- 1824 Canadian Forestry Journal, Atigust, 1918 search work runs into six figures. This practical example of what one lumber company in America has done should show not only the possibilities for a country like Canada, but should also make the lumberman realize the broad field which he must enter in order to achieve full efficiency. Canada Cannot Afford This! It is safe to say that this chain of profitable and important industries, which in some departments are mak- ing great contributions to Uncle Sam's need for chemical products, were evolved from a laboratory table. It is unreasonable to contend, there- fore, that the Dominion Government is overlooking the secret of industrial efficiency and commercial expansion when it permits, the staff of the Dominion Forest Products Labora- tories to be picked off by private con- cerns, as is now being done, for lack of an adequate salary standard While the United States Forest Pro- duct Laboratories at Madison, Wis- consin, has had its staff increased to over 300 men during was time, the parallel institution at Montreal has lost most of its handful of technical investigators to private firms. Ger- many, well knowing that industrial mastery had its tap root in Science, has persistently strengthened its research facilities while Canada ap- parently looks to "embargo" devices to supply a trade advantage of equal potency. That may suffice for the Canadian market but will npr carry a shipload of Canadian goods beyond Canadian territory. Co-operation and Its Beneficent Results By Clyde Lavitt Chief Forester, Commission of Conservation. Tke application of the co-operative idea ha^ revph.tionized the whole aspect of forest fire protection, in the province of Quebec. The four co-operative forest protective asso- ciations in that province now furnish protection to more than 44,000,000 acres of forest land, including about 80 per cent, of the Crown timber lands under license. A more recent development is in connection with fire protection along the Canadian Government Railways, long a source of dissatisfaction on the part of timber owners. Under the new arrangement, protection will be furnished the forests along the Transcontinental railway in the Abi- tibi district, between Parent and the Ontario boundary, hitherto af- forded but little protection from fire. At the direction of the Minister of Lands and Forests, and with the co-operation of the Government Rail- ways management, the Quebec Forest Service has arranged for the placing of five power speeders, with two men for each speeder, on the railway between Parent and the Ontario boundary. Worth Saving This is a valuable pulp wood sec- tion, and the hazard is increased by the presence of many settlers, busily engaged in extending their clearings and marketing pulp wood, as w^ell as in cultivating crops on lands already cleared. The danger from these settlers' clearing operations is mini- mized by the presence of some eleven fire rangers between Nottaway and La Reine, who patrol for fires and enforce the provisions of the law which prohibits the setting out of fires without a permit from a forest officer. Three portable fire pumps are to be purchased, with 1,500 feet of linen hose for each. Provision wdll be made at Amos for storage and maintenance of all this equip- ment. Canadian Forestry Journal, Auyusl, 1918 1825 Watching Engine Equipment Another valuable development is the granting of authority, by the Government Railways management for the Quebec Forest Service to inspect fire protective appliances on their engines operating in forest sections in that province. The For- est Service has a special inspector for this line of work, who will now divide his time between the Government Railways in Quebec and the lines of railway subject to the jurisdiction of the Railway Commission, as well as lines holding provincial charters. This outside inspection has been found by experience in Quebec and elsewhere to be of very great value in preventing the occurrence of fires due to railway couses. The Government Railways man- agement is also co-operating with the St. Maurice and Southern St. Law- rence Forest Productive Associations in maintaining a special fire patrol through forest sections between Par- ent and Quebec, and between Quebec and the New Brunswick boundary, respectively. For right of way clearing to reduce the fire hazard, the Government Railways have employed an extra gang of 22 Indians to cut brush and dispose of inflammable debris between Parent and La Tuque. Labor is so scarce in that district that the hiring of the Indians was the only way to get the work done. These developments, taken in con- nection with those of a similar char- acter in New Brunswick and Ontario, show conclusively that the Govern- ment Railways Management is taking a much more active interst in forest fire protection than was ever the case in previous years. The Forest Possessions of Spain The Forest Possessions of Spain. According to the data obtained for the year 1913-1914, the forests de- clared of public utility, w'hich depend on the Ministry of the "Fomento," cover in Spain and the neighbouring islands an area of 11,886,349 acres, 29,888 acres less than in the year 1912-1913 due to a rectification of the boun- daries. These figures include 609,379 acres (i.e., a little more than 5% belonging to the State, 11,261,746 acres belonging to communes, and 15,224 acres belonging to other public bodies. Of the total area, 1,020,304 acres (i.e., 8% of the acreage of public forests) are being divided up for cutting and 288,891 acres of mountain land are being regenerated and replanted. The various kinds of trees found in the forests are distributed as follows: 5,263,223 acres of full-grow^n pine, oak and beech; 3,088,860 acres of brushw^ood and pasture land. The income from these forests is estimated at $412,247 (at par). The forests, with fertile lands, are the great pillar of Canada's commercial existence. If the Kaiser can witness the ruin of our national foundations by our own indifference, why should he go to the expense of employing secret propagandists and T.N.T. kulturists? "Forest Conservation in Canada," says the British Reconstruction Committee, "is an Imperial question of the first magnitude which deserres immediate attention" ; for Canada now holds the Empire's only timber supply. It is clearly up to Canadians themselves to make this problem their personal concern. The growth of conservation sentiment is outside the zone of Government action. It cannot be done by "passing a law." Each Cana- dian must pass his own law. 1826 Canadian Forestry Journal, Auyiisl, 1UJ8 Tank Cars in Fighting Fires Mechanical equipment has demon- strated its value in controlling forest fires and its use is rapidly increasing, now that labour is scarce and it is often difficult to assemble men promptly to prevent a fire spreading. The upper illustration shows a fire- fighting tank car, equipped with 4,000 ft. of 23/^-in. hose, hose rack and pump, maintained by the Canadian Pacific railway for the control of fires along its lines in the Muskoka dis- trict, Ontario. The lower illustration shows the equipment in actual use at a fire in cutover forest lands, where the debris on the ground constitutes a source of great fire danger. Tank cars and pumping outfits are also in use, to a limited extent, on por- tions of the Grand Trunk, Transcon- tinental and Timiskaming and Nor- thern Ontario railways, and have thoroughly demonstrated their effect- iveness. Portable pumping outfits for forest protection purposes, are used by the Dominion Parks Branch, Dominion Forestry Branch, British Columbia Forestry Branch Ontario Forestry Branch, Canadian Pacific Railway Forestry Branch, and by the St. Maurice, Ottawa River, Laurentide and Southern St. Law- rence Forest Protective Associations. The Last "White Man's Country" British East Africa and German East Africa are probably the last examples of white colonization, in the strict sense of the word, that will take place on this globe, for no more "White man's country" remains. In both these countries there has been a new departure in the settlement of the land. In place of the waste and forest destruction which occurred when the Spaniards colonized Mexico and South America, the Anglo- Saxon, North America, and more re- cently, the British, Australia, forest demarcatiom both in German East Africa and British East Africa was the first step taken in the settlement of the countrv. Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 182" England's Forests Sacrificed to War Nature Wears Another Aspect in the Once Splendidly Wooded Sections. Although the Germans have not set foot in Kngland and the horrors of invasion have been spared the country, nevertheless its natural aspect is undergoing a great change due to the war. The beautiful wood- lands, forests, woods and groves that for centuries have made its landscape of unrivalled beauty are fast disap- pearing under the axes of the Govern- ment's lumbermen. It is only a question of time, according to the report of the forestry sub-committee of the Reconstruction Committee, before the whole of the country's growing timber which is fit for com- mercial use must disappear. Even if every acre felled is replanted, it will be many years before the present output can be repeated. It is estimated that by the summer of this year the Government and the lumber trade will probably be con- verting trees into timber at the rate of 6,000,000 tons per annum, or more than half of our total imports of timber on the last year before the war. Indeed, the need of timber is so great and imperative that it is feared by the end of next year the Govern- ment will have to cut all the remain- ing substantial blocks of mature coniferous timber in the country. And by substantial blocks is meant any patches of any size whatever suitable for cutting. It is only too probable that this destruction of the iDeautiful w^oods of England will have to go on to the bitter end, as the demand for timber is a continuous and compulsory one so long as the war lasts. A Picture of Destruction What it means in a given district is illustrated quite close to London, at Farnham in Surrey, less than forty miles from the capital. This district has been bled almost as much as any in the south, and what has been done is but a foretaste of what must follow. For miles it is hardly i)Ossible to be out of sight of areas which have been completely cleared or are littered with freshly gashed and trimmed trees or of woodlands in which the standing timber is already marked for des- truction. From Crooksbury to Til- ford, to Churt by Frensham and back to Farnham, everywhere is the same picture of destruction; forests cleared except for a shelter belt to protect new saplings, entire woodlands gone save for a few marked trees, trunks, and logs in thousands lying where they fell and awaiting removal. At Blacklake a new camp is being erected for Canadian lumbermen who will cut down the tall red tufted pines and lay bare a great swath of coun- try from the Farnham road across the woods of Waverley and Moor Park to Crooksbury Hill itself. This is just one example of what is going on all over Great Britain, Welsh, Scotch and the Lake country vales, that is, the Vale of Conway and the Vale of Llangollen and certain parts of Cumbria, show the forest loss most because whole mountains have been cleared and the destruction is most apparent on high colmtry. In Devon- shire great areas have been cut down to the north of Exmoor and many other localities, and several companies of the Canadian Forestry Corps are working in the country. In the New Forest there has been a very heaVy cut of the fine old timber. In Bedfordshire, the woodlands of the Duke of Bedford and of Viscount Peel have suffered, tremendously. Virginia Water, Windsor Forest and the Sunningdale region have been cut over by Canadian lumbermen, who are also cutting near \\'el]ington College and Sandhurst, as well as on the South Downs in Eartham Woods. In Suffolk and Norfolk the forests are falling rapidly. Historic seats are not spared. The woods of Beaulieu have been well cut out and the mag. 1828 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 nificent silver firs at Longleat in Wilt- shire, many of them six feet in dia- meter, are falling. From the mag- nificent high forests of Spanish chestnut trees at Welbeck Abbey at least a million feet are^to be cut. The Home of Trees. These details give'but a faint sug- gestion of Avhat is going on from one end of Great Britain to the other. Without having put foot on England the destructive influence of the Germans is seen in the disappearance of its incomparable woodland beau- ties. It has been largely due to its trees and woodlands that England has always ranked among the most beautiful of European countries. Its climate and its extraordinaiy variety of soil have been peculiarly favor- able for the growth of trees in unusual variety. Its freedom from great ex- tremes of heat and cold have made it the home of trees unknown in many parts of northern Europe. In its limited area a greater variety is to be seen than can be observed in immense- ly larger areas on the Continent. In a journey of fifty to eighty miles from London to the Channel one finds hedgerow elms, thorns and oaks of the meadows, silver birches, chestnuts and many conifers of the lower commons; the willows, alders and poplars of the valley: the ancient thorns and hollies of the higher com- mons; the beechwoods of the North Downs; the white bean, yew, juniper and box on the greens and ridges and the forests of mighty Scotch pines, silver firs, larch and the great oaks of the Weald; the conifers and chest- nuts of the Hastings sand forest region, and then the elder, ash and thorn of the eastern end of the South Downs, and the beech, birch, sweet chestnut, ash and mighty yew at their western end. An'd this variety is not only typical of the nearby counties, but more or less of all England, Scotland and Wales. With the exception of certain exotic trees brought here and there, perhaps by the Romans, it is pretty clear that the trees down to the seventeenth century were all native. In that century, the conifers were introduced, and Develyn, the great authority on British forestry, includes in his list the Scotch fir, the only native of the family, the silver fir, the Weymouth pine, the spruce and the larch. In the eighteenth century large plant- ings were made of the larch. This introduction of the larch and other conifers not only added new features to the beauty of the English wood- lands, but also has proved to be as great a resource of England at war as the hearts of oak of old. While most of England's wood- lands had been created primarily for game coverts and landscape ef- fects, state forests were for cen- turies cultivated to meet the needs of the navy. The oak of the Forest of Dean has been known as the best ship timber in the world, and English oak is still the finest for that purpose, while the best of the soft woods, spruce and pine, is second only to the finest woods produced in northern Europe. — New York Sun. Conquerors Exploit Russian Forests The thoroughness with which the Germans have set about to exploit the forests of that part of Russia which they have occupied is made evident in an account published in Traevaru Industrien, written by W. Franz, and translated by the Timber Trades Journal of London. The ac- count says: "We arrived from Warsaw via Brest-Litovsk over the Bug at the Gajnowska station, on the western edge of the extensive and valuable forest, which forms the southwest corner of Lithuania. After a further journey of an hour, we came to Bjelovjerska, a large clearing with three small villages and a hunting- box, formerly belonging to the Tsar. In the building, which is surrounded by a beautiful park, there now re- sides a German militany^ forest admin- Canadian Forestrij Journal, August, 1918 1829 istration, with all the necessary ap- purtenances stocks of materials, work- shops, machinery, etc. — and the duty of this administration is to pro- vide from the contents of the forest all the various productions which are necessary for the war. The long entrenchment warfare demands great quantities of round wood, and also enormous supplies of wood manu- factured in the form of fuel, char- coal, wood wool, wood thread, etc. Wood saves blood is the motlo, and regular and plentiful supplies at the front are therfore considered of the very highest importance. War Prisoners Work "It is very essential work which is here being undertaken; it requires skillful management and powerful arms. In the Bjelovjerska forest department there are about 25 wound ed officers, who, with some hundreds of junior officers and others of lower rank, superintend the work, which is performed by many thousand prisoners of war and the civil popu- lation of the place. The huge forest which covers an area of more than 100,000 hectar, is divided into many inspection districts. At the head of each is a forest expert. To one of these we drove in a hunting carriage. Our lonely way led through the won- derful forest, whose century-old trees sheltered the soldiers of Charles VII and Napoleon. Predominant are un- usually straight-grown pines, yield- ing a wood of excellent quality. About a quarter of the whole forest consists of deciduous trees, among which the oak and the ash are of special interest. As we drive, we feel very thankful that our armies have been successful in capturing and using rationally these enormous stretches of forest, to the great bene- fit of our own native supplies, which can thus be better conserved than would otherwise be the case. On either side of us lie felled the huge giants of the forest. The branches are first lopped off on the spot, and the trunks are then drawn by horses and oxen to the forest railway for transport to the mills. To get out the large trunks by cattle alone would be a work of great difficulty and, considering the need for horses for the army, would be a slow pro- cess. As it is, the locomotives con- vey daily hundreds of trees from the forest, as well as taking the workmen to the more distant parts for felling. Boards for Front Trenches "We take one of these trains, and find ourselves at a sawmill. Before it is the piling place where the logs are collected and sorted before being sawn. For the front are especially needed boards of certain dimen- sions, of which 'unterstande' and shelters are constructed. For this purpose, and in order to utilize the full capacity fo the railways, the saw mills have been erected in the forest. Each inspector superintends one of these mills, and they are so arranged that the raw material can be taken in at one side and the manufactured wood come out at the other. Those mills which cannot be established by the railway are connected by sidings with the main line. The saw frames are driven by engines fed with wood fuel; water and wood chips are the daily bread of these machines, which drive not only the saws, but deliver also elec- tric power to the dynamos. The sawmills, the piling yards, the pris- oner's quarters, and the barracks of the civil population are lighted by electricity. Thousands of Workers. The forest inspector who received us treated us with the greatest court- esy, and told us a good deal about the life and work in the forest. To support, in these primitive regions, and to look after many thousands of workmen — ^Russians, Poles, Jews, men women, and children — is no light task. It has been solved by quarter- ing the prisoners as near to their place of work as possible in small camps, which have excellent sleep- ing arrangements, with washing- rooms, reserves of food, workshops, wells, hospitals and other hygienic arrangements; while, on the other hand, free dwellings have been pro- vided for the civil population, as well 18:50 Canadian Forcstrij Journal, August, 1918 as free places of entertainment and amusement. Spreading the work- people over such a wide area has naturally rendered the food pro- blem very difficult, but at the same time it has been an advantage in the continual struggle against epidemics and disease. Take off Bark for Tannin. "In our journey we passed many of these work places. At one spot the trees were being barked, in order to obtain the tannin substances: at another, the branches were being lopped ofT, for the making of tele- graph poles; at a third, a division of men were busy wdth the manufacture of railway sleepers; and at another, barrel-making was in progress. Now we pass a tar factory, which the former owners had attempted to render useless, but which the forest inspector had quickly repaired. '"What we saw in one inspector's division was repeated in the others; but the strongest impression was made by the great buildings and factories near Gajnowska Station. A great manufacturing town, with huge sawmills, has arisen, and pro- bably the largest charcoal works on the continent are now established here, as well as numerous other in- dustries." WITH A FORESTER IN FRANCE The following is an extract from a letter from Private F. Bruce Robert- son, of the 3rd Canadian Division Artillery Signals, France, to the Director of Forestry, Department of the Interior, Ottawa, to whose staff he belongs: It is Sunday. The outfit is out on rest and there are no parades. The old lady by whose fire I am sitting has asked me if I had plenty of tobacco. I thought it a hint so asked if she smoked. "Oui," says she, "mais tobacco fini en France." You can picture her now puffing away at an old clay pipe on the other side of the fire-place. She had an earache half an hour ago, but that is forgotten now. Coffee is making in a black saucepan on the fire, so I foresee a pleasant morning for l)toth of us. Outside it rains. It is one of those big fireplaces, you know, extending across one side of the brick floored room, and I have a cozy seat under the arch. We have a brick oven in the wall also, m which she made bread for refugees yester- day. Old style bakmg and the best, in which a brush fire is made in the oven, then coal raked out and the bran loaves put in. Had a sample of the bread, just a little, in fresh warm milk last night, and it went fine. "For the past month I have been mounted lineman on a cable section. We have been doing considerable work laying lines off the wagon. You may have seen the signal com- pany in training practising the same about Ottawa. This is over for the present. Life is simpHcity itself in this country- village with a nightly game of ball to reheve the monotony. Our one other amusement is watch- ing the local shepherd and dogs herd the community flock of sheep. "As a "Y" worker you will be interested in knowing that our ball outfit is supphed by the Y.M.C.A. All sorts of sporting goods are handed out, including phonographs, and the troops appreciate the work. AN INDUSTRIOUS PLANTER. One of the good friends of the Canadian Forestry Association, re- siding at Boston, Mass., is Mr. Frank A. Cutting, a large dealer in hemlock bark. Mr. Cutting has taken a lively interest in tree planting and at the present time is setting out 25,000 pine trees a year and sowing a quantity of pine seed. With the cost of nurseiy stock, the value of the land, and expense of planting and protection, Mr. Cutting anticipates no profit from his venture, but is greatly interested in the idea of replacing some of the forest materials and thus conferring a benefit upon future generations. ! Can we afford higher pensions? 1 Can we afford forest fires? Every I fire cuts down the chances of higher I pensions. Canadian Foreslrii Journal, AikjusI, I91S 1831 An Empire Partnership in Forestry By M. C. Duchesne, well-known British Forester. A Plan to Develop More Profitable Rela- tions With Great Britain's Wood Consumers Let us consider the position of Canada — and with Canada I inchide Newfoundland. Canada contains the only vast resources of timber within the Em- pire. Figures show thai Canada in 1913 sent us only 10 per cent, of our imports of coniferous timber and pitwood. That country has the largest reserves of probably the finest timber in the world and of the varie- ties most suitable for our require- ments. Is there any reason, apart from the matter of transport, why in the future the 10 per cent, should not be increased enormously? In the past the cost of transport from the Baltic was low in comparison with that from Canada, partly on account of return freights and other special facihties. Given cheap freights and special exchange of trade with Canada after the war, this comparison might not stand in the future. Canada's Advantages. Let me enumerate some of the advantages of organising British and Canadian forestry on broad lines, looking to Canada for mature timber while creating reserves by afforesta- tion in Great Britain. I would first emphasise particular- ly:— The geographical position of Can- ada and its distance from the war area. That lumbering is one of the prin- cipal industries of Canada and can be extended promptly and indefinite- ly. That Canada possesses exceptional natural facilities relating to water transport and other advantages. Now as to mutual advantages: — Firstly, Canada has unlimited supplies of Douglas Fir, the "Oregon Pine" of commerce, pre-eminently suitable for constructional work and many other important purposes, as has been abundantly ])roved in its world-wide markets. Secondly, Canada possesses also unlimited resources of other species of timber, particularly varieties of Spruce, the "White Deal" of com- merce. The timber of Spruce is used in great cpiantities in this coun- try, and selected parcels of Canada's Sitka Spruce are in large demand for the construction of aeroplanes. Can- ada has also the Thuya plicata (known in British Columbia as "Western Red Cedar"), one of the most durable trees in the world, as well as Weymouth Pine (the "White Pine") of commerce and other im- portant trees, including various hardwoods. £5,000,000/0/- Pulp. Thirdly, our annual bill for wood- pulp for paper-making totals five million pounds. This material can be supplied in conjunction with pit- wood from the forests of Canada, and the manufacture of pulp is one of the most flourishing industries of Canada. I have said sufficient as to timber supplies, now as to forestry: — (1) Douglas Fir, Sitka Spruce, and other timbers which Canada will send us and which our markets require are the very trees we sho\ild plant here on a large scale for afTor- estation. Spruce is the most suitable tree for much of our waste hill land, and Canada's Sitka Spruce is advo- cated for planting on a large scale. Spruce timber has unlimited uses here and is the best wood for pulp as well as for pitwood. For the valleys or the better soils, Douglas Fir is the most promising tree to plant. There are many other Canadian trees that may usefully be cultivated here. (2) Canada can teach us many useful lessons, particularly in organ- 1832 Canadian Forestry Journal, Ain/usi, 1918 isaiion, the commercial utilisation and marketing of forest produce and the technology and uses of wood. (3) Great Britain can give Canada facilities for studying the commercial utilisation of limber in this country, so as to develop the markets here for Canadian timbers. (4) Canada has mature forests of Douglas Fir and other timbers which we desire to produce in this country, and therefore wish to study. We shall require also quantities of tree seeds of the best types from the forests of Canada. (5) Great Britain has old scientific societies and unique facilities for scientific research, and is also in close touch with Continental centres and facilities for practical and theoret- ical forestry education. We should make amends for our past indifference and start a national campaign to encourage forestry, not only in Great Britain, but throughout the British Empire. Big Arrears in Building. Enormous demands will be made for timber throughout this country and nearly all Europe for reconstruc- tion after the war. The matter will, therefore, compel the utmost atten- tion. After hostilities have ceased, there will naturally follow a transition period before normal conditions return. During this time, unless our main supplies of timber can be obtained from Canada, we shall be only one of many eager competitors for those of Russia and Scandinavia. A certain proportion of the Baltic supplies will be forthcoming from the sources developed before the war, but it is doubtful how far this quan- tity will go towards meeting our requirenlents or at what cost it will be obtainable. There are big arrears of repairs and reconstruction on our railways, in industrial undertakings, and in private establishments. For these and other developments large quan- tities of timber will be required. something of life at the front during the last four years, can realize what an enormous quantity of timber has been taken from this country for war purposes, and what an enormous amount of planting and tending of trees will be necessany' to replace it. Unfortunately foresters who really understand all that afforestation means are not numerous in England, and though the necessity of educating youngsters for the work has received much more serious attention in the last few years than it ever did before, when our methods — as in many other things — were haphazard, the facilities are still hardly sufficient to give us enough foresters to cope with the demand. FORESTRY AFTER THE WAR. Westminster Gazette; Nobody, except those of us who have seen RUINED FORESTS OF VERDUN Lovers used to stroll arm in arm through the well-ordered forests of Verdun. To stroll arm in arm where these forests once stood is no longer possible, Gouverneur Morris writes in Collier's. You must go alone. If there has been rain you should have nails in your boots. The smooth convolutions of the hills have been tortured and turned into ridges and hollows like the Atlantic ocean during the equinoctial gales. I doubt if there is to be found one single square yard of the original for- est floor. I doubt if there is to be found one single perfect example of a shell crater. One crater breaks into the next, and there, merged into one shocking hollow, are a dozen which at the first moment of looking ap- peared to have been but one. It has been well but truly "work- ed," that forest floor; but not for 100 years can it ever again be worked by man in any peaceful and profitable pursuit. Rich soil (doubly rich now,) it will be shunned by the farmer with his plow; a prospect very rich in copper and iron, the prospector will shun it, for here, buried and half- buried, the shells, great and little, which did not explode at all, are as thick as temptation in the life of evei'v man. MALIGN K CANON, JASPKK I'AKiv. "A short turn and the greenness vanished ! All life succumbed, as if roared down by the cannons, by the howling and pounding that hammered in the valley like the pulsating of a colossal fever. Shell hole upon shell hole yawned down there. From time to time thick, black pillars of earth heaped up and for moments hid small parts of this desert burned to ashes, where the cloven stumps of trees, whittled as by penknives, stuck up like a leering challenge to recogni;e the land scape this once had been, this field of death and refuse, before the great madness had swept over it and sown it with ruins, leaving it like a dancing floor on wiiich two worl.ls had fought for a loose woman." — From "Men in War," by Andreas Latzko. A Lookout Station on Green Mountain, li.C , built by Doniiiiion Forestry Brancli. From this high point the fire rangers have an unobstructed view of great areas of forests ami can easily detect an incipient fire. Utilizing the smashed trunks of trees for trench protection. Photograph taken on the Canadian front at Vpres. Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 1833 Great Timber Wealth of South America By H. N. Whitford Prof, of Tropical Forestry, Yale University. Let us take a survey of some of the tropical forest regions of the world and see what the ])ossibilities are. One of the most active indus- trial tropical and semi-tropical re- gions in the world is southern Brazil. According to a report of the Brazil- ian Government, the forested area of this region of Brazil is estimated at 1,058; 000 sqquare kilometers (ap- proximately 260 million acres). There are two fairly distinct forested regions — the coastal and plateau. The former has a high annual pre- cipitation and, for the most part, a high temperature. In no place is it far distant from tide water. It is heavily forested. Unfortunately there are no estimates of the total amount of timber. H. M. Curran has examined a large timber pro- perty in the mountains back of Bahia and finds the forest has an average stand of about 10,000 board feet per acre; according to the types, the stand will vary from 6,000 to 13,000 feet per acre. About 10 species will furnish the bulk of the cut. He estimates that comprising 42 per cent of the cut are soft hardwoods similar to yellow poplar. Thirty per cent, are similar to maple and ash in hardness and 28 per cent, harder than white oak. The softer species are little known on the markets, but could be introduced and substituted for the uses for which imported pine is employed. The plateau district lying behind the coastal mountain ranges has lower temperature and rainfall. In places it is fairly heavily forested with hardwoods and Parana pine. The hardwoods are usually con- fined to the valleys, though patches of them are found on the uplands. Simmons states that in Parana one company claims ownership of con- nected forest tracts of Parana pine, a large part of which is in a primitive state, aggregating three billion feet and averaging about 4,000 feet to the acre. There are sections where the growth is thick and large; the stand scales as high as 15,000 to 20,000 feet to the acre. Outdoes Southern States The above are the only available figures that give any indication of the volume of the forests. Assuming that the estimate of an area of 260 million acres for the region under consideration is correct, divide this area by two to make a liberal allow- ance for non-merchantable forests, clearings, etc., there will remain 130 milhon acres covered with merchantable forests. At 5,000 board feet per acre this will give a t ot al of 650 billion feet. It is believed that this estimate is very conserva- tive. At any rate, for all practical purposes it is sufficiently accurate. There is nearly twice as much standing timber in this region as in the southern yellow-pine forests of the United States, the most active, lumber-producing centre in the world with an annual cut of 15 billion feet. Rich Amazon Regions The Amazon forest can be regard- ed as the greatest reserve forest of the world. While it is not as near to lumber-consuming centres as the other forest regions that have been mentioned, water transportation alone considered, it is nearer to the great centres of the eastern United States and western Europe than the Pacific Northwest. Aside from climatic conditions, there is no other forest region that has its physical condi- tions so well adapted to lumbering. There are literally thousands of miles of navigable rivers and many more thousands that are drivable. Ocean steamers ply up to rivers over 2,500 miles from the coast. Moreover, 1834 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 little of the area is over 1,000 feet in altitude. The climatic conditions are not so bad as non-dwellers of the tropics make them out to be. Be- sides Para, a city of 200,000 people, at the mouth of the Amazon, there are Alanads, a city of 80,000 people nearly 1,000 miles inland, and Iquitos, Peru, with about 20,000 inhabitants, about 2,500 miles inland. These cities now all have modern sanitarv conditions and are otherwise modern. Yellow fever is practically a thing of the past. So far, a single forest product, rubber, has been the prin- cipal source of revenue for the region. Next to coffee it leadsall others in the value of the exports of Brazil. The lumber industry is practically un- developed. Only a small amount of lumber for local use and export is cut and some is imported. The Forests of New Zealand By Sir William Schlich Forest including scrub, originally covered the greater part of the islands, but its area has gradually been re- duced. In 1886 the area under for- est amounted to 33,120 square miles, and in 1909 to 26,678 square miles, being a reduction of 6,442 square miles, equal to 20 per cent., in 23 years. In 1909 the proprietorship of the forests stood as follows: — Crown forests, 12 per cent, of total area, 12,357 sq. miles. Permanent reserves, 3 per cent of total area, 3,298 sq. miles. Alienated forests, 11 per cent, of total area, 11,023 sq. miles. Total, 26 per cent, of total area, 26,678 sq. miles. It will be seen that 59 per cent, of the forest area is still the property of the State, and that 41 per cent, have been alienated, or is Maori owned. The output of timber in 1913 amounted to about 358 million super- ficial feet. The implorts and exports in 1913 were as follows: Imports, 33,484,952 superficial feet, value £303,012. Exports, value £319,650. As regards value, the two items are, practically, the same. It is necessary to point out here that the value of the imports per 100 superficial feet came to just over 18s. The imports con- sist chiefly of Eucalypts from Aus- tralia, especially iron-bark and jarrah coniferous timber from the United States, Canada, and the coun- tries around the Baltic. The exports were chiefly kahikatea, kauri, rimu and beech. Future Management As stated above, the output in 1913 amounted to about 358 million superficial feet. Experience has shown that the requirements of the Dominion are steadily increasing, and it has been estimated that they will have risen to double the present amount, or 720 million superficial feet, in the year 1945, by which time the present stock of milling timber would be exhausted. This conclus- sion was based on the assumption that the population would be doubled by 1945, and that the increment of the forests was far too slow to keep- pace with the annual cuttings. Start- ing from these premises, the seriousne ness of the position was recognised some time ago, and already in 1896 an Ordinance was passed inaugurat- ing a system of State nurseries and plantations, so as to make the coun- try self-sufficient in the future. Un- der this Ordinance, operations were at once commenced, and by 1909 an area of 12,715 acres had been planted with a great variety of exotic species. Some of the worst forest fires in • Canada this year were caused by picnic | parties neglecting to extinguish their j camp fires. | Never leave a camp fire until it is 1 Dead Out! ! ^ Canadian Foreslry Journal, August, 1918 1835 The Returned Soldier Must Be Protected The necessity of haviiiii; all C"-an- adian lands intended for soldier settlement properly examined by ex- pert Agricidturists and Foresters has been championed again and again by the Canadian Forestry Association in its various publications, public meetings and newspaper campaigns. A strong stand in favor of expert demarcation of lands is taken by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior, Frank- lin H. Lane who brings to the Presi- dent's attention the duty of the repubhc to safeguard the returned soldier from locating on non-agri- cultural soils. Much of what the Secretary says is directly applicable to Canada. "Any plan for the development of land for the returning soldier will come face to face with the fact that a new policy will have to be w^orked out to meet the new conditions. The era of free or cheap land in the United States has passed. We must meet the new conditions of developing lands in advance — security must to a degree replace speculation. "Every country has found itself facing this problem of caring for returning soldiers at the close of a great war. F^rom Rome under Caesar to France imder Napoleon, and down even to our own Civil War, the problem arose as to what could be done with the soldiers to be mustered out of military service. Not half Cultivatable. ."At the close of the Civil War, America had a situation similar to that which now confronts it. For- tunately at that time the public domain offered opportunity to the home returning men. The great part those men played in developing the West is one of our epics. To the great part of returning soldiers land will ofTer the great and fundamental opportunity. Official figures show we have unappropriated land in con- tinental United States to the amount of 230 million acres. // is safe to say that not one-half of this land will ever prove cultivatable in any sense. British Guiana's Timber Riches British Guiana produces some of the finest timbers in the world. Those that are at present most com- monly exploited are Crab wood; Greenheart, largely used in the con- struction of the Manchester Ship Canal and in the construction of lock gates for the Panama Canal: Wallaba; Balata or Bullet Wood; brown and yellow Silverballi, Letter or snake wood; red Cedar. These woods are suitable for building pur- poses and the making of furniture. Wallaba and several other kinds of wood are used for fuel as a substitute for coal. The forests also abound in soft woods which are suitable for making paper pulp, yet not a single pulp-making factory exists in the Colony. Other products are Balata, the dried latex of the Bullet tree; the exports of this gum are over 1,000,000 lbs. per annum, the bulk going to the United Kingdom; Locust gum, used in the preparation of varnishes; Tonka beans; Vanilla beans; Palm nuts of various kinds which are plentiful and could doubtless be turned to commercial value as oil producing factors; Souarri nuts, larger and finer than Brazil nuts. Plants of medicinal value also abound, of which no use whatever is now made. + 1 This is a dangerous season j j for forest fires! If you neglect to i J extinguish your camp fire, if you throw • I away lighted matches or tobacco, you I j have written an invitation to Disaster. | 1836 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 The Second Crop of Pulpwood By II. C. Belyea {Graduate, Forest School, Universitif of New Brunswick; Instructor in Forest Engineering, New York Stale College of Forestry, Syracuse, \. Y. ) An Antidote to the Pessimistic conclusions Based on Rate of Growth in Virgin Forests. The prediction of the rate of growth for second growth forests after him- bering, from the performance of the original stand is a common source of pessimism among himbermen. Technical forestes have an unfor- tunate tendency of basing their growth predictions upon the performance of the species under virgin conditions. The conditions for growth after lum- bering are much difTerent than they were for the original forest, due principally to the freedom of the survivors from root and crown com- petition. Attention is called to an article on the reforestation of pulp- wood lands, published in the Decem- ber 1917 issue of the Canadian Forestry Journal, in the hope of a reinterpretation of some of its con- clusions. Virgin Forest Conditions A forest as grown under virgin conditions, consists of two main divisions; an upper or main portion consisting of the actual merchantable and productive trees, and a lower or under forest of small and young trees which form the basis of the potential forests of the future. While the existence of the latter is depend- ent upon the presence on, or near the site, of trees big enough to pro- duce seed, it is distinctly not a part of the productive portion of the forest. The existence of a tree, big or small, in a forest, is absolutely dependent on the presence or absence of certain conditions for tree growth which are termed the factors or resources of the site. Only under stimulation of these factors is tree growth either initiated or continued. These site factors are several in number, but crown light and soil moisture are the most important. The presence of a lower growth of seedling or small trees under the crowns of the main trees of the forest is concrete evidence that either the resources of the site for tree growth are in excess of the demands of the trees now present, or else the crown cover of the main forest is temporarily less dense and represents a less number of trees than the potential ability of the site for tree growth. This small seedling, and often suppressed, growth of stunted trees occupies both in the air above and in the soU below space properly ascribed and credited to other and bigger trees. Hence it cannot be reckoned as an item of the product- ivity of the site, but rather as a potentiality. It exists only by suf- ferance of the minimum demands of the overwood, and it is maintained only so long as these demands are not in excess of the supply. Hence it cannot be counted as part or parcel of the productive forest nor as an actual item of the forest production. Growth in volume in the individual tree for any site is dependent upon the size of the crown, which in turn is indicative of the size of the bole and the development of the roots. Growth in volume is also more a factor of size than age. Twelve inch trees in any forest will show only the average growth of 12 inch trees as grown in that forest, irrespective of whether their age be 75 or 175 years. The life history of softwood in virgin mixture is a series of struggles to get light and develop a crown ; struggles that are feeble in early age and more progressive as the tree attains size. Each phase of suppres- sion and release leaves its record in the alternating zones of dense and wider ringed wood in the bole of the tree. In virgin forest the release Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 10 IS 1837 of the overtopped softwood is di- rectly dependent upon openings in the upper canopy. It is an undeni- able fact that these openings are more readily and quickly seized by the closing together of the surround- ing hardwood crowns than by the growth of the softwood from beneath. The effect of these openings is I he acceleration of the growth of the understory softwoods, and the closing together of the crowns retards it. This continues until the individual softwood tree is able, by its height, to thrust its own crown into the opening and to seize it for itself. The Effect of Cutting The pulp man, however, is not interested in the time required by a tree to reach a place in the main canopy. The length of time covered by the period of iniiial suppression is variable and represents not so much a defmite period of time as a condition to be endured in the young growth of all softwoods in mixture And as such it should be regarded in the predictions of growth. The lum- berman is not so much concerned with the age of the trees remaining, as with their size, their number and their subsequent growth. Suppose that it does take 100 years to grow 5 inch Spruce or Balsam tree in virgin mixture. That is of very little con- sequence provided that there are enough of them and that in the period before the next cutting, 50 years perhaps, they will increase their diameter by 8 inches, making a total of 13 inches, a supposition not beyond expectation with either Spruce or Balsam. Increase in the rate of growth of all trees is the immediate effect of cutting. In illustration of this, Figure No. 1 is submitted, which shows the average diameter growth on the stump before and after cutting. It is based on the measurement of 313 Red Spruce trees on Brandreth Park in the Adirondack Preserve, New York State. The recovery of a tree from sup- pression is dependent upon the pro- portionate size of the crown and the development of the roots. It is not to be thought that the immediate effect of the removal of the overwood and the entrance of the crown into the light is a corresponding increase in growth. Even when the tree is but lightly shaded, it takes some little time for it to make full and complete recovery and show an acceleration of growth. The removal of the over- wood has not the same effect as if the trees came up into the light through the processes of growth, and a period of readjustment is necessary, before they begin to show an increase in the rate of growth. The recovery is slowest on the biggest trees and most rapid on the smaller members of the underwood. Yet even with the smaller trees it takes from 4-5 years for the tree to make recovery and show an accelera- tion of growth. With the bigger trees this time is longer. Attention is called to Figure No. 2 in illustration of the period of read- justment in Spruce after cutting. While this figure is made out on the basis of height growth only, it will be understood that curves based on either diameter of volume growth for the same period would show exactly the same trend. This study is based on the measurements of 316 Red Spruce trees at Wanakena, N.Y. The first few years after the cutting there is no acceleration or increase in the rate of growth. It will be noticed that the recovery and accel- eration of growth was quickest with the smallest sized trees. Need of Light and Room. In reality, the whole process of growth hinges upon the release and development of the individual tree. The development of the unmer- chantable portion of the stand can only be accomplished by giving the component individuals their requis- ite light and room. In the meantime there is a potential forest immediately available represented by the 4, 5, b, and 7 inch trees now present in the stand, on which the lumberman can depend for his wood supply until the small suppressed material can make the expected recovery, and begin to take its place in the actual productive portion of the stand. 1838 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 C/5 (/3 < u < o < h O h -0(1 a 73 'O «> o o^ o > o 3 ^ CU t^ (3> ;-4 <^ pm '^ Oh P2 < 3 f5 fC -<-' ^ C2 ^ Ci/^"— tlr/53 ^ .^j in 0 0 •5f '» 1— 1 »j 0 t^ ■ CO vo 0. <£> •^ *^_, '^r^ CO , "^ •^ ■^ CO CO > CO 0-^ " i • • • < =3 ;- d ^-^ < 0 y. Sol l^ 1 rH 0 00 Oi 00 in CTs 00 «^ CM 7 Uh 2: ! c« t^ c« »-H 00 Oi 0 1-H CM CO 03 Oi 1—1 rH 1— i 1— 1 0 K r— 1 j 1 ffi t^ Oi <^ t^ 00 Oi 0 r-^ d 00 1— 1 »-H r-^ v: Qi op 0 t^ -5 es c« 1— 1 ti •«t ^ 0 CM ->o ^ — 0 ^t^? csi Cvj CO CO CO CO 0^ a; OJ CtaM ^0^ < -+-> 1^ cc O^" .£ t^ r ^ ^ 05 00 1— i rH in in 1 i-H r-i c^i CM CM CM ^ ^ 03 a; (5 pa c « . ^H ^ CO 00 o^ 00 1— 1 00 c3 _ Oi 0 0 1-5 CM «^' ■^' side B: Stump ^H ^H r^ ^H ^H ^H tH c .-H OJ ^5 Oi CM O^ «£> 10 'sb t>^ t^ 06 06 > tH < FIGURE NO 1 Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, Aiigiisl, 1918 1839 o * _i I NO CP tP' Ol 1003 19^ I905\\\ 1906 v\ 1907 U \ 1908 ^ 1909 V\ I9I0 ^ Logged in this year I9II \ 19 1 2 \ I9I3 C < I9I4 ^^ I9I5 "^ \\ < V 0> \ \ I9I6 . H "w I9I7 \^ V ^ > I9I8 o» ^^a y_^ Figure; 2 Height, Growth of Red Spruce for the 15 years following, 1902. The area was logged in 1910. Note the 4-6 years of readjustment before the acceleration of growth following the cutting. Made from a study of 316 trees on the lands of the Rich Lumber Co., Wanakena, N.Y. Curve 2. Average height growth of 36 trees, 1-11 feet high. '02. Curve 1. Average height growth of 99 trees, 2 " " '02. Curve 3. Average height growth of 29 trees, 10 " " '02. 1840 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 Due to the fact that this small sap- pressed material receives this optimum condition for growth at an earlier age, it can be expected to arrive at a merchantable size in a shorter time and at a younger age than did the trees of the original stand. The actual relation of age to diam- eter is of very little consequence to the lumberman. He cares abso- lutely nothing whether the spruce tree that he cuts is 100 or 180 years old, provided that it is of size and condition fit for cutting and market- ing. Nor does he regard it as im- portant that the trees now present in the near unmerchantable portion of the stand are 30 or 100 years old. His particular interest is the time that will be required by the trees left after cutting to grow from one diameter class to the next, and especially through the inch classes now unmerchantable into dimen- sions that are of merchantable and market size. In conclusion, the foregoing has been based on and illustrated by studies made on the Adirondack Spruce, but it is believed that it is applicable to Eastern Spruce and Balsam wherever grown. SUMMARY 1. Growth under a heavy crown cover in virgin forest is not to be accepted as part of the productive forest, and cannot be used as a measure of future possibilities. 2. The effect of the removal of the overtopping trees is an increase in the growth of the surviving suppressed material. 3. This effect is not immediate but follows a period of readjustment, the length of which is dependent upon the crown and root develop- ment of the individual tree. Trees And Western Crop Increase (From Regina Leader) The present time, when so many Westerners are suffering from crop failure, seems opportune for consid- eration of the question of tree planting. Some time ago, Dr. W. W. And- rews of Regina, suggested the plant- ing of each road in the province with a double row of trees on each side, the inner row to consist of ash and elm, intermixed with more rapidly growing trees for almost immediate protection, which could be removed as soon as the others became of sufficient size, while the outer row, set 100 feet back from the road on either side should consist of carra- ganas, etc., which would form a good hedge, and so prevent snowdrifts in winter. A scheme of this kind, car- ried out throughout the province, would not only protect the roads, thus making travelling in winter much easier, owing to the absence of deep snow drifts, but it would have what is perhaps an even more import- tant effect. It is a fact, unfortunate- ly too well-known to the farmers of the province, that the crop in certain parts has this yearprovedalamentable failure. It is equally well-known known that the crop in the northern of the province is at least an average size, and the question natur- ally arises as to what is the explana- tion. There may be several reasons for this, but one factor which may easily be overlooked is the presence or absence of trees, and this 's a {Continued on page 1850) 4. — A NATIONAL WARNING. Canada will pay her war debt from Lands, Forests and Mines. The Fire Fiend, who is the Kaiser's ally, is scheming to finish the forests first. He can't kill the Land or Mines, but the Forest is his natural prey. Are you aiding this Fire Fiend by leaving your camp fire burning? +._.- ^ Canadian Forcstrij JournuL August, 1918 1841 ti^gatt pxmB Bii Waller Prirhnrd Eaton I shall be one with these pines Some happy day. Dwarfed by the wind and molded by the snow, They burst pink cones In a meadow starred with violets. Xo sound they hear But the mountain wind, The birdlike chirp of the ground squirrels, The tinkle of ice-water brooks Across the grass, The far, soft thunder of outleaping streams That glide like silver hair down drip- ping cliffs From glaciers on the Great Divide— The hair of Melisande grown white with peace. All night I lay beneath the stars And heard their breeze-borne thunder I saw the sun Blush on the glaciers while the world was dark, Then pry the gloom out of the hole beneath; I saw the golden violets Nod in the rising breeze; I drank from brooks of melting snow. And said good-morning to a deer. I shall be one with these pines Some happy day. ®l|r (§lh Q^utB anb tltr f imng Bi/ Helen Fcleif The forest leaves had turned to russet brown, And the small cedars and the stump firs Watched horrified, And called to the oaks, moss-grown "How long is't ere the spring and summer dim?" The old trees shook their heads and, sighing, cried : "We are so old we cannot count the years, And Time is twisted in our every limb." At night the winds and growing cold made wars; Unto the elms whose crested head each rears Against the stars. The little birches sighed: ■'Where is the sun, the birds that sang to him?" The old trees shook their heads and, wailing, cried: "We are so old we cannot count the years, And Age is twisted in our every limb." At last the young trees quiet grew, outworn, And all the forest shed its silent tears; Autumn's last warm day died. Naked, forlorn. The aspens shivered in the winter grim : And the old trees bent their heads and, moaning, cried: "We are so old we cannot count the years. And Death is twisted in our every limb." Germany doubled its Yield in a Generation. Germany has for long spent 7,000,000 pounds sterling a year on its for- ests (or about 3,500,000 pounds sterling if we deduct the timber working), and it has got the yield doubled in a generation. 1842 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 Hooverizing Tree Materials in England How waste is cut to an almost irre- diicablc minimum in the operations of the Canadian Forestry Corps in Great Britain and P'rance is shown in the following report on the work of the corps received from overseas. Every native Canadian of mature years has, in youth and after, ob- served the timber operations which form a striking part of the industrial life of Canada. Everyone knows how the slabs were used for firewood and the saw- dust scattered regardless over acres and acres of ground. With this knowledge to work on, one is in a position to intelligently appreciate the splendid work being done by the Canadian Forestry Corps in Great Britain and France. Econ- omy and efficiency are characters- tic of the Forestry Corps in a far greater measure than 's generally realized in Canada. We are in the midst of the greatest war of all time. Working under the necessity of turn- ing out huge quantities of material it might reasonably be ex- pected that economy would go by the board in the hurried rush for production. This has not been the case. In spite of the imperative necessity for speed, the Canadian Forestry Corps are conserving ma- terial in a manner only practiced by the most modern peace-time mills in Canada. Vse Even the Bark. In these military operations slabs are being cut into lumber until practically only the bark remains, and where practicable that is being used for tanning and in the produc- tion of wood alcohol used in manu- facturing explosives. Short pieces and narrow pieces are sent to box factories to be made into boxes for munitions of war. The sawdust is the only fuel used to raise steam which provides power for driving machinery of the mill; the residue is used instead of straw for bedding horses. In fact, as already stated' all that remains of the original log is the bark, and it is seen that where feasible, even that is not wasted. Men at Base Employed With reference to the conserva- tion and use of man-power, the sarfte considerations hold good. A very good illustration of economy in tim- ber, working in close relation with economy in man-power, is found at the Base Depot, Sunningdale. Here, timber which has passed ma- turity and has commenced to deterior- ate, both as to beauty and utility, is being thinned out of the royal forest. This timber is saved by men who would otherwise be temporarily un- employed. For the base depot is a clearing house for the personnel of the corps. On arrival from Canada, men are held at the base depot, in quarantine, for two or more weeks. It is sometimes necessary to keep them for a longer period to complete their training. Men transferring from a unit which has completed its operations on one area, are sometimes held at the base depot for a short period. In various circumstances men are temporarily unemployed awaiting despatch to their units. These men are kept usefuUv emplov- ed. Need Expert Surplus Every employer of labor under- stands the necessity of keeping cer- tain surplus labor to provide against the stoppage of machinery through exigences of operation. In private business the labor exchanges keep surplus labor tabulated so that re- quirements can be met and vacan- cies filled with the minimum loss of time. The base depot does this for the Forestry Corps. The fact that the men are mostly highly qualified experts, who can only be secured in Canada, which is 3,000 miles distant, makes the necessity of this arrangement abvious. Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 191S 1843 Base in Windsor Park. The Forestry Corps established its base depot in the Royal Park al Windsor at the express invitation of His Majesty, King George the Fifth. The mill was set up at His Majesty's request and the trees to be cut down are designated by him. The lumber secured is being used for building portable huts which are built in standardized sections. They can be easily transported and quick- ly erected. Four complete huts are turned out per day. There are also machines for making handles for technical tools used in the corps, such as axe-handles, cant-hook handles, etc. The Canadian base depot is the only base depot where men who are awaiting further training or orders to report elsewhere, are occupied in constructive labor. What is most important is the fact that the base depot is typical of the corps. ''Petit Catechisme De la Foref Above is the title of a new sixteen page illustrated booklet which the Forestry Association is issuing for free distribution to French speaking children. The first edition will consist of 10,000 copies and will be followed by further editions. An English edition will also be issued and given wide distribution. The object of this booklet is to instruct the child of twelve to twenty years in some of the rudimentary points of forest protection. The adult reader has not been especially considered. Following are some of the Ques- tions for the Ontario booklet which are answered in the simplest form: Who owns the Forests of Ontario? \Miat is the 'Government'? Who are the Limit Holders? Which is best, the Forest or the Farm? How can 1 teil good and bad Land apart? How big were the Forests in great- grandfather's Day? How^ big are the Forests Today? What is a Fire Ranger? Can 1 be a Fire Ranger? Tell me the Causes of Forest Fires. Do Forest Fires cause much harm? Will not Farms come when F^orests go? How do the Timber Lands make Ontario prosperous? Forestry Societies in Other Lands There are several forest societies in France: — "Societe des Amis des Arbres," etc.; there is the "Societe Centrale Forestiere de Belgique," wdth an extensive membership, and a useful monthly bulletin. There are six forest societies in England. The Danes have a moorland society doing practical w^ork in planting up large areas of moorland. This society has planted something like 150,000 acres of moorland, the society getting a Government grant of some 20,000 pounds sterling yearly, and free trans- port for the marl and lime used in the moor planting. In the other European States, and in the United States of America, there are numer- ous forest societies. In Japan there are some 20 forest societies, with a special law, passed in 1907 for their recognition and governance; every private forest owner is compelled by law to belong to the local forest society of Japan. BELGIUM'S SMALL FORESTS Belgium is not one of the forest Countries of Europe. It is only recently that much attention has been given to Forestry; the total area of State-manged forest is only 430,000 acres. Yet Belgian Forestry, now gives winter employment to an average of 32,000 men, and permanent employment throughout the year to 750 men. At the same time it is computed that its forest expenditure is giving a return of between 4 per cent and 5 per cent. This high employment figure is due to the cost of much planting, now required in restoring the forests. 1844 Canadian Forrstry Journal, August, 1918 Heavy Losses in B. C. Forest Fires {From "Pacific Coast Lumberman ' Vancouver.) For over a decade British Colum- bia has not experienced such a dry season as that of the spring and the early part of the summer of 1918. The last period of Sahra-like weather that touched this province was in 1907, when considerable damage was caused by forest fires, but that season pales into insignificance in compari- son with that of the present year of grace. It was the banner year for drought, and, has left beh'nd a trail of destruction that has spelt ruin in many instances and that has, for the time being at least, thrown hundreds of men out of employment. With very few exceptions, there has not been a district in the entire province that escaped the flames caused, in some cases, through carelessness, and in others, if the statement of the District Forester is to be accepted — through sheer wantonness. For weeks and months the woods and undergrowth were as dry as tinder. Only a spark was needed to set the country ablaze and unfor- tunately this spark was suppbed too frequently. The big series of fires which followed has led to a condition of affairs that must be taken serious cognizance of by those who have the power of dealing with such matters with a \i^w to oreventinL their repetition. Had it not been for th; heavy rainfall that started on the evening of July 9, there is not the slightest doubt iDut that condition.^ would have been infinitely more seri- ous. As it is, they are sufficient so to warrant the taking of measures that should, with strict enforcement, put a period to this indiscriminate destruction of the province's most valuable asset. Much Damage Done. It is impossible to give even a rough estimate of the amount of damage done by this series of fires. But it is safe in saying that the total will aggregate anything up to a million dollars. With a few excep- tions every forest apd bush district in B. C. has been partially or wholly devastated by the flames. This applies both to the mainland and the Island. Principal among the losses was that sustained by Bloedel, Welch, and Stewart, whose logging camp was almost completely destroyed, and the Eburne mills, which were entirely gutted. Since the commencement of the spring and summer season, the series of outbreaks has continued to in- crease day after day until at the beginning of Ji ly the situation was such that the fire warden were un- able to cope with it. In other words, there were insufficient and inadequate measures to handle the big task, with the result that an enormous stretch of timber and bush land has been laid waste. To some extent this could have been prevented if old style methods had been abandoned and more up-to-date plans followed that would have enabled the alto- gether too small band of fire-fighters to have dealt with the work in a more efficient manner. The statement by District Forester A. C. Van Dusen, whose headquarters are at Vancouver, that there probab- ly was malice in the start of some of these fires is one of which the most serious cognizance should be taken. Mr. Van Dusen stated that, "there are some fires at any rate in which the causes are unknown, and it is possible they are being deliberately set." If this is so, then the most drastic measures are not too severe to handle a situation of this charac- ter. In support of his contention that incendiarism has played a prom- inent part in these fires, the fact that there are so many outbreaks simul- taneously is significant, and it is a matter for the government to deal with promptly. Attack Big Camp. On the morning of July 1 three fires broke out simultaneously at Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Auyusl, 1918 1845 three different places. One of these was at Grief Point, about a mile and a half from the logi^ing camj) of Bloedel, Welch c't Stewart, and the other two were slightly east of Powell River. That same night there was a strong breeze blowing, and it was as much as the employees at the camp could do to save the beach camp. But they did. The next morning the flames had reached the main camp, and cut the staff off from access with the other camps. In the after- noon of that day the Powell River outbreak travelling with some speed with the aid of a gale of wind, burned out the Bloedel, Welch & Stewart property in the t^^^nkling of an eye. So rapid was its progress that the men had barely time to escape and some of them had to take to the creek to save their lives. Some idea may be formed of the destructiveness of the outbreak when it is stated that, despite the fact that the district over which the flames travelled had been twice burned over this year, the fire was one of the fiercest that has been experienced in that locality for many years, Mr. F. C. Riley, manager of this company, told The Lumberman. As a result of this fire, which in some places traveled over two miles, the company lost all their camp cars on M'heels, including the stock and fixtures, five other cars that were in the camp, three million feet of logs, principally fir, as well as some cedar. The work of reconstruction has, however, been started and tentative arrangements were made in the shape of a tent camp to go ahead about the 25th July, with operations in full swing. Within a few months, it is estimated a larger and better camp will spring up in keeping with the manner in which this firm conduct their business. Ruin for many. Apart from the bush fires, there is a long list of fires that in many cases has spelt ruin for sawmill owners, and the residents of the districts affected. Two of the most serious have already been mentioned. To these have to be added this season the McDonald mill at Fanny Bay, the loss at which A Great Book on Our Wild Animals at a Bargain Price! In the idle moments of your sum- mer outing there is opportunity for burnishing up your half-forgotten knowledge of our Canadian wild animals and for learning a hundred things you never suspected before. We have such a book packaged ready for you. In the bookstores, it sells commonly at $1.50. (The illustration above shows the paper- bound edition priced at one dollar). The Journal has arranged for a limited edition of leather-bound copies to sell to our readers for $1.00. The book contains 265 pages and 61 full-page illustrations n color of the North Amer can wild animals in heir native haunts. The text is by Chas. K. Reed, who has won much fame through various nature books, and the plates are in natural colors by H. P. Harvey. The book is shaped conveniently for your pocket. While authorita- tative in matter, it is brightly written and will pay high dividends in helpful and interesting reading. Enclose a dollar bill to the Canadian Forestry Journal, 206 Booth Building, Ottawa, marking your name very plainly on the attached coupon: Canadian Forestry Journal, Ottawa. Please send copy of 'The Animal Guide' in leather binding to the follow- ing address. One dollar is enclosed. Name Address , 1846 Canadian Furcstrif Journal, August, J 91 8 was in the neii^hborhood of $('20,000: the Pearson Mill at Barnet, where Ihe destruction wrought was something like 310,000. Tlie Yarrow mills in- creased the amount by another SV2,- 000, and the Apex mills at CJoverdale by $5,000. Several thousand cords of shingle bolts were destroyed at the Campbell R'ver Lumber Company's plant at Hall's Praine and Pine Grove. Two thousand acres of lightly wooded country were swept in Columbia Valley in Cultus Lake district, ilames in this region sweeping right across the international boundary. Be- tween Powell River Townsite, and Powell Lake, one of the most serious fires raged for several days, threaten- ing the mills of the Powell Lake Lumber Company and the Brooks- Bidlake Cedar Company. Here the obstacles in the path of the fire-war- dens were of an almost insurmount- able nature, but despite these, good work was done with the means at their disposal. The International Timber Company's No. 4 camp at Campbell R'ver was attacked with the result that five valuable logging engines were ruined and others had a narrow escape. It is estimated that the damage done there was approx- imately .>"^5,000. As before stated, there is scarcely a region in the whole of the province, with the exception of Kamloops, Cranbrook, where rain fell, and Nelson, but has been the victim of the flames. And this ap- p'ies also to Vancouver Island. On the latter Courtenay was one of the greatest sufferers. No less than three outbreaks were raging at one and the same time. Camp 2 of the Comox Logging and Railway Company went up in flames and smoke, the, Westholme Lumber Com- pany's plant likewise suffered, a million feet of standing timber was razed near Courtenay, and the great- est difficulty was experienced in sav- ing Mr. Berkeley Grieve's mill. These are only a few of the most serious conflagrations during the sea- son, in which the month of June con- tributed the greatest part. As a matter of fact, according to official statements, June of 1918 has estab- lished a record which could not be equalled again in this respect. One of the strong phains between public sentiment in British Columbia and the forest conservation cause is the need for the regulation of stream How, upon which so much of the fertility of the province depends. Deforestation has greatly aggravated conditions in the Kootenay \'alley on the watershed of which about thirty per cent of the forest cover has been burned off. Reproduction, however, is most promising and is beginning already to act as a pro- tective factor. An interesting investigation is being developed by the Government of British Columbia for the reclama- tion of many thousands of acres of valuable lands now flooded each summer by the waters of Kootenay Lake. The soil thus rendered useless is capable of growing excellent crops. p. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry' Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. DryMatches After all day in a boat. rainstorm or wet snow. Ask vour dealer for If he can't supply yon, \vc will send prepaid for his name and .lO cents. Dry matches may save your life' MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S.A. .+ Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 1847 KNOW THE GAME BIRDS Great Fun as well as Great Instruction if you possess a copy of "Game Birds.' Are you able, off-hand, to describe twenty- one kinds of ducks and six kinds of geese ? Probably not ! Here is an opportunity that will not come your way again. The Forestry Journal has four hundred copies of "Game Birds," which it is able to dispose of at FIFTY CENTS A COPY THREE COPIES FOR $1.00, POSTPAID A splendid little book of 64 pages, 5x7 inches, made up of heavy coated paper throughout. Forty-nine of the best illustrations in life-like natural colors you ever saw — really a beautiful piece of quadri-color printing. Decorated board covers. Mr. Chas. K. Reed, the author, has^a happy faculty of entertaining description. Every bird is the subject of a compact and fascinating paragraph or two, and the color- ing is practically perfect. CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 Booth Building, Ottawa. 1848 Canadian Forcstnj Journal, August, 1918 B. C/s Timber Stock Imperilled To criticisms of the Forest Service by some British Cohimbia himber- men who claimed that the facilities for fire protection were inadequate, Mr. P. Z. Caverhill, acting District Forester at Vancouver, retorted that British Columbia "has the most efficient forest protection service in the whole of the Dominion." In an interview in the Pacific Coast Lum- berman, Mr. Caverhill made the following statements: Peril to Coast lumber. "There is no question that the probable increase in the demand for lumber after the war is going to make serious and heavy inroads on our supphes, and for that resaon I think this is a matter that should be taken into the most serious consideration • by everyone concerned. This as yoo are aware, is the most destructive season from a fire standpoint that we have experienced in British Columbia for man^' years. Another few sea- sons like this, and it will mean that B.C.'s. greatest asset in the shape of timber would be greatly imperilled. But, with the means at our disposal and the effective steps we have taken to cope with the trouble, I do not think there is much danger of any further serious outbreak, at least this year. It is best, however, to be prepared, and with that idea in view, we are not neglecting any measures that we think will assist us in handling^the situation should it arise." "It has always been a debatable point," remarked the "Lumberman," "not only among the members of the trade, but also among the people of this province, not to say Canada, how long the cutting of the finest timber in B.C. can be carried on without there being any fear of a shortage." Mr. Caverhill's statement to "The Lumberman should set at rest all doubts that may exist on this subject. Some few years ago a survey was made of the timber lim- its in British Columbia by officials of the Dominion government. Their report to Ottawa stated that at that time there was 400,000,000,000 feet of merchantable timber in B.C. and that, said Mr. Caverhill, was alto- gether exclusive of the young timber. Annual Rate of Cutting. "Now if you consider that at the- utmost, we are cutting at the rate of from a billion and a half to a billion and three-quarters annually, you vvill easily see the tremendous reserves we have before we touch the last tree trunk in this coast province. Even vvith the abnormally heavy logging that is Peing done at the pres- ent time in view of the demand for aeroplane spruce and other timbers for war purposes, the supply of timber in British Columbia is practically inexhaustible. So that I may say, we have a supply in sight that will last for over two hundred years more. "And besides that," he continued, "there is the abnormal increment which is at the rate of about 6,000,- 000,000 feet every twelve months. This is entirely separate from the young trees and also distinct from the timber that is considered now to be inaccessible but which in the next century or even less, with improved methods of transportation, will be easily accessible. There is, there- fore, not the slightest cause for anxiety on that score. I wish, however, at the same time to impress on everyone the necessity that there 's for conservation in every sjhape and form. Naturally this comes mostly under the head of fire protection, and it is noticeable that while we have had so many serious fires this season, there is a disposition on the part of the campers and loggers and every- one whose business takes them to the woods, to more rgidly observe the laws that have been laid down." The total initial cost of the new Forest Producers Laboratories at Van- couver, will be $20,000, of which the Dominion government will contribute $15,500, and the Provincial Govern- ment the balance. Cdnddian Forcstrij Juurndl, Aiigiisl, 19 IS 1849 i Useful Forestry Books FERGUSON— FARM FORESTRY I By John Arden Ferguson, A.M., M.F., Professor of Forestry at 1 the Pennsylvania State College. VIIIx241 pages. 534 by 8. [ Many full-page half tones. Cloth, §1.25 net. [ Covers especially the subject of forestry as applied to the farm and woodlot. The subject is treated from the broad standpoint of the woodlots in the great plains and prairie regions, as well as in the more eastern regions. KINNEY— THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERICA By Jay P. Kinney, A.B., LL.B., M.F., Chief Supervisor of Forests, United States Indian Service. XVH 1x275 pages. 6 bv 9. Cloth, $2.50 net. This book discusses the chronological development of legislation directed to the preservation of existing forest resources, reforestation of cut-over, burned-over areas, the extension of forest areas, and the systematic management of forests for productive purposes. KINNEY— THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW Bv Jay P. Kinnev, A.B., LL.B., M.F. XXIXx279 pages. 6 bv 9. Cloth, $3.00 net. This book contains information that will prove of inestimable value to anyone who desires to ascertain easily and quickly the funda- mentals of American timber law, or who needs reference to court decisions to support a well-founded view as to the law upon any particular point. WOOLSEY— FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY. Tunisia, 1 Algeria and Corsica. With a Translation of the Algerian Code of 1903. I Bv Theodore S. Woolsev, Jr., M.F., Assistant District Forester, \ United States Forest Service, 1908-1915. XVx238 pages. 6 | by 9. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.50 net. Embodies the result of a study of the more important phases of 1 forest practice in Corsica, Algeria and Tunisia. The author's exper- ! ience abroad includes not only continental Europe and the French I Dependencies (which latter are described in this book;, but also forest [ management in British India as well. | BRYANT — LOGGING. The Principal and General Methods of Operation in the United States. By Ralph Clement Bryant^ F.E , M.A., Manufacturers' Asso- ciation. Professor of Lumbering, Yale Universitv. XVI 1 1x590 pages. 6 by 9 133 figures. Cloth, $3.50 net. Discusses at length the movement of the timber from the stump to the manufacturing plant, and the chief facilities and methods for doing this: witl' especial reference to logging railroads. TAYLOR— HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN By Jay L. B. Taylor, Forest Ranger^, United States Forest Service. IXx420 pages. 4}4 bv 6^4. 236 figures. Flexible Binding, $2.50 net. Prepared as a result of the author's experience in field work of the United States Forest Service. Solves problems which confront a forest ranger in government, state and private employ. The sugges- tions offered will also be found of use to others whose work or re- creation takes them into rough or unsettled regions. 1850 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 4. — - THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND ARTS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED VICTORIA, TRINITY, ST. MICHAEL'S KNOX and WYCLIFFE COLLEGES FACULTIES OF APPLIED SCIENCE MEDICINE EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE FORESTRY For further information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or U> the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. (Continued from Page 1840) factor in which we believe the north has the advantage. The matter therefore stands thus: the southern part of the province has few trees and a Ught harvest, the northern portion more trees and a heavier harvest. If then we are right in drawing cdincli sions from this it would certainly be a good investment to carry out the suggestion of Dr. Andrews to plant every road in the province with trees. DtiHng the present summer, large numbers of farmers have lost their crops through the drifting of the soil, due to want of protection from the winds. These dry up the mois- ture and uncover the roots of the crops, which then are in danger of being burned up by the rays of the sun.^ On the other hand, trees at- tract moisture and protect the fields, and may therefore have an enormous effect in a dry summer such as the present. If the land is protected by trees it will warm up earlier in the day, and will stay warm longer at nights and the moisture in the soils would not, as now, be blown miles away. The trees would also pro- tect the fields from snow in winter, and would thus facilitate spring plowing by enabling farmers to get earlier on the land. From an aesthetic point of view, the matter is of the utmost importance One of the first things that strikes a person out from the old land is the bareness of the prairies. What an enormous effect it would have on the appearance of the country if well planted, and how grateful would be the protection from the rays of the sun. It has to be confessed that a vast number of our people look more on the material side than on the aes- thetic, and to these the prospect of abetter crops will surely appeal. From whatever side we may view the question, however, the planting of trees must be an immense advan- tage. Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 1851 CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO QUEEN^S UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining. Chemical, Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree wilh one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. GEO. Y. CHOWN. Besibtrar. .4. MINIATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, Mechanical and Architec- "tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOLS — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY R. O. SWEEZEY (B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E.) CONSULTING ENGINEER. | Water Powers. Timber Lands. ! Financing Forest Industries. [ 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. [ ——^ „ .. , . — _- — . — .^ — 4. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. 1852 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 CORRECTION. Under the heading of "Forest Legislation in Canada" in the July issue of the Canadian Forestry Jour- nal, a reference was made to the increase of ground rent for Quebec Limit holders from "five dollars per acre to six dollars and fifty cents." Obviously, this ought to liave been printed "per square mile." It is computed that there are 70 million sleepers in use on the railways of Canada, of which 10 millions must be replaced annually. By creosoting it is estimated that a saving would be effected of live million sleepers per annum, equal to 350 millions of board feet of timber, as measured in the round log. 50 CTS. •— + WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Ont. STEEL BUNKS FOR CAMPS Included in the well-known line of DENNISTEEL factory, hospital, camp and ship equipment is the all-steel sanitary bunk illustrated. Take up very little room, are comfortable, hygienic and practi- cally indestructible — a permanent investment. Write for particulars and folders on any of the following lines: Steel Lockers, Bins, Cabinets, Chairs, Stools, Etc. Standardized Steel Shelving (knock-down systemt. Steel Hospital Equipment. General Builders' Iron-work. Ornamental Bronze, Iron and Wirework. Wirework of every description. The Dennis Wire and Iron Works Co. Limited Lo ND ON C AIM AOA . Halifax Montreal Ottawa Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 1853 TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hardy Northern Trees and Shrubs mt Lowest Prices. NatlTe and Foreign Tree Seeds edyF-de-hurst&son,dennyhurst DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over '^ half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list ana mention this magazine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co., Everg^reen Specialists Larjteat Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, III.. U.S.A. Try This Stump PuHei J #»___ MMS^^M^ ''*>• Hni'th fltnmp Puller BX %MUt* nISMi «1>I take oat every tree ^ and stump by the roots, olearlDK from one to three acres a day, doing the work of twenty men. We want you to aeod for oar 3 year gaaraa tee aealntt brcakaga and our free trial proposition Addrese W. Smith Grabber Co 11 Smith Sta. LaCrescent. Minn. YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. Y-^LE University Forest School is a * graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is ofTered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standmg, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut @agnou & jMoriBBrttr Lumber Contractors Timberland Cruisers Forest Industries CHICOUTIMI, P.O. ♦ I LT.-COL. L. J. D. MARQUIS I I Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. ofF.E; | Quebec Auoc. of F.E; Former Mem. Que. F. Service I Forest Cruising and Mapping | Timber Factors and Logging Costs 1 Facts on Forest Growth and Future j Products i 90 LOCKWELL AVENUE, - - QUEBEC 1 ! R. R. BRADLEY 1 1 Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. of F. E. 1 j Consulting Forester to the New Bruns- | ! wick Railway Co. I { Timber and Pulpwood Estimates. Forest J I Maps. Advice on the Management ofj IWood Lands. Timber lands listed for sale. 1 1 GLOBE ATLANTIC BUILDING, ST. JOHN, N.B.I I Or P. O. Box No. 5, OTTAWA, Ont. j — — ♦ PHILLIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Timber Estimating and Mapping. Supervision of Lumber Contracts. Surveying. Forest Planting. STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. 1854 Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 ABC DIRECTORY AND YEAR BOOK OF LUMBER TRADE OF B.C. CLOTH. 136 PP Progress Publishing Co., Ltd., \ an- couver-$2.()() The 1918 Edition of the ''A. B C Lumber Trade Directory of British Cohimbia," just off the press, is a valuable addition to the desk of the business man. The directory section of the book contains an alphabetical list of every lumber and shingle mill in British Columbia ^vith details of the manage- ment, capital, date of establishment, products, and capacity of the plant; a classified list of firms manufactur- ing various commodities in the lumber industry; an up-to-date list of the logging operators throughout the pro- vince; lists of timber cruisers, log brokers, lumber wholesalers, towing companies, and similar information. A second section of the book, of particular interest to the lumber industry, gives details of the customs tarifTs of various countries. Another section gives the full text of all the legislation dealing with the lumber industry in British Columbia. Another section gives a mass of technical and statistical information regarding the various woods of B.C. showing their strength, values, volume tables, and other information of that nature. There is also a complete table showing the fees and royalties payable for the various licenses and leases, and information regarding timber marks and log marks. A useful Buyers' Guide is included in the book, being a directory of mill and camp supply houses which should prove of use to lumbermen. Every day that we Canadians tolerate wanton destruction of our natural resources, we tolerate a form of internal mischief that plays directly into the hands of the enemy. Rabbits as a Business. Rabbit growing enterprises are re- ported from various parts of the country, the animals being raised both for fur and meat. A California company is to estab- lish a large fur-rabbit farm and pack the meat as tin potted hare. Business men of Hamilton, Canada, have taken over a fur-rabbit farm and will raise Siberian rabbits for fur and meat. This latter species is said to be comparatively new to Canada. It sometimes reaches a weight of 14 pounds is black in color, grows very quickly and one doe will produce about 100 young in eight months. The meat can be produced at 5 cents a pound, it is said, and the pelts are of very good quality for rabbit fur. Uncle Sam is looking into the wild \\>stern jackrabbit, which is killed by millions every year as a pest by farmers. It is maintained by the Department of Agriculture that jack- rabbit meat is good game when fresh and that the hams, when corned and smoked, will compare well with German goose hams. The Paper For People Who Would Really Know Those who are reading WORLD WIDE week by week are linding themselves better informed as to the thought and doings of these momentous times than those who mere- ly depend on the Daily press; for in WORLD WIDE is presented the well considered thought of those who concern themselves with the Inner meaning of things rather than with their passing appearance. In WORLD WIDE you will find assembled j ust a few of the really noteworthy articles of the week, selected from the most responsible British and American journals and reviews — care being taken to have different points of view represented. Many of these articles have been written or in- spired by the great men of the times. Sample copies F^REE; or for five weeks trial for ten cents in stamps, or fiftv cents on trial to end of 1918 to new Subscribers. (Reg- ular subscription rates .S2.00.") JOHN DOUGALL &. SON, Publishers, Montreal. Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 1855 An Open Letter to Members! To take up a gun^ ^and get into step— —and drill and march- is one way, and a great way, of doing Canada a service. But when a busy man — — quietly turns to his neighbor — — and says: "Join the Forestry Association" He is doing a patriot's work in direct support of the man with the gun. Hundreds of our members the last month or so, have gone to a little trouble to recruit a new supporter of the Forest Conservation Movement. And hundreds haven't. They have said, "I haven't time," little knowing.that the Canadian Forestry Association gets most members from]the rushed-to-death executive, the business man whose minutes are worth dollars. We ask you to score a New Member to your credit i n Sept. As a special induce- ment we will mark his membership and subscription paid up until December 31st, 1919. BUT, to be a mem- ber of the Association means far more than subscription to the Forestry Journal. The latter is an incidental to membership, but we intend to make it a more attractive in- cidental during the re- mainder of the year. Canadian Forestry Association Booth Building, Ottawa. Not affiliated with any government or commercial interest. i How About Operators? Prospective users of wireless usuauy ask us: "But what about operators? Aren't they hard to get?" The answer is: ''Not if you use C & W apparatus." The old style sets, with their high voltage, low factor of safety and numerous critical adjustments, could be operated only by an expert, with a specialized training, — ^and such men are hard to get. But C & W sets have a voltage of only 200 volts as against from 8,000 to 20,000 volts in the old style sets, a factor of safety of ten as against one and a half, and no critical adjustments. These factors make a set so simple, rugged, reliable and easy to operate that anyone who knows the code can operate C & W sets and keep them in operation — and learning the code is a simple matter taking from four to six weeks. If C & W sets are installed in your forests, your wardens can operate them after a short training. No C & W set has ever broken down in service; the initial cost of a C & W set is about one quarter that of other sets on the market; the upkeep costs are almost negligible; and you can always get operators for C & W sets among your own men. May we help you solve your problerp ? Details and expert advice from our engineers upon request. Cutting & Washington^ Inc. 1083 Little Building - BOSTON, Mass. S: :|1 Canadian forestry 3oumal Vol. XIII SEPTEMBER, 1918 No. 9 A FORLoT ROAD NEAR MOUNT BENSON, BRITISH COLUMBIA TENTS IN EVERY STYLE May be had made up of the celebrated Write for Samples and Prices. .^4^.^ The Woods Manufacturing Co., Ltd. FORMERLY SMART-WOODS, LTD. OTTAWA - TORONTO - MONTREAL - WINNIPEG FOREST TELEPHONES ' f.' Make the life of the forester better worth living. They relieve him from the appalling loneliness. They help him to keep in human voice touch with foresters miles avcay. In emergencies — fire- — sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the Office nearest you. Norfharfi Efectr/c Com patty Montreal Halifax Ottawa Toronto Regina London Calgary Winnipeg Vancouver -Northern ^Etcctric^Forest-Tetetyhones- Canadian Forestry Journal CIRCULATION 6800 COPIES MONTHLY ROBSON BLACK, Editor. Vol. XIV. WOODSTOCK ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1918 No. 9 CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER "Planting the Home Grounds" By E. B. Luke, Montreal. "Growing a New Forest Family at St. Jovite" By A. C. Volkmar, Forester, Riordon Pulp and Paper Co "A Small Town in the Wood Business" By the Fuel Controller of Perth, Ontario. "War's Terrible Drain on Europe's Forests." "Canada to Profit by Forestry Corps' Experience" "Official Estimate of B.C. Timber Losses this Year." "Canada and the Idea of Science" "Stock Taking of Canada's Timber" "The Race for Aeroplane Spruce" "Proper safeguards in Tree Planting" "Canadians beat All-Comers in Aerodrome Work" "$4,000,000 Yearly for Forest Upkeep" "Golden returns from Forest Maintenance" "Why Forests pay Better than Mines" "Australia demands Trained Foresters" "Wireless Telephone for Forest PatroP' "N.B. Chooses Rangers on Merit Basis" "Ways of Research and Crickets" "Fire Pump Withstands Tests" "Exaggeration of Canada's wood Supply" "The French Forest Service" "Jail for Endangering Forests" "3000 Million Seedlings to Replace British Forests" "Eastern Forests Producing Poorer Wood" ^ "How France's Forests Increase Population" The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Communicationt to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Onl. Entered at the Post Ofiice at Woodstock, Ont.. as second-class matter. liSOO Canadian Forestry Journal, September, U)18 Growing a New Forest Family at St. Jovite By A. C. Volkmar, Forester, The Riordon Pulp and Paper Co. Over Three Million Little Trees Being Prepared for Reforestation in Canada's Newest Nursery. The reforestation policy of The Riordon Pulp Si Paper Co., Ltd., was first started in 1916, when an experiment was made with Norway spmce seed, in a small quantity. The results were encouraging, and in 1917, it was decided to develope a nursery with an annual production of 1,000,000 select three-year-old trans- plants of spruce and about 100,000 select three-year-old transplants of white and red pine. With this object in view a farm near St. Jovite was purchased and the part best suited reserved as a nursery. The soil is light and sandy, with a clay subsoil, about three feet from the surface. The site is a slightly rolling area, with a western aspect. To insure proper drainage in spring, a system of blind drains, or trenches filled svith stone covered with -earth, has been installed, which isuccessfully carries off the surplus water. The seed beds have been arranged to allow for three sets with an annual production of about three million seedlings each year. In this manner one set will lie fallow each year, following the removal of two year seedlings to transplant beds. The fallow beds will be sown to cow peas and clover, same being plowed in, as fertiUzer, in addition to such quantity of other fertilizer as proves neces- sary to maintain the soil in fertile condition. The beds have been arranged to iiin wilh the contours, and where erosion is likely to occur, beds have been elevated on the lower side, so that the path-ways will check the flow of surface water and allow it to seep in more gradually. In cases of heavy slopes, the lower sides of the beds have been re-in- forced with boards. Watering System. As no natural water supply was at hand, a tap line 2,500 feet long was run down to the village main and the water brought to the nursery by gravity pressure. This pressure was not sufficient for spraying purposes, so an open cement tank 10x10x10 ft. was built and the pressure for spray- ing supplied by a gasoline engine and pump. Shade Frames The shade frames now in use are 12x4 ft. covered by a coarse mesh burlap, on a roller, so that the frame body ramains on bed all season and only the burlap is rolled up, or unrolled, as the occasion requires. The nursery is so located that no natural shade is at hand, and conse- quently the seedbfcds are kept under this diffused light during sunny days, and as the soil is light, and the heat and light strong, two year old seed- lings will be kept shaded during extremes of heat, at least. The life of the burlap is about 23^2 seasons, but when the saving in labour is consid- ered, in covering and uncovering the beds, the expense is practically no more than with lath frames. Winter Protection. Winter protection demands consid- erable attention, and is very neces- sary, as proven by experiment. The ground usually freezes to a consider- able depth before the snow comes, which results in "heaving" to a great extent in the spring. To ob- viate this, the beds are covered with Canadian Foreslrii Journal, September, 1918 KSin yiiowiug Spruce and Pine Transplant Beds on. Heaviest Slope. Displaying Method of Erosion Prevention. straw, little by little, while the ground freezes, and then covered to a thickness of one foot, with straw — or about six inches when old burlap is laid over them. By gradually re- moving this cover in the spring, "heaving" is practically eliminated as well as sun scorching. The worn out shade frame burlaps will be iised for' winter covering until completely useless, and the old straw piled and allowed to produce what fertilizer it will. The Seeding Process. Both broadcast and drill seeding have been used each offering certain advantages, but in view of the heavy winter covering required and the necessity of cultivation and keep- ing the soil sweet and fresh, the drill system will be used. This requires more space and is more expensive than broadcasting, but the final results will offset the extra cost. Care of Seed beds The seed beds are given every possible care, including weeding and cultivation; spraying to supplement rainfall when necessary, so that the soil does not become thorougly dried out; and covering with shade frames during sunny days, or heavy down- pours of rain, and uncovered on dull days or during ordinary rains. Transplanting The two year seedlings will be dug out in late fall of the second year, and carried over the winter in a sand cellar, to be built for that purpose. In the following spring, as soon as the ground is ready these will be transplanted in nursery rows, about 12 inches apart, and spaced about 6 inches apart in the rows. No attempt to transplant in beds will be made as this requires too much labour and expense. The actual transplanting will be done with the aid of the Yale transplanting board. The care the transplants will re- ceive will be confined to cultivation and watering in case ofsevere drought only. Two complete sets of trans- plant areas will be used, allowing one to lie fallow each year, in order to build up the soil value. Digging out and Shipping In the late fall of the third year the transplants will be dug out and carried over the winter in the storage cellar. In the following spring these 1862 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 will be bundled and shipped to the plantation in lots of re([uiied quan- tity to keep a small reserve always ahead of the plantation crew. This will eliminate a prolonged "heeling in" period between ihe time the plants are removed from cellar and the time at which •hey are perman- ently planted. By means of the svstem of digging out vwo year seed- lings and three year transplants in the Fall, the work will be distributed over the season, rather than lieing crowded into a short period in the spring. The foregoing outline?, the policy upon which >.he nursery is being developed. The result so far obtain- ed includes a stock of about 2,000,000 one-year-old Norway spruce seedlings 800,000 one-year native white spruce seedlings, 200,000 one-year native white pine seeJlings, 75,000 tliree-year Norway spruce transplants, 100,000 four-year Norway spruce transplants, 5,000 five-year twice transplanted white spruce and white pine, and about 5,000 Iwo-year seedlings of bull pine, or a total of about 3,185,- 000 plantL> of all classes. Showing Manner in Which the Shade Frames are Constructed and Used. Exaggeration of Canada's Wood Supply Mr. Phillip T. Dodge of the Inter- national Paper Company, is re- ported in the New York Times as saying: "Most serious is the matter of pulp wood, from which paper is made. The forests of the United States are in great measure exhausted but in Canada there is a vast supply, largely on Crown Lands. For years this came freely to the United States, being cut under extensive leases, but exportation from the important sections is now prohibited and the mills of this country arc placed at a great disadvantage. If the wood supply for the making of paper is practically exhausted in the United States, how long does anyone think it will take to place Canada in the same position if all the American mills are allowed free access to her supplies? The uses of wood pulp are rapidly increasing, the consump- tion of paper is not likely to dimin- ish and while Canada has a large supply it is by no means 'vast'." PLANTING ON THE PRAIRIES Last year on the 160 acre forest tree nursery of the Dominion Forestry Branch at Sutherland, near Saska- toon ,one half milhon trees were shipped to farmers in the province. Two years ago three million were shipped out. The trees are taken up in the fall and set out in the spring. Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 1863 Planting the Home Grounds By E. B. Luke, Montreal How to Organize Trees and Shrubs to Pro- duce Maximum Beauty Without Large Outlay. The art of ornamenting the home grounds, known as Ornamental Gar- dening, Landscape Gardening, etc., while undoubtedly one of the most important of the Arts, is nevertheless, in Canada, very far behind such of its brother Arts, as for instance, Architecture or Inside Decoration. Nor is this to be wondered at, for our efforts have been expended more along the lines of necessity and utility than adornment. As a con- sequence, we compare very unfavor- ably with the older European coun- tries and it has apparently become a settled fact in the minds of many that we may never hope to attain the place they hold to-day in the world beautiful. On the other hand, if the matter be thought over carefully, not one of us will be willing to dispute the fact that there is not a single reason why Canada, if she receives that full development which it is our duty to see that she gets, should not, in years to come, be as beautiful a spot as there is on this earth and become in reality, as one of our leaders put it, "the brightest star in the British constellation." Feared as a "Luxury'' It has been perhaps only during the past quarter of a century that any real advancement has been made in Ornamental Gardening and during that time and even now, the work has largely been done by professionals for either municipalities, corpora- tions, or wealthy individuals. We should, I think, first disabuse our minds of the impression that the luxury of landscape gardening can only be indulged in by the rich or by those owning large estates, for there is no lot or plot of ground, no matter how small, that is not susceptible to vast improvement by proper and intelligent planting, and there is no Intelligent person who loves and knows flowers, has some artistic taste and will study the fundamental principles of Ornamental Garden- ing, who cannot, at least, tastefully landscape his own home grounds. It would seem, moreover, that this is a particularly opportune time for a wider educative propaganda on this subject, so that the many thousands of Canadians who are now gardening of necessity, many of whom will hereafter garden for the pure love of growing things, to say nothing of the satisfaction and saving in doing so, and who will be contented with nothing short of a home garden of their own, should be assisted along the right lines to the end that their home grounds may be a credit to themselves, a credit to their town or city, and an added asset to our coun- try. The study of Art and Nature has a most refining, elevating and recreat- ing effect upon those who pursue it. Worries that cannot be forgotten in other pursuits for happiness, even in sleep, completely disappear in this intensely absorbing, and wholesome- ly delightful occupation. Organized Beauty Landscape Gardening is the art of creating organized beauty: of making one harmonious whole of many dissimilar parts. There are two styles most commonly in vogue, the Natural and the Formal or Architectural. The former is some- times called the English style, and the latter the Italian. The natural style is undoubtedly the favorite in England, Canada and the United States, In Canada I would like to see a distinct Canadian style of natural landscape gardening, and one which 1864 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 would use the species and varieties of our own country, rather than the exotic or foreign varieties, harmoniz- ing this material in its arrangement with our own style of architecture as applied to our houses or buildings as well as with our own natural landscapes. In the laying out of grounds, however, whether in formal or in- formal style, in order to get a clear and definite conception of "the results in a finished state, a plan should be made, and after being decided upon should be strictly adhered to. The foundation of the Natural style of Ornamental Gardening is the open lawn. The plantings should, gener- ally speaking, be "confined to the boundaries: buildings where possible, ought to be located at one side: drives and walks should never be cut straight through the grounds, but of graceful curves, unless there is the best of good reasons for having them otherwise, for you will sel- dom find a straight line in Nature. Trees should be planted in groups — never in straight lines — for that is the way they are found in Nature. A liberal planting of shrubs and flowering plants is fully in accord with the Natural style of gardening and these should be planted in clumps and masses, for nature rarely scatters her plants. Tall trees should be planted to screen out objectionable features in the near landscape and low shrubs and plants to keep before you some desirable features of the surroundings. The use of Shrubs. In order to obliterate the lines of demarcation of a building, shrubs should be grouped irregularly around its walls and massed in the nooks and corners. Climbers should also be planted to cover certain portions of the walls and porches. Avoid the conventional rockery unless naturally placed. Don't place a trellis on a lawn for climbing plants. Let them climb naturally on the porches, walls, trunks of old trees, or over the tops of shrubs. Be careful in placing the summer-hocse, for if placed naturally and artistically, it is a feature of harmonious beauty. If not, it can easily be made a monstrosity of ugliness. Wherever possible, avoid a fence, for there is no beauty in the fanciest fence made; in fact, the fancier the fence, the, uglier it is. A hedge, while planted in a straight line, may be broadened out at one point, drawn in at another, and finally merged into a clump of trees or shrubs, and thus sers^es the pur- pose of a fence and at the same time adds to, instead of detracts from, the naturalness and beauty desired. I dislike "weeping trees" of the top grafted, umbrella-shaped species, and shrubs or evergreens sheared into unnatural or grotesque forms, not only because of their ugliness, but also because of their lack of harmony in otherwise natural surroundings. Yet it is strange the fascination these have and_the prominence given them on so many of our Canadian lawns. Plan the Grounds. A plan of one's grounds should express an idea as well as perform a service. It should be in harmony with the architectural design of the dwelling and its proper desjgn is just as important, for one dollar expended on the grounds will pro- duce more beauty than twenty spent on the house. It is, therefore, sur- prising, that of the vast amounts of money expended on the Architecture of the dwellings in our land, more thought and money is not devoted to the proper treatment of the grounds, for good grounds, like good houses, result only from intelligent study and design. Especially is it surprising, as there are so many good books on the subject of Ornamental Garden- ing, any one of which will give an intelligent person a working know- ledge of the subject. — E. B. Luke. ! The Forestry Journal will be | I sent to any address in Canada j I for One Dollar a Year. \ I 1 Canadian Foreslrii Journal, September, 1918 1865 The Race for Aeroplane Spruce By J. H. Hamilton, Editor "Industrial Progress," Vancouver. Three to Four Thousand Men Engaged in Speed- ing Up the Wood Supply in British Columbia. A few month > ago Ine amount of aeroplane spruce l)eing i^roduccfl in B. C. was praciically a nei'ligil)le quantity. The campaign of pro- duction inaugurated by the Aeronau- tical Branch of the Im{)crial Muni- tions Board, with the t^ early co- operation of the Forest Department of the British Cohimbia Government and of the lumber trade in the prov- ince, has produced results far beyond the expectation, of the most ardent optimist. When the whole tale can be told, the result attained will be a source of pride to the organizing ability of the province. , The Commission of Conserva- tion, in a recent report of their in- vestigation, estimated that approx- imately fourteen billion feet of Sitka Spruce is available on the coast of B.C. Only a very small propor- tion of this, of course, is available for aeroplane stock, buL it represents practically an illimitable supply never- theless. The spruce on the Coast is the Sitka Spruce (Picea Sitchensis) also known as Giant Spruce, Silver Spruce, Tideland Spruce or Alaska Spruce. The spruces are very valu- able forest trees found in every country in the Northern Ilemiisphere. They yield excellent lumber, and are unsurpassed for pulp manufacture. Seven of the eighteen species grow in North America. Sitka Spruce, the giant of the genus, both in size and c[uality, grows only on the Pacific Coast. IVIature trees average 150 feet in height and 4 feet in diameter, while some trees grow to over 200 feet in height and 10 to 15 feet in diameter. The tall, straight poles with their moderate taper, furnish saw timber of the best quality and in largest dimensions, unusually clear and free from defects. It has been stated by the Imperial authorities that after a world-wide search and the most stringent tests the Sitka Spruce of the Northern Pacific Coast is by far the most suitable wood for the construction of aeroplanes. Its value for this pur- pose depends more upon its elasticity and toughness of fibre than upon its actual strength. Douglas Fir, for instance, is stronger wood than Sitka Spruce, but far more brittle. The length of fibre of spruce enables it to take a lateral strain without breaking better than almost any other wood. The distribution of spruce on the coast of B. C. is very wide, practically the whole of the coastline for a distance of several miles inland being heavily timbered with this tree, some parts, of course, far more densely than others. Speaking generally, the largest trees grow on the Queen Charlotte Islands and there are some very fine stands on the West Coast of Vancouver Island and the northern section of the Main- land Coast. The forests of the Queen Charlotte Islands were practically virgin until the aeroplane spruce loggers went in early this spring. It is hard to say just where the finest timber is, for the stand is so la rge that the production so far has prac- tically ony touched the fringe of the available supply. It is stated by the authorities that the production of cut aeroplane stock has been trebled during the past three months and that the speeding-up process is continuing in the same ratio. Figures regarding the actual output cannot be published for obvious reasons, but it may be stated that from three to four thousand men are employed directly in the industry in the logging camps and mills. 1866 Canadian Forestrij Journal, September, 1918 The establishment in Vancouver of a Forest Products Laboratory by Ihe Department of Forestry of the Dominion Government, under the direction of Lieut. L. L, Brown, will ])e of immediate value to the develop- ment of the spruce industry. One of the first tasks to be undertaken by the new laboratorv will ])e an ex- haustive examination of the Engel- mann snruce, also known as the White Spruce, which grows very freely in the interior of B.C. It is estimated that the stand of Engel- mann Spruce is a])proximately fifty- eight ])illion feet, and if found to be practicable to bring thi? material into line with the rigid requirements of the Aeronautical Department it will pro- vide a further huge supply of material for the use of the Allies. Fire Pump Withstands Severe Test 600 ft. Hose used Here. This Bush is all Burning — the Picture Hardly Shows It. On several occasions it has been estimaied by practical men in forest pro.eci.ion work that fwo hundred men with water buckets cannot equal in fire extinguishing efficiency the services of one modern gasoline fire pump. Proof of this contention was recently encountered in the Cochrane Division of the Ontario Forest Pro- tection Service. Mr. E. G. Poole, the Fire Superintendent, despatched one of the Johnston pumps (F.M. make) to a threatening forest lire in the Kapuskasing district. A saw- mill and other buildings were in the gravest danger of destruction. The elYorts of scores of men had proved of little use. The pump was set to Avork with several feet of hose stretch- ed across tree trunks to hold it above the blazing ground. Much trouble was encountered in preventing the burning of the hose. A fifty-foot stream was soon working on the buildings and the surrounding ground delivering a bulk of water that no quantity of fire pails could have equalled. For eighteen hours, prac- tically without a stop, the portable pump stuck to its job and saved the properties. At one time, the gasoline tank caught fire from a leak and the engine was thrown bodily down the bank and into the Kapuskasing River. In a few minutes it was retrieved, some of the mud rubbed off and again starter pumping with no loss of powed Canadian Forcslrii Journal. Scpfcmhcr, l^hS 18()7 A Small Town in the Wood Business Perth, Ontario, Sells Hardwood, Delivered, at Eight Dollars a Cord and Makes a Profit. How an Ontario miinicipalily, not afraid to tackle fuel dii'ficiilties alonu new lines, has brought to the doors of its citizens 1900 cords of wood this year, at a cost of $8 per cord for hardwood and S6 for softwood, and made a thousand dollars proht for the municipal treasury is told in the following letter from Mr. J. T. Con- way, Chairman of the Fuel Commit- tee of Perth, Ontario. Surely this highly successful enterprise by a live town government could be re- peated again and again wherever woodlots are within easy reach. "In reply to enquiry of July 10th. re how the Perth enterprise in wood fuel was worked out I would say that we were very successful. In fact we came out nearly one thou- sand dollars ahead, when we only want- ed to come out even. We first bought ten acres of hard- wood bush about three or four miles from Perth for five hundred dollars. When cut we had forty-five cords to the acre. Then we bought one hun- dred acres for twelve hundred dollars, in mixed wood, and we will have about two thousand cords off it. We engaged a foreman and had the men driven out to the bush every morning, as many objected to staying in the bush. For hardwood we paid for cutting S2.50 per cord and for soft wood S2.00, and the men made good money. We paid a foreman $4.00 per day and expenses, but we found that we could get along with- out him by paying $1.25 to the best man amongst the choppers to meas- ure up the wood when cut and alot the work to the men. We put up in the bush a large tent with a stove and benches for the men to use when eating their dinner. Also an emery stone for them to use to sharpen their axes. We paid $2.00 per cord for drawing. The teams made two trips each, with a cord and a half i)cr trip, whicli made $(i.0() per dav for drawing. The Chief of Police of Perth tof)k the orders and had it delivered at $8.00 per cord for hardwood and .$6.00 for soft wood, with a limit of two loads to each party. After sleighing was done the men continued cutting and now we have over four hundred cords of dry wood in the bush. We have delivered altogether about fifteen hundred cords of wood from what we have brought in by train and from the bush, and the people of town have never been without fuel. The great secret in keeping down the price of wood is in buying a bush near town. It is worth twice the price when a team can make two trips per day. BUSH FIRES KILL HONEY CROP The honey crop of the lower Fraser ^^alley will be one of the smallest on record, according to an apiarist at Cloverdale, B.C. Dry weather and smoke from the bush lires is given as the cause. One of the largest producers in the Fraser Valley, who usually gathers around 200 pounds of honey per colony, says that the crop has ended so far as he is concerned. An effective way of carrying a hose reel for a fire fighting pump. Used by the Ontario Forestry Branch at Cochrane, Ontario. 1868 Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, September, 1918 Official Estimate B. C. Timber Losses By M. A. Grainger, Chief Forester, in a Letter to ''Canadian Forestrij Journal.'' Victoria, B.C., Aug. 14: The For- est Fire Season for 191(S has l)een, to date, one of rather moderate fire risks, with three weeks of extremely hot dry weather, which created the worst fire risk since 1910, breaking into the season during the latter part of June and first week in July. This was attended, in the Coast and Island District, with several severe outbreaks of forest fires, so that during one week alone there was destroyed a large quantity of logging machin- ery', camps, equipment and logs. Several thousand acres were burned over during this time of stress, which was followed by a 24 hour rain thai eased conditions, and allowed the fire fighters to assume control of a somewhat serious situation. The interior has had a fairly aver- age fire season. Nelson has been visited with an extraordinary number of lightning fires (which do not choose the most accessible ground to start in) consequently the cost of fighting some of these is quite out of proportion to the acreage burned over, and damage resulting. The total number of fires to date, the greater majority of which come under the heading of "no cost" fires, is 444, the cost to the Department of fighting these up to date is $22, 134.00; the acreage of cost fires burnt over is 37,836 acres. 8,700 M. feet of merchantable timber has been burned of which 3,200 M. feet are salvable. Taking it all round, the fire season in B.C. has been one of average dam- age, and the present weather gives rise to the hope that the worst of the danger is now over. The formation of a Lumberman's Association in New Brunswick, which will co-operate with the Crown Lands Dei~)artment in the handling of the forests of that Province marks a new era in co-operation. WOOD FOR ONTARIO'S USE. The Ontario Government will have shipped by the end of the present month from Algonquin Park some fifteen thousand cords of wood for the use of the parliament buildings in Toronto and the different provincial institutions. The wood will be used in the fall and early spring to conserv^e coal. Some twelve municipalities in Ontario availed themselves of the offer of the government to cut wood in Algonquin Park and have taken about thirty thousand cords. It is said that a cord of wood will give as much heat as a ton of coal. WASTING THE VALUES. Saw-mill waste amounts to about 40 per cent of the original tree. The finished lumber, on the average, re- presents only from 30 to 35 per cent of the tree. New developments in the utilization of wood waste are being made continually, but it is false economy to handle waste unless the by-product industries can be carried on at a profit. EfTective utilization calls for a variety of chemical and mechanical processes which must be adapted to the form, species and quantity of wood waste available at any point. — Dr. J. S. Bates. In the month of August, President Wilson authorized a loan of one million dollars to the Forest Service for fire fighting expenses to meet the serious emergency conditions in the national Forests of the north west and the Pacific coast States. The loan was made from the special defence fund of fifty million dollars placed at tiie disposal of the President by Congress. It is recognized that the protection of the National Forests is an important and essential war activitv. (Ainailian Forestry Journal, September, 191S 1869 Crowds Visit C. F. A. Exhibition Car Travelling Advertisement for Forest Protection Meets with Continuous Success in Eastern Canada. The Travelling Exhibition Car of the Canadian Forestn,- Association has met with great success during the first thirty days of its Eastern tour. The ec{uipment of the car includes a handsome four-foot model of a Canadian aeroplane, a wireless set in daily operation, a number of forest telephones, two models of lookout towers, a heliograph, two cabinets of process exhibits showing the raw materials and finished pro- ducts of paper and other manufactures, exhibits of unusual wood fibre pro- ducts such as carpel, lloor rugs, waterproof wrappings, twines, sub- stitute for iron pipe, cellulose pro- ducts and paper bandages, scores of photographs on the walls, a small forest nursery. In addition, there will be added at Edmundston for the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and Central Quebec nins, an automatic lantern slide projector showing thirty instructive pictures in rotation; as well as a fire fighting pump and an "Erosion Mod- el." The latter is quite a spectac- ular piece of construction, 4ft. by 4 ft. with two mountains modelled in cement and earth. One mountain is well forested, while the other has been denuded. An artificial shower of rain falls on both hillsides. It is caught and retained by the forested hill and delivered evenly to a rippling river. On the deforested hill, how- ever, erosion sets in, the land in the valley is covered with boulders and sand, bridges washed out, and agri- cultural possibilities ruined. During the run through Northern Ontario, Mr. Robson Black, Secre- tary of the Canadian Forestiy Asso- ciation, remained with the car ex- plaining the work of forest jirotection and the need for public co-operation with the fire rangers. In the even- ing, a motion picture lecture was given. Following are typical records of attendance. Braeside, Ont: 350 visited Car; 250 at evening lecture. Mattawa, Ont.: 250 visited Car; 300 at evening lecture. Temiskaming, P.Q.: 500 visited Car; 400 at evening lecture. Timmins, Ont.: 550 visited Car; 300 at evening lecture. Cochrane, Ont.: 700 visited Car; 400 at evening lecture. At Cochrane, Ont., Mr. Victor Bail- large, of the Quebec Forest Service, was deputed, by courtesy of the Quebec Forest Service, to accompany the Car through Quebec as far as Edmundston, N.B., Mr. Baillairge made stops at La Reine, La Sarre, Makamik, O'Brien, Amos, Doucet, Parent, La Tuque, Quebec City, Rosaire, St. Euphemie, River Manie, Sully, and Glendyne. On the return journey points along the Temiscou- ata Railway in Quebec, the Quebec and Lake St. John Railway and other districts will be visited. The New Brunswick run will take about fifteen days, the Exhibition Car entering Nova Scotia on about October 3rd. Large quantities of special liter- ature have been placed on the car, such as two editions of "Le bulletin des forets," "The Child's Book of the Forests," "The Forests of Canada in Peace and War" and other propag- andist publications. STATE OWNERSHIP GAINING "If we are obliged to regulate very far private property in the interest of conservation, we have a strong ground for public property; as illus- trated in the case of forests, and in this case, public ownership is the world over, gradually gaining on private ownership." — ''Foundations of National Prosperity.'' 1870 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 3000 Million Seedlings to Replace British Forests By M. C. Duchesne, F. S. I., Honorary Secretary Royal English Arbor icultural Society. It is estimated that by the end of this year probably one million acres of our woods — representing one- third of the total area — will have been felled for the war emergency. If this be so, and we estimate three thousand trees per acre required for replanting, this represents a supply of three "thousand million seedhngs necessary for re-planting only the area which will have been felled during the war. These seedlings re- quire three to four years in the nurs- ery preparatory to planting in the woods. The cost of re-planting will be greatly increased if the areas are left derelict too long before re-plant- ing. Mays of Research and Crickets A problem brought to us several years ago was to avoid the destruc- tion of binder twine by crickets, recounts the "Little Journal" of Cam- bridge, Mass. The twine was per- fectly good except for the fact that as soon as it was put to use in the harvest field the crickets straightway destroyed it. Efforts had been made to destroy the crickets but without success, and do what they would, they couldn't keep them out of the twine as soon as it reached the stubble. It was a matter of really grave import- ance, and finally we were called upon to undertake research in the matter. The problem was given to a chemist of unusually ripe scholarship. He was joined by a competent entymolo- gist and they proceeded to work in the laborator\- with crickets imprisoned in glass houses and, for months at a time, in the harvest fields where crickets live. Soon they reached the conclusion that it was not twine for which the insects had an insatiable passion; it was their hatred of the situation which followed the reapers in the stubble. It appeared that they bit into the twine possibly for moisture which was dried out of the wheat stalks, or for some other nsectivorous reason consequent upon changed conditions. The solution lay in discouraging the attacks, rather than in killing the fiddlers after the sheaves were loosened. Men of re- search are out after results, not revenge. The next step was to find something that was more unpleasant than lack of shade, more ofTensive than drought, more horrid than thirst from the crickets' standpoint. Re- search and experiment finally proved that a simple treatment of the twine makes it, cricketally speaking, unen- durable and thus were accomplished great savings in wheat as well as twine. The work took several sea- sons with the checking up of each promising laboratory experiment in the open. Theory and practice must go hand in hand. Moreover, re- search means headwork, and some- times field work. It is estimated that the sunflower plant draws from the soil and exhales in 12 hours 12 gallons of water. N.B.BUILDING TOWERS. The construction of observation towers to be used in the fire fighting system of New Brunswick will be begun shortly. Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 1871 War's Terrible Drain on Europe's Forests Bij Col. Henri) S. Graves, Chief Forester of the United States. If ever an argumeni was needed for forestry, it is found in P'rance. Us forests, developed by many years of care, are available and usable now in the hour of supreme need, which shows the value of French forestry in the past. It has befeki very carefully administered. Prior to the war, France imported much of her timber and had many little mills throughout the country to supply local needs. This combina- tion kept prices down, and the general market has been supplied l)y importation. When, therefore, need suddenly arose to provide tim- ber and fuel, not only for the French j)eople and the French army but also for the tremendous needs of the American army, France was ready. Drained of Timber. France and England, too, for that matter, are going to be well drained of timber by the war. It will take them a long time to recover their neglected forests. France will have to import. England will have to import. Norway and Sweden are reported to have been cutting rather recklessly, so that they may not be able to continue their exports of timber. It is said that 15,()(H),0()() acres of forest in the Baltic Provinces have been practically ruined by the fighting between Germany and Rus- sia. Germany has begun already to exploit the Russian forests and indeed had begun to do so before the war. An enormous amount of timber will be needed after the war for recon- struction. This country is likely to be called upon, and we have not in this country any too extensive sup- plies, nor have we been handling them with too great regard for the future. The situation in France is about as follows: From the Pyrenees Mountains to the city of Bordeaux is a great pine country (Maritime pine), which with our own pine forests provides from 75 to 90 percent of all the turpentine used. This great plain reminds one of Georgia. In places 85 percent of the land is covered with forest. It is held by private owners usually in large hoklings. The methods of extracting turpentine are much more careful than ours, and as a result the trees live many years longer. Clean cutting is usually practiced over areas of twenty-five to fifty acres together. In France they sec that the woods come up again to pine. The new forest is started promptly by the private owner. Under war conditions owners in America will do this to a much greater extent than hitherto. Every Tree Paid For. South of this pine belt, the French Government owns considerable tracts of land mostly planted to pine along the coast. In the rest of France (45 percent of the countiV) the forests are mostly on private estates and have been carefully handled for many years. It is in most respects the same as our wood-lot problem. Here, too, French Government for- esters mark and measure the timber for cutting. The timber for the American army is purchased from the Government and from the owners of the estates, and it is a new con- dition that our lumberjacks have to meet when every small tree destroyed is paid for, whether it can be utilized or not. Our men have been doing splendidly well, and the French them- selves are delighted with the methods and results. One of the great points in this war is the generosity of the careful French people in opening up their forests. The French people are suffering for fuel and timber supplies of all kinds, and yet when the American army had need of enormous quantities of rail- way ties and piles and of lumber for the construction of warehouses and 1872 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 other buildings the French said: "Get them here." Our Part in Restoration. When I went to France in 1917 Canadian skilled workers had already done much good work. We now have there about 9,000 skilled Ameri- cans and seventy or eighty sawmills, portable, of all sizes, scattered over central and southern France. The spirit of our men is wonderful. Thev get 30,000 feet per day from a 10,000- foot mill. The French have had to cut their picturesque highway poplars but we are seeking to leave no scars in France. The forests^are not only paid for, but also they are going to be reforested. Scotch and English forest ofTicers have already said that the work is 'being well done. I should like to see American engineers leave the roads and the smashed forests and even the fruit trees of France all replaced. Let us take part in the restoration. How France's Forests Have Increased Population By Gilbert Brown, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. I have been for fourteen months in France in connection with the exploitation of French forests for the production of timber for the armies. My appointment by the W^ar Office was as liaison officer with both the French militaiy and forestry- authori- ties, and I had singular opportuni- ties of seeing something of the great part played by forestry in French national life. My duties took me to the sjilendid virgin forests of silver fir and spruce in the Jura, to the great State and privately-owned oak and beech forests of Normandy and the middle of France, and — perhaps more interesting than any other forest area — to the Departments of Landes, Gironde and Basses Pyrenees in the south-west corner of France. During the last 100 years this coun- try has been converted from a barrefi waste of utterly unprofitable land to a huge forest of over two millions of acres, all under crops of maritime pine of varying ages. Had it not been for the foresight of the French authorities, and perhaps of Napoleon III. in particular, the ar- mies and railways to-day in France and our Admiralty collieries in South Wales would have been in much dire need of timber than they actu- ally are. This south-western area of France, which is now so enormously pro- ductive of useful timber, supports in its villages and small towns a thriving population, said to be more prosperous than any in France; they owe that prosperity entirely to the products of the forest. Certainly resin plays no inconsiderable part in this increment of wealth, but in spite of the distance from coal- fields, great sums of money pour into the country annually from the tens of thousands of tons of pit-wood shipped away, and the hundreds of thousands of sleepers produced by the excellent moveable band saw- mills scattered up and down the length and breadth of the three departments. You cannot go through that country without pic- turing to yourself what a lonely wilderness of heath and peaty marsh- land it would have been had its general afforestation not been taken in hand. There is no brighter pros- pect that alTorestalion in Scotland has to offer than the thought that in years to come we, or at any rate our children, may see a great rural population springing up among our valleys in prosperous and sheltered small-holdings, wiih ample occupa- tion for their families and work for their horses; the hillsides around them clothed with thriving young timber up to tree-growing limits of altitude. Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 1873 A^. B. Changes Plan of Selling Timber On about 100 miles of limber lands in New Brunswick the licenses of whi^h expired in August last, the Ciovernment of the province has decided to put the lands up to com- petitive bidding on the basis of a straight stumpage rate per thousand superficial feet, the upset price of which will be announced at the hour of sale. The announcement is the more unusual as tiiese lands had been advertised for sale under the tradi- tional yearly lease ])lan, the Govern- ment cancelling the advertising at the last moment. Whether the change of policy will be extended to cover all future dis- posals of Crown timber is not stated, l)ut the success of the plan from the points of view of lumbermen and provincial revenues will be watched with much interest. A^. B. Chooses Rangers on Merit Basis It is a common impression that lire ranging, as controlled by political- ly-appointed governments is fated to cany a heavy load of personal incompetents. New Brunswick, how- ever, promises to overcome this in- herent flaw through the services of the new Forestry Board, on which the non-partisan voice of representa- tive lumbermen should neutralize any politician tendencies that might upset efTiciency. This Board recently held examinations at which 139 applicants presented themselves. Of this number 63 passed the tests. The New Brunswick Forestry Divi- sion is thus commencing its ranger appointments on a strict merit basis and laying sure foundations for econ- omical expenditure and well-discip- lined service. Mr. L. A. Gagnon, the present chief game warden, is to be continued and in addition will supervise the work of the different inspectors in regard to the work of game protec- tion. Mr. A. T. Murchie, the present chief scaler, will superintend the work of the whole province in regard to scaling. Inspectors are appointed to check the scale and to supervise rangers in regard to scaling, fire protection, and game protection for new districts. The new districts and inspectors are as follows: Districts one to seven, inclusive, Restigouche County, Arthur C. McElveney, inspector's headquarters at Campellton. Num- bers eight to fifteen, Gloucester and Northumberland Counties, E. A. Rob- erts, inspector headquarters Bath- urst. Districts sixteen to twenty with twenty-five portions of Glou- cester and Northumberland Coun- ties, headquarters at Newcastle, with M. A. Craig as inspector. Districts twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty- three, twenty-four, twenty-six, twen- ty-seven and thirty-one, including portions of Northumberland, York, Queens and Kent Counties, head- quarters at Chatham, inspector Wm. Kerr. Districts twenty-eight to thir- ty-six, with the exception of number thirty-one, embraces portions of Mad- awaska, Victoria, Carleton, York, Charlotte, St. John, Kings, Queens and Sunbury. The inspector of this district is Mr. Geo. F. Burden, ex- M.L.A., whose headquarters will be in this city. The large number that did not qualify was due to the fact that con siderable numbers of the applicants presented themselves for examina- tion that had not sufficient previous experience in scaling. A considerable number of the 63 were ruled out as being over the age limit of ;');") years; also a number declined to accept yearly work, pre- ferring to work only in the winter. In order to pass the examinations, candidates were obliged to stand prac- tical tests written and oral, in logging, scaling, cruising, surveying, fire and game protection and ability to pre- pare reports. 1874 Canadian Forestrij Journal, September, 1918 A Proper Safeguard in Tree Planting By the Editor of the 'Walional Xurseryman.'' If the truth were known, after being transplanted, many trees fail through the action of the wind. If the top sways ever so little it is reasonable to suppose that almost every root and little fibre moves at the same time. Under such con- ditions the tree cannot establish itself, as absolute stillness.is necessary for the roots to fulfill their functions. The delicate cell walls of the rootlets cannot take up the moisture and food from the earth where there is the slightest motion. Expert practical gardeners have long recognized this and take means to prevent movement by staking, cutting back the tops, firm planting and other methods. With large or even medium-sized trees it is not easy to overcome the effect of the wind, especially if the tree stands alone in an exposed position. A stake cannot well be driven down firm enough to be of much value; besides, it usually chafes the bark and is in other ways objection- able. Three guy wires fastened around the tree three-quarters of the way up the trunk, and fastened to stakes in different directions, is a very effective way of holding the tree steady until the root system anchors it. Care must be taken to prevent the wires from cutting the bark. This method is not always feasible. A good plan that might be prac- tised more to advantage with fall- planted trees is to pile soil around the trunk to the height of two or three feet and leave it there over winter, removing it in the spring. This practice has much to recommend it when it can be done without looking too unsightly. It not only steadies the trees, but keeps the frost away from the roots to a certain extent. But do not fail to remove it about April, or its action will be detrimental rather than otherwise. Stock-taking of Canada's Timber Owing to the tremendous con- sumption of timber, lumber, pulp wood, etc., during the last few years, the exhaustion in the near future of Canadian forest resources can no longer be regarded as a negligible prospect. This siti a. ion led the ad- visory board of the forestry brtJnch of the Department of the Interior to make, in January, 1917, an analysis of the existing forestry situation. In order to meet this situation, it was evident that certain regulative meas- ures would have to be adopted, but it was eciually evident that such meas- ures should have to be based on definite scientific information, little of which was available at that date. In order, therefore, to obtain a scientific basis for future remedial measures and also to curtail present wasteful meth- ods, the advisory board of the forestry branch drew up the following recom- mendations. (1) That the stock-taking of the standing timber of eastern Canada should be completed. (2) That a quick reconnaissance survey should be made on the con- dition of cut-over lands. (3)That a study should be ini- tiated of the possibilities and success- ful methods of securing reproduction of the more important timber trees, especially white pine and spruce (4) That an early determination should be made of the rates of growth, in volume, of the important Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 1875 limber trees, both individually and in forest stands, to permit calculalion of possible quantity of reproduction. This work would include the con- struction of volume tables. In discussing these recommenda- tions, it should be pointed out that some of this work has been done, both in Canada and elsewhere. For example, the Commission of Con- servation has completed valuable investigations on the timber of British Columbia and Nova Scotia. The study of the rate of reproduction etc., of trees in Europe has also been undertaken, and in the United States certain investigations have been made on similar topics for American trees. As regards the species that are com- mon to the United States and Canada, the results obtained by American study would, of course, be partly aj)plicable; but it must be remem- bered that climatic and soil con- ditions of Canada, owing to its higher latitude, are factors that ren- der rather uncertain information derived from investigations carried on abroad. In consequence of the recommenda- tions made by the advisory board of the Department of the Interior, the director of the Forestry Branch brought the matter to the attention of the Research Council. It was proposed that these investigations be made on the Petawawa Military Reserve, a part of which, only. 25 square miles in extent, is used for military purposes, the remaining 80 square miles being therefore available for forestry studies. This is part of an old cut-over timber district, on which a second forest has begun to develop, and the timber on it at a stage of growth that renders it suit- able for the proposed study. Recog- nizing the importance of the subject, the research council recommended that a grant should be given to carry out the investigation during the summers in 1917 and the following years. Consequently, in August, 1917, a preliminary survey was made on the reserve by a forest survey party and valuable results were ob- tained. In May, 1918, the work was recommenced and is now proceeding satisfactorily. Canada and the ''Idea of Science y> "This question is one of para- mount importance to Canada in view of the intensified application of science to industry which elsewhere will be fostered after the war by the State, and also through private enterprise. It has been ascertained that not two per cent, of Canadian industrial concerns have research laboratories and only about ten per cent, have routing laboratories, chiefly for the elementary testing of materials. "The provision for research, either in pure science or in science applied to industry, has been and is utterly inadequate to our needs, and unless vigorous action be taken, and soon, to reorganize our industries on scien- tific lines, wherever possible, Canada will face a very serious industrial crisis in the years following the war. The annual budget of the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology exceeds the total of the annual expenditure of all the Faculties of Applied Scienct in Canada."— />. .1. B. Macallum, Chairman Honorarij Advisory Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. PULP AND PAPER ON TOP. Canada now has a total of 90 pulp and paper mills, many of which are large and of modern design. The export figures for the calendar year 1916 show that pulpwood, w^ood pulp and paper have increased to nearly half of the total export value (ap- proximately $100;000,000) of all for- est products with the exception of the small proportion of specially manu- factured articles. 1876 Canadian ForP'ifrii Journal, September, 1918 A County that Values its Woodlands A unique project in woodland conservation has been brought to a successful issue at Conestoga> Ontario, in the heart of a highly developed industrial and agricul- tural section. On August 28th, at a gathering of representative men of the locality and of Ontario and Fed- eral Governments, Mr. Walter J. Snider of ConesLoga, formally handed over to the Forestry Branch of the Ontario Government the supervision of 40 acres of wooded river flats lying at the confluence of the Grand and Conestoga Rivers. The property has been in the possession of Mr. Snider's family since 1850. Many of the trees are of great age and ma- jestic in size and form, the whole woodland being regarded as one of the most attractive beauty spots in all Canada. Mr. Snider's action transfers to the Ontario Forestry Branch the management of the tract, any cutting to be done according to plans of the Chief Forester and pro- vides that upon the removal of any trees a proper number of seedlings shall be planted. There is consider- able room for tree planting in the grounds at present. In the words of Mr. Snider's letter to the Minister of Lands and Forests at Toronto, "this would provide a forestry and reforestation demonstration on a small scale right in the heart of the older portion of Western Ontario." The Afinister accepted Mr. Snider's valued offer and promised to bring in the required legislation at the next session. The meeting at Conestoga was attended by Hon F. G. MacDiarmid, Minister of Public Works, represent- ing the Ontario Government; E. J. Zavitz, Provincial Forester, Clyde Leav'tt and A. V. Wh'te for the Commission of Conservation; Homer Watson, President, C. Dolph, Secretary and D. B. Detweiler, Chairman of the Committee, of Waterloo County Grand River Park Ltd; Dr. A. S. Vogc, Director of the Toronto Conservatory of Music and Dr. Fraser, Provincial Archivist; Mr. Orpheus Shantz, Chicago, a leader in conservation work, and many others. The enthusiastic interest shown in the question of woodland preserva- tion by the people of Waterloo County if5 not confmed to a single illustration. In 1913, when it be- came known that a piece of lovely woods known as Cressman's Bush, on the banks of the Grand between Doon and German Mills was about to be sold at public auction and pro- bably handed over to a portable saw mill, a group of public-minded citizens banded together as "Waterloo County Grand River Park, Limited" and with no anticipation of personal profit bought Cressman's Bush. This has since been preserved as a public recreation ground. With the Conestoga property it will form a very beautiful public estate, a great asset to the county for all time to come, and an increasing attraction 10 outside visitors. The point of interest that rightly appealed to several speakers at the inauguration ceremony at Conestoga was that the public concern, as there manifested, in the perpetuation of a beautiful and useful woodland would be certain to prove contagious in other parts of Canada. While the forest lands proper, in the less settled parts of Ontario, were under direct Government care, the woodlot in the older sections had been permitted as a rule to deteriorate or disappear. This was bad economy from every point of view, in which aesthetic considerations were by no means to be disregarded. The power of an actual example such as the Conestoga and the Cressman conservation pro- jects, will have a stimulating effect upon public sentiment wherever the enterprise becomes known. Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 1877 Canada to Profit by Forestry Corps' Experience Sir Robert Borden, since his return to Canada has been speaking before important gatherings as to Canada's responsibility and duty at this time. In his address at the Central Canada Exhibition in Ottawa on Sept. 9 he dealt particularly with conserva- tion of time, money, and natural resources. On the latter point he is reported as speaking as follows: — "The war, the Prime Minister said, woiild teach many other lessons. He had reason to believe that men serving in the Forestry Corps in Great Britain and France would come back to Canada with new ideas as to forest conservation, and espec- ially as to reforestation. Much has been said during recent years on this subject, but practical oi3Ject lessons are usually much more effective than the written or spoken word. "There must be an avoidance of waste in all departments of national activity by Federal, Provincial and Municipal Governments. That could only be accomplished by the cultivation of a healthy public opin- ion, and by the realization of the same purpose by the people in their own j)ersonal affairs. The burdens of the country woidd be great, but, compared with our resources if pro- perly developed, they would not eventually be serious. The countiy's resources were enormous and they must be conserved as far as possible for the benefit of the whole people. In order to conserve it was not necessary nor desirable that resources should lie idle; they must be develop- ed in the interest of the people and not exploited for individual profit. Wireless Telephone for Forest Patrol (By an Officer of (he Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co., Montreal.) "If the transmission of telegraph signals through space is wonderful, how much more marvellous, seem.s the carrying of human speech across the world without aid of wires! And yet the problems presented in achieving this result were purely mechanical ones. Wireless, or more pro])erly rar//o-telephony, has been the subject of experiments by the Marconi Companies in England and the United States for several years, and like aviation and other sciences, has made particularly rapid strides during the present war. The big U.S. naval wireless station at Arling- ton, Virginia, has already been in conversation with the Eiffel Tower, France, and with a station at Hono- lulu, and it should be noted that in this and other long distance radio- telephone experiments, the voice was heard remarkably clear without the "buzzings" due to line trouble frec}uently affecting the ordinary tele- phone. It is obviously impossible to divulge information which must be necessarily kept secret in war-time but it may be stated that wireless telephone installations are being em- ployed by certain of our Allies for communication over a distance of sixty miles between aero])lanes, the same apparatus being adaptable to wireless telegraph communication over twice that range. The advantages of such a dual system are well worthy of consideration by those interested in the question of forest fire control, and should not be overlooked." The wireless telephone will be manufactured in Canada after the war, the Canadian Forestry Journal is informed. 1878 Canadian Furcstri/ Journal, September, 1918 Why Forests Pay Better Than Mines (Bij D. E. Hutchins, late Conservator of Forests, South Africa.) The forests of New Zealand are, after the climate, the best natiiral asset possessed by the Dominion: they have escaped development solely l)ecaiise New Zealand has been dev- eloped by men coming from a country where there is no State forestry. Forestry- is a technical subject, and the value of any forest has to be a j)p raised by professional men who make forestrA>' the business of their lives. The value of New Zealand forests has lain hidden for seventy years, one might almost say, as were the South African diamonds for two hundred years. The coalfields and goldfields have been examined by engineers and geologists. If a fraction of the devel- o})ment that has been put into coal- mines and goldmines had been be- stowed on the forests they would now be more valuable national assets than the coalmines and goldmines put together. Thus the New Zealand coalfields have produced up to date a total of £22,610,067 worth of coal and coke. With a proportionate at- tention to forestry with no appreciable loss to other industries, nothing more, in fact, than a very little poor grazing (of which much has already gone back to scrub, gorse, and other noxious weeds), the forest industry' could have produced this total value of, say, £23,000,000, in two years, if only the home market, the larger part of the Australian, and a small portion of the two other timber markets in the Southern Hemisphere had been filled. Ordinary attention to forestry thirty years ago would have enabled New Zealand to do this in part now, and later altogether. Australia Demands Trained Foresters {Australian Forestry Journal] It is essential even at this late hour to develop the forest wealth of Australia and to utilize it, not only to-day, but hereafter for all time. New South Wales has made a good start with its Forestry Act of 1916 and the declaration of a definite "forest poHcy." Queensland, Vic- toria and Western Australia are moving in the same direction, and after "many years of neglect and waste the ruling powers have awak- ened to a realization of the wicked- ness of past indifference. The pros- pects of improvement in forestry matters and the contingent influence iil)on every branch of the timber trade in Australia are nqw good. But the harvest will not be ready for reaping next year, nor the year after. ^ If the value of the forests is to be reaUzed to the full, those forests must be preserv^ed and cared for in such a way as to permit of current supplies being available when required, without causing deteriora- tion in the worth of the standing crop from which future demands must be met — for the usefulness of a properly conserved forest will continue for all time, and should increase. But the passing of Acts of Parlia- ment will not of itself ensure the best utilization of the huge asset contained in the forests of the Commonwealth. The expenditure of large sums of money will not give us adecpiate return, unless, throughout the For- est Services of the several States, we have complete efficiency. For- estry is a science, and the forester must be a skilled man — a specialist. The time is no more when the application of practical and local experience brought a full harvest from the forests. It is not sufficient Canadian Fnrcstrii Journal, September, 191S 1879 that a forest worker — of hii^h or low wood tree and tell the peculiarities of degree should be a])le to dislinguisli each. He mcsl he a man of attain- between a hardwood and a soft- ments in forest science. B. C. Air Patrol Scheme Not Abandoned ( Vancouver Province.) FLYING BOAT MEETS MISHAP. Vancouver, Sept. i. — While flying at a height of about 1,000 feet this afternoon, Lieut. V. A. Bishop, who was testing a hydro-aeroplane recent- ly built for forestry patrol by the Provincial Government, fell, landing squarely on top of the residence of Dr. J. C. Parish, in the main part of the west end of the residential district. The impact of the fall dislodged the engine, which went crashing through the upper story of the house, with Lieut. Bishop following it, into the bathroom. Lieut. Bishop was said not to be seriously injured. The mishap at Vancouver i;a which the hydroplane built for the use of the Forest Branch of the Department of Lands was wrecked, is deeplv regretted by Hoq. T. D. PattuUo, Minister of Lands, who returned to the city yesterday afternoon from a three weeks' tri*p to Prince Rupert and who w^as expecting to have the air machine brought to Victoria shortly, wh.en, it was planned, a for- mal ceremony inaugurating the first air forest protection servite would be held. Last Thursday the machine was tested by Flight Comrnander Mac- kenz^.e, who stopped off in Vancouver, while en route back to England to resume service with the Royal Flying Corps, and Flight Lieutenant Grant, both of Victoria, Some time previ- ously Flight Commander Mackenzie had given the machine a test, when certain defects developed which were remedied and the flights last Thurs- day were in the nature of final tests. Four flights were made, Mr. Caver- hill and one of the Forest Branch employees going up as passengers. These flights were apparently satis- factory and the machine was declared by the two experts to be generally sound. On the strength of that report arrangements were made with the lloffar Bros., Company, which manufactured the plane, to take it over, Mr. G. R. Naden, Deputy Min- ister of Lajids, who witnessed the tests, officiating for the departmenL Government Leased Machine. The machine, which cost between $7,500 and $8,000 to construct, was not purchased outright by the (jOv- ernment, but was leased for a year, the Government stipulating to keep it in repair for a period of two and one-half months. Hon. Mr. Pattullo stated last night that the Govern- ment would pay for the damage done to the machine yesterday as well as for repairs to the dwelling upon which it fell. Keen regret at the accident was expressed by Hon. Mr. Pattullo, who has taken great interest in the inau- guration of an air service as an adjunct to the forest protection sys- tem. It was a unique departure, but one which, because of the proven adaptability of the airship for com- mercial uses , and the certainty of the future use of flying machines in many lines, was bound to prove most valuable. The Minister stated that such a service would prove most effective in that an air machine would be able to cover a great extent of territory, and by reason of the height to which they could go the observer would be able to kec}) watch over a great area and promptly ascertain the lirst signs of an outbreak of forest fire. The utilization of the airship method would necessitate considerable pre- liminary work in the way of organiz- ing the service, and it was planned to carry on this work this winter, so 1880 Canadian Forestrij Journal, September, 1918 that when the danger period arrived next year, the service would be in full working order. Prospecting From Aloft. As illustrative of the interest which is being taken in the ])lan of the Department, Hon. Mr. PattuUo, stated tha; on his recent trip to the N)rth, he met many prospectors who advocated such a plan in con- nection wi'ih prospecting for minerals. They pointed out that undoubtedly in the near future, in view of the vast strides being made in aviation in commercial pursuits, it would be feasible to use Hying machines in reaching inaccessible spots at present lacking other means of ingress and egress. The department was build- ing its hopes upon using such mach- ines in topographical and surveying work, and in connection with the prosecution of the investigations of the water branch. The commercial possibilities of flying machines, the Minister said, have no limit. The machine, the government ar- ranged to secure, is what is known as a flying boat as distinguished from a sea-plane equipped with pon- toons. Flying men who have had active experience with air machines claim that the flying boat is not a satisfactory type, in fact, they say for use in this province, where moun- tain ranges exist and the difTiculties of landing are thereby increased owing to the limited space within which to do so, the type of boat which met with the mishap yester- day is not as satisfactory as the sea- plane type now in use in the naval air service overseas. A local Hying man who has seen extensive service overseas in the seaplane service in England, and who is experienced with the best types of machines used for water service, stated yesterday that the flying boat design of the Vancouver machine has the engine behind the head of the pilot, and such an arrangement is not as well adapted for flying condi- tions as the tractor machine with pontoons, such as are the British naval machines. The latter have the engine in front, and while the range of vision is therefore, some- what circumscribed, on the other hand, they possess a better driving angle, that is, they give a greater distance within which the machine may descend. In the boat at Van- couver the angle at which it can be brought down is steeper and in a mountainous country that is an unsat- isfactory matter and renders opera- tion less safe for the pilot. BY-PRODUCTS AND VELVET The Hercules Powder Co. obtained a great contract for explosives pro- vided they bought no acetone, which is scarce and needed for munitions. Under intense research they found they could make it by fermenting kelp. In February, 1916, they broke ground, and by the fall of that year had their $5,000,000 plant in full operation. Besides acetone the kelp yields potassium chloride and new solvents greatly needed in industry. It 16 a great thing to have by-pro- ucts useful, and if they are not, to make them so. — From the Little Jour- nal. WHY DOES SAWDUST SINK? From American Lumberman Can you explain why the sawdust even of the lighter woods always seems to be heavier than water? Even the lightest of known woods is actually heavier than water and floats only because of the air con- tained in its cells. The actual wood structure of all woods, exclusive of the air in the cells, does not varj- greatly in specific gravity. Sawdust is in such form that the air in the air cells is easily lost by replacement with water and when tliis occurs the sawdust sinks. — Editor. From Saint John West, N.B. "Your publication is an excellent on'i^ and is getting better all the time. Iwish it were more extensively read as I am sure it would prove an educa- tive force much needed in this part of the country at least. Wishing you every success in your grand undertaking." E.R.WT. Canadian Forcstrij Journal, September, 1U18 1881 Tuning Up the Forest Yield The success of the newly organized Woodlands Section of the Canadian Piilp and Paper Association is as cer- tain as sunrise. No time serves as well as the present to throw off the house- hold religion of Canadians that nation- al wealth comes from "choice lots." No time like now to take on the conviction that the prosperity of this country must be derived from its basic resources and then only when those basic resources are cou])- led to progressive brains. Of the hundreds of millions of foreign capital poured into Canada, surprisingly little has gone thus far into industries of other than second- ary nature. That has had its com- pensations for we are now in possession of a remarkably-advanced national plant in point of transporta- tion, city development, etc., so that when the big job of developing agriculture, forests and fisheries is taken on seriously, progress is boand to be unprecedentedly rapid. Since we have turned attention to the natural resources as the logical route to future progress, we face at once the need of coupling to farming, forestry, mining and fisheries, the same scientific calculations that have held good inside the walls of the factories, although there does seem to be a downright shyness of giving science that much rope. Those who know the Canadian fisheries best state that the "practical" man's indifference towards improved methods of curing and packing has resulted in our having fewer Canadian fishermen than in 1880. We have the Commission of Conservation's authority for the assertion that the productivity of the farms of Canada can easily be doubled without oc- cupancy of more land. The same must hold true of the forests which investigations show are not producing at half capacity. This may not be the fault of the "practical" man, but it certainly cannot be laid at the door of the professional Forester, as director of logging operations. $20 PROFIT ON SEASON'S CUT. I low would you like to put up the cash for a §100,000 incorporation for the purpose of taking a contract on which your total profit was fixed at $20 for the year? That is precisely the attractive business prospect which led to the organization of the Air- craft Lumber Co. of 01ym})ia, Wash. An even score of loggers, practically all in that district, have formed this concern and put up $5,000 capital each for the purpose of taking a contract of that sort from the Govern- ment for airplane spruce. The con- tract with the Government specifical- ly provides a basis of cost plus S20 a vear. The new company expects to produce 10,000,000 feet of selected spruce yearly. FIRE ENDANGERS LIVES Powell River, B.C., — The recent bush fires on the limits of the Myrtle Point Logging Company at Powell River and also on the Lamb Lumber Company's limits were the worst in many years and the witnesses testify to many narrow escapes from burning to death of employees who stuck to their homes and employers' equip- ment to the last minute, trying to save them. On trying to' reach camj) by locomotives the men were cut off and had to abandon these and dodge the waves of burning slash. Among these were several women and child- ren and it is considered miraculous that all reached the lower camp in safety. Many lost their all in the homes left behind and the company's loss figured up into many thousands of dollars in houses and equipment. For some years, however, this burned over area will be a protection to the surrounding country and stand- ing timber at the north. +._. ! The Forestry Journal will he 1 1 sent to any address in Canada 1 I for One Dollar a Year. \ 4" " ■ <••—«• — '• — •■ " - — >.^- — " " ". — 4. 1882 Canadian Forestrij Journal, September, 1918 Golden Returns from Forest Maintenance Bij D. E. Hutchins, in ''The Forests of New Zealand.'' I estimate the European and South- ern Hemisphere timber markets open to New Zealand as worth now £14,- 000,000 yearly; and these markets are more likely to improve than fall off, because all statistics show that with civilization and industrial pro- gress, although wood is replaced for many uses, the net result is a greater demand for wood. In the Kauri tree New Zealand has probably the most valuable timber tree in the world. Its timber is unsurpassed by any other in the chief timber markets of the world. It grows nearly twice as fast as European timber trees, and where it is now deficient in the forest it can be interplanted to a full stock at about the cost of grassing. My investigations have shown that it is seemingly the largest timber-yield- ing tree in the world, taking recorded dimensions of the historical trees in the Tutamoe forest. It is not quite so thick or so high as some other giant trees, but it cubes larger than they do, on account of the small amount of taper in the trunk. Living would be appreciably cheap- er with abundant timber and firewood at people's doors. There is a fire- wood famine at present in New Zealand, firewood near most of the industrial centres being as dear as good sawable timber in Europe whiiC a timber famine is rapidly approaching. New Zealand at pres- ent is being stinted and starved in one of the prime necessaries of civil- ization— timber and firewood. The present use of timber in New Zealand has become restricted to an average of only 25 cubic feet per capita, w^hile the United States has a yearly consumption of 160 cubic feet timber and 96 cubic feet firewood. Germany with a large population on a small area, has a yearly consumption of 19 cubic feet timber and 18 cubic feet firewood, thus releasing a large surplus of coal for expqrtation. Other countries, excepting England, show similar figures. New Zealand with its comparatively small population is already importing half a million pound's worth of timber yearly, and much coal. The millable forests of New Zea- land contain over double the timber per acre of the great national forests of the United States of America, covering an area of over twice the total land area of New Zealand. The market value of New Zealand timber in the forest is now nearly double European prices; and the growth of the trees, if the forests were cultivated as in Europe, would probably be about double the growth of European timber trees. STUDIES IN PULP FORESTS. The study of the cut over pulp wood lands undertaken last year by the Commission of Conservation, with the co-operation of the Laurentide Company, Ltd., is being continued this year and the co-operation of the Department of Lands and Forests of the Province of Quebec and of the Riordon Paper Company, Ltd., has been obtained. The final results of this work will show just what the future has in store and give a working basis for the intelligent formulation of working plans and proper utiliza- tion of pulp wood lands so as to insure a perpetual supply. The whole subject is a matter of prac- tical common sense and sound busi- ness judgment. This is demonstrated by the fact that two most successful paper companies are taking the great- est interest in this investigation, showing that the policy of looking to the future, which has made them successful, will now be applied to their forest properties. Sixty-one million out of the 121 million acres which make up Spain's area are mountain and waste land. Canadian Forcsdii Journal, September, 191S 1883 The French Forest Service Taking the Stale and communal forests together, there is an area of rather more than 7,000,000 acres under the charge of forest officers of the State. The composition of the active Forest service is as follows: — There are 32 Conservators of forests, one for each of the 32 administrative districts into which France is divided. There are 200 Inspectors of forests, 215 Assistant-inspectors, and 300 gardes generaux or Superintendents. The duties of Conservators are clear- ly defined. They do not include fpiesiions of policy, which are dealt Avith bv the Central Administration bat thev give the Conservator a free hand within hi^ own area in certain clearly defined matters. The In- spector is the executive officer for a limited district; associated with him there is an Assistant-inspector who replaces him when absent, and is essentially an out-of-door olTicial. The Inspector and Assistant-inspec- tor are charged with the execution of the working-plans under the dir- ection of the Conservator of the district. All the officers of the For- est service receive their training at the Forest School at Nancy. Director of Forestry Seriously Injured Mr. R. H. Campbell, Dominion Director of Forestry, was seriously injured while on an inspection trip on the line of the Hudson Bay Rail- way on Tuesday night, Sept 10. Mr. Campbell, who had been away from Ottawa on his annual inspection trip to the Pacific coast for about two months, had reached Manitoba on his return trip when the accident occurred. With the district inspec- tor for Manitoba, Mr. F. K. Herch- mcr, and some rangers, he was inspecting the country along the Hudson Bay Railway near Pas, Manitoba. The party were riding on a gasoline "speeder" or light car used for inspection purposes. In returning to Pa,s after nightfall the speeder overtook and collided with a handcar upon which there was no light. Mr. Campbell and Mr. Herchmer were thrown from the car and Mr. Campbell unfortunately struck his head while Mr. Herchmer escaped with a severe shaking up. Mr. Campbell was promptly con- veyed to the hospital at Pas four miles away where his wound was dressed and where he was later at- tended by a specialist sent from Win- nipeg. The specialist decided that his condition was such that he could safely return with him to Winnipeg where he arrived on Friday evening, Sept. 13. Since that time the reports of his condition have been of a most encouraging character and at time of writing his progress is considered satisfactory by his physicians. Others riding with Mr. Campbell received minor injuries, the only serious other case being a broken leg sustained by one of the rangers. BORERS IN SPRUCE. "It is reported that a borer has appeared on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River which is doing quite a lot of damage to the spruce. The Quebec Limit Holders Associa- tion has asked the Quebec Forest Protective Association to investigate and see what steps can be taken to combat the pest. The Dominion Entomologist is said to have stated that this insect breeds on the logging debris. If this is the case, steps must be taken to dispose of this by fire at the time of logging." — Ellwood Wil- son in 'Wmerican Forestry.^^ Reports reaching the Canadian Forestry Journal claim that the bor- ers have also appeared on tracts where no logging debris exists and were doing great damage. 1884 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 $4,000,000 Yearly for Forest Upkeep Washington, D.C. — Receipts from the National Forest on the fiscal year 1918, ending June 30, exceeded those for 1917 by almost 8120,000 and totalled over $3,574,000. The increase does not come iij) to the big increase of the vear before, which was more than $600,000, but still shows a healthy growth in most lines of business on the Forests, The cost of operating the Forests was about 84,000,000, and was practically the same as in the previous year. This is exclusive of the additional expendi- tures caused by the very serious fire situation and for which a special deficiency appropriation of over 5700,- 000 was made by Congress. This year's increase in receipts, according to the forestry officials, came mainly from the larger num- ber of livestock grazed, altho.igh every revenue producing activity on the forests except timber business and permits for water power contri})- uted its share. The timber business fell off in consequence of the general let-up in private building activities on account of the war, the dislocation of transportation facilities during much of the year, and the labor situation, especially in the northwest, where the timber business is ordinarily largest Eastern Forests Producing Poorer Wood By Ellwood Wilson in ''American Forestry.'' The writer has just been making rather an extensive tour of the saw- mills of New England and Quebec, and has reports from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. He has been struck anew with the view point of the saw mills that quantity produc- tion is the only end sought. The waste is very large, although steps are being taken at many mills toward closer utilization. The quality of the trees left in the woods is growing poorer and poorer and this makes the output worse. The supplies of soft wood are dwindling rapidly and it is high time that the whole ques- tion of our future supply should receive careful study and a plan worked out for the future. Jail for Endangering Forests The courts of Quebec are vigor- ously punishing settlers and others who disobey the forest protection laws in neglecting to take out burning permits, and for other causes. For leaving his smudge fire unex- tinguished, thereby endangering the surrounding forest, Ovila Melancon, of Ste. Anne du Lac, P.Q. (Tapinee River) appeared before District Mag- istrate C.B. Major, at Mont Laurier, P.Q., on the 22nd ult., and was fined 830.00 and costs. For burning slash without a written permit from a fire ranger, Hermidas Lussier, Ferme Neuve, P.Q., appeared on the same date, and was fined $25.00 and costs, or eight days in jail. He chose the latter and spent eight days in the district jail at Mont Laurier. Antoine Pichette of Val Des Bois was fined $25 and costs or three months in jail by Judge Goyette at Hull, Sept. 9th for setting fire to his slash without a ranger's permit. Paul Dubec, High Falls, for a similar offense, was given an equal fine. Both paid the money and were givan their freedom. Canadian Forcslrij Journal, September, 1918 1885 'The Child's Book of the Forests yy In conformity \vilh the Foreslrx Association's plan to direct its educa- tional work as much to children as to adults, ten thousand copies of "The Child's Book of the h^)rests" (illustrated) have been printed for free circulation in Ontario, and ten thousand of a slightly different book in French called "Petit Catechisme de la foret." These will be made use of by school leachers, clergy, etc., and the main edition will reach the children of forested regions through the hre rangers. In the back of each booklet is a pledge reading: T hereby pledge my- self to do everything in my power to prevent forest fires from starting,' with blanks for three names, and the address of the nearest fire ranger. The latter space will, of course, be filled in before distribution. Adult readers may be struck by the very rudimentary cjuestions asked and answered in the booklet, but experiejice has shown that these are the actual stumbling blocks on which much ignorant prejudice against forests, fire ranging, and limit holders has been founded. The "Child's book of the Forests" was written by Mr. Black, Secretary of the Forestry Association, and reads as follows: Who Owns the Forests of Ontario? "The Government of the province holds the right to almost every piece of forest-covered land in Ont- ario. Of course, if the Government put a stone wall around its forests and said to the people 'Keep Out,' there would be no great pulp and paper and lumber mills, no work in the woods for your fathers and bro- thers. In fact, the country would have a very very difficult time to get a decent living. So the Govern- ment long ago rented to hundreds of companies the right to use the timber growing on the provincial lands. In that way, the mills can get a supply of logs and thousands of men obtain profitable employment." What is The Government? "Every four years the people of Ontario hold an election and send to the provincial legislature, 110 men who arc pledged to manage the build- ing of roads and public buildings, the development of the forests, mines, fisheries, water powers, etc., the collection of certain taxes, ques- tions of education and other impor- tant matters. The Government acts as General Manager of the Forests and has a 'Forestry Branch' to help carry out what the Government thinks necessary. This 'Forestry Branch' is of great value to the people. It looks after large tracts of forest that might easily burn down if a patrol were not present, and it pro- tects the lives of thousands of settlers and their property." Who are the "Limit Holders?" "They are men or companies renting or 'leasing' the forests from the Government. By no means have they occupied all the forests in Ontario; there are 70 million acres not rented to ten million acres rented. The moment the limit holders start cutting down the timber they pay a price called 'timber dues' for every thousand feet of wood they take. In this way, the Government makes sure that the people of the province shall get a fair share of the money coming out of the public properties. The money that the Government obtains goes to build the roads and put up new buildings, help educate the children and do many other useful things, as well as guard the timberlands from fire." "The limit holder, however, does not only pay the 'timber dues.' He pays in addition an annual tax on each scpiare mile for the em- ployment of fire rangers and for fire fighting. Then in most instances he had to buy the 'limit' in the first place either from the Government or a private holder, so that a large sum of money is actually invested in every 'hmit.' Timber is not 'given 1886 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 away' as some people carelessly remark. It is bought in the open market and the price creejis higher every year," Which is best; a Forest or a Farm? ■'Let us ask you, in turn, a question: Which is the most important leg of a Ihree-legged stool? ■"Dame Nature is a very wise provider. When she made the Prov- ince of Ontario she decided there should be plenty of farm land, plenty of lakes and rivers, plenty of beauti- ful valleys and plenty of forests. Dame Nature understood these things far better than we do. She first made eight or ten acres of stoney, sandy, gravelly soil on which trees alone could grow. Farm crops would perish on such land. Then she made to or three acres close by for farm crops." "I hope," said she when the job was finished, 'T hope that no farmer will ever try to place his farm on the timber-soil for I want that soil to grow big trees to make big lumber and pulp mills, and at the same time I want the farmer to use every acre that will grow wheat and oats and barley and potatoes." But how can I tell these lands apart? "That is a good question, because there are no fences strung between them and any boy or girl might easily choose in error. Some of the good farm land has trees growing on it at present, and much of the timber- land (set aside by Dame Nature so carefully) has been stripped of trees and now lies bare and useless. The only way to make sure is to consult the Provincial Government's experts, the Agriculturists and the Foresters, The trouble is that thousands of families have already 'located' on land that was made for growing timber and will never produce good crops of anything but timber. This is a great misfortune because Ontario has millions of splendid acres ready for the farmer — ^acres that will make plenty of money for their owners," How big were the Forests in my ||p great grandfather's day? "That might easily be 120 years ago. A long time for a human being, but a mere day's journey in the life of a forest. Forests were made to last forever. Trees are born and grow big and die, but their children keep the family going for- ever. At least that is what Dame Nature intended. Many European nations keep repeating and repeating their splendid forests for hundreds of years. They are never allowed to burn down or to grow poorer, pAxry citizen takes pride in keeping them strong and vigorous and the tree cutting is carried on with utmost care. "In great-grandfather's day, the forests of Ontario were very much greater than at present. Forest fires have stripped millions of acres and only in recent years have we grown more careful of the precious timber. Of course, in the old days people thought the forests were so vast as to be proof against destruction. How absurd that was! Then, too, 120 years ago, a tree was not worth so very much. They used to burn in their fireplaces walnut logs that are worth ?>500 each. No wonder that a forest fire was counted a trifling thing," How big are the Forests today? "You do not want a string of figures do you? Suppose we put it this way: 'The forests of Ontario are great enough., make the people prosperous and happy, but not great enough to survive any more destruction by fire,' Does that make it ])lain? Ontario does not own a single acre of timberlands that can be spared to the Fiend of Fire," What is a Fire Ranger? "He is a public servant. His dut3', unlike that of a policeman, is not to arrest people. He seeks to prevent fires rather than to act as a fire fighter. He knows how simple it is to stop a fire from starting and how difTicult and dangerous to meet a raging line of flames and prevent it from spreading. While the fire ranger must carry out w^hat the law requires, he wants to help everyone, not to hinder. That is why he is Canadian Forcstrij Journal, September, 1918 1887 regarded as 'the friend of the settlor" everywhere." "The business of the hre ranger 's to warn all persons of the dangers of carelessness with fire, to patrol a route laid out for him by the fire inspector, to post notices and dis- tribute literature, to win the goodwill of all good citizens in the interests of forest protection, to supervise the dangerous work of clearing land ])y fire for which he issues a signed i)cr- mit. He has many other duties, including the organizing of bands of fire lighters, but the chief part of his job is to prevent fires from ever starting." Can I be a Fire Ranger? "When you grow a little bigger, perhaps you can. But for the present you can be a 'Deputy Fire Ranger,' which is almost as impor- tant. Every boy and girl can sign the pledge at the back of this booklet which will help you to remember your duty every time you see any danger of a fire starting." Do the Fire Rangers protect People as well as Trees? "A good question, indeed! Some- times we think of fire rangers as helping the forests only, but they save human lives and valuable property as well. If the fire rangers were dismissed tomorrow nothing could save the province from the terrible disasters that formerly swept across the settlements of Eastern Canada." Tell me what causes Forest Fires? "'People. Natural accidents, like lightning, play a very small part in an average year. Here are some of the people responsible for the trouble: "The settler who clears his land without a burning permit and chooses a hot or windy day and does not properly pile his debris." "The railroad engineer who runs without a protected smoke stack and perfect ashpan and who dumps his ashpan on the ties without ex- tinguishing the live coals." "The track-repair gang that thinks nothing of leaving a camp fire burn- ing or tossing a lighted cigarette into the dr> grass." "The camper who neglects to ex- tinguish his camp (ire thoroughly with a few spades of earth or a few buckets of w^ater." "The berry \ ickei" who is willing to imperil his neighbor's life and properly ])y carelessness in smoking or cami)-fires." Do Forest Fires cause much Harm? "Forest lires seldom do anything except HARM. One may as well ask: 'What good is smallpox?' vSmallpox and forest fires are twins. They represent misery and poverty and often death. We all are trying to drive disease out of the country. Forest fires ought to be dismissed too. We cannol afford them an> longer." "You have seen your daddy or your uncle go to work in the woods or in a lumber or paper mill, perhaps. One day there may come a great forest fire, caused by some careless person. Most of the timber within reach of the mill may be destroyed. What happens? The big mill may be forced to close its doors because the timber has been uselessly burned. The owner tells his workmen: 'A forest fire has ruined us all. We cannot continue a single day without the forest.' Disappointed families pack their belongings and move to other parts of Canada. The new school and church buildings arc left uncompleted and houses and stores are deserted. These sad results have followed forest fires in all parts of the Dominion." Will not Farms come when the Forests go? "Please turn back the pages to the little heading, 'Which is best, a Forest or a Farm?' There, we ex- plained that nearly all the land in Ontario now growing forests will not grow farms. Two-thirds of Canada is no good for farms but will grow splendid trees. Let us make the point very clear:" "The spruce and balsam and pine trees maintaining hundreds of Ont- ario mills grow, as a rule, where wheat 1888 Canadian Forcstrij Journal, September, 1918 and oats and potatoes would perish. How sensible it is, therefore, to put on each kind of land exactly the growth that will bring the owner most money. Of course, trees will grow quicker and better on rich clay loam, but such soil rightly belongs to the farmer and should be cleared. Good soil is not nearly as important in forestry as in agriculture. The forest is a natural improver of soil, for each year the decaying needles, leaves, twigs and branches add to the richness of the ground, while wheat and oats and barley take away from the soil without adding much to it. Here is another feature. The 'sub- soil'— underneath the surface layer — is not important in farming but it is most important in growing forests because the trees sink their roots very deep and draw up for Lheir nourishment the moisture lying far beneath the surface. Land too dry on the top layer for field crops will often grow splendid trees." How do the timberlands make Ontario prosperous? ■'wSuppose we were to draw a picture of two long roads. One road leads from the forest to the paper mill. Down it we see a great procession of spruce and balsam logs, bound for the huge 'grinders.' It is hard to guess how many logs there are, but one Canadian mill takes out of the forest a million trees a year. Then we see the other road, leading from the mill to the great cities of (Canada and the United States. No longer do we fmd a procession of logs, but of mammoth rolls of paper, ready for the printing presses. Do you know that in the United States and Canada every week-day forty million newspapers are whirled from the printing presses and that 6,000 tons of raw paper are necessary to keep those presses in operation?" "But there is something else in the picture. While the logs almost fill up one road and the manufactured paper fills up another, we see a more wonderful line of wagons returninu from the cities and towns where the paper cargoes have gone. What are these return wagons carrying? It looks like an endless band of gUnting gold. Indeed that is exactly what it proves to be, for these wagons are bringing back into Canada from Uncle Sam's great country to the south 40 millions of dqllars just for a twelvemonth's supply of paper. All along the roads, men in charge of the wagons hand out small bags of the rich metal to eveiy man who had anything to do with making the paper or cutting or driving the logs. Thou- sands of men claim and receive their share until when the wagons at last reach the camps in the forest most of the money has been distributed." "This gold seems to come from the cities, doesn't it? Actually, however, it comes from the forest. The moment the forest is ruined, the pro- cession comes to a stop. Logs no longer go to the mill, paper no longer goes to the cities and the wagons of gold no longer start on their welcome journey into the towns and villages and farming communities of our Province." "The little picture we have called to your imagination applies in the same way to the lamber mills. "So now we have come to the end of our little catechism on the Forests. No there is something else — the Pledge. Every boy and g'rl who wants to strke a good blow for Can- ada will see that their names are entered in the back of this booklet." CANADA CLAIMS SHIP RECORD Canada now claims the record for wooden ship building on the American continent. The feat was accomp- lished by Quintan & Robertson Ship- building Co. of Quebec, in the construction of the War Seneca, a wooden steamer. This vessel was launched on June 13 and a dock steam trial was made forty-eight days later by turning over the main engine and auxiliaries under steam. This is six days better than the previ- ous best made in the United States, which is said to have been fifty-four days. The ship was built for the Imperial Munitions Board. Canadian Foresfrij Journal, September, 1918 1889 OVERSEAS SAWMILL RE- CORDS. The U. S. Forest Eiiiiineerini* Corps in P'rance have been niakini* some re- markable sawing records willi the Httle 10,()(K) capacily mills that were their first equipment. Working double 9-hour shifts they have turned out products running from .") 10,000 to 700,000 feet monthly. The 20,000 feet capacity mills were slow in arriving and arrived in large instal- ments, the boilers usually coming over last. At last reports, however, seven of the larger mills and ten of the smaller or 10,000-foot capacity mills were in operation and eight more of each size were being installed. One of of the 20,000 fool capacity mill cut 1,923,242 feet of lumber, mostly thin lumber, in April, assisted by a little French })ortable rig and also by a bolter mill. The product inchides lumber for every military use and even excelsior for the bedding of soldiers, two excelsior mills having been added to the equipment. lAKKAKAW FALLS. B.C. 1890 Canadian Forcslri/ Journal, September, 1918 A Forward Move in Nova Scotia! Forest areas now working at half capacity — ^ Potential value of N. S. Woodlands 300 millions. That Nova Scotia Nvill be the next province to hitch its forest resources to enhghtened management appears now to be something more than a distant expectation. By no means has the Nova Scotia Government failed to appreciate the importance of a progressive forest policy. In 1909 and 1910 a forest survey, undertaken by Dr. Fernow, Dr. Howe'and Mr. J. H. White rendered results of great value from the stock-taking point of view. The Nova Scotia Legislature also passed an Act providing for the appointment of a Provincial Forester and upon that legislative move great hopes were based at the time. Most of Forests in Private Ownership Onlookers have sometimes failed to make allowance for the unique position in \vhich Nova Scotia's Government is placed in relation to control of forestry affairs. By far the larger part of the wooded area, (about eighty per cent.), is owned by private persons and companies. Not only are the revenues from Crown Forests relatively slight, but the authority of the Government in imposing conservation requirements on timberlands is limited to the least valuable and accessible areas, located chiefly in Cape Breton. When all considerations are matched, however, the strong conviction persists that one of the chief functions of government is to protect and per- petuate the forest resources. This is not a matter alone of exercising police power. In fact, the situation in Nova Scotia calls not for a dosage of Law but for a mutually-agreeable form of co-operation between government ancl private owners. Indeed, every phase of the present forestry situation in Nova Scotia — fire prevention, administration of the ranger system, examination of Crown lands, study of private woodlands with a view to their more profitable opera- tion— suggests the appointment of a Provincial Forester, not five years from now but NOW. Measured in terms of public welfare, the proper sort of Forester could earn his salary a thousand times over. A Campaign of Education Started The Canadian P'orestiy Association, during the past month (and con- tinuing through the months of October and November) has been directing a campaign of popular education in Nova Scotia so as to apprise thousands of citizens of the imperative need of a forward movement in forest conservation. The purpose is to create a sufficient public opinion to justify any government in proceeding along the lines suggested. There would seem little doubt that the appointment of a Provincial Forester would attract general support. One of the largest lumber firms in the province wrote the Forestiy Association in this vein: "Your plan, as out- lined, is exactly what is required in this Province. It would not only be popular so far as the government is concerned but would be a long step in advance in regard to the protection and increase of our remaining forest area." The Lumbermen's Association of Western Nova Scotia have pressed for a Provincial Forester and fully realize the gravity of further delay. The Commission of Conservation have not only urged similar action upon the Government repeatedly but have done an invaluable service in publishing and circulaling Dr. Fernow's study of Nova Scotia forest con- ditions. The following excerpts from Dr. Fernow's book arc of inLerest to every Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Seplember, lulti 1891 FAIRBANKS - MORSE FIRE FIGHTING ENGINES These compact powerful little pumping outfits have repeatedly substantiated our claims during the past year, all over Canada. They can be readily transported wherever man or pack horse can go. Goverments and Private Owners ;of Forests everywhere, can materially reduce their fire losses by the use of these outfits. Full information and prices on request. THE CANADIAN FAIRBANKS -MORSE CO, Limited MONTREAL - OTTAWA ST. JOHN, QUEBEC, TORONTO, HAMILTON, WINDSOR, WINNIPEG, SASKATOON, CALGARY, VANCOUVER, VICTORIA. CANADA'S ; DEPARTMENTAL i ^ HOUSE FOR ^ .MECHANICAL GOODS 1892 Canadian Forcstrii Journal, September, 1918 reader of the Forestry Journal. They have been made into a brochure which has l)een .ijiven wide distribution in Nova Scotia during September in con- nection with the Association's educational campaign. Twelve Public Meetings Mr. Robson Black, Secretary of the Association, will be in Nova Scotia with the Exhibition Car during the first two wrecks of October, delivering daily lectures with the aid of motion picture illustrations. Visits will be paid to Amherst, Truro, New Glasgow, Antigonish, Halifax, Windsor, Wolfville, Kentville, Annapolis, Yarmouth, Liverpool and Bridgewater. Special meet- ings of Boards of Trade and other public bodies will also be held. Dr. Fernowls Recommendations (Excerpts from "Farcsl Oindiliuns iti Nova Scclia." ) Can Nova Scotia\s Forests be Made 'Fireproof^ "There is no r.eason why in a few years of earnest and determined effort, l)y an educational campaign and by efficient protective service, the destruction of forest by fire should not be reduced to a rare accident." What First Steps are N^ecessary'? "As an expression of its educational function, the Government should establish a Provincial Forester, whose business it should be to study the situation in the various localities and act as public adviser and instructor." "The appointment of a Provincial Forester— as has been proved in several States of the Union where they have such officials — would immediately result in an awakened interest in the possibilities of improved methods of forest use and from what we have seen and heard during the progress of this survey, the woodland owners will be found ready to follow his advice." The Forester's Handling of Crown Lands "With such a Provincial Forester, the government would also be enabled to find out what is the best policy Lo pursue with regard to the remaining Crown lands Their extent, exact location and condition should, of course, first be ascertained, and in their management, considerations of their future, rather than their present, value should dictate the policy. If the Government cannot manage its property conservatively, who will?" Nova Scotia Forests Working at Half Capacity "Finding that 80 per cent, of the Province — when not barren — is forest country and practically destined to remain so, it would appear rational for government and people to put forth every effort t"> keep the same in productive condition." "Here is a natural resource, capable, under proper management, of forever producing by annual increment, as interest, at least twice as much as is now being cut from capital stock; a resource which, basing its value on reasonable rates of growth, both of wood and wood values, may reasonably be stated as representing a potential capital of at least $300,000,000. "It is now largely in poor condition and is being annually further de- teriorated by abuse and injudicious use." "To arrest further deterioration and to begin restoration is the present duty of those who have the continued prosperity of the Province at heart." The Call for Immrdiate Action "In no portion of this Continent, and of the Dominion in particular, are the chances for the immediate inauguration of a definite forest policy so favourable as in Nova Scotia, and this is so because of the presence of an intelligent, well-distributed population." The brochure closes with the query: "Is a $300,000,000 property worth insuring? Are the Forests of Nova Scotia worthy of organized (ire protection?" Canadian Forcsdii Journal, Scplcnihci , l^)hS 1893 On the way to the Upper Hot Springs, Rocky Mountains Park My Personal Stake in Forest Protection (From a Canadian Forestry Association Folder Distributed from the C.F. A. Exhibition Car throughout the New Brunswick run.) >9 The object of this Exhibition Car in New Brunswick is to convince you of the need for your personal co- operation in the important business of forest protection. Yoa are aware that a new Forest Service has been organ- ized, with a competent Chief Fores- ter and an adequate staff. This staff is appointed by a non-political Forestry Board where all applicants are disposed of according to personal merits and that alone. The dis- tricts where forest fire hazards exist will be adequately patrolled by men who must make good or forfeit their jobs. Such modern equipment for fire protection as lookout towers, gasoline pumps, motor vehicles, can- oes, etc., are being liberally provided from the public treasury. Every citizen of New Brunswick has reason to regard the Forest Service as one of the most progressive and econom- ical steps ever undertaken by any government. It forms, so to speak, an insurance policy upon the greatest money-making enterprise we have — the productive Forest — protecting it against the fire-ruin and careless cutting which ultimately would have left New Brunswick in a deforested and impecunious position. 70 PER CENT USELESS FOR FARMS New Brunswick depends more upon its forest wealth tha^ any other Canadian province except British Colu'mbia. As much as 70 percent, of the total area is non-agricultural in character of soil but, at the same time, of great value for the produc- tion of trees. Obviously the busi- ness of the Forest Service is to keep 189 Canadian Foresfri) Journal, September, 1918 that seventy jjer cent, producing" timber of the most vakiable species and producing not for a few years but for generations to come. The first and mightiest enemy of the Productive Forest is Fire. The For- est Service does not pretend that even the l)est organizations, the highest lookout towers, the most modern machinery are invariably capable of combating forest fires. "^ The patrol- man's first duty is to enlist the good will and concern of all in his neigh- Ijorhood towards the prevention of fires. The moment we think of forest protection as community busi- ness, that moment the ranger's efficiency multiplies a thousand per cent. It is the community, the mer- chant, farmer, fisherman, mill em- ployee, railroadmen, who pay the bill for forest fires, not the "'Govern- ment" or the "lumberman" who are merely temnorary administrators or agents in utilizing the forest resources. Where dozens of New Brunswick towns rest their foundations upon luniber mills and puln mills, it is plain that the destruction of forests directly involves the destruction of those townis. Where thousands of New Brunswick workmen look for their pay envelopes to a lumber com- pany, is it unreasonable to expect that each workman will protect the timber that protects his job? Since numerous families of settlers must pay the tragic toll of sweeping forest fires (Ontario lost 223 people in the 1916 holocaust) has not the ranger a right to expect the settler to take every precaution in burning his land or otherwise in the use of fire? No one has yet invented a way to cut the cord between forest fires and grave yards. A FOREST DESTROYER. The camper! the fisherman! What right has either man to destroy in a few hours by a tossed-awa>' cigarette or match or unextinguished camp (ire the woods to which he owes his day's sport? And yet, three of the worst fires in New Brunswick this year were the work of campers who defied the rights of their fellow men and played false to all decent stjandards of citizenship. Forest fires kill the lumber mills and the lumber towns. Forest fires cut" down NewBruns- wick's big earnings from visiting hunters and fishermen. Forest fires postpone any income from a tim])cr area 'for seventy-five years, and ofteih for all time. Forest fires steal from the provin- cial revenues of half-a-million dollars supplied annually by operations in the forest. Forest fires imperil the lives of thousands of settlers. Poorest fires rob all railways in New Brunswick of a chief commodity in freight traffic. This is all on the debit side of forest fires. Can you think of any- thing on the credit side? ARE YOU INCLUDED HERE? Camper! Fisherman! Hunter! Do you build your camp fire on rocks, gravel or earth where it is safe? Do you build the fire small so that it cooks best? When you are through with your cooking, do you souse the p. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. DryMatches After all day in boat, rainstorm or wet snow. Ask your dealer for WATERPROOF MATCH BOX If he can't supply you, we will send prepaid for his name and 50 cents. Dry matches may save your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S.A. MARBLjrs Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 1895 A GREAT BOOK ON GAME BIRDS Great Fun as well as Great Instruction if you possess a copy of "Game Birds.' Are you able, off-hand, to describe twenty- one kinds of ducks and six kinds of geese ? Probably not ! Here is an opportunity that will not come your way again. The Forestry Journal has four hundred copies of "Game Birds," which it is able to dispose of at FIFTY CENTS A COPY THREE COPIES FOR $1.00, POSTPAID A splendid little book of G4 pages, 5x7 inches, made up of heavy coated paper throughout. Forty-nine of the best illustrations in life-like natural colors you ever saw — really a beautiful piece of quadri-color printing. Decorated board covers. Mr. Chas. K. Reed, the author, has a happy faculty of entertaining description. Every bird is the subject of a compact and fascinating paragraph or two, and the color- ing is practically perfect. CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 Booth Building, Ottawa. ■ — ♦ 1896 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 191S embers with two or three pans of water, or cover them with earth? The real sportsman always does these things. Settler! Do you pile your clearin.^ slash away from standing limber? Do you pile it in windrows? Do you choose a burning time when the wind is down and conditions are safe? Do you rnake certain to obtain a written permit from your fire ranger as the law now requires? Railroad Engineer! Is the ashpan of your locomotive dropping live coals? Is the smokestack protected as the law specifies? Smoker! Is your cigarette worth a million dollars? Does your burn- ing match look as gaod to you as the jobs of two hundred working men? Yet you and your cigarette, your match, the heel of your pipe — small as they may seem — are the timing- gear to big disasters. It is up to you to keep the strictest guard on them. Put out your cigarette — Dead Out! Put out your lighted tobacco, Dead as V0( can makf it! WOODEN OVERCOATS NEXT The paper clothing that to some extent has been used for German soldiers has been spoken of somewhat contemptuously and undoubtedly much of it has been a ven>' poor substitute for the usual textiles and adopted only because of scarcity of better material. Textile paper spinning processes are, however, still being improved and the announce- ment comes from Sweden that a new process of manufacture bids fair to revolutionize the whole clothing in- dustry-. Much stranger things have been accomplished in the past than the utilizatiom of wood cellulose to pro- vide textiles which at will may be made to reproduce the qualities of silk, cotlon or wool. The difference between these Lex.tiles is more in the form of the fibre than in substance or chemical construction. Canadians Beat All Comers in Aerodrome Work In recent months the Canadian Forestry Corps has greatly extended its co-operation in behalf of the Imperial, French and American forces. Practical appreciation of this assist- ance has been expressed in several letters received from the higher com- mand of the allied forces. In a letter to Sir Edward Kemp, Canadian overseas minister, the Right Hon. Lord Weir, secretary of state for the Royal Air Force, asks for further assistance from the Canadian Forest- ry Corps in the construction of aerodromes in F'rance and England for the R.A.F. He states, in his letter, that the men of the Canadian Forest- ry Corj)s are so well fitted and equip- ped for this class of work that a great economy in labor is elYected by their employment. One company of them, it has been estimated (approx- imately 170 strong, is equivalent to at least 600 of the ordinary labor obtainable in England. Sir John Hunter, administrator of works and buildings for the Royal Air Force, has written along similar lines to the officer commanding the Canadian Forestry Corps. Testimony to the value of the work being done has also been received from the French army commanders, and also from the Comite Interallie des Bois de Guerre. $1,000,000 TO FIGHT FIRES Washington, D. C. — A loan of 81,000,000 has been made to the Forest Service from the President's special defense fund to combat fires in the national forests of Northwest- ern and Pacific Coast states. Canadidu Forcsliii Jounxil, Scplcmhcr, HHS 1897 Useful Forestry Books FERGUSON— FARM FORESTRY By John Arden Ferguson, A.M., M.F., Professor of Forestry at the Pennsylvania State College. VI 1 1x241 pages. 534 by 8. Many full-page half tones. Cloth, $1.25 net. Covers especially the subject of forestry as applied to the farm and woodlot. The subject is treated from the broad standpoint of the woodlots in the great plains and prairie regions, as well as in the more eastern regions. KINNEY— THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERICA By Jay P. Kinney, A.B., LL.B., M.F., Chief Supervisor of Forests, United States Indian Service. XVI 1 1x275 pages. 6 bv 9. Cloth, $2.50 net. This book discusses the chronological development of legislation directed to the preservation of existing forest resources, reforestation of cut-over, burned-over areas, the extension of forest areas, and the systematic management of forests for productive purposes.. KINNEY— THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW By Jay P. Kinney, A.B., LL.B., M.F. XXIXx279 pages. 6 by 9. Cloth, $3.00 net. This book contains information that will prove of inestimable value to anyone who desires to ascertain easily and quickly the funda- mentals of American timber law, or who needs reference to court decisions to support a well-founded view as to the law upon any particular point. WOOLSEY— FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY. Tunisia, Algeria and Corsica. With a Translation of the Algerian Code of 1903. By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., M.F., Assistant District Forester, United States Forest Service, 1908-1915. XVx238 pages. 6 by 9. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.50 net. Embodies the result of a study of the more important phases of forest practice in Corsica, Algeria and Tunisia. The author's exper- ience abroad includes not only continental Europe and the French Dependencies (which latter are described in this book ;, but also forest management in British India as well. BRYANT— LOGGING. The Principal and General Methods of Operation in the United States. By Ralph Clement Bryant^ F.E , M.A., Manufacturers' Asso- ciation. Professor of Lumbering, Yale University. XVIIIx590 pages. 6 by 9. 133 figures. Cloth^ $3.50 net. Discusses at length the movement ot the timber from the stump to the manufacturing plant, and the chief facilities and methods for doing this; witl' especial reference to logging railroads. TAYLOR— HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN By Jay L. B. Taylor, Forest Ranger, United States Forest Service. IXx420 pages. 43^ by Q^{. 236 figures. Flexible Binding, $2.50 net. Prepared as a result of the author's experience in field work of the United States Forest Service. Solves problems which confront a forest ranger in government, state and private employ. The sugges- tions ofTered will also be found of use to others whose work or re- creation takes them into rough or unsettled regions. 1898 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 THE UNIVERSin OF TORONTO AND ARTS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ViaORIA, TRINITY, ST. MICHAEL'S KNOX and WYCLIFFE COLLEGES FACULTIES OF APPLIED SCIENCE MEDICINE EDUCATION HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE FORESTRY For further information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. B. C SHIPS CARRY B. C. WOOD A report of lumber shipments from B. C. during the year, states that every vessel of the fleet, built during war time on the Pacific Coast, which has as yet made her maiden voyage was utilized for carrying B. C. timber. The vessels and the destination of their lumber cargoes was as follows: Mabel Brown for Sydney, Margaret Haney for Bombay, Geraldine Wolvin for Sydney, Laura Whalen for Ade- laide, Jessie Norcross for Adelaide, Malahat for Sydney, Esquimalt for Melbourne, Janet Caruthers for Ade- laide, Marie Barnard for Sydney, and the Mabel Stewart for Adelaide. The other two vessels of the schooner fleet, the Jean Stedman and the Beatrice Castle, have not as yet made their maiden trips, but the former will take a cargo of lumber to Aus- tralia on her first run. Very appropriate indeed is it that these vessels, made of B. C. timbers, and in B. C. yards, should, on their maiden voyages, be utilized for the purpose of carrying products of B. C. forests to various quarters of the globe, remarks the Pacific Coast lumberman. THE AIRPLANE SPRUCE HUNT PRINCE RUPERT.— This port has been transformed into a lumber depot following the pressing demand for aeroplane spruce. Every steamer that arrives brings its quota of men interested in that branch ol industry and about the hotel corri- dors one hears in most of the con- versation references to timber limits, clear spruce, tows and tug boats, mixed in where formerly the lan- guage employed most frequently car- ried the suggestion of fishing, and fish curing. From all along the coast there are gathering those who are identified with the timber cruising" and logging business. The Queen Charlotte Islands is the destination of most of those arriving, but there are camps being established else- where along the northern coast, and the season promises to be one of the greatest activity. Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1918 1899 CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO i I QUEEN^S UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Chemical, Civil. Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July anJ August. December to April, GEO. Y. CHOWN. Reaistrar. MINIATURE CONSTRUCTION ^ Landscape, .Mechanical and Architec- tural Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOLS — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY R. O. SWEEZEY (B. Sc, M. Can. Soc. C.E.) CONSULTING ENGINEER. Water Powers. Timber Lands. Financing Forest Industries. 164 St. James St. MONTREAL. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion worlc carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at E resent in demand to take up Forest urvey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. ♦• — 1900 Canadidii Forcslri) Journal, Scplcnihi'r, 191S Huge Losses from Logs Sinking Durini? the proi>R'ss oi the Cana- dian Newsprint inquiry at Ottawa recently, mii^h inlormation ol interest to lumbermon was given by expert witnesses in regard to loss through sinkage on river drives. A record for two years produced bv Mr. D. J. Sails, of the Howard Smith Company, for drives on the Chaud- iere River route, showed 25,690 cords put into the water and 22,948 taken out, a loss of 2,742 cords. On the Etchemin River 11,777 cords were put in and 10,266 cords taken out, a loss of 910 cords, or 8.2 per cent. Mr. Sails said that sinkage was always a little higher than ten per cent, and sometimes reached 12 per cent. This applied to four-foot pulpwood spruce and balsam. John R. Booth estimated his sink- age loss at fifteen per cent. He has allowed this percentage for sinkage for the last forty-five years. The drive averages .')0() miles and lakes from two to three years to reach the mill. Mr. H. I. Thomas, also of Jolm R. Booth, testified that if small logs were driven the sinkage would amount to twenty-five per cent. Mr. Charles Dougherty, secretary of the Rideau Lumber Company, Ottawa, showed statements indicat- ing losses from 22.53 to 24.79 per cent. The lower figure applied to spruce logs only. The drive took two years and was about 150 miles. The figures were obtained by taking the difference between the number of logs put into the water and those which reached the mill. Mr. S. A. Sabbaton, assistant manager of the Laurentide Company, produced a statement covering the years back to 1906. The average yearly loss was nine and two-tenths per cent. Mr. Alexander MacLaurin, of the 50 CTS. WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher ■ Woodstock, Ont. Canadian Forcstrii Journal, September, 1918 1901 TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hurdy Northern Trees and Shrubs at Lowast Prices. Native and Foreiftn Tree Seeds EDYE-DE-HURST&SON.DENNYHURST DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. Hill's Seedlings and Transplants ALSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over half a century. Immense stock of leadins hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this ma^zine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Everi^reen Bpaclalists Laritest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee, 111., U.S.A. Try This Stump PuHe, at Our Risk and etu from on 'the work of t 'yon to aend for tea aeainst breikae* and our free trial proposition Address W. Smith Grabber 11 Smith Sta. LsCresceol. Minn. The Hmitb Sttimp Puller lake out every tr« the roots, olearlr YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. YALE University Forest School ii a graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in ths number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the aegree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had tnree years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut ^agnon & jMortBgrtl^ Lumber Contractors Timberlahd Cruisers Forest Industries CHICOUTIMI, P.O. — .|. LT.-COL. L. J. D. MARQUIS Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. of F.E.- Quebec Agaoc. of F.E; Former Mem. Que. F. Service Forest Cruising and Mapping Timber Factors and Logging Costs Facts on Forest Growth and Future Products 90 LOCKWELL AVENUE, - - QUEBEC ■♦ R. R. BRADLEY Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. of F. E. Consulting Forester to the New Bruns- wick Railway Co. Timber and Pulpwood Estimates. Forest Maps. Advice on the Management of Wood Lands. Timber lands listed for sale. GLOBE ATLANTIC BUILDING, ST. JOHN, N.B. Or P. O. Box No. 5, OTTAWA, Ont. PHILLIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Timber Estimating and Mapping. Supervision of Lumber Contracts. Surveying. Forest Planting. STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. + — — 4. 1902 Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1918 St. Maurice Pulp and Paper Com- pany, gave evidence regarding lum- bering on the North River, where sinkage, covering a period of three years amounted to 18.9 per cent. Included in the figures given were 328 cords which were taken from the bottom of the river by a scow. Nine per cent, was written ofT for sinkage on spruce and from thirty to forty per cent, on balsam. The loss on sawlogs was given at nine per cent, and on four-foot pulp logs sixteen per cent. An interesting sidelight on the scarcity of woods labor which is hindering lumbering operations this year was shown when counsel an- nounced that one company had paid thirty thousand dollars to employ- ment agencies alone to get men to go into the woods. N. B. PROSECUTES SETTLERS. Fredericton. Sept. 5. — A resident of Nashwaak will appear before the Magistrate at Fredericton, N.B., on September 17lh to answer to a charge of having set. a fire without the necessary fire permit on the 26th of August. As it was a dry windy day, this fire would have done very serious damage to the surrounding forest if twenty-five men had not gathered quickly to extinguish it. A similar case will be heard in Anderson, Restigouche Co. on the same date, against a settler who, after being personally warned, set fire to his slash without a permit on another dry windy day, and this fire was not extinguished until after five hundred dollars damage was done. STEEL BUNKS FOR CAMPS Included in the well-known line of DENNISTEEL factory, liospital, camp and sliip equipment is tlie all-steel sanitary bunk illustrated. Take up very little room, are comfortable, hygienic and practi- cally indestructible — a permanent investment. Write for particulars and folders on any of the following lines: Steel Lockers, Bins, Cabinets, Chairs, Stools, Etc. Standardized Steel Shelving (knock-down system). Steel Hospital Equipment. General Builders' Iron-work. Ornamental Bronze, Iron and Wirework. Wirework of every description. The Dennis Wire and Iron Works Co. Limited Lo IMD OM CArM AOA . Halifax Montreal Ottawa Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver +K^.. The Paper For People Who Would Really Know Those who are reading WORLD WIDE week by week are finding themselves better informed as to the thought and doings of these momentous times than those who mere- ly depend on the Daily press; for in WORLD WIDE is presented the well considered thought of those who concern themselves with the Inner meaning of things rather than with their passing appearance. In WORLD WIDE you will find assembled just a few of the really noteworthy articles of the week, select ed from the most responsible British and American journals and reviews — care being taken to have different points of view represented. Many of these articles have been written or in- spired by the great men of the times. Sample copies FREE; or for five weeks trial for ten cents in stamps, or fifty cents on trial to end of 1918 to new Subscribers. (Reg- ular subscription rates $2.00.) JOHN DOUGALL & SON, Publishers, Montreal. i Canadian Foresinj Journal, September, 1918 1903 4..—... An Open Letter to Members! To take up a gun— —and get into step— —and drill and march- is one way, and a great way, of doing Canada a service. But when a busy man — — quietly turns to his neighbor — — and says: "Join the Forestry Association" He is doing a patriot's work in direct support of tiie man witii tlie gun. Hundreds of our members the last montii or so, have gone to a little trouble to recruit a new supporter of the Forest Conservation Movement. And hundreds haven't. They have said, "I haven't time," little knowing that the Canadian Forestry Association gets most members from the rushed-to-death executive, the business man whose minutes are worth dollars. We ask you to score a New Member to your credit today. As a special induce- ment we will mark his membership and subscription paid up until December 31st, 1919. BUT, to be a mem- ber of the Association means far more than subscription to the Forestry Journal. The latter is an incidental to membership, but we intend to make it a more attractive in- cidental during the re- Imainder of the year. Canadian Forestry Association Booth Building, Ottawa. Not affiliated with any government or commercial interest. m: How About Operators? Prospective users of wireless usuaiiy ask us: "But what about operators? Aren't they hard to get?" The answer is: "Not if you use C & W apparatus." The old style sets, with their high voltage, low factor of safety and numerous critical adjustments, could be operated only by an expert, with a specialized training, — and such men are hard to get. But C & W sets have a voltage of only 200 volts as against from 8,000 to 20,000 volts in the old style sets, a factor of safety of ten as against one and a half, and no critical adjustments. These factors make a set so simple, rugged, reliable and easy to operate that anyone who knows the code can operate C & W sets and keep them in operation— and learning the code is a simple matter taking from four to six weeks. If C & W sets are installed in your forests, your wardens can operate them after a short training. No C & W set has ever broken down in service; the initial cost of a C & W set is about one quarter that of other sets on the market; the upkeep costs are almost negligible; and you can always get operators for G & W sets among your own men. May we help you solve your problem ? Details and expert advice from our engineers upon request. Cutting & Washington, Inc. 1083 Little Building - BOSTON, Mass. m=. Canadian forestry Journal \ol. XIII NOVEMBER, 1918 / ^0 No. 10 SHOWING HOW A BRITISH COLUMBIA SPRUCE LOG IS "RIVED" IN PREPARATION FOR AEROPLANE MANUFACTURE. (PICTURE BY COURTESY "THE LUMBERMAN.") CULTY Of FORESTRY DEC otgia TENTS IN EVERY STYLE May be had made up of the celebrated Write for Samples and Prices. The Woods Manufacturing Co., Ltd, FORMERLY SMART-WOODS, LTD. OTTAWA - TORONTO - MONTREAL - WINNIPEG ?7\ ^ FOREST TELEPHONES Make the life of the forester better worth living. They relieve him from the appalling loneliness. 1 hey help him to keep in human voice touch with T^^ foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire — sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the Oftice nearest you. AbM^r/r E/ectr/c Company -Northern ^Etectrk-Forest-Telephones- \ "^ ■ ■ ■■ .;.■■ •" :\ Canadian Forestry Journal CIRCULATION 6800 COPIES MONTHLY ROBSON BLACK. Editor. Vol. XIV. WOODSTOCK ONT., NOVEMBER. 1918 No. 10 CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER Britain's Need — Canada's Opportunity. Shocking Loss of Life, U. S. Forest Fires. The Lesson of the Minnesota Disaster. Why Aeroplanes Need Spruce. Using Farm Woodlands Without Abuse. "Trees." A Poem by the Late Joyce Kilmer. "Winter Injury to Trees, 1917-18" "Logging Engineering and Forestry Practice." "The Forest Policy of France." "A Scheme to Afforest the Prairies." Forestry and Apple Growing." "New Use of Birch for Paper Making." "Eastern Canada and British Trade." "The New Birth of Forestry." "Great Work of Overseas Forest Corps." "A New Forest Insect Enemy of the White Birch." "The High Mortality of Balsam Fir." "Forest Protection in British Columbia." "With a Forester in a Tank Corps." New Ways in the Woods." "The Prop of our Empire." "The Case for Nova Scotia's Forests." The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Communications to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post Office «t Woodstock, Ont., as secDnd-class matter. 1908 Canadian Forestry Journal, Sovembcr, 1918 Britain's Need— Canada's Opportunity By Sgt. James R. Dickson, Canadian Forestry Corps, England, late of Dominion Forestry Branch Technical Staff Is Canada Prepared to "Grasp Occasion by the Hand" — A Striking Discussion of After-War Conditions These are fateful days of change, when the great surging torrent of this World VVar is sweeping away old conventions and customs, and in no other sphere is this tendency more marked and more potent than in international trade. When the flood subsides it will reveal world com- merce beginning to flow along many new or altered channels, and for Canadians one of the most profitable and far-reaching of such after-war trade developments may well be found in Britain's imported timber requirements. In order to grasp the situation it will be well briefly to consider Bri- tain's position in this respect in 1913, and what the outlook is likely to be in 1920, as influenced by the war. Pre-War Conditions. The British Ministry of Recon- struction has recently issued a most informing and well-considered Final Report dealing with the whole ques- tion of Forestry in Britain; both from the standpoint of a National War Insurance Policy and on the broader basis of total trade requirements. The conclusion of the large and re- presentative Committee who pre- pared this Report is that the question of Britain's future supply of conifer- ous timber is: "A very grave and a very urgent matter," and they regard the possibility of obtaining this sup- ply from Canada's timber farm as: "An Imperial question of the first magnitude, which deserves the im- mediate attention of the Imperial and Dominion Governments." Members of the Canadian Forestry Association who wish to acquire a basis of information for the considera- tion of this problem would do well to become familiar with the data and findings of this most interesting and important Report. This Report indicates that in 1913 Britain imported the equivalent of some 650,000,000 cubic feet of round timber of such species as might have been grown at home, that is to say exclusive of tropical woods. She imported in 1913, 90% of her total needs in wood, wood manufactures and wood pulp. For the past several decades the British per capita demand for wood and wood products has been increasing three times as fast as the population, and during recent pre- war years this increase has been, in concrete figures, approximately 5,- 000,000 cu. ft. per annum. In 1913 British forests covered less than 4% of the total area of the country and were producing less than 15 cu. feet per acre per year, whereas the other Great Powers of Europe (except Italy) had from 20 to 40% of their total areas in forest, with acre yields of from 25 to 90 cu. feet per annum, depending on the measure of science employed. From all of which, and many other comparative facts which might be quoted, we see how extremely dependent on outside sources of timber supply Great Bri- tain was at the outbreak of this war, and what an insignificant place she accorded to the great Science of Forestry. In 1913 Russia supplied, roughly, 50%, and other foreign countries some 30% of the timber imported by Britain, leaving (outside her domestic production of 10%) only a paltry 10% that came from sources within the Empire, — ^i.e. practically, from Canada and Newfoundland. This Canadian quota of some 35,000,000 (Ainadidn Fon'slri) Journal, \orciuhci\ l{)hS U)09 cu. feet Nvas relatively less than half what it was at the beginnint* of this century, whereas in the same period our C.anadian exports of wood and its products to the United Stales had nearly doubled in value. Such then, boldly outlined, was the position of the British timber trade and its main channels on the o; I break of the "Great War."" The Outlook for 1920. The effect of the war on Britain's timber supply has necessarily been very great. Should the conllicl last another year her native forest of commercial value — both caj)ital and growing stock — will largely have vanished, and for the rest of this century it must remain all but neg- ligible as a factor in supplying her markets. Then, of course, Britain's enormous overseas timber trade with Russia and Scandinavia has been very seriously interfered with, and whether it will again renew its old channels is a matter of growing un- certainty and concern. In this con- nection we must not forget that for many years both Norway and Sweden have been growing apprehensive of the way in which their annual cut was exceeding the annual growth, and that during the 15 years preceding the war their annual exports to Britain fell off by 30%. When the war ends the available supply is apt to be largely absorbed for many years by the vast near-at-home de- mand for deferred and reconstruction projects of every kind throughout the war-sw^ept zone. Moreover the pro- found social, economic and political changes occurring among the Russian people will probably ensue in a general higher standard of living and an industrial development that must more and more limit and re- strict their available timber for export. Therefore it comes that today we see the people of Britain in general, and her Industrial Captains in j)ar- ticular, developing an unwonted in- terest in Forestry matters. She is eying the World's distant, decreasing woodlots, meditating over that in- escapable "long time" element and saying to herself, as it were: "Now, what is the best solution?" Canada's Opportunity. "There is a time" in the affairs of nations as well as individuals, no doubt, which "taken at the flood leads on to fortune," and what a stroke of good fortune, both for patriotic and business reasons, to have this chance of linking up the Empire's greatest timber farm with its greatest market! Sir Wilfrid Laurier once succinctly defined Conservation as "Wise use, wisely regulated." Let us, as Cana- dian citizens, sovereign joint owners of our great timberland farm covering 70% of the Dominion, apply this principle to its development with our ideal: Every acre a producing acre, and every acre to its best use. Britain has vainly tried to es- tablish P'orestry under private owner- ship of the Nation's timberland. The "long time" element damns every sporadic effort. Here in Britain they are still in the futile stage of trying to educate private owners on Forestry matters, instead of educating public opinion. We Canadians are fortunate in being in large measure free from this "stumb- ling block," but it behooves us to see to "it that the insidious hand of Privilege is not permitted to under- mine this only and essential basis for a real forest policy. Viz: \\'hat guarantee have we that the present Federal Procedure as regards transfer of Berth Licenses is not creating "vested rights?" It is easy to say: "Apply a Prin- ciple," but' the problem thus placed before us is, of course, a great and many-sided one. As I see it the chief factors are: 1. Education of the Bodij Politic, so as to bring the Canadian communi- ties— whether Dominion wide or Provincial — who own practically all of our absolute timberland, into a position where the Executives con- cerned will be given adequate au- thority to deaf with all matters affecting production and disposal of the timber crop, under the driving power of a strong, active, well- informed Public Opinion. In this pioneer field of propaganda the Cana- dian Forestrv Association has already 1910 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1918 done very much excellent and es- sential work, the fruits of which we see in the several vigorous Govern- ment Forestry Organizations. But still our great need isforfurther education. II. Organizalion, which shall sat- isfactorily relate together on business and scientific principles the com- munity of interests involved — to wit, the Sovereign people, Owners of the Land and providers of Labour, the Lumberman, who furnishes Capital and Enterprise; and the Consumer, who offers the market. Among the more important features of such organization would be: III. Land Classification to enable permanance of use and stability of policy. IV. A System of Protection provid- ing adequate security against fire and other enemies. V. Applied Science in the forest, to build up a normal growing stock of the favored species and thereafter ensure a steadily-improving, sustain- ed annual yield. This technical work calls for a personnel of trained men, versed in silvicultural practice: the management of forest experiment stations: wholesale collection of tree seeds; the combatting of insect pests and tree diseases; the skilful handling of nursery and seeding operations; the preparation of clear, concise Reports and Bulletins, and having sufficient knowledge of forest men- suration and engineering to most cheaply and easily harvest the timber crop, and supervise the construction of such permanent improvements as roads, bridges and Ranger cabins. And lastly, organization should pro- vide for: VI. Satisfactory Transport Ar- rangements by land and sea, and the development of the British Market. It must be evident that a great export trade in Canadian timber — chiefly "White Deal" and wood pulp from the eastern Provinces, and dimension stuff from British Col- umbia, through the Panama Canal — is dependent upon return cargoes for the transport lines or tramp steamers involved. Nor is this any mere detail in the scheme but an important and determining factor in its success- ful working out. It simply amounts to this, that if Britain is to take Canadian timber and timber pro- ducts she can only do so by exchang- ing some kind of goods in return. The hoary old fetish that in interna- tional trade gold can be got for goods, has long whiskers now, and is getting so many hard knocks these days; that it can hardly survive the war. We see then that this splendid prospect for the profitable develop- ment of our Canadian Timber Farm is conditioned on securing greater freedom in trade relations between Canada and the Mother Country, and probably it is here, on a question of economic policy, that more educa- tion and effort will be required than to solve either the technical or mar- keting problems involved. However that may be, there is no doubt at all that the close of this war will unfold for Canada a wonderful op- portunity to acquire the profit and honour of becoming Fir-and-Spruce- Grower-in-Chief to the Empire. Are we prepared to "Grasp Occasion by the hand?" LATE F. B. ROBERTSON Pte. F. Bruce Robertson, formerly of the Dominion Forestry- Depart- ment, who has paid the supreme sacrifice for king and country, was killed in action on September 9th, his twenty-sixth birthday. Before coming to Ottawa, Pte. Robertson attended the faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, where the honor of class president was conferred on him by his fellow students. He was granted his de- gree of Bachelor of Science in 1914 leading his class. From then, until his enlistment in October, 1915, he was employed in the Dominion De- partment of Forestry. He went over- seas with the 4th University com- pany, reinforcing the Princess Pa- tricias, and latBr was transferred to another battalion. He had been through several important engage- ments. Canadian Fuicstiij Journal, November, 1918 1911 Shocking Loss of Life, U. S. Forest Fires Five Hundred Bodies Recovered in Min- nesota Holocaust of Middle October Duhith, Minn., Oct. 13.— With probably five hundred persons dead, thousands homeless and without clothing, and with property damage mounting far into millions of dollars, whole sections of northern Wisconsin and Minnesota timberland, to-night are smouldering, tire-stricken areas, with only the charred ruins of aban- doned, depopulated towns to accen- tuate the general dissolution. The bodies of seventy-five victims lie in Duluth morgues. Hundreds more along the roads leading to Du- luth and Superior lay where they fell when overtaken by the fire. Twelve thousand homeless and penniless refugees, all in need, more or less, of medical attention, are quartered in hospitals, churches, schools, private homes and in the armory here, while doctors and nurses sent from surrounding communities attend them, and nearly every able bodied man in the city has been con- scri])ted to fight the flames which now are dying away. Definite confirmation was not avail- able, but incendiaries were driven away from a local shipyard when the fires in Duluth and Superior were burning at their height, ac- cording to F. J. Longren, fire marshal, and other city and state officials. -Reports reaching here by courier told of widespread destruction, but it was evident that in most cases the fury of the flames was spent. Du- luth and Superior are in no further danger. Virginia is safe and Brain- ard was untouched. However, peat ])0g fires are now said to have men- aced the latter city. Greatest loss of life and property damage is believed to have occurred in the Cloquet region, where a num- ber of towns have been destroyed and all semi-rural settlements virtually wiped out. A special train of 20 coaches brought 1,500 refugees from Clo- quet and Carleton. They confirmed reports that many persons lost their lives in those towns. A $35,000,000 LOSS Should the insurance loss equal or exceed $15,000,000, and it is believed that it will be fully that much, the recent forest fires in north- ern Minnesota represent the greatest conflagration since the San Francisco fire in 1906, according to the "Insur- ance Field." The propertv loss is placed at $35,000,000. The biggest property loss was at Cloquet, Minn., where the loss on lumber alone is placed at $6,000,000, with the town suffering a million dollars more. These figures take no account of the destruction standing timber and young growth. SOLDIERS FIGHT FIRES Aberdeen, Wash., Sept. 30. — With the woods dry as tinder, following six weeks without rain, logging camps where soldiers are employed, were under strict guard Sunday. One hundred soldiers from Camp Lewis were sent Saturday night to Lind- berg, Lewis County where a bad fire was reported to the spruce division headquartrs here, and soldiers were likewise fighting fire at Norton, Lew- is County. Major Hightower, dis- trict commandant, asked Portland general headquarters of the spruce production bureau Saturday night that troops be held in readiness at Vancouver to be sent any place in the district to assist in fighting fires in case of need. The most serious fire in Gray's Harbor region Sunday night was that raging in the Matlock district, where the Callow mill and three camps of the Simpson Logging Company had been burned, togther with number of ranch homes. 1912 Canadian Forestry Journal. Xovcmher, 1918 The Lesson of the Minnesota Disaster By W. T. Cox, State Foresti:h of Minnesota A Terrible Waste of Life and a Vast Property by Insufficient Rangers and Lethargic State Policy Every one is interested in knowing how the great fire calamity came to occur, — the extent of loss of Hfe, what areas were burned over, and how much material damage was done. It will be some time before accurate information is available on some of these points, but enough is already known to render a general statement advisable. Many consider the cal- amity a mysterious or unavoidable visitation. This, however, it was not, as the forest rangers and others who have made a study of fires will testify. Groups of quietly smoldering fires were fanned by a sixty-mile gale into rulnning fires that united to form a so i d front. The force of the gale was so great that the fires were driven forward on a front which constantly diminished in width. The several intense fires, therefore, were in com- paratively narrow strips, separated by large belts of green timberlands; and twenty mile them- selves,— many of them being new to the woods. One of these fires swept through an Indian reservation, but the Indians were able to take care of themselves and not one was lost. Prompt and vigorous action on the part of the rangers undoubtedly prevented several fires from becoming disastrous, and many people owe their lives to warnings and help given by forest officers. Fire Hazard Increased. \\'hilc the first im])ression is likely that devastating fires such as these hasten land clearing and develop- ment, observations and facts point strongly the other way. Foresters do not ask that their opinions in this respect be taken without further proof, but welcome a thorough in- vestigation to determine exactly what has taken place on the scenes of great conflagrations. Moreover, it is a fact that devastating fires do not remove the fire danger, but frequently render the burned area more subject to dangerous fires. If clearing fol- lowed immediately after the fire, there might be some advantage; but settlers are seldom able to under- take land clearing on a large scale. A forest fire does not consume much of the standing timber or stumps. Within three years after a fire, the dead trees are worthless, mostly blown down, and in excellent con- dition for further fires, which by that time would be fed by a growth of grass, weeds and brush. Any one who realizes what this means would be remiss in his duty if he failed to give warning of the fire hazard. Law and Enforcement. The lack of a large enough force of men trained in fire prevention work is the chief cause of the calami- ty. It was against the law for people to set fires during this period. It is against the law to run locomotives or threshing rigs that set fires. It is against the law for people to ride along highways throwing burning cigars, cigarettes or matches into the dry timber alongside. It is against the law to do a great many things, but a law in itself is of little value unless the machinery for its enforcement is provided. What is one policeman (forest officer) to seven hundred or twelve hundred square miles) or twenty to fifty townships? The exceptional droutii of the present as well as last year was another factor of importance. It was on account of it that the Forester asked for an order which was issued by the Commission of Public Safety declaring a closed season on burning. This order covered the spring and fall seasons of 1917, and was renewed to cover the spring, summer and fall seasons of 1918. These orders were widely published and conspicuously posted in all directions, but in spite of this precaution and the convictions secured under the order, and beca\ise of inadequate forces to police the forested areas, fires developed faster than they could be extinguished and the guilty parties brought to justice. Over-drainage, a Cause The feeling that big fires will occur anyway and that it is futile to fight them is a contributing cause of them, and comes from lax reasoning. Fires are not necessary, nor are they un- avoidable. A conflagration arises from a small fire allowed to attain large proportions, or a group of small fires when circumstances like wind and drouth are favorable. In recent years many millions of dollars have been expended in par- tially draining swamp lands far in advance of settlement. In the ab- sence of control-gates in the ditches, this has resulted in over-drainage, as we have repeatedly protested, and greatly increased the fire risk and waste of timber and soil. As a result, there are thousands of miles of drainage ditches that have made the worst kind of fire traps and the fires in them are most difficult to handle. Logging Dangers There has been insufficient control of logging operations, and this too has proved a difficult factor in fire prevention work. The unregulated scattered settle- ment of land constitutes not only a needless hazard to human life but a waste of man power. Had the set- tlers in the burned districts been con- 1914 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1918 centrated in areas near the villages there would have been litUeit.any, loss of life. In each place there would have been several sections of cultivated farms and a community of good progressive citizens. There is need for a clean-cut land policy to direct settlement. The attitude of the judiciary has not been the best. Justices and muni- cipal judges have been slow to enforce the forest law. There has been insufficient co-op- eration by railroad and lumber com- panies in fire prevention work. Penalties for violations of the forest laws are too light, and the laws are weak in certain other re- spects. Whif Aeroplanes Need Spruce Many have doubtless been puzzled over statements that the airplane output was limited by the output of spruce. Engineering and Contract- ing elucidates: "The average airplane contains less than 170 feet board measure of spruce. An ultimate monthly out- put of 10,000 airplanes would there- fore involve only 1,700,000 feet— a really small quantity of lumber. Then why was there a shortage of airplane slock? Until very recently it required 70 feet of timber in the tree to furnish one foot in an airplane. About 15 per cent, of the timber in the tree was clear enough and suf- ficiently straight-grained to be suit- able for airplane stock, and less than 10 per cent, of the stock was used in the finished plane. However, about 20 per cent, of the stock is now used, and the engineers hope to increase this to 30" per cent. The Sitka spruce of northern California, Oregon, and Washington supplies 95 per cent, of the lumber used by our Govern- ment and its Allies for flying-ma- chines. This spruce is lighter and more resilient than anv other timber Mr. B. II. Campbell, Director of the Dominion Forest Branch is still in the hospital at V^ innipeg, but is improving nicely. available in large quantities, being fully 10 per cent, superior to Douglas fir. Less than a year ago the Spruce Production Division of the United States Signal Corps began organizing the spruce-lumbering industry. There were only 3,000 men in the spruce camps of Oregon and Washington last November where now there are 10,000. Some $3,500,000 worth of logging engines, wire rope, and steel rails were secured for use in these logging-camps, and a hundred mills are engaged in sawing the lumber. Recently the head of the German aviation forces told German reporters that America's talk about producing 50,000 airplanes before the end of the year was only another sample of American bluff. It is well that he thinks so. Our output of these machines is fast reaching a rate that will be quite as amazing to the Germans as our ship building output has become. Liberty motors, spruce, and other airplane essentials have already reached 'quantity-produc- tion' rates, and will be delivered according to a schedule that provides ultimately for 100,000 flying machines annually." Lieut. Wm. Kiblij of the Royal Air Force is now completing his course of training in Canada, as pilot. He was formerly fire inspector for the Canadian Northern Railway, and secured a commission with one of the battnlions of Highlanders, being afterwards transferred to the Royal Air Force, where he had ex- perience in France as an observer. Cnn(uli(in Forcslri] Journdl, Moremher, 191" should become clearing houses foi- information discovered and better methods developed all along the line and thus become at once the source of supply for our specialists anf the training ground for our every-da\' foremen loggers. r Switzerland's Forests Worth £58,000,000 The value of the Swiss forests, calculated on a 3% yield, is over £58,000,000, or about the total of the debt for the federal railways at the end of 1915, whereas there are only 200 ofTicials to administer the public forests, which have a minimum I value of over £26,000,000. MUCH B. C. SPRUCE LEFT. In response to the fears expressed that the large amount of spruce being cut for the Imperial Munitions Board for aeroplane construction would de- plete the spruce forests of Northern British Columbia, it is authoritatively stated by the Department that at the present high rate there is enough spruce in the limits now being worked to last for two years, andthat there is not the least doubt that very consid- erable stands of suitable timber can be located to provide an even larger output if necessary. -A'ancouver "In- dustrial Progress." Canadian Forestry Journai, Xorembcr, 1918 1919 The Forest Policy of France We have now ])een viriualh nine months in the advance section," writes First Lieutenant Lawrence R. McCoy of the 20th Engineers (Forest) "'and on account of the variety of landscape, we find all species of lim- ber and many odd operating con- ditions. Some of our operations are in a mountainous country in excellent fir and spruce forests that have been carefully guarded and are forested by selective cutting, and if necessary by seeding, these war limes and il is very surprising to us to find that this conservative French forestry policy is virtually unchanged in national and communal forests up to within five miles of the front line trenches. As a result of this far-sighted policy we have been able to cut as high as 55,000 feet of fir and spruce timber per acre on some small tracts of 40 to 50 acres in extent although of course the general average throughout our operations will not run as high as this. In the flat country we are operating in several excellent hardwood forests, some of the old oak timber running 50 inches on the butt. One can imagine the difficulties in attempting to saw such large timber into heavy 32-foot construction timbers on a sawmill carriage built to open only 30 inches. A large percentage of the timber, however, runs only 18 to 20 inches, which easily works up ihto railroad ties and light structural lumber. These hardwood forests are generally divided up into several small coupes of from 12 to 25 acres each, having an annual rotation of from 25 to 30 years. About one- third of the reserve of large trees will be cut on a coupe and all of the coppice, or brush, cut out for fuel- wood, leaving possibly 75 baliveaux or small trees out of the coppice per acre. The roots, when properly cut level with the ground, send up strong sprouts which in 20 to 25 years develop into a very heavy mass of underbrush which produces good fuelwood, and the baliveaux event- ually mature into good saw timber. On account of this selective cutting, we find very few defects in either soft or hardwood timber and the timber is bought on a solid cubic meter volume basis. Of course there are many exceptions to the above, and in some pine forests in particular, that are hand i)lanted, the cutting is com- plete and not on a selective basis. A Scheme to Afforest the Prairies By Thomas Tod, Russell, Manitoba The suggestion I have to nuike is, that in sparsely wooded and unwood- ed districts, the recpiirements to obtain the patent for a homestead l)e changed from the 15 acres cultiva- tion or other present improvements required, to the thorough cultivation and SOWING WITH TREE SEEDS, a strip 100 feel wide on two sides of the settler's holding. The amount of land this strip would take up would l)e a fraction over 12 acres on 2 sides of a section. Any quick growing variety of the seed would do, Pop- lars, Maples, Willows, some of the conifers and hardwoods might be cried, according to locality. That such a scheme is practicable I have ample proof, both in the case of land treated as proposed, cultivated and sown wi th tree seeds, of which I know several most successful cases, and also in the case of self sown poplar bluffs afler fires. There are many localities in this district that have been entirely denuded of wood by fires that are now covered with self sown timber of from 6 to 8 inches in diameter, grown within the last 15 or 20 vcars. These facts which can 1920 Canadian Forcslrij Journal, Xovcmhcr, 1918 be amply and undeniably corroborat- ed, remove the suggestion from the realm of pure theorv'. What are likely to be the effects of such a scheme if carried out on a large scale? It would certainly, in the long run, improve the climate, and increase the rainfall, and have a tendency to conserve the moisture. It woidd afford shelter to the individual settler and his stock. It would in time modify, if not abolish blizzards. It would ultimately help the settler as to timber, fencing material and firewood. Game and the wild fruits are almost certain to largely increase, and if the larger fruits, as apples, etc., are ever generally grown, it is only likely to be under some such conditions. It would make travel- ling along the sheltered roads a pleasure, instead of the terrible ordeal it at present must be on these bleak treeless plains, and I beheve might ultimately eradicate summer frosts. My nearly thirty years experience in this country, forces the conclusion upon me that the places where grain is least alTected by frost are either on a southern slope or have timber on the north or east of them. Any abandoned or unoccupied homestead so treated would not be simply a curse of a weed Ped, as is now the case, but would be a much appreciat- ed legacy handed down to the next occupant. These are some of the benefits that would likely follow the adoption of such a proposition. And I would leave it to the imagination of those who know the country, what its general effect would be in, say twenty years. What would H cost? Pass the law. Make it compulsory. The divisional surveyor's field books would show where exemptions from it might be granted. Let the Govern- ment furnish the seed and employ homestead inspectors to see its terms carried out. The Indi'ans and school children could be enlisted under direction. As to the seed, the de- mand would soon create the supply. In some seasons tons of it could be gathered in Manitoba and doubtless in some parts of Saskatchewan and Alberta. As to fire protection: For some time the cultivated strips would act as fire guards and afterwards no sane man would leave such a valuable assets as twelve acres of live wood without protection. Railway lands and lands held by speculators would have to be dealt with separately But it is clear they would fall behind in value in the market in competition with land with wood on it. Still these lands would derive a substantial benefit from the shelter. and general amelioration of the district through the homesteaders' work, and if kept persistantly unforesitd might be made to pay a higher ratio of taxa- tion for the unearned increasement. All lands so forested could be made free of taxation as long as they remained so. In closing I would point out that the adoption of the above scheme does not necessarily interfere wdth the settler's cultivation of his land for cropping purposes, but that the delay in fulfilling the law would result in the like delay in the granting of his patent. THOS. TOD. Campers Arrested 100 Miles From Fire San Francisco, Gal. — The vigi- lance of the forest service as well as the relentless manner in which they follow up those who, through neg- ligence or other reasons, endanger a community to the ravages of con- flagrations is exemplified by a recent case. Two men left their camp fire burning. Although the smoke was almost immediately detected by the forest fire lookouts, it was supposed that the county supervisor was burn- ing drift and other debris. It was found that a camp fire had been left burning and had burned into the surrounding forest, threatening to destroy not only the timber, but also the county bridge. Also it was learn- ed that the two men had left the fire burning and after certain evidence Canadian Forvslii/ Juurnal. November, 1918 1921 had been secured cfTorls were made scene of the fire. Two days subse- to locate them. qiiently the second man was appre- Five days later one of the men was hended. They will be tried for leav- arrested more then 100 miles from the ing a camp fire unextinguished. Forestry and Apple Growing Bij the lull lor of the Toronto ''Globe'' When most of one's life lime is spent in the same locality changes which go on from year to year, and in the course of time become almost revolutionary, pass almost unnoticed. When another, after an absence of 30 years, returns to the same locality, the extent of the changes w^hich have taken place is observed at once, and the possible efTects of these naturally become a subject of enquiry. Mr. W. H. Belford of The Winni- peg Free Press, recently visited his old home in Northumberland county for the first time, in summer, since 1888, and to him some things that have taken place in the time stated caused both astonishment and regret. Orchards which were bent to the ground with apples in the autumns of his boyhood he found bearing axceedingly light crops this year. To him the statement that this was due to the peculiarly trying condi- tions of .last winter did not furnish a sufficient explanation of the dif- ference in yields between now and then. In his view the cause of this difference is found in the fact that a country once well wooded is now almost bereft of forest trees and that a free sweep has thus been given to the cold, dry winds of winter. Other causes than the one mention- ed by Mr. Belford have, however, been at work. Scarcity of help and uncertainty as to markets have led to neglect of the sparying, pruning and cultivation now necessary to the production of apples in this Province. Still there is no doubt as to the evil effects on the apple grow- ing industry due to the unwise cutting of foresl timber that has taken ])lace. The removal of nature's protection has subjected orchards that were well cared for to climatic conditions which even these could not resist. The severity of these conditions has not only reduced the apple crop of this year, but it has so weakened or wholly destroyed thousands of trees that a shortage in fruit is bound to be experienced for years to come. The condition of Ontario orchards in 1918 affords one more reason, and an exceedingly cbgent reason, for the adoption of a reafforestation policy in Ontario. READER ! I THE CANADIAN FOR- I ESTRY JOURNAL puts on la new dress commencing j with the January issue. I It will be printed on the I first grade of coated paper. I The pages will be some- I what larger and quality of j text and illustrations will be j correspondingly improved. 1922 Canadian Forestry Journal, Xovember, 191H New Use of Birch for Paper Making Important Experiments May Prove Great Boon to Spruce and Balsam Forests The most serious obstacle to the proper handhng of the mixed forests of eastern Canada has been the lack of utilization of the hardwood species, particularly birch. This has been especially true as to mixed forest lands held as pulpwood limits, where, over vast areas, the coniferous species comprise only from 25 per cent, to 50 per cent, of the stand, the balance being hardwoods. The cutting of the conifers, particularly spruce and balsam, has a constant tendency to convert the stand into a hardwood forest, partly because of the actual reduction in numbers of the conifers, while the hardwoods are left standing; and partly because the coniferous seedlings are prevented from making adequate growth, on account of the dense overhead shade of the hard- woods, which spread out and close in the spaces made by the removal of the conifers. Effect of Cutting Birch. If the hardwoods, particularly birch, could be used to commerical advantage, their removal would per- mit spruce and balsam seedlings to come in much more satisfactorily and to make a much better rate of growth, on the 'average, instead of so many remaining suppressed for a long period of time. The primary reason why the hard- woods have not been utilized in most of our northern forests has been the difficulty of transportation, in the absence of railways. Hardwoods are too heavy to be driven long dis- tances in streams, without very severe loss by sinkage; and besides, the amount of flood water in the majority of driving streams is hardly adequate in volume to float the spruce and balsam to their destination, to say nothing of carying large quantities of birch in addition. As a con- sequence, birch has remained prac- tically a weed tree over enormous areas of our eastern forests where there is no rail transportation. At last, however, there is a pos- sibility that the problems of trans- portation may be at least partially solved through the winter use of motor tractors for log-hauling on iced roads. This would apply not only to hardwoods but to coniferous species as well, where, in the case of long drives, the loss by sinkage is serious, especially as to the smaller sizes, and more particularly in the case of balsam. Several concerns are experimenting, or are preparing to experiment, along these lines, the River Quelle Pulp and Lumber Com- pany being the pioneer in this direc- tion as to eastern Canada. The Laurentide Company, Limited, has this year purchased some lighter tractors of the caterpillar type and will this winter experiment under conditions in the St. Maurice Valley. The use of tractors for log hauling is already established in parts of British Columbia and in various sections of the United States. New Market for Birch. The second obstacle to the removal of the hardwoods in our northern mixed forests has been lack of a suitable market, particularly by the pulp and paper companies, which hold rapidly increasing areas af such lands. Formerly, only spruce was accepted for use as groundwood in the manufacture of newsprint; later, balsam was accepted in an increasing proportion, and now both species are used practically without dis- crimination. It has always been considered impracticable, however, to use birch or other hardwoods acceptably for groundwood. The Forestry Department of the Lauren- tide Company has, however, for a long time urged that experiments be made with a view to the utilization of birch in the manufacture of news- print, and an experiment was recent- ly made by the Company which Canadian Forestnj Journal Xorember, U)18 1923 appears to give excellent promise of satisfactory' developments along this line. A test run was made, the results of which indicate that uj) to ten per cent, of birch groundwood can be used to excellent advantage in mixture with spruce and balsam groundwood in the manufacture of newsprint. Great Boon to Conifers. It is expected that further tests will be made, in collaboration with the Dominion Forest Products La- boratories. Should the final results be satisfactory, and should the use of tractors solve the problem of transportation to any material ex- tent, a new era will be opened up in the intelligent handling of our vast areas of mixed forests. It will then be possible to utilize large quantities of birch, in the manufacture of news- print, thus materially relieving the increasing drain upon spruce and balsam, and at the same time leaving the corresponding logged-over areas in good condition for future produc- tion, instead of constantly depreciat- ing their quality as has been the tendency under the only methods of operation hitherto considered feasible. Should these developments come to pass, forestry will find an immense scope for activity in our northern forests, replacing at least in part the destructive methods so generally practiced heretofore. — Clyde Leavift . Eastern Canada and British Trade By T. H. Blacklock Resident Editor of Montreal Gazette, in London, England British and Canadian timber ex- perts believe that for several years after war, Britain, France and Bel- gium will have to import practically their whole requirements of pit props, railway sleepers and heavy timber and deals. The home sup- plies will be almost exhausted and these countries must look to North- ern Europe — Norway, Sweden, Fin- land and Russia — or to Canada, for ordinary requirements and for re- construction work in devasted areas. Many Canadian timber ex- perts, now in the forestry corps and combatant ranks, believe that Can- ada can capture the bulk of this trade if proper and energetic elTort is made. They count Russia and Finland out of the market owing to present and in a great measure continued business and political dis- organization. The supplies from Norway and Sweden are limited and also much of the timber business of these countries was due to Russian imports partially manufactured and exported to Britain. They also point out that for two or three years af- ter the war Britain's timber imports will be controlled by the govern ment, as will in a measure ocean transportation facilities for this pur- pose. Pit Props 700% Higher. Pit props are selling here at pre- sent at twelve cents per foot for props three inches at the top. This is about seven times the price in pre-wai- times, and although it will decrease as conditions make for normal, yet for years it will be remunerative. The demand in Britain for pit props is enormous. For sixteen mines near Doncaster the yearly requirements are about 32,000,000 and this area is only one of many throughout South Scotland and the Midlands. Rail- way sleepers will be required by the million and heavy timber to the extent of the entire requirements. Look to Quebec and N. B. Canadian hardwood with the ex- ception of birch, will find but a limited market, as Britain's local supply has not been seriously impair- ed and her imports will be drawn from the East and Central and South America. Many are looking to Ouel)ec and New Brunswick as the 1924 Canadian Forcstrij JournaL Xorcmber, 1918 field to meet the British, French and Belgian demands for pit props, sleep- ers and heavy timber, and believe that Canada's sailing ships now under construction will solve the transporta- tion problem. They claim that we must produce to meet European requirements not according to our own ideas, and failure to do this in the past has been our greatest handi- cap in developing trade. South Africa is another market for Canadian timber. There can be no question of the enormous requirements for Britain, France and Belgium after the war; the only question is whether this trade can be captured for Canada. Canadians here believe it can and are preparing to make the attempt. T. H. Blacklock. The New Birth of Forestry By Dr. Filibert Roth, Ann Arbor, Michigan Science of Forest Management Brought Into Limelight by Wa'rs Exigencies — A Brief History Forestry is entering a new phase; it is leaving the era of propaganda and entering one of business. It is leaving a period when a very small number of good people, mostly not owners of forest and without material interest in forest — advocated the practice of forestry, and they did this at a time when billions of feet of timber were without market value and when millions of feet of timber were, of necessity, unused and de- caying in our woods, and when the men in charge of public affairs, quite generally, could see no use in any special public efforts, and the owners of timber were still finding it much harder to sell than to buy. In Europe, forestry developed out of necessity; it started in the days of Charlemagne and took 1,000 years to grow into a science, an art and a business. Its entire development came before the advent of the rail- way; it came in a time when it was impracticable to haul timber over- land, even for a short distance of 20 miles, and when as early as the year 1400 it was difTicult in some localities to get building timber, while not 100 miles away millions of feet were without any market value. In our country, forestry came, ready made, from Europe. Its intro- duction really came after the year 1870; it came long after the railway had become a success and was rapidly extending over the land. In our country it was not the village, town and the State which was in danger of real timber — and even fuel — famine which saw itself driven to forestry by necessity, but, as stated before, it was a handful of far-seeing, well- meaning people who had become ap- prehensive and felt it their duty to call attention to the rapid destruction of the forest and the utter lack of any effort at its replacement. France Since 1420. As early as 1420, France had a state forest law of 76 articles and a state forest organization. At that time, even the written compilation of village and town laws, including forest laws of Central Europe, were over 100 years old. All public authorities, village, city and the multitudinal forms of autocratic au- thorities, by this time realized clearly that the forest was entirely different from the field; that timber and fuel land and care and. a long period of were necessities; that it require time to grow timber; that it was hopeless to leave it to individual likes and dislikes, and that it was necessary for public authority to step in and use its authority and exercise its providential functions. The policies were promptly expressed in law; and the laws were in keeping with the times, simple and direct. Clearing of forest was forbidden; Canadian Foicslrii Journal, Novenihrr, 191S 1925 likewise forest dcvaslation; utiliza- tion was regulated, and the protection of forest received special attention. And all this, not because of any prop- aganda, but simply because the people, the owners of the woods and the users of wood realized the neces- sity of prompt and forceful action. But even so, forestry recjuired a long time to grow, and Colbert, the great minister of France, two centuries later expressed himself in the famous sentence: "France will perish for lack of timber." He did not stop at this, however, but worked out his still- more famous forest law of 1669, re- markable for being most complete and effective. Corrupt practice under the Bourbons led the Revolution to repeal parts of this famous law, but in 1801 and 1803, and fmally in 1827, it was re-enacted, forms today, and is likely to form for a long time to come, the great guide and director of forestry in France. The War's Demands. Then came the w^ar. Before the end of 1916, it became very evident that even in this latest and greatest of wars it takes timber; that forests protect armies; that timber in enormous quantities is needed at the front, in the trenches, for shelters, covers, for roads and bridges, for barracks and hospitals; that much of our equipment needs wood of special kinds, and that even the flying machines require a propel- ler and frame of well selected and seasoned wood. It became evident that Germany's ability to hold out was in no small degree connected with her forests, and, for the first time it was brought home to our people that forestry difTered from the field; that while in farm crops, of bread and meat, we live hand to mouth; in the forest crops, if properly cared for, as in Germany and France, we have 20 year's living ahead. Then came shipping difficulties, and by the beginning of this year Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, in England, made the statement in a public address: "For the last three years every one engaged in the organizations for war has known how dearly this country (England) is paying for the neglect of a great national industry (forestry) The Prime Minister has told us that timber absorbs more shipping than any other import, and that we can only insure imports of food by foregoing imports of timber. For the army we are mainly dependent on the French forests. Had our Allies neglected forestrij as we have done, the war could not, at this stage have been carried on at all We had the great good luck to be able to import timber for the first two years of war, but the cost in increased price, freight and insurance amounted in these years to some 40 million (pounds sterling) more than w^e need have paid for home- grown timber." The Forestry Sub-Committee of the British Reconstruction Commit- tee states: "There appears to be no reason why the Canadian forests should not supply the United King- dom with coniferous timber and meet its growing needs for many genera- tions." ''Meanwhile the forest capital of Canada is growing less year by year. This we submit is an Imperial ques- tion of the first magnitude which deserves the immediate attention of the Imperial and Dominion Govern- ments.''' The Committee then re- commends spending $60,000,000 in a planting program of 40 years for the small area of waste lands, in the Bitish Isles. Here we have a small island country, close and convenient to large supplies of timber, suddenly waked up to the necessity of supphes of timber at home. When our country entered the war, naturally everyone felt, that at least we would not have any trouble in getting timber. But we had a great surprise in store. Everything of value was bought up and shipped. "This is my third trip here and I just closed a deal for a large lot of lumber which I refused to take on my last round," said the English buyer to one of our men. We needed ship timber; we needed everything clear up to season- ed mahogany, oak and walnut for 1926 (lanadian Forcsiri/ Journal. Xdicinhcr. lUlS ])ropellers for aeroplanes and spruce for their frames. We were forlunale in having it, at least as standing tim- ber, in the woods. But it meant the creation of a separate army of men to cut and deliver spruce, to inspect, to dry kiln, as well as to manufacture wood for war purposes. At last a new ^ra has come. Necessity is stepping in and teaching the lesson in forestiy to otir people. She does it in her usual way; there is no argument; the shouter of substi- tutes; the \\iseacre who would import our 40 billions from Alaska, where there is but a fringe of timber, and from Siberia, where there is less, — all the "/s" and "ca/7/s" take a back seat. Our people suddenly know that timber is a necessity; that we need lots of it and need it close at home, and that it takes land and a 100 years to grow. The "Timberman" of Portland, Oregon, says: "The lumbermen of the Forest Service should get together and work some definite plan for the perpetuation of our timber supply on some scientific and workable basis. The Govern- ment is interested -primarily in the available supply of timber for the Nation's use." It adds: "7'he grow- ing of timber is a national function, it is not the business of an individual.'' Dr. Fernow may well ask in the Canadian Forestry Journal: "Has the public opinion yet been convinced that forest maintenance is a State Business?" At last forestry, as a simple and useful industry, stands on its own merits. Whether our elTorts will be chiefly National, and State, or whether we shall depend on private efforts is important but not vital: probably we shall utilize all and welcome all. But the lessons of Europe ought not to_ be lost. State forestry is the best and safest form, it does more and does it better. The least dependable is the small holder, where the son cuts down what the father has built up, and where all conditions seem to operate against the holding of the forest. Generally, encouragement laws have done but very little; coercive legislation, as tried in Europe, has done but little better, and universally the replace- ment of private effort by State action has proven most satisfactory^ from every standpoint. We are now ready for a large program in forestry in the United States; the outlook is of the best, and perhaps the most urgent and immediate need is for a goodly army of men, schooled and trained to make the plans and carry them into effect. Our countrv needs 500,000,000 acres of well cared-for and well regulated forest; it needs woodlots scattered through the great- er part of our farm district, but to have this it needs also 100 well schooled men to every million acres of woods if they are to receive the care they need. The forests are calling, the people's interest demand it, let us help and make the task worth while for our young men to build up the American forest. Great Work of Overseas Forest Corps The production of the Canadian Forestry Corps in France has been steadily increasing, and, from a total of 11,500 tons in March, 1917, made up of 5,500 tons of sawn material 3,500 tons of round and 2,500 tons of fuel, it has steadily grown until in May of this year it had almost reached a total of 150,000 tons, made up of 90,000 tons of sawn lumber 10,000 tons of round timber, and 50,000 tons of fuel. During this same period the strength of the Corps increased; rising from a total of slightly over 2,000 in March, 1917. to a total of just under 13,500 at the end of May, 1918. When the work was taken over b>' the present Directorate, there were approximately seven mills being oper- ated by ten Canadian Companies, whereas, at the present time, there are fifty-one saw mills and two re- saw plants being operated by fifty- Canadidn Forcslnj Journal, November, 191!^ 1927 eight Companies, in addition to which two other Companies arc spec- ially employed on aerodrome con- struction work with the Independent Force, R. A. F. Another interesting fact illr.strating the growth of the Corps is that the production for the first six months of the present year was practically 50% in excess of the production for the whole twelve months of 1917. During the first six months of this year, ovef 183,000,000 feet of sawn product have been produced, and, if approximate comparative values are given to the quantities of sawn lumber, round timber, and fuel pro- duced, the value of the sawn lumber is almost 85% oi the total value of the products of the Corps. At the present time, sawn lumber is being produced at the rate of over 1,400,000 feet per day and in order to meet the heavy demands of the Armies for standing gauge and other sleepers in connection with their railway con- struction programmes over 350,000 sleepers are being produced each week. Using the Oak Forests. The main sources of supply of standing timber for this sleeper pro- duction are the oak forests of Nor- mandy and Central France, and the immense pine areas of the "Landes," south of Bordeaux. This latter area comprises over 2,000,000 acres of almost flat sand lands, w^hich have been planted with Maritime pine since the end of the 18th century. One of the main sources of supply of sawn timber, in addition to the sources mentioned previously, is the large fir and spruce forests in the mountains of the east of France, in the Department of the Vosges, Doubs and Jura, which are being largely operated by the Canadian Forestry Corps for the French Army. The forests in the former of these Depart- ments are mainly located in moun- tainous country presenting many dif- ficulties from a lumberman's point of view, and in one case the timber has to be lowered by cable to the mill from a slope of over forty-five degrees. Loyyiny In/ Rail In most of the operations of the Corps, the logs are transported from the stump to the mill by railroad, since climatic and natural conditions do not permit of adopting the usual Eastern Canadian methods of winter hauling over snow or ice roads, and iloating by river or lake from the forest to the mill. About ninety miles of railroad are now in use, in- cluding short spurs of standard gauge, and long slretches of one metre, three-foot and two-foot gauge track. The cars which are operated by these narrow-gauge railwoads have been mainly built by the Corps and various means of traction are employed, in- cluding steam locomotion, petrol trac- tors and horses. In this connection General Stuart points with pride to a petrol locomotive built by his men in No. 2 District Machine Shop within eight weeks time. The engine is from an evacuated Jeffery truck, the differential from a captured Mulhau- sen (German) truck, and the remain- der of the parts from scrap material of all kinds gathered from the dumps, adapted and utilized for the purpose. To prove its efficiency I need only add, that, at the first Lest, it hauled a load of trucks approximating twenty- one tons. Lieut. II. R. Christie, who was formerly a member of the head office stall in the British Columbia Forest Branch, in charge of the De- partment of Operation, has just returned from overseas. He enlisted in one of the iield companies of civil engineers and has seen nearly three years service, was slightly wounded, and received the Military Cross. He is at present on his way to join the Canadian Expeditionary Force to Siberia. He was one of Dr. Fernow's graduates. The cost of fighting fires in the three eastern associations of Quebec, the St. Maurice, the Laurentide and Southern St. Lawrence, has only been $2,000 in 1918, as against $15,- 000 years ago. This is a remark- ably good showing. 1928 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1918 A New Forest Insect Enemy of the White Birch By J. AI. SwAiNi: Chief, Division of Forest Insects, Entomological Brancli, Lttawa A new and highly destructive enemy of the white birch was dis- covered by us this summer in Quebec Province, and serious injury from probably the same cause has just been reported from another locahty. In the region examined by us the disease was evidenced by many dead white birches, visible in every direc- tion, indicating that the outbreak had been in progress for at least several years. Of the living trees probably over 50% are already badly diseased, and show the characteristic d>dng branches in the upper part of the crown. Nature of the Injury. The injury is caused by a small bronze-black beetle, known as the Bronze Birch Borer, Agrilus anxius. The eggs are laid in the bark during June and July. The larvae or grubs excavate long winding tunnels through the inner bark and sap wood of both branches and trunk, and since the mines are frequently very numerous, the sap-flow is checked and the affected portion of the tree may succumb very rapidly. The winter is passed in the larval stage in cells situated in the outer part of the sap- wood, and the adult beetles, having developed from the larvae during the following spring, bore half-round holes through the bark and leave the tree chiefly during June and July. Injured living trees show dying upper branches; when these dead or dying limbs are peeled, the charac- teristic winding tunnels of the larvae on the surface of the sapwood often form a tangled network. Flxtent of the Injury. We do not yet know how widely the injury is distributed through out the Province, but it is ])robably of more than local importance. It ap- pears to be spreading rapidly in the section examined: about 50% of the white birches arc ])adly injured and the remaining healthy trees will apparently be attacked within the next few years. The Bronze Birch Borer has long been known as the most serious enemy of cultivated birches in the Ottawa Valley and other parts of Eastern America; but, although we have found it breeding in small num- bers in wild birches, this is the first in- stance known to us where it has developed into a really serious forest pest. It is interesting that an enemy Indian River Drivers in an exhibition stunt at a Canadian sunnner resort, riding the kg half wa}' across the bay. ricking oiu a log jam in a Northern Oueliec river. Vtsi Aloll.^ the Driveway, Rockliffe, Ottawa 'Royal Shanty," RocklifTe Park, Ottawa o O ^ n •O -1 «> n" X. £ p2 ;i s 0 C^rt) M D ,^ c o ^ cr;:; s e 5^ n "< cl4 3 ft r:"o 3 »•» 3 -^ t/> > •0 OJ - -- •e p tool ion. g ^ w V >•; IS, STyq 5" s; :/! 0 p L"^ 'Si "O r^ m 9 3 2 t 3^ w re 3 S3 « -1 O i-t rti ^ - •^ f-* r-*- '< ^',=5 92 r-r ^ ' ■U ^ - — ■-1 H P^ 1 O ' 2, (? •^ niny a than alue as O I3-* ft- — 0 — ' .^^ 5-3 3- 3 iTi -! 7 ^"' ■-t ^ tt '< •n CO » ^, - v: 3 t« e S: X > s* 3 » 0 r^ ^ ^ S^O ^ ■■ IT rt P -*> <■ v; » n X tn oi -• 3* w 3 O "1 X. E, s « -i 5- W » •a o 3 a: -I 3 70 o n ■ TT *55 35 ^ o_5 ^ ■^ •1 a ■"' a *■"* r^ c 0 i?i e ■« S — 'XJ 2^-5 •J5 2 -•- — (Ainddian Forcslri/ .Journal. Xorvmhcr, U)18 1929 of this kind should appear coincident with the perfection of methods for util- izing birch in the manufacture of pulp. Control Measures. The Bronze Birch Borer passes the winter as a larva or grub in the sap- wood of the infested trees, and it is conceivable that if all or nearly all the infested trees were marked while the leaves were on, removed during winter, and utilized before June in such a way that the contained grubs would be killed, the remaining healthy trees would have a fair chance for life. This method of control is per- fectlv feasible on small areas and s,hould certainly be carried out wher- ever small holdings become infested but it is obviously impracticable on a large scale under the present con- ditions of logging birch. There ap- pears to be no other method of check- ing the spread of the disease. The only recommendation we feel justi- fied in making in this connection is that, since the white birch in a badly infested district are apparently threatened w^ith destruction within a few years, the white birch should be removed and utilized as rapidly as is commercially profitable. The Yel- low Birch is not so seriouslv afTected. The High Mortality of Balsam Fir By Dr. C. D. Howe At Meeting of Woodlands Section, Can- adian Pulp and Paper Association My studies have been restricted to the mixed forests of the hardwood and softwood type, in which the hard wood may form anywhere from fifty to seventy-five per cent, of the stand. So far as the overhead is concerned, the hardwoods are the dominant trees. You know that it was in these mixed forests that you first began to cut spruce, taking only the largest trees. You perhaps went over these areas twice, cutting spruce saw-logs, and taking away the best spruce and taking away the last time you went over it, fifteen or sixteen years ago, or less, as the case may be, all the spruce down to the twelve inch diameter limit. You see the effect of that. Cutting the spruce successive- ly and leaving the balsam, you con- stantly made conditions worse for the spruce and better for the balsam. Up to about ten years ago, you did not look at balsam. Balsam was left there and the opening that you made in the crown-cover encouraged its reproduction. Then later you cut out both the spruce and the bal- sam and that stimulated the growth of hardwoods, and the hardwoods grew up, filled in the spaces formerly occupied by the softwoods, and thus you converted a mixed forest into a hardwood forest; first by cutting the spruce you gave the advantage to the balsam, and in the past few years you have been cutting a great deal more thoroughly, and you have open- ed up the crown-cover more, and there again you made conditions very favorable to the balsam repro- duction, more so than to the spruce. You go through the forests of the Riordon limits, and the Laurentide limits, and you will be impressed by the abundance of balsam reproduc- tion. You will go through thicket after thicket of balsam, anf if you see a spruce tree, it wdll be a little bit of a suppressed fellow, under the edge of the balsam thicket, or under the hardwoods. Balsam versus Spruce. Now% this summer up on the Croche River, I found the reproduction was ninety-seven per cent, balsam, and three per cent, spruce, where the cutting had been chiefly spruce, until a few years ago wdien the balsam was also cut. Lower down in the St. Maurice Valley, on areas cut over twice for spruce and once for both spruce and balsam, was seventy-live or eighty per cent balsam. 1930 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1918 There would be nothing to worry trees in these mixed forests — little about if we could use balsam, and we suppressed fellows, but they grow could, if it was not for one thing, and with great slowness. It takes, in that is, the liability of balsam to these mixed forests, fifty to seventy disease, As you know, this balsam is years to make a spruce tree a little fearfully diseased. There is a fun- larger than my finger — an inch in gus growing on it; there is the heart diameter, and on the average it will rot inside of the wood, and inside the take from one hundred and fifty to bark the beetles are working, girdling two hundred years to make a spruce the trees. I found in the St. Mau- tree twelve inches in diameter, at the rice Valley four thousand balsam present rate of growth, seedlings to the acre in this cutover ^^at is the condition in the mixed land; when that balsam got to be ^^^,^^^ .^.^ere we have a cover of 8 inches diameter the average was hardwoods. You may think you twelve trees to the acre, and seventy- ^^^ ■ ^^^^ .^here and cut a good five per cent of them were diseased %^ gpj,^^^.^ j ^^^^^ ^hink you are This higii rate of mortality is pro- ■ .^^f ^^^^ i^ ^^ ^11 The next bably chiefly due to insect and fungus ^p^.^^^ ^^^pp^y ^^^^ ^^^ cut will not be diseases. inside of one hundred and fifty years, 150 Years to Grow Spruce. if you wait for the present young Now, if conditions like that pre- growth to mature. You are not vailed in other regions in Quebec, we going to cut much balsam, because could not rely on it, even if we could it is dying so rapidly, so what are you make paper entirely of balsam pulp — going to do? What can you do? I we could not rely on the balsam supply, would be very glad for some suggef^- There are plenty of young spruce tions. Travelling Lecture Sets in the West Ready-prepared Illustrated Addresses Now Available to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and B. C. Speakers In response to many requests from Western members, the Canadian Forestry Association is establishing at Winnipeg, Prince Albert, Calgary Kamloops, and Victoria, five Travelling Lecture Sets for the use of public speakers, school teachers and others desiring to hold meetings for adults or children. So successful have these Travelling Lecture Sets proved in Eastern Canada that benefits quite as notable are bound to ensue from their wider employment in the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia. Each Set consists of from fifty to sixty lantern slides, mostly in colors, and a complete manuscript, bound in boards, all in a break-proof box. The slides are numbered and correspond to descriptive paragraphs furnished with the lecture manuscript. Scores of school principals, clergymen, etc., have found these Lectures most entertaining and instructive. They have been made quite non-technical, although clearly bringing before the audience the essential points of forest protection and the science of forestry. By courtesy of the Dominion Forestry Branch and the Provincial For- ester of British Columbia the Sets will be established in the government offices so that application may be made direct to the District Inspector of Forest Reserves at Winnipeg, Prince Albert, Calgary and Kamloops, and to the Provincial Forester, Victoria, B.C. for the use of one of these Sets. There is no charge whatever in connection with these Travelling Lectures, except for the small expressage fee necessary to take the Set to and from engage- ments. Those of our Western members possessing a stereoptican and desir- ing the use of these Sets between receipt of this Forestry Journal and Jan- uary 1, 1919, should write direct to the Secretary, Canadian Forestry Associa- tion, Booth Building, Ottawa, and after that date to the addresses given above. ('.(tiuulidn Foicstrii .lournuL Sovcnihvi. 191S \\)?A Forest Protection in British Columbia \\\ {a.w-iv. I i:a\i'i I Chief Forester. Commission of Conservalion Brilisli (".olumbiii is llu' i>roalesl lores! province of Canada. Her for- ests contain approximately half of the entire stand of saw timber of the whole Dominion, and 24 per cent, of the total stand of the Pacific Northwest. On the other hand, the British Columbia lumber cut in 1913 (the last normal year before the war) was only 13 per cent, of the cut of the Pacific Northwest. The progressive development of markets, both domestic and foreign, will unciuesiionably mean a very material increase in the development of the forest industries of the province. That there is ample room for this is indicated by the estimate that the forest resources of British Columbia can, under consen-ative exploitation, supply at least five times the present cut without seriously depleting the capital stock. The reasonableness of this estimate is at once appreciated when the average lumber cut of 1,250 million board feet is compared with the total stand of saw timber, aggregating some 350,000 million feet. If all the timber suitable for pulpwood be included the total for the province is 36j6,,000 million feet, according to the report on the forest resources of British Columbia, by R. D. Craig and Dr. H. N. Whitford, to be issued shortly by the Commission of Conservation. The economic importance of this situation to British Columbia and to Canada as a whole is evident when it is realized that British Columbia's forest revenue is already larger than that of any other province of the Domin- ion, aggregating around $2,500,000 annually, from provincial Crown timber lands alone. The manufactured value of the primary forest products of the province (such as lumber, pulp, shingles, boxes, piles, poles, mining timbers, etc.), was in 1916 $35,528,000, when the forest ranked second only to the mines in productive value. During 1917, the forest production increased to such an extent as to bring the total value in excess of the value of the mining output. What the forest would mean to British Columbia and to Canada were the total cut to be increased three, four or five-fold, without impairing the capital stock, may be left to the imagination. Protection of Young Forest Growtl\. It should, however, be noted that these results are predicated upon the basis of what is called conservative exploitation. The most essential feature of such exploitation is protection from destruction by fire, particularly the young forest growth. The report by Messrs. Craig and Whitford, pre- viously referred to, shows that out of a total land area of the province of 353,- 000 square miles, some 200,000 square miles is incapable of producing forests of commercial value, because of altitude, rock or wet soil, or complete denuda- tion by fire in times past. The actual and potential productive area of the province is thus reduced to 153,000 square miles. Of this only 28,000 square miles, (less than 20 per cent., and aggregating only 8 per cent, of the total area of the province), now bears sufficient timber to be classified under provincial law as statutory timberland. This leaves the enormous area of 125,000 square miles, upon which the stand is less than 8,000 board feet per acre on the Coast, and less than 5,000 feet per acre in the interior. A large proportion of this is land upon which the former forest has been, destroyed by fire, and upon which a young forest has since established itself. The protection of this vast area of young forest is absolutely essential if British Columbia is to reap to the full the great benefits which will follow from the full utilization of the possible annual forest increment. The Coast forests, by virtue of climate and location, are actually and potentially by far the most valuable area for area. It is here, then, that the 1932 Canadian Foreslry Journal, November, 1^)18 most careful attention is justified in connection with the young forest, actual and prospective. In 1913 Dr. C. D. Howe made for the Commission of Con- servation, in co-operation with the B. C. Forest Branch, a report upon re- production of commerical species in the southern coastal forests of British Columbia. The investigation extended over an area of about 1,000 square miles, and the report is contained in "Forest Protection in Canada, 1913- 1914," pubhshed by the Commission. The report shows that on about one- half of the area logged and burned during the preceding 20 years the forest reproduction is not sufficiently abundant to ensure the re-establishment of the commerical forest. The other half, however, is well stocked with young trees, and, if not burned a forest yielding saw logs is assured. The barren- ness, from the standpoint of young trees, on one-half of the logged area is, to quote the author, "due to the occurrence of repeated fires." One burning stimulates the reproduction of Douglas fir — in fact, it is regarded as necessary for the establishment of dense stands; but a second burning is very disastrous, because it kills both the seed trees and the young growth following the first fire. There is nothing left with which to start another crop of trees on the area. Small Patrol Staff — Heavy Fire Losses. Now for the application of the foregoing discussion. War conditions and the financial situation have made it necesasry for the British Columbia Government to retrench severely, and in addition, en- listments have been heavy from the forest staff. Consequently, the forests, protection work has suffered severely since 1914. The reports of the Provincial Forest Branch show that in 1914 the tem- porary staff of forest guards and patrolmen consisted of 391 men; in 1915 this was reduced to 218, and in 1916 to 200. The permanent staff for the same years was 167, 160 and 136, respectively. The report for 1916 states that the reductions brought the patrol staff to a number below safety, very large areas of Crown timber being left entirely without protection, only a fortunately favorable season saving the situation. The same report shows that large areas of valuable second growth \vere destroyed, particularly in the interior. The report for 1915 states that owing to various unavoidable circumstances fires that year were less strenuously combatted than in any other recent fire season. The fires were fought only where timber merchantable at the present time was threatened, or in cases where a large amount of property, such as cut timber and buildings were endangered. Such a policy, the report continued, is reflected in the size of the fires, these increasing as the patrol staff decreases. The conclusion is drawn that fire-fighting is efficacious and does really reduce the fire damage — a fact which should surely require not even an argument. The inevitable result of such a policy of severe retrenchment in the patrol staff and fire-fighting allotment must be that large areas of valuable young growth will be sacrificed, with consequent serious deterioration in the quality and quantity of the future forest on these lands, as already explained. The fire situation during 1917, and more particularly during the current year, demonstrates conclusively the disastrous results that may logically be an- ticipated from a policy of letting the young forest so largely take care of itself. Public Sentiment and Better Fire Protection. The serious difficulties in connection with the labor shortage and the financial situation are, of course, obvious. So far, however, as the latter is concerned, it is beheved that the Provincial Government could well afford to set aside for forest protection a materially larger proportion of the very handsome forest revenue that is being derived, even though it were necessary to raise the rate of taxation to meet the deficit in the amount available for purposes of general governmental administration. The policy that it has been deemed necessary to pursue during at least the past four years means the Canadian Forcslrij Journal, \ovcmhcr, 1918 19315 sacrifice of a very great future benefit in order to bring al)Oiit a very much smaller present saving. The Government, however, is dependent for its appropriations upon the state of public sentiment. If there is an over- whelming belief on the part of the public at large that the young forests of the province must be protected, even at the cost of more severe present financial sacrifice, the Government will be able to make the necessary provi- sion. Every citizen of the province is directly interested in this important matter. With a Forester in a Tank Corps Lieut. C. H. Morse, a well-known Canadian Forester is now with the Tank Corps at Wareham, Dorset, reverting in rank to secure a place. A breezy letter from his pen reads as follows: "As you see by the heading I am now in the Tank Corps and have been in this particular camp since the middle of June. There certainly is nothing soft about our work here. It is the hardest sort of physical work and besides that it is extremely dirty. One can't stand upright in a tank, so it is very cramping. It is very hot and dusty. When we quit driving, our faces are absolutely black except for round spots around the eyes protected by goggles. After spending three or four hours in the suffocating atmosphere of a tankone is very glad to get out and get a smoke. In spite of the disagreeable nature of the work liove it. It is fine to crawl into a tank feeling that you can go practically anywhere. We have huge areas dotted with shell holes and with trenches and wire entanglements. I've never had a machine stuck yet although they pitch about in a most alarm- ing way. When you get a tank perched vertically on its nose or tail it makes you hold your breath as it starts to tip over. The jar isn't really so bad on ordinary soft ground when travelling slowly. When going on top speed througli bad holes a man gets rather badly knocked about. A fortune in Chestnut. If you could only get a market for some of the "brush" along the Rockies, at what the 10-14 year old Chestnut coppice shoots sell for here, you could be blissfully regardless of whether the Ottawa estimates "went through" or not. "Twelve year sprouts" down in Kent, even before the war, had a stump- age value of $600. an acre. It is most valuable then, because possessing the greatest number of uses — chiefly for fencing, hop-poles, barrel and "tank hoops, faggot-wood, etc. The capital locked up and the care required in this kind of forestry are small^ but of course it's a bit hard on the land. FOREST RESERVES ESCAPE FIRE nest, Cypress Hills and Lesser Slave — Reserves, however, there have been From the Dominion Forestry Branch ^^^ ^.^"^^ emergencies. As previ- '' News Letter'' Issued at ously intimated Supervisor Doucet Calgary. had numerous fires. On the Bow River, Greenwood had one bad fire Although we have had somewhat to fight in the valley of the Red dilapidated staff it seems that we can Deer River. This fire^ however, was at least congratulate ourselves on kept entirely outside the Reserve getting through so far with a very and was finally extinguished. On the successful fire season. The Atha- other reserves all fires have been basca and Brazeau Reserves seem confined to small ones with the to have been pretty well favored by exception of the Cooking Lake weather conditions all through. On Reserv ewhere in the spring they had the Clearwater, Bow River, Crows- numerous large grass fires. 19.11 ('.(inddidii Forrsliii Journdi \ ore ruber, lUlH New Ways in the Woods By Ellwooi) Wilson, hi:fork Woodlands Section, Montreal We have always regarded Ihe lorests as mines from M'hich we could draw our timber supply. We never paid much attention to the statement made by the old-fashioned kind of cruisers, that timber lands are pro- ducing wood at the rate of three per cent, per acre per annum, and now we know that that statement is one upon which we coidd not rely for the future. Any cruiser who says that, stamps himself as an ignoramus at the start. They have been making reports which were absolutely absurd. I had occasion to go through a large number of these this spring, scattered from Ontario to the Labrador coast, and they were obsolutely ridiculous. We have to get aw^ay from opin- ions. We have got to get away from the reports of cruisers who paddle up a river and see a certain amount of timber on the banks, guess at the amount, and then go back and make these glowing reports. We have always regarded the forests as a mine. W^e have gone on year by year cutting the timber out as cheaply as we could, hoping we could go back and get another cut. W^e have started logging in the most accessible situations, and we have cut around the edges of lakes and along the banks of rivers and when we have been forced by lack of timber to go farther into the country we have gone. We have areas which are very expensive to log, and in order to prevent going into these areas when labor is scarce and prices high, w^e have tried to buy accessible timber in other sections, or to buy stumpage or wood from the farmers. W^e are practically face to face with a scarcity of timber. Accessible timber is becoming quite scarce and we have to think a minute as to what we are going to do. The price of labor has reached a height which makes it very difTicult to operate. The price of provisions is also away up. This has forced us into a position wiiere we have to think about the future of our supplies.' If this thing goes on year in and year out, the price of paper and lumber will go where nobody will be able to touch it. We all of us know, if we have observed closely in the woods, that the supply of wood is getting pretty scarce. We say we have gone back time and time again over the same areas, that was left in the first in- stance, but Dr. Howe's report, shows that instead of going back and cutting timber which has grown up in the interval, we were cutting trees which had been left in the first instance. W^e have gone back and cut smaller timber each time; we cut the pine and w^e cut the spruce, and a little balsam, and then all the spruce and balsam that was readily accessible. We cannot go on doing this. When I first came into this coun- try I was told we could go back every fifteen years and get a fresh cut. It cannot be done! Now to touch upon one or two other points of the logging industry. Owing to conditions over which we have had very little control it has practically stood still. We have not advanced in the same proportion that different processes have advanc- ed in the mills or other industries. We are still logging just about the way we logged when we first went in to this country around 1855 or 1860. Provisions are hauled into the woods in the same w^ay. The camps are not built in the same way because instead of having a big fireplace and a hole in the roof they have stoves, but that is the only change which I have been able to see. The cullers do not live with the jobbers; they have little shacks of their own where they are more comfortable, but speak- ing generally, we have not changed a bit. We drive a river and build our dams in the same way. We build our tote roads and other roads in the same way, and we still operate Canadian Forest rif Journal, Xorcmhcr, 7.97 men can tell you the proportion of spruce to balsam, or what happens after you cut out the trees in your logging operations excepting that a good many of them blow down amongst those which you leave? We have got to depend on somr people who are trying to observe, like Dr. Howe, in order to find out what the conditions are. Then we have to use our practical judgment and common sense to see how we can devise means to change the situation. You all know of a case in point, where twelve or fourteen years ago we would not touch the balsam for our paper mills; would not hear of it. Then ten or twelve per cent, used to be allowed (of course a great deal more went in, but nobody knew anything about that) then we allowed twenty per cent., that is the mill- men thought they were getting twenty per cent. Then we greatly increased it. The other day the president of a big paper company made the statement that they did not use a stick of balsam in their paper manufacture. He would no I hear of it. That is all "tommyrot."" He did not know that he was getting balsam. He was so ill-informed that he thought he was getting all spruce. 1936 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1918 Time and lime again the pulpwood shipments to the United States have been sold as all spruce when there must have been a very large percent- age of balsam. The Laurentide is using up to 75 per cent, balsam, and I believe we make as good paper as anybody. The Prop of Our Empire British Government Stripping 5000 Acres of Timber Each Month for Emergency Uses London, England, Oct. 15. — ^The humble bundle of firewood that in pre-war days used to cost one halfpenny has to-day more than doubled into price, for the present penny bundle of wood is little more than half the size of the old half- penny bundle. Fine timber used in the making of furniture is now costing in some cases four or five times as much as in the early days of 1914. But although these big and sudden increases in price are due to the war, it should be borne in mind that for the past twenty years timber has been steadily rising in value, owing to the ever-increasing demand and the decreasing supplies. The world is cutting down its forests faster than the forests are growing, and unless something is done to counteract the destruction that is going on, there will, in the not far distant future, be a world-wide tim- ber famine. Nine-tenths of the timber hitherto used by us has been imported. Before the war we were annually importing on an average over 10,000,- 000 tons "(or loads) of timber that cost us $27,500,000. In 1915 we imported just three-quarters of this quantitv, buL it cost us $32,700,000; and in 1916 the 6,319,000 loads we imported had gone up in price to $40,000,000, so in two years the load had more than doubled in value, having leapt from $3 to $7. Incidentally, wood pulp, from which is manufactured, went from, roughly, $5 to nearly $12 a ton, which is one reason this magazine is twice the pre-war price. Russia supplied us with a little more than half our total wood im- ports, and Sweden was our second largest source of supply, with a total of 1,759,000 loads, France, Canada, the United States, Norway, Portugal, Germany, Spain, all, in the order named, contributed to our markets until the German submarine .cam- paign compelled the British Gover- ment to forbid the importation of wood and concentrate ships upon bringing us food. Consequently with the wood mar- kets of the world closed to us, we were thrown back upon our own resources, which consisted of 3,000,- 000 acres of forests and woods. These figures will be better under- stood when it is known that no other country in Europe is so badly off for forests as is the United King- dom, for whereas we have only four acres in a hundred under wood, Sweden has forty-seven, Russia has thirty-seven, and Germany twenty- five. Still, we had to do the best we could with the woods at our disposal so to this end the Home-grown Tim- ber Committee was formed to deal with the matter, and the way the members of that committee have surmounted the manifold difTiculties that confronted them is little short of marvellous. When the committee first met, the whole business was in a terrible tangle. Their work was to supply out of British forests the wood necessary for the national needs. But there was no labour and no machinery, and the home markets were absolutely unorganized. Mach- inery was obtained after a great deal of trouble, and Belgian labourers were CdUddian Forcslrij Journal, Xuvcinher, 1918 193: used to reinforce the English labour- ers. The Belgians, however, did not prove very satisfactory, and they were supplanted after a time by Portugese, who certainly gave better results. Then came the scheme for utilizing skilled Canadian lumbermen, who were enlisted as soldiers and brought over to grapple ^^'ith our wood-supply pro])lem. The men were formed into companies consisting of 175 men, and each company was perfectly equipped to tackle any work allotted to it, having its own railway and rolling stock, its steam- saw-mill, horses, and motor-lorries — in fact, everything for getting trees quickly from the forest to the consum- er. At the present moment the Cana- dian Forestry Corps musters 7,000 men, who are scattered up and down the country in forty picturesque lumber camps. These men are per- forming wonders; their general organ- ization and their methods of handling trees are a delight to behold, and call for the highest commendation, and their camps have the true Cana- dian touch about them, the huts being built of split logs, just as they are in the backwoods. You have only to journey over the countryside to see the inroads they are making on our woods. The famous pine-woods of Surrey are being wiped out of existence, and many of those beautiful spots so near and dear to Londoners may ultimate- ly disappar owing to the urgent call for timber. Whole stretches of what were recently pine-clad slopes have been denuded, and by the end of the war it is doubtful if there will be a single pine of usable size standing in the United Kingdom. The ash too, is faUing all over the country, for it is this tree that supplies most of the wood for our aeroplanes. It is reassuring to know we shall have enough ash to supply all our needs, but there will be little to spare and very few sizeable ash-trees unfelled by the time we have beaten the Germans. As some indication of how our woods are being eaten up, it may sur- prise many to know that the Xew Forest and Windsor Forest alone have supplied three and a half million cubic feet of pine and a hun- dred thousand tons of pit-props. Very shortly the woods of the United Kingdom will be supplying us with timber at the rate of 500,000 tons a month, or 6,000,000 tens a year! Even then the demand will be greater than the supply; but thanks to our good luck in having been able to import timber for so long, we shall be able to pull through, whereas if we had been compelled to cut down our forests on the present extensive scale at the beginning of the war, they would have been exhausted long ago, and we should have been unable to carry on. We are only just beginning to realise the vital importance of forests to our national existence and to the existence of the British Empire. We have been in the habit of thinking that our extensive coal-fields made us independent. Far from it, for we must have pit props in order to work our mines, and if pit timber gives out and we have to close our mines, then our whole industry crumbles. Our national existence depends upon coal, which in turn depends upon wood; so if wood fails everything fails, for we have no water-power to draw upon like the Scandinavian countries, no oil-power — no power but the heat which we get from the coal. These are the unpleasant facts we have to face. The War Office is using 5,000 acres of timber a month, and very little is being done in the way of replanting these cut-down woods. If we were to let the matter rest as it is, our future national exis- tence would be jeopardized. It is imperative that we start to create State forests, and that without delay. Municipal and private enterprise in afforestation must be encouraged. We must have extensive new woods, or else perish. For thirty or forty years past the apathy shown by succeeding Govern- ments to the question of forestry has been very reprehensible. Various 1938 Canadian Foiestrii Journal, November, 1918 committees have given their reports, but practically nothing has been done. The present members of the Fores- try Committee have approached the problem in a very able and far-seeing manner, and their suggested scheme should have the active support of every man and woman who has the interests of the nation and the Empire at heart. It is proposed in the first ten years to afforest 200,000 acres of land at a cost of $3,425,000. Of this area, 150,000 acres will be planted by the State, and the remain- der by pubhc bodies. Planting is to continue steadilv for forty vears at a cost to the State of $15,000,000. By that time 1,180,000 acres will have been planted, and the State forests will be paying their own way. After that will come the planting of a further 590,000 acres, spread over another forty years. The aim is to make the United Kingdom self-supporting in timber, so that it will not be necessary for us to buy a single stock from abroad for a period of three years, if the emergency arises. We certainly canot do less,, and there is no reason why, if the public only realize the important part forests play in the national life, we should not do very much more. We are spending on the war in two days as much as the whole scheme is going to cost us— and $15,000,000 seems a small sum when we recall that in 1915-1916 we had to pay $37,000,000 more for wood than we would have paid in normal times, simply because we were in a fix, and were not self-supporting in timber. We have easily 5,000,000 acres we could afforest — some authorities put the figures much higher — and all would grow fine pine, which is the most important timber from a com- mercial point of view. It is true that much of this land is now used for rough grazing, but if we planted 2,000,000 acres of it with trees, it would have so little effect on our cattle-raising, that where we grow 1,000 beasts now, we should still be able to raise 995. In addition. we should have that glorious inde- pendence and strength that adequate State forests confer. Germany, through her foresight, is producing from 50 to 90 cubic feet of timber per acre every year from her State forests, while our w^oodlands give us only 15 cubic feet per acre a year. It shows what State forests properly managed, can achieve. We can beat Germany in forestry if we set our minds on it. From London. Magazine. NATURAL RESOURCES AFTER WAR. At the annual meeting of the Mol- son's Bank, the president, Mr. William Molson Macpherson expressed the hope that as the end of the war approached the govern- ment would be as ready to remove restrictions in the way of the regu- lations of prices and other ways as the public would be to be free from them, and that "our statesmen in the reconstruction period will show sound judgment, tolerance and breadth of view." Mr. Macpherson in expressing the opinion that the war would be over by the time of the next annual meet- ing declared that the period of read- justment would be awaited with some anxiety. "We have, however, even>' confidence that the exploitation of the natural resources of the country will enable us to return quickly to a normal condition." "While the pulp and paper trade was expanding very rapidly and Canada was taking a leading position in these industries, largely because of her extensive natural advantages in water powers and forests, the wood was being used in such quantities that the replenishing of the forests by re-planting should engage the atten tion of the Provincial Governments" said Mr. Macpherson. In connec- tion with the lumber industry he stated that as a result of a scarcity of labor in the woods this winter the out- put, of lumber next year would show a considerable decUne and would be largely increased in cost. ('.(iruididn Foifstrii .hnmml. Xnrcinhcr. lUlS 1939 FAIRBANKS - MORSE FIRE FIGHTING ENGINES These compact powerful little pumping outfits have repeatedly substantiated our claims during the past year, all over Canada. They can be readily transported wherever man or pack horse can go. Governments and Private Owners of Forests everywhere, can materially reduce their fire losses by the use of these outfits. Full information and prices on request. THE CANADIAN HIRBANKS- MORSE CO., Limited MONTREAL - OTTAWA ST. JOHN, QUEBEC, TORONTO, HAMILTON, WINDSOR, WINNIPEG, SASKATOON, CALGARY, VANCOUVER. VICTORIA. CANADA'S V \ DEPARTMEMTAL / ^ HOUSE FOR Ml : MECHANICAL .GOODS / 1940 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1918 The Case for Nova Scotia's Forests Bv RoBSON Black Secretarij Canadian Forestry Association A Province With Rising Wood Costs an^ Declining Wood Supply— The Remedy! XOTE: — This arlicle has been issued as an alliarlirr illnslraled brochure for free dislribuii n throughout Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia is essentially a forest province. By that, one does not under- rate other lines of activity or suggest that the forests must flourish at the expense of other provincial interests. The facts are precisely to the contrary. A productive forest trespasses upon no soil desired by the farmer. It has no quarrel with the apple grower, the fisherman, the miner, the shipbuilder, manufacturer, or merchant. To each it supplies essential raw materials. To each its unfailing revenues give stability and confidence. When every citizen shares in the profits of maintenance, when every citizen pays dearly for neglect, the assertion is well justified that forest protection and the cause of Forestry are Community Business. Facts That Cannot Be Glossed Over. Apple barrels have increased in cost by 100 per cent, in the Annapolis Valley during the past four years. Wood materials for fishing boats, boxes, barrels, sheds and houses record a painful advance in price. Pit props for the coal mines are scarcer and much dearer. Western Nova Scotia lumber mills that were able to export 25 per cent, of a cargo in 12" lumber, fifteen years ago, were forced to reduce the proportion of bigger lumber to 10 per cent, during the succeeding ten years and today are shipping out cargoes in which the larger timbers are inconspicuous. The significance of these facts to Nova Scotia's export trade is at once obvious. The scarcity of larger tim- ber and its increasing inaccessibility in certain sections places a handicap upon the ability of provincial lumbermen to sell to the United States, West Indies, South America or the United Kingdom. The class of timber in greatest demand cannot now be delivered as formerly. This obviously ties the hands of the exporter. Industrial re-organization cannot remedy it, for the root of the trouble is in the Nova Scotia forest. The big timber simply is not there in quantities or locations to justify operating. The whirling saws of Western Nova Scotia mills do not in themselves create wealth. They give new utility and market value to the raw materials of the forest. Where the forest fails to support the mill, the mill is as useless as a disconnected turbine. Nova Scotia's Future Depends On This Export trade in forest, farm and sea products is the main hope of large provincial development. It is the magnet to new population, the trump card in the vastly keener competition of post-bellum days when Nova Scotia must either send superior goods, produced at low cost, to foreign shores or find foreign-made goods battling home products out of its home market. Wood products in themselves form a chief item of present export, cap- able of vast development. Forest depletion not only negatives the growth of Nova Scotia lumber and pulp mills, but must pull down to mediocrity the wooden ship building industry and its expectation of home cargoes. It does more than that. The ability of the apple grower to sell abroad pro- fitably depends upon his ability to produce cheaply. If he cannot obtain cooperage material or can obtain it only at high cost, his importance as an exporter is diminished to that degree. So with the fisherman. The present condition of the Nova Scotia forests, taken as a whole, in- Canadidn Forcslri/ .Journal, Norcmbcr. 1918 1941 ANOTHER EXPLANATION REGARDING SPRUCE Portland, Ore., Oct. 19.— Selec- tive logging costs four times as much as the ordinary commercial kind. That's why even a well-informed hmiberman may be excused if he wonders at the high price of spruce used by the United States Govern- ment in the manufacture of the myriads of flying machines with which the allied armies are smother- ing the barbarians of Europe. It is said that spruce cut and shaped into the wing beams and struts that go into the construction of an air- plane represents an outlay of about $500 a thousand feel. To any one who has the time and the inclination to visit the spruce woods of Oregon and follow the trail of the airplane stock from its native tree thru the various stages of its evolu- tion until it finally is built into the winged death to Germans at the big eastern factories the only astonish- ing thing is that the ultimate cost is not greater. Take the logging operations for example. Down in the heart of the greatest spruce belt in the world near the shores of a little Oregon bay is the headquarters of one of the big logging projects of the spruce production division of the United States Army •Signal Corps. Under the supervis- ion of the Government the Warren Spruce Co. operates this project which has since February furnished Uncle Sam with more than 7,000,- 000 feet of the highest grade air- plane stock that grows. Prelim- inary to the actual logging out pro- cess the company had to spend an immense sum in buying locomotives, flat cars, donkey engines, steel rails, tools and ecjuipment. A main line railroad seven miles long had to be graded over a rough piece of country and before a rail could be laid more than 8,000 feet of expensive piling had to he driven, the timber for this being cut and hauled out of the woods along the right of way. A PAPER RACE TRACK. New York. Oct. 31. — This year's international six-day bicycle race at Madison Square Garden, the week of December 1-7, may be held over a paper track. A well-known manu- facturer has made a proposition to lay a track such as has been in use in Paris for several years. It is said a paper track has more dur- abihty than a wooden course, and insures better speed. The cost, too, is much less. Indeed, a papier mache track would revolutionize six-day rac- ing. The inventors promise a dem- onstration before November 10. Right now it is only a question of procuring the material. A ten-lap track will require about 40,000 square feet of material. It can be built in sections, and can be put together in about five hours. It takes about forty-eight hours to lay a board track, which becomes worthless after a race. A TYPICAL B. C. LETTER. Jessica, B.C., Sept. 21, 1918. Canadian Forestry Assoc: It is with the greatest pleasure that we accept membership with you and assure you of our hearty support and co-operation in any movement you make to protect our timber from the ravages of forest fires. We, too, believe it to be the duty of ever>' lumberman in Canada to identify himself with your association. Wishing it all. the success it de- serves Yours faithfully, Fir Tree Lumber Co. COL. DENNIS TO SIBERIA. Colonel John S. Dennis, C.M.G., President of the Canadian Forestry Association, has been appointed Canadian Red Cross Commander for Siberia. Col. Dennis, is familiar with conditions in Siberia, from re- sidence both in Northwest Canada and Russia, where he is a member of the Russian Investment Company. For the past fourteen months he has been second in command of the British-Canadian Recruiting Mis- sion in the United States. 1942 Canadian Foresliu JouiikiI. Xorcnihcr. /.'y/.S' dicatcs a progressive decline. Fires have taken a monsLrous loll of -what originally was an endowment, of incalculable worth. To l)e sure, the cutting of timber was not managed on a principle of continuous reproduction, but (ires undoubtedly have been the chief degenerative factor. Had fires been debarred by modern protective means and by cultivation of a conservation, sentiment amongst persons who cause the fires, there is no doubt whatever that lumber mills instead of reducing activities would have added to plant and to number of employees, developing their to\\ns, providing new demand for farm and fisheries products and taking more vigorous hold of export trade opportunities. There is, of course, small satisfaction in basing a forecast upon impossible premises. The original forest wealth of Nova Scotia has largely been forfeited. Today not more than 100,000 acres of virgin forest remain. Two-thirds of the forest area has changed from the precious pine spruce and hackmatack, on which the modern mill exists, to the secondar\- hardwoods which form a minor item of commerce. This is the unfortunate situation of the permanent timber crop covering about eighty per cent, of the entire provincial area. As that eighty per cent, is non-agricultural, the greatest problem now facing the people of Nova Scotia is to block the forces that are leading the main portion of the provincial estate to the edge of ruin and then to institute such measures as will hasten its restoration. No question that can possibly confront Nova Scotians has more than a fraction of the urgency associated with this enterprise of repairing the forest founda- tions that uphold the walls of prosperity. An Opportunity To Double The Timber Yield. "Here is a natural resource," states Dr. B. E. Fernow, director of the Nova Scotia Forest Survey, "capable, under proper management, of forever producing by annual increment, as interest, at least twice as much as is now being cut from capital stock." The Forests of Nova Scotia, in Dr. Fernow's estimate, represent a poten- tial capital of at least $300,000,000. And yes, "it is now largely in poor condition and is being annuallv further deteriorated bv abuse and injudicious use." This is Public Business! It is to the State we are compelled to look for initiative and continuity of policy in the care of forest lands. The long time-element involved in the maturing of timber crops is constantly at war with the natural human desire for "present profits." The latter consideration, however, is properly divorc- ed from the function of governments. In nearly all well-organized lands, the public administrator is regarded as the natural custociian of the forest, properties — most easily destroyed of all the material resources. The Nova Scotia of 19~9 is to a considerable extent in the hands of the Government of 1918. If the forest possessions are not husbanded today, there will be no tomorrow in which to husband them. What Other Governments Are Doing. What are other Governments doing to maintain their forests? New Brunswick last year created a new Forest Service, at the head of which is a Provincial F'orester and a staff of technically-trained Foresters and fire rangers. The service will cost New Brunswick about $100,000 a year but will repay the cost many times over. Quebec has a F'orest Service, with a Provincial F'orester and more than forty technically-trained assistants, besides a splendidly-organized set of "forest protective associations" which are rapidly subduing the plague of forest fires. Ontario has a Provincial F^orester, with more than a thousand fire rangers and inspectors, costing $500,000 a year. And it pays! The three prairie provinces are under the Dominion Director of Forestry, with a large staff of subordinates, engaged in fire prevention. Canadian Furestrij Journal, Xovcmber, 1918 1943 British Columbia has a slrongly-organized Forest Service wilh a Pro- vincial Forester and a group of District Foresters and rangers. Nova Scotia Legislature Endorsed Provincial Forester. What of Nova Scotia? Nova Scotia has no Provincial Forester, although the need of such an organizer and authority is quite as acute as in British Columbia or New Brunswick. That such an ofTicer is essential to the province was recognized by legislation passed in May 1913, ])roviding for his ap])ointment. What would be the duties of a Provincial Forester in Nova Scotia? 1. To properly organize and develop the present fire ranging, Nova Scotia has excellent legislation already in plan, an existance for prevention of forest fires and the forested areas are so located as to make hre prelection relatively easy. What is required, therefore is that the existing legislation should have thorough and expert application. Only a technically-trained Forester can accomplish this. The natural rate of forest growth in Nova Scotia is so favorable that, with fires excluded, restoration of the timber values must take place over very large areas. 2. The day of haphazard lumbering is over in all parts of America. While the virgin forest remained, the incentive to conservative lumbering was anything but imperative. Now the virgin forests of Eastern Canada are mostly cut out. The pulp and lumber companies are reaching out for technical guidance in the management of their forests so as to perpetuate the supply and save their huge investments. To assist with expert counsel the Provincial Government in the management of the remaining Crown lands and to co-operate constantly with the private woodland owners, whether mill operators or farmers, would be another important part of the Provincial Forester's duties. The Power of Education in Forest Guarding. 3. To this officer would naturally fall a third highly important function which is surely a government's function — to campaign against carelessness with fire. The 'average man' who leaves his camp fire burning or throws away lighted matches and cigarettes is not malevolent by intention. He merely does not "think" because amongst all the impressions he gathers in a day's journey he may never encounter a suggestion that camp fires cause great forest conflagrations. The act is not mentally associated with the idea of vandalism. Eckicational propaganda against forest fires, tackles this 'average man' by skillful appeals to common sense and selfish interest. It is to forest protection as hygiene in disease prevention. It modifies the careless attitude, puts out the match before a hundred rangers are asked to put out the holocaust. A Provincial Forester in Nova Scotia, by public meetings, lectures, work in the schools, newspaper publicity, distribution of literature, etc., can do a remarkable service in the provincial interests. Cut Down Railway Fires By Co-operation. 4. Yet another most valuable consequence of the appointment of a Provincial Forester for Nova Scotia would be the lessening of timber waste from forest fires caused by the railways. As has been true in all forested ])rovinces of Canada, the task of guarding against fires set from railways requires special organization and unremitting vigilance. Since the Dominion Board of Railway Commissioners undertook the direction and supervision of railway fire protection in 19r2, the destruction of timber areas contiguous to the private-owned railway lines has materially lessened. In the case of the public-owned railways, (not under the Board's jurisdiction), co-operative arrangements have in some cases been worked out. usually through the provincial governments, by which patrol work and right- 1944 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1918 of-\vay clearing and inspection of smoke stacks and ashpans on locomotives have been developed with excellent results. The Dominion Board of Railway Commissioners, however, has worked largely through existing forestry organizations, as in Ontario, Quebec, New ■Brunswick, British Columbia, and on Dominion lands in the West, conferring upon certain of the forestry officials a special authority, as inspectors for the Board, to check up the fire protection work of the railway companies. In Nova Scotia, however, there is no special provincial forestry organiza- tion, and no Provincial Forester. The Railway Board, therefore, has been unable to extend the benefits of its railway fire inspection to the railways of the province to the fullest extent because its own immediate staff is inadequat to provide the necessary degree of close and continuous inspection recjuired for the best results. Should Nova Scotia follow up the legislation it has already adopted and appoint a Provincial Forester, thcd officer would immediately be constituted a representative of the Dominion Board of Railway Commissioners for purposes of railway fire Protection, with all the authority that goes with such designation. The Board of Railway Commissioners, however, is handicapped to a certain extent in securing improved results in railway fire protection by the lack of a local inspector. This lack could be most readily and logically supplied as an incident to the appointment of a Provincial Forester, with resulting benefit to the business interests of the province in general. Benefits Suspended Until Province Appoints a Forester. It is but just to recognize that the railways in Nova Scotia have shown an interest in forest protective work and have issued excellent instructions to their employees dealing with fire prevention. No doubt the latter have had effect, but experience has shown that railway employees closely engaged on duties directly connected with their positions cannot be expected to give fire protection as much attention as if they were in personal touch with a special inspector. CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL be taken as a perenially permanent RESOURCES WITH REFER- resource. ENCE TO THEIR POSITION 2. Resources exhaustible and non- AS REGARDS STATE restorable. CONTROL Q^^i jg ij^g most important re- R A r T-v. source under this heading. All that By A. L. Itirupp ll-^g ^x2iiQ can do to prolong the sup- Fores/ School, Univ. of Toronto plies, is to prevent waste in mining The Resources of a country may and use; and to encourage the use be put under four headings. The of restorable substitutes as wood and first is: water power. Of Oil and natural 1. Resources inexhaustible. gas the same may be said. Other Under this heading there are not resources under this heading are the many. Air, salt from the sea, stone, mines of gold, silver, copper, iron sand, gravel, clay, limestone and and many other minerals. They are water in a certain sense. exhaustible in the fullest sense and Sand, gravel and clay may be forever gone when once used up. considered as being deposited or manu- 3. Resources restorable but hablc factured by nature much faster the to deterioration under uncontrolled man could use them. The state need private activity, have no concern about them for the Resources under this heading may future as likewise with stone as man be put into two divisions, can but nibble at the supplies of the (1) Resources which can deteri- latter in the world. Water is a orate so far as to be totally imprac- resource which man can only alter tical or absolutely impossible to in its seasonal distribution so^ it can restore. These resources are game. (Ainddian Forcstrij Joiirndl, Xovcinhcr, lUlH 1915 Useful Forestry Books FERGUSON— FARM FORESTRY By John Arden Ferguson, A.M., M.F., Professor of Forestry at the Pennsylvania State College. VIIIx241 pages. 5>C by 8. Many full-page half tones. Cloth, $1.25 net. Covers especially the subject of forestry as applied to the farm and woodlot. The subject is treated from the broad standpoint of the woodlots in the great plains and prairie regions, as well as in the more eastern regions. KINNEY— THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST LAW IN AMERICA By Jay P. Kinney, A.B., LL.B., M.F., Chief Supervisor of Forests, United States Indian Service. XVIIIx275 pages. 6 bv 9. Cloth, $2.50 net. This book discusses the chronological development of legislation directed to the preservation of existing forest resources, reforestation of cut-over, burned-over areas, the extension of forest areas, and the systematic management of forests for productive purposes. KINNEY— THE ESSENTIALS OF AMERICAN TIMBER LAW By Jay P. Kinney, A.B.. LL.B., M.F. XXIXx279 pages. 6 bv 9. Cloth, $3.00 net. This book contains information that will prove of inestimable value to anyone who desires to ascertain easily and quickly the funda- mentals of American timber law, or who needs reference to court decisions to support a well-founded view as to the law upon any particular point. WOOLSEY— FRENCH FORESTS AND FORESTRY. Tunisia, Algeria and Corsica. With a Translation of the Algerian Code of 1903. By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., A4.F., Assistant District Forester, United States Forest Service, 1908-1915. XVx238 pages. 6 by 9. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.50 net. Embodies the result of a study of the more important phases of forest practice in Corsica, Algeria and Tunisia. The author's exper- ience abroad includes not only continental Europe and the French Dependencies (which latter are described in this book ;, but also forest management in British India as well. BRYANT— LOGGING. The Principal and General Methods of Operation in the United States. By Ralph Clement Bryant^ F.E ., M.A., Manufacturers' Asso- ciation. Professor of Lumbering, Yale University. XVI 1 1x590 pages. 6 by 9. 133 figures. Cloth, $3.50 net. Discusses at length the movement of the timber from the stump to the manufacturing plant, and the chief facilities and methods for doing this; with especial reference to logging railroads. TAYLOR— HANDBOOK FOR RANGERS AND WOODSMEN By Jay L. B. Taylor, Forest Rangei*, United States Forest Service. IXx420 pages. 4^ by 6 34. 236 figures. Flexible Binding, $2.50 net. Prepared as a result of the author's experience in field work of the United States Forest Service. Solves problems which confront a forest ranger in government, state and private employ. The sugges- tions offered will also be found of use to others whose work or re- creation takes them into rough or unsettled regions. 1946 Canadian Foreslry Journal, Xovember, 1918 THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY and VICTORIA COLLEGES ARTS EDUCATION Faculties of MUSIC APPLIED SCIENCE MEDICINE FORESTRY Departments of HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE SOCIAL SERVICE For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secretaries of the respective Faculties. fish and the various animal products that man uses. The species that provides the resource can be made extinct or so rare that it ceases to be of any use and couldn't be restored in hundreds of years. The passenger pigeon and buffalo of N. America are two of these: they were resources but are not now. and cannot be restored. The whaling industry is going the same way, and ivory trade may follow. Many other instances can be found. (2) Resources which are usually restorable, i. e., the forests and the waterpowers which are dependent upon them. The forests are in most cases restorable though frequently not to their former value for instance, a white pine forest cannot be prac- tically restored again over large areas in Eastern North America, owing to the complete burning of all the vegetable matter which made the soil on the rock. Some species may be able to grow here but not the valuable white pine; in those cases the resource of the white pine forest is gone. On the other hand in deep p. L. BUTTRICK CONSULTING FORESTER NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. p. O BOX 607 TIMBER ESTIMATES UTILIZATION STUDIES PLANTING PLANS Landscape and General Forestry Work. Eight years experience in practical forestry work of all sorts. DryMatclies After all day in a boat, rainstorm or wet snow. Ask your dealer for WATERPROOF MATCH BOX If he can't supply you, we will send prepaid for his name anc^ 50 cents. Dry matches may s«ve your life. MARBLE ARMS MFG. Co. Dept. 5160 Gladstone, Mich., U.S. A Marbles Canadian Forestry Journal, November, IDhS 1947 CONFEDERATION LIFE ASSOCIATION UNCONDITIONAL ACCUMULATION POLICIES Are liberal up-to-date contracts which guarantee to the insured every benefit consistent with safety. Write for Particulars which will gladly be furnished by any representative of the company or the HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO -~— + ♦- MINIATURE CONSTRUCTION Landscape, Mechanical and Architec- t«ral Models, Topographical Maps and Paintings, for SCHOOLS — COLLEGES — MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. MODEL MAKERS Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY R. O. SWEEZEY * * (B. Sc, M. E.I. C.) i Water Powers. Timber Lands. ! FINANCING j 164 Sf. James SI. MONTREAL. j Queens UNIVERSITY KINGSTON ONTARIO ARTS MEDICINE EDUCATION APPLIED SCIENCE Mining, Clieinical, Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. HOME STUDY Arts Course by correspondence. Degree with one year's attendance. Summer School Navigation School July and August. December to April. GEO. Y. CHOWN. Registrar. UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FREDERICTON, N.B. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Established in 1908 Best of facilities for definite in- struction and supervision in Practi- cal Forestry. Surveying, cruising and construc- tion work carried on in our own tract of 3600 acres, with Forestry Camp in the centre. Competent men from the School at present in demand to take up Forest Survey work with the Provincial Crown Land Department. For further information address : DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY University Calendar furnished on application. C. C. JONES, Chancellor. •+ ♦- 1948 Canadian Forcstrij Journal, November, 1918 mineral soils the forest is always reslorable. Therefore the State's duty is to see that the forests are not (lestroijed forever, but used forever, and this [s best done under Stale ownership.The Water powers of the streams need not be entirely under state ownership but it would be best for the most economical use of them, that the state store and regu- late the flosv on rivers and streams on which power is develoijed by public utilities or private use. 4. Resources restorable, yielding increased returns under increased activity. Under the head come all the pro- ducts of the labour and brains of man as wealth, knowledge and other fields of progress due to either private or state activity. The soil is certainly a valuable resource, and under intelligently in- creased activity it most certainly yields greater returns. As it is a short time investment it thrives under private activity and the State's relation (o it need only be one of an educational adviser and a loader in experiment and progress. On the other hand it can deteriorate under mismanagement but very rare- ly so far that it cannot be restored. REFORESTING FRANCE. In a note from France to his father, Mr. D. B. Detweiler, of Kitchener, Ont., Lieut. Detweiler refers to the recent interesting transfer of the Snider woodlands in Waterloo Coun- ty to the care of the Ontario Forestn,- Branch. "Mr. Snider of Conestogo has the proper view of things. If some of our wealthy farmers followed his lead it would be a wonderful thing for the future of our Province. Reforesta- tion is the one big idea in France, and even at the present time the Govern- ment is preparing and planting vast forests. Only yesterday I attended a banquet given in honor of the visit of the Civil and Military Chiefs of Forestrv in France. 50 CTS. WAR TIME SPECIAL OFFER ONE WHOLE YEAR FOR FIFTY CENTS! We are desirous of adding 1,000 new names to our list this month and to make it a certainty that we will not be disappointed we are offering ROD AND GUN IN CANADA to you and 999 others for Twelve Months for 50 cents. W. J. TAYLOR LIMITED, Publisher - Woodstock, Onl. (UuKulidii Foii'slri/ Joiirruil. Xorcmhcr, 191,s 1949 TREES, SHRUBS AND SEEDS Hurdy Northern Trees and Shrubs mt Lowest Prices. Natlre and Foreign Tree Seeds edyT-de-hurst&son.dennyhurst DRYDEN, ONT. Shippers to H. M. Govern- ment, Etc. Correspondence Francaise. Hill's Seedlings and Transplants A LSO Tree Seeds for Reforesting. Best for over ** half a century. Immense stock of leading hardy sorts at low prices. Write for price list and mention this ma^zine. Forest Planters Guide Free. The D. Hill Nursery Co , Evergrreen Specialists Largest Growers in America. Box 503 Dundee. III., U.S.A. Try This Stump Pulle^ ^^A, #B-__ M9S^tj '■''• Smith Btnmp Puller 3E tMUi* KKSti will take out ever^ tree s, and stump by the roots, clearing from one to three acres a day, doing: work of twenty men. We want yon to send for oar 3 year goaraa- tea aealnst brcakaB* *"<^ our free trial proposition Addreaa W. Smith Grabber Co. 11 Smith Sta. LaCrescent. Minn YALE UNIVERSITY FOREST SCHOOL New Haven. Connecticut, U.S.A. Y^LE University Forest School is a * graduate department of Yale Uni- versity. It is the oldest existing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in tha number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is ofTered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing, and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training including certain prescribed subjects Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the school as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that wul warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology. Silviculture, Forest Management, Forest Technology and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp, Milford, Pennsylvania For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven - Connecticut + Ciiaqnnn 8. MoxiBBttU Lumber Contractors Timberland Cruisers Forest Industries GHIGOUTIMI, P.O. —— — 4. LT.-COL. L. J. D. MARQUIS Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. of F.E.- Quebec AtMoc. of F.JE; Former Mem. Que. F. Service Forest Cruising and Mapping Timber Factors and Logging Costs Facts on Forest Growth and Future Products 90 LOCKWELL AVENUE, - - QUEBEC R. R. BRADLEY Forest Engineer and Mem. Can. Soc. of F. E. Consulting Forester to the New Bruns- wick Railway Co. Timber and Pulpwood Estimates. Forest Maps. Advice on the Management of Wood Lands. Timber lands listed for sale. GLOBE ATLANTIC BUILOINC, ST. JOHN, N.B. Or P. O. Box No. 5, OTTAWA, Ont. PHILLIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Timber Estimating and Mapping. Supervision of Lumber Contracts. Surveying. Forest Planting. STETSON BLDG., 31 CENTRAL ST. BANGOR, MAINE. 4« — , 1950 Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1918 The Canadain Forestry Associa- tion's Exhibition Car was badly smashed in a head-on collision at Springhill, Nova Scotia. In the car were a large iinmber of exhibits demonstrating methods of forest protection, such as model aeroplane, model lookout towers, a Marconi wireless set in operation, forest tele- phones and many other interesting objects. These were badly thrown about but serious breakage was re- latively small. At Moncton through the courtesy of the Canadian Government Rail- ways Management, the contents of the car were transferreed to a new coach which was taken to Quebec City for a run through the Lake St. John country and central Quebec. About that time the influenza epidem- ic arrived and closed down all public meetings. The Exhibition Car, however, will continue on its way until the winter season sets in in earnest. The Association hopes to send out a Car early next Spring with a much more elaborate equipment than was possible in this year's experimental stage. Col. J. S. Dennis, President of the Canadian Forestry Association has been chosen by the Canadian Gov- ernment as a member of the Com- mission which will have charge of the Dominion's Commercial interests in Russia. STEEL BUNKS FOR CAMPS Included in the well-known line of DENNISTEEL factory, hospital, camp and ship equipment is the all-steel sanitary bunk illustrated. Take up very little room, are comfortable, hygienic and practi- cally indestructible — a permanent investment. Write for particulars and folders on any of the following lines: Steel Lockers, Bins, Cabinets, Chairs, Stools, Etc. Standardized Steel Shelving (knock-down system). Steel Hospital Equipment. General Builders' Iron-work. Ornamental Bronze, Iron and Wirework. Wirework of every description. The Dennis Wir-iE and Iron Works Co. Limited LO IMD ON C AtMAOA Halifax Montreal Ottawa Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver The Paper For People Who Would Really Know Those who are reading WORLD WIDE week by week are finding themselves better informed as to the thought and doings of these momentous times than those who mere- ly depend on the Daily press; for in WORLD WIDE is presented the well considered thought of those who concern themselves with the Inner meaning of things rather than with their passing appearance. In WORLD WIDE you will find assembled just a few of the really noteworthy articles of the week, selected from the most responsible British and American journals and reviews — care being taken to have different points of view represented. Many of these articles have been written or in- spired by the great men of the times. Sample copies FREE; or for five weeks trial for ten cents in stamps, or fifty cents on trial to end of 1918 to new Subscribers. (Reg- ular subscription rates $2.00.) JOHN DOUGALL Sc SON. Publishers, Montreal. CaiKulidn Forrslrii Journal, XoiHiuhcr. lUhS 1951 An Open Letter to Members! To take up a gun— —and get into step — —and drill and march — is one way, and a great way, of doing Canada a service. But when a busy man — — quietly turns to his neighbor — — and says: "Join the Forestry Association" He is doing a patriot's work in direct support of the man with the gun. Hundreds of our members the last month or so, have gone to a little trouble to recruit a new supporter of the Forest Conservation Movement. And hundreds haven't. They have said, "I haven't time," little knowing that the Canadian Forestry Association gets most members from the rushed-to-death executive, the business man whose minutes are worth dollars. We ask you to score a New Member to your credit today. As a special induce- ment we will mark his membership and subscription paid up until December 31st, 1919. BUT, to be a mem- ber of the Association means far more than subscription to the Forestry Journal. The latter is an incidental to membership, but we intend to make it a more attractive in- cidental during the re- mainder of the year. Canadian Forestry Association Booth Building, Ottawa. Not affiliated with any government or commercial interest. ig: i i How About Operators? Prospective users of wireless usuany ask us: "But what about operators? Aren't they hard to get?" The answer is: ''Not if you use C & W apparatus." The old style sets, with their high voltage, low factor of safety and- numerous critical adjustments, could be operated only by, an expert, with a specialized training, — and such men are hard to get. But C & W sets have a voltage of only 200 volts as against from 8,000 to 20,000 volts in the old style sets, a factor of safety of ten as against one and a half, and no critical adjustments. These factors make a set so simple, rugged, reliable and easy to operate that anyone who knows the code can operate C & W sets and keep them in operation — and learning the code is a sirjiple matter taking from four to six weeks. If C & W sets are installed in your forests, your wardens can operate them after a short training. No C & W set has ever broken down in service; the initial cost of a C & W set is about one quarter that of other sets on the market; the upkeep costs are almost negligible; and you can always get operators for C & W sets among your own men. May we help you solve your problem ? Details and expert advice from our engineers upon request. m \\ ii ii ii i! I i Ii il n n n ii ii ii II ii ii ii ii ii ii ii I Cutting & Washington, Inc. 1083 Little Building - BOSTON, Mass. B: ^nadian forestry Journal Vol. XIII DECEMBER, 1918 No. 11 PORTAGE INLET, VICTORIA, B.C. FACULTY OF FORESTSY JAN 1 n 1919 TENTS IN EVERY STYLE May be had made up of the celebrated Write for Samples and Prices. The Woods Manufacturing Co., Ltd. FORMERLY SMART-WOODS, LTD. OTTAWA - TORONTO - MONTREAL - WINNIPEG FOREST TELEPHONES Make the life of the forester better worth living. They relieve him from the appalling loneliness. They help him to "keep in human voice touch with y^-' foresters miles away. In emergencies — fire — sickness — hun- ger— the speed with which they can summon help is marvellous. Write for full particulars of how to install the Northern Electric Forest Telephone System. Address the OfiFice nearest you. AdM^r// E/ectr/c Compofiy Montreal Halifax Ottawa UMITEO Toronto Regina London Calgary Winnipeg Vancouver ^^y-^j^^ ^Northern * Electric -Forest-Tetefihones* 4.-^>- Canadian Forestry Journal CIRCULATION 7500 COPIES MONTHLY ROBSON BLACK. Editor. Vol. XIV. WOODSTOCK ONT., DECEMBER, 1918 No. 11 CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER "Building a Canadian Aeroplane." "The Aeroplane in B. C. Forests." "Women a Success in Planting Work." "Do Forests Increase Rainfall." "The West Asks for Its Forests." "British Aid for Research Enterprises. " "Central Institute for Research." "Labor and Capital Favor Research." "Hydroaeroplane for Forest Protection." "The History of Familiar Trees." "Canada's Tree Farm of 250 Million Acres. " "France's Profit From Forestry." Forestry and Imperial Safety. Air Fighters for Timber Guarding." "A Forestry Mosaic of British Columbia." "The Fire Fiend's Work on the Pacific Coast." "Where the Forest Dollar Goes." "New Brunswick to the Fore — and Why." "Nova Scotia Getting Ready/" The Canadian Forestry Journal will be sent to any address for one dollar a year, subscription including all other publications of the Cana- dian Forestry Association. Address all Communications to THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL 206-207 BOOTH BUILDING, OTTAWA Printed by the Rod and Gun Press. Woodstock. Ont. Entered at the Post Office at Woodstock. Ont., as second-class matter. 1956 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 On the Road to Emerald Lake, B.C. Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 1957 Building a Canadian Aeroplane By Alfred Rubbra, Jr. How a Modern FlyinjS, Machine is Put Together at a Toronto Factory. The manufacture of aeroplanes in Canada has created a great demand for the finest quality spruce, ash, birch, oak and white pine. The proper quality wood is very difficult to procure and there has never been a great reserve supply at an aeroplane factory. The wood must be of a straight grain and pass the many inspections of the government and the manu- facturer. The spruce used in the aeroplane industry in Canada comes from British Columbia. The Im- perial Munitions Board have opened large mills in the various timber sections of the province. The out- put of these mills is many millions of feet of lumber a month. They supply the British and Allied Govern- ments as well as the Canadian Gov- ernment. Great care is exercised to prevent poor quality wood from getting through. The first inspection takes place before the log enters the mill and the wood is again inspected before being shipped. On arriving at the aeroplane factory the lumber is in- spected and cut into different sized lengths as required. It is then piled very carefully to prevent warping. A slight warping cannot be avoided so this is allowed for in the cutting of the lengths. In order to dry the lumber to at- mospheric conditions it is placed in a kiln, which is heated by steam. The air in the kiln is kept humid to boil out the sap and acids. This process is called case-hardening. This is done by allowing some of the steam to escape from valves in the radiators. If the air in the kiln was perfectly dry the wood would not dry to the condition re- quired in aeroplane manufacture. Ash, however, is an exception. It is not kiln dried. If it were the process would remove the properties required Finding Wood Moisture When the contents of a kiln are considered to be in the proper con- dition samples are taken by the inspector. These are weighed andi put into a small furnace and dried absolutely. The inspector then weighes the wood again and is thus able to calculate the amount of moisture the wood in the kiln con- tains. If the result is satisfactory the contents of the kiln are taken to the mill. Many samples have to be examined to find out w^hether the wood is just from ,the river or has been piled for some time. In the mill it is cut into the required lengths for struts, beams for the wings, and the many other parts. In the construction of aeroplane wings, spriice plays an importan- part. Great difficulty is experienct ed in getting the long beams neces- sary for the wings. The smaller pieces are not so clifficult to obtain as the grain runs straight for short distances. One of the chief defects in the wood and the most treacherous because of the difficulty to detect it, is spiral grain, rammy grain and cross grain. The inspectors are, however, rapidly mastering it. The ribs, which support the fabric, are in some machines made of spruce and are steamed and bent into the proper shape across a drum. In others they are supported by a web- bing of white pine. The snow skids w^hich are used in the winter in place of wheels are of ash. They are steamed and bent across a drum in the same manner as the ribs. 1958 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 Making the Wings When the frame of the wing is completed it is trued up and braced by means of steel piano wires of great tensile strength. The wing then has to have the fabric sewn on. The fabric is made in the form of a huge envelop. This must fit the frame perfectly. The frabic is of cotton or linen and is pulled on over the frame. A large number of women are employed in this department. They do the sewing. After an inspection the wing goes to the paint shop. Here the fabric is given several coats of dope to preserve it and two coats of varnish. In the case of the flying boat the wings are painted naval grey instead of being varnished. The completed wing then goes to the stockroom. One of the most important parts of the aeroplane is the propeller. In Canada the propeller is made of white oak. Birch is being used to some extent but has not yet been generally adopted. In England a great deal of w-alnut is used in making propellers. The propellers differ in size accord- ing to the t>T)e of machine for which they are designed. The first step in the construction is to glue together the laminations w^hich are pieces of wood an inch thick and slightb^ long- er than the propeller in order to allow^ for shaping. When the lam- inations are properly glued they are put in a huge press which is then tightly screwed down. They remain until the glue is perfectly dry. They are then put on a lathe and roughly cut to shape. After this they are allow ed to stand for six days in order that all strain due to cutting away portions and gluing, may be lieved. They are then placed upon an up- right frame on which is a model propeller. The operator in charge of this machine runs his cutter over the model and the cutters on the machine follow his guidance. The process is repeated several times, each time cutting over the entire surface of the blade. The propeller is sent to the benches where it is accurately clamped to metal surface plates, similar to sur- face plates used in tool rooms, rough- ly balanced and after final sandpaper- ing it is finally balanced. Expert workmen hand carve it to exact pitch. At the different points in its construction it undergoes very rigid inspections. At the final in- spection it is tested for pitch, which is the angle of the flat side of the blade upon which the greatest strain is laid. The track is taken, that is to say the set of the blade from the centre of the hub to stations near the end of the blade. It must balance horizontally and vertically. The last step in the construction is the varnishing. After being varnished it undergoes the final inspection and balancing. A drop of varnish would throw it out of balance. Once in a while a propeller gets as far as the final inspection only to be rejected for some flaw^ in the wood that cannot be detected from the exterior. The inspector pointed out one that to the inexperienced of the writer looked perfect. There w-as, however, a short dark streak in the wood w^hich the inspector said was rot. This is one example of how^ minutely the parts of an aeroplane are inspected. Care with the fusilage. In the construction of the fusilage of an aeroplane, the longerons, or the beams which stretch from the head to the tail of the machine, are of white ash. It is impossible to get the wood in sufficient lengths with a straight grain to make the longerons out of one piece of w^ood. On this account they are sphced together. This is done by gluing the pieces together and bolting them, after w^hich the joint is wrapped with cotton. These joints are so arranged that they came at the points in the fusilage where the least strain is brought to bear. The longerons are supported by several struts of w'hite asli, although spruce is used wherever possible as it is much lighter. The fusilage is trued and braced by steel piano wires in the same manner as the wings. It is covered with fabric, doped and varn- ished. In the construction of the flving Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 1959 Working on an F-5 Flying Boat. Canadian Aeroplanes. Limited, Toronto. boat which differs drom the aero- plane the keel is of white ash. The ribs are secured to the keel as in a boat and the frame built up. The flooring and the frame is covered with three ply birch rotary cut. Installing Engines. The fmished parts of the aeroplane and the flying boat are brought as requii ed to the assembly room. Here the parts are assembled and the en- gines installed, before the machines are sent away from the factory. Each complete machine is carefully inspected and the engine started. Then if the aeroplane is in all respects satisfactory it is taken to pieces and packed very carefully. It is loaded on a llat car and is ready to be shipped. Packing the fmished machine plays a very important part in the aero- plane industry. The wings are crated separately and if there is any part of them that is likely to touch the crate precaution against damage is taken by padding the crate well. The wing is covered over before the lid is placed on the crate. The body of the aeroplane is also packed in this way and the whole deposited on a flat car and carefully secured. A great quantity of lumber is required in crating the machines and for this purpose a special grade of stock is purchased. Some idea of the size of the crates may be obtained from the fact that the wings of a flying boat are over one hundred feet from tip to tip. The body when crated occupies a whole railway car. In the construction of aeroplanes little or no perfect wood is wasted. What cannot be utilized in the long beams, which are most difficult to obtain, can be made into smaller parts. The Forestry Journal will be sent to any address in Canada for One Dollar a Year. -—4, 1960 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 The Aeroplane in B. C. Forests Bi} J. H. Hamilton^ Editor of "Industrial Progress,'' Vancouver. The wonderful achievements of the aeroplane during the Great War foreshadow its use in many peaceful lines of industry and development. One of the greatest assets of the Province of British Columbia is its enormous stand of merchantable tim- ber which is valuable on the coastline in proximity to tidal water , owing partially to its ease of transportation and particiilary to its density of growth. The greatest enemy to the forest is fire. Under unfavorable conditions, immense valuable tracts of timber may be destroyed within a few days from an outbreak of fire of small beginning. Frequently these conflagrations are initiated by the carelessness of campers and loggers. British Columbia is the greatest forest province of Canada. Her for- ests contain approximately half of the entire stand of the timber of the entire Dominion and twenty-four per cent, of the total stand of the Pacific Northwest. The economic importance of the timber to British Columbia and to Canada as a whole may be realized when it is stated that the forest rev- enue of this Province is already larger than that of any other province of the Dominion; aggregating ap- proximately $2,500,000 annually from provincial crown timber lands alone. The manufactured value of forests products of the province is from thir- ty-five to forty million dollars annu- ally, and in 1917 the value exceeded the entire output of the mines of British Columbia. It is therefore quite obvious that the most essential factor of the exploitation of our forest growth is protection from destruction by fire. The British Columbia Government operating under the Forest Act, maintains a staff of forest guards, and patrol men which, immediately prior to" the war, consisted of 395 men. War conditions and the finan- cial situ, a lion have made it necessary to institute severe retrenchment, and in 1915 the staff was reduced to 218 and further reduced in 1916 to 200. The fire situation during 1917 and more particularly during the current year demonstrated conclusively the disastrous results that may be logic- ally anticipated from the poHcy of letting the forest so largely take care of itself. Every citizen is direct- ly interested in this important matter, as will readily be seen from a moment's consideration of the local economical importance of lumber. For this reason any factor which will tend to afford better fire protection than is at present feasible is of prime importance at the present time. A reahzation of this point unduced the Department of Lands to make the experiment of patrolling the coast area by means of hydroplanes. An order was given to a local firm — Messers. Iloffar Brothers, Vancouver — for the construction of a flying boat or hydroplane which was com- pleted and ready for delivery in August of this year. It was taken over by the Government on the first of September and made several suc- cessful trial flights over Burrard Inlet and Vancouver. On September 4th a trial flight under the pilotage of Lieut. Bishop, R. A. F., ended disastrously by the machine making a nose dive of twelve hundred feet, crashing on to the roof of a house in the West End of Vancouver and smashing the hydroplane to match- wood. The pilot miraculously es- caped death or even severe injury, but the seaplane was irretrievably damaged. Great regret is expressed at the untimely end of the first hydroplane constructed for this purpose, as its use would have been experimental and, if successful, would undoubtedly have led to a larger employment of this means of forest protection. It is stated, however, that the Govern- ment will immediate hqve con- Canadian Forestry Journal^ December, 1918 1961 structed for Lheiii a new machine to replace the one destroyed, which will be ready for use at the beginning of the next forest fire season. If the results attained are satis- factory, it is expected that the whole of the coastline will be regularly patrolled by this means, at a very considerable saving in men and with an increased efficiency. The great rapidity of motion of the hydroplane combined with its wide range of cruising radius, would appear to make it the very finest means of fire patrol it is impossible to conceive. It is to be noped, therefore, that the experiment will be made in due course and without a repetition of the unfortunate accident which put an untimely end to the experiment so far as the present season is con- cerned. Women a Success in Planting Work By G. P. Gordon, B. Sc. iOxon.) British Experiments Show Good Results in Care of Forest Nurseries and Even Felling. During the year 1915, the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society placed a number of women in forestry work on various estates throughout Scot- land. These women were employed in estate nurseries and at certain branches at forestry work; in addi- tion they took part in general estate work. The women so placed were drafted from the working classes, and they had not undergone any course of training preparatory to their taking up employment in forestry. Many of them were unemployed women, who were idle because of slackness in certain industries, e.g., fishing, spinning mills, etc. Experience of working squads of these women throughout Scotland has proved that this type of worker without training is not altogether suited for rural work on the land. Although in many cases good individ- uals and good squads were eacoun- tered, the average individual was too unsettled to obtain the maximum value from her work. It is thought that women of this class, for true economy, must be constantly in touch with their own homes, as the^^ were found to be less adaptable than more intelligent and better eduicated women. Further, it was found that the supervision of this class of worker was somewhat costly, as initiative so necessary in land work was almost entirely lacking. Adapting Female Dress. A problem which had a consider- able influence on the efficiency of these workers was the question of dress. It was found that ordinary foot wear was quite unsuitable, and experiments were made with clogs, high boots, leggings, etc., and finally it was decided that stout boots and leggings were the most useful. The ordinary apparel of the women was found to be unsuited for wet weather, and experiments were made with waterproof skirts, which were not. however, found to be very successful. In nursery work skirts are always a drawback, as they damage young plants in the nursery lines, and also break down the edges of seed beds. In addition, in wet undergrowth they are a decided hindrance to freedom of action. For outdoor land work it is essential that women have the equivalent of a man's jacket, which can be donned during a shower and cast off in hot weather or for strenuous work. A characteristic squad is seen in the illustration. It comprised some twenty women obtained through the Labour Exchanges in Glasgow, Edin- burgh and Leith. The question of housing this type 1962 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 English Women Planting Trees. (See accompanying article.) English Women Felling Trees. of woman from her home was one which was attended with many and varied difficulties. n the first in- stance comparatively few of the women were able "lo do for them, selves properly. Further, although they had their food prepared for them they wc-e not able to purchase food in a thrifty manner, and therefore had to suffer many discomforts. Probably as a result of this the women were difTicult to control, and were somewhat unreliable as regards time- keeping. Training Required. A certain allowance must of course be made, due to the fact that the work and the conditions of labour were entirely new to the women, most of whom were unacquainted with outdoor work and rural con- ditions generally. The exnerience gained during the years 1915 and 1916 forced one to the conclusion that this class of un- trained labour was not the most efficient for the purpose in view. An attempt was therefore made to partially train the women to at least a knowledge of outdoor conditions. In this connection the West of Scot- land College of Agriculture organised at Kilmarnock in 1917 a scheme for this purpose. The women went into residence at the College farm for a few weeks, and were thereafter drafted to forestry work on different Canadian Foresliij Journal, December, 1918 1963 estates throiighoul Scotland. There was no attempt made to train the women technically in forestry work, but they obtained an opportunity of experiencing land conditions. It was found thai the type of women willing to undergo this period of probation was a more intelligent one than those formerly dealt with. In addition she was more adaptable, more reliable, and gave better satisfaction to her employer These women were draft- ed to various kinds of forestry work, e.g., seed collection, forest nursery work, ])lanting work, draining, bark peeling, timber felling, brushw'Ood Ijurning, and bracken cutting. The important feature of this sys- tem was that it allowed of the selec- tion of suitable women for the kind of work to be undertaken. The matron in charge at Kilmarnock was able to tell within a few weeks which women were suited physically, and temperamentally for land work. Re- ports from the estates on which these women were placed indicated that they were of the right type, and were giving complete satisfaction. It soon became evident, however, that for their work to be economic, and to warrant their being paid a reasonable living w^age, they must be trained to some extent. In arranging for the placing of the w^omen, at was found to be unsat- isfactory to have to state that, although they were of the right type, and were reliable, they had had no previous training. In a word, this simply meant that their employer had to train them. An attemi)t was was made by the Ministry of Lal)our to establish small training centres in different estates, to which to send the women. This attempt, however, met with only partial saccess, as the underlying principle of training and education is a concentration of the agencies and resources available, and not a decentralisation of these facili- ties. A School for Apprentices. Accordingly, the West of Scotland College of Agriculture, in conjirnc- tion with the District Committee of the Middle Ward of Lanarkshire, instituted this year a training scheme at Ilairmyres, near Glasgow. The advantages to be derived from such a scheme are at once obvious. The training centre, Ilairmyres, is situ- ated about eight miles from the College in Glasgow, and is easily accessible from the city. It is thus possible to keep in clofec touch with the teaching stafT of the College. Intending students are interviewed at the College, and are thereafter drafted to Ilairmyres. The faci- lities on the estate of Hairmyres for training in forestry are probably quite unique. A large forest nursery of some ten acres is in full working" order, and there is a staff of skilled workers in charge. The head fores- ter has direct control of the women in training, and supplements their prac- tical work with special lectures and demonstrations. In addition, then is a considerable area of newly planted ground — drained and planted by wompn labour — also young plan- tations and old standing timber. By means of these agencies it was fotind possible to give the women a fair idea of the more important branches of forestry. They gained experience in draining, planting and fencing; nursery work of all kinds was engaged in — e.g., lining out, sizing , seed sow- ing, etc. Special facilities were also made available for training the women made available for training the women in timber work. A planta- tion in the neighborhood w^as taken over and was felled, snedded, and cross-cut by the w^omen. Fig. 2 shows that women are well able to undertake a large amount of the work connected with timber cutting. Female ''Fellers" Although the period of instruction is too short almost Lo warrant the term training being used, reports from the employers of these women show that the scheme has been more than justified. Since the inception of the course in April, about 150 women have been passed through it and drafted on to forestry work elsewhere. Their work has included draining, planting, fencing, nursery 1964 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 work of all kinds, felling limber, "snedding" and cross-cutting timber, measuring timber, and saw-mill work. Further, they have engaged in gen- eral estate work, bark-peeling, brack- en cutting, clearing up and burning brushwood. During haytime and harvest they have been drafted to this work, which has the advantage of giving that variety which experi- ence shows is so necessary in women's work on the land. The sustained brisk demand for the services of these women is the best indication of their value. This de- mand has come from estates, trade nurseries, timber merchants, farmers, and contractors. These employers have shown that they regard as feasible this dilution of their labour, by their keen desire to make condi- tions as reasonable as possible for the women. They have gone to consid- erable expense and trouble to make the accommodation suitable and have even made alterations in the length of the working day. Experience has proved that it is more economic to work the women on a slightly shorter day than men, say start at 8 o'clock in the morning, and continue to about 5 o'clock in the evening, with an hour's break at mid-day. As regards working overtime, it is not considered advisable to attempt this, as they require a fairly long evening to make necessary preparations for the next day. The usual conditions of labour are free accommodation, with coal and light and, in some cases, potatoes, and a wage varying from 20s. per week to 25s. per week. In some cases, where the women are employed on piece work, they earn as much as 30s. and 35s. per week. Improved Health. The efTect on the women of this kind of work, under the above con- ditions, has been noticed, and in no case has it been found to be detri- mental. They have all been able for the work undertaken, and have quickly become fairly expert at it. Their health has, in all cases mater- ially improved with the out-door occupation, and this has been so even in cases where they have been employ- ed all winter. In conclusion it might be allowed that in view of the foregoing, and having regard to the widest national interests, the training and organiza- tion of this woman power, which was formerly dissapated in unproductive labour, has been justified. Merchantable Timber a Great Asset Eric W. Hamber, Pres. B. C. Mills Timber and Trading Co., Vancouver. There are few better assets for people to possess than good mer- chantible standing timber in this province The supplies of the world are being depleted, and whilst there are large bodies of timber in Russia and other places, they can in no way be compared to the forests of British Columbia. Once cut, the forests of B.C. can never be replaced. There will be a new growth, but never the majestic growth that stands here to-day. It therefore behooves us to make the best of this natural resource fund nowhere else in the world except on the Pacific coast, to con- serve it in every way possible, par- ticularly against the ravages of fire and waste, in order that not only to those interested in the industry itself, but more so to the people of the province, should accrue benefits that at the present time they have but little conception of. We must build our commercial structure on the solid rock founda- tions of our natural resources, or else we build them on foundations of shifting sand. Let me, therefore, urge that we all put our shoulder to the wheel and by co-operation of interest attain for this, the premier industry of this province, the maxi- mum of result. Canadian Forcslry Journal, December, 1918 Do Forests Increase Rainfall? Bij Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean, FacuUij of Forestry, University of Toronto. A Speculative Problem on Which Con- vincing Data is Yet to be Developed. 1965 This question, often asked, in- cludes two questions, namely, whe- ther such increase is found over the forest itself, or whether the forest increases the rainfall over the adjoin- ing field; the latter being, of course, the one practically most important. To ask the question is to throw doubt on what is axiomatic natural philoso- phy with every popular writer, but the candid professional student of the influence of forests on their sur- roundings will have to admit that we cannot yet demonstrate positively that, how, and to what degree the rainfall of a locality is influenced by forest cover. This ignorance is due partly to the complicated character of the problem, partly to the inef- ficiency of meteorological instru- ments for measuring rainfall, so that an exact proof cannot, as yet, be reached by measurement. Natural philosophy, however, leads us to assert that there is no condition on earth that does not have an influence on all other conditions more or less, and hence we can infer such an in- fluence of forest on rainfall. Whether this influence in one or the other direction is of practical import is still another question. A human rain maker. Some years ago the Congress of the United States appropriated sev- eral thousand dollars for the writer — to his dismay — to be devoted to the production of rain by artificial means. This reference of the appropriation was made, because the writer had published a bulletin on the influences of forest cover on its surroundings, including rainfall. The experiments, however, were not to be made by forest planting and waiting a half century or so for an answer, but by bombarding the atmosphere, in the belief of the assertion that large bat- tles were usually followed by rainfall — an assertion which was found then not supported by the existant evid- ence, although a book under the title, "War and the Weather," had brought together the statistics in this respect, leaving out, of course, the battles which were not followed by rain. In looking up the history of rainfall, it was amusing to find that in France suffering from floods the opposite effect, namely of driving away thunder clouds by bombarding the air, was expected to prevent these floods. The efficacy of prayer in breaking a drouth, and in some vil- lages in the East Indies an official rainmaker is employed to perform the miracle. The Snake Dance of the Hopi Indians is such a prayer for rain. The cause of rain. At any rate, it became necessary for the writer to find out what was known as to the conditions under which and by what means Nature herself produces rain. It was found that even this fundamental knowledge was not very fully developed beyond the ])rimary physical law that air at a given temperature and under a given barometric pressure could con- tain only a given amount of moisture and thai by decrease of that tempera- lure, as when a cold wind blew into a moisture-laden, warm current or by decrease of barometric pressure, as when such a current had to ascend a mountain, some of the moisture in the current would have to be pre- cipitated as rain or snow. The same would take place if a warm, moisture- laden air current added its quota of humidity to bring to saturation a passing current. In the first place, then, the sun, the oceans, the distribution of land and water areas, the air currents due 1966 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 to the movement of the earth and due to dilTereJices of temperatures over large areas, are the causes of what we may call the cosmic climates; and by local modifications of these conditions the local climates are produced. It stands to reason that our means are too puny to attempt an influence on the causes of the cosmic climate, and even the local climate can be influenced only in a limited way; especially if a practical issue or considerable degree of difference is considered. Even if we have found, as we have, that temperature and humidity con- ditions in a dense and extensive for- est are different from those of an open field, it remains still an open question of how and how far the forest condition influences the open field conditions and vice versa; and how large the area affected or to be affect- ed must be to produce an influence of practical value. Influence of large forests We know without measuring that by interposing the shade of a single tree between us and the sun we have influenced the temperature of the air; by building a house around us we influence our local climate. A small plantation on the open prairie breaks the velocity and modifies the temperature of the air on the leeward side, but on the windward side such an influence would not be niotced. We realize that a forest cover may produce certain air conditions, but their communication to surrounding country W'Ould depend on its location wdth reference to the prevailing winds: the forest located on the leeside will therefore have different influences than on the windw-ard, on the neigh- boring field according to their loca- tion. The whole exchange and mutual modification of conditions, and whether the one or other condi- ion will prevail in a practicably sensible degree will depend on the size o area of the same. Not only the size of the area under foresi, but the character of the forest, its density, its soil cover, its composition, elevation and exposure, its age and height will determine the degree of its influence. We can. therefore, not readily generalize from place to place. All we can safely claim is that the forest condition, due to its lower temperature and greater relative hu- midity, is favorable to precipitation as against the open field with its higher temperature and drier air, which furnish less favorable condi- tions for precipitation. Extensive forest areas are as a rule favored by large rainfall, but is an open question whether the forest is the cause or the result. We must doubt, however, whether the small woodlot is a rainmaker. B. E. Fernow. Hind Screen to Cost 20 Millions Our government, says Pearson's Weekly of London, has a scheme in hand to create a wind screen of trees along the top of the cliffs of the expos- ed western coast, at a cost of twenty millions. This screen will not only supply much wanted wood, but will prevent the salt Atlantic gales sweep- ing over and souring the land behind it, so freeing millions of acres of land for wheat and other cereal cultivation. QUEBEC'S FORESTS. Quebec province possesses 130 mil- lion acres of merchantable forests of which about 48,000,000 acres are included in the fire-protected terri- tories of the St. Alaurice, Ottawa River, Laurentian and Southern St. Lawrence Associations. Another fifteen million acres of Quebec's forests are privately owned, about nine million acres being in the seignories. Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 1967 The West Asks for Its Forests Possession of the natural resources in the three prairie provinces remains for a while longer vested in the name of the Dominion Government. A meeting of the Provincial premiers at Ottawa in November brought this interesting question again into the realm of discussion, with the net result that the House of Commons will have to adjudicate the claims not only of the West but the counter claims of the East for Federal aid. The Canadian Forestry Journal has frequently pointed out that en- tirely apart from the merits of their case, any expectation by the Western provinces of reaping an income rom their forest possessions is a gross misapprehension of facts. The Dominion Forestry Branch spends $100,000 annually on forest protection in Manitoba. The total revenues do not exceed $12,000. On the Forests of Saskatchewan $145,000 is spent by the Branch and $9,000 is received. On the forests of A'berta $200,- 000 is spent and $18,00 ) is received. Even counting in the receipts of the Timber and Grazing Branch, the Dominion Government spends about $200,000 a year on the prairie forests that is not covered by income. The real and costly job. Not all the premiers of East and West can alter the situation that actually exists. Some one will have to find S200,000 and more every year to pay the cash deficit in the honest handfing of the prairie province for- ests. The devastation of forest fires has been so tremendous that the business of any custodian, Dominion or Provincial, is to nurse back the timber growing lands into a self- supporting state. If the West is willing to meet this outlay from provincial taxation, if it is willin to better the conservation methods at present in vogue, then who could quarrel with the transfer of the control from present hands? These points were discussed by the conference at great length. It is understood that the Dominion Gov- ernment interposed no objections to provincial management of lands, mines, etc. Protest came mainly from British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime Provinces. The Eastern and Pacific provinces did not object to the Prairie Govern- ments getting their lands, but they claimed that, as it is a domain in which all the provinces have a com- mon interest, they are entitled to extra subsidy in consideration of the transfer. Five millions is what was asked. Ontario and Quebec would get about S2,800,000, and the lower provinces $2,200,000. The West at once entered a demur- rer. It would not concede that the East had any proprietory interest in its domain upon which additional subsidy should be based. It d_d not object to extra subsidies for the Mari- time Provinces, but held that Ontario and Quebec were wealthy states and could afford to let well enough alone. At this impasse the matter rests. The Federal Government may con- sider the whole problem during the next session of aPrliament. WHITE PINE SKY-ROCKETING Readers of the Forestry Journal will be interested in a recent sale of white pine by Gustave Boswick, of Berthierville P.Q., at $17 per thousand board feet, standing. Such a price for standing white pine timber has seldom been equalled. Nothing be- low 16 inches diameter was allowed to be cut on Mr. Boswick's property. ERNEST POOLE MARRIED At Cochrane, Ont., the marriage is announced of Miss May Gertrude Bryerton, daughter of Mrs. Theresa Bryerton to Ernest J. Poole, Fire Superintendent of the Ontario For- est Service. 1968 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 British Aid for Research Enterprises That Great Britain expects an increasing utilization of land for public purposes is indicated by the fact that one committee is working out ways and means of taking over land for community use. Another is at work creating a permanent national policy in regard to the employment of women. Incident- ally, the plans for demobihzation of the army are so minute and com- plex that there is a special committee at work planning to find positions for wounded and invalided officers in India, Burma, the Eastern Colonies and the Malay States. Great com- mercial development of India is hinted at in the plans of the indus- trial development commission. Sub- sidies to Indian industries when necessary', elaborate bureaus of tech- nical information about new enter- prises, and Government demon- stration of the practicability of new industries are being considered. Recognizing "the special need for new machinery and for additional State assistance in order to promote and organize scientific research with a view especially to its application to trade and industry," the Board of Education in 1915 proposed a scheme for the organization and development of scientific and industrial research. The machinery consisted at first of a Committee of the Prvy Council with a smaller Advisory Council. The work of the Committee increased so rapidly an ' plans for the future developed to such an extent that in December, 1916, the. Government established a separate Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. At the same time the Government voted $5,000,000 to meet the first five years expenditure. This Depart- ment, which in the view of the Bal- four Committee will greatly strength- en British manufacturing industries, is promoting industrial research in four distinct ways. It is encourag- ing firms in the well established industries to undertake a co-opera- tive study of the scientific problems affecting their processes and raw materials, and it is prepared Xp make substantial grants to Associations of firms established for the purpose with the approval of the epartment. It is undertaking at he pubhc cost investigations which from their na- ture make them unsuitable for effec- tive handling by any single industry, however powerful. It has taken over the property and financial control of the National Physical Laboratory' and has assumed responsibility for the establishment of standards on a scientific basis. Finally, it is making energetic elTorts to increase the num- bers of trained research workers. The Department itself has estab- hshed 21 Research Boards or Com- mittees, the most important of them being the Fuel Research Board. Central Institute for Research At a meeting of the Reconstruc- tion and Development Committee of the Dominion Cabinet, Dr. A. B. Macallum, administrative chairman of the Council for Scientific and Indust ial Research, advanced the long-considered rroposal of the Coun- cil for the establishment. of a central institute for research. The scheme, which is considered vital to a successful and permanent Canadian competition with the highly organized industries of the United States, Great Britain, France, and other countries which have already the benefit of similar Government institutions, contemplates the im- mediate erection, at or near the capital, of a central laboratory build- ing costing approximately $500,000. The building, as planned, will pro- vide room for expansion as the needs develop, but will at first have accom- modation for some fifty laboratories. Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 1969 covering all the essential industrial research subjects. In a general way it is designed to fulfil for Canada the functions now performed for the United States by the Bureau of Standards at Wash- ington and the Mellon Institute at Pittsbvrg. It will provide modern scientific equipment and methods for investigations of Canadian raw mat- terial, industrial processes, and manu- factured products. It will serve as a national laboratory for standards of all sorts, for the testing of materials, for the discovery of methods of utiliz- ing by-products of manufacture hithert > wasted, and generally for experimental work in the application of science to industry. The proposed national research laboratory will also be of incalculable value to the various trade guilds now being promoted by the Research Council in the leading Canadian industries. In fact, the national laboratory with its free ser- vices and adequate equipment is almost a necessary first step to the formation of these trade guilds for mutual advancement. In Great Britain the trade guilds under the direction of the British Research Council are now taking full advantage of the National Phy- sical Laboratory near London and of similar institutions. In the United States similar advantage is taken of the facilities of the Bureau of Stan- dards and of the Mellon Institute. It may be noted in this connection that the Governments of Great Bri- tain and of the United States are annually spending millions for scien- tific research in industrial lines, to say nothing of many millions more spent by large private enterprises in connection with the laboratory work of large industrial establish- ments. In Canada the total annual amount thus expended is not more than $200,000. Labor and Capital Favor Research The systematic starving of tech- nical education and scientific re- search just because neither is what is called a "live political issue" ap- parently'' is coming to an end. At a meeting held in Ottawa, a committee consisting of Messrs. G. M. Murray, representing the Canadian Manu- facturers' Association: W. Maclach- lan, of the joint committee on tech- nical organizations, and Tom Moore, president Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, presented to the cabinet a memorandum of joint recommenda- tions drawn up at a meeting of the foregoing bodies. It embraces im- portant suggestions of policy agreed upon by capital and labor as applic- able to Canada's reconstruction per- iod, and its adoption is strongly urged upon the government. Among the important representa- tions made by the joint committee is one relating to scientific and industrial research as follows: — Having regard to the important part which research must necessar- ily play in Canada's industrial re- construction, the appropriation for that purpose should be increased to not less than one million dollars annually. The board handling that work should not be merely advisory as at present, but should he clothed with specific executive powers which powers should preferably be exercised by a board of managers, upo which labor, manufacturers and engineers would all have representation. PROGRESS IN TECHNICAL SCHOOLS In view of the exacting demands upon industrial skill and efficiency which will be made of every people in the competition for the trade of the world following the period of reconstruction, it is the intention in the next session of the House of Commons to bring in a bill to give force to a Federal policy for technical training of the rising generation. In 1970 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 the various Provinces there have been more or less successful beginnings along this line, and in some cities like ^ Toronto and Montreal some creditable institutions have been developed. It is not intended in any way that the Dominion Government shall at- tem.pt to compete ^vith or supplant these, or even supplement them, because the thorny question of Pro- vincial rights always crops up when- ever the Government devises a policy with regard to road construction, education or anything of the sort. In this case it is expected that the legislation will take the form of pro- viding a sum of money to he divided among the Provinces on the basis of population and the progress al- ready made in the direction of tech- nical education. Hydroaeroplane for Forest Protection By Hy. Sorgius, Manager, St. Maurice Forest Protective Ass'n, Quebec. Although only conversant in a general way ^^ith reference to the possible application of the hydro- aeroplane to forest protection, I am of the opinion that this machine will in the future be a valuable feature in forest protection work, both for the locating and reporting of forest fires. In other words we may call it "a moving observation tower." The directors of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association, at a meeting held on November 15, agreed to purchase a hydroaeroplane for the patrolling of our area beginning next spring, ^^'e have already cor- responded with the Canadian manu- facturers, asking them if they could build us a machine which would suit our purpose. The advantages in the hydro- aeroplane patrol, in my opinion, would principally be the locating and rei)orting of forest fires, and also in the rapid transportation of a small crew of men and equipment to the fire. The main feature in forest protection is prevention; secondly, to get at a fire when it is in its infancy, and we believe that, with the use of a hydroaeroplane, we will be able to detect and reach almost every forest lire before it has a chance to make any headway. In a country like ours there are large areas where, should a forest fire start it would take from a couple of days to a week to get the necessary help and equip- ment to the scene of the blaze. Dur- ing all this time the flames are burn- ing large areas of valuable timber, but with the use of the hydroaero- plane we shall be in a position to get men and equipment to the fire in a short time, thereby giving the men a good chance to extinguish same. The State of Wisconsin had the hydroaeroplane patrol for one year and the Commission of Conservation is so greatly taken up with the efficiency of such a patrol that it is the intention to establish a perman- ent aeroplane patrol throughout Wisconsin, now that the war is over. I may say that it is the opinion of our members that the hydroaeroplane is of great value for forest protection work and that it will be economical and satisfactory. Whether or not this will prove practical in our work, we are going right ahead with the establishment of the same for next spring. The Laurentide Co. has, in its for- est nurseries near Grandmere, Que., nearly 4,000,000 seedlings of differ- ent ages, to be used in planting opera- tions between 1919 and 1921. These will be supplemented by purchases from other nurseries, until the capa- city of the Grandmere nurseries can be ncreased to cover the entire planting programme of the company. The company's forester, Mr. EUwood Wilson, reports that the cost of planting, usually with 3-year-old seed- lings, is from $9 to $10 per acre. Canadian Forestrii Journal, December, 1918 1971 Some Excellent 'I'inifler on the Limits of the Adams' River Timber <:o. of British Columbia. The History of Familiar Trees By E. B. Luke,Montrcal. Where do trees and plants come from? What their history and habits of life? How are they produced, multiplied, and improved, for all fme fruits and flowers are artificial pro- ducts, subdued, and ameliorated from the wild state by the hand of man? You have doubtless heard of the giant Sequoia (the big tree of Cali- fornia), growing from 300 to 500 feet high and having diameters of from 20 to 60 feet, single trees of which are known to have lived for over 4000 years, with a possibility of nearly double that age. When one of these large trees in California fell not long ago, 4000 rings were counted. That tree was 40 centuries old. It was a strong, young tree when Abraham went into Eg^^pt. It saw the des- truction of Sodom and Gomorrah. It was nearly a thousand years old when David slew Goliath, and older when Christ was born, than the Christian religion is to-day, or the Junitor Oak in the forest of Fontainebleaut supposed to be 700 years old, or the olive trees in the Garden of Geth- semane at .Jerusalem at least 2000 years old, and which, according to traditions, were in existence at the time of Christ. All these, though, were mere infants compared to the Dragon trees of the Canary Islands, one of which we are told was 42 feet in diameter when the Spaniards landed in 1102 and when destroyed by a storm in 1851 was supposed to be over 8000 yeai:s old. By the Sivimmin Hole. Then there is another class of trees historically important, a class closely interwoven with our boyhood life and as dear to our hearts as the old home-stead. I refer to the old Elm or ]ierhaps it was a Hickory of Willow that marked and spread its protecting branches over the favorile swimming hole of the gang. What stories of boyish pranks and good times' it could tell ? Or the big 1972 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 Maple growing near the little dis- trict school into whose bark was cut the initials of all the boy celebrities of yours and previous generations. Time doesn't permit any extended reference to the luscious Bartlett Pears, Black Heart Cherries, Damson, Lombard, and Gage Plums, or the juicy pippins or huge pumpkin sweet apples that used to grow on the old homestead, and that somehow, not- withstanding that they tell us fruits are constantly inproving, we have never been able to taste the equal of since. Unfortunately, it is only within the last seventy-five or one hundred years, that any serious attempts have been made to trace back the manifold forms of tree and plant life to their obscure beginnings. Interesting as this subject is, I have only space to give you very briefly a few of the imperfect results thus far obtained in tracing back the thousands and thousands of species, (about 200,000, to be more exact), in the vegetable, plant, and tree kingdom, but let me emphasize that man has not discovered and cultivated in the last two thousand years a single species that can rival maize, rice, cereals, the potato, the date, the banana, and which date back three, four, five, and in some cases, six thousand years. Where the Fruit Trees Originated. Briefly the origin of the apple as far as it has been able to trace it back, is eastern Europe and Asia; the Peach, China; the Pear, Temperate Europe and Asia; the Apricot, China; the Quince, Persia; the Turnip, Western Siberia and Europe; the Watermelon, Africa; the Banana, South Asia; the Onion, Persia, Afghanistan and Pales- tine; the Cucumber, India; Barley, Western Temperate Asia ; Rice, India and Southern China; Wheat, the regions of the Euphrates; Potato, native of Peru, Chili, Mexico; Grapes, Western Siberia and Europe; Tea plant, native of China: These are all known to have been in cultivation upwards of four thousand years. The following very incomplete list is known to have been in cultivation for more than two thousand years: — Radish, Temperate Asia; Carrot, Eur- ope and Temperate Asia;Celery and Lettuce, Central and Southern Europe Northern Africa, Western Asia. Asparagus, Western Asia; the Cherry and Plum, Persia and. vicinity; Oats and Rye, Eastern Temperature, Eu- rope (says nothing about Scotch.) Among those that have been under cultivation for less than two thousand years, can be mentioned the Orange, a native of India and China. Parsnip, central and south- ern Europe; Spinach, Persia; Rasp- berry, Temperate Europe and Asia; Strawberry, Western Asia and eastern North America. Tobacco is a native of Central America. From the first it was detested by all Governments, Kings and Emperors prohibited its use. Cromwell sent his troops to ride down the growing crops. Chas. the Second imposed a penalty of 1600 pounds per acre and now comes along our own Government wdth its new taxes on our old friend and com- panion, yet I feel sure the herb of amiability will still flourish even as it has done since ancient times. The Origin of the Rose. The origin of the rose is lost in antiquit\. It is certain that they abounded in Palestine and that the Jews possessed great knowledge of their culture and held them in high esteem. The Egyptians grew Roses on the bank of the Nile and as early as the days of Homer, the Greeks had them in abundance. The Rom- ans delighted in the luxury of roses and used them in incredible quan- tities. Nero spent 30,000 pounds for a single rose bouquet. Then the rose found its way into Persia where love and honor awaited it. I do not imagine our Creator ever intended to endow the earth with perfect fruits, flowers or plants in the iDeginning, but rather to place with us an average lot of material to work on and to leave to the ingenuity of mankind the working out of his destiny in this as in all other respects, and man being superior to the beast Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 1973 of the fields and forest, set about improving his condition. He found that in the wild state every genus of tree consists of one or more species or strongly marked individual sorts. For instance, the wild cherry, the sour cherry, the mazzard cherry, etc. These species in their natural state exactly repro- duce themselves. That is, they come true from seed. This they have done for untold generations and will continue to do as long as they exist under natural conditions only. Cultivating New Species. On the other hand, suppose we gather the seed of one of these species and plant it in our gardens. \Ve shall hnd that the leaves and habit of growth of many of the seed- lings it produces do not entirely resemble the original species, while of course having some of its charac- teristics, and when they come into bearing there will also be a great diversity in the size, color, and flavor of the fruit. Each one that differs from the original type constitutes a new variety. Once in possession of a new variety — an artificial product — especially if it has marked dilTerences or shows improvement over the orig- inal, we have in our hands the best material for the improving process. Why do not varieties produce the same from seed? Why if we plant the stone of a Lombard Plum will it not always i)roduce a Lombard Plum, or if we plant the seed of the Fameuse apple will we not always get a Fameuse? It will be remem- bered that our garden varieties of fruits are not natural forms, they are the artificial products of our culture. They have two strong tendencies: one to improve, the other to return to the wild state. Between these two tendencies it will be generally seen how unlikely it is for the progeny of varieties to reappear in the same forms. In fact, if culture were aban- doned for a few years, cultivated varieties would disappear and return to their original forms. Canada's Tree Farm of 250 Million Acres {From Dominion's Royal Commission Report.) The forest resources of Canada undoubtedly form one of the most valuable assets af the Empire. The extent of the timber lands of the Dominion is so vast and so varied in character that no adequate survey of their area and commercial value has yet been undertaken. Estimates of the Forestry Branch of the De- partment of the Interior place the extent of land covered by timber in the Dominion at between five hun- dred million and six hundred miUion acres, or about a quarter of the land area of Canada. A large proportion of this, however, does not yield com- mercial timber. Estimates of the amount of merchantable timber vary greatly. The Minister of the De- partment of the Interior has given us a figure of 250,000,000 acres as the estimated area covered with trees which could be used for sawing into timber. In addition, there is land covered with timber which is valuable as prlpwood, and for other purposes. The main distribution of the com- mercial timber throughout the Do- minion has been estimated by the Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior to be as follows: — British Columbia 50,000,000 Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba 11,000,000 Ontario 70,000,000 Quebec :. 100,000,000 New Brunswick 9,000,000 Nova Scotia 5,000,000 In the north of Alberta there are very large areas covered with wood which is of no commercial value, except for local purposes such as firewood and fencing. The North- West Territories and the Yukon 1974 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 contain wood which can be used locally, but the forest areas there are regarded as having no commerical value.- Enormous tracts have been burnt repeatedly by forest fires, and a considerable pro])ortion of the most northerly part of the country consists of tundra. France's Profit from Forestry In France, in the last 60 years, 2,300,000 acres of absolute waste land of various descriptions were re- claimed by forest planting at a total cost of $15,000,000, These areas are now estimated to be worth $135,000,000 and furnish annual crops valued at $10,000,000. or in other words, yield 67% on the initial outlay. These examples of the profitableness of practical or, if you will, scientific forestry can be multiplied indefinitely wherever it has been carried on long enough. What does this scientific treatment that leads to such results consist in? First of all, in a difference of attitude, namely, in considering timber as a crop capable of reproduction, and not looking on the forest as a mine which is bound to be exhausted. Instead of allowing a lumberman to cut down and carry off all that is good and marketable, and leave the poorer materials and the slash to burn, or permitting a reproduction of the good, bad and indifferent species which nature unaided might chance to establish, the forester first of all ascertains in detail the character and composition of the forest property. He then makes a plan — -a working plan — in which it is determined how much of a felling budget may be taken properly and yet assure con- tinuous crops. He then proceeds to cut with a view to securing the new crop, first improving the com- position by removing or killing the weed trees to give better chance for the valuable species, and then cut- ting the old crop gradually, as the young crop needs more light. Or else, he may clear the entire stand and replant the area, a method under which 65% of the Prussian forests is managed. There are a number of other methods, each adapted to given conditions. B. E. F. Spinning Out the Tree Supply R. 0. Sweezey in "Financial Times." The Province of Quebec possesses three hundred million cords of s;.r- ce and balsam pulpwood in her standing forests, Ontario's forests are roughly estimated to contain two hundred million cords — facts that should impress the economist and to many no doubt it suggests the idea that our forests are inexhaustible. That the larger province of On- tario should possess so mich less than Quebec, naturally prompts enquiry and the reason is found to be FIRE, FAULTY LUMBERING AIETH- ODS and WANTON DESTRUC- TION of the forest at a tim.e when it had no particular value; Quebec suffering less because railroads did not reach into her hinterland to the same extent as in Ontario. But since spruce, about 25 years ago, became the all-important wood in the production of fibre for the manufac- turers of newsprint paper, the forests of Quebec and Ontario have acquired a monetar>^ value that is simj ly incalculable, especially considering the wonderful distribution of \\ater powers around which the gro\\ingl pulp and paper industry leads all others in creating and developing new urban communities. Viewing the rapidity with which this industry has grown in Quebec and Ontario and considering the vastness of the forests, still virgin and into Canadian Forcstri/ Journal, December^ 1918 1975 which yet gFeater expansion of the industry may be looked for, the thinking economist must surely ask how long the forests will resist the onslaught. And he may perhaps logically base an answer upon such a statement as contained at the begin- ning of this article: namely, that in Ontario and Quebec there are 500 million cords of standing pulpwood — an estimate that the writer has made after covering most of the forest areas of the two provinces. On such a basis these forests could be regarded as providing a perpetual supply of pui])wood at a rate sufl'i- cienL to operate all existing paper mills mills in Canada and the United States, r^ven at that the annual increment would be less than one per cent — a growth much below what is possible by scientific forestry. Forestry and Imperial Safety Bij M. C. Ducycsne, F. S. I., London. I have emphasized the connection between timber supplies and the safety of the Realm. I would re- mind you that with the comparatively small trade in the time of our ances- tors, there was then a good reserve of timber in Great Britain. Never- theless they fully appreciated the importance of ensuring Oak reserves for the British Navy and the safety of the Realm. With our enormously increased national turnover, is not the importance of creating re- serves here now extended to all the varieties of timber so important to our collieries and other national in- dustries? The safety of the Realm surely demands that forestry should be encouraged by every section of the community. Let me remind you of the scheme for national afforestation outlined in the Forestry Report. The benefits to be derived from a comprehensive scheme are too many to enumerate and their value is beyond estimation. What assessment could we place upon the safety of the Realm; the revival of rural life; robust country indus- tries; Imperial development? These things cannot be computed in money. And what of the cost of a scheme? Let me give you a single fact. The outbreak of war found us deficient in reserves of timber. We had to buy supplies from abroad, pay whatever price was asked for them, and were very fortunate to get them at all. During only the first two years of he war the enhanced cost of im- ported timber — over the pre-war price — was 37 millions pounds ster- ling. The figure represented by the increased cost of imported timber during this war will probably exceed the total cost of any scheme of afforestation. We hear of enormous siims freely advocated for the nationalization of public houses and other purpdses. Many of these problems can be solved by measures of reform on broad lines or by reasonable restric- tions imposed in the national in- terest. I hope that the limited funds available after the war will be utilized mainly for financing- remunerative schemes relating to the development of our own country and the Empire. PUBLIC FORESTS IN CANADA "The Globe," Toronto "A forest is not a thing that the average Canadian capitalist cares to tackle on any other basis than a complete sweep of the standing tim- ber. To provide the sort of forest that will yield an annual crop in perpetuity plans must be laid for periods far longer than the life of a single generation. That is why if we are to have forests in Canada of the sort that are to be found all over Europe they must be civic, jirovin- cial and national — controlled for the public benefit by public authorities." 1976 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 Air Fighters for Timber Guarding On the subject of aerial forest patrol the Montreal Star thus quotes Mr. George R. Sighthall, honorary secretary of the Canadian Division of the Aerial League of the British Empire: Among the best services these aviators will be able to render to their country will be forest ranging. The Dominion has such vast terri- tories of timbered lands that it is impossible at present properly to patrol even the fringes of them; and the fire losses of Canada run into millions upon millions of dollars. The forest rangers now go on horse- back or by canoe, taking days and weeks to travel from one point to another from which they can take a survey of the surrounding country, and then, owing to the illimitable territory, are only able to guess at the exact place where the fires are raging. Then it takes them days to get back and set in motion the fire fighting forces of the countryside. By the establishment of an aerial forest ranging service, aviators could cover hundreds of miles in a day, and with the knowledge of map read- ing and other sciences they are now learning overseas, would be able at once to locate the position of a fire and fly to the nearest habitation to send out the alarm, and save thous- ands of acres of timbered lands from destruction. Mr, Lighthall expressed the belief that by the establishment of such a service the fire losses of Canada would be better than cut in half, and the appalling destruction of the country's timber resources lim- ited. The amount of property that would be saved in one year by such a force would pay for the cost of such service many times over. Senator George E. Foster, chair- man of the Aerial Transit Commit- tee of the Aerial League also believes in the practicability of such service. He says: "Those of us who realize the im- mense value of the timbered area of Canada must appreciate the fact that the great destruction from fire of our forest reserves must cease if we are to provide pulp and paper for the world, as some of us dream. I am one of those who hope that the Government will see its way to assist in this development.. I am satis- fied that if we do not do so we will be blamed by that splendid band of Canadian heroes who will come back from France and Italy and other fronts, imbued with dreams of na- tional development, and who will blame us if we fail to take the pre- liminary steps necessary in order to gratify their ambitions." To Victory Loan Subscribers A letter to the Canadian Forestry Journal, by Talbot Lee, Toronto. You are now in partnership with the Dominion Government. As a Canadian citizen you have always been interested in the conserva- tion of Canada's national assets. Now more than ever it is your con- cern to see that these assets, one which your loan security is based, are not in any way depreciated. The forests of Canada, occupying in the main, areas unfit for agricul- tural development, form one of the most important components of our national wealth, the exported pro- ducts of which equal those of all other manufactured goods put to- gether. Negligence in the past, has con- signed to the flames two-thirds of Canada's original timber wealth. The most potent factor in prevent- ing a continuance of this disastrous state of affairs is to be found in the activities of the Canadian Forestry Association. Their power to extend these activ- IIow the tree enters into the aeroplane. Makinsj small sections of a hiplane at the Canadian Aeroplanes, Ltd., Toronto. (See special article in this issue). The picturesque "pointers." of the Canadian riverdriver What trees do for a citv. On the famous Drivewav at Ottawa llu- Kiik-au River at Ottawa. One of nianv lovelv vistas witliin the citv limits. Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 1977 ities is conditioned by the amount of support they receive from the general public. All those possessing any degree of public spirit are interested in main- taining unimpaired the sources of national prosperity and you have now an increased solicitude towards furthering that end. If you are already a member of the Canadian Forestry Associat on it is your duty and in your own interest to secure other members. If not already a member you should surely join without delay. A Forestry Mosaic of British Columbia The exhaustive investigation of the forest resources of British Columbia by the Commission of Conservation, extending over a period of three years, discloses the fact that of the total land area of the province, 355,855 sq. miles, approximately 200,- 000 sq.m. is incapable of producing forests of commercial value. About 145,000 sq. m. lie above the merchant- able timber-line, and on 55,000 sq. m. though below timber-line, the soil is either too rocky or wet, or the forests have been completely destroy- ed by fire that there is no hope for the natural re-establishment of forest conditions for centuries to come. A great forest area. Of the remaining 155,855 sq. m. which is capable of producing forests only about 28,000 sq. m. — less than one-fifth — carries sufficient timber to be classified as statutory timberland. (The Land Act defines "iimberland" as that, which when situated west of the Coast mountains, carries at least 8,000 b.f. per acre; when east of the Coast mountains, 5,000 b.f. per acre.) In the interior of the province there are areas of forest' land, aggre- gating 23,800 sq. m. which, though not reaching this standard, carry between 1,000 b.f. and 5,000 b.f., part of which may be utilized. Only very meagre data have been obtained, as yet, as to the area of land which can be used for agricultural purposes. It appears from our forest land classification that somewhat over 5,000 sq. m. is grass land or very open forest, some of which is suitable for cultivation, but the greater pro- portion is of value only for grazing. In addition, there is, perhaps, from 12,000 to 15,000 sq. m. cleared or under forest which is, or may be more valuable for agriculture than for forest production. Deducting this potential agricultural land, say 20,- 000 sq. m. from the land capable of producing commercial timber, there is 135,855 sq. m. of absolute forest land which should be devoted per- manently to forest production. The Record of Fire. The timber on about 100,000 sq. m., or two-thirds of the land once forested, has been totally destroyed by fire, and on over half of the remaining 55,8^5 sq. m. has been seriously damaged. Using the timber still standing as a basis, it is estimated that the province has lost, through forest fires, at least 665 billion feet board measure. When one considers that the total stand of saw material in the whole Dominion probably does not greatly exceed this amount now, the seriousness of this loss, which can be attributed very largely to public carelessness, becomes ap- parent. The total stand of saw timber and pulpwood material, in British Columbia, as ascertained by the sur- vey of the Commission of Conserva- tion, in 366 billion board feet. Of the species which are used in the manufacture of pulp and paper (hem- lock, balsam, spruce and cottonwood), there is 170 billion feet, equivalent to 243 million cords of pulpwood, which may be increased to 250 million cords by utilizing smaller- sized timber. In view of the fact that the limited supply of pulpwood 1978 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 is becoming a very serious matter in eastern North America, it is of inter- est to know that so considerable a supply may be obtained in British Columbia. The estimate of the forest resources of the province submitted in the rei)ort of the Commission of Con- servation is based on a much higher percentage of detailed timber cruises than any forest report of a similar nature heretofore issued. It is be- lieved, therefore, that the informa- tion will be valuable, not only to the governments, which control the for- est policy in the province, but also to timber owners and ftnancial inter- ests, on whom the development of industry so largely depends. The Fire Fiend's Work on Pacific Coast Statistics complied by the British Columbia Forest Branch of the De- partment of Lands and author- ized for publication recently, go to show that the 1918 Forest Fire season was noteworthy in -the latter part of June and the first week in July for the greater fire risk since 1910. What looked as if it would be a season of moderate risk was broken by three weeks of extremely hot and dry weather, and the major portion of the total damage resulting from forest fires occurred during this danger period. The- number of fires which were fought by the Depart ment at an expense number approx- imately 200 for the Province, the total number of fires being 900, Co-operation of Public. Efficacy of the fight car patrol ser- vice, inaugurated by the Department last year and expended this season, is emphasized by the number of "no-cost" as against "cost" fires. Added to this, the report acknowledg- ed liberal co-operation on the part of the general public on a far greater scale than hitherto. Promptitude in reporting incipient bush fires result- ed in the saving of a considerable expense to the Department. Total Losses- Total fire loss to the Forest Branch IS given as $34,726; total area burned over, 70,559 acres; total damage done (timber, stock range, logs, equipment, buildings, etc.), $143,153. Merchantable timber: area acres killed, 4,175; thousand board feet killed, 16,752; thousand board feet salvable, 9,1003^^; net stumpage loss, $10,060. Other forms of property: forest products cut, $43,080; buildings, $4,- 950: logging and railwav equipment, $75,000; miscellaneous," $300. Preparing for Next Year. Considerable expenditure was made during the fall on slash burning, notably in the Vancouver, Vernon and Cranbrook Fire Districts. Sev- eral thousand acres were burned over, which will materially lessen the fire hazard for 1919. During the year 140 miles of fire line were constructed; two new telephone lines installed for forest protection purposes and several new trails were cut with the same object, all of which are intended to increase the efficiency in handling forest fires. Forest rangers and patrolmen this season numbered 160, as against 183 for 1917. This smaller force had, however, an increased number of light cars allotted, and the general result was a greater mileage covered in less time; the vital factor in dealing with forest fires. +._. ,, „ ,, III. „.t. J The Forestry Journal will l)e I j sent to any address in Canada j ! for One Dollar a Year. f Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 1979 The Basis of Canada's Supremacy "Canada's supremacy as a paper- prodTcing counlry rests upon the possession of lar^e areas of pulpwood forests estimated, according to Gov- ernment statistics to cover about 350,000 square miles of territory, together with abundant water-powers. While this snpplv of wood is by no means inexhaustible — some authori- ties, in fact, predicting its complete exhaustion within a comparatively few years at the present rate of consumption — it is sufTicient to insure the reasonable prosperity of the industry for some time to come, and, with due regard to scientific cutting and reafforestation for future needs, which is just now beginning to receive attention, it can be made practically self-perpetuating. — F. J. Campbell, President, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association. Where the Forest Dollar Goes By the Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association, in Quebec Telegraph. "Last year, Ontario completely over-turned its old forest protection system, and now employs over 1000 rangers and has snent S500,000 on timber guarding since March last. New Brunswick last year built up an enlirelv new forest service at a cost of $100,000 a year. Nova Scotia is now considering the ap- pointment of a Provincial Forester to combat timber destruction. In all r arts of Canada, the public is rapidlv realizing that "timber- guard- ing" is j-.ist another name for steady crnjJovment, thriving towns, busy railwavs, a buovant Provincial treas- ury, an eager home market and an expanding export trade. Of e . ery dollar that comes out of a log. foir ^larts go for wages and supplies and the other part pays taxes and interest on the investment. The man who carelessly burns down $1,000 ..orth of timber is robbing his comm^.nity of $800 worth of wages and merchandise mirchases. Guard- ing the nation's timber from needless destrrction is, therefore, simply a matter of guarding the bird that lays the golden eggs. "If 0 ebec insists upon retaining and developing its great spruce for- ests d ring the next 25 years, it will hold the trump card in bidding for new industries. New wood us- ing factories must locate near the source of supplies. They cannot do otherwise and survive competition. The horoscope of Quebec province, therefore, shows up the standing for- ests as the great magnets to new population and new wealth. Some other provinces may boast gold, silver and copper mines of spectacular richness, but they en- dure only a brief time and once used up can never be replenished. A few forests of Quebec spruce are to be valued vastly more than silver fields, inasmuch as forests produce immediate wealth and can be so handled as to yield repeated har- vests of preciou timber for all time to come. "We often encounter the notion that the limit holder and the farmer are necessarily antagonistic in aim. This is foolishly untrue. The lum- ber or pulp mill use a tree crop gathered from land mostly unfit for farming. Nobody wants timber retained on good agriculturjM soils. All that any reasonable Canadian suggests, is that every acre should produce some form of wealth. Those acres of no value for agriculture are usually of supreme value for growing timber. Has any farmer a real quar- rel with the idea of retaining timber crops where plow crops cannot pros- per? That is "forest conservation" in a nutshell." 1980 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 Look to the Raw Materials ! By the Editor of the Montreal Financial Times. Practically half the Canadian pulp mills are situated in the province of Quebec. Goegraphically, the Prov- ince of Quebec is ideally situated in this respect. Quebec is much nearer the ultimate market for most pulpwood products than any other district containing an equal supply of the raw material. The rivers in Quebec, with possibly but one or two minor exceptions, flow to the south ward, and here again is Quebec's position unique, for it places her mills m direct connection with the heart of the timber lands. It has been stated that in no matter what part of the province timber is cut, it can be floated to market with ease. The war has done much to broaden the scope and value of this — Canada's premier industry — and to make her manufactured article known and favourably thought of the world over. It has been the means of bringing the Canadian product into direct competition with the product of the Scandinavian mills — and it has stood the test. The day is not far distant when the paper which is manufactured in Eastern Canada will create a new standard of quality for the world. But the industry must not be abused, particularly in sections of the country where it is now most strongly entrenched. The supply of wood can be made practically everlasting if each section of land is properly cleared and pre- cautions taken to ensure another crop in a given time. These pre- cautions have been the matter of much discussion and extensive study on the part of foresters and various means to bring about this end have been and are being tried out. In such times as the present when paper mills are operating at a high rate of capacity some such measures must needs be taken. When it is mentioned that within the past six or seven years the consumption of pulpwood in the St. Maurice Valley alone has increased nearly 250 p.c. this point can readily be appreciated. Much Constructive work Protective measures are necessary against man's most dreaded enemy- fire. In the St. Maurice Valley, with a watershed of 16,000 square miles, some 35 p.c. has been burned over, while about the same percentage has been lumbered, so that the balance of virgin forest is not large in proportion. Methods for saving the natural forest resources of the province, are, of course, continually being improved and this is a most satisfactory point to note from a national viewpoint. The importance of this work can- not be under-estimated and should receive every possible encouragement. It will ultimately make the Province of Quebec the greatest pulp and paper producing area of its size in the world, bringing into the country untold millions of dollars each year and assuring Quebec its "place in the Sun." ONTARIO'S FOREST REVENUE The important part the Crown timber lands of Ontario play in defraying the costs of civil govern- ment is indicated by the fact that during the last provincial year forest revenue was collected aggregating $1,695,703, a gain of $360,382 over the previous year, and including $115,327 collected from limit-holders as fire-ranging dues. Nearly one hundred million feet less pine lumber was cut than during the precedent year, labor shortage operating largely toward this diminishment, although the progressive depletion of the white pine forests is clearlv recognized. The total pulpwood "cut" for the province was 445,978 cords, of which approximately equal amounts were cut from settlers' lots and Crown timber areas. It is regarded as be- yond question that the pulp and paper interest will continue to expand and this development will materially aid in the redemption of Canada's war debt. Canadian Forestry JaurnaL December, 1918 L e a n c hio 1 Mountains, near Glacie Natural Highway, Rocky Mountains Park. 1982 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 New Brunswick to the Fore! And Why? Bij G. II. Prince, Provincial Forester. Go-ahead Policy of Practical Forest Manage- ment— Political Control of Rangers Outlawed. The present marked development in forest administration in New Brun- swick, may be traced largely to a Forestry Convention held m Fred- ericton just eleven years ago. At that important gathering of practical and scientific men, the many problems of Proper Utilization, fire protection and forest conservation were fully discussed and many far-reaching reso- lutions were presented to the Govern- ment. The most important and im- mediate result of the convention was the establishment of a four years' course in Forestry in the University of New Brunswick in the following year. _ In all, twenty-four foresters have since graduated from this university a small number, but well worth the effort when you consider the great part they have taken and are taking in the development of forest conserva- tion in Canada. Before attempting to state further what the Government has done, let us consider the progress of forestry with owners of granted forest land. One company owning over one and one-half million acres of forest land in New Brunswick early started the surve\'ing and cruising of their hmits. This forest survey, a task that took over five years, furnished the com- pany with accurate timber maps, timber estimates, reports on the con- ditions and growth of the timber, etc. This information has had much to do with shaping this company's policy in regard to the disposal of its timber towards an increased income and a perpetual supply. Quite ex- tensive surveys have also been made by two other large owners of private lands. Learning true Conditions The Government of New Bruns- wick, no doubt realizing, as the private companies have done, that the best results in the management of its greatest resource, the forest, could not be obtained without a full knowledge of that asset, passed the Act which provided for the Forest Survey and classification of the seven and one-half million acres of Crown Lands. This survey, commenced in 1916, has been continued as rapidly as possible, consistent with war con- ditions, and already nearly one-quar- ter of the total area has been surveyed and mapped, at a cost of approxi- mately four and one-half cents per acre. The objects of the survey as defined by the Act, are, briefly: First — ^To report with as much detail as possible upon the character and quantity of the lumber, estimating the quantity of timber and the repro- ductive capacity of the forest. Second — to estimate as accurately as possible the annual growth of timber upon each area or tract. Third — To report upon the access- ibility of the timber on each section estimating cost of logging on the different areas and cost of driving. Fourth — ^To report the location of lands deemed suitable for agri- culture, distinguishing them from other lands that might be regarded as suitable for the growth of timber only. In order to obtain the above information the most modern and scientific methods of -timber estimat- ing and mapping have been employed, and this survey is said to be the most extensive of any survey of its kind in regards to area in North America. \V7]fl/ the Survey Does Of what use is the Forest Survey to New Brunswick. Briefly: (1) It will give definite informa- Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 1983 lion of the quantity, quality and value of the timber on any area, from which the stumpage vakie may l)e determined. It will show the quantity and quality of species now of little commercial importance be- cause of lack of market demand, and possibly it may show that these species can be marketed profitably, or where quantity justifies it, to induce indus- tries utilizing these inferior species to operate within the province, thus profitably utilizing material which is at present going to w^aste. (2) The estimate of the annual growth will determine whether or not the annual cut can be increased, or whether to perpetuate the industry restrictions should be placed on cer- tain species to regulate the cut. (3) The information on soils will permit of directing agricultural settle- ment to districts offering the greatest prospect of success, thus protecting \ both the future settler and the licensee. Value in Fire Prevention. (4) In what way will this Forest Survey beneilt Forest Fire Protec- tion in New Brunswick? First of all we have an excellent base plan from which to build our Poorest Protection plan. Our map will show all passable portages, all old portages, and trails, all roads pass- able for wagons, and all roads passable for automobiles: it will show all telephone lines, all canoeable streams, all camps, the location of all green timber, burned areas, bad slashes, and dangerous points, possible look- out stations, area visible from them, prssible observation points and areas visible from them. From the network of portages and canoeable streams we can plan an elTicient system of control; we can see clearly where the tool caches are most needed, where look-outs will be most beneficial. When fires do occur it will show the Forest Ranger where the heavier timber is, and whether the fire is being blown towards timber, a swamp, a heavy slash, and many of the things he needs to know at once. The plans will also show the areas of most danger, where the most of the recent burns have occurred, etc. Our Chiefs of Party are instructed to collect all local kno\\ ledge available regarding all matters of fire protection and to prepare a plan of patrol wheth- er by auto, saddle horse, canoe or by foot as the case may be, showing the location of possii)le lookout towers, observation posts, tool caches, where fire permits will be necessary to pro- tect the timber from settlers clearing fires, and where the public opinion is so far advanced as to give excellent fire protection at the present time without further development. Our reports will show where debris has accumulated near public highways, railroads and settlements, which should be burned in order to avoid a great fire risk to even human life as well as property. You will see from this that the Forest map of New Brunswick will undoubtedly be of greatest value in planning a compre- hensive and efficient fire protection system. Mapping by Aeroplane. The great development in the use of the so-called "flying machine" during the last four years gives rise to the expectation that most of our forest fire patrol work will eventually be done by this method, and further it is not unreasonable to expect that before our survey is completed many of our rivers and lakes will be mapped by the highly developed aerial photo- graphy. The figures already compiled ])y the Forest Survey have shown an enormous loss to the Province of New^ Brunswick by forest fires. This startUng fact, together with the act- ive influence of the Canadian Forestry Association and the Commission of Conservation, resulted in the passing of the new Forest Fires law which was designed to assist in preventing the recurrence of so great a national disaster. The Fire Permit system of regu- lating settlers burning slash as pro- vided under the new fire law^ is re- cognized as one of the most impor- tant advances in Forest Protection and although this law was in force for only a short time during the past 1984 Canadian Forestrij Journal, December, 1918 fire season it has given excellent results. Cutting out Politics. The Government early recognized that without a permanent, properly disciplined and efficient field staff of Forest Rangers, unhampered by the influence of politics, very little could be accomplished by way of fire protection and forest conservation, consequently the 1918 Forest Act was passed, providing for a Forestry Advisory Commission of five mem- bers, consisting of the Minister of Lands and Mines, Deputy Minister, Provincial Forester and two others, — one elected by the Crown Land licensees and one chosen by the ^Iinister to represent the granted forest land owners. This Advisory Board has the power to make all permanent appointments and to sup- ervise all matters in relation to the Forest Act. This Advisory Board has had several meetings and the results obtained have shown the wisdom of its creation. The practical contribu- tions to the deliberations of this Board by the two representatives of the lumbermen of the Province has been invaluable. Among the Board's first duties was the appointing of an exam- ining committee to carry out the Act in relation to the appointment of rangers by competitive examination on a merit basis. The rangers' duties include forest fire protection, scaling of the logs cut from Crown Lands, and the protection of game. The Board of Examiners was made up of three members, the Provincial Forester as Chairman, an expert scaler and a practical woodsman and lumberman. The examination con- sisted of a written test on Forest Ranging, Fore Protection, Game Pro- tection and Scaling, an oral test, and, most important, an actual scale of a large number of logs by the applicant. The examination was modeled after the U. S. Forest Service Examination through the kindness of the U. S. Civil Service Commissioners. It is very interesting to note that of the 151 men examined only 76 qualified. The large number that failed to qualify was due to the fact that many men lacked sufficient experience as scalers. The Govern- ment is entitled to great credit in view of the fact that the appointment of the Forest Rangers and Inspec- tors has been practically com- pleted from the pass lists on a merit l3asis, irrespective of any political influence or patronage. Through the continued co-opera- tion of the New Brunswick Govern- ment with the Railway Commission of Canada, the work of fire protection along railway right of ways was continued with beneficial results, and it is worthy to note that it was the first year that systematic inspec- tion of the fire protective appliances on locomotives was carried out by the Provincial Inspectors in New Brunswick. Fewer Railway Fires. The co-operation between the New Brunswick Government and the Can- adian Government Railways in regard to fire prevention has been consid- erably extended. The concession of the General Manager of this Railway to the New Brunswick Government's inspectors to examine their locomo- tives for fire protective appliances, the appointing by the railway of an ex-locomotive engineer to devote his whole time to locomotive inspec- tion in New Brunswick, and the issuing of a circular by the General Manager to all employees of the C. G.R., outlining their duties in regard to forest fires long practically the same lines as railways do under the Railway Commission, resulted in con- siderable improvement in. the fire situation; nevertheless it is felt that much better results can be obtained if the Canadian Government Rail- ways were placed under the juris- diction of the Railway Commission of Canada. Considerable improve- ment in fire protection along private railways in New Brunswick has been secured by close inspection and con- siderable pressure brought to bear on their managers — one railroad was forbidden to operate trains until engines were properly equipped and fire patrol established. Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 1985 The necessity of this work and its great importance will be seen when it is stated that a very large percentage of the locomotives examined had serious defects in their fire protective appliances, which were immediately remedied at the request of our Inspec- tor. The seriousness of the forest fire hazard along railroads is easily realized when it is stated that over 788 fires occurring from the smoke- stacks and ashpans of locomotives, operating through the forests were extinguished bv our patrolmen during 1918. Public Sentiment Improved Considerable improvement in gen- eral fire protection throughout the province and greater interest by the public has been noted, due to a con- siderable extent to the educative propaganda recently adopted. Over 15,000 attractive and warning posters were placed throughout the Province. The Press was used to a large extent. Through co-operation with the Board of Education, circulars on fire pro- tection were read in 1500 country schools by the teachers, and the children urged to be careful with fire in the woods. Five hundred (500) fire protection posters were placed in railway smoking cars through the permission of the railroads. One thousand circulars on slash burning were distributed. Over 100 various interesting slides on fire protection were distributed and shown in many of the forty motion picture houses in the Province. Envelopes for all correspondence carried fire protection data during the fire season; several thousand pocket whetstones carrying fire protection information were dis- tributed to woodsmen, hunters and fishermen; a course of ten lectures on the Crown Lands was given to the Provincial Normal School students last year, and it is considered that this brought beneficial results, and it is probably that the course will be continued; 1000 copies of the Fire Act were distributed, — the whole tending to create a healthy sentiment regard- ing the importance of fire protection. The need of all this publicity is fully justified when the following sum- mary of the fires reported is consid- ered. The above tabulations show that over 80 per cent, of the damage done was caused by the carelessness of fishermen, campers, hunters and smokers neglecting their camp fires or throwing away burning matches, and by the railroads through defects in the fire protective appliances on their locomotives. It is therefore absolutely essential that carefulness with fire, and a proper appreciation of this our greatest national resource, should be so im- pressed on the minds of our citizens, especially those whose business or pleasure takes them within the forests, that in the near future the neglected camp fire will become unknown, and forest fires will no longer destroy the people's heritage. Railway fires: 788 of which 759 were on Governmentrowned roads. Total damage $2606. Area burned 637 acres. No. of Kstimated Acreage fires damage burned Fishermen, hunt- ers, campers, picnic parties, neglecting camp fires. 29 $55817 17874 Settlers burning slash 15 8950 18t Industrial opera- tions 5 2743 62 Unknown causes 10 2150 318 Incendiary 3 4 Grand Total 850 $72266 19080 WIRELESS FOR FOREST FIRES. Dunwoody Institute, Minneapolis, on October 13th, volunteered the use of its wireless plant in maintaining communication with Duluth, should other sources be broken by the forest fires. Dimwoody has the only au- thorized radio plant in the state, except the Government station at Duluth. It has been able to main- tain the station only through the fact that naval operators have been trained at the institute. 1986 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 Nova Scotia Getting Ready! Campaign for Provincial Forester Strength- ened by Recent Conference at Halifax. A public conference on Nova Sco- tia's forest problems and the need of a Provincial Forester was held at the Parliament Buildings, Halifax, on December 10th under the auspices of the Canadian Forestry Association. There were present about forty re- presentatives of various provincial interests, including the Dominion Coal Company, the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company, the Davison Lumber and Manufacturing Com- pany, S. H. Dunfield and Company, the Fraser Companies Limited, the Dominion Atlantic Railway, Mr. Mc- Keen, Mr. Musgrave, S. M. Brook- field, Dr. Howard Murray, President of Dalhousie University, Prof. Blair, F. C. Whitman, and many others delegated by lumber companies, or concerned as private citizens. There were also present Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Chief Forester of the Commission of Conservation, Mr. EUwood Wilson, Chief Forester of the Laurentide Company, Mr. G. H. Prince, Chief P'orester of New Brunswick, and Mr. Robson Black, Secretary of the Can- adian Forestry Association. Mr. Whitman acted as Chairman of the meeting and both sessions were favor- ed by the presence and active parti- cipation of Hon. O. T. Daniels, Attorney General and Commissioner of Lands. The Financial Question. The immediate consequence of the meeting was that Mr. Whitman was asked to select a committee so as to further the objects of the meeting and place before the Provincial Gov- ernment a concrete proposal express- mg not only the reasons for the appointment of a Provincial Forester but outlining a plan whereby the financial cost of such a new office could be met. Various speakers gave the meeting I heir opinions as to the precarious state of Nova Scotia's timber supply. For example, Mr. J. W. Revere, buyer of pit props for the Dominion Coal Company, during the past 25 j years, and Mr. A. M. Seeley, acting in a similar capacity for the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company, gave a detailed and, at the same time, alarming resume of the difficulties besetting the coal companies in se- curing timbers within reasonable dis- tances of the mines. Lumber buyers, as Mr. Musgrave and Mr. McKeen, declared that difficulties were now almost insurmountable in obtaining the sizes called for in orders. Other speakers, drawing upon practical ex- perience in wood using industries, strongly advocated the appointment of a Provincial Forester and an or- ganized fight against timber waste through fire and unwise cutting. Emphasis was given to the service that a Provincial officer could render to the small woodlot owners. Hon. Mr. DanieVs Reply. After hearing the views of the conference, Hon. Mr. Daniels, spoke of the comprehensive nature of the present Nova Scotia Forest Fires Act and declared that the appoint- ment of rangers had been kept entirely free from political influence. He did not directly question the value of a Provincial Forester but said that such an appointment depended upon the Government's ability to pay the upkeep of a new office. With an annual deficit and all avenues of taxation occupied, he did not see how the Treasury was to pay the pro- posed Provincial Forester. Mr. Dan- iels made it plain that he welcomed the propaganda to arouse public sentiment to the need of forest con- servation. Discussing the working of the present system of County fire war- dens, the Attorney-General remarked that the forest fire loss in 1918 Canadian Foresliij Journal, December, 19 IS 1987 FAIRBANKS - MORSE FIRE FIGHTING ENGINES These compact powerful little pumping outfits have repeatedly substantiated our claims during the past year, all over Canada. They can be readily transported wherever man or pack horse can go. Governments and Private Owners of Forests everywhere, can materially reduce their fire losses by the use of these outfits. Full information and prices on request. THE CANADIAN FAIRBANKS -MORSE CO., Limited MONTREAL - OTTAWA ST. JOHN, QUEBEC, TORONTO, HAMILTON, WINDSOR. WINNIPEG. SASKATOON. CALGARY, VANCOUVER, VICTORIA. CANADA'S > DEPARTMENTAL/ k HOUSE FOR m 1988 Canadian Forestiij Journal, Ddcember, 1918 amounted to 392,975, of which S60,- 545 was due to Government railway fires; $3,750 was spent on fire fighting and 57,558 acres were burned over. The meeting gathered from the remarks of Hoii. Air. Daniels that if the special committee of the confer- ence could suggest a plan whereby the salary and expenses of the Pro- vincial Forester could be paid, the co-operation of the Government could be counted upon to give effect to this new branch of administration. Nova Scotia's Real Task. Mr. Whitman, in opening the meeting, reviewed the excellent spade work' done by the Western Nova Scotia Lumebrmen's Association in developing the present Fire Act and securing the appointment of County Wardens. On the forest lands where fifteen years ago an export trade of 150 million feet a year w^as built, very little mature timber was now growing. Taking Western Nova Scotia as a whole, the task had become one of growing timber before operations could be resumed. Coincident with the decline of timber production on the non-agricultural areas of the province there had been a marked increase in the price of lumber, therein doubly emphasizing Nova Scotia's loss. The increase in value of timber was so great that investors were now buying cut-over lands to hold for speculative profit. One man in the Annapolis Valley held 155,000 acres, said Mr. Whitman. The Chairman gave an outline of the dependence of numerous Nova Scotia towns upon contiguous timber areas inasmuch as they had very little agricultural land from which to draw sustenance. He then des- cribed the Provincial Forester's possi- bilities of service to practically every commercial activity. Not only could he supervise and direct the fire patrol work of the county rangers but he could work up fire prevention senti- ment through education. For the latter highly important duty in forest protection. Nova Scotia now had almost no provision. The Forester could also advise the Government in the most efficient handling of the remaining Crown Lands and would be at the service of all limit holders and woodlot owners in improving the productiveness of their holdings. Mr. Robson Black, Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association reviewed the efforts of the Associa- tion to awaken public sentiment on the need for a forward Provincial policy in timber conservation. Hun- dreds of private citizens, lumber companies, coal companies, ship- builders, etc. ,had addressed appeals to the Government to appoint a Forester and give him adequate support. Ten public meetings had been held in October by the Associa- tion. Many Boards of Trade had considered the question and notified the Government of their favorable opinion. Mr. S. M. Brookfield, a well- known builder, expressed the belief that enough time had elapsed already without meeting the timber situa- tion squarely. He was strongly in favor of the immediate appoint- ment of a Forester. Dr. Howard Murray, President of Dalhousie University, added his support to the objects of the conferen- ence. Mr. G. H. Prince, Chief Forester of New Brunswick, who was invited to be present, gave a comprehensive description of the excellent work accomplished by the new Forest Service organized last year. He stressed particularly the value of the Forest Survey in order to give the Government an intelligent working plan for fire protection, timber sales, and land settlement. Ranger ap- pointments had been held strictly free from political influence by a Forestry Advisory Board. Mr. Prince placed great importance upon the proper organization of the fire protection service and the use of educational means for prevention of loss. Mr. FUwood Wilson, Chief For- ester of the Laurentide Company, told of the world-wide and rapidly growing interest in proper forest management. Forest protection had now become a specialist's job, de- manding the keenest standards of Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 1989 I efficiency in personnel and organi- zation. The old days of unsystem- atic patrol were now intolerable. As the tabulating of timber los- ses became more and more accur- ate, people were beginning to see the money-saving qualities of tim- ber guarding. Mr. Wilson showed that Nova Scotia offered a relatively easy proposition in fire protection, but that fact did not release the Pro- vince from its responsibility for adopt- ing the only adequate protective scheme that experience had yet un- covered. The Coal Companies' Side Mr. J. W. Revere, of the Dominion Coal Company, gave many facts concerning the troubles of the coal companies in getting a pit prop supplv. The present output of 3,- 500,000 tons required 1,200,000 pieces of pit props annually. Mr. A. M. Seele^', of the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company strongly reinforced Mr. Revere's warning. Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Chief Forester of the Commission of Conservation, said that if the non-agricultural lands of Nova Scotia were not now growing timber, the wealth producing possi- oilities of the province were greatly reduced. The chief problem facing the province was to grow a new crop on its forest areas. The manage- ment of timber resources could not be left to chance. All other pro- vinces owning forest properties found a carefully organized Forest Service essential; the need was no less in Nova Scotia. Fire protection would have to be organized if a new growth was to come up. While recognizing the fin- ancial limitations of the Provincial Treasury and the marked difference between New Brunswick with hand- some Crown Lands revenues and Nova Scotia with very meagre Crown Lands income, Mr. Leavitt did not see how the latter province could pro- fitably postpone remedial action when every provincial activity was suffer- ing and was bound to suffer more from neglect of a basic resource. Mr. Leavitt summoned many convincing arguments for the engaging of a Provincial Forester and mentioned the especially valuable consequences of co-oj ^''^tion of such an officer with the Board of Railway Commis- sioners in lessening failway fires. A Ground Plan Now Ready. Mr. Whitman brought out the point that Nova Scotia, like New Brunswick, has a Forest Survey (made by Dr. Fernow and party m 1909-10) which would be a ground plan for the Provincial Forester's organization. Mr. McL. Robertson, representing the Davison Lumber and Manufac- turing Company, spoke strongly in favor of having a Forester who could organize fire protection and assist all woodland owners in increasing the production of timber. A vote of thanks was passed to Hon. Mr. Daniels for his courtesies to the Conference. It is essential to point out that the campaigns hitherto carried on by the Canadian Forestry Association to promote pubhc interest in protection of Nova Scotia's forests will be con- tinued even more vigorously than before. The main effort is now to band together all lumbermen, pulp mill owners, shipbuilders, fishing com- panies, coal mine operators, and others with a direct or indirect interest in local timber supplies to supply an answer to the Government's query: "Where will the revenues come from for the support of a Provincial For- ester?" Not only must this point be ans- wered, but the influence of the Special Committee will be so brought to bear upon the members of the legislature and the cabinet as to make further postponement of action inexpedient. 4. The Forestry Journal will be sent to any address in Canada for One Dollar a Year. 1990 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 Airplanes Directed by Wireless Phone Squadronsof American airplanes fight- ing in France up to the moment of the armistice were manoeuvering under the vocal orders of the squadron commander that reached each pilot by radio telephone. News of the successful develop- ment of this device, hitherto a mili- tary secret, though some inkling of it had reached the Germans just before hostilities ceased, is now allowed to become public by John D. Ryan, U. S. director of aircraft production. "There are some details concerning it which we cannot discuss yet," Mr. Ryan said, "but the radio devices worked out during months of experi- ment went into actual service some weeks ago. I have myself, standing on the ground, given orders to a squadron flying in the air and watched tnem manoeuver accordingly. The PIT TIMBER IN N. S. The coal mines of Nova Scotia furnish a constant market for mine timbers, utilizing an average of twen- ty-two miUion feet yearly. These include pit props of spruce or fir five feet long and five inches at the small end. The average price for these is about one and one-quarter cents per foot. Pit ties from four to five feet long and from four to six inches in diameter fetch from five and one half to twelve cents each. Railway ties of hemlock, six by seven inches and eight feet long bring fifty-five cents each. Booms of black spruce from eleven to seventeen feet long with an eight inch top fetch from sixty cents to ninety-four cents each. Wood is used in mines in preference to other material because it will give way slowly when subjected to great weight, gradually splintering and cracking, giving the miners warning and a chance to get away. Wood decays rapidly in mines owing to the damp conditions, so it must be re- placed often. The chief sources of supply in Nova Scotia are Cumber- land, Colchester, the Cape Breton Counties, Guysboro and Antigonish. transmission of the voice is clear enough to be heard distinctly through the sound of the airplane motor. It is in every way the most satisfactory means of communicating between planes in the air and from the ground to planes." Mr. Ryan said he could not dis- cuss the distances over which the radio telephone has worked, but it is known to be a matter of some miles. W. C. Potter, of the equipment div- ision of the bureau, explained that the idea of the radio telephone was con ceived some time ago by a number of experimenters. "For some months it has been pos- sible in our offices in Washington to hear the airplanes flying miles over the city," he said, "talking to each other and to the ground as they worked out and perfected the device.*" MARITIME BARREL SUPPLY In the western part of Nova Scotia and in all the fishing centres there is an increasing demand for barrel hoops, staves and headings and there the question of an adequate supply of cooperage material is of equal im- portance to that of fuel. Such mat- erial that formerly came from the waste stock of the large saw mills has lately been very much curtailed and in future more dependence must be placed on direct production and manufacture where the wood is grown. Accessibility is a prime factor in this industry and consequently a suffici- ent supply of cooperage material depends largely on the quantity the farmers can furnish. The practise of a yearly cut of hoop poles is recommended, with the object of getting regular crops. This prac- tise also allows the smaller trees to grow to a proper hoop size and pre- vents overgrowth that is unsuitable for cooperage and yet of little value as fuel. — From "The Farm Woodlot in Nova Scotia.'' Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 An Improved Forestry Journal. 1991 The January issue of the Canadian Forestry Journal will take a step forward. Henceforth the Journal will be printed on the finest grade of coated paper, which will bring out in their full values all illustrations and at the same time will render the text more readable. The pages will be slightly larger and a feature will be made of inter- esting pictures. The quality of contents, too, will be given special attention. The Jan- uary issue will be headed by a special article written by Sir George E. Foster on "'Forest Conservation and Canada's Trade Abroad." "What the Canadian Tree gave to the War." is a unique story in which every reader will be much interested. Itirecounts the unsuspected service offthe Canadian forest in making the Allied victory possible. Mr. Gilford Pinchot, former Chief Forester of the United States, has written an inspiring message to Cana- dians identifying Forestry as one of the great planks in national read- justment. Westerners will find special interest in two special articles telling of the remarkable service of forest protection in irrigating British Columbia's fruit- growing valleys, and the good work done at the Saskatoon forest nursery of the Dominion Forestry Branch. Hon. E. A. Smith, Minister of Lands of New Brunswick has written a strong message on "The State's Responsibility in Forest Manage- ment." Mr. Ellwood Wilson, Chief Forest- er of the Laurentide Company con- tributes a timely and stimulating discussion of "Forestry and Recon- struction." Each month's issue hereafter will contain a special article telling how the tree is "fabricated" into such products as matches, alcohol, etc., with plenty of good illustrations. The Forestry Journal during 1919 will prove a considerably more expensive product to the Associa- tion than previously, but the great growth of membership amply justi- fies the move. Lumbermen Co-operate for World Trade Co-operation to the fullest possible extent, confidence in themselves and in the future of industry were the keynotes expressed at the executive meeting of the Canadian Lumber- men's Association held at Montreal on November 26th. The meeting was was one of the most largely attended, ever held by the directors of this organization. W. G. Powers, presi- dent, was able to enthuse the direc- tors with his own courage and opti- mism and as a result of the meeting the Canadian Lumbermen's Associa- tion and affiliated organizations are going out to capture a larger share of the world's business. By coincidence the Eastern Spruce Manufacturers' Association met in Montreal on the same date and on invitation of the Lumbermen's Asso- ciation the spruce dealers attended the gathering and discussed their common problems together. As a result of this conference thirty mem- bers of the Spruce association from Maritime provinces joined the Cana- dian Lumbermen's Association. The directors of the association decided to hold their next annual meeting at St. John, N.B. Many questions were discussed at the gathering in- cluding such matters as domestic con- sumption of lumber, trade with the 1992 Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1918 United States and with devastated countries of Europe, transportation matters, embargoes, labor, etc. Res- olutions were passed urging the nec- essity of immediate co-operation between the Canadian Lumbermen's Association and other organizations having to do with forest products, the provincial governments and thteir forestry departments and the Federal Government. It is was felt that the present situation as well as future development of industry required the closest possible co-operation between all interested parties. The resolutions ask not only for Federal and provincial assistance of a financial nature, but also in the matter of organization and moral support. The plan is to have one representative in a European country instead of half a dozen or more representing separate provinces or separate branches of industry. In the opinion of the association direc- tors, lumber for reconstruction pur- poses ranl