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TORONTO
LIBRARY

TORONTO
M4W 2G8

"*rACTDr»Dr»l ITA M

THE

CANADIAN

HORTICULTURIST.

PUBLISHED BY

THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
OF ONTARIO.

VOLUME VI

D. W. BEADLE, Editor,

ST. CATHARINES, ONTARIO.

COPP, CLARK & CO.

PRINTERS, 67 & 69 COLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

1883.

i-

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ll(on^

THE

VOL. YI.]

JANUARY, 1883.

[No. 1.

THE HAE^SELL EASPBERRT.

The coloured illustration which
■. loriis tliis tirst number of the new
yciir has been presented to our readers
by Mr. J. T. Lovett, who is the intro-
ducer of this new fruit. It is quite
impossible for the Editor to give any
information concerning this new as-
pirant for public favour from personal
acquaintance with the plants or the
fruit, not yet having seen either. The
following .history and description is
gathered from what Mr. Lovett pub-
lishes concerning this raspberry :

Its History. — About eight years
ago it was noticed growing among
weeds and grass in a very unfavorable
spot, where a raspberry not possessed
of great constitutional vigor would have
perished. After having been eaten down
by a cow and barely escaped being dug
\x\) when the ground was cleared of
rubbish, a branch struggled up into
< lay light sufficiently to bear fruit, which
was so fine as to attract tlie attention
of the owner, the late J. S. Hansel 1,
who was an eminently successful fruit
grower. He removed the plant to a
moi-e favorable location, and here its
performance was so exceedingly fine
that he set about increasing his stock
of it as rapidly as possible, so that at

the time of his death he had ten acres
of it growing.

Description. — It ripens very early,
full}'^ ten days in advance of the Brandy-
wine growing beside it with the same
treatment. It also invariably ripens
its entire crop in a short space of time,
about three weeks, and is wholly gone
when the Cuthbert is at its height.
The beriy is medium to large, averagirig
larger than Brandywine and nearly sis
large as Cuthbert ; the color is of the
brightest crimson, and the firmness
equalling that best of all shipping red
raspberries, Brandywine. The quality
is best^ being notably rich and refresh-
ing, and the odor delightfully agreeable.
The canes are vigorous, productive and
entirely hardy, having never been in-
jured either by the heat of summer or
cold of winter, and is believed by Mr.
Lovett to be as hardy as the iron-clad
Turner. It has been ft-uited on a liberal
scale on the Hansell place and sent to
market, commanding a high price on
account of its earliness and quality, and
proved to be pecuniarily so profitable
that with the sole object of fruit in
view, the owner has extended his plan-
tation of it to its present extent of more
than ten acres. Such is Mr. Lovett's

THE CA.NADIAN HORTrCULTCRlST.

high appreciation of this berry that he
conchides his account of it by saying,
that " the Hansell is the most desirable
and valuable raspberry in existence."

This is certainly very high praise
indeed from one who is well acquainted
with the Cuthbert, which has been
winning golden opinions from all culti-
vators of the raspberry, and rapidly
taking the front rank as the best and
most valuable red raspberry for market
purposes. The ground, however, of the
high posilion which he assigns to the
Hansell is, that while possessing excel-
lence of flavor and firmness to endure
handling, it ripens so much earlier that
it leads the market in price, and thus
secures to the grower a larger pecu-
niary return than can be obtained
from the excellent but later ripening
Cuthbert.

However, plants of the Hansell are
now in the market, and our growers of
small fruits will not be slow to test its
adaptation to the climate of Ontario.
In a very short time its merits will
have been put to the test in a very
different climate from that of New
Jersey and under conditions very dif-
ferent from those of the place of its
origin. If it maintains the character
given it by Mr. Lovett, our readers
will have reason to thank him for in-
troducing it to their attention.

Winter Radishes. — Winter Rad-
ishes should be sown during August.
The California Mammoth White Winter
Radish is the best variety. It is of good,
mild flavor, and may be kept in good
condition all winter in a cool cellar, if
covered with sand. As with all Rad-
ishes, quality depends largely upon quick
growth. — American Garden.

SOME OF THE NEW FRUITS.

Mr. R. H. Haines, of Moorestown,
New Jersey, writing to the National
Farmer about some of the fruits of
comparatively recent introduction, says
of the Jefferson Grape that it pleases
him the most in the line of new red
grapes ; that it is fine-looking, large, of
a pleasant flavor, and of a certain crisp-
ness of berry and distinctness of taste
that makes it a pleasure to eat it ; and
that it ripens late enough to admit of
its being kept in fine condition until
January or February.

The Yergennes, he says, is also a
fine red grape, hardy of vine, and ripen-
ing much earlier than the Jefiferson.

Brunton's Early Blackberry is
mentioned as attracting considerable
attention, because it is one of the very
earliest of the blackberries, ripening
considerably in advance of Wilson's
Early, and is proving very profitable
in some sections on account of its ear-
liness. The Early Harvest Black-
berry is also becoming a favorite for
earliness ; but the Texas Red Hybrid,
he thinks, is attracting more notice
than all the others on account of the
novelty of its color, it being a red
blackberry and of fine eating qualities,
and the berry being more nearly free
from large seeds than any known black-
berry ; while the plants are estimated
to yield nearly one- half more fruit than
those of other blackberries. His plants
have made a vigorous and healthy
growth, and the fruit ripens so mnch
earlier than the Wilson's Early that he
thinks it may prove quite profitable in
market if the plants are set out in suffi-
cient quantity.

The Champion Quince ripens very
late, yet most persons, he says, will
consider this an advantage, because it
will not come in competition with the
Orange Quince, and will keep until
January and February. It is very large
and showy and of excellent quality for

TitE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

cooking, while the trees are often loaded
down with fruit when only two or three
years planted, while other sorts of the
same age have not a single specimen.

The Kieffer's Hybrid Pear, he
adds, is a greater favorite than ever,
now that people are learning that the
trees are blight-proof, and that its large
and high-colored fruit sells at such
handsome prices.

We note on this point of being
blight-proof that Mr. Thomas Meehan
says that instances have occurred where
the tree has suffered severely from the
genuine fire-blight, so that it is hardly
safe to say that the trees are wholly
proof against the fire-blight, though
they may be less subject to this sore
malady of the pear than many other
varieties. If it shall prove to be no
more subject to this disease than the
well-known Seckel, Duchess d'Angou-
leme, or Doctor Reeder, it will be an
acquisition in this particular. It is no
doubt a fact that large orchards of this
pear have been planted, and that some
of them are coming into bearing, and
that the fruit canning establishments
eagerly buy up this fruit for canning
purposes, because of its handsome ap-
pearance when canned and its peculiar
Quince like flavor.

Mr. Charles Downing, the well-
known American pomologist, met with
a serious accident on the 9tli of No-
vember last in the Oity of New York,
by which two of his ribs were broken.
He is eighty-one years old, and it is
feared that ]iermanent ill effects may
result, though hopes are entertained
that it will not prove fatal. Every
reader of these pages, will, we are con-
fident, feel as though a much esteemed
pei-sonal friend had been prostrated by
this accident, amj will sympathize
deeply with this vetei*an worker in the
field of pomology who has done so much
for our favourite science.

SPECIAL FERTILIZERS FOR MELONS.

Dr. Sturtevant says that in growing
melons, it seems well to add a handful
of sulphate of potash, or several hand-
fuls of wood ashes, to each hill. The
effect seems to improve greatly the
quality of the fruit grown, and if his
experience is sufficient to generalize
from, he would say that the addition of
potash in excess to the soil upon which
the melon is grown will add an excel-
lent quality to the fruit.

PEACHES FOR MARKET.

Mr. P. M. Augur writes to the
Rural New Yorker that he has been
visiting the Delaware Peach Orchards,
and mentions trees whose girth was
from 36 to 44 inches, with [)roportion-
ate heads, loaded with beautiful fruit.
He says that most of the very early
varieties rotted badly, still those who
had good Alexanders got from two to
three dollars per basket when they
reached market in good order. Hale's
Early also rotted badly, and Early
Ptivers rotted, while l^^nrly Beatrice
were too small. The best kinds this
year were Mountain Rose, Crawford's
Early, Crawford's Late, Old M>xon Free,
Peeve's Favourite, Moore's Favourite,
Ward's Late, Stump the World and
Smock.

He says that the Shakers at Enfield,
Connecticut, last year thinned their
Early Crawford's so that one hundred
and forty peaches filled a bushel and
sold them at their nearest market for
eight dollars per bushel, and adds, " let
all remember that fancy fruit brings
fancy prices ; it is the poor article that
begs a market." The Mountain Rose
takes the place of the Early York now ;
the Old Mixon Free is i*egarded as
having many good qualities, and can
be raised probably more cheaply than
almost any other |)each, and is excellent
for canning, only that the fashion now

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTfJEIST.

runs to yellow-fleshed peaches, hence
E-eeve's Favourite, Crawford's Late and
Siyiock take the first places for canning.
While this may be true of canning,
your Editor is credibly informed that
for drying the white-fleshed peaches
are all the rage, and that the drying
establishments pay more for white
peaches than for the yellow.

HOW TO DESTROY THE CABBAGE
WORM.

A correspondent of the Fruit Re-
corder writing from Port Huron,
Michigan, says that he commenced a
series of expeiiments for the purpose
of discovering something that would
kill the worms and yet not be poison-
ous to human beings, and finally found
that a solution of common alum made
by dissolving one pound of alum in
three gallons of rain water would kill
the worms.

His mode of proceeding was to dis-
solve the alum in a small quantity of
water by heating the water, and then
add sufficient water to make the whole
three gallons. When this was cold he
put it into a common watering pot
having a rose sj)out, and sprinkled his
cabbage and cauliflower plants, keeping
up this sprinkling as hmg as any of the
insects were about, from the time that
the white butterfly began to lay her
eggs. He says that he watered them
almost every evening, and thus kept his
cabbage and cauliflower perfectly clean.

He also tried the alum solution on
his currant bushes and with equally
successful results, and recommends it
for washing the trunks of young fruit
trees, for the reason that it is a cheap,
efiectual and non-poisonous insecticide,
acting instantaneously on the worm or
caterpillar by means of its astringency
and so contracting their tissues that
they cannot breathe.

If any of the readei-s of the Canadian

Horticulturist should give this simple
method a trial they will confer a favor
on others by giving the results of their
experience.

GRAPES UNDER GLASS.

It is not so difficult a matter to grow
grapes under glass as many seem to
imagine. The writer recently visited
the cold grapery of S. D. Woodrufi",
Esq., St. Catharines, where the grapes
were yet hanging on the vines in great
profusion, beautifully ripened. Besides
the splendid bunches of White Syrian
and Black Hamburg, so frequently to
be found in such houses, were some tine
clusters of Canon Hall Muscat, the first
that we have ever seen growing in On-
tario. These grapes are all grown under
Mr. Woodruff"s personal supervision,
without the intervention of a profes-
sional gardener ; and the question na-
turally arises, why is it that there are
so few gentlemen who undertake the
culture of grapes under glass. It seems
to be the general opinion that no one
can grow these grapes but a profess-
sional ; this is evidently not the case,
as Mr. WoodruiF has so abundantly
demonstrated. A little application on
the part of any gentleman to this matter
will enable him to give such directions
to his man-of-all-work as will result in
a fine supply of these delicious grapes.

Wintering Cabbage. — We know of no
better way to preserve cabbages through
the winter than to plant or set them up
in rows as they grow — that is, with the
roots down — fill in with soil pretty freely,
then make a covering by planting two
posts where there is a fence to rest on, or
four where there is not, allowing for a
pitch to carry off the water ; lay bean
poles opposite the way of the pitch and
cover with corn-fodder or straw or boards.
In using through the winter avoid as
much as possible the sun side and close
up again. We have not found setting the
cabbage upside down in the rows, as some
do, of any advantage. — Rural New Yorker.

THK CANATtlAN HOKTIOULTUiaST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

FRUIT TREES IN ALGOMA.
Mr. Editor, — I am unable to give
you any news of interest as to our
future j)rospects for fruit-growing in
this part of Ontario, as I planted a
hunch-ed line apple trees the spring be-
fore last, and they were all winter-
killed last winter, except three liyslop
and three Traiiscendant Crabs ; and
these six trees afford me encouragement
to try again, as they have made a good
gi-owth this summer. Amongst those
that I lost were, twenty Duchess of
Oldenburg, ten Alexander, ten Snow,
ten lied Astracans, and ten Russets.
I had great confidence in these vari-
eties standing our winter; and now
they are standing examples to my other
half-hardy favorites, which, of course,
perished with them. But I have great
j)leasure in informing you and friend
J. H. Cumming, of St. Hilaire, P. Q.,
that the Wealthy apple I received from
the Association last spring, after being
almost dried up in the mail-bags from
the long delay in getting here, made
a fair growth, stood the winter well,
and has made three feet of growth this
summer ; and my hope is that it will
come out all right in the spring.
Yours with reajject,

W. Warnock.
Bliud River, 11th Nov., 1882.

Mr. Editor, — Enclosed please find
my subscription for 1883 of one dollar.
You will i)lease send at distribution
one of the Wordon Grape vines, as I
intend the planting of viues, and see
if we cannot have improved grapes to
gi'ow here. There are some Concord
and a few other sorts growing in the
older settled i)arts of this Island. I
think I can get these new hardy kinds
to do as well with good care. The
vine of the Moore's Early, received a
few weeks ago, is looking well ; but I

will know by spring how it will stand
the winter.

We are having very open weather,
thunder and lightning twice during the
past week. I suppose this indicates
open weather for some time yet ; so
the old settlers say.

My crops this season have been, for
s[)ring and fall wheat and rye, very
good ; barley has not been good in our
part ; oats only an average crop ; pota-
toes only half a crop, on account of the
bugs, and we could not get Paris green
in time to save them ; but I intend
having a supply in time for next season.
Yours, with respect,

Jas. C. Cooper.
St. Joseph Island, Nov. 13, 1882.

DO BEES INJURE GRAPES?

Seeing an article from the pen of
Mr. Taylor, in November Horticidturist^
on paper bags, grapes and bees, I thought
said article certainly called for a reply.
Mr. Taylor states that certain interested
parties contend that bees do not punc-
ture graj)es, while he along with Hon.
J. C. Rykert and other horticultural
friends have actually seen them do it.
Now, with all deference to these gen-
tlemen, I must beg leave to differ with
them. Whether I may be considered
an interested party or not, I may sim-
ply state that I have a very fine collec-
tion of the finest varieties of grapes,
also keep a number of colonies of bees,
not for the profits they bring but from
the pleasure they afford, mentally and
])hysically, both to myself and family.
I have kept from four to thirty colonies
of bees for several years in the same
garden as the grapes grow, and ] have
never lost a single bunch of gi*i\pes by
bees. I have seen bees, wasps and
flies all sucking the juices out of a
bunch of graj)es some of the berries of
which had either cracked or been
damaged by the cat-bird or oriole. The

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

oriole is a great enemy to grapes, as it
just picks a hole in the berry and then
leaves it, thus destroying all the berries
on a vine in a few minutes. The bees
quickly follow and take up the juices,
but in this case are the bees not a bene-
fit instead of an injury ? Mr. Taylor
is certainly misinfoi-med as regards last
winter being destructive on bees. On
the contrary, it is rai-e to have bees
come through a winter so strong and
healthy. For proof see Bee Journals.
Some time ago two bills were intro-
duced in the California Legislature to
do away with all bees, on account of
j)uncturing and destroying grapes, but
a careful examination and an extended
debate proved that tliere was not a
single case of bees puncturing grapes.

I may just state that I never had
more bees and honey or a finer crop of
grapes than this season. A desire to
prevent others from falling into the
same error, and also to prevent the
innocent but industrious and useful bee
from being blamed for some other guilty
pest, must be my only excuse for asking
you to insert the above in your valua-
ble journal.

D. V. Beacock.

Brockville.

GLUCOSE HONEY.

Under the above heading, in the
October number of the Horticulturist,
page 239, will be found a short extract
from an editorial in the Boston Journal
of Chemistry ior July, 1881: it con-
cludes as follows : — Human ingenuity,
it is stated, has i^ached the point of
making honey and storing it in the
comb without the intervention of the
bee. By appropriate machinery a nice
looking comb is made out of parafiine,
and after the cells are filled with glucose
syrup, this fictitious honey is warranted
true white clover honey from Yermont.

It seems strange to us slow, easy
going Canadians, that respectable Am-

erican journals should give circulation
to such absurd and untruthful state-
ments as the above. Dr. J. B. Nichols,
the editor of the Journal of Chemistry y
ought to have known the making of
of artificial comb-honey to bean impos-
sibility ; and if so, what excuse can be
offered by him for giving circulation to
a story which must of necessity very
materially injure one of the most pleas-
ant and profitable industries in the
country, and in which many thousands
of honest, respectable jieople are en-
gaged ?

Did he, like many others, assume
the story to be true because it appeared
in the resi)ectable pages of the Popular
Science Monthly ? If so, he has prob-
ably seen his error before this, as the
author of that article, in a letter to the
Bee Journal in June last, after quoting
from his own article the following
sentence : — "In commercial honey
which is entirely free from bee media-
tion, the. comb is made from ]>araftine,
and filled with pure glucose by appro-
priate machinery " — states that this
sentence was meant for a " scientific
pleasantry." The author of this " scien-
tific pleasantry " admits that he knew
his fabrication was being published
and accepted as a truth in nearly all
the papers in the country, yet lacked
the manhood to affirm it a joke until
the Bee Journal exposed the falsity and
absurdity of the article. I have pur-
posely omitted giving the name of the
author of this " scientific pleasantry,"
as I do not wish to give him that which
that class of " professors " so earnestly
desire — a fine advertisement. T. B.

Lindsay, Nov., 1882.

The Colorado Bketle. — A laboiirer
working on the American steamer Wis-
consin, at Liverpool, on Thursday, found
a live Colorado beetle. Liformation was
sent to the Lords of the Privy Council,
who ordered the insect to be killed and
sent to Whitehall, which was done.

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTDEIST.

CaLTIVATlON OF THE SUGAR BEET.

The quantity of seed required to the
acre for the Sugar Beet would seem to
be an insuperable objection to its culti-
vation as a financial enterprise, if the
statement on page 238 of the Canadian
Horticulturist is correct, for it says
*' about 10 tons of seed were used to
the acre " at Coaticook, P. Q.

T. B.

Lindsay, Nov., 1882.

Thanks are due to our coi*respondent
for calling attention to the above error.
It should doubtless have read "10 lbs.
of seed," tliough we have not now the
article at hand from which the paragraph
was taken to verify the correction.

EASTER BKURRE PEAR.

This pear does well here. The tree
is a ffood srrower and bearer. I have it
planted for but live years, and it has
borne tliree crops of pears. This year
it bore a bushel and a half I think
that a most excellent crop for so young
a tree. The quality is very good for
the season when pears are scarce, but it
is not as good as some of the fall pears,
though a great deal better than some
of them.

Heba Rawlings.

Ravenswood, Out.

SOME GRAPES THAT HAVE NOT
SUCCEEDED.

The Rural New Yorker has an ex-
perimental station of its own, some-
where in New Jersey we believe, where
the new and old fruits and other things
are tried. We learn as much from
failure as from success, and it is but
right that the public should be informed
of the failures, that they may judge
whether it is wise for them to continue
the experiment. We clip the following
from the Rural Neio Yorker of Nov.
2 .th :—

After what seems a sufficient trial, we
have this Fall dug up and thrown away

the following grape vines : Quassaic (Ric-
ketts), too tender ; El Dorado (Ricketts),
mildews and rots ; Highland (Ricketts),
too late in five seasons out of six, and aour
when it does ripen ; Newburgh (Ricketts),
too tender ; Rogers' No. 1, Goethe, too
late — mildews badly, both leaves and
fruit ; Eumelan, grapes fall off.

PREVENTABLE LOSSES.
I see harvested on one farm a mode-
rate crop of corn and potatoes ; just
across the t'l^uce the yield is only about
half as much, an I just beyond it is a
total failure. Tlio land has every
appearance of being equally fertile
naturally. All have suffered from the
drought, but not all alike. Here are
certainly losses due to thoughtlessness
and want of knowledge. It is suppos-
able that each of these parties did nearly
as well as their knowledge, training
and energy permitted, yet the results
are widely different, caused by the
different degree of these elements pos-
sessed by eacli. If this be so, then to
avoid the losses of the less successful
farmer, his knowledge and land must
ai)proximate towards those of the more
successful one. I have cited what I
consider preventable losses of only two
men, but there are thousands of just
such men, and tens of thousands of just
such cases, in every state. Who is to
energize and instruct them ? Who is
to train and educate the 12,000,000
youth that now reside on the farm, so
that such losses may not occur in the
future 1 Who is to keep honored
fathers abreast of the times — who were
born in the beginning of the centuiy,
with limited opportunities for acquiring
knowledge, and are hardly able to keep
pace in their growth unassisted — with
th(! improvements wrought by machin-
ery, steam and chemistry? Twenty
millions of men, women and children
on the farm, all to a greater or less

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

degree desiring to be taught how to
avoid the preventable losses and fail-
ures ! Who is to do it 1 How is it to
be done 1 — PaoF. I. P. Roberts, in
I' he Journal of the Ainerican Agricul-
tural Association.

THK GLADIOLUS AS A FALL FLOWER.

The Gladiolus is one of the most
beautiful an.l charming of all bulbous
flowering plants, and
should be far more exten-
sively cultivated. As a
late autumn flower, there
is nothing to siirpass it.
They are of the easiest
culture, and succeed in
almost any variety of soil.
I have not tried them in
pure sand, but my poorest
soil has given me as fine
flowers and bulbs as I
could desire. I usually
plant them four or five
inches deep, covering
lightly, and after they
have grown a few inches,
hoe, drawing the earth to
them, thus completing the
covering. I find planting
thus deep is a great aid in
Glabiolus. keeping them erect, and
enables one to dispense with the use of
stakes, and as the new bulbs are formed
on top of the old ones, they are suffici-
ently below the surface to obtain requi-
site moisture and avoid being checked
in growth should the surface become
dry.

Many persons fail to get the most
satisfaction, by planting too early and
all at one time. If planted at intervals
of two weeks or so for two or three
months, the flowering season is much
extended, and the later plantings come
into flower when the bulk of other
flowers are past. I know of no flower
that embraces so wide a range and

variety of color and shades, from the
most intensely brilliant and dazzling to
the softest and most delicate tints, with
various blendings of the same. The
plants will stand quite a servere frost,
or several of them, without injury, and
after their more tender companions
that helped to make up the beauty of
the flower garden and lawn have with-
ered and faded, the charming Gladiolus
still remains to cheer our eyes and
gladden our hearts. Even when the
weather has become so cold as to freeze
the ground, any flower -stalks near the
point of blooming, if cut and put in
water in the house, will continue to
develop and unfold their bloom for two
or three weeks, furnishing a source of
great admiration to every visitor, and
by their cheerful presence a welcome
and attractive feature to any household,
long after their companions have "with-
ered and gone."

After the plants have ceased flower-
ing, and before the ground is frozen
deep enough to injure the bulbs, the}'
should be taken up, the tops i^moved
and the young bulbs put in })aper l)ags,
boxes, or something similar, ]al)('](nl if
the varieties are named, and kept in a
dry cellar. The price of bulbs is now
so low that no one need be deterred
from engaging in their culture, in a
small way at least. It is not necessary
to pay fifty cents to one or two dollars
for a single bulb ; such prices belong to
new and scarce varieties or novelties,
and aix3 no index of their beauty. A
dozen bulbs of mixed coloi-s can be had
for a dollar, and as many choice-named
varieties for double the amount, so that
for a small investment the owner of the
humblest yard or garden may be able
to realize, and say with equal truthful-
ness, as has been said of the Lily,

• ' That even Solomon in all his glcry
Was not arrayed like one of these."

E. Williams, in Americari Garden.

THE CANADIAN IIOimCULTUKIST.

9

STAYMAN'S EAELY BLACKBERRY.

Dr. Stayman writes to the Fruit
Recorder that he has a blackberry ear-
lier, more hardy and perfect in blossom,

and more productive than Brnnton's
Early. It is a rather large, round berry,
of the best quality, and is propagated
either hy suckers, cuttings, or from tips
layered like the raspberry.

STAYMAN'S EARLY BIACKBERBY.

A HORTICULTURAL SWINDLE.

I write you for a little information
concerning Russian fruit trees. Two
brothers of Iowa City are canvassing
this (Audubon) county for what they
call " genuine Russian a])ple trees."
They say that there are no genuine
Russian trees in America but theirs.
They claim to sell for one Albaugh,
president of the United States Horti-
cultural Society. They get their trees
shipped from Russia free of duty, and
can sell them cheaper than other so-
called Russian varieties.

Is there any truth in these state-
ments 1 Who is president of the United
States Horticultural Society I I did
not " catch on," as I believe them to
be fruit tree swindlers. This county
has been sadly bled by such classes of
men. By answering the above you

will greatly oblige a reader of the
Prairie Farmer. E. J.

Audubon, Iowa.

The persons are unmitigated swind-
lers. 1. There is no United States
Horticultural Society. 2. There are
plenty of Russian apples in America,
and plenty of bearing trees, and at the
Agricultural college farm of your State.
3. These chaps can got no better terms
so far as tariff is concerned than any
one else. 4. Trees of x size for ])lanting
cannot be economically shipped from
Russia to the United States ; only
scions for grafting are sent.

The above is taken from the Prairie
Farmer for the information of our
readers, some of whom may have a visit
from some of tnese swindlers, who do
not confine their oj)erations to Iowa,
l>ut visit Ontario with similar tales of
the wonderful things which nobody can
have but they only.

10

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

GRAPES,

IN ULSTER AND ORANGE COUNTIES IN THE
STATE OF NEW YORK.

Mr. E. Williams writes to the liural
New Yorker an account of liis visit to
these famous grape regions, and gives
his impressions of quite a number of
varieties of grapes that he found grow-
ing and bearing. The following are
some of the kinds he mentions :

Empire State, a white variety pro-
duced from Hartford and Clinton ;
foliage good, vine productive ; cluster
of good size, compact shouldei-s ; berries
medium ; very promising ; quality
good.

Lady Washingtoji was found to be
doing well — much better than we had
expected from the culture it received.
We had expected to see these grapes
under the very highest condition of
culture. Mr. Ricketts said this was
the general impression of visitors, but
here under reverse conditions they cer-
tainly gave evidence of more merit
than we could expect under the circum-
stances. Next season the Lady Wash-
ington will fruit for the first time over
a wide extent of territory and begin to
make its reputation for the future.
The Editor of the Rural New Yorker
remarks that this has fruited at his ex-
perimental grounds, but disappoints
him.

Newhurgh Muscat, raised by Dr.
Culbert, of JSTevvburgh, a cross of Hart-
ford and lona ; white, of first quality ;
one of the best of vines ; vigorous and
apparently healthy. It was bearing
its first fruit, and we could not, there-
fore, judge of its productiveness, but its
quality so impressed all that the desire
to have a vine for our own use was
unanimous.

Belirida (Miner), white, sweet; cracks
badly. Of the Lady and Martha type.

Linden /"Miner), black ; not as sweet
as Concord, otherwise similar.

Brighton here was in absolute per-
fection. We failed to discover the
least trace of mildew, and the proprietor
says he has never seen it at all affected
in this way on his grounds, which is
the reason he has so confidently recom-
mended it for years past, as it always
does well with him.

Fo'keepsie Red (Caywood), we here
saw outside the originator's ground,
and it is doing as well, if not better.
It is said to be a cross of Delaware and
lona, much of the same character as
the former — some say better. Although
it originated some years ago, it is not
yet disseminated.

Wyoming Red, a vigorous grower ;
fruit larger than Delaware and darker
in color ; very foxy and poor in quality ;
ripens with Champion and keeps well.

Duhess was seen at home under the
master's care at Mr. Caywood's, yield-
ing a fair crop and splitting consider-
ably. A portion of the clusters had
been bjigged axid these were found to
bo splitting worse than those exposed.
As to the best time to apply the bags,
Mr. Caywood claimed that those clus-
ters inclosed at or before blooming were
the most perfect. He thought the most
failures with the Duchess were due to
continuous fertilizing. If the soil was
thin he would manure it well at the
start before setting the vines and after-
ward withhold fertilizers, otherwise an
excessive growth of wood and little
fruit would be the result. When once
established a little fertilizer in the
shape of bone or wood ashes was all
that seeijied to be needed.

Ulster Prolific, a red variety of his,
presented quite a vigorous appearance ;
fruit medium ; bunch small and rather
foxy. The Editor of the Rural adds
that specimens of this variety sent to
him wei-e among the very best he liad
ever tasted.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

11

Mr. Williams' next call was on Mr.
Lucas, one of the most careful and
painstaking cultivators in the vicinity,
whom he found in the vineyard gather-
ing the luscious Delawares, and they
were very fine ; clusters large and per-
fect. He was then getting 15c. per
pound for them and 1 2c. for Marthas,
both of which lie grows largely. His
Hartfords and Concords were also fine ;
but the long rows and well cropped
Delawares attracted the most attention,
as none of the party had ever seeii the
like before. Mr. Lucas tries to avoid
over-cropping his vines and prefers a
good crop of first-class fruit to a large
one of second quality.

BEGONIA REX.

Nothing can be haudsomer than a
good plant of this, and it is an easy

BhooNiA Rex.

matter to have fine specimens if only one
particular is remembered, and that is,
not to wet the leaves or expose them to
the strong rays of the sun. They do not
requii-e any sjxicial culture, all tliat is
required is to keep them in a light, but
sunless i)lace ; keep them moist without
wetting stems or leaves, and not repot-
ting them often, for some very nice
l)lants have Ix^en killed by this operation.
A very interesting feature in connection
with these plants is their pro[)agation,
which is ordinarily done by taking off a
well-matured and healtliy leaf, and cut-
ting through the fleshy vein on the
under side of the leaf, laying thes^ leaves
with the under aide down on pans of

very sandy soil, mixed with finely cut
moss, and putting a couple of small
stones on the loaf to kee}) it down close
to the sand. Keep the latter moist, and
in a little while the veins will strike
root whore they have been cut, and
young ])lants will subsequently appear;
let these grow until well established, and
then pot off singly in peaty, sandy soil,
keeping close and well shaded for a few
days ; for this purpose a starch box,
covered with a pane of glass, is a cheap
convenience and will hold a good many
ix)ts. — Farm and Garden.

THE SQUASH.

As the Squash is of tropical origin,
it is altogether useless to sow the seed
until the ground becomes warnj, and
all danger of frost is over, which in this
latitude is about the middle of May
Lideed, there is nothing to be gained
by planting earlier, for when once es-
tablished they grow with extreme
rapidity and great luxuriance.

The Squash is highly ])rized by many,
and with a little care and attention
to the proper selection of varieties and
the preservation of their fruit, they can
be had in perfection for at least nine
montlis in the year. It is also a vege-
table that i-equires but little skill and
care in its cultivation, and although
they will grow readily in almost any
soil, yet they will more than repay a
lil)eral and generous treatment, and as
they delight in a warm, rich soil, it is
best to manure in the hill, care being
taken to break the manuie up well,
and also to thoroughly and deeply
incorporate it with the soil. At least
a dozen seeds should be placed in each
hill, and when the j)lants become strong
and well established, all should be
removed with the exception of three of
the most projnising. When young, the
plants should be spiinkled occasionally
with air-slaked lime, ashes, or soot, in

12

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

order to preserve them from the attacks
of the bug.

There are niimerons varieties of the
Squash, some being of a yellow color,
others pale green, and some mottled or
striped ; again, some are smooth and
hard, others warty and rough ; they are
usually classed as winter and summer
varieties, but from a cultural stand-point
it is preferable to class' them as bush
and running. For the bush varieties
the hills may be placed about three feet
apart, and for the running sorts six or
eight. Good stable manure is to be
preferred. As some sixteen or twenty
varieties are enumerated in the cata-
logues of our leading seedsmen, it is j
rather a difficult task for a novice to
select a few of the best, and although
so;.ie may differ from me regarding the
merits of the varieties named below,
I believe that any or all of them will
prove to be satisfactory.

Where garden space is limited, and
only one variety can be given one cannot
do better than to choose the Perfect
Gem. For amateurs I would have no
hesitation in placing it at the head of
the list, as it is excellent both as a
summer and winter Squash. It is re-
markably productive, the fruit being
from four to six inches in diameter,
and of a creamy- white color. It is also
an excellent keeper in a cool, dry room,
remaining in perfection until spring.
It also has the peculiar property of
setting the fruit near the main stalks
before commencing to run ; the vines
occasionally reach the.leugth of twenty
feet.

The Early Bush Summer Grookneck
is the best and richest flavored of the
summer sorts. It is very early and is j
also remarkably productive, the fruit
being of an orange-yellow color, covered
with rough warty excrescences.

The Early Yellow Bush Scolloped, is
an abundant bearer. It is a good, early

Squash. It is not as richly flavored as
the preceding sort, but is earlier. The
White Bush Scolloj)ed, is a variety of
this, differing in color only. Both
varieties are more generally known
under the name of Patty Pan.

The Turhan or Turk^s Gap is an
excellent variety for fall and early win-
ter use. It is of a greenish-yellow color,
occasionally striped with white. The
flesh is thick and of an orange-yellow
colov, and of ^ne flavor when properly
ripe.

T'he Yokohama is also an excellent
early winter soi't. The flesh is of a
deep orange color sweet and dry. It
is said to be superior to any Pumpkin
for pies. When in perfection it is a
verv desirable addition to our list of
Squashes, but with me has proved to
be very variable, some seasons being all
that could be desired, and at other
times almost worthless.

The Mammoth is desirable for exhi-
bition purposes principally, as the fruit
can be grown to an enormous size, some
specimens attaining a weight of over
two hundred pounds.

The Winter Grookneck is of fair qua-
lity, and is a good keeper. The fruit is
of a pale yellow color, with a long neck.
It is much prized in the Eastern States,
where it is extensively grown for fall
and winter use.

Ganada Grookneck is a small, early
variety of the preceding. It })ears and
keeps well, and is by many considered
preferable.

The Hubbard is a well-known sort,
and is more extensively grown than
any other Squash. It is the best table
Squash yet known, and is a general
favorite. It is an excellent keeping
variety, with a dry, fine-flavored flesh,
and a hard, flinty skin when properly
ripe.

The Marblehead resembles the Hub-
bard in appearance, but is more produc-

TIIK CANADIAN HoR ricUr.TUKIST.

13

tive than that well-known sort. It is
also sjiid to be a better keeper, but I do
not find it to be any improvement in
this respect. Its flesh is lighter in color
than the Hubbard, and is of excellent
flavor, sweet and dry, and is a very de-
sirable variety.

The Butman resembles the Hubbard
in size, but can be readily recqgnized
from all other sorts by its bright-green
color, being occasionally stri])ed with
white. It has a thick shell and cream-
colored flesh. Its flavor differs from all
other varieties and is dry and sweet.

I'he Boston Marrow is veiy highly
esteemed by some, and is the most pop-
ular kind in the Boston markets. The
flesh is of a deep orange color, and is
finely flavored. — Chas. E. Parnell, in
American Garden.

ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS.

The proper selection of the kinds of
shrubs best suited to the extent and
general character of our lawns is always
a matter of importance, and, even after
a judicious choice has been made, the
requirements of each kind should be
regarded in planting. To obtain suc-
cess, j>recaution must be taken as to
their adaptability to soil, and that the
more tender ones be placed in sheltered
positions. Shrubs may flourish and be
perfectly hardy on one spot, while but
a short distance off* they will prove a
failure. The soil must be thoroughly
drained and the wood well ripened, or
else tlie shrubs will not stand the winter.
The Massachusetts Horticultural
Society during the past year devoted
several meetings to the discussion of
this in»i)ortant subject, and the list be-
low comprises the species most highly
recommended by members of the So-
oiety.

Hydrangea paniculata grandijlora,
though introduced here over a quarter
of a century ago, and one of our most

beautiful and desirable shrubs, has not
been cultivated to any extent until a
few years ago. The plant is perfectly
hardy, and requires no care other than
that bestowed upon our finer varieties

Hydrangea Paniculata Flower-Spike.

of flowering shrubs. Hydrangea pani-
culata, of which grandiflora is a variety,
has a finer foliage, is more graceful, and
quite as hardy. Whether grown singly
or in groups, the Hydrangea represents
all that is grandest in a shrub, as Exo-
choida ./randi/lora does all that is most
beautiful. To these may be added a
third.

Viburnum plicatum, introduced into
this country some thirty years ago, and,
though neglected at that time, has re-
cently taken its place among our hand-
somest shrubs. It resembles the com-
mon Snowball, but is much more
delicate. It produces large trusses of
pure white flowei-s in great profusion.
The trusses are very compact and the
individual flowei'S have great substance.
It is not as common as the Hydrangea,
being of slower growth and more diffi-
cult to propagate.

14

TttE CANAniAN ttORTlCtTLTURTST.

Viburnum macrocephalum resembles
V. plicatum, only the cluster of flowers
is larger. There are several native
species well worthy of cultivation, and
which thrive wondrously under a little
attention.

Kalmia latifolia, also a native, is one
of our most beautiful as well as showy
flowering shrubs, though somewhat
difficult to grow ; yet, with proper
attention to the condition of the soil,
success will generally reward our eflbrts.

Prunus triloba is a beautiful shrub,
with wreaths of rosy pink blossoms.

Spirea aricefolia, S. pfuni/olia, and
S. T/iunbergii, are all fine, handsome
shrubs, and readily cultivated. Thun-
berg's Spirea does not grow large, and
is very appropriate for small places. It
blooms in early spring.

Cornus sdnguinea, the Red Dogwood,
"is well known, and is desirable for
its winter effects, its red branches being
very showy when divested of their
leaves."

Deutzia crenata Jlore-pleno. The dou-
ble-flowering Deutzias are rapidly grow-
ing in favor, and they ought to find
a place in every garden, large or small.
The dwarf single^floWering is a charm-
ing plant, which, on account of its small
size, free flowering qualities and hardi-
ness, cannot be too highly recommended
for small gardens. It has ample, bright
foliage, its flowers are snowy white,
and are produced in great profusion
early in June.

Weigela rosea has held its own against
all new-comers, on account of its fine
habit.

The Rhododendrons and Ghent Aza-
leas are too well known to need any
description here. Few shrubs possess
the attractions of these magnificent
plants, and the admiration they excite
should be a spur to their more general
dissemination.

Clethra alni/olia and Cassandra caly-
culata, both native shrubs, are also very
beautiful under cultivation.

Among shrubs of recent introduction
the following are named as being of
great promise, and desirable for hardi-
ness and beauty :

Clematis Davidiana and G. tubulosa
are erect-growing species^ from two to
four feet high, and in midsummer are
covered with beautiful blue flowers like
panicles of Hyacinths* Unfortunatelyj
they do not seed freely, and are difficult
to propagate. (7. Davldiana is the
more desirable of the two.

Desmodium pendulijlorum D. pend^
ulijiorum album, and D. Canadeuse,
are hardy on dry soils. All are suffi-u-
ticose rather than shrubby. The first
two are especially valuable on account
of blooming late in autumn, when there
are but few flowers. The flowers of the
first are purple, and all are pea-shaped.

• Styrax Japonica is perfectly hardy
in dry soils. It has white flowers,
similar to those of S. Americana, but
perhaps a little larger. The latter is a
very pretty shrub, from four to six feet
in height, which ought to be in every
collection. The flowers resemble those
of Ilalesia, or Silver Bell.

Andromeda poli/olia is a native spe-
cies, which, under cultivation, becomes
one of the gems of the garden. The
foliage is of a glaucous color. It is
perfectly hardy.

AndromedaCatesbcei is of rapid growth
and easily propagated. When planted
with Rododendrons nothing is more
beautiful, and with the protection they
afford is perfectly hardy ; if not shel-
tered, the ends of the shoots are some-
times injured.

Andromeda Japonica is perfectly
hardy. It wants to bloom too early in
spring, but five years out of six it will
be good.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTtJRlfeT.

16

Berheris Sinensis is perfectly hardy,
grows two or three feet high, and is of
drooping habit. When full of ripe
fruit, it looks like a fountain of scarlet.

Berheris Thunhergii has fine autumn
foliage, and when the fruit, which is of
a deep, rich .scarlet color, is ripe, forms
a perfect picture. It is a low growing
shrub.

Neviusia Alahamensis belongs to the
Rose family ; it has numerous bunches
of pure white flowers, and is quite
showy. Though from Alabama, it is
perfectly hardy.

Erica vagans, E. v. rubra, E. carnea,
and Calluna vulgaris all do well on
thoroughly drained land, with a slight
covering ; if the snow blows off and
leaves them bare, they burn.

Leiophyllum buxi/olium has stood in
the Botanic Garden at Cambridge for
twelve years. It is a small evergreen
bush, growing about one foot high. A
larger foim, from the mountains of
North Carolina, has a larger leaf, of a
more waxen appearance. — American
Garden.

RELATION OF SEEDS TO QUALITY
IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

In 1879 I was strongly impressed
with the apparent relation between the
abundance of seed and the quality of
the fruit in the case of the Christiana
melon. Of the crop of this year I
tasted many hundred melons, keeping
the seed only of those which were of
very superiorflavor and quality. Where
the quality was very superior, the
quantity of seed was small ; where the
quality was not up to standard, the
seeds were in greater abundance; where
the quality was very inferior, the seeds
were very numerous. I have not as
yet collected sufficient material for the
thorough discussion of the relation
between quality and seeding, but such

observations as I have thus far obtained
seem to indicate that such a relation
exists ; and as our fruits and vegetables
gain in certain respects, this gain is
counterbalanced by a loss elsewhere. — ^
E. Lewis Sturtevant, M.D., m The
Journal of the American Agricultural
Association.

SOUHEGAN BLACK CAP RASPBERRY.

The Souhegan Black Cap Rasjyherry
was grown from the seed by a farmer in
Hillsborough County, N. H., in 1870,
and bearing fruit of great promise was
propagated and extended into fruiting
plantations, and the fruit sold in the
large towns of the County, for at least
eight years past.

A tree dealer saw merit in its beauty
and quality, and contracted to take all
that could be grown for his orders. His
sales were not veiy large, and the origi-
nator and grower of the plants did not
receive much satisfaction in trying to get
his rich production upon the market.
He continued to grow ancl sell fruit,
selling few plants, knowing it would
sometime become known and command
a place on the market.

In Hawthorne Hall, Boston, Sept.
1881, the Souhegan was under discussioa
before the American Pomological Soci-
ety, before an audience of fruit growers
from all parts of the country. Jacob
W. Manning of Reading, Mass., Mr.
Hale of Conn., Mr Lovett of N. J., and
others, had only good words for it. It
originated in the valley of the Souhegan
River, K. H. The old merits were
stated as I gave them in 1879. Perfect
hardihood, unparalleled in fruitfulness,
berries often thl'ee-fourths of an inch in
diameter, with thirty berries on a single
branch, ripening before any other Black
Cap known, of superior quality, a clear
black color, not the light bloom borne
by all other varieties of the species ; the
bloom or mouldy look has been a detri-

16

THE CANADIAN HOBTICUL'JURIST.

merit to the sale of the older Black Cap
Raspberries, but with the Souhegan that
objection disappears.

It is likely that millions of plants will
be required to supply the coming de-
mand for it. The tests of its superiority
are such that it may well be said to be
" a new epoch " in small fruit culture.

The Souhegan Raspberry has again
fruited, this exceptionally dry season,
and justifies my claim of superiority
over all others of its class. It is again
the very earliest, coming in just as the
late strawberries go out. With good
culture it will grow three-quarters of an
inch in diameter, often bearing twenty
to thirty berries on a cluster and carries
well to market. It is of superior quality
to eat, making a rich sauce, pie or pud-
ding, or a spirited wine in case an excess
of crop, or long rain, should soften the
berries.

We saw fruit gathered on Saturday
that stood in boxes until Monday, before
sending to market, yet in condition to
stand at lea8t two days longer. It is a
marvel to see the immense number of
clusters of fruit that a single cane will
yield.

A great number of fruit growers were
slow to admit the merits of the Souhe-
gan, who now regret the delay ; but are
ready to plant by the hundred or thou-
sand now. One planter proposes to set
twenty thousand, being convinced of its
superior advantages, enduring the hard-
est winters, early ripening, quantity,
size, quality, firmness, and popular de-
mand where known in market.

The earliest picking for eight years
past commenced in June.

A first-class Certificate of Merit was
cheerfully awarded me for a display of
the Souhegan Raspberry, by the Fruit
Committee of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, where it was shown for
the first time in 1882.

There is no higher authority than the
approval of the above Society where
testimonials for fruit are desired.

Jacob W. Manning.
Reading, Mass.

CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA.

This shrub is now attracting attention
as a forage for the honey bee. It is prac-
tical to plant for this purpose by the
acre ; it transplants safely, is propagated
very easily by suckers and layers ; will
grow on any soil, even if too wet for cul-
tivation, and in any situation ; blossoms
late and through a long season, from
July 1st to Sept. Bees swarm upon it,
apparently to the exclusion of other
flowers.

Miss Parsons, of Cape Ann, Mass.
(where it grows naturally in the greatest
perfection, in the winter of 1876, called
the attention of the Editor of the Am-
erican Bee Journal of Chicago to it in
these words, — " I never knew it to fail
from any cause whatever * * * Cold
appears never to harai it. The honey is
about white, thick and of fine fiavorT

Its leaves are light green ; flowers are
pure white, in spikes three to six inches
long. A group of this Clethra in bloom
will perfume the air for twenty rods
around ; a handful will fill a room with
its delightful fragrance. It blooms from
July 1st to September; its cultivation is
simple, growing to perfection where the
lilac will succeed. It never fails to bloom
after a hard winter. Its eftect is impres-
sive when grown in large masses, as pro-
duced by a dozen or more plants set in
a group. It has never been so w^ell
shown to the public as in Central Park,
New York.

It leaves out late in spring and blooms
on plants one to eight feet high, accord-
ing to age and vigor of growth.

A strong plant in vigorous soil would
make a hundred plants by suckei-s
alone in three years, and the planter

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

of a thousand can extend its culture to
acres.

The only question is, can the bee-keep-
er afford to furnish his bees with addi-
tional forage in this sweetest of flowers,
blooming as it does at a time when flow-
ers are limited. We say, that planting
the Clethra Alnifolia is not a doubtful
experiment, and certainly not an expen-
sive one.

It is a neat, upright growing shrub
as an ornamental plant. Its fragrance
in a bouquet is as strong and enduring
as the Lilium Auratum or the Tuberose.
I predict its coming popularity so that
no collection of shrubs will be complete
without it.

Its abundance and lasting fragrance
suggest its use for a new perfumery.

Following is an extract of a letter by
Charles Downing, the Horticulturist,
whose opinion is of as much weight as
that of any man in America : —

" The Clethra has always been a favorite
shrub with me, flowering at a time when
there are but few shrubs in bloom , the
fragrance is delightful. It is not so much
planted as it should be."

Jacob W. Manning.
Reading, Mass.

THE LOMBARD PLUM.

This plum holds about the same posi-
tion among other varieties that the
Baldwin does among apples, the Bart-
lett with other pears, and the Wilson
among strawberries. Although moder-
ate in flavor, the hardiness, free growth
and great productiveness of the tree,
and the beauty of the brilliant fruit,
render it one of the most valuable sorts
for market. Nelson Bogue of Batavia
gives special attention to the cultivation
of this variety, and when on his grounds
two years ago, we saw many trees, then
in the third year of their growth from
transplanting, bearing by estimate not
less than half a bushel of plums, the
2

centra] branches being covered with
dense masses of brilliant violet-red
plums. He now imforms us that the
product of the ninety trees which we
then saw, was forty -six bushels, being
slightly over half a bushel each as an
average. Last year, or the season fol-
lowing, he had only twenty-tive bushels;
present season the crop is estimated at
seventy-five bushels, this being tlie fifth
year from transplanting. The trees
receive the best cultivation, and from
some cause which we cannot explain,
the fruit is not attacked by the curculio.
The branches are kept clear of the black
knot by prompt excision, the laborers
being directed when they see any ap-
pearance of it on any tree, to drop all
other work immediately, cut off the
diseased portion and burn it. — Country
Gentleman.

THE BLACK WALNUT.

An address delivered last winter by
W. H. Rag AN, secretary of the Indiana
Horticultural Society, on cultivating the
black walnut for profit, contains so much
that is valuable that we are induced to
refer on the present occasion to some of
the facts which it presents, and to add a
few further suggestions. Mr. Ragan
thinks the black walnut the most valu-
able of all trees for artificial plantations
and timber belts. He states that a man
in Wisconsin planted " a piece of land"
twenty-three years ago with this tree.
We are not informed the extent of the
land covered with it, but that the trees,
sixteen to eighteen inches in diamet?r,
were sold for $27,000. He adds that
walnut lumber now commands from $75
to $100 per thousand feet in the cities^
for parlor decoration and other purposes.
The tree bears nuts at an early age, ami
annually thereafter, which have aix im-
portant commercial value.

In raising the trees, it is of utmost
importance to do everything ia the best,

18

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

manner. Those who carelessly plant
the nuts, especially after they have dried
for a long time, will probably fail to get
trees; or if any grow, and the owner
expects the young trees to take care of
themselves, he will be greatly disappoin-
ted. Mr. Eagan's directions are, there-
fore, to the point, when he says the
ground should be prepared in the best
manner in the autumn. Furrow the
ground off each way as for corn, except
that the rows should be seven feet apart.
Take the nuts, fresh from the tree, and
plant two at each crossing. They are
to be covered shallow, just enough to
hide them. So much for planting.
Then next spring furrow the seven-feet
spaces intermediate between the rows,
and plant with corn or potatoes. The
corn and young trees will be all cultiva-
ted alike, and the young trees must be
kept clean. The second spring thin out
the trees to one in a hill. The thinnings
will fill any vacant spaces where needed.
Corn or potatoes may be planted the sec-
ond, or even the third year, and after
that the trees must be cultivated and
kept clean until they occupy the whole
ground so fully as to keep down by their
shade all weeds and grass. Standing so
near as seven feet, the trees will not re-
quire trimming, but will thus trim them-
selves. But when they begin to suffer
from crowding, take out every alternate
tree in each row, and in a few years an-
other thinning may be made by taking
out alternate trees in the rows at right
angles to the fii'st, leaving them fourteen
feet each way. If the trees are to stand
until they become quite large, additional
thinning may be necessary. But they
should always be thick enough to obviate
the side trimming of branches. The
thinnings will always possess consider-
able value.

At fourteen feet apart there would
be over 200 trees to the acre, and these
should sell for five dollars each in a
quarter of a century, or $1,000 an acre.

It is not likely that the timber will be-
come cheaper in future years. If the
good cultivation and management here
described are given, there will be little
or no failure of a full, even growth. If
the work is carelessly performed, and
the trees neglected, they will be poor
and scattered. The regular planting in
rows, and the continued cultivation
until they wholly shade down all other
growth are indispensable to success, and
they are equally necessary in raising
plantations of any other trees, as chest-
nuts, locusts, or catalpas. — Country
Gentleman.

SOME NEW SORTS OF BEANS.

The White Marrow is still as popular
as ever and is extensively grown for
large markets.

The Early Feejee will always be a
popular variety from the fact of its
extreme earliness and being very hardy.
It is one of the most productive we
have, and the quality is excellent. In
New England many of the farmers after
hoeing the corn the first time plant
beans between the hills, and so obtain
two crops from the same field, while the
latter product is protected by the grow-
ing corn, and if a little late is not liable
to be injured by early frosts. Yery often
from eight to ten bushels are obtained
to the acre when the season is favorable
and the soil is moderately rich ; for be
it remembered that soil for beans must
not be too rich since they are apt to
" run to vines " instead of beans, hence
the soil should not be too fertile. We
wish in this article more especially to
call attention to two or three new sorts
of dwarf or bush beans as being well
worthy the attention of all growers of
the low growing sorts.

There are four sorts of wax beans —
Black Wax, Dwarf White Wax, Crys-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

19

tal White Wax, and Golden Wax
Dwarf. TJie first sort is not a new sort,
but its excellent quality makes it a
popular variety to cultivate wherever
known. As a string bean it has but
few equals, and it is also a good shell
bean. The White Wax, a pure white
sort, cannot be too highly praised, and
every kitchen garden should contain a
few hills of this desirable bean. The
Crystal White Wax and the Golden
Wax Dwarf, two new sorts, are deci-
dedly among the best varieties of bush
beans grown, and command the very
highest price in the markets. The first
sort is a beautiful white bean, with
large waxy transparent pods. It is
stringless, very crisp and tender and of
fine flavor. The pods harden slowly,
so that they remain in good condition
for the table longer than most of the
other sorts. This sort commands the
highest price of any bush bean grown.
The Golden Wax Dwarf has the name
of being not only a good snap bean,
but also a good shell bean, and is there-
fore a desirable sort to grow for the
market, while for the farmer's own
table hardly any other sort can take its
place. The pods are of good size, long
and quite brittle. Some marketmen
pronounce it the best snap bean culti-
vated, its tenderness and flavor making
it extremely popular. When grown on
suitable land the bean crop is one of the
best paying of all products grown on
the farm, since they command a ready
sale and usually are a cheap article of
food. Of running beans the new sort
from France known there as the Moret
D'Or and here as the Golden Butter
bean is attracting considerable attention.
It is without doubt one of the most
prolific of the pole or running sorts,
while its quality is unsurpassed. The
pods are a golden yellow, very hand-
some and well-filled. Growers of the
pole bean should certainly test this
sort. — Farm and Garden.

WHAT PLANTS TO GROW IN THE
HOUSE.

Most amateur florists undertake too
much. They would like a large collec-
tion and they want choice kinds like
those they see in conservatories belong-
ing to wealthy people.

After several yeai's of experience I
have come to the conclusion that we
have but a comparatively small list of
plants which it is advisable for the am-
ateur to select from for ordinary window
culture. As one gains experience and
becomes familiar with the requirements
of the plants under his care, it will
do to " branch out." Plants which
they would have failed with at the
beginning, they may succeed with
later. It is better m this, as in most
other undertakings, to go slowly. Learn
how to take care of a few less particular
plants before you undertake to care for
some which require more careful treat-
ment.

Let us suppose that you have but one
window in which to grow plants ; you
want flowering kinds for the most part,
and you cannot have more than a dozen
in all unless your window is a large one,
for it is far more satisfactory to have a
few plants with room for development
than a large number crowded together
until all individuality is lost in a con-
fused mass of foliage. Shall I select for
you 1 Well, my first choice is the

GERANIUM,

because it is one of the most easily cared
for plants that we have, and it is one of
the most free flowering, and its foliage
is always bright and vigorous. There
are other plants that I prefer to the
Geranium, but under the supposed cir-
cumstances none that I would unhesi-
tatingly recommend. It is sure to do
well if not shamefully neglected. It is
the flower for the million. The pai*tic-
ular varieties I would leave you to se-
lect for yourself. I think I would first

20

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

choose a scarlet. The variety called
" Herald of Spring " is my favorite
among the scarlets. But there are
dozens of others which you might con-
sider equally as fine, possibly finer ; and
where there are so many to select from
it is not of much use to name one par-
ticular variety. I would select the
Single Geraniums for winter culture
because the double varieties do not
Moom freely beyond November. To
my mind the single ones are handsomest.
If you want a pink variety, one that is
almost always in bloom, you can do no
better than take "Master Christine."
It is a beautiful, soft rose color, marked
white, and blooms profusely. You can
suit your taste about color, for we have
Geraniums in all shades of scarlet and
crimson, pink, salmon, magenta and
white. The "nosegay" or Dwarf Ger-
aniums are better for small collections
than larger growers, for, while the plant
is dwarfish, the flowers are as large and
profuse as those on the robust kinds.
Of course you want a Rose Geranium.
No collection is complete without it.

HELIOTROPE.

This favorite flower will bloom all
through the winter, and though not
showy, its fragrance and its modest
beauty make it a general favorite. It
likes a warm sunny place. You want a

CALLA.

It would be well worth cultivating if it
did not bloom, because of its large, fine
leaves, borne on stalks from a foot and
% ijalf to three feet high, giving the plant
9, tropical appearance. When we add to
fk» attractive foliage its large, trumpet-

shaped white flowers, with their delight-
ful fragrance, we have one of the finest
and most desirable plants in the entire
list of kinds suitable for house-culture.
It requires a large amount of water
and the pot should stand in a deep sau-
cer which is never allowed to get empty.
Let the water given it be as warm as
you can bear on your hand.

For an additional list, I would name
Carnation, Abutilon, Begonia, Chrys-
anthemum, Cyclamen, Eupatorium, Pet-
unia, Chinese Primrose, Oxalis, Lan-
tana, and for training about the window,
Ivy, Cobea and Smilax. — E. R. Rex-
ford, in Farm Library.

FRUITS IN RUSSIA.

The readers of the Canadian Horti-
culturist will remember some communi-
cations from Mr. Chas. Gibb, written
while he was in Russia investigating
the fruits of that country, and published
in the November number for 1882. He
was accompanied by Prof. Budd, of the
Iowa Agricultural College, who writes
as follows to the Iowa Homestead : —

"The blackberries, huckleberries and
cranberries we see here are wholly unlike
those of the United States. I should also
state that plums and cherry trees are not
grown in tree form any more than are the
gooseberries and currant. They are really
large bushes with several stems from the
roots. The pruning is done by cutting
out the older stems, as the most and the
best fruit is found on the younger off-
shoots. Really these northern cherries
and plums are large shrubs rather than
trees, but very desirable in fruit.

** In fruit growing the Russian is ^
creature of habit and a close follower of
the habits of his forefathers. This ten-
dency is bad enough in south Europe, but
it is intensified here to a degree often
painful to the versatile American. For
instance, in the immense province of
Vladimio, east of Moscow, the whole pro-
vince is given to growing the cherry.
Hundreds of proprietors have orchards of

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

21

ten thousand trees (or rather bushes), and
the products are shipped to every part of
the empire. In the cherry season, Vladimio
cherries are plenty and cheap in every
Russian city reached by railroads or water.
We are told that whole trains are loaded
with them for Siberia and the far north-
eastern cities of the plains. South of
Vladimio, but still near to the 50th par-
allel, where the thermometer reaches at
times 50 degrees below zero, Fahrenheit,
is grown the plum in quantities absolutely
immense. These plums vary in season
and color, but they are all of one race,
which seems indigenous to northern Asia.
Many of the varieties we met at Nishney
are equal to the best German prunes,
which they resemble in shape and texture
of flesh. The color is usually red, and
the suture at one side is peculiar to the
race. As we go south (or rather east of
the Volga), we reach the apple growing
districts, not because the soil or climate
are better than in Vladimio, but because
the people happened to drift in the early
ages in this direction. One of the large
orchardists who brings fruit here by the
barge load grows only four varieties
specially suited for the Nishney market
during August and the first week in Sep-
tembei . These varieties are (1) Borovetsky,
a large oblong variety with crimson stripes.
In quality and appearance it is superior to
Our Duchess. (2) Miron Krasnui, a.n early
variety now past its prime. It is showy,
mild in flavor, and much eaten from hand
by Russians, who do not like acid apples
except for cooking. (3) Titofka. — This is
not our Tetofskyy but it is a very large,
oblong, ridged, highly colored, and really
good variety. Many of the specimens
look so much like large specimens of
Benoni as to deceive the expert. The
flesh is pinkish white, somewhat coarse,
but breaking, tender, juicy, and pleasantly
sub-acid. This variety seems popular in
all parts of Europe. (4) Summer Aport.
In Russia are grown four Aports, three
of which are late autumn or winter. The
one now in market on the Volga in im-
mense quantity is known in Moscow as
Aport Oseniaii. It is large and highly
colored with splashes of pink and crimson .
It may always be known by its one-sided
stem and lip, something like Roman
Stem."

PARIS GREEN FOR ROSE BUGS.

I heard a member of the Western
New York Horticultural Society say
at the meeting at Rochester
last winter, that Paris green
could be used with safety on
grape vines, to protect them
from the ravages of rose bugs,
and it encouraged me to try it
Rose Bug. ^^ ^y. ^^^^^ ^^lis summer. I

have about 150 newly planted vines
that were growing finely. They were
attacked by the rose bugs ; many of
them were nearly covered with them,
and were fast being destroyed. I
applied Paris green in water in the
same proportion that I use on potatoes
— about one teaspoonful to a pailful of
water. It cleaned the vines of bugs,
but a two days' rain washed ofi" the
poison, and we gave them a second
application, thoroughly drenching the
vines, and they are now free from bugs,
and I cannot see that they are at all
injured by the poison. I give this ex-
perience as rose bugs have proved a
great pest to grape vines in this State.
— C. D. S., Spencer, Mass.

GRAPES, THEIR VALUE AND
CULTURE.

The value of the grape, and the ease
with which it is cultivated, are two
points not yet so well understood by
American farmera as they should be.
No Fruit is more refreshing, and none
more healthful. There can be no doubt
that if grapes were grown and freely
used by every family in the land, the
avoidance of sickness and its attendant
loss of time and expenditure for medi-
cine, would many times compensate the
time and money expended in their
culture, saying nothing of the comfort
they would add to many a household.
But besides being among the fruits
most valued by the rich, no fruit is so
emphatically the poor man's fruit as the

22

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

grape. Whoever owns a house with a
strip of land three feet wide around it
may produce an abundant supply of
grapes for his family ; and in order to
do this he need not spend more than
three or four hours' labor during the
year. Even he who lives in a rented
house may produce his own grapes, as
his vines may be planted in tubs of
earth which he can carry with him from
place to place, bedding them in the soil
of each successive home until the time
for removal comes, and feeding them
with the material which is the universal
product of every household, and which
might thus be made a means of adding
to the comfort and health of its inmates,
instead of being, as it now so often is,
a medium for the spread of disease.

The grape vine is ordinarily propa-
gated by taking well-ripened wood of
the present season's growth, after the
leaves have fallen, cutting it into lengths
containing two or three joints each, and
planting these cuttings in mellow earth
at such depth that the top bud shall be
just above the surface. In making the
cutting, the vine should be cut away
close below the lower bud, but a couple
of inches should be left above the top
bud in order that the cutting may be
more easily seen in hoeing. Of cuttings
thus managed and kept moderately
moist, the larger portion will strike root
and will make, during the season, a
growth of a few feet of vine and a dense
mass of fibrous roots. These make the
" yearling " vines of the nurserymen,
and are decidely preferable for trans-
planting to the older vines in our esti-
mation.

One-year-old vines of the common
sorts may be bought at a price which
leaves no excuse on that score for neg-
lecting to plant. Such a vine, if plant-
ed in a well drained and thoroughly
pulverized plot of land, will be ready
to begin bearing by the third year from
the planting, and when in full bearing

will yield annually from a few pounds
to several bushels of fruit, according to
the season and to the manner in which
it is trained, since it may be kept with-
in a very small compass, as in field
culture, or allowed to spread at will
over a wall or tree.

Any soil which will produce wheat
or corn will produce grapes ; but drain-
age either natural or artificial, is essen-
tial. If the soil is not naturally rich,
it should be well manured, in order to
produce a rapid and vigorous growth of
vine during the first three years.

Of varieties, the Concord is the one
grape for the million. Vigorous, hardy,
productive, of a flavor that only the
connoisseur finds defective, it combines
more excellencies than most other
varieties. For him who plants but one
vine, the Concord, therefore, is the vine
to plant. When the vineyard becomes
large enough to begin to admit of var-
iety, then plant the Delaware, which is
nearly as hardy as the Concord, while
the fruit is of more delicate flavor. —
Farm and Fireside.

FUNKIAS.

These, botanically known as Funkia,
and commonly called Blue or White
Day Lilies, according to the color of
their flowers, are among the good old-
fashioned, hardy perennials we should
like to see more recognized in our gar-
dens than they are at present. They
are natives of China and Japan, perfect-
ly hardy, and adapt themselves very
agreeably to cultivation in our gardens.
There are several sorts well worth grow-
ing and not uncommon in our gardens
bat there is great confusion in their no-
menclature. Siebold's Funkia is a
noble plant and forms a large mass
of tropical-appearing, glaucous-green
leaves which are of themselves very or-
namental. It blossoms about or before
the middle of July, and has large,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

23

lilac-blue, scentless flowers. Fortune's
Funkia is nearly related to Siebold's.
The species commonly known as the
White Day Lily, namely subcordata and
its larger form called grandiflora are,
however, perhaps the best of all for us.
They have large masses of green leaves,
and in July and August, lots of large,
funnel-shaped, white, fragrant blossoms.
The common Blue Day Lily, known as
ovata, is at its best during the last fort-
night of July ; it is, too, a vigorous spe-
cies with ample leaves ; but of it there
are some varieties of smaller growth
and later season. The Narrow-leafed
Funkia is a pretty little species that
blossoms in September ; its flowers are
blue. Besides these species and several
other varieties esteemed for their flow-
ers, there are many very distinctly
variegated-leafed varieties, such as the
White, the Blue, the Lance-leafed, and
especially one called undulata. The
most prominently variegated form of
undulata has white leaves banded
around with green, not unlike those of
a recently introduced hydrangea. The
variegated forms flower as freely as the
plain-leafed ones, except, perhaps, in the
case of undulata, but in that instance
the foliage is reckoned of more import-
ance than the flowers, and in order to
prolong the season of the good condition
of the leaves, the flower spikes are usu-
ally plucked ofi" before the blossoms
open. Besides, as border clumps the
variegated sorts are often used as edgings
to shrubbery borders.

These Funkias are of the easiest pos-
sible culture, and enjoy a rich, friable
soil and a sheltered but faintly shaded
situation. They will grow well enough
in the open, sunny border or under the
thin shade of trees, and the stronger
kinds especially will hold their own with
profit if planted out as clumps upon the
grass in some slightly shaded place. The
great di-awback to the planting of them
in open, sunny places is their suscepti-

bility to '• scorching " in Summer. It
is very vexing to find that when your
Funkias are in untarnished vigor, there
comes a shower or a day or two of dull
weather succeeded by hot sunshine, and
your Funkia leaves are all damaged.
But such is the case, and we know of
no plants more certainly affected in this
way than the Funkias.

They all ripen seeds ; some kinds, as
ovata, do so extravagantly, but for tidi-
ness sake it is well to cut over the spikes
as soon as the flowers are past. They
are readily propagated from seeds ; in-
deed, even so fine a species as Siebold's
sows itself freely; but the variegated
forms are perpetuated by division.
They are perfectly hardy, but the first
frost cuts them down as if they were
dahlias, but the roots are unhurt. It is
a good plan then to cut away the leaves
and place a forkful of decayed manure
about their crowns there to remain ;
when they begin to grow in Spring,
their leaves will soon cover the manure
which not only stimulates them as food,
but preserves the soil cool and open
about the crowns.

Funkias used to be known as Day
Lilies, but this common name being
also used for the genus Hemerocallis,
Mr. Robinson, of England, recently ad-
vertised for a new English name for
Funkia. Among the many proposed
"Plantain Lily" was the one he accep-
ted. He deemed it a happy one, because
of the likeness of the Funkia leaves to
those of some of the tropical plantains.
— Rural New Yorker.

Wilson Strawberry. — A correspondent
of the Country Gentleman writing from
Ohio, says in an article on the fruit raised
in his State : "Of strawberries, the Wil-
son takes the lead in about the proportion
of ten acres to one of all other varieties
gro^^n ; and as far as I can judge will con-
tinue to lead for some time to come, as no
other variety that I know of is so popular
both with growers and buyers."

u

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE CARDINAL FLOWER.

Clare, Anabel, and little Hugh,
Brush from the grass the morning dew.
In quest of flowers. With laughter sweet.
They press with eager, tireless feet,
Down lanes ablaze with Golden Rod,
Where white and crimson Thistles nod.
Where purple Asters, leaning, look
At purple Asters in the brook.

Tliey gather wreaths of Clematis,
And blithely, deeming naught amiss,
Where pale pink Roses lately grew,
Pluck shining spheres of scarlet hue,
And berries like red ivory gleam
From stems of glossy Wintergreen.
And now their bright, enraptured eyes
Are fasteiied on a rarer prize ;
Upon a steep bank, just beyond
The confines of a marshy pond.
In lonely grandeur brave and tall,
There flames a scarlet Cardinal.

They pick their way among the rocks,
Their pains the radiant vision mocks.
All reaching is in vain, and they.
With backward glances, turn away,
Till, flushed and weary with their toils.
And laden with the brilliant spoils,
That, wilting now within their arms.
Are losing fast their early charms,
They rest beside the roadside brook.
With half a disappointed look.

Ah, Clare and Anabel and Hugh,

Not if you search the meadows through.

And gather more than you can hold

Of autumn's purple, red, and gold,

Will you find aught so fair to each.

As that one flower you could not reach !

Congregationalist.

COVERING STRAWBERRY BEDS.
The Germantown Telegraph says :
" Often there is much said, and especi-
ally at this season of the year, about cover-
ing strawberries ; and many persons are
induced by what they read to act so as to
heartily regret it when the spring comes
round. We have known people to act on
this suggestion, and cover their strawberry
beds with manure, and find the whole com-
pletely rotten in the spring. And yet a
little covering with the right kind of
material is not a bad thing. If the plants
are left entirely unprotected the leaves are
browned and often destroyed ; while it
must have been noted by every observant
gardener that the best fruit comes from
plants that have managed to keep their
leaves bright and green till their spring

flowers appear. And this is why a cover-
ing of snow the whole winter is so good
for the strawberry crop. As we have
remarked, when the leaves are browned
the crop is small ; but when the snow
covers the plants all the winter long, they
come out in the spring in the best possible
condition.

*" But we cannot always depend on the
snow. It does not always come, or con-
tinue in the regular way. So if some light
material can be put over the plants, that
will not smother and rot them, and yet
will be just enough to make a shade from
the winter sun and a screen from frosty
winds, it will be doing a good turn to the
strawberry plant. Manure is bad. There
is salt in it, especially when fresh, which
is destructive to foliage ; but clean straw,
or swamp or marsh hay that is free from
weeds, answers the purpose very well. But
it must not be put on very thick. The
idea is, just enough to make a thin screen,
and yet not enough to hold the moisture
long. Shade without damp is the idea.
Sucli light protection is good for the straw-
berry plants."

The Cardinal Flower. — There is no
diflficulty in cultivating the Cardinal
Flower {Lobelia Cardinalis). It prefers
damp, rich soil, but with a little care it
can be grown almost anywhere. The best
way is to get a good load of swamp dirt,
which is mainly leaf mould, and make a
bed in a shady or half-shady position. Of
course the plants will do better if they
can be removed from their native place
with care, retaining a good quantity of
soil with the roots, and be speedily re-
planted ; but we have taken them up with
but little soil, kept them several days,
carried them a hundred miles, and planted
them in conditions not particularly favor-
able with very good results. Among the
many too much neglected native wild
flowers there are none whose form and
color better challenge our admiration ;
and when we know with what ease they
are started, and that, being perennial,
they continue from year to year to repay
the attention once bestowed, we wonder
they are not more frequently seen in our
gardens.

PRINTED AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF COPP, CLARK * CO., COLBOfiNE STREET, TORONTO.

LEMATIS COCCINEA

THE

VOL. VI.]

FEBRUARY, 1883.

[No. 2.

THE

This interesting and valuable genus
of climbing plants is attracting much
attention both in Europe and America.
As the result of careful cultivation and
the crossing of different species we have
now some very beautiful and showy
varieties. These plants belong to the
natural order Crowfoots (Ranuncula-
cese), and are characterized by a valvate
coloured calyx, and by having the
carpels when ripe terminated by long,
feathery styles. In some of the species
the flowers are not as attractive as the
seed vessels are when plumed with their
long feathery styles. In England the
most common species is known as the
Traveller's Joy, Clematis vitalba, which
runs over the hedges in some parts of
the country, covering them with a
profusion of white blossoms, to be
succeeded by heaps of silky tufts.
Some of the species are fragrant. The
one known as Clematis jiammvla^ a
native of France, is exceedingly rich in
perfume. Until within a few yeara
the Clematis were chiefly used to cover
unsightly objects, though occasionally
C. viticella, a purple flowering species
introduced into Enghind from Spain,
was used as an ornamental climber.
In the year 1851 a large flowered vari-

CLEMATIS.

ety, known as C. lanv-ginosa was brought
fi'om China, about fifteen years after,
some English gardeners, notably Mr.
Jackman of the Woking nurseries,
conceived the idea of crossing these two
last named species. The result of this
crossing has been the production of a
race of hardy, free flowering Clematis,
with large, showy flowers, which make
a grand display either as climbers upon
pillars or lattice, or trained upon the
ground as bedders. These beautiful
flowers are mainly of two colours, purple
and white, of various degrees of in-
tensity and purity. The only variety
approaching a red is of a dirty brick-red
hue, by no means satisfactory to the or-
namental gardener.

In the variety (Chmatis coccinea)
now presented to the notice of our
readers in the beautiful colored plate
which adorns this number, and for
which we are indebted to the liberality
of Messrs. V. H. Hallock, Son <fc Thorpe,
of Queens, N.Y., we have a very differ-
ent type of flower, quite unlike the
broad-petaled, showy blossoms of tho
Jackman group, but giving us that
much-coveted, brilliant, scarlet color so
entirely wanting in those hybrids. It
is not necessary to give any description

26

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

of this new species, the illustration is
so true to nature in every particular,
that our readers will understand the
habit of the plant and the form and
color of its flowers from an examina-
tion of the plate better than from any
description in words. It remains only
to say that, in this climate at least^ it
dies down on the advent of frosty
weather to the gi'ound, springing up
again on the return of warm weather,
and growing very rapidly, comes into
flower in July and continues to bloom
profusely until stopped by the frosts of
autumn. The root has so far proved
to be perfectly hardy in the Niagara
district, without any protection what-
ever. Like all climbing plants of this
family it requires to be well fed, in
order to secure rapid growth and con-
tinuous and profuse bloom.

RUSSIAN FRUITS.

Mr. Charles Gibb, of Abbotsford,
Province of Quebec, writes to the Jour-
nal of Agriculture from St. Petersburg,
Russia, that the hardiness of a variety
is not dependent upon the place of its
birth, but upon hardy ancestry ; hence
he finds in England and France, under
Eiiglish and French names, apple trees
of that early terminate growth and
thick pubescent leaf which show pure
Russian or Astrachanican descent. At
Reutlingen, in Wurtemburg, he foimd
the perry and cooking pears to be of a
different race from those of Western
France, and .at ,yienna a race of apples
.wholly new tjO' hini, with very thick,
spi^ll, plicate leaves, natives of Tran-
sylvania, some of which grow from
cuttings like currants.

Many of the fruits ,of Poland he
;found to be of native origin And quite

unknown in Western Europe. In the
nurserieS; and in the gardens of the
Pomological Institute at Warsaw he
met, for the first, with collections from
the Russian steppes. The Antonowka
and Titowka seemed the most popular
of the coast-section apples. The hardiest
good pear is the Sapieganka, of which
he saw trees, whose trunks were two
feet in diameter, growing in the cold
climate of Wilna. At Riga he found
that the selections of apples were made
mainly from the Russian steppes, and
that the trees and shrubs in the nur-
series were largely Asiatic,

At St. Petersburg^ in latitude 60**,
so far north that for nearly two months
in the summer the stars at mid-night
are not visible, the sun being too short
a distance below the horizon, he learned
that the trees and shrubs of Central
Europe have usually failed, and have
been replaced by those from Northern
Turkestan, Southern Siberia, Mongolia,
Dahuria and the Amoor district. The
market was supplied with chen-ies from
the cold region of Yladimir east of
Moscow, which variety and the Ostheim
cherry he says are better than the Early
Richmond and the Kentish, and can be
grown in much severer climates.

At Moscow he found himself some-
what north of the limits of successful
fruit culture. Five years ago, a week
of unprecedented cold had killed or
injured most of the trees in their fruit
gardens, which in many cases had not
been replanted.

In the Vladimir district he found
that there are sections where the chief
commercial industry is cherry culture,
which cherry is usually of large size,
and when fully ripe nearly black in
color and almost sweet, and in quality
very much better than our Kentish.
Many proprietors have ten thousand
trees, or rather bushes of this cherry,
and entire cars, and at times even whole

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

27

trains ai^ laden with this cherry for
the different markets. The climate
here is as cold as that of Moscow, where
the theremometer falls to 40° and 44°
below zero, Fahrenheit.

On the west bank of the Volga, south
of Kazan, but seven hundred miles
farther north than the city of Montreal,
are, he says, twelve villages where
apples are grown in large quantities,
sometimes to the amount of fifty thou-
sand dollars in value, for the markets
of Nijni, Novgorod and Kazan. He
believes this to be the coldest orchard
region in the world, where the apple
trees are mere bushes grown in clumps
of two or three together, and the clumps
twelve feet apart each way. He found
these orchards heavily laden with fruit,
notwithstanding that the theremometer
fell last winter to 40° Fahrenheit, below
eero; and in the winter of 1877 stood
for a day and a half at Ji/ty-eight below
aero. He remarks that the trees are
slow, crooked growers, such as our
nurserymen hate to gi'ow, and would
hardly be able to sell in Canada after
they had grown them, but they begin
to bear young, and bear abundant crops
of fair sized fruit of really fine quality
and that keeps at least until mid- win-
ter. These trees are hardier than
Duchess of Oldenburg or Alexander
and should succeed on Pembino moun-
tain in Manitoba.

At Simbirsk, further south, in lati-
tude 54°, where the wintei-s are quite
as cold as at Quebec, he found the same
varieties of apples grown in quantity,
and also many thousand pear trees, a
large number of which are unfit for
eating either raw or cooked, yet several
varieties of the Bergamot and other
types are sweet, free from astringeiicy,
and worthy of introduction.

The plums he fouftd in those northern
regions were to hira quite a new race,
were bushes also, bearing profusely,
some red plums, some white, but mostly

blue plums, the best of which he con-
sidered to be very nearly if not quite
equal to our Lombard plum. Yet he
inclines to the opinion that the improved
varieties of the wild plum of the north
western states are the best for the colder
sections of Canada.

At Seratov, in latitude 51 J°, he found
an orchard of twelve thousand trees,
employing three hundred pickers, and
eighty-five packers, which had shortly
before sent one thousand tons of apples
to the Moscow market. He also found
at this place a pear orchard of five
hundred trees. And yet, he adds, there
are times here when the mercury be-
comes solid.

Turning westward into Central Rus-
sia he finds new varieties of the apple.
Here, at Voronesh, the apple grown on
the Volga from Seratov to Kazan, called
the Annis, is not known, and the variety
called the Antonowka takes its place.
He does not give any description of the
tree or fruit of this Antonowka variety,
nor compare it in any way with the
Annis race which "he found so abundant
on the Volga, but remarks that fortun-
ately the best varieties of the Russian
fruits have been included in the col-
lections sent from Moscow to the Iowa
Agricultural College.

He speaks frequently of the kindness
he experienced during his travels in
Russia and the interest taken by the
gentlemen he met in the object of his
researches and the facilities afforded
him for pursuing his inquiries. At our
latest advices he was in England, having
reached that far on his return homs.

Grapes at Orillia. — Mr. William
Gillett, who is a member of the Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association, raised over
five hundred pounds of fine grapes the
past season. Mr. Gillett is thoroughly
conversant with the subject of fruit grow-
ing, and experiments largely in new
varieties. — What we want is more men of
this stamp. — Orillia Packet.

28

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

COERESPONDEN CE.

THE MICHIGAN STATE HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.

To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

My Dear JSir, — The annual meetings
of the above society were held in the
city of Flint, Mich., December 4th, 5th
and 6th, and as I was permitted to be
present for the first time at their meet-
ings, I would like to give you and ypur
readers a few notes regarding it and its
work, hoping that it may be of interest
to them. The city of Flint is the capi-
tal of Genesee County, and is one of
those American cities, or rather towns,
that to be seen is to be admired. It
has a wealthy population of some 10,000
people, and has all the advantages of
modern city life. It has two railroads
coursing through its limits, crossing
each other, viz., the Grand Trunk and
Chicago R. R. and the Flint and Pere
Marquette R. R., which affords it every
accommodation It is beautifully located
on an eminence bordered by the river
from which it took its name, which
river rises some distance to the east,
and after tracing Lapeer, Genesee and
Saginaw counties, empties into the
Saginaw river. It was formerly a noted
lumbering centre, but since the supply
is now very much reduced, its principal
industries are manufactures in the use-
ful arts, commerce, (fee. Here is one
of the finest buildings erected in the
interests pf higher education that is to
be found in that State, and is said to
have cost one hundred thousand dollai^s.
Here also is the noted Institute for the
education and training of deaf mutes,
where large numbers of these unfortu-
nates are cared for and qualified for
lives of usefulness. The streets of the
city are wide and well ventilated, and
everywhere made cheerful and beauti-
ful by being liberally planted with
shade and ornamental trees, mostly of
our choice and popular sugar maple.

The streets are laid out at right angles
and the soil is high, dry, and easily
drained, having a gentle slope every
way to the river.

The Society was holding their meet-
ing in Flint on the invitation of the
Genesee County Horticultural Society,
who made ample arrangements for
the comfortable accommodation of all
delegates and members who might
favor them with their presence, either
free in private houses or at reduced
rates at the hotels. The place of
the meetings was Convocation Hall,
in the High School building, and was
very ample for a large attendance,
and purposely decorated for the occa-
sion. The room was large and well
seated, and the walls were embellished
by large and handsome charts illustra-
tive of Prof. Real's lecture on botany,
entitled the " Growth of a tree." The
dais contained the President's and other
chairs and the desks for the reporters,
&c., and was beautifully set off by
many pots of ornamental green-house
plants, many of which were in bloom.
The raised fruit stands along the whole
width of the large hall were almost cov-
ered in their great extent by the largest
and finest display of fruits, vegetables,
&c., that ever I saw at a fruit meeting
of this kind. In fruit there were apples
in large quantities, pears, grapes and
oranges, besides dried fruit ; jelly and
honey, marmalades and amber syrups.
In vegetables there were potatoes in
enormous quantities, cabbages, cauli-
flowers, turnips, celery, &c., all of which
were very fine indeed, and the interest
taken in the display was constant and
great. The first sitting was opened at*
about eight o'clock, in presence of some
two or three hundred members, &c., by
an address of welcome by the mayor
of the city, and was very happy and
well received, the President, in the
chair, replying, after which Prof. A. J.
Cook, of the Agricultural College,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

29

Lansing, introduced the theme of the
evening, by reading a masterly paper on
Evolution as scietifically understood. It
was exceedingly interesting and was re-
ceived with the most profound attention.
After much hand-shaking and familiar
congratulation, the first session of the
society was brought to a close. The
succeeding sessions were very admira-
bly opened by delightful singing by
the pupils of the High School, who
came into the room en mass bringing
their organ with them, and under the
efficient leadership of Superintendent
Gass, M.A., it was really very inspiring
to hear those well trained young peo-
ple sing so finely Longfellow's beautiful
but earnest words :

" Life is earnest, life is real,
And the grave is not its goal ;

Dust thou art, to dust returuest,
Was not written of the sold."

The reading of the Scriptures and
prayer was then done by one of the
city clergy. This was really a fine
opening for a fruit meeting and worthy
of the highest commendation. The
various topics brought up for discussion
were introduced by a well written paper
by a person previously notified and
announced. After the readings the
discussions were full, free and in the
most friendly and agreeable tone, appar-
ently no selfish ends or objects ruling.
Indeed I may say, with great satisfac-
tion, that the tone of all the sessions
was one of extreme tenderness, and the
interest in the meeting was constant
and unabating. The presence, at the
various sessions, of numerous ladies of
apparently high standing in society
added much to the interest and beauty
of the meeting, and was a source of
encouragement by their timely presence
and assistance. The interest these
seemed to take in the proceedings
was earnest and untiring. In the
case of one good lady who had
duties to perform that required her

immediate and motherly care, but was
more than a match for the difficulty by
bringing her knitting to the meeting
with her, and while her nimble fingers
were faithfully plying the shining
needles in the stitches, her attentive
ear and her ever-watchful eye as care-
fully and untiringly followed the
speakers on the theme of discussion.
Oh, Hood ! had you lived to see o\ir
day, how much would you have to
modify the tone of your famous " Song
of the Shirty The final closing session
on the evening of the third day was
very grand indeed, and the like of it I
had never before seen at a fruit meet-
ing. I consider it was the finest and
fullest exponent of the question, "How
to make Horticultural meetings inter-
esting to the pnblic V One of Steck's
grand concert pianos was brought on
the dais, and by the instrumentality of
cultured and trained fingers was made
to do most excellent service. The meet-
ing was publicly announced to be free,
and the citizens in great numbers came
in and nearly filled the great hall. The
programme for tlie evening was well
arranged ; short, pithy speeches of not
more than five minutes in length by
members of the society and distin-
guished guests who were present, inter-
spersed at frequent intervals by choicest
music. The programme was carried
out in the happiest manner and with
the most cheering results. Secretary
Garfield, who is one of those who are
ever ready for any work, and who
happily always has just the right thing
to say in the right time and place, was
the very life and soul of the meeting
and a large contributor to its success.
Altogether these meetings will long be
remembered for their friendly associa-
tions and for their tender and intei-est-
ing tone.

The lessons to be learned from this
interview are : Ist. How to get the
popular interest at Horticultural meet-

30

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

lugs'? By constant and well-directed
efforts in educating and elevating the
people ; by soliciting attention and
attendance ; by offenng benefits to
those who attend, and by giving them
something they can carry away with
them for their encouragement and
future guidance in life. 2nd. How to
get a fine fruit display at our meet-
ings 1 By oflScially requesting con-
tributions, and by offering premiums
and distinctions to those who do con-
tribute. 3rd. How to keep up the
interest and the attendance to the end 1
By having a well digested programme
of popular and interestitig subjects, and
by getting out the fullest and freest dis-
cussion upon them, and by having an
interesting variety every day.

B. GOTT,
Arkona Nurseries, Dec. 12th, 1882,

FRUIT m MUSKOKA.

For a considerable time Muskoka
District has been celebrated for pro-
ducing the very finest potatoes, and
only till recently has it been established
that most of the hardier sorts of apples,
plums and grapes will grow abundantly
if only cared for.

At the County show last September
we saw some very fine specimens of
" Duchess of Oldenburg" apples, grown
by Mr. Bowerman, of Bracebridge, on
trees two years from planting. Mr. T.
M. Robinson, of Muskoka Bay, grew
some fine specimens of Tetofsky fully
ripe 15th September, and Mr. James
McAllister exhibited some exceedingly
fine Haas apples. Mr. Hughes, on the
Muskoka River, showed several plates
of Muskoka seedling apples, all of a
fair size, free from defects, and having
good keeping qualities. Several other
parties had splendid exhibits. I could
not learn to whom they belonged, or
the varieties, but the whole exhibit
was one which plainly demonstrated

that apples can be grown here to per-
fection.

Settlei-s in this district need not fear
to plant a good orchard with hardy
sorts of apples, and let the above three
sorts be the prevailing kinds. While
here I may say that one of the principal
reasons why apples have not been grown
so satisfactorily earlier in the history of
the district, is that settlers generally
have too small a plot of ground assigned
for garden and orchard, and this almost
invariably includes the door yards ;
and of coui-se the cattle come to the
door in winter, and are not long in
browsing the branches, and after a few
days limbs and all are gone, leaving
only a wretched stub. I think settlei's
now see the need of more care and cul-
tivation, and if so, it will not be long
till Muskoka will be able to produce
her own fruit and to spare.

The exhibition of grapes was good.
The finest being Rogers' No. 15 (Aga-
wam), grown by Rev. A. Dawson, of
Gravenhurst, produced on vines one
year from planting. He also showed
some Concord, Clinton and Champions.
All were grown not more than eighteen
inches from the ground on a light soil,
moderately enriched with rotted stable
manure and lime.

Mr. Pickerell, of Macauley, J. P.,
had a fine display of Concord, Hartford
Prolific, and some other sorts, grown
about Bracebridge, where the soil is
heavy clay, consequently the fruit did
not ripen as early as if grown on lighter
soil. I susj^ect that there had been a
good deal of manure used to increase
the vigor of the plants, hence the slbw-
ness in ripening.

Grapes for Muskoka should be
planted on light land and not overlie
rich ; train low, and the result will be
satisfactory. To intending purchasers
of vines for Muskoka, I would specially
recommend Agawam, Concord, Cham-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

31

pion and Clinton. These can all be
depended on to ripen, and are good
enough for any family in the land.
Vegetation being rapid in this district,
the j)lants grow quickly, consequently
the fruit is very fine, large, and abso-
lutely free from insect depredations.

It being an established fact that fruit
can be grown successfully and with pro-
fit, I would recommend every settler in
this new country to make it a point to
plant at least a few of the hardy varieties
of apples and grapes, as soon as he has
enough ground cleared to make a garden
(never mind the stumps). Plant the
trees, the stumps will be rotting out,
while the trees will be growing up.

J. P. COCKBURN-

Gravenhurstu

WHAT OUR READERS SAY.

A SUGOESTION.

T am well pleased with the Canadian
Horticulturist, and consider it good
value for the one dollar, apart from the
plant distribution.

It is certainly a great improvement
having the annual reports bound. Trust
you will continue to make improve-
ments from year to year, iiutil your
pa])er shall rank first among all similar
publications on this continent.

It is perhaps pertinent to add that
any information you can give us with
regard to Mr. Chjis. GibVs gleanings in
Northern and Central Europe will be
most acceptable to your subscri))ers
residing in the colder portions of our
Province,

Could you not have for one of the
questions for discussion at your next
meeting, " How to protect trees that
are not quite hardy enough to with-
stand the rigour of our climate ] "
Yours, &c.,

A. A. Wright.
Eenfrew, Ont.

THE BURNET GRAPE.

The Burnet grape bore well this
season, some very good bunches which
ripened fairly, notwithstanding the late
spring. The grape also set its fruit
better than last year. The vine is
strong and vigorous, having much the
character of growth of Rogers' hybrids.
I am inclined to think that cultivated
in localities where it will fully ripen,
it will prove to be one of the Cana-
dian wine grapes of the future. The
entire freedom from musky flavor and
the peculiarly fine acid flavor ought to
produce a wine of higher quality than
Clinton or Concord.

Yours, respectfully,

George Elliott.
Guelph, Ont,

I express my surprise on reading an
article in your October number by Mr.
P. E. Bucke, of Ottawa, relative to the
Burnet grape. I have always heard of
that gentleman as most reliable, but
after perusing the article referred to,
my opinion is very much changed when
I find him lauding up the Burnet grape
to the skies, speaking of it as a magnifi-
cent grape, and that for flavor and
quality of fruit, it is llie Queen of
oui-door black grapes.

Now, I do not pretend to be an
authority on grapes, but I do pretend
to know a good grape when I tjiste it.
I have made the grape especially my
hobby for a great many years, and after
having fruited the Burnet for several
years have thrown it out as worthless.
I had several varieties of Rogers and
Hybrids growing alongside it which
are far superior in every respect, as re-
gards size of bunch and berry, flavor
and of a far more vigorous growth.
Some of my neighbors who were in-
duced as well as myself in consequence
of articles appearing in the Horticultu-
rist to purchase it, are also of the same

32

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

opinion. It is impossible that any
difference of climate can ever make it a
grape deserving of cultivation. When
Mr. Bucke shows me to the contrary I
will then believe I may have been
mistaken, but until then I shall con-
sider it worthless. Can you tell me
whether Mr. Bucke is interested in the
propagation of this grape. It looks
very like it.

I may, perhaps, trouble you some-
times with a few remarks, if you do
not consider my strictures too severe,
magna est Veritas et prevalebit. I shall
not mince matters. I should not have
troubled you, had not Mr. Bucke in-
vited criticism.

Very truly yours,

James Taylor.
St. Catharines.

[Mr. P. E. Bucke is in no way inter-
ested in the sale or propagation of the
Burnet grape vines. He is merely
giving his impressions of the quality and
character of the grape as grown in his
own garden in Ottawa. Be charitable
towards fellow-laborers in the field of
fruit culture. These records of differ-
ent experiences are exceedingly valua-
ble. We do not get as many of them
as we should. They are all needed to
enable us to ascertain the true value of
varieties not yet widely tested. We
must not be too ready to impute selfish
motives to those whose opinions and
experiences differ from ours. They may
be as honest as our own. — Ed. Cana^-
DiAN Horticulturist.]

TO PROTECT TREES FROM MICE.

Sir, — Seeing in the Horticulturist a
correspondent enquiring for the best
means to prevent mice from girdling
fruit trees, as a fruit grower of over a
1,000 trees I give him my experience.
One year I lost over 50 trees with
mice, with the prospect of ultimately
loosing the whole of them. I had seen

an account recommending old stove
pipes, as well as other unwieldly sub-
stances. Only think of a 1,000 old
stove pipes. So as a substitute for the
stove pipes I bought roofing felt, and
spread it on the lawn for a few days to
partly dry it. I then cut it into strips
the required size to lap round, and high
enough to come to the top of the snow,
tying it with two- strings. This I re-
placed for two or three years, the same
pieces having been taken care ot. The
consequence was I lost no more trees.
Two I found where the felt did not
quite meet at the bottom were barked
at the opening, but nowhere else. The
felt should l>e inserted a couple of inches
in the ground.

J. McL.
Owen Sound, Dec. 4th, 1882.

ENGLISH GOOSEBERRIES WITHOUT
MILDEW.

, On page 124, Canadian Horticul-
turist for 1882, the standard sorts of
English gooseberries are condemned as
worthless on account of mildew, <fec. ;
but on page 198, one kind is mentioned
as being free from this defect.

Now of English standaixls I have
only five bushes left, and for the last
ten or twelve years every berry on
every bush invariably mildewed, and
what were gathered wei^ picked unripe
and very small, and not worth the
trouble. Thanks however to your ably
conduct«Kl Magazine, early last spring
I saw a hint from one of your corres-
pondents, proving that he had found
the use of sulphur beneficial. I adopted
the suggestion, and the consequence was
that there was not one solitary berry
upon which the slightest trace of mildew
was to be found. The yield was exactly
fifty quarts off the five bushes. The
berries were remarkably large and clean,
equally so with any I have ever seen in
England, and attracted the notice of

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

63

our Arkona fruit grower, who thought
such berries would command a ready
sale at one-third better prices than
Houghton or Downing.

Tlie plan I adopted was, when the
berries were about the size of a pea
and beginning to mildew, to dust them
lightly with sulphur, using about half
a pound to the five bushes. At the
first dusting the grass was growing
very rank about the bushes. A few
weeks later the operation was repeated
with the same quantity, as rain had
fallen in the meantime. I then re-
moved the rank grass that there might
be a freer circulation of air, but nothing
more was done until gathering time.

I may say that Mr. B. Gott, of the
Arkona Nui-series, saw the bushes about
the time of the first dusting, and sub-
sequently when the berries were about
full size, but not ripe, and exclaimed,
" We do not want a better berry !"
It is at the suggestion of this very
enthusiastic and intelligent fruit grower
I communicate this, hoping some of
your readers may secure for themselves
choice, large, clean and jine flavored
Standard English Gooseberries.
Yours truly,

Martin Wattson.

AMATEUR FRUIT AND VEGETABLE

GROWERS.
To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

There are many amateurs here and
elsewhere who are continually trying
their hand on horticulture. Their
succass never reaches the public,
although much of their labora would
greatly benefit the public. Here is one
of them. A. S. Greenfield, whenever
ceases trying all sorts of gi*apes and
vegetables, and often has them in great
perfection. This year, one particular
feature in his success isgro wing parsnips.
Some of them measured eighteen inches
around, two feet long, and weighing

five and one quarter pounds. They are
the best I have ever seen. I would
like to know if any one C5an beat him
in this. He deserves notice in your
Horticulturist.

N. Robertson.
Government Grounds, Ottawa.

[We wish that our amateur friends
would use the columns of the Canadian
Horticulturist in telling what succeeds
with them and what does not succeed.
The information would be of great value
to others. — Ed.]

REPORT OF TREES AND PLANTS
RECEIVED.

The Glass Seedling plum tree has
borne a few very nice plums this year.
They were ripe about the middle of
September.

The Burnet grape vine grows very
fast. It has not borne much fruit yet.

The Ontario apple tree grows well
and was not much injured by blight
this summer. It has not borne any
fruit yet.

I planted about a peck of the Demp-
sey potato last spring, and this fall I
dug about four bushels of very good
potatoes from it.

The Moore's early grape vine has
not grown much yet. I think it will
live. Sanford White.

FRUIT TREES IN MANITOBA.

Mr. Editor, — I have been in the
Northwest now for nearly two years,
and am firmly in the belief that apples
and plums can be raised here. The
trees will require particular attention,
and the order of planting revei-sed from
the way it is done in Ontario. Here
the black earth should be dug out and
a poorer and a lighter soil thrown in,
and the growth kept well back the first
year. Apples and plums raised from
seed will, I am sure, succeed. And

u

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

why not ? Is it not as cold in Russia,
Quebec, and the northern part of China,
where the finest ap|)Ies are raised '] I
shall try a few trees this spring on my
farm, Township 7, Kange 19 W., south
of the Brandon hills, and hope to re-
port success. Where the wild grape
and wild hops grow so successfully and
abundantly, surely the earlier kinds of
cultivated grape will succeed ; but it
will take a few years, as all that is
thought of now is as to who can do
the greatest amount of breaking and
gnt in the largest number of acres of
crops.

Yours, &c.,

P. R. Jarvis.
Winnipeg, Nov. 21st, 1882.

EXPERIENCES AT CLINTON, ONT.
This has been a very unfruitful sea-
son in our quarter. Last winter with
us the thermometer went down to 23
below zero, which was more than many
of our fruit trees could bear and live.
The unfavorable spring also did not
make it any better. The white Spitzen-
burgs are killed out. Some Rhode
Island Greenings, Twenty oz. Pippins,
Devonshire and other Pearmains are all
injured lessor more; some are dead. Our
Famense trees stood it well, but the fruit
is badly spotted. Our Cayugas never
showed a full leaf, but are living. Some
of our Dutch Mignonne bore well, and
never with us larger or finer fruit. We
had a few White Doyenne, but they
were knarly. Bartletts about the size
of the Dearborn's Seedling, and no
good. We never had finer Madelines.
We had a few Glout Morceaus as good
as I ever saw them. Steven's Genesee
very good. Oswego Beurre good. Yan
Mon's Leon Leclerk killed out ; not
much loss. Louise de Jersey veiy good.
Thos. Wiggington.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.

There is to be an international exhibi-
tion of animals connected with Agri-
culture, as horses, cattle, sheep, swine,
bees, fish, poultry,and appliances, imple-
ments and machinery connected with
the keeping, breeding, culture or employ-
ment of them, to be held in Hamburg
in the German Empire, from the third
to the eleventhof July, 1883. Articles
for exhibition must be on the ground
by ten o'clock of the second of July.

THE BID WELL STRAWBERRY.

Mr. Roe writes to the Bural New
Yorker that this strawberry has again
surpassed everything on his place, and

BIDWELL.

took the lead at other places he had
visited. He is receiving enthusiastic
accounts of it from many parts of the
country. A Maryland man writes to
him that he is carrying to market fruit
from his Bid well plants, the berries
being some of the finest that it has
been his pleasure to see, and that he
intends to plant it largely this season,
as he finds the fruit bears transportation
"splendidly," while the flavor and
color are all that can be desired. An-
other writes that the Bid well excelled
all the varieties on his place, not only

THE CANADIAN HORTICDLTUKIST.

35

in bearing, but the fruit was larger
than that of any other variety except
the Sliarpless, and the carrying quali-
ties are equal to tliose of any other
sort. Mr. Koe expects the Bidwell
will prove one of tlie leading varieties
for the country at large.

CRIMSON BEAUTY RASPBERRY.

This new red raspberry is brought to
the notice of the public by Mr. A. M.

Mr. Purdy says it is not a whit
behind the Marlboro' in productiveness,
tize, flavor, color, earliness and hardi-
ness ; that eveiy red raspberry that has
yet originated in the west has proved a
success, and that he is confident he now
has in the Crimson Beauty a red rasp-
berry as large, productive and hardy
as the Turner, but earlier and firmer.
Surely if we keep on improving at
this rate we shall soon have a perfect

CRIMSON BEAUTY.

Purely, of Palmyra, N. Y., to whom
we are indebted for the above cut. He
procured it from Dr. Stayman, of Kan-
sas, who writes to the Fruit Recorder
that he has a " new red raspberry,
better in quality than any other I know
of, large size, bright scarlet, as hardy
as the Turner^ and better evpry way
than that sort. It certainly is ahead
of the Cuthbert and Superb, for I have
fruited both of these and neither are of
as good quality or color. It is earlier
than the Turner, of a more pleasant,
sprightly flavor, equally as liardy, more
productive, and of much larger size
and a bright scarlet color, and firmer.
It is stiperior to any i*ed raspberry I
have ever seen or grown— not except-
ing the Superb, Lost Rubies, Reliance,
Turner, or Cuthbert."

rasj^bei-ry. It will be interesting to
grow the Hansell and Scarlet Queen
side by side and note the peculiarities
of these two aspirants for public favor.

THE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, CANADA.

This association was formed on the
30th of September, 1882, with the
Hon. Mr. Joly, President ; Messrs. J.
K. Ward and Mjissiie, Vice-Presidents ;
Mr. Jos. Perrault, Recording Secre-
tary ; Mr. E. Barnard, Cori-esponding
Secretary, and Mr. G. L. Marler, Trea-
surer, and a Council of sixteen. In
Ontario, the Fruit Growei-s* Associa-
tion of the Province is also its Forestry
Association, this being also one of the
subjects discussed at its meetings and
which it is designed to promote.

36

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE FRUIT CROP OF 1882.

According to precedents the apple
crop in Western New York, this year,
ought to have been the largest ever
grown. There were more apple trees
of bearing age, it was the biennial
bearing year, and more blossoms ex-
panded upon the trees than were ever
before known. Yet we do not hesitate
to say that the crop of apples harvested,
west of Cayuga Lake, was the smallest
in proportion to the area of orchards
ever known in this territory. We have
heretofore discussed the probable cause,
or causes of the failure, and will not
now dwell upon that point. No other
kind of fruit has resulted in such a
complete failure, unless peaches did,
and we think there was a larger jdeld
of peaches in proportion to the area
covered with trees, than of apples.

The strawberry crop was below an
average. The diminution in yield may
be attributed to several causes : The
severe drouth of last year prevented
that growth of plant last season, neces-
sary to a maximum crop. The winter
was so open and freezings and thawings
so frequent, as to heave out and destroy
a portion of the plants. Then the
spring was so cold and backward that
plants grew slowly and failed to form
that basis of a crop of fruit which is
indispensable. With all these draw-
backs there was one favorable condition,
viz.: moist weather during the fruiting
season, thus making the most of the
berries started. There was a plenty of
berries for family supply, but the scar-
city kept them too high for extensive
canning by the factories. Those who
were so fortunate as to have good crops
must have made well by them.

Cherries were good in some localities,
poor in others. They blossomed well,
but in many localities the germs fell to
the ground soon after the blossoms.
Certain varieties of cherries, notably
the Napoleon Bigarreau, are much

sought after for canning. A larger
proportion of the crop than usual was
saved, as, owing to the cool, dry wea-
ther they rotted less than usual. We
allowed ours to retain their full growth

o

and maturity, and we are confident the
yield was a third more than if picked,
as they usually are, when green.

Kaspberries were a pretty good crop,
but were reduced somewhat by the
drouth. They were all taken at good
prices, the evaporators preventing their
running too low. Currants were nearly
an average crop, but their value for can-
ning and jelly is too well appreciated
to allow much depreciation in prices.

The blackberry crop was one of the
best ever raised, and met with the most
ready sale at good prices. The mild-
ness of last winter saved the canes of
all varieties, and the scarcity of peaches
made the demand for blackberries good.

Grapes, though late, have turned
out a pretty good crop, the warm Oct.
weather, and the postponement of frost
bringing nearly all to maturity. We
think more than double the number of
pounds of grapes have been retailed,
by Rochester grocers and confectionei's,
and consumed by our citizens than ever
before, and we are glad to know that
growers have received better prices.
Retailers' margins have been smaller.

Plums have probably been the best
crop of any tree fruit grown, and they
have been largely canned. Quinces
have also been a fair crop, and we have
heard nothing of the prevalence of that
fungus which alarmed so many quince
orchardists last year. Pears were not
an average crop, but in some localities
the yield was fair. It was hardly the
bearing year for pears, in this vicinity.
Upon the whole, with the exception of
apples and peaches, the fruit crop of
Western New York has been but little
below the average, but we can better
afford to be short in all other fruits
than apples. — Rwral Home,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

37

CUTTING SEED POTATOES.

Dr. Sturtevant's Address at Utica.

The third Evening Meeting at the
State Fair was devoted to hearing and
discussing an address by Director Stur-
tevant of the State Experiment Station,
on the proper manner of cutting seed
potatoes and planting them — substan-
tially as below :

The speaker began by calling atten-
tion to the following points : —

1. A potato is covered with eyes, which
form the origins of the shoots. When the
whole potato is planted in its natural
condition, only two, three, or very rarely
four of these eyes vegetate. But rub and
injure the eyes, or scald them slightly,
and the number of the shoots is greatly
increased ; 15 to 30 will start from each
eye, and often one eye will give as many
sprouts as the whole potato would natur-
ally have done. Nature seems to work at
a great waste in potatoes, as she does in
com-poUen.

2. The common opinion is that if the
whole potato, be planted, the strongest
eyes will develop, the others remaining
dormant. But who can tell which are the
' ' strongest ' ' eyes ? The fact is that if you
plant a whole potato, and two or three
shoots start, and you then rub oflF some of
them, a great many more will appear to
take their place.

3. If you injure the eyes a little more
deeply than is necessary to multiply the
number of shoots, by pouring on boiling
water, just avoiding killing the eye, then
a mass of little tubers (15 to 25) will form
instead of the shoot — illustrating the fact
that a single eye has the capacity of
originating all the potatoes that a whole
plant ought to be expected to bear.

4. The new tuber is always borne above
the seed. Sometimes the latter (all but
the skin) is completely absorbed by the
growing plant ; sometimes you find it
apparently almost unchanged.

Now the first absorption takes place
within dejlnate lines in the potato —
which lines may be traced and studied
by splitting the pottito and soaking it
in carmine water. It will be seen that

a line of vital tissue, resembling cam-
bium, runs through the centre of the
tuber, with a branch running to each eye,
which fact is of the highest importance.
Tubers may form anywhere on one of
these vital lines ; the life of the potato
is not confined to the eyes. This is
strikingly shown by planting a whole
potato with the eyes all destroyed,
which will sometimes result in the
formation of a new potato inside the old
one, without any vegetation whatever^
the old tuber shrinking as the new one
grows. The practical lesson is : cut
each eye deep to the centre, and at a
certain definite angle to be ascertained
by experiment, and you will get the
maximum possible yield — best in qua-
lity also — from that eye.

Trials of this plan in the field this year
at the Station resulted as follows: A
hundred hills were planted in rows a
foot apart. Where whole potatoes, or
halves, or quarters, were planted, there
was no sort of uniformity in the yield;
the crop of adjoining hills varied as
much as three to one. But where single
eyes were planted, cut as above described
so as to preserve the axis of the eye,
the product was surprisingly uniform in
all the rows. In every case, the piece
cut deep, however small, gave a much
better yield and quality than a large
piece cut shallow.

In regard to the planting of potatoes,
Dr. S. early this spring started a number
of eyes in sand in-doors, and grew them
to three feet in height, but they formed
no tubers. When, however, they were
transferred to the soil, they began
immediately to form tubers. He judges
that it is necessary that the temperature
of the earth should be lower than that
of the air in order that a crop may be
produced. He has tried high hilling —
four to five feet. The result was few
and very small tubers, because the plant
had to do so much growing and digging.

88

THE CANADIAN ITORTTCULTURIST.

Yet deep planting is sometimes advan-
tajreous, for the tubers need a certain
degree of protection, and sometimes in
light soil the potato inclines to come a
little tovV^ards the surface. Perhaps it
seeks w^armth and dryness. In one
experiment, the addition of six inches of
sand to an extremely heavy clay soil,
utterly unfit for potato-growing, pro-
duced an extraordinarily large and fine
yield.

Essential conditions of success, then?
seem to be; LA single eye cut down
to the central line; 2. Warmth and dry-
ness for the growing tuber, but coolness
and moisture for the roots. Proper cut-
ting is the great point, everywhere and
always. By this means the crop may
be increased at least 25 per cent, over
■what it would be if the potatoes . were
cut in any other manner whatever;
and there is great saving of seed
hesides.— ^Country Gentleman.

THE LILY OF THE VALLEY.

Convallaria majalis.

Since fashion has decreed that this
long neglected, charming little spring
flower, with its snowy, fragrance-
spreading bells — "May-bells," as the
Germans call them— shall be fashion-
able, an enormous impetus has been
given to its cultivation. But this
perfect emblem of purity and modesty
of the floral world did not require the
dictates of fashion to be held as a
treasure by all true lovers of flowers
since time immemorial, although to
many a florist it may have brought,
according to the language of flowers, a
true " re tour du bonheur."

The Lily of the Valley grows wild
throughout Europe, in rich, damp
•woods, under the shade of deciduous
trees. It succeeds splendidly in culti-
vation, if conditions similar to those
under which it grows naturally are

provided, and its roots are not dis-
turbed for several years.

In making new beds a partly-shaded
situation should be selected, where the
ground is not traversed by the roots of
growing trees. Unless the soil is natur-
ally rich and deep, it should be dug
thoroughly to a depth of at least twelve
inches, working in at the same time a
good quantity of decomposed manure,
and, if very heavy, some sand and leaf
mould should be added. If old clumps
are at hand, these should be divided
before replanting ; the roots sold in
seed stores are generally already divided
into single crowns or *'pips," which is
the technical name for them. These
are usually set out in rows, about
twelve inches apart and six inches in
the rows. The crowns should be about
two inches below the surface of the
ground. They may be planted in the
fall or spring, but most growers are in
favor of fall planting, as at this season
better plants may be obtained. When
the ground freezes, a light coat of de-
cayed manure and some mulching
material should be scattered over the
bed. During the first summer the
rows should be hoed and kept free
from weeds ; afterward the plants will
take possession of the entire ground.

Forcing Lilies of the Valley forms
an important branch of floriculture
near our large cities, and this art has
reached so high a state of perfection that
flower-spikes are now seen in florists'
windows throughout the entire year.
The roots used for forcing are nearly
all imported from Germany, where im-
mense quantities are grown at small
cost. As soon as the "pips" arrive,
which is during the month of Novem-
ber, they are placed closely together
in shallow boxes, which are kept in
cold frames, where they can be pro-
tected against severe freezing. After
about four weeks those wanted for
earliest blooming are removed to a

THE CANADIAN HORTtcnr/rURIST.

30

LiLt OF THE Valley.

forcing-house with A temperature of
about fifty degrees, which is gradually
increased to eighty degrees.

for window and parlor culture Lilies

of the Valley may he forced as easily
fts any plants. The "pips" should be
])lantod in pots at any time during
November, six to eight to a five or six

40

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

inch pot. Ordinary potting soil should
be used, and pressed firmly around the
crowns, which should stand slightly
above the surface. The pots have to
be kept out-doors for a month or more,
plunged in sand, and sufficiently pro-
tected to prevent their breaking by
frost, although the plants themselves
are rather benefited by being exposed
to freezing weather, provided their
crowns are covered with moss. About
a month before they are expected to
bloom they should be brought to a
warm room, and gradually watered
more copiously, as they grow. — Ameri-
can Garden.

THE MARLBORO' RASPBERRY.

This new raspberry is now causing so
much excitment among fruit growers in
the Southern Ulster fruit section, by
reason of its unusual promise, that I
have been led to make a careful exami-
nation as to its origin, habits, and meri-
torious claims to public favor.

Late last week 1 attended a raspberry
exhibition in the little village of High-
land, on the Hudson, which is now one
of the great small fruit centres of the
Hudson River Yalley. I there found a
fair show of the leading varieties of this
fruit which has netted so many thou-
sands of dollars to Ulster County fruit-
growers in years past. Here was the
new "Marlboro'," not only a full supply
of the fruit, but also the large canes of
a growing hill in full fruitage, which had
been cut from the ground and transport-
ed eight miles to the fair. The fruit
was certainly the finest I ever saw —
fine flavored, very large, firm, bright
scarlet in color, and beautiful. The
immense canes were loaded to the very
tips. Three of the berries weighed half
an ounce in the scales of an apothecary
below the hall. Mr. A. J. Cay wood,
the originator, who exhibited the fruit
was, of course, very enthusiastic in its
praise, and freely invited parties to

visit him at Marlboro', and see the rasp-
berry growing. Such an invitation I
accepted, preferring to satisfy myself in
that way.

Origin of the Marlboro'. — Mr.

Caywood says he has been experiment-
ing with the view of improving the red
raspberry for over 20 years. He has
labored to produce first of all an entirely
hardy vaiiety : then large size, fine
appearence, and earliness of ripening.
During these years he has obtained six
generations of the raspberry. His first
cross was that of the Hudson River
Antwerp on the old English Globe
variety. He confined his efforts to the
stock so obtained with the exception of
admitting in the line, on one cross, the
Button Raspberry. From his sixth
and last cross, which was the Highland
Hardy, the Marlboro' was produced.

Points Claimed for it. — First he
claims perfect hardiness. The canes
have never been protected in his ground,
and he says not a bud has ever been
injured, but the fruit is produced at the
very tip. It is also the earliest and
latest red raspberry they have, he says,
commencing early and continuing long
in fruit; it ripened last year on June
15th, and was in fruit for two months.
This year by reason of the backward-
ness of the season, it ripened June 20th.
The valuable feature of holding the
fruit two or three days after ripening,
is also claimed. Unusual vigor of canes,
great productiveness, large size and
superior market qualities are other
important features set forth by the
originator.

What I saw of the Marlboro\ —
It was growing in the hills in what
seemed to be good clay loam. The
canes were immense, measuring from
seven to eleven feet in height. Each
hill was a perfect pyramid of luxuriant
dark green foliage, heavily laden with
fruit in all stages of growth, from the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

41

large scarlet berries to the expanded
V)lossoins. The fruit arms were over
two feet long, and fruited all along,
some having eight clusters of fruit
each. The canes were fruited to the
terminal bud. I confess it was a most
attractive sight to any fruit grower,
and the visitors were most enthusiastic
in its praise. Mr. Nathaniel Hallock
who lirst began the raspberry business
on the Hudson nearly forty years ago,
and who is now over eighty years of
age, said this show of fruit exceeded
L anything he had ever seen of the Hud-
I son River Antwerp in its best days.
He said if the berries would grow like
that an acre of them would produce
about $ 2, 000 in a single year. Another
gentleman who was present, was after-
wards seen in earnest conversation aside
with the originator; and Mr. Cay wood
afterward informed me that he had
been pei-suaded to put his price upon
his stock of the Marlboro Raspberry,
and had given the gentleman the fii-st
refusal. Of course, it has never yet
been disseminated. — H. Hendricks, in
Rural New Yorker.

The Editor adds : — From what we
have seen and known of this splendid
variety, we freely subscribe to the above.
But it must be borne in mind, that it
has not been tested away from the
favorable place of its origin.

PARSNIPS.

One of the greatest pleasures the pro-
prietor of a garden has,is the satisfaction
of knowing that he has at his command
an abundant and varied supply of vege-
tables at all seasons of the year. In
the summer he has an extensive list to
choose from, but in the winter and early
spring months his choice is confined to
a limited number of varieties, and on
this account these crops should be of the
very first quality. To obtain this
desired object it is absolutely necessary
2

to give the crops, during their season
of growth, every essential attention.

The Parsnip is one of the most desir-
able, as well as most wholesome, of
winter and s[)ring vegetables, and should
be cultivated in all gardens, however
small. It flourishes best, and produces
the largest, longest and smoothest roots
when grown quickly, in a very rich,
deep soil, for, if fresh manure is given,
the roots will become forked ; or, if the
seeds are sown in a shallow or poor
soil, the roots will be of small size,
tough, forked, and almost worthless.

The best and easiest method of ob-
taining a satisfactory crop is to prepare
the ground thoroughly the previous
season. This should be done by plowing
or digging the ground very deep, and
at the same time working-in an abun-
dance of well decomposed stable manure
in which a quantity of bone-dust has
been mixed. If at all possible, let the
ground be thrown up in ridges through-
out the winter, and as soon as the
ground is in working condition in the
spring, a good sprinkling of guano, or
hen manure should be given, the ground
neatly leveled, and the seed sown in
drills from eighteen inches to two feet
apart. The seed should be covered to
the depth of three-quartei^s of an inch,
and as soon as the young plants are
from three to four inches in height they
should be thinned out to a distance of
six or eight inches apart. All the care
and attention they require after this is
to be well cultivated and kept free from
weeds at all times.

The roots are perfectly hardy, and
are very much improved by leaving
them in the ground during the winter,
care being taken to bring enough in
the cellar to last during the cold wea-
ther. The roots require to be covered
with sand when placed in the cellar,
thus preventing them from becoming
dry. One ounce of seed will sow

i2

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

about one hundred and fifty feet of
row, and, as the seed is thin and scale-
like, it will not retain its vitality for
over a year. The most desirable varie-
ties are :

Early Short Round French^ a very
early variety, of small size, round
shape, and delicate flavor.

Long Smooth, or Hollow Croirni, has
long, smooth roots, both tender and
sugary ; the tops are small, and tinged
with red at the crown, which rises
from the centre with a slight depres-
sion.

I' he Student is a new variety, of
delicious flavour, the roots being of
very regular form with white, smooth
skin. This is the best variety for gen-
eral cultivation.

In attempting the cultivation of Par-
snips it is well to remember the fact
that the seeds vegetate slowly, and on
this account they should be sown as
early in the spring as possible. — Chas.
E. Parnell, in American Garden.

VIOLETS.
There is no more popular flower than
the Yiolet, and as it is one that can
be enjoyed by all with very little labor,
while the expense is not to be thought
of, we are often surprised at its absence
in many households. It is one of the
earliest to bloom ; in fact, it can be
enjoyed almost throughout the entire
year ; and is so hardy that it requires
very little protection. At most a cold
frame, covered in winter with straw mat-
ting, which a bundle of straw will sup-
ply, will be sufficient to give us flowers
in the latter part of March, when the
plants, which have been increasing,
should be partly removed and set in the
open ground. A jwrtion of these may be
let remain out all winter, well covered
with manure, to be uncovered early in
March. It is also one of the prettiest
and most welcome house-flowers, being
planted in a suitable wooden box and

placed in a cool part of a room, and
aired occasionally by being set in the
sun at a window in the room in which
there is no fire, and allow the sash to
be raised for an hour at mid-day when
the weather is not too severe. There
was very little intermission the last fall,
winter and spring, in which we could
not gather a little bouquet of Tiolets
for our parlor. — Germantown Telegraph,

THE TYLER BLACK-CAP.

Among all the new candidates for
public favor this raspberry is, I think,
one of the most valuable that has yet
been introduced. It is a Black-Cap,
originating in this State, and has been
quietly planted and grown here for a
number of years past. One large fruit
grower near has several acres of it in
bearing, claiming that it is by far the
most profitable sort he can raise, and
several others have planted it almost
exclusively the past year or two. One
of its chief points of value lies in its
earliness, it being as early or earlier
than either Doolittle or Davidson's
Thornless. It will average as large or
larger than Mammoth Cluster, in fact,
I have seen many of its berries as large
as the largest Gregg I ever saw. It is
the handsomest jet black berry I have
ever seen, there being scarcel}'^ a trace of
bloom on them, while the seeds are
remarkably small and few in number.
Although exceedingly firm the berry is
not dry or hard, but juicy and of very
fine quality. It is a stong, vigorous,
healthy plant, and enormously produc-
tive. In a test of six rows each of
Davidson's Thornless and Tyler, planted
at the same time and each receiving
exactly the same treatment, there were
picked from the former six rows, one
bushel and two quarts, and from the
Tyler exactly six bushels, or one bushel
to the row. This was on the ground of
a neighboring fruit grower who, in his

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTURI8T.

43

TYLER RASPBERRY.

enthusiasm, is about to uproot a fine
young plantation of other varieties and
replant with Tyler. In the Auburn
markets it commands an average of
three cents per quart more than other
varieties on account of its quality and
Iiandsome appearance. 1 think it is by
far the best berry of its season and
effectually displaces the Doolittle and
Thornless, thus supplying a long felt
want, and I have no doubt that as soon
as it becomes better known it will be
planted more extensively than any
other, and I see no reason why its merits
should not be made known, as were
those of many inferior sorts that are now
being puffed and lauded through the
country. The Gregg, our best late sort,
commences to ripen at about the last
picking of Tyler, and thus by planting
these two varieties the season may be
greatly prolonged, while I believe that
two more profitable sorts can not be

grown. — J. E. Burr, m the Indiana
Farmer.

Mr, Tyler, speaks of his child thus : —
" It was larger than Davison's Thornless,
averaging about the size of Mammoth
Cluster, and that he had raised specimens
of it that were larger than any Mammoth
Cluster he had ever seen ; it is the most
regular in shape and uniform in size of
any berry he had ever seen ; jet black in
color with very little bloom ; in quality
pronounced by all who have tasted them
to be far superior to either Doolittle,
Davison's Thornless, Seneca, or Mammoth
Cluster; ripens fully as early or earlier than
Davison's Thornless, and continues in bear-
ing till two or three weeks after Mammoth
Cluster is all gone and gives to the last not
a few scattering berries, but good picking.
In a compartive test of the same nun^l^
of plants each of Davison's Thomleai, f^i^^
Tylor, all growing side by side, of «^an^o
age, under the same cultiv^t^onn, ^i^d all
having an equal chance, he^ picke^ 34
baskets of Davison's Thorn^e^, ai^4 1^
baskets of the Tyjer,*'

4*

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

EXPORT TRADE IN APPLES.

It is noticeable that the export ship-
ments of apples from New York have
been larger of late than from Boston,
which is the reverse of what they have
been in former seasons. The total ex-
port shi|)ments from i^ew York for the
season were 51,248 barrels; from Bos-
ton the total exports thus far this season
have been 35,562 barrels. The total
exports from Boston and New York
this season have been 86,811 barrels.
Baldwins and Hubbardstons averaged
twenty shillings and sixpence; actual
net to shippers, $3.30 per barrel. The
freight on apples from Boston to Liver-
pool has declined to seventy-five cents
per barrel. Apples can be shipped to
London via Liverpool at about thirty-
seven cents per barrel extra. In the
Glasgow market there have been no
sales of Boston apples.

A cable despatch from Liverpool on
Monday last announces the sale of 4000
barrels of American apples at advanced
prices, as follows: Kings, 22 to 25 shil-
lings per barrel (the English shilling
being about 25 cents our currency);
Baldwins, 17 to 20 shillings; Northern
Spy, 15 to 20 shillings; Roxbury Rus-
sets, 16 to 18 shillings; Greenings, 14
to 1 6 shillings. A very active demand
is reported in Liverpool at these prices.
Up to the present time the European
market for American apples has been
mainly confined to Great Britain, but if
the opinion of our Minister to Sweden,
Mr. J. L. Stevens, is correct, there
seems to be an opening for them in
northern Europe, where no good apples
can be grown, as is the case in Den-
mark, Sweden and Norway. The few
that find their way to these countiies
are mostly from France, and are to be
found only in the larger cities, where
they are sold for an average of six cents
each. Mr. Stevens tliinks that the
keeping qualities of some American
apples, and their adaptation for tran-

sportation, as well as the fact that they
are of better flavor than any now found
there, make them admirably adapted for
the markets of northern Europe. The
journey is longer than to England, but
the prospective price is greater. —
American Cultivator.

CARE OF HONEY LOCUST HEDGES.

In the northern sections, where the
Osage Orange is more or less injured
by the winter, the Honey Locust is
undoubtedly the most valuable plant
for hedging purposes. There is no spe-
cial culture necessary for it more than is
required for other species, but it needs
attention for the first two or three years
to form a thick base. The young hedge
should be frequently cultivated, and
kept clear of grass and weeds all sum-
mer, otherwise mice will harbor therein
and bark the young plants. In txnni-
ming, cut well back for the first tvvo or
three years, bearing in mind there is
no difficulty in quickly obtaining the
desired height, but it is far more trouble-
some to induce it to become dense and
twiggy.

The best results are obtained from
running one strand, or, better still, two
strands, of barbed wire along the mid-
dle of the hedge, thus preventing the
inroads of unruly animals and that bane
of the honest orchardist, boys with thiev-
ing propensities.

To start at the commencement. Honey
Locust seeds should be collected in the
pods as they fall from the trees in au-
tumn, and placed in a cold, exposed posi-
tion until hard, freezing weather, when
they can readily be threshed like beans.
After cleaning the seeds from the frag-
ments of pods, etc., place in bags and
preserve dry until spring. At planting-
time soak the seeds in warm water until
they show signs of germination, when
they should be sown in drills like peas,
in good, thoroughly pulverized soil.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

45

Like the larger portion of our native
trees, this species forms more root than
top the fii-st year, consequently one-year
seedings are usually rather small for
planting in the hedge-row; but they
should not remain longer than two
years, else they will be on the other

PLtrerae. — Josiah Hoopes, in iV. Y.
ribune.
BOOK NOTICES.
_ Tick's Floral Guide for 1883 is
an elegant annual, most tastefully got
up, and profusely and beautifully illus-
trated, not only with engravings with-
out number, but also with three colored
plates, which are just perfect gems. It
is not merely a catalogue of seeds and
articles which the publishers have for
sale, but is also a guide to the culti-
vation of them as well. You can obtain
a copy of this most instructive work for
ten cents by addressing James Yick,
Rochester, N.Y.

The American Agriculturist cele-
brates its forty-second year with new
dress, new artists, new writers, and
radical improvements generally. Dur-
ing the year 1883, every number of
this leading Agricultural Journal will
contain nearly one hundred columns of
original reading matter, and from fifty
to eighty original illustrations and
engravings. Notwithstanding this great
amount of reading matter, it is supplied
at the low rate of 1 1 .50 a year. 200,000
copies of the October issue were pub-
lished. See advertisement elsewhere.
Send for a sample copy.

The Twenty-Fifth Edition of the
Descriptive Catalogue of Ornamental
Trees, Shrubs, &c., of EUwanger &
Barry, Rochester, N.Y., is handsomely
illustrat-ed with a finely executed

' Chromo-lithograph of the Weigela Can-
dida, and with numerous engravings,

f shewing the peculiarities of form of
leaf, tree and flower of a great number

of our most interesting i:-e( s and shrubs
and perennial plants. It is a valuable
work of reference, giving accurate de-
scriptions of a great variety of decidu-
ous and evergreen trees and shrubs,
most of which are hardy in our Cana-
dian climate, bringing to our notice
those of recent introduction and those
possessing any marked peculiarity in
form or color of foliage or habit of
growth.

The Canadian Entomologist is

closing its Fifteenth Yolume under the
supervision of the President of the
Entomological Society of Canada, Prof.
Wm. Saunders, of London, Ont., who
has so ably edited it during all these
years of its history. This monthly
organ, in connection with the annual
report of the society, has done a great
deal in the way of disseminating in-
formation concerning the life history of
insects injurious or beneficial to the
tiller of the soil, and concerning the
methods of preventing the attacks of
injurious insects, or of destroying them
in the early stages of their existence,
and thereby preventing their ravages.
The December number for 1882 has
not yet come to hand, possibly the
hibernating habits of many of the crea-
tures of which it treats has an eflfect
upon the development of the winter
numbers.

The Maryland Farmer, at the com-
mencement of the new year, presents
its readers with a portrait of the Hon.
Oden Bowie, one time Governor of
Maryland, known as an extensive
farmer, planter and stock-breeder, whose
homestead farm contains nearly a thou-
sand acres, in each field of which he
has left from six to ten aeres of wood-
land. The Farmer is published monthly,
under the care of Ezra Whitman, Bal-
timore, Maryland, and now entei*s upon
its twentieth volume, the oldest agri-
cultui-al journal in the State. It is,

46

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

we regret to say, not very full of in-
formation relating to fruit growing in
that State, and judging from some of
the communications published, its con-
stituents are not as well informed on
these matters as they might be. For
example, in the January number for
1883, now before us, page 10, the
writer speaks of the Delaware as " an
excellent white grape, hut not at qll
hardy.'" Now the Delaware is a red
grape, and perfectly hardy in our Canar
dian climate where the thermometer
falls below zero. Such blunders throw
an uncertainty over the whole com-
munication, and one doubts whether
the writer is correct in the names of
the other fruits he mentions. Again,
on the same page, the Cherry Currant
is spoken of as a new berry, developed
in the Mount Hope Nurseries. Now
the truth is that this currant was intro-
duced from France, and has been in
cultivation in America somewhere about
a quarter of a century. If this be a
new fruit in Maryland, surely horticul-
ture must be in a very backward con-
dition. Friend Whitman must pay a
little more attention to these matters
in his excellent journal, and not leave
horticulture so far in. the back ground.

Hiram Sibley & Co.'s Seed Cata-
logue, for 1883, Rochester, N.Y., and
Chicago, 111., is copiously illustrated
with admirable engravings, and five
plates, each containing twelve colored
pictures of vegetables, plants or flowers.
It is full of information respecting the
culture of the different plants and their
several qualities. This firm are very
extensive growers of seeds, the most
extensive in America, and probably in
the world, and have a reputation for
great painstaking in the quality of
their seeds.

The American Journal of For-
estry is a new venture under tlie
editorial care of Dr. F. B. Hough,

chief of the forestry division of the
United States department of Agricul-
ture. It is devoted to the interests of
forest tree planting, the formation and
care of woodlands and ornamental
plantations, and the various economies
concerned therein, and published by
Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio,
at three dollars per annum. There is
much for us to learn upon these sub-
jects. We cannot blindly follow the
practices of the old world, our climate
and circumstances and the genius of the
peoj)le are so very different, that what
is wise there might be very unwise
here or even quite impracticable. It is
certain, however, that in some parts of
the country we have cleared up too
large a proportion of the land for the
best interests of the population, from
both a sanitary and an economical point
of view ; and in other parts we are
thoughtlessly cutting down our forests
in a manner very detrimental to the
future welfare and prosperity of the
country, and every effort to disseminate
information upon these subjects deserves
to be encouraged.

The Gardener's Monthly, now in
its twenty-fifth volume, is still under
the able editorship of Mr. Thomas
Meehan, and is published by C. H.
Marot, 814 Chestnut St., Philadelphia,
at $2.10 per annum, postage paid. It
is not needful that we say anything of
the reliable character of this magazine
to those who have been in the habit of
reading it, and to those who are not
acquainted with it we unhesitatingly
say that, if you are interested in horti-
cultural matters, the best thing you can
do is to subscribe for it and read it with
care.

Report of the State Horticul-
tural Association of Pennsylvania,
for 1882. It is illustrated with engrav-
ings of Pennsylvanian seedling fruits,
as Pyle's Red Winter Apple, a chance

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

47

seedling which is thouglit to be of great
value as a market variety, being large,
showy, and keeping until Maich ; York
Stripe A})ple, a popular variety in
soutiiern Pennsylvania ; Triumph of
Cumberland Cherry, which originated
in Cumberland County, and said to be
of fine delicious flavor, a prolific bearer
and to rank with the best. It contains
an essay on *' The management of an
orchard," on '* Horticulture for plea-
sure," on " Raising seedling fruits,"
on " Our winged friends," on *' Horti-
cultural fertilizers," " Fruits and vege-
tables," &c. Mr. E.B. Engle, Chambers-
burg, Penn., is the obliging Secretary,
to whom those interested can apply for
a copy if they wish, enclosing stamps
to pay postage.

The Young Scientist enters upon
its sixth volume. It is published at 49
Maiden Lane, New York, at one dollar
per year, and is a praiseworthy effort
to interest young people in something
more profitable than the flashy and
sensational stories with which our
young people are now so abundantly
supplied. It is very gratifying to see
it enter upon its sixth year with such
hopeful courage, materially enlar^ifed in
size, more than doubled, and well illus-
trated. It is also a hopeful sign of the
times that such a journal, without any
" stories " whatever, is sufficiently
appreciated to warrant increased ex-
penditure of time and money in its
monthly preparation.

Ottawa Field Naturalist's Club.
We are indebted to Lt.-Col. Wm. White
for a copy of the second issue of the
transactions of this Club. It contains
valuable papers on subjects connected
with the researches of the naturalist,
among the«e we notice an interesting
one on " Meteors and Meteorites," by
Mr. H. B Small ; one on " Some
Coleoptera injurious to our pines," by
Mr. W. Hague Harrington ; another

on the "Liliacse," by Lt.-Col. Wm.
White ; a synopsis of a lecture by Prof.
J. Macoun, F.L.S., on "the capabili-
ties of the Prairie Lands of the great
Nortwest, as shewn by their Fauna and
Flora." The concluding paper, illus-
trated by a well executed plate, is a
" description of a new species of
Porocrinus," by James Grant, M.D.,
which was taken from the Trenton
limestone at Belleville.

Vick'p Illustrated Monthly maga-
zine continues to illumine our table
with its bright pictures and interesting
articles on flowers and their culture.
The initial number of the sixth volume
is as delightful as any that have gone
before, and we particularly commend
the article on " Flowers for the Schools"
to the consideration of our Boards of
Public School Trustees, especially in
our rural school districts. If there be
one place more than another that
should wear a bright and cheerful
aspect, it is the school grounds; and
yet, so far as the writer's observation
extends, the school yards in Ontario are
the most dreary, forsaken and cheerless
enclosures to be found anywhere. We
almost forgot to say that the magazine
is published by James Vick, Rochester,
N.Y., at 11.25 per year.

The Farmer's Annual Hand-Book,
for 1883, published by D. Apj.leton &
Co., 5 Bond Street, New York, is a
most convenient and useful little diary
for the year, containing also many
things useful to the farmer, such as
tables of the cubic contents of round
sticks, rules for finding the number of
tons of hay in a mow, the number of
bushels of com in a crib, &c. ; the aver-
age purity and vitality of some seeds as
found in market, valuation of commer-
cial fertilizers, average composition of
fertilizing materials, feeding of cattle,
composition of feeding stuffs, and the
digestibility of feeding stuffs, «fec.

48

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

A LEAF FROM THE CALENDAR.

BY WILLIAM M. BRIGGS.

Where Wood- Violets love to grow
Thickly lies the winter's snow ;
Where the streamlet sung and danced,
And the summer sunbeam glanced
Thro' the meadow, down the dale.
All is hushed, and chill, and pale !

Where the Crow-foot's tender green
Earliest in the spring is seen ;
Where the Checkerberries hide
By the pale Arbutus' side.
And the Cowslips, tipped with gold,
Over hill and dale unfold ;

Where the ferret, soft and brown.
Stores his nest with pilfered down ;
And the field-mouse in the heather
Sleeps for weeks and months together ;
And the squirrel, wise and dumb.
Waits for better days to come ;

Lies the winter— bitter, strong—
Heaped thro' freezing nights and long ;
While the tempest comes and goes.
Sliding swift o'er drifted snows ;
Clouds above and gloom below ;
Tell me— when will winter go ?

When the buds begin to swell ;
When the streams leap thro' the dell
When the swallows dip and fly.
Wheeling, circling, thro' the sky;
When he Violet bids the Rose
Waken from its long repose ;

When the gnats in sunshine dance ;
When the long, bright hours advance J
When the robin by the door
Sings as ne'er he sang before ;
Then, when heart, and flower, and wing
Leap and laugh— then comes the spring !
Scribner's.

Best Time por Cutting Sorghum
Cane. — Peter Collier, chemist to the De-
partment of Agriculture, writes a letter to
the Husbandman, to show that the advice to
farmers to cut sorghum cane when the seed
is in the dough and several days ahead of
grinding, is very bad advice indeed.

Waterloo Peach. — This is the largest
very early peach we have grown or seen. The
first specimen ripened July 14th, and mea-
sured 10 inches in circumference. All the
fruit was gathered, and mostly over-ripe, on
the 19th of the same month. It ripened
about three days in advance of the Alexander.
It is a remarkable keeper, ripe specimens
having been kept in perfect condition nearly
a week after being picked. It will therefore
be valuable for shipping. — Fruit Recorder.

Protecting Belts in Orchards. — The
Rural Home in describing a visit to the or-
chards of T. G Yeomans, of Walworth N.Y.
(widely known as a very successful fruit
raiser), states that he has protecting belts of

Norway spruce running north and south
every thirty or forty rods. These belts break
the force of the winds, and save the ripening
fruit. A furious wind storm once swept over
one of his orchards (of forty acres) and he
sent a number of men to pick up the wind-
falls for evaporating. They soon returned
with very little fruit, the evergreen screens
having afforded ample protection.

The Bark Louse. — Herbert Osborn, of
the Iowa Agricultural College, recommends
as remedies for the scurvy bark louse and
the oyster shell louse, kerosene and soap.
The kerosene may be used pure where it can
be done with safety, but ordinarily it must
be diluted with water. This may be accom-
plished by forming an emulsion of kerosene
and milk (skimmed milk answers well) and
then diluting with about an equal quantity
of water, or by shaking up a mixture of milk
kerosene and water in equal parts, and then
adding more water, taking care not to add
so much as to cause the mixture to separate.
Sprinkle or spray it upon the infested twigs
and branches. Soap is an excellent remedy.
Make a solution of whale oil soap, one-fourth
of a pound of soap to a gallon of water, and
apply to the infected parts of the tree, re-
peating the appUcation after a few days.
Lye is said to have been used with good
success, but is considered unequal to soap. —
Michigan Farmer,

The Dunlap and Genesee— Two new
Seedling Peaches. — Through the courtesy
of our horticultural friend, Mr. Charles A.
Green, we had the pleasure of testing two
new seedling peaches. The Dunlap is one
of those yellow peaches, like the yellow Al-
berge. Hill's Chili, Wager and others which
reproduce themselves, or very nearly do, from
pits. It is a very handsome, round, bright
yellow peach, of medium size, deep yellow
flesh, and of a sweet, juicy, delicious flavor.
The pit is very small, and perfectly free.
We cannot recall another peach ripening so
late as this of such good qu.ality. The Gen-
esee came from the grounds of Mr. H. E.
Hooker, nurseryman, of this city. It orig-
inated on a city lot belonging to th^ late
brother of Mr. Green, and the tree from
which the specimen was obtained was heavi-
ly loaded with fruit. It is a large, oblong
peach, in form and color resembling the Early
Crawford ; a shade lighter color ; and re-
sembling it very much, we thought, in
quality. Judging from a single specimen of
each, they seem to be promising varieties,
worthy of farther trial. — American Rural
Home.

PRINTKD AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF COPP, CLARK & CO., COLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

^-^illilLT XlAil^ilDA,

THE

VOL. VI.]

MARCH, 1883.

[No. 3.

STRAWBERRIES.

heavier and more oleaginous food which
is so commonly found on our tables,
we should doubtless find that we were
gainers by the change.

Three species of strawberry are men-
tioned in Gray's manual as found grow-
ing in America. Of these the Indica
is hardly regarded as a true strawberry,
and is an escape from cultivation, found
in the vicinity of Philadelphia and
southward. It has yellow flowers and
leafy runners, and the fruit is insipid.
The Vesca is the well known Alpine
species, indigenous both to Europe and
America. The seeds are not sunken in
pits, and some of the varieties do not
ju-oJuce runners. The Virginiana is
found growing wild from Florida to the
Arctic regions, and westward to the
Rocky Mountains. It is the most
valuable of all the species, and is the
parent of most of our cultivated varie-
ties. It is more hardy, adapting itself
to a greater variety of soil and climate
than either of the othei*s, or than even
its congener, known as Chilensis, from
having been introduced into Europe
from Chili, though it is found growing
wild on the Pacific slope cf both con-
tinents. Henc3 it is that we find the
Wilson, which is a descendant from the

Some one has quaintly said that
doubtless God could have created a
^.etter fruit than the strawberry but he
did not, and we believe the sentiment
is very generally accepted by most of
the fruit consuming public. They ripen
at a time when we crave their acidu-
lated juices, which are so pleasantly
flavored and delightfully perfumed, and
withal put up in such beautifully tinted
parcels that every sense is gratified.
Besides the fruit is so easily grown that
even the tenant of a few square yards
of ground can have his strawberries
fresh from the beds near his door, and
in such abundance as to supply his
table at every meal for at least a month
in early summer.

Besides all this gratification of taste
and sense, this fruit is valuable as a
mere article of food. It is healthful
diet, corrective of biliousness, and a
valuable substitute for at least a portion
of the animal food which we use in
more than sufficient quantity. It is
capable of sujjplying the waste occa-
sioned by continuous and even severe
labor to a much greater de.jn;e than we
are wont to suppose. Were it used
much more freely, and a^ a sulwtitute
to some considerable extent for the

50

THE CANADIAN IIORTICCLTURIST.

Virginian strawberry, has been able to
establish itself over such a vast extent
of country (see Vol. I. of the Canadian
Horticulturist), while the Jucunda can
be grown in perfection only with care-
ful cultivation, and that only upon
peculiar soils and in favorable locations.
Hence our hybridists, when experiment-
ing with the strawberry, will need to
bear these facts in mind.

In general, the soil best suited to the
successful cultivation of strawberries is
a rich, fiiable loam, that is well drained,
yet retentive of moisture. If there be
one thing essential to the securing of a
fine crop of this fruit more than
another, it is an abundant supply of
moisture in the soil. This does not
mean a wet soil, but quite the contrary.
A wet soil will bake and become hard
and \Qvy dry when the weather is hot
and dry, and this is very injurious, and
may be ruinous to the crop. If the
gardeu is not naturally friable, it should
be made so by thorough drainage, and
kept so by proper tillage. If the straw-
berry bed can be thorouglily watered
in very dry seasons, the result will be
highly beneficial, as will be seen in the
increased size and quantity of the fruit,
and vigOr of the plants. Mulching the
surface with the clippings of the lawn
or short grass cut from the fence corners
will often prove a very valuable treat-
ment.

The cultivation consists mainly in
keeping the ground free from weeds
and the surface loose and in a friable
condition. Three systems are in vogue,
known as the "matted row," the *'hill,"

and the "narrow row" systems. In
the matted row system as soon as the
runnets push out vigorously the culti-
vator is narrowed down to about
eighteen inches and run up one row
and down another, so as to draw the
runners always in one direction, that
they may not become tangled and
broken. In this way the row of plants
becomes widened, and a narrow strip
is left for cultivation and for passing
between the rows when gathering the
fruit. Under this system usually two
crops only of fruit are taken and then
the plants are plowed under, another
plantation having been set to fill the
place of the one abandoned. In the
hill system the plants are set out so
that the cultivator can be run both
ways, as in cultivating corn, the run-
ners are cut off, and the plants only
increase in size by stool ing. In the
narrow row system the cultivator
run only one way, up and down, the
runners are cut off*, and the plants
having been set out only a foot apart
soon spread so as to form a continuous
row. In garden culture the hill system
will usually give the best results in size
and flavor of fruit. In field culture
one of the other systems is usually the
most convenient and least expensive.

As to varieties, what shall we say \
Each year some new claimants for
popular favor are brought forward, of
which one can only say,

'• The last still loveliest ; till 'tis gone.
And all is gray."

There seems to be no way left for us
but to test each variety, as long as our
patience holds out to plant them, and

THE GANADIA.N IIOKTICL'I/I UlilST.

51

I

decide each for himself which sorts he
will continue to grow. Doubtless hun-
dreds have been brought forward that
were to supersede the Wilson, and yet
to-day the Wilson in the hands of most
cultivators is the most profitable variety
gi-own.

Our colored illustration this month
presents to our readers an early ripen-
ing sort of the Wilson type. It was
raised by Mr. A. M. Smith, when he
resided at Drummondville, and has
been named by him the Early Canada.
The illustration is a reproduction in
colors of a drawing taken from nature,
and is a very accurate representation
of the fruit. It ripens about a week
earlier than the Wilson, under the
same conditions ; is about as produc-
tive, as good a shipper, and much the
same in quality and size.

CORRESPONDENCE.

MUSHROOM CULTURE.
Mr. Editor, — Please inform me how
to grow mushi'ooms with success through
the Canadian llorticultwrist and oblige,

Toronto.

Yours truly,

H. B. L.

To grow mushrooms with success our
corresf)ondent will need to add to his
knowledge, patience ; and to patience,
experience. In all the extent of vege-
table culture there is not another that
\, so mocks our skill and sets at defiance
all our knowledge. Instead of yielding
returns in from four to six weeks,
according to our well founded expect-
ations, it may be as many months before
the much-wished for crop appears.

The first requisite is the material for
the mushroom bed. Fresh horse drop-

pings are procured from the stal>If'<
every morning, and spread out to div,
where they are frequently turned over
to dry and to prevent heating. It is of
first importance to get the dung into
proper condition, not so wet as to pro-
duce violent fermentation, nor so dry
as not to ferment, but of that degree ot
moisture that will secure a nice, gentle
heat.

The second i-equisite is a suitable
place in which to prepare the bed. This
should be where the temperature will
not fall below fifty degrees of Fahren-
heit, nor rise above sixty. If the room
can be kept dark, so much the better,
and the atmosphere never allowed to
become dry. On this account many
prefer a cellar having a dry bottom.

The third requisite is a properly
prepared bed. This is made by placing
first a layer of the dung, which has
been collected and prepared for this
purpose, laid regularly and evenly to
the depth of five or six inches, and
beaten hard as it is laid down, then in
the same manner adding layer after
layer until the bed is from a foot to
eighteen inches deep. Now plunge a
thermometer into the bed and watch
the temperature. It should not rise
higher than 110°; it may be that it
will not rise above 100°. Giadwally
the heat will decline, and when it has
fallen to 80°, the spawn should be
planted. This you will procure of any

of our larire deah

seeds. The

bricks of spawn should be broken into
pieces about the size of a lien's a^^^, and
these inserted into holes made iu tlio
bed about nine inches apart an! two
inches deep, which should be closed
again, and the whole beaten down firm.
About a week or ten days aftei- cover
the bed with an inch and a half of light
turfy soil, neither wet nor dry, but just
moist enough to firm readily when
beaten down with the back of t lie ^pih'.
To prevent evaporation cover the UA

52

THE CANADIAN HORPICULTUKIST.

to the depth of six inches with dry,
clean liay.

And now little can be done but wait
for the mushrooms to appear, which
niMj be expected in about six weeks.
AVlien they begin to appear a nice
moist atmosphere should be maintained.
iSome do this by sprinkling tepid water
on tlie hay covering from a very fine
rose, just sufficient to moisten it, as it
by a heavy autumnal dew; while others
distribute ])ans of water sufficient to
kee]) up the requisite degree of moisture
by evaj)oration from the pans. When
a considerable crop of mushrooms has
been harvested, and the bed shews
symptons of exhaustion, a good water-
ing witli tepid water, just once applied,
will start the mushrooms again, and in
this manner the bed may be kept yield-
in o- mushrooms for about three months.

o
To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

Will yoa be so good as to inform us
in next Horticulturist as to which
stiM wherries combine productiveness,
sweetness and fitness for growing in
hedvy clay soil.

I have a Concord grape, ten years
old, which neither grows nor fruits
(does not cover four feet of trellis),
wliile Salem and Creveling either side
grow luxuriantly and fruit reasonably
well. What is the matter 1 Had I
not better dig it out % And will it do
to replant angther grape in the same
spot 1

As elsewhere, apples were a short
crop in this region last season. But
Ji assets and Baldwins stood out con-
spicuous for full bearing amid other-
wise scantily fruiting orchards.

Rustic.
Goderich, Feb. 3, 1883.

Reply. — You will find Charles Down-
ing, Triumph de Grand, President
Wilder, Jucunda, Forest Rose, Sharp-

less and Springdale to thrive on rich
clay loam. Surely among these you
will find some that will suit your taste
for sweetness.

There is surely something wrong at
the root of your Concord vine. Dig it
up and see what you can find. It may
be the soil is not suitable, or insects are
preying on the I'oot. You might try
the vine in another spot, and see if it
will do any better j this more as a
matter of curiosity than profit, for a
young healthy vine will be worth more
than this stunted plant. Yes, try
another variety in the place where the
Concord now stands, and see how it
will behave. — Ed. Can. Hort.

THE CURRANT- WOKM.

To THE Editor of the Canadian Hokticultorist :

I notice the remedy recommended in
your January number for the cabbage-
worm pest, and mean to try it, as I
have been obliged to give up growing
cauliflower on account of the ravages of
the worm. For years past, however, I
have kept my currant and gooseberry
bushes clear of the worm by li}>erally
mulching the bushes with tobacco-stems
as early in the spring as the gi-ound
will work, first spading in some com-
post, and, after levelling off, laying a
thickness of about fifteen inches of the
stems under each bush. This mulch is
beneficial to the bushes, keej>ing the
ground moist, while the potash con-
tained in the stems serves as a ferti-
lizer. My bushes make vigorous growth,
bear well, and are under this treatment
proof against the worms. I get any
quantity of stems I want from a local
tobacco factory without charge.
Yours truly,

H. Primrose.
Pictou, Nova Scotia.

[Note. — We trust that our corre-
spondent will give the result of his
trial to the readers of the Canadian
Horticulturist.^

TirK CAN'AinAN II<>UTICULTURIST.

53

SMALL FRUITS FOLl FARMERS.

(For the Horticulturist.)

Why is it so few farmers grow small
fruits enough for their own tables 1 It
is not on account of the work required
to grow them, because there is no crop
grown on the farm that will give better
returns for the amount of labor be-
stowed upon them. There are several
reasons; perhaps the greatest is, they
know so little about growing them,
they think it requires a great amount
of labor and skill, and, again, so many
have bought a few plants and put them
out in the garden, where all of the work
has to be done by hand, hence requires
so much time they do not get attended
to. The time is not far distant when
farmers will think as much of having
their patch of strawberries and rasp-
berries as they do of their potatoes and
cabbage. Every farmer's lady knows
how difficult it is to get up a nice meal
early in the summer without having a
patch of strawberries to run to. The
plan that is most practicable for farmers,
as a rule, is to plant out a few rows in
the spring, on any soil that is good
enough to grow potatoes. Clay loam is
to be preferred, if not too heavy ; if it
has been plowed in the fall do not
plough again in the spring, but culti-
vate well and plant early. It will take
but a short time to set the plants, and
they will not need any more work until
after seeding is done.

For strawberries, plant in rows four
feet apart and twelve to eighteen inches
apart in the row. Cut off the first
runners that make their appearance,
also cut off all fruit stems. As soon as
they send out three or four strong
runners at once let them run, but keep
working with your corn cultivator be-
tween the rows, narrowing the cultiva-
tor as the rows spread out until you
get a row eight(;en or twenty inches
wide, letting the plants grow as thick
together as they choose in the rows.

In the fall, as soon as the ground freezes,
cover with straw, putting the most
between the rows and just enough on
the plants so you can see them through
the straw. Leave it on until after the
fruit comes off. The plan we have
found to take the least work where land
is plenty, is to plant out a few rows
every spring and work as above. It
does not take as much work to set out
and take care of a new patch as it does
to clean out tlie old one. You can
leave the old patch to bear another
season without any work, except cutting
out the large weeds that grow up
among them. You will get quite a
crop of earlier fruit, but not so large
as from the new plantation. By plant-
ing several sorts, such as Crescent
Seedling for early, Wilson and Cnptnin
Jack for medium, and Sharpless and
Kentucky for late, you can have them
on the table every day from four to
six weeks, and if 3'ou want to grow
some of the finest and best flavored
you ever saw, plant a few of Longfellow,
Warren and Bright Ida.

Raspberries should also be planted
so they can be worked with a horse
and cultivator. Put in rows six feet
apart and four feet apart in the row.
When new growth is tw o to three feet
high pinch br •"k \nd >^l :n side shoots
get fifteen incneo .onp ;)inch back again,
then your bushes wiii grow strong and
will not need staking. For the Cap
varieties, cover the ground in the row,
where you cannot cultivate (between
the bushes) with coai-se manure. It
will keep the ground from drying out
and largely increase the crop of fruit.
The red varieties will grow too rank if
manure is put around them until they
liave borne one or two crops of fruit.
Let only four or five canes grow in a
hill of the red sorts, hoeing of!' all
suckers as soon as they make their
appearance. If worked well until July,
will not need any after that time, and

THE CANADIAN IIORTICCLTCRIST.

but few weeds or suckers will grow.
The most popular Black Cap at the
pi'esent time is the Gregg. It is very
late. It, with some one of the early
sorts, of which there are several now
offered by responsible dealere, will give
all that is desired in black varieties.
Turner and Cuthbert are the two best
red varieties yet fully tested and will
give a succession of fruit from early to
the very latest.

W. H. HiLBORN.

Arkona, Jan. 22nd, 1883.

THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

I regret to see that at the meeting of
the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association,
Mr. W. E. "Wellington's advei-se reso-
lution regarding the English Span'ow
was passed.

Having had a very long acquaintance
with the bird, and having observed it
closely in England, as well as in other
countries, my conclusion is most decid-
edly, completely in its favour ; in fact,
I do Jiot know of any small bird equally
useful as a destroyer of moths, butter-
flies and catei"pillars. Times without
number have I watched the sparrow in
the early morning carefully searching
crevices and chinks in buildings for
moths ; and numbers have I seen turned
out of their hiding places and captured
by the little bird. So fond of moths is
the sparrow that I have even seen it
abstract dry, dead ones in the winter
time and eat them. Many and many
a time have I seen the white cabbage
butterfly (Fieris rapce) hotly chased for
a hundred yards or more by the sparrow,
which seldom failed in making a cap-
ture, although the zig-zag, unsteady
flight of the insect frequently sorely
puzzled the sparrow. I have, too, often
seen the sparrows collecting caterpillars
and flying off" with them to their nests;
and anyone who has closely studied the

habits of the sparrow in England,
knows to what a great extent cater-
pillars form the food of the young. It
should be borne in mind that the young
of the Fringillida3 are not fed on hard
seed, nor on fruit, but principally on
insect food. It is principally as a
destroyer of moths that I admire the
sparrow. To some butterflies it is
partial, but any modei'ately sized moth
it will greedily seize ; and a more clever
searcher for moths in their day time
places of concealment it would be diffi-
cult to imagine. On this account, if
no other, the sparrow should be care-
fully protected. It is the very best
friend the gardener and the fruit grower
could have, but unfortunately in this
country its habits seem to differ from
those of the old country, for there it is
freely distributed over every farm in
the land, while here it will not leave the
shelter of the towns and villages. My
farm is only about a mile and a half
from Milton, where there are a number
of sparrows, but I have not seen a
sparrow on my place yet.

The sparrow will take its small share
of grain and fruit, but this is amply
paid for by the insects destroyed by
this most useful bird. I need not say
more in favor of the sparrow than that
I most surely know it, from my own
careful observation, to be a great de-
stroyer of injurious insects, and it
would be indeed a pity and folly to
exterminate it, now that it has been
introduced to the country. I only
wish it were generally spread as at
home, and I am sure it is most welcome
to the run of my farm and orchards.
I don't think any reliable conclusion
will be come to by the proposed com-
mittee on the little bird, and if they
come to an opposite conclusion to the
statements of the three leading British
naturalists whom I shall now quote, I
shall be sorry for the committee as
well as the sparrow.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

55

Yarrell, the author of the standard
work oil British Birds, says: — " Tlieir
young are fed for a time with soft
fruits, young vegetables and insects,
particularly caterpillars, and so great
is the number of these that are con-
sumed by the parent birds and their
successive broods of young, that it is a
question whether the benefit thus per-
formed IS not a fair equivalent for the
grain and seeds required at other sea-
sons of the year."

Macgillivray, author of an elaborate
and critical History of British Birds,
says : — *' The seeds of various plants,
such as the field mustard, Sinapis
arvensis, the charlock, Raphanun ra-
p/umLstrum, the chick weeds and mouse
ears, Stellaria and Cerastium, as well
as of the field and garden pea, Pisum
sativum, are also gathered ; and in
summer it partly subsists on insects of
various kinds, which also afford the
chief nourishment of its youmj."

Dressor, the author of the recently
published magnificent work on the
Birds of Europe, says : — •' In open
places where there are a few trees in
the towns, such as the gardens in the
squares or in the parks, it is eminently
useful in ridding the foliage of the
insects which would otherwise destroy
the leaves and tender shoots ; and its
utility in this respect has led to its
being introduced into the United States,
where in the main streets there are
avenues of trees which, previous to the
introduction of the present species, were
rendenjd bare and leafless by the ravages
of caterpillars. During the breeding
season insects, whenever they are to be
h;id, form the staple food of both old
and young birds. Mr. Snell says that
it is very fond of the seeds of Poly-
(jonum avidxlare ; and it may occasion-
ally he seen to catch the common white
butterflies (Papilio bi'as/dcm et rapce) on
the wing, though not so frecpiently as
one could wish. It destroys, however.

myriads of the small smooth caterpillars
and larvcB lohich feed on the buds of
the trees, and is one of the best guardians
of the orchard. It is true that it also
takes toll of the fruit, but one can well
spare a little when one reflects how
much the crop of fruit is dependent on
its active labors in destroying these
noxious insects."

The authors referred to speak of the
sparrow being a consumer of the seeds
of weeds ; this is the case with almost
all the Fringillidae, and I have observed
the snow bunting {Plectrophanes 7iival-
is), and the mealy redpole (Linota
linaria), on many occasions very busy
with the seeds of difierent weeds which
got the better of us in this land of weed
luxutiauce, as it is also the land of
caterpillars and vigorous insect growth.
We want not only abundance of Pas.ser
domesticus, the common sparrow, but
of as many similarly disposed birds as
we can get, for the little birds of the
country don't make any headway against
the insect pests. During last summer
the trec^s in my " bush," and in all
other "bashes" that I saw, swarmed
so with caterpillars that walking in
them was most unpleasant, we got so
covered with caterpillars.

Pray let everyone advocate the care-
ful preservation of so useful a bird.
Better let the sparrow have a little of
fruit and everything else, than let the
insect pests have nearly all, or all, as
the case may be. I did not secure a
single one of my cabbages this year
owing to the ravages of the catei pillar
of the white butterfly. I did my best,
trying to catcli the insects with the
butterfly net, but they stole a march
upon me and the c.iterpillars were
abundant. Did not I wish for a flock
of the English, or any sparrow that
would do the work.

All the small birds and thrushes
{Tardus wigratorius, the "Robin" in-

50

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

eluded), are most useful in regard to
insects and tlieir larvae, and we can
well afford the very little fruit some of
them take. At least three pairs of
"Robins" bred near my house, and I
hardly missed the cherries taken ; but
the Red-headed Woodpeckers (Melan-
erpe.i crythrocephalus), did take a con-
siderable number of cherries, and when
cherries were over they scooped out
many an apple, especially col verts.

A selection of our useful insect de-
stroying birds, such as common and
tree sparrows {Passer Diontanus) Chaf-
finch (Fringilla coelebs), Brown Ijinnet
(Li/iota cannahina\ and the Buntings,
Emheriza citrinella, E. iniJiaria, E.
schceniclas, E. cirlus and E. hortulana,
would be of great service to the country.
Apart from their useful work, the songs
of some wo\ild render the country doubly
delightful. The Skylark [A lamia arven-
sis), ought also to be introduced as a
great devourer of field insects ; and
would not its song be an acquisition to
Canada. I believe one or two attempts
were made to introduce the skylark in
the States ; but English birds, instead
of Norwegian or Swedish, were tried.
In the north of Europe the skylark is
migt atory, so is the song thrush (Turdus
musicus). North European examples
would have gone south on the approach
of severe weather, but English larks
would not know what to do, and I aia
afraid they all perished in the States
with cold.

Of the European insectivorous birds,
the true Silviadise, we have not any in
Canada. They would be very difficult
to import, but the Finches, Thrushes
and Larks might be naturalized in
Canada. This is the work that ought
to be done, instead of exterminating
the poor useful sparrow.

I remain, yours faithfully,

W. E. Bkooks.
Milton, 1st Feb., 1883.

DO BEES INJURE GRAPES?

To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

Sir, — -A letter in last issue of the
HortlcultuH^, from the j>en of D. Y.
Beacock, reminds one that this vexed
question is not yet settled to the satis-
faction of everybody. The testimony
of the Hon. J. C* Rykert and Mr.
Taylor has been given against the bees;
whilst the testimony of many others,
both here and elsewhere, has been
adduced as evidence of their guilt. At
a meeting of the Canadian Horticult-
ural Society, recently held at Owen
Sound, this question was brought up
and discussed. The .poor bee, having
no friends in court, was found guilty,
and convicted of the crime charged
against it. Absence from home on that
occasion prevented my being present
and testifying in behalf of the innocent
insect.

That bees work upon injured grapes
there can be no question. That they
work upon injured apples, rotten pears,
bruised peaches, and damaged plums,
is equally true; but my own observation
satisfies me that they never puncture or
in any way injure a perfectly sound
giape, or any other sound fruit. I
have grown grapes and kept bees for
some years. I have closely watched
the operations of my bees upon my own
grapes. I have repeatedly tempted
them to commit the depredations
charged against them by hanging
bundles of sound grapes upon and in
close proximity to their hives, and I
have never yet known them to attack
or injure a perfect berry. I have
afterwards gone round and bruised some
of the grapes by pressing them between
my fingers, and immediately those
bruised grapes would be covered by
bees, utilizing what would otherwise
bo lost ; but the unbruised grapes were
invariably left untouched and uninjured.

I have frequently extracted honey
in my glass grapery when the fruit was

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUK18T.

57

ripe, and although the building would
be swarming with bees, and the berries
that had burst (as they frequently do)
would be emptied of their juices, I have
not seen a sound grape punctured or
otherwise injured by them. With out-
door grajKJS my experience has been
the same. I have had as good an op-
portunity of judging on this question
as most men, and my testimony is that
bees never injui^e perfect fruit of any
kind. R. Mc Knight,

President Ontario Beekeepers' Association.
Owen Sound, Jan. 19, 1883.

REPORT ON FRUITS.

Tlie apple crop in this part of the
country has been the j>oorest I have
seen for some time ; the show of blos-
som was as fine as I ever saw. We had
cold, bad weather at the time, which I
think injured the blossom. The Snow
Apple, Early Joe, Harvest and Nor-
ton's Melon set an abundant crop, but
the fruit was so spotted and knotty
that it was of little worth. Baldwin,
Red Astrachan, King of Tompkins,
Maiden's Blush, R. I. Greening, Canada
Reinett and Ribstone Pippin had a
light crop of good fair apples. Alex-
ander, Duchess of Oldenburg, English,
Roxbury, A. G. Russet, Hubbardston's
Nonsuch, Hawthornden, N. Spy and
Dutch Mignonne were heavily laden
with fruit, some of them as tine as I
ever saw. The Fall Pippin, Esopus
Spitzenburgh,Gravenstein, Hawley and
Indiana Rose Rii)e failed badly. Some
did not set any fruit. The Dutch Mig-
nonne ai)ple was the heaviest loaded
and finest, in size and appearance, they
have ever been since bearing. I find
ready sale for them on the Brantford
market at $1.40 per bushel. They do
not appear to be much known. I have
not seen any at the market or shows
besides my own. They are not on any
fruit catalogue that I have. A. J.

Downing speaks highly of it in his
Fruits and Fruit IVees of America.

The Burnet gi"ai>e has done well
with me. It fruited the fii-st time the
past season. The Seiiasqua grape failed
to grow. The Moore's early gmpe vine,
sent last spring, has lived and made
fair growth.

I remain yours truly,

James Cowherd,
Newport P. 0., Ont.

PEARS CRACKING AND SPOTTING.

To THK Editoh of the Canadian Hokticultubist :

Will you, or some of your i-eaders,
tell me through your magazine what
the cause is of my peai*s cracking and
blotting "^ The kind most affected is
the Flemish Beauty. I almost lost my
whole crop last year. They seemed to
be all right until they were about two-
thirds gi-own, and then they were first
taken with black blotches— just as
though they had been splattered over
with black ink. This caused the skin
of the young fruit to harden, and shortly
after the fruit started to crack open.
In a great many cases the cracks ran
horizontally and reached nearly around
the fruit, and in very bad cases it
nearly penetrated into the core, and in
other cases the cracking will run in all
directions without any limit or rule —
only to destroy the entire fruit. This
trouble made its firet appearance two
yeai-s ago, but it was not fatal until
last year. I have some trees highly
cultivated with top-dressings of wood-
ashes — a clean surface — no other crop
grown amongst these trees. I also have
trees growing in sod without any culti-
vation, and their fate is exactly the
same as before sttited. All my early
pears up to the Bartletts have not shown
any signs of the aforesaid disease. My
soil has a clay bottom, with a black,
rich mould on top, with a good descent
in the direction of a running stream of
water. I have well on to a hundred

5S

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

pear trees, and about one-third of them
are now coming into bearing, but dis-
eases are, it seems, following up as fast
as the trees are growing. Please, sir,
if there is any cure, will you let me
know through the Canadian Horticul-
turist, and oblige your constant reader %

D. B. H.

January 19, 1883.

FRUIT IN CLINTON, ETC.

To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

I think that the readers of the Hor-
ticulturist should return you thanks for
its excellent appearance, and for the
valuable reading it contained during
the past year. I think it a shame that
every fruit-grower cannot be induced to
take it. As an old member and resid-
ing in a cold part of Ontario, the diffi-
culties of fruit-growing the past year
have been many. I think that it was
the spring frost that killed the plum
and peach crop and lessened the grape
crop. I trimmed the grape in the fall,
laid them down and covered them with
leaves and boards. 1 had a medium
crop. The Clinton and other thin-leaf
vnrieties were eaten bare, so that the
fruit did not ripen ; the spring was late
and the frost came on early in the fall,
so that the late grapes were destro3'^ed.
My Burnet grape has fruited three
years. I have had to root it up as I
cannot prevent it from mildewing ; also
the Salem. I potted strawberry plants,
and they bore a good crop the first
year. There was an insect that eat the
leaves in small holes. If I found a
plant dying, on digging up the root
there was the larva of the June beetle,
good to feed chickens. The gooseberry
and currents were badly affected with
worms on the leaves all the season till
the fruit was ripe; the rain washed the
helebore off". To avoid the loss of my
bushes by the pith worm, I think the
bush form is the best, as you can cut
out the affected stems and renew with

new wood ; not so with the single stem
or tree form, as it will destroy it. I
tie them together in the fall, so as to
prevent the snow from breaking them
down. I have a number of unfruited
English gooseberries ; most of them are
aff'ected with the mildew. The Down-
ings and Houghton Seedlings are the
best for a sure crop here. The Grimes
golden pipin apple has fruited some
years. I picked three bushels last fall
badly affected with the worm ; the fruit
is good quality for eating, cooking or
keeping. I have them on hand now.
The crop of apples was not good in this
country last fall — worm-eaten, spotted
and disfigured — yet thousands of barrels
were shipped ; but the greatest diffi-
culty is to get fruit-growers to be honest
and pick and pack them right for the
English market. My Grimes golden
pipin tree is badly affected with the
bark coming off in scales, leaving a
hole open into the wood underneath ;
it is full of insects, and I call them the
woolley aphis. They are red and look
like a mildew on them ; they came
with the tree. What is your remedy
to kill them 1 I was going to wash the
tree with soft-soap water in the spring.
[Yes, that is right. — Ed.] What is the
cause of the strawberry flower going into
a black, hard substance instead of to
fruit ] [Probably late frost. —Ed.] The
plum trees are all getting badly affected
with rot and black knot. We ought to
get a law passed, making a fruit-grower
a constable, to protect him from boys
stealing his fruit. I have tried differ-
ent ways to keep grapes. The only
way I have succeeded is in putting them
down in sawdust. I found hemlock
best, dried in the oven. We j)ut down
some Clinton, Isabella, Salem and a few
of Rogers in cork sawdust that I pro-
cured at the fruit stores, that the Span-
ish grapes are packed in. My grapes
are opening out as fresh as when they
came off the vine ; some of the stems

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

50

are quite green. I sent to St. C;ith:i-
rines' cork-factory for a barrel of dust,
but they sent cork-shavings. If they
would grind it up to dust, it would pay
grape-growers to buy it, as tough-skin
grapes will keep till after this, and our
best grapes are better quality than the
tough white Spanish grape. We brush
the bunches with a downy feather, and
it takes the dust off the grapes. I
syringe soap-water over my vines to
protect the leaves from the insects. 1
think it stops them some. Do you
know any remedy? I consider the
Champion grape not much account
here, only being early. The Council
give me power to get all the shade
trees on the street that are dead or ob-
jectionable. I have been going for
Lombardy poplar, abele, willow and
the locust The last is like a honey-
comb, eat out with borers. We have
had a planting-day in the spring. We
have set out over a thousand maples a
season. I have cut down poplars
eighteen inches through, making sev-
eral cords of wood, since I fii-st saw
them planted. It is not every town
that heats its town hall with trees
planted by its citizens.

W. C. Searle.

EARLY RIPENING GRAPES.
I would like to see the names of
about twelve of the best early grape
vines in the Candian Horticulturist.
jNIy Concord gra])es did not ripen last
year. I think that if they would ripen
before the Concord they would answer
here. I bad ripe grapes on one vine,
and fruit on three that did not get ripe.

H. P.

Moore's Early, Early Victor, Jessica,
Hei-bert, Lady, Massa.soit, Worden,
Delaware, Champion (but of poor
({uality); Janesville (also poor quality),
h^arlv Dawn (very subject to mildew),
Hal ford Prolific.— Ed. Can. Hort.

PROPAGATION OF THE WEIGELA.

To THK EDITOK OF THK CANADIAN HORl ICULl UUIST.

Would you kindly give in the next
issue the plan pursued in ]n*opagating
the Weigela Rosea, and oblige,

Yours truly, R. M.

You will probably succeed best by
largering the young shoots of last sea-
son's growth. Peg them down in the
spring, burying the bent portion deep
enough in the soil to keep it moist, and
remove from the parent plant in the
fall or spring following. It can be
propagated from cuttings of the young
wood under a hand-glass, or better from
cuttings of the half ripened wood taken
off in summer and rooted in a frame.

PACKING CELERY.

Can the Editor, or any reader of the
Horticulturist ^ give a recipe for pack-
ing celery for winter use ] 1 had about
sixty heads taken up and buried in
sand, in the cellar, to about the same
depth as they stood in the ground.
They took root and did finely for about
two months ; then they wilted at the
top and began to decay. The decay
ran all the w^ay to the root, following
the two centre leaves. This was my
first experience, and not very success-
ful at that. G. H. F.

English Sparrows. — At the Michigan
horticultural meeting several fruit growers
told us that the English sparrows were
rapidly bringing grief to the farmers and
fruit growers. It was the old story of de-
structiveness and fighting proijensities. And
now we notice in an excnance that at Mt.
Vernon, 111., a gentleman had twenty acres
in wheat, from which he expected a fourth
of a crop, the heads having every appear-
ance of promising such a yield. He resolved
to cut it for seed, and sent some persons to
gather it. They returned soon after and
re|M)rted that there was not a grain of wheat
in the field, the sparrows having eaten the
entire crop. — Prairie Farmer.

60

TIIF: CANADIAN IIOiaiCULTUKIST.

THE che:^»ry slug.

fSelandria cerasi.)

This troublesome enemy, which at-
tacks alike the cherry, pear and quince,
has now nearly completed his opera-
tions for the present season. The foli-
age of the cherry is apparently his
special favorite; although judging from
results where he is allowed to operate
unchecked, there would seem to be but
slight difference.

Fig. 1.

Wh can but feel a degree of surprise
that where a few moments of time and
the scattering of a fewhandfuls of lime,
ashes, or even dust, occasionly repeated,
would suffice to exterminate them, they
should so generally be permitted to run
their race, year after year, often even to
the utter ruin of the trees.

We detected them
this season upon our
quinces, which, in pass-
ing, we frequently ex-
FiG. 2, amined, and by the use

of an occasional handful of dry earth
scattered over them, saved the foliage.

In doing the same with perhaps one
hundred young pear trees, embracing
perhaps forty distinct varieties, stand-
ing together in nursery rows, we dis-
covered that the insect manifested a
very decided preference for certain varie-
ties, since those with smooth, glossy
foliage were persistently avoided; while
others, with different foliage, were as
constantly attacked; the difference being
equally manifested, even when the
branches of the two interlocked. On
several varieties, with very firm, glossy
leaves, not a slug was discoverd during
the entire season ; while with others ad-

jacent constant watchfulness was requir-
ed to keep them in subjection. — T. T.
Lyon, in Michigmi Farmer.

[Note by the Editor. — The insect
above alluded to by Mr. Lyon is shown
in the accompanying cut. Fig. 1 rep-
resents a leaf upon which may be seen
a couple of these slugs feeding upon the
upper surface. The slug shown in Fig. 1
and marked a is of full size. Fig. 2
represents the fly which laid the eggs,
from which these slugs are hatched.
They lay their eggs usually early in
June, which hatch in about a fortnight.
The slugs attain their full growth in
twenty-six days, and in this time they
moult or cast their skins five times.
After the last moult they are no longer
of their usual olive green color, nor are
they shiny, but are smooth and of a
yellow color. They now pass to the
ground, burrow in it to the depth of
two or three inches, form each a little
cell, and in this cell change to the
chrysalis, and in sixteen days the fly
hatches out and lays her eggs for a
second brood of slugs. This usually
occurs about the first of August. This
second brood attain their full growth
about the end of September, go into
the ground and remain there until
spring. Hellebore mixed with water
and sprinkled upon the slugs is sure
death to them. Sometimes dry soil
and even ashes fail to kill them ; they
crawl out of their sanded skins and go
on as if nothing had happened.]

SHAFFER'S COLOSSAL RASPBERRY.

Last spring I planted tips of the new
Raspberry, Shaffer's Colossal. To my
surprise, there soon appeared shoots that
set blossoms, and which were folJoweil
by the largest raspberries I ever saw.
It wiis not an isolated case, but at least
10 per cent of the plants were beaiing.
They came in when other Raspberries
were gone, and are in full blast

THE CANADIAN HOirncUr.TUHIST.

61

now, (July 29tli), with a prospect of
beiries for a month to come. Not
a few scattered berries, but trusses

SHAFFER'S COLOSSAL RASPBERRY.

with fifty berries on one shoot, and such
berries — an inch in diameter. The fruit
is the color of the old purple cane that

62

THE CA.NADIAN H0RTICULTUKI8T.

I used to gather in my mother's garden
more than fifty years ago. It has the
flavor of the Catavvissa and about the
same texture. Not firm enough for very
distant carriage, but it will be a splendid
one for home use and a near market.
It is not sweet like the Turner, but has
a pleasant acid mingled with it, which
makes it superior for pies, tarts and pre-
serving, and with cream and sugar, I
can endorse it fully from experience. —
Samuel Miller, in Fruit Grower.

THE HIGHLAND GRAPE.

I am not sure but we should review, and
perhaps modify our opinions about the
Highland Grape, as, when quite ripe, it
loses its objectionable acidity, and as it
has no foxiness, it may be, for southern
regions and wherever the Catawba will
ripen, a desirable grape. It is unfortunate
that its period of ripening has been so
misrepresented, for many have doubtless
planted it in northern localities, where it
will never ripen. This has been an unusual
season, and many grapes have been a full
month later in ripening than in other more
favorable seasons ; but I cannot believe the
Highland should be classed as an early
ripening grape under any circumstances.
It is healthy and vigorous in growth, and
the clusters are unusually large and hand-
some, and I think, from my experience
with it this year, it will be found at least
" good " in quality for southern planters,
and for all places where it will ripen
perfectly. G. W. Campbell.

Delaware, Ohio.

Hem ARKS. — ^With the above Mr.
Campbell sends us a bunch each of High-
land, Lady Washington, and Naomi, the
first two of which ripened with us per-
fectly this season, as until Nov. 3rd we
had no frost. The berries of the High-
land bunch were large and showy, but
sour. As to the Lady Washington,
there is nothing remarkable about it as
to quality. The Naomi is a green grape,
without bloom or color. Its flavor is
peculiar, but not agreeable. — Rural
New Yorker.

FLAT CULTURE FOR POTATOES.

Eds. Country Gentleman — Several
years ago I became a convert to flat cul-
ture for potatoes, and every season con-
vinces me that this mode is preferable
to the forming of hills around the plants.
This season being a very moist one in
this section, fully demonstrated with me
that in moist as well as dry seasons flat
culture is the better of the two. Just
across the fence from my potato patch
was a field of my neighbor's, of about
four acres, planted about ten days before
mine. The ground is alike on both
patches — clayey loam. My neighbor
manured more liberally than T did.
He adopted the hilling method of cul-
ture, and I the flat method. In the
early part of the season his made a m\ich
more vigorous grovvth than mine; in fact
the foliage in his field covered the ground
before mine had apparently well begun
to grow. As the season advanced mine
gained in growth upon his, and main-
tained greener foliage longer. His
ripened about a week ahead of mine,
but while his crop averaged 180 bushels
to the acre, mine averaged 250 bushels
to the acre. There was seventy bushels
difierence, upon soil similar, his having
the advantage of more manure than
mine. I consider that flat culture re-
quires less labor than hilling, produces
heavier crops, and the quality is just
as good, with all other conditions the
same. M. Milton.

•Mahoning County, O.

Strawberries at Rochester. — T. T.

Southwick writes to the Gardener's
Monthly that the fruit dealers in Roches-
ter have paid out for strawberries this year
^84,000. One canning establishment ab-
sorbed 10,000 quarts a day, which at only
five cents a quart would be $500 daily, or
$1,000 at ten cents. The same hou.e is
said to have canned ten tons a day of
cherries, or 200 tons in all.

THE CANADIAN IIOBTICLLlLRIST.

03

HOW TO GROW EARL^ CABBAGE.

I sow the seed of the kinds I wish to
grow in February or first of March, in
small shallow boxes in forcing pit, liot-
bed, or if these are not to be had, a
sunny window of the house will do.
The boxes I use are eighteen by twen-
ty-four inches, three inches deep ; made
of one-half inch boards. The kinds of
early cabbage I generally raise are Eai ly

. Early Jersey Wakefield.

Jersey Wakefield (best if pure), Early
"Winningstadt, Early Summer and
Fotler's Early Drumhead. The first
two for early ; the others for second
early. I only treated the first two as
above stated ; the second early I sow in
common hot- beds 1st to the 15th of
March. After the seeds sown in boxes
(say 15th of February) are uj) and about
three inches high, it is necessary to trans-
plant them in other boxes, like those
they were sown in, about one and a
half to two inches apart every way; or if
any wish to have them in small pots (two
and a half inch) put one plant in each
pot, and pots close together in boxes,
treating the Stime as if planted in boxes.
Pots are better than boxes and I use
them largely. About one week or ton
days before ])lanting in garden, the^
must be hardened off by exposing grad-
ually, night and day, in oi>en air. I
set out my plants from 15th of April to
1st of May. The plants which are in
boxes are taken in the boxes to the part

of the garden where the groun<l is ready
to plant. Take a garden reel, stretch
out straight, take plants out of boxes
with care so that the soil will stay on
the roots. Plant Wakefield twenty
inches in rows and Early Summer the
same ; the other kinds twenty-four
inches. The rows should be thirty
inches apart, so that a cultivator can
be used. Early radish, lettuce, spinach,
etc., can be sown between the cabbage
rows and be out before the cabbage
needs all the room. After cabbage,
celery can be grown on the same
ground. In this way other vegetable
plants can be raised to advantage. In
fact, I have raised all the following
with success : early cauliflower, early
lettuce, early kohl-rabi, early Savoy,
early celery, early beets, early tomatoes,
early cucumbers and early squashes. —
August D. Mylius, in ^'Gardenara'
Monthly."

THE VIRGINIA FRINGE TREE.

fChionanthus Virginica.)

To any one in search of a beautiful
and not commonly seen shrub, or small
tree, for the lawn, we earnestly com-
mend the Fringe Tree, or White Fringe,
under which name it is also known.
It grows wild in Virginia and south-
ward, and succeeds well in cultivation
throughout the Northern St-ates and
Canada. Yet although it requires not
more care than other lawn shrubs, and
is much prettier than many whose place
it might occupy, it is but seldom seen
in northern gardens.

It grows from a bushy shrub to a
small tree of twenty or more feet in
height; its leaves are large, oval oblong,
dark green, somewhat downy, resem-
bling Magnolia-leaves ; its delicate,
snowy-white flowers hang in loose and
gracefully diooping panicles. A Fnnge
Tree in spring, when in full bloom,
covered' with a profuse mass of long

0:1:

THE CANADIAN nORTICULTURTST.

graceful fringes of pure white flowers
swaying in the breeze, partly hidden
by the large, deep green, glossy foliage,
is a beautiful sight indeed.

The shrub is of rather slow growth
at first, but in a rich, loamy, rather
moist soil, it thrives pretty well, espe-
cially when sheltered from the bleak
west and north-west winds by a group of
Ev^ergreens. Tt may be propagated
from cuttings, but it becomes hardier
and more vigorous when grafted on the
common Ash,— AmeruMn Garden.

A NEW SWEET CORN— NE PLUS
ULTRA.

One ear of this was sent to us and
the kernels were planted May 16, in
garden soil. The request came with
the corn from W. Atlee Burpee & Co.,
seedsmen of Philadelphia, Pa., that we
would test it and report "just what you
think ofit.^' The ear sent was 5 J inches
long — 12 irregular rows, kernels much
shrunken, small, peg-shaped and half-
transparent. Our first " mess " for
the table was cut August 8 — 84 days
from planting. The stalks were slender
and grew from six to eight feet high,
bearing the ears generally low. The silk
is always purple, the husks sometimes
bronzed, the kernels deep, the cob very
thin and reddish in the middle. Some
stalks sucker moderately ; others not at
all. It is a very prolific variety, the
main stalks bearing from two to five
perfect ears. The size of the ear, while
it may not be large enough to suit the
prevailing market demand, is just that
which enables one to hold it easily in
the fingei-s and to eat the kernels from
the cob without stretching the mouth
open inconveniently wide. The quality
is sweet, tender, delicious. We would
suggest to those who try this corn that
ears should be selected from the stalks
which bear the most ears and wliich do
not sucker. In this way this distinct

and very desirable sweet corn might
still be greatly improved. — Rural New
Yorker.

SMALL TREES.

" The average American is in a great
hurry to realize on his investments. If
he orders a few garden seeds in January
he is anxious to have them sent imme-
diately ; and if he forwards six cents for
a copy of some paper which contains a
story which he has rejwl or heard, he
does not forget to request the publisher
to send it " by return mail." Patience
which takes the form of quiet waiting is
a virtue of which he seems to be wholly
ignorant. He cannot wait the progress
of events, but must constantly hurry and
fret in order to make nature move a little
faster than her usual pace.

" This tendency crops out very plainly
when he purchases trees. He finds them
described in the catalogue as ** second-
class, medium, first class, extra." The
difference in these classes is i)rincip:.illy,
if not wholly, in the size and height of
the trees. The larger the tree, the hifjh-
er the price — but the farmer " dont care
anything about that." He wants "good
trees or none," and gives his orders for
those of extra size, and which are four
or five years old. In doing this he
thinks he is acting wisely, but the nur-
seryman knows better, and the farmer
will find before long, that with equal
care the small trees will grow faster, and,
if a fruit tree, will come into bearing
condition sooner than the large ones.

•' In a half dozen years the tree that
was small when planted will be larger
and finer than the other. The reason
for this is obvious. The larger the tree
the larger the roots which it has, and the
largei* the roots the less fibers there will
be upon them. A tree that has plenty
of fibrous root? will grow readily, if
proper care is used in the transplanting;
but no amount of skill can coax a tree

THK CANADIAN ITOKTIt LT/rURIST.

65

to live and flourish which is destitute of
these little fibres. The roots of large
trees are mutilated in the process of
taking up, while the small trees sustain
little injury from this source. Dealers
in trees assert that experienced men buy
small, thrifty trees, while those who are
just starting, are anxious for the largest
to be had. Those who are to set trees
the coming season will do well to learn

from the experience of those who, at
considerable loss to themselves, have
demonstrated that small trees are the
ones to buy. The testimony of the fore-
most orchardists goes to show that one
year old fruit trees will be largei* and
more thrifty, as a rule, and come into
bearing as soon as those of two, three or
four years old at planting from the nur-
sery."— Journal of Agriculture.

OLD IRON-CLAD STRAWBERRY.

The plants are very vigorous — more
so than the Sharpless. The fruit resem-
bles the Sharpless greatly in size and
shape. It is light scarlet — not as dark
or deep as the Wilson. It is five days
earlier than the Wilson. Blossoms per-
fect or Hermaphrodite. Berries carry
well, having shipped it 300 miles in per-
fect condition, and selling much better
than the Wilson. It stands the drouth
perfectly, and is very healthy.

It is the rankest, healthiest growing
plant on our place — even surpassing
such sorts as the Bidwell, Sharpless,
Green Prolific and Windsor Chief in
this respect. It forms the largest stools
or crowns, and makes the most fruit
germs in the fall of any sort we ever
2

saw. We have grown and fruited it
the past season, and in our thirty-Jive
yenr-^ experience in growing straw-
berries we have not seen its equal for
growth and large sized plants, and in
this respect it differs and is more dis-
tinct from other sorts than any known
strawberry.

A prominent horticulturist of Mis-
souri says of it : "■ This strawberry is a
remarkable production. Last year
scarcely a plant succumbed to the drouth
in beds side by side with the Wilson,
where not a plant of the lattei- survived,
as can be attested by numerous growei*s
here. All that is claimed for it is
true. The only objection, if it is an
objection, is that the berry is too lai-ge
and in many cases not as handsome as
some berries, as it has the appearance
of three or four berries together to form
a mammoth in size." — Frtdt Recorder

66

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

BLACK WALNUT TIMBER
PLANTATIONS.

The planting of Black Walnut for
timber will, if judiciously done, be a
valuable investment. But it is desir-
able that it be done with reasonable
expectations. The following letter,
which we clip from the Country Gentle-
man gives the opinion of a writer who
thinks that some are counting the pro-
tits too fast. He says :

In your issue of the 21st September,
(see page 17 of this volume) I notice a
note on black walnut, which I think
contains some errors calculated to deceive
those who are planting forests. The plan
of planting and cultivating them is good,
but the result cannot reach that profit that
Mr. Ragan's figures denote. He says that
in twenty-five years they will bring |1,000
per acre. That would be producing $40
per acre every year from the time of
planting for twenty-five years, which is
double as much as the ground would pro-
duce in any other crop for that length of
time. Mr. Ragan says that walnut lum-
ber brings $100 per 1,000 feet in the cities.
Some choice specimens bring that price,
but there is more lumber sold for $50 per
1,000 than there is for $100. I have been
handling walnut lumber, and it has always
been high class lumber, and $60 per 1,000
has been the highest price that I have re-
ceived in Cincinnati, O.

I also think that there is a mistake about
the growth of the trees. In twenty -five
years he says the trees will be worth $5
each (for lumber I suppose). At that age
they will not be fit for lumber at all, much
less grade as $100 lumber, which must be
14 feet long and 20 inches wide (or there-
abouts), and free from blemish of any kind.
Again, he says; *'At 14 feet apart there
will be over 200 trees to the acre, and
these should sell for $5 each. " Now, trees
(or rather sapling) may grow at that dis-
tance, but they would never get large
enough to make saw logs worth 111^5 to the
tree, or even logs that would be merchant-
able at any price. There is a tree on this
f^rm that I know to be something over
twenty years old, and it is standing in a
very rich black walnut soil near a branch.
It has always had a very strong and

vigorous gi'owth, and it is now about one
foot in diameter at the ground, and about
60 feet to the very top twig. If cut down
it would look more like a skid to load logs
with, than the log to be loaded. The
black locust is much more profitable than
the walnut . They will grow much closer
together, and will gow at least twice as
fast. They are also merchantable at 6
inches in diameter, making good posts at
that size, whereas the walnut at that size
is hardly fit for anything. At twenty-five
years of age the locust trees may stand 14
feet apart, and might be worth $2. 50 each,
or $500 per acre, but I have some doubt
about their reaching those figures. At
any rate black walnut never can. — T. W. C.
Clay Village, Ky.

FRUIT EVAPORATORS.

The fruits cured by this process, for
all cooking purposes, are the same as
fresh or undried fruit ; no one can tell
the difference. The process of evapor-
ating the water from the fruit being so
rapid that fermentation is impossible,
and with proper care in packing and
storing, the fruit may be kept in per-
fect condition for years, thus enabling
the excessive product of one season to be
carried to the next, which usually alter-
nates with a light crop. Every farmer
having a good orchard should have
an Evaporator ; with it he can always
make his apple crop yield him at least
50 cents per bushel, excluding labor and
other costs. This in years of plenty
would be of great value, as usually
most of such crops are lost : there
need be no fear of over-producing,
any amount can be sold in Great
Britain ; parts of our Dominion will
never produce fruit enough for 'their
own use. This process will event-
ually drive out of use the abominable
dried apples. The market price for
the evaporated apples has been thus
far in our Province from eight to thir-
teen cents per pound. The product
from one bushel (apples) is from five-
and-a-half to seven pounds per bushel.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

67

All kin Is of fruit, berries and vege-
tables can be dried, retaining their na-

tural flavor much better than by any
canning process. — John. H. Portek.

0i^

mmm^

'^^^^

P:^€-^^^'^

■k^^i^'W^

4^,^

THE SUPERB.

NEW SEEDLING RASPBERRY.

THE SUPERB.

Mr. J. C/hurchman, who introduced
this raspberry to the public, thus speaks
of it :—

It has now passed through its eighth
winter and fully confirmed its previ-
ously well established reputation for
/hardiness, and borne an unprecedented
crop of fruit during the past summer,
notwithstanding unfavorable weather
at the time of formation of the berries,
and not with stiinding an unrestricted
growth of young canes, which prevents
the usual and proper tillage. The
points of merit claimed for the Superb,
as established by an experience of eight
years, are: —

1. Vigor of growth and hardiness of
canes.

2. Earliness and length of hearing
season, beginning to ripen in ordinary
seasons, about the middle of June, and
continuing about four to five weeks on
old wood — young canes bearing some-
times until October,

3. Productiveness ; the show of fruit
the season just passed, having excited
the admiration of all visitors to my
ground.

4. Size, color and favor of fniit; size
shown in accompanying cut ; color, rich
dark scarlet ; and flavor remarkably
spicy and tart ; unlike any oiher rasp-
berry.

6. Power of resisting injury from
drought. During the whole month of
July we had no rain at all of any value;
and yet, while my bushes were almost

68

THE CANADIAN IIORTICULTUEIST.

daily picked, producing through all
that time, fine, large berries, and al-
thouofh during: the last two weeks of
the time, no moisture could be found in
the ground at a spade's depth, yet the
young canes have continued to show
their peculiar, lively, green color, and
none but the old bearing canes, nearing
their natural death, having shown signs
of suffering.

No claim is made to extraordinary
carryiu'f qwtlities for this berry, this
would be in direct contradiction to its
well establishpd reputation for peculiar
high flavor and richness, which its large
lobers and very few seeds give it.

We give also the remarks of others
for the benefit of our readers.

A. M. Ptirdy says of it, with us the
Sajyerb is perfectly splendid, largest
size, bright color, wonderfully produc-
tive.

S. O. De Cott says it is a strong,
healthy grower, prolific bearer, good
quality, large, handsome and early.

E. Wolleb writes that his plants had
a few berries, which in size and color
were good, flavor good, rather too acid
for my taste ; must be excellent for
jams.

E. Williams ^vi'ites about it to the
American Go,rden as follows —

This new candidate for public favor
originated some- eight or nine years ago
on the grounds ol Mr. J. Churchman,
of Burlington, N. J. On fruiting it ho
was so well pleased with its appearance
that he decided to retain the variety
and extend its cultivation, which he has
continued to do up to the present
time.

He now has a patch of about an acre
and a quarter, which, by invitation of
that gentleman, I visited on the 4th of
July last. Picking had already com-
menced in a small way some days
previous, but I found the canes still

well loaded with a large crop of good
sized berries in the various stages of
development.

The plants, in foliage, fruit and other
respects, strongly resemble the Mont-
clair, though it suckers much more
profusely, and appearances seem to
indicate its Philadelphia parentage, as
supposed. The berries were large, the
best measuring three-quarters of an
inch in diameter; color rather dark,
flesh firm, with a rich sub acid flavor ;
quality among the best.

Mr. Churchman assured me that the
size was much below the usual standard,
owing to the want of moisture, the
ground then being very dry and hard.
This was undoubtedly the case ; but
this fact, in connection with the cool
weather that had prevailed, furnished
the best possible conditions for , pro-
ducing a rich, solid fruit, of good keep-
ing qualities.

It was these conditions that enabled
me to keep specimens, brought away in
good condition, for three days.

Had the weather then been as moist
and hot as it was during the latter part
of September, I could not have done
this — the berries would have melted
down in half the time.

It is this condition of weather and
growth, previous to and during the
season of ripening, that decides the
ability of this fruit to stand shipment
to distant markets.

A berry may exhibit one season
admirable carrying qualities, and an-
other prove a decided failure, solely
from these climatic differences. This
fact alone shows the importance of not
being too hasty in jumping at conclu-
sions from a single season's trial.

The only absolute merit the Superb
or any other raspberry could possess,
in the minds of some, would be its
ability to stand shipment to market.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTDRIST.

69

This, with earliness and productiveness
would make it the best in existence, as
it opens the door to the alluring picture
of 2^^oJit so deftly held out to view. 1
think the Superb has other merits quite
as valuable. We want fruit to eat as
well as to sell, and should the Superb
do as well away from home, with other's
care, and remain healthy, I think it
will prove a valuable acquisition to our
list of good and really hardy red rasp-
berries.

But the editor asks, " If it is so near
like the Montclair, what is the need of
it?" I reply, it is a more acid berry
than the Montclair, and some people
prefer the pleasant acidity of the one
to the rich sweetness of the other.
Tastes will differ as we all know, and
they must be gratified.

BEST TREES FOR TRANSPLANTING.

D. S. Curtis in the National Farmer
says :

' ' Neither with the shade trees or orch-
ard trees is it best to select the thriftiest
or largest trees of the given age, when
taking them from the nursery, except it
be a few when the very best care and skill
is used in transplanting them, for the
rank, thrifty trees in the nursery are apt
to get a worse set-back and hindrance in
their growth, and are even more liable to
die from transplanting than those of the
same age which are smaller, with more
appearance of being stinted.

** MULCHING.

" There is one thing should be particu-
larly observed in all transplanting of trees,
whether for ornamental purposes or for
the orchard, and which is too generally
neglected, if not even too little known ;
that is, mulching — covering the ground for
several feet around the stalk or body of
the tree with straw, leaves, or other old
litter which may be at hand. The lack of
this sinii)le operation is the cause of much
loss in young trees. This mulching is
necessary both to preserve the moisture
below, and to prevent the soil becoming
too heated by the sun around the roots of
the young trees."

ABUTILONS.

These plants must be well known by
the majority of our readers who are fond
of flowers, and although they have been
appreciated by them, they would be still
more so if some of the newer sorts lately
Introduced had been tried. Some of the
older ones make, no doubt, very fine
plants, and are rapid growers, but then
this is all at the expence of the number
of flowers. We have had the pleasure
of seeing some of the dwarf growing
kinds lately, and I do not hesitate to
say that any one will be pleased with
them. Their peculiarity consists in
branching out close to the base, in bloom-
ing when only a few inches hijjh, and
in. giving two flowers from the axis of
each leaf. The following are splendid
varieties :

Mary Milliar — Fine bold flower, very
large: a decidedly rosy pink color, dwarf
grower, and very free bloomer, much
more so than "Rosaflorm."

Phillipine Welter — A German seed-
ling, not quite as dwarf as the above,
but a very good plant ; flowers, parasol
shape ; color, salmon buff.

Purpureimi — The freest bloomer we
think ; color, purplish crimson, chang-
ing to lighter purple as the flower fades.
A very good plant.

Pauline Braun — A fine, bold, well-
shaped flower, of a deep orange col or, with
a brilliant tint.

Golden Gem — Flowers small but of a
very pretty lemon yellow color veined
rose.

Abutilan Fraseri — Color, rich orange
scarlet, shaded with crimson ; a very
fine plant, raised in Baltimore.

There are several more new varieties
imported from England of undoubted
merit, but any one will see from the
above list what a splendid variety can
be had these.

We must, howevernot forget the now
old "Boule de Neige," which, as its name

70

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

implies, is a perfect "snowball." No
collection should be without it, or
" Darwini," which is also a free bloomer.

These plants are very easily cultivated,
and increase readily from slips of half-
ripened wood, or from seed. Thoy flower
best when pot bound, when they should
be well watered with liquid manure

Plants will bloom winter and summer.
If you want a large specimen for winter
blooming, plant it in the open ground,
and lift it carefully in the fall, potting
in goop rich soil. They require plenuy
of water, and will thrive in any situa-
tion, in farm and garden.

BOOK NOTICES.
The Massachusetts Horticultu-
ral Society has issued its schedule of
prizes for 1883. We notice that it
oifers prizes to the originators of new
fruits, flowers and vegetables, origin-
ated since 1875, and which after satis-
factory trial shall be deemed superior
in quality, or some other characteristic,
to any now extant, and worthy of gen-
eral cultivation. Prizes of $25 each
are ofiered for the best essay upon : —
1st. The merits of hardy shrubs and
perennial plants as compared with bed-
ding-plants in the embellishment of
small places, and the conditions most
favorable to the use of either class.
2nd. The best method of constructing
and heating a green house for amateur
use, taking economy and efficiency into
account. 3rd. Are live hedges to be
recommended, either for utility or orna-
ment, and, if they are, what plants are
most suitable % In offering these prizes
the Society desires to elicit new facts,
and preference will be given to an essay
which adds to our knowledge over a
compendium of what is already known.
Essays to be sent to Mr. Robert Man-
ning, Secretary, Horticultural Hall,
Boston, Mass., so as to be received by
the 1st of November next. Competi-
tion open to all.

W. E. Bowditch's Catalogue, illus-
trated, descriptive and priced, of Gar-
den, Elower and Agricultural Seeds,
1883, No. ^\:^ Warren Street, Boston,
Mass., is most profusely illustrated and
full of the needful information regard-
ing the qualities and cultivation of the
different plants. The printer of this
catalogue cannot be commended for the
style of execution ; it might have been
thought well done a century ago, but it
will not compare with most others of its
class upon our table to-day.

The Southern Cultivator and
Dixie Farmer is almost a folio of
thirty-two pages, published monthly by
James P. Harrison & Co., Atlanta,
Georgia, at $1.50 a year. It gives the
reader an intelligent view of the condi-
tion and progress of agriculture in that
southern clime, and numbers among its
contributors the best writers of the
South. We notice in the January
number interesting articles on the
Sugar-Cane Question, Fish Culture, &c.
Wine and Fruit Grower, and
Fancy Grocers' Guide, is a monthly
journal devoted to vineculture, pomol-
ogy and the kindred industries. It is
published by B. F. Clayton, 20 Yesey
Street, New York, at $2 a year, and
enters upon its fifth volume improved
in appearance and full of interesting
articles upon the subjects to which it is
devoted.

The Good Farmer, a quarto of eight
pages, of which Mr. D. S. Marvin is the
editor, devoted to Agriculture and Hor-
ticulture. Mr. Marvin's well-known
ability as an horticulturist and \Vriter
is a guarantee that the new venture in
Northern New York will be ably con-
ducted. It is published at Watertown,
N. Y., quarterly, at 25 cents per year.
Nellis' Wholesale Price-List of
Seeds, from the Mohawk Valley Seed
Gardens, A. C. Nellis, Canajoharie, N.
Y. Illustrated with wood- cuts and a

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

71

colored plate of Nellis' perpetual prize-
lettuce, which does not form compact
heads, but forms large bunches of leaves.
It is claimed for it that it is tender and
rich, and continues in use a long time.

The Farm and Garden is published
monthly by Child, Bros. & Co., 125
South Fourth Street, Philadelphia,
Penn., at 50 cents a year. It is hand-
somely illustrated and neatly printed
on well calendered paper. Our own
pages have been occasionally enriched
with short articles from this valuable
monthly.

The Western Ploughman, publish-
ed at Moline, 111., at fifty cents a year,
enters upon its third volume in very
handsome style. It has stories and
practical articles mingled together to
suit the tastes of various readers, but
gives little attention to the fruits and
flowers of its section of countiy.

Gregory's Annual Illustrated
Catalogue of Vegetable, Flower and
Grain Seeds, warranted, grown and sold
by James J. H. Gregory, of Marble-
head, Massachusetts, 1883. A very
profusely illustrated, desciiptive pam-
phlet of sixty pages, with instructions
for planting and growing.

The Farmer and Fruit-Grower, of
Southern Illinois, is published weekly
at Annia, Union County, Ills., at one
dollar per year. It is devoted to farm-
ing and fruit-growing and the develop-
ment of that portion of the State. It
is ably conducted, and full of interest-
ing matter.

A. M. Purdy's Descriptive and
Retail Catalogue for spring of 1883,
of Small Fruits, Fruit and Ornamental
Trees, Flower and Vegetable Seeds.
An illustrated pamphlet of thirty pages,
giving very full descriptions of the fruit
and flowering-plants ofiered therein for

John A. Bruce <k Co.'s illustrated
and descriptive Catalogue of Seeds for

1883, Hamilton, Ont., is very hand-
somely illustrated, and contains much
valuable information regarding the
methods of cultivation and the quali-
ties of the different vegetables and
plants.

The Farm and Garden for January
is full of information concerning vege-
tables, fruits and flowei-s. It is pub-
lished by Child Bros. & Co., 125 South
Fourth Street, Philadelphia, at Fifty
cents per annum, handsomely illustrated
and neatly printed on smooth paper.

The Scientific American, a weekly
journal of practical information in art,
science, mechanics, chemistry and man-
ufactures, is published by Munn <fe Co.,
at No. 261 Broadway, New York ; price
$3.20 a year. It is handsomely illus-
trated and full of information. '

Pacific Bural Press, published
weekly, at $2 per year, in San Fran-
cisco, California. The sample copy re-
ceived contains twenty pages, well tilled
with articles on rural matters, besides
literary articles and advertisements.

The American Florist and Farmer,
published monthly by William E. Bow-
ditch, 645 Warren Street, Boston, Mass.,
at $1 a year, contains twenty-eight
pages of reading matter, with illustra-
tions of new or interesting subjects.

The Canadian Farmer, published
weekly at Welland, Ont., by the Wel-
land Printing and Publishing Company,
is under the able editorial care of Messrs.
W. P. Page and S. W. Hill. Price
$1 a year.

The Sugar Beet, published quar-
terly in Philadelphia, Penn., at 50 cents
a year, is devoted to the interests of
sugar manufacture from the beet, and is
full of information on these subjects.

The American Agriculturist, 751
Broadway, New York, is presenting to
each yearly subscriber a plate copy of
Dupre's last gi-eat painting, entitled
"In the Meadow."

72

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE POPLAR FELLED.

The poplars are fell'd, farewell to the shade,
And the whispering sound of the cool colonnade ;
The winds play no longer and sing in the leaves.
Nor Ouse on his bosom their image receives.

Twelve years have elapsed since I last took a view
Of my favorite field, and the bank where they grew ;
And now in the grass behold they are laid,
And the tree is my seat that once lent me a shade.

The blackbird has flod to another retreat,
Where the hazels afford him a screen from the heat ;
And the scene where his melody charm'd me before
Resounds with his sweet flowing ditty no more.

My fugitive years are all hasting away.
And I must ere long lie as lowly as they.
With a turf on my breast and a stone at my head.
Ere another such grove shall arise in its stead.

'Tis a sight to engage me, if anything can.
To muse on the perishing pleasures of man ;
Short-lived as we are, our enjoyments, I see
Have a still shorter date, and die sooner tlian we.

W. OoWPER.

HOUSEHOLD RECIPES.

To Cure Hoarse istess, — At this season of
the year it may be useful to know that
hoarseness can often be relieved by using the
white of an egg thoroughly beaten, mixed
with lemon juice and sugar. A teaspoonful
taken occasionally is the dose.

Boston Brown Bread. — One cupful of
sweet milk, two cupfuls of sour milk, three
cupfuls of corn meal, one cupful of flour, one
cupful of molasses, one teaspoonful of salt,
and three teaspoonfuls of soda. Steam or
bake slowly three hours. This makes a
good sized loaf.

Cream Biscuit. — One pint of sour cream
(not too rich), one teaspoonful of salt, one
and one-half teaspoonfuls of soda, and flour
enough to make a little stiffer than baking
powder buscuit. Do not knead or work the
dough much, Roll to medium thickness, and
bake in a moderately hot oven.

Baking Powder Biscuit. — Into two quarts
of flour, sift five teaspoonfuls of baking pow-
der, mixing it in evenly. Rub into this a
piece of lard the size of half an egg. Mix
with good sweet milk into a soft dough. Do
not knead. Roll medium thickness, cut out
with a biscuit-cutter, and bake in a very hot
oven.

Green Tomato Sauce. — One gallon of
green tomatoes and 1 pint of onions chopped
fine, 2 pints of vinegar, 1 pint of sugar, 2
tablespoonfuls of salt, 1 tablepoonful black
pepper, (ground), 1 tablespoonful of cloves,
(either whole or ground), 1^ tablespoonful
of table mustard, 1 tablespoonful red pepper.

and boil all together until quite tender, it is
best sealed up in air-tight jars. This is a
delicious sauce for fresh meats in winter.

Breakfast Muffins. — One egg, two tea-
cupfuls of sour milk, one-third of a teacup-
ful (scant measure) of fried-meat drippings,
one small teaspoonful of salt, two teaspoon-
fuls of soda, and flour to make of about the
consistency of cake. Beat the egg till light ;
add the milk, salt and flour, and stir all till
smooth ; then stir in the gravy, and lastly
the soda. Have the gem or muffin-tins hot
and well greased ; fill each, and bake in a
very quick oven.

Rhubarb Jam. — Rhubarb or pieplant jam
is very nice. Peel the stems and cut up in
half -inch lengths ; add an equal weight of
sugar, and let it stand over night in a glass
or stoneware dish. Next morning drain off"
the juice, and simmer slowly three-fourths of
an hour, taking off the scum as it rizes.
Then add the pieplant and stew fifteen
minutes longer. Rhubarb is seldom used
for sauce after the small fruits begin to ripen,
and the housewife can gather all she likes
for canning, drying and preserving.

Parker House Rolls. — One quart of sift-
ed flour, one-half cupful of good hop yeast,
two tablespoonfuls of sugar, a pinch of salt,
two tablespoonfuls of butter, and one of lard.
Pour one pint of boiling milk over all these
ingredients except the yeast, which add when
the batter gets lukewarm. Let the sponge
stand over night, and early in the morning
add sufficient flour to knead into a loaf.
When light, knead again, and roll out rather
thin. Cut with a biscuit-cutter ; then roll
oblong. Spread a little butter on one end
and fold over. Let them stand till light ;
then bake about 20 minutes.

Good Hop Yeast. — Grate six good-sized
raw potatoes. Have ready a gallon of water
in which has been boiled three small handfuls
of loose hops, or what would be the same
quantity of pressed hops ; strained through
a cloth or sieve. Pour while boiling over
the grated potatoes, stirring until well cook-
ed. If the mixture does not thicken like
starch, set it on the back part of the stove
and let it cook slowly. Care must be' taken
not to burn it. To this, while hot, add one
teacupful of white sugar and one-half tea-
cupful of salt. When sufficiently cool, add
one cupful of good yeast. Let it stand until
a thick scum arises on the top ; then bottle,
and set in cellar. One-half this quanity will
be sufficient to make at one time for a family
of two or three.

PRINTED AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OP COPP, CLARK * CO., COI.BORNE STREET, TORONTO.

A rare and valuable German variety. Fruit large to very large ; roundish, inclining to conical ;
stalk short, stout, in deep cavity, calyx closed in large deep basin; skin pale green colored ground
mostly covered with purplish crimson ; flesh white, firm, sub-acid, with a brisk, pleasant flavor.
Tree a strong grower and abundant bearer. This is one of the largest and handsomest apples,
and worthy of cultivation. October to February.

'"PRINTED FOR THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST."

THE

VOL. VI.]

APRIL, 1883.

[No. 4.

Notwithstanding that for two yeare
past the crop of apples in Ontario has
been a faihire, there never has been a
time in the history of the Province
when the orchardist could so confi-
dei)tly rely uj>on remunerative returns
from his apple trees as the present.
The recent failures in the apple crop
are not owing to any permanent calami-
ty which has befillen our orchards, nor
to any blighting disease that has over-
taken our apple trees, but to causes
purely temporary, and that may not
occur aifain in a loner time to come.

The orchardist in Ontario, who exer-
cises a wise discretion in selecting his
soil and location, has advantages which
are not possessed by many, if any,
others. He has heie a climate that
experience has proven to be remarkably
adapted to the production of apples such
as are of the highest value for market-
ing, especially in the transatlantic
markets. There are no apples grown
that can surpass in richness and excel-
lence of flavor those grown in this
Province, nor in firmness, and ability,
when properly handled, to endure car-
riage and k('e[) well. They boast of
the tine ap[)earance of their western
apples, and they do look well, but when

APPLES.

compared with ours in all the essentials
of a good profitable fruit they are found
wanting. Even for the purpose of
evaporating it is found upon experiment
that they will not yield as many pounds
of dried apples to the bushel as our
own, and that the diffei-ence is sufficient
to make it an important item in the
calculation.

And this process of evaporation
which has lately come into use, and is
extending so rapidly and widely, is one
of the causes which gives to the apple
orchard an increased value. In former
days the apples that wei-e from any
cause not fit to be baireled were of no
use, save for the manufacture of cider.
Now, however, a very considerable
portion of this fruit can be evaj)orated,
and in this form be taken to mai-ket,
and realize to the owner nnich more
than when made into cider. The us©
and consequently the demand for eva-
porated apples is constantly increasing.
It has been found that when properly
cooked the evaporated can not be dis-
tinguished from the fresh fruit, that
housekeepers find it much more con-
venient and less hiborious to use eva-
porated apples, than to pare, core and
slice the fresh, in order to prepare them

74

THE CANADIAN IIORT'CULTURIST.

for use. In the matter of transport-
ation a great saving is effected also, for
the water which constitutes so large a
part, both of the bulk and weight, is
driven off in the process of evaporation,
and hence it is that this fruit is finding
its way so rapidly to the front, follow-
ing close after the pioneers of our new
settlements, and becoming an item of
daily consumption as much as other
articles of food. Besides, this evapor-
ated fruit can be kept for an indefinite
length of time, so that the risk of decay
is wholly removed. For all of these
reasons, and because of its healthfulness
as an article of diet it is becoming a
regular part of ship stores, more es-
pecially for long voyages. It is also
finding its way into the cities of conti-
nental Europe, where it is being gradu-
ally introduced upon the tables of those
who feel that the fresh fruit is too
expensive an article to be often enjoyed.
Thus it is that this invention is
extending the use and thereby increas-
ing the demand for apples. But there
is yet another cause working continu-
ously to enlarge the demand for apples,
as indeed for fruit of every kind, and
that is the growth of our towns and cities.
These must ever be non-fruit producing,
and in proportion to their size and
wealth, fruit consuming centres, and the
more abundantly they are supplied the
greater in the end will be the demand
for fruit. Hence whatever tends to
enlarge our manufacturing and trading
centres and build up and increase the
population of our towns and cities, also
tends to increase the demand for our
fi'uits, and of none more than of apples.

It is within the memory of the writer
when our towns were few in number,
and our cities nothing more than small
towns, that apples were accounted of
little value, to be had by the waggon
load for the gathering.

And now we have to add another
factor in this matter of apple produc-
tion and consumption. The settlement
of Manitoba and the opening up of the
great North-west is rapidly creating
another market for our apples, in one
form or the other or both. It will be
a long time before that country will be
able to supply its own population with
fruit, and much less with apples. But
very few apple trees have been found
to be sufficiently hardy to endure the
cold of that climate. If human beings
do not feel the cold, as we are constant-
ly and credibly told they dj not, yet it
is certain that most of the apple trees
that have been planted there do feel it
as much as it is possible for a vegetable
to feel anything, at least they sufter so
severely from the cold that they perish.
They have first to clothe that country
with forest trees that shall break the
sweep of their fierce winds, and then
seek out those varieties of apple that
will endure the climate of Siberia where
the mercury becomes solid, before they
can begin to sup])ly themselves. But
the country is being largely settled by
people who have been in the habit of
using apples freely, and they will be
eager to have them in their new homes,
even if they have to be procured at
some cost.

Hence we believe that a new and
large market for our apples is being

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

iO

constantly developed hy all these
changes that are going on in the
methods of preserving the fruit, cheap-
ening the transportation, introducing
it to new consumers, and in the changes
made by the increase in the number
and size of our towns and villages, and
the rai)id settlement of large tracts of
country quite unfavorable to any large
producti< n of apples. The demand
seems to be likely to more than keep
pace with the sn])]>ly for many years to
come, so that the owner of suitable land
in Outiirio need have no hesitation in
planting apple trees, for the fruit is sure
to be wanted and as sure as any other
crop to yield a handsomely remuner-
ative return.

Intelligent industry is important in
this matter of apple raising as in every-
thing else. The day has gone by when
the easy-go-lucky style of cultivation
will answer. Brains are needed to
grow the fruit profitably, and brains
are needed to sell it profitably after it
is grown. The man who keeps abreast
of the times by careful reading and
ob.servation, and who applies his in-
formation thus gained to his own cir-
cumstances by thoughtful consideration,
is the only man who can hope to suc-
ceed. An orchard of apple trees will
no more take care of itself, and yield a
profitable return, nor do it if improperly
cared for, than will a flock of Merino
sheep or a herd of polled Angus cattle.

We are often asked what varieties of
apple shall I plant for profit, but it is
not possible to give an answer to such
a question that is satisfactory to our-
selves, without first ascertaining much

that is not communicated by the en-
quirer. It is important that we know
what varieties seem to do well in that
particular locality and on that soil.
Also to know where the planter expects
to market his fruit and how. In some
parts of the Province the Snow Apple
is so liable to be covered wirli black
spots as to be wholly unprofitable,
while in others it is perfectly fair. The
Baldwin is a profitable apjije in many
places, in others it is far outstripped by
the Ben Davis or the Wealthy. In
some markets one variety will yield a
greater profit than another that per-
haps in quality is much better. As a
rule bright and high colored apples will
bring higher prices than yellow or green
colored sorts. We would theiefore
urge upon all planters the importance
of keeping themselves well informed on
all that pertains to their business, and
passing that information through the
crucible of their own brains.

There are many candidates continu-
ally coming into the field and urging
their claims upon our attention. It is
not well to ignore them as humbugs,
nor on the other hand to rush hastily
after them. Every apj>le we now value
for its intrinsic worth was once a new
comer. It is wise to consider well
what are the claims put forth, and if
these seem to be likely to meet our
wants, plant a few trees and carefully
test their merits in our hands. Among
the varieties not yet extensively grown
in Ontario, but which seem to [Kisses J
qualities worthy of attention we nane
tin; Grimes Golden Pip[)in,the Wealthy,
the Canada Baldwin, the Wolf River,

76

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the Weyauwega, Cox's Orange Pippin,
Stump. Our colored plate is a good
representation of a new German apple
of large size, handsome appearance, and
good quality, the Red Bietigheimer.
The tree is a free grower and abundant
cropper, and said to be very hardy.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE BURNET GRAPE.
I was sorry to see in your last issue
a letter from a member questioning
the good faith of Mr. Bucke regarding
the Burnet Grape. From my experi-
ence of this variety, it is not worthle^is
in any respect, it is a most vigorous
grower, and the vine I received from
the Association outstrips everything I
have in the shape of a vine — fine, large^
well ripened wood. Also having planted
about fifty vines last spring, five of
them being Burnets, it was remarked
by all who saw them that they made
the most vigorous growth out of thirty
varieties. It has regularly borne good
crops of fruit, fine large bunches and
large berries. This last two years only
a few of the bunches would be marred
by a sprinkling of small berries about
half the size of the others, yet this
would be the exception, not the rule,
there being lots of good, pei-fect fruit.
I noticed that the small berries were
generally on old spurs. This year, to
try to remedy that defect, I will en-
tireiy cut away all the old wood, and
fruit on the new or last season's growth.
The flavor is splendid, just like the
black Hamburg, and as another corres-
pondent terms it, " a fine acid flavor."
And further, it is a good keeper. In
proof of this I send you a couple of
small bunches (the larger and more

perfect ones having been eaten), they
are hardly as good flavored as when
fresh, yet it is near five months since
they were cut from the vine, and I ask
what better fruit can we have.

I have a Brighton Grape vine which
I might condemn, and though a large,
strong vine, I have never got more
than about a quart of fruit from it. The
show for fruit is always very good, but
the flowers don't set well, and in con-
sequence the number of berries on a
bunch is from one to five. I would be
thankful if you could inform me how
to remedy this defect in the Brighton.
I consider it is through some error of
my own, as I hear of others fruiting
it successfully. Now being just an
amateur, I have no axe to grind, neither
have I any interest in this or any other
variety, yet fair play is bonnie play,
and I trust other members who have
fruited this variety will give their ex-
perience in our instructive little book,
and hope you will pass an opinion upon
the fruit I send.

I am yours, &c.,

Thomas Hedley.

Hamilton, February 12th, 1883.

GREEN PEAS.
To THE Editor of thk Canadian Horticulturist

Sir, — By the time this meets the
eye of your readers, the time will have
arrived when many will be thinking
about what varieties of peas they will
use this year, I have grown manj
kinds, and have no hesitation in recom-
mending "Bliss' American Wonder"
as the best in the market, taking all
things into consideration. They are
very early, ri[)ening usually in seven or
eight weeks from date of sowing ; very
prolific when liberally treated. Mr.
Jackson of this town, jailer, dibbled
some in rows about a foot apart, and
two inches apart in the row, in very

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

77

rich soil. The product was somethiiifc
wonderful, from each plant he gathered
from tifteeii to twenty pods, and almost
every pod contained six peas. Seven-
teen po Is having five |)eas in each will
be equal to eii?hty-tive bushels for each
bushel of seed. In quality they are
equal to the best.

The rei)utat.ion of this pea is likely
however to suffer, as another variety of
pea of the same name is being forced
into this market, considerable quanti-
ties of which were imported last spring
from England, and many respectable
dealers are now handling them, believ-
ing them to be genuine, no doubt, be-
cause of the respectability of the house
from which tln^v were obtained. How-
ever cautious this wealthy and respect-
able firm may be, they have evidently
been swindled this time. I grew some
of these imported peas last spring side
by side, and also in the same row, with
the genuine peas obtained from my
friend Mr. Arnold. The seed was very
different in color, and those which grew
(about one-half) produced leaf growth
very different, both in color and sha])e.
The peas were from eight to ten days
later, and the product was less than one-
third that of the geniiine. I gave the
pei-son (the importer) from whom I ob-
tained the peas, some of the genuine sort
to ex|»eriment with in his own garden,
and the result with him and also the
conclu.sion to which he arrived from his
own exjieriment, wjis identical with my
own. T. B.

Lindsay, March, 1883.

PKUNIN'CJ.

Will the Ilorticulturint kindly an-
swer the following questio. s I

Downing recommends the last of
February f«)r pruning in this latitu<le.
How would that have suited this year,
the weather then and later on l>eing
so severe ] Do you think the ti-ees and

vine^ would be damaged ] What is the
best time for cutting scions off pear
trees for budding in August ] May
celery and potatoes be grown in the
same ground for a succession of years ?

Answer — February is usually too
early for Ontario. It is better to prune
after severe cold has passed. The time
for cutting pear scions for budding in
August is on the day you do the bud-
ding. Celery may be grown on the
same giound, but not potatoes. — Ed.
Can. Horticulturist.

(3UTTING OFF SCIONS.

Purch/s Recorder recommends that
scions should be cut off early in spring^
and kept for budding until the proper
time. Is this right]

Answer. — If you intend to bud in
June it is right, not otherwise. — Ed.
Can. Horticulturist.

ON FRUIT GROWING.

To THK Editor of the Canaoiak Horticulturist.

Dear Sir, — I have been in the nur-
sery pursuit for fifty years, and have
largely studied why many varieties of
fruit trees will not stand our northern
cold climate. I discover from your
Association that many, yea, very many
people are in the shade respecting the
true cause why so many varieties of
fruit trees will not live through our
cold, changeable climate. I will here
state, forty or fifty yeai-s ago the most
part of our farms were surrounded with
forest trees, and in the winter season
but few thaws. The trees froze up
hard in the fall, and genenilly remained
so till spring. In those yeai*s all kinds
of fruit trees seemed to be hardy alike.
Now for the cause : Our orchaixls wei-e
surrounded by forest ; there could be

78

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

no sadden change of air from warm to
freezing. If, in the winter, there was
rain and the limbs of some kinds were
soaked with rain, and the wind changed
suddenly from south to north-west, the
forest trees prevented a sudtlen cold till
the fiuit trees had time to dry out the
water ; then, after that, when the trees
froze they were not bursted, or swelled
by the ice, to shivers. The above is
why. If trees are protected on the
north-west side they will stand now
our changeable climate ; but of late
years the axeman and the fires have
devastated our forests, and now the
winds cause our country to have fre-
quent changes. Now, all loose, open,
soft, porous fruit trees will not live
many years in Eastern Ontario. Some
one may say, how do yon know that
one kind of apple wood is harder than
another 'I I here tell you how to prove
it. I am running a small nnrsery of
trees. The greater part is what is
called the Mcintosh Reds. Without
exception, they bear the best flavored
winter apple, and are the hardiest trees
to stand the climate known in Eastern
Ontai'io, the crab trees not excepted.
If planted on gravelly ground not one
bud will perish with our hard winters.
Now to insti act you how to know a hard
wooded tree from a soft loose wooded
tree : take your jackknife and cut off a
limb of the Mcintosh Ked tree, then
cut off a limb of the same size of any
other kind or kinds of apple tree, you
will find the Mcintosh Red limb cnt
harder than beech or maple, and several
of the varieties cut soft, or as easy as
to cut bass wood. Again, to prove that
the Mcintosh Reds are hardier than
any of the other kinds of fruit trees,
stand under a Mcintosh Red tree, take
hold of the smallest limb that will hold
you up without bending, then try to
hang on a limb of the same size of any
of the other kinds, and you will come
to the ground in a moment. If you

prove the above and ascertain it to be
true, will you not acknowledge that the
Mcintosh Reds are tongher and hardier
than any of the other varieties that you
tried. Furthermore, to show you why
the Mcintosh K'eds do not freeze to
death ; the wood is so tight and hard,
and the bark is smooth, fine, and looks
tight enough to prevent rain from
soaking in. The wood is so hard,
although it rains all day, it will not
take much water in. This is why the
Mcintosh Reds are not affected by our
cold changeable winters ; while, on the
other hand, the loose soft wooded trees
are like a sponge. In winter, on a
rainy day, the limbs soak full of water,
if towards night the wind shifts from
south to north-west, the water that is
soaked in the limbs of the trees will at
once freeze to ice. which ice expands
the wood and bark, the limbs are
swelled and bursted to death, and
when the ice is thawed out the tree, it
carries the sap along with the water.
This is why the loose wooded trees will
not live in the Eastern Township of
Ontario. Furthermore, to ])rove that
the sudden change from warm to cold
is the cause why the soft, loose wooded
trees die. Along the bank of the river
St. Lawrence most any variety lives
several years, inland the same kinds
would not live one-fifth the time ;
along the river, though the change is
sudden, the fog or damp from the water
keeps it from freezing for an hour or
two, which gives the trees time to dry
the rain water out of the wood, and
there is no ice made in the wood to
swell and burst the wood to death.
The above shows you that there is no
ice in the top of those trees along the
river bank, and that is the cause the
soft kinds are not killed outright along
the river St. Lawrence, while those in
the country of the same kind will only
live a few years. The soil to plant
fruit trees on to do well, to form hard

I

TIIK CVNAPIAN HORTICULTURIST.

79

solid wood, shouM be ground well
drained, mixed with gravel ridge soil,
da;/, sand (did muck are not sutiicient.
In this kind of soil there is not the
right kind of element for tiie growth
and health of the tree. There is not
the right kind of element to form hard
wooil. If your ground has no stone in
it draw a cart load of gravelly I'idge
ground and spread it round about each
tree, and add with it one peck of slacked
lime. This do for three following
years. This will answer as a substi-
tute, where there is not enough stone
quality to form hard, compact wood.
Otherwise the wood will be loose and
porous and soak with water in winter,
which will freeze and kill the tree as
stated above. Although the soft wooded
trees are planted on gravelly ground,
they will not live long. Their nature
will not take up with the sap enough of
the stone element to make wood hard.
I own the farm on which the original
Mcintosh Red stands. I have lived
all the years of my life within a few
feet of it To my knowledge it has
l)onie annually for sixty years a crop of
the best flavored winter apple known
on the continent of America. The
a>K)ve is no exaggeration from the
truth of what is said respecting the
Mcintosh Keds. I have a young
orchard, and have in it 1,300 trees of
the Mcintosh Reds, the remainder is a
few early kinds for summer use. I
have a seedling summer apple, grown
on my farm by my father about eighty
years ago, sweet, very juicy, a good
bearer, soft and of good size ; the tree
hardy ; lives longer than any of the
kind, except the Mcintosh Reds. Any
f)ei*son wanting to know more than
stated above, write.

I am, your obedient servant,

Allan McIntosii,
Dundela P.O,, Ont,, Nurseryman.

Dundas Co., Feb. 6th, 1883.

GRAPE VINES.

Mr. Editor. — Nothing was said at
our meeting of the proper spaces for
vines. We have them from the standard
occupying 4 feet as general in France,
and I believe in the Beaconstield vine-
yard, and on Trellis, 5 to 7 feet high,
with 12 to 20 feet range. The vine at
Hampton Court, England, whicn many
of our members must have seen, ])lanted
in 176s, when I saw it about 10 years
ago, covered a space of 2,000 square
feet, was in full vigor, with a crop, if T
remember right, uf over 1,200 bunches,
certaiidy average 1 lb. each. Which
is best, the narrow or wide gauge.
Wide limits seems not to curtail the
life nor lessen the fruitfulness of the
vine. John Croil.

WINTER MEETING OF THE FRUIT
GHOWEHS' ASSOCIATION.

Mr. Editor, — The attendance at our
meeting was good and the subjects dis-
cussed interesting and useful.

The first taken up was, is the English
sparrow an advantage to the fruit
grower or otherwise.

After an interesting and lengthy dis-
cussion, it was almost unmajiimously
agreed that Mr. Sparrow is a sure
enemy to the fruit grower and agricul-
turist. While he satisfies his appetite
at times with insects injurious to crops,
the little benefit is far more than coun-
ter-balanced by his depredations, eating
of the buds of fruit trees ami shrubs,
and pilfering the fruit. As an evil doer
his total extermination was strongly re-
com mendcid. So say we, but ejusier said
than done.

The black spot, or fungus on the ap-
ple tree, can it be prevented and how \
Here was a subject very much aflict
ing oui-selves. From different locali-
ties the reports were vevy conflicting.
One grower spoke of having sold one
hundred bushels of Faweuso entirely

80

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

free from spots, others said they had not
a spotless apple. It was admitted on all
hands that the disease was much more
prevalent this year than formerly, but
I am sori-y to say that neither the cause
nor the cure of the disease was discover-
ed. One said the disease was mostly
confined to old and ill pruned trees, an-
other that it was from the want of shel-
ter, while a third would have it from
over crowding ; neither of which theo-
ries met with support. That cold, wet
or frosty weather coming when the trees
were in blossom, and over manuring in
some cases favored the disease was gen-
erally believed. The reason why some
kiuds, such as the Russets, were less in-
jured by the disease last year, we don't
think was satisfactorily accounted for,
but it is quite evident that they and
some others are much less liable to the
disease than others. I am not pi-epared
to give a full list of these, but from ex-
perience can recommend the American
Golden Russet spotting none ; the Tal-
man Sweet, spotting little ; the Weal-
thy promising well, hardy and free from
spots. These three are all hardy and
reliable in our district. Let readers re-
member I don't recommend but a few
kinds, not more than a dozen as profit
aMe in our cold north — the tree pedlar,
much more accommodating, will giveyou
th'un, hardy trees, he says, by the score.
Pity tliat the Faineuse, our favorite and
formerly best paying apple, should suf-
fer so severely from the disease. I am
afraid the Mcintosh Red is not much
better in this respect.

Another subject was grape growing.
Can we make the cultivation of grapes
proHtable and with what varieties'?
That they are profitable for market use
was agreed to on all sides, as well as that
we should all sit under our vines if not
our own fig tree. The kinds recom-
mended as e.iriy, hardy and suitable to
our location were, Concord, Delaware,
Moore's Early, Brighton, Worden, Hart-

ford Prolific, and I think T may add
the new grape Jessica, now offered by
our enterpi-ising secretary, Mr. Beadle,
of St. Catharines. Some one said better
have poor grapes tlian none, and put
the Talman, alias the Beaconsfield, on
this list ; it is hardy and will surely
ripen. This is the best we would like
to say of it.

Our association deals too with for-
restry, although not appearing in our
title now, it will presently. A bill just
})assed entitled the Ontario Tree Plant-
ing Act, will much encourage tree ))lant-
ing. It authorizes the planting of trees
on the highways adjoining our farms, as
also on the boundary lines, and makes
provision for a bonus of 25c for each
tree so planted under cei-tain restric-
tions, and [)roviding for the preservation
of the same l>y a tine not exceeding $25
and costs, or imprisonment for 30 days,
for any one injuring or allowing to be
injured by his cattle any such tree.

Who is to be responsible now for the
widow's cows, the great bugbear to no
fences ] We will have to find her less
expensive pasture than the Queen's
Highway.

To convince us that such societies as
the Fruit Growei-s' Association are
doing good, we have only to compare
the fruits and flowers of to day with
those of our boyhood. It is like com-
paring the apple with the crab.

Mr. Charles Arnold the celebrated
agriculturist and hybridist of Canada,
succeeded a few years ago in raising a
new dwarf pea, a cross between the two
favorite varieties. Champion of England
and Little Gem. It is named Bliss'
American Wonder. I would not ask
space to describe itmore than to say, that
when introduced it was believc^d by
competent judges to be the best dwarf
pea in the world. He soil his right to
the well known firm, B. K. Bliss k Sons
New York. Last year I planted four
and a half quarts of these peas for which

THE CANADIAN IIOKTICULTURIST.

81

I paid at the rate of $32 ])cr bush.
I can einloi-se the much said in its
favor. My return crop was two bush.,
this spring sokl at $10 a bush by
Messers. Bliss. Friend Sellect will
have a limited supply of these for sale
next Spring, but the bulk of my supply
I will plant, they will likely pay me
better next year at $5 than at $10 this.
But I have V)een dealing in small fig-
ures. Mr. Arnold has i)ei'severed and
procured he says a ]:>ea far superior to
the above. When asked at our meet-
ing why he should give the Americans
the benefit of his discoveries, he replied
in his own quaint way, that he was al-
ways willing to sell in the best market,
and to let the enterprising purchaser
have the benefit, adding, " as soon as
you are prepared to pay me as I have
received for my last improvement, you,
or a more enter[>rising neighbor, are wel-
come to stamp your name on it." I
have received, he said, the second che-
que of $500 last week in payment for
less than a bushel of these peas.
These Mr. Editor are reliable figures —
$1000 for a scant bushel of peas. We
should say peas an? looking up. Such
are some of the results of the work of
such Associations. The merits of our
association are not well known. To any
one who has a garden patch or a few
apple trees, and any taste for them, I
will gurautee the one dollar subsciip-
tion to the Fruit Growers' A.ssociation
of Ontario, to be as good an invest-
ment as he ever made.

John Croil.

Aultsville, Feb., 1883.

GOOSEBERRIES— VVORDEN GRAPE-
ROSES.
To THE Editor op tub Canadian Horticulturist:

On page 33 of the last number of
your esteemed journal you invite ama-
teurs to use the columns of the Horti-

culturist to make known their experi-
ence in horticultural matters.

As an amateur, and as one who has
always 'aken a deep interest in horti-
culture, I gladly accept the invitation
and offer my mite.

I will begin with my experience with
goosel)eiTies, of which iruit I have quite
a number of varieties. A Ithough agiee-
ing in the main with Mr. Wattson as
regai'ds the English gooseberry, that it
can be successfully grown with care,
still I think it best to rely chiefly on
the Downing and Smith's Imj)ro\ ed.

A year ago last spring I planted a
number of bushes of these last named
varieties, and the result of their first
bearing last summer was really aston-
ishing ; some of the l)est bushes yield-
ing as much as two imperial gallons of
fine ripe berries to a single l)ush. Who
can beat this 1 My experience with
gooseberries is as follows : Ten bu.shes,
well cultivated and heavily manured, are
worth more than a bundled neglected
ones. Plant F^nglish goosebern(^s, if
j)OSsible, in a deep, cool, heavy soil, on
the north side of a building or fence.
If the soil is very light do not plant
them at all.

My Worden grape bore last summer
for the first time. It is both e^^rlier
and better flavored than the Concord,
and is apparently quite as hardy.

I cannot close this without mention-
ing my Roses, whicl. have given me
more pleasure than anything else that
1 have grown. Last fall I took the
first prize at our County show, the only
place at which I exhibited Roses. The
coming season 1 intend exhibiting at
the Provincial and other large shows.

My favorite Ro.sesare .\lfred Colomb,
La France, and Marie Baiunan, and in
the order named.

b^iEDERicK Mitchell.

Innerkip, Ont.

82

THE CANADIAN HOR TTCULTURTST.

STRAWBEURIKS.
I have never cultivated but for family
use. I thought of setting out an acre
3 feet apart and 18 inches in the row,
keep the runners cut off, and two years
afterwards planting between the rows
and digging out the first planted, and
so save the inconvenience of changing
the ground. Do you think my selec-
tion good with Early Canada, Wilson's
Albany and New Dominion. If I
should try a few of the new kinds by
the way of experiment, which two kinds
would you recommend for our cold
north 1

Yours truly,

John Croil.

The new varieties of strawberry have
not yet been tested in your climate.
Suppose you plant Crescent Seedling,
Manchester and Bidwell, and tell the
Canadian HottlcuUurist how they
succeed. — (Ed. Ca7i. Hurt.)

BARRIE AND STRATFORD.

BY AN OCCASIONAL CONTRIBUTOR.

In the January number of the Horti-
culturist for 1880, at page 7, may be
found a very interesting article from
the pen of Mr. A. Hood, of Barrie, in
the latter part of which he compares
the mean temperature of Barrie, Strat-
ford and Toronto for the months of
July, August and September, shewing
that it is lowest at Stratford. Mr.
Hood might have extended his com-
parisons to all the other months of the
year, and having brought them down
to the date of his writing, they would
still have shown the same result ; and
the reason in all probability is that sug-
gested by Mr. Hood, namely, that
while Stratford is 1,182 feet above the
sea level, Barrie is only 779. It is
true Barrie is a degree forth er north ;
but the difference in the level above
the sea quite counterbalances this It

is net likely that the beautiful Kempen-
feldt Bay, lovely in itself, and rendering
the pretty little town on its shores
more attractive, exercises any appieci-
aV)le influence on the climate ; j)erhaps
it may save the fruit blossoms from
injury by the May and June frosts.
Certain it is that any person who may
have the good fortune to visit Barrie
in July or August, as the writer did
last summer, must be convinced that
its soil, climate, and situation, is very
favorable for fruit growing. Never-
theless the man who said that Stratford
may or will become a great fruit grow-
ing centre was quite correct. The
samples of apples, pears, gi-apes and
seedling peaches shewn yearly at our
horticultural exhibitions, compnre fav-
ourably with those produced in any
part of Ontario ; and all that is needed
to make fruitgrowing a remunerative
business in this neighbourhood is a
wise selection of hardy and suitable
vaiieties, and care and skill in their
cultivation.

The situation is peculiar — almost on
the height of land at the centre of tlie
peninsula between the great lakes, out-
side the salt and oil bearing strata — an
hundred feet at least (perhaps much
more) to the rock below — soil generally
somewhat heavy. Fruit and other trees
which flourish here should, so far as
climate is concerned, flourish also in
almost any part of Ontario ; and on
that account it is to be regretted that
we have not in this neighbourhood an
experimental plantation of fruit and
forest trees similar to the one at the
Model Farm, near Guelph.

The winter of 1880-1 was, as every
one interested in fruit culture knows,
a very disastrous one to fruit trees. It
is argued by some that the damage is
to be attributed to the warm autumn
followed by the severe winter ; by
others, that the long continued and

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

83

steady extreme cold of January, 1881,
is alone sufficient to account for it. It
may not be uninteresting not only to
those in this neighborhood, but toothers
residing in the colder parts of the
Province, to learn the writer's expeii-
ence — limited though it is — of the
effects of that winter on his own com-
paratively few trees.

The aspect is sloping S. and S.E. ;
soil good clay loam ; good natural
drainage, and all spring or surface
water cut off by a deep tile drain along
the brow of the slope ; trees planted
(most of them) in 1876, and cultivated
with roots each year ; manured fairly,
but not heavily, with stable manure
and ashes.

Dwarf Pears. — 1. Ananas D'ete,
Graslin, Beurre D'Anjou, Flemish
Beauty, Supreme de Quimper. Louise
B. de Jersey, Duchesse and Josephine de
Malines, came through uninjured.
2. Eliot's Early, Seckel, Beurre Clair-
geau, Onandaga, Vicar and Bartlett,
all more or less injured, the two last
named very badly. 3. Doyenne D'Ete
killed outright.

Standard Pears. — 1. Flemish Beau-
ties came through trium])hantly, 2.
Elliot's Early and Clapp's Favorite
both injured, but i-ecovering. '^. Bart-
letts, Seckel, Rostiezer and Doyenne
D'Ete killed (these on lightest soil on
the grounds).

Peaches. — Eight or ten standard
varieties (splendid crop preceding year)
all killed, roots included.

Plunis, — Some killed ; all more or
less injured, except Glass' Seedling.

Apples. — Early Harvest, Red Astra-
chan. Maiden's Blush, Am. Golden
Russet, St. Liiwrence, Keswick Codlin,
Fameuse, Tetofsky, Fall Pippin, D. of
Oldenburg, Plumb's (Jider, N. Spy,
Hawthornden, all stood well. R. I.
Greening, almost killed and wont sur-
vive. E. Spitzenburg and Wagener

killed, the last named like the peaches
to the root. The Wagenei-s (three) were
like the Keswick Codlins, Hawthorn-
dens and Tetofsky, planted half-way
between the larger growing varieties in
a situation precisely similar, and while
the Codlins and others not only came
through and bore well, the Wageners
sutTered as above. They are generally
regarded as hardy. If otheis have had
the same experience as the writer's it
should be made known.

Grapes are perfectly hardy here, if
laid down and covered lightly with
corn stalks or other such like covering.
In 1881 crops of Concord, Delaware,
Clinton, Roger's 4, 19 and lo, Salem,
Eumelan, Hartford, Croton, tfec, were
all excellent. The only danger is from
the frosts of May and June, from
which of late years we have not suffered.
Last year, however, there was a good
deal of injury from mildew ; Concord,
Croton, Delaware, Clinton and Roger's
4 and 19 were free.

Walnuts, Butternuts and Sweet Chest-
nuts, planted here in 1876, are all doing
well and seem perfectly hardy — the
Chestnuts making the slowest growth.
They have, however, borne two or three
nuts the past year. The Butternut is
indigenous here ; the Walnut and
Chestnut are not. A number of young
Walnuts procured by the writer from,
and by the kindness of, Chief Johnston,
two years ago, have, where i)roperly
planted and cared for, grown without a
single failure. There is no reason why
the Walnut should not be planted and
flourish over large poi-tions of the Pro-
vince to which it is not indigenous.
There are about a dozen trees in a
neighbor's grounds in this town planted
about 1854-5, which are 12 to 16
inches in dijimeter, beautiful, perfectly
healthy, and bearing heavy crops of
nuts every year. Tliis growth does not
equal that of similar trees in other parts
of the Province as shewn in the Report

84

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTURI8T.

of the Association for 1882, but as
these trees Jiave not continuously re-
ceived the best of attention it is perhaps
satisfactory.

Stratford, Ont., 12th February, 1883.

THE WHITE PINE AS A FOREST
TREE.

BY JAC B W. MANNIXO, READING, MASS.

Our native White Pine ( pinus stro-
bus), which was introduced into Eng-
land by Lord Weymouth in 1702, and
is there called the Weymouth Pine,
extends to the 50th de^i-ee north lati-
tude, west to Lake Winnipeg, south
from Minnesota to the New England
coast and along the Alleghanies to
Northern Georgia.

It is one of the most profitable of all
the pine family as fuel or as a timber-
tree. A piece as long as a stave for a
pail, that can be cut from between the
knots measuring a year's growth, is
valuable, as well as the longest clear
board plank or framing timber. It is
always reliable, does not warp or crack
as spruce or hemlock, and is light and
durable as a building material.

Many open lands and forests abound
in trees that will transplant safely, if
six to twenty-four-inch trees, and even
larger, are taken up with a ball of
earth, which should be retained when
the trees are planted, thus allowing the
roots to be undisturbed ; and I find
after am[)le experience, if the holes are
opened in the fall and allowed to re-
main open over winter, especially in
hard land that is not to be cultivated,
the frost will mellow the earth and put
it in much better condition for the
growth of trees when planted the next
spring.

On rough land, where stumps and
rocks abound, the distance apart would
be regulated by the lay of the land ;
they should be planted from three to
seven feet apart. It is best to ket^p all
cattle Irom a young forest.

This work could be done as the
ordinary farm work with the usual
force of men.

Thus many broken lots of land now
treeless and so rocky and worn out
that they would not afford a paying
crop of rye or even buckwheat, and
when used as a pasture would not pay
the interest of $500 per acre for any
number of years, could be made to in-
crease in value year after year, with a
small outlay at first and little care
after, so that it would be an intvest-
ment from which a young man would
realize a great gain, and no better
legacy could be left by an old man to
his sons ; or if he wished to realize on
it he could sell it at a much advanced
price over the original value of the
land and the labor put on it in plant-
ing the trees.

The growth of a pine in good soil in
ten years after transplanting is ten to
twenty feet in height, with a spread of
branches six to fifteen feet, and a diame-
ter of three to eight inches where they
stand alone.

Allowing trees to grow in an open
situation, with a wide spread of
branches from the base up, gives the
tree great vital force but makes knotty
lumber ; but in growing timber it is
most desirable if free from knots, and
this must be attained by close planting.

I have seen a White Pine come up
from seed in an old worn-out pasture,
full of rocks and running briars, that
grew in forty to forty-two years to
more than two feet in diameter, afford-
ing two ample board-logs and a heavy
horse-load of fuel, and all about it was
a little forest of seedlings that required
thinning out or transplanting, and all
this from one seed that must have Veen
carried many rods by the wind forty
years before. Now these suggestions will
apply to many almost useless pieces of
land on which our New England farmei*8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

85

are paying taxes but receiving no con-e-
sponding income. But on many pieces
of barren plain land too poor to grow
crops, but on which trees can be grown
and cultivated, tree-growing can be
made more profitable if carried on sys-
tematically. The land should be thor-
oughly ploughed, the trees planted four
feet apart each way, the cultivator run
about four times a yeai* until the trees
shade the ground sufficiently to keep
the weeds down. Wherever plantings
are made the trees should be thinned
often enough to allow their full develop-
ment.

In all parts of New England, by
taking away or planting the trees in-
digenous to the several sections, great
changes are made in the landscape.
This change is in the hands of land-
owners, and all should have an eye to
effect some improvement in their day.

little is said about aid from Gov-
ernment to renew the forest growth,
although it is a giant task, but there is
talk and even delay in tree-planting,
in hope of aid and bounties or reduc-
tion of taxes to encourage it, also hesi-
tation about what trees to plant. We
say what grows well and sells well is
safe to plant more of.

The most successful and praiseworthy
of street, shelter-belt or forest planting
that have been made, and, 1 might say,
ever will be made, were by inclividual
effort and purj)Ose, and single-handed
labor of one man here and there often
in a veiy obscure way.

This work is greatly to be praised,
and if any outside encouragement can
assist to plant a few thousand acres
with millions of trees each year, it will
help to make more extended plantings
appear easier to accomplish.

THE PHYLLOXERA IN FRANCE.
The Phylloxera is making serious
kavock with the vineyards in Fi*ance.

The Vi(}ne Francaise {French vine)
announces that the year 1882 will be
remarkable for the increase of the
ravages of phylloxera. The scourge
has destroyed from 50,000 to 60,000
hectares of French vineyard every year,
but this year the average will be sur-
passed. From all parts are signalized
new spots of the disease, and in the
vineyards already affected, but not pro-
perly attended to, the plague is spread-
ing rapidly. In the departments of
Gironde, Haute Garonne, Tarn, Oude,
Oriental Pyrennees, and in the vine-
yards left in Herault, people are more
than before alarmed by the progress of
the ten-ible inf-ect.

Indeed, such is the discouragement
among vineyardists and wine makers,
that they are turning their attention to
the manufacture of wine from beets. It
is said that the red sugar beet produces
by fermentation an excellent wine, and
it is seriously ])roposed to abandon the
cultivation of the vine altogether.

M. Auguste Deleuil, argriculturist,
member of the Agricultural Society of
France, &c., writes to the Field: —
" Everyone has heard of the great losses
our national agriculture has sustain-
ed during the last twenty years from
the ravages of the phylloxera ; move
than half of the French vines have
already disappeared, and none can fore-
tell the extent of the devastation to
come. Vainly have all kinds of reme-
dies been tried, but without success.
In s])ite of the thousjind and one recipes
employed in turn to coml)at and to de-
stroy it, the phylloxera continues to
ravage at will our splendid and luxuri-
ant vineyards. In the face of such a
disaster, an energetic agriculturist,
whose labors have already received th«
sanction and encouragement of our
learned societies, after many fruitless
efforts to remove the evil, has succeed-
ed, not in destroying the effects of the
phylloxei'a, but in bringing forward an-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

other vv- no-producing plant. Thus,
leaving the vine to its fate, he turned
his attention to find out if possible an-
other plant to supply the elements of
})rosperity which we are losing by the
disap))earence of the precious vine. At
last this plant has been found. It is a
variety of red beetroot, unrivalled in
the vvliole world for its incomparable
qualities, which will in time replace all
that we have lost in the vine. Beet-
root produces alcohol of superior
quality ; why, then, should not its pulp,
treated like the must of the grape, pro-
duce an equally luscious beverage 1 In
fact, this has been done ; the very sweet
red beetroot produces by fermentation
a wine quite as good as many of the
soi-disant wines of our southern vine-
yards. It possesses the additional ad-
vantage of accommodating itself to all
soils, and flourishes in most climates.
We wish, then, to make this fact
known, if it be only to stimulate new
discoveries or develop further resourses
in wine growing. With the view of
popularising this plant, the propagator
places himself gratuitously at the dis-
position of agriculturists, to furnish
them with the seeds they may require.
Application can be made to M. Auguste
Deleuil, Agronome, h> Gardanne, prds
Marseille, France."

POTATOES FOR GENERAL CULTURE.

BY C. W. \OUNO, STRATFORD, ONT.

For several years I have experi-
mented more or less in potato culture,
and last year I grew a patch of twenty-
six varieties, choosing such kinds as
recommended themselves to me in the
seed catalogues, or were in general
cultivation in the neighbourhood of
Stratford.

The soil in which they were grown
could hardly be called fair garden soil,
it was of tlie hardest clay, and had been
badly used for several years, turning up
in large clods, and ditticult of drainage,

owing to want of fall. In the fall of
1881, I manured it at the rate of ten
or twelve loads to the acre, and spaded
it into ridges. In the spring I gave it
a good dose of leached ashes in some-
thing like the same proportion. The
potatoes, a pound of each, by weight,
were cut into single eyes as nearly as
possible, and planted about six inches
apart in drills three feet apart, liuhtly
covered. For convenience they were
cut just as they were put into the
ground. The object was not the obtain-
ing of a large yield, which was hardly
to be expected under the circumstances,
but the testing of the merits of the
various kinds under similar circum-
stances. The result will be found
below.

Variety.

Beauty of Hebron

Grange

Irish Cluster .. ..

Ontario

Rennie

Surprise

White Star

Chi(!ago Market . .

Duninore

Early Vermont ..

Farina

Fluke

M.tgnum Bonuiu..
Pride of America . .
St. Lawrence . . . .

St. Patrick

Vick's Prize

White Elephant ..

Eirly Rose

Late Rose

Eureka

Munmoth Petri ..

Peerless

Ruby

Snowflake

Watson

Srts.

Lbs.

38

28J 1

35

30

41

20

37

33

44

33

48

29

42

25

53

4H

29

30

53

38J

44

24

39

17=-

27

18-

31

21

38

16

55

31

32

18

4i

42

37

30

35

18

4(5

2H

86

18

44

16

44

21

42

24

47

22

No Rot.

Slight Rot.

Badly Rotted

I do not attach any very great im-
portance to the result as to rot, as the
experience of other growers in *the
neighborhood didn't agree with it, but
I give it just as it was.

It will be seen that Chicago Market
gave the largest yield with me, which
was somewhat of a surprise, as the
vines were so badly eaten away by the
bui^'s that I looked for almost a failure.
I dont think, however, that this variety

HOKTIOULTL'RIST.

S7

has more charms for doryphora than
any other, but from their location they
happened not to be looked after so
strictly, that was all. The tubers are
oblong, of a light flesh color, slightly
russet skin, few and shallow eyes, flesh
dry and mealy, and alto^^ether a most
desiiable variety. I notice that in his
latest catalogue, James Vick, from
whom I got the seed, speaks of the
Chicago as earlier than the Early Kose,
of this I cannot sj)eak, as my potatoes
were all dug about tlie same time, and
were not tested for earliness. It is
said to do well on all kinds of soil. A
faithful representation of this variety
will be found in Vick's Floral Guide,
for 1883.

Beauty of Hebron is so well known,
that little need be said about it, it is
early, prolific, a gooJ keeper, excellent
flavor, grows close together in the hill,
and is as general a favorite as it
deserves to be.

White Elephant is a veritable Jumbo
among the Murphies. It yielded almost
as largely as Chicago Market with me
last year, and some of the tubers were
immense. Thei-e were very few small
ones. It is among the late varieties,
keeps very well, is dry and floury, and
not at all coarse as would be expected
from its size. The only objection I can
find to it is the deep set eyes, which
cause considerable waste at the hands
of careless kitchen maids when pre-
paring them for the table.

"White Star is an elegant lookincj
potato, and was very highly recom-
mended by its introducei-s last year as
the coming potato. Its quality and
appearance le.ive nothing to be desired,
but I have not seen ihat its yield came
up to what was expected.

Mammoth Pearl is a very handsome
shaped tuber, and I notice in a late
rural that it stood at the head of the

list with an Ohio grower ; with me it
did not do so well.

Early Vermont I could place among
the good early varieties, the tubers are
generally large, and the quality very
fair.

Dunmore is the prettiest sound
potato I ever saw, smooth and white,
with few, shallow eyes, as shapely as
an apple, and a good yieldei-. For
evaporating, where j)eeling mMchines
are used, there could be nothing better.

St. Patrick is decidedly a good look-
ing fellow, not especially large, but uni-
form in size, smooth and white, eyes
sha,llow, dry and mealy.

Farina is an oddly shaped tuber, long,
thin and pointed. It is very mealy
and fine for baking, but would be no
use as a maiket variety.

Pride of America is a decided ac-
quisition, very shapely, and quality
excellent. As to shape and general
excellence, however, I must undoubt-
edly give the preference to the Ontario
or Dempsey as it is sometimes called,
which was sent out by the Association
in 1881, I believe. The Rennie looks
to me to be the same potato with a
different name. It is red, slightly rough
skin, oval, and unusually regular in
size and shape. I never saw any kind
which varied as little in size. The
eyes are on the surface, what there are
of them, and the tubei-s are as solid as
a brick, in July. It is of rather more
than avenige prolificness, and any judge
of a ])Otato would put it down as fii*st-
class without a second look. The
Association did a good day's work when
it presented the Ontario to its members.

With regard to the Early and Late
Rose, the general impression seems to
be that their usefulness htis gone, and
they will soon be classed with the Cup,
Meshanock, Kidney, Merino, Chili,

88

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Pinkeye and others, which were the
favorites of our fatliers and grand-
fathers. The Roses I wouki not grow
when there are so many better, and
with them I would class the St. Law-
rence, Peerless, Ruby, Snowflake,
Eureka, <fec.

I notice in a late Rural New Yorker
that the Blush, which it sends out in its
free distribution this year, yielded no
less than 700 bushels last season to the
acre. I have one or two tubers and
shall grow them this year. The Rural
gave its subscribers the Beauty of
Hebron and White Elephant, intro-
ducing them to the public, and if the
Blush is as good, it will do Carman
plenty of credit.

For early varieties, I would say,
grow Chicago Market, Beauty of Hebron
and Early Vermont j for second early,
White Star, Pride of America and St.
Patrick; and for late, Ontario, White
Elephant, and Dunmore ; of course
there are dozens of other varieties, many
of which may be equal or superior to
those I have mentioned, but I quote my
own experience merely, those who grow
any of the above kinds wont make any
great mistake.

Just a word or two about seedlings.
It used to be considered quite a difficult
matter to raise potatoes from seed, but
there is no trouble whatever about it.
The hardest thing is to get the seed,
which most people will h:ive to buy, for
there are few kinds nowadays which
will produce and ripen seed balls. I
had only one out of '26 varieties which
set any fruit, and that didn't ripen.
(I should like to correspond with any
member who has any potato seedi.
The seed should Vje sown in a hot bed
the same time as tomatoes. When a
couple of inches high, transplant to a
rich light spot in the garden, taking
care not to disturb the rootlets, shelter
from frost if it comes, keep a sliarj) look-

out for the bugs, and cultivate freely
The plants will be as large as any in
the garden in the fall, and quite a
number of the tubers will be of fair
nmrketable size. They must be kept
till spring, the same as ordinary pota-
toes. A trial of a year or two will
show their quality, and any one may
thus originate new kinds for himself,
and give them any name he likes.

PRESERVATION OF FRUIT.

LETTER FKOM MR. B. GOTT, OF ARKONA.

I learn that a fruit canning estab-
lishment is likely to be started in our
borough, with every prospect of success.
This is timely and not without its
significance. It is quite clear from our
past experience that the capability of
our section for fruit production is very
extensive. Should tlie people attempt
the culture of fruits to the extent of
our caj)abilities, the question what we
Would do with our fruit would at once
force itself upon us with unwonted
pressure.

Fruit production is only limited by
the extent of the market, and this
question of market is at once determined
by that of fruit preservation. If our
luscious summer fruits can only be
brought over the hurry and glut of
their season of ripening, by means cheap
and practical, the question of market-
ing them can be profitably settled at
our leisjire. In this way all the fruits
we can produce can be readily and
profitably disposed of, either in our
home or distant markets, and if not at
one moment they can be kept over
until they can be sold. Fruit produc-
tion thus stimulated would at once
spring into renewed activity, and where
there is now only a bushel produced,
tons would be gathered, and all sure
of tiiidiu2^ a ready and a profitable dis-
posal. In the State of New York, this
subject is thoroughly and practicallr

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTDRI8T.

89

settled. The fruit growers of that
fertile region are fully alive to the
importance of fruit preservation, and
they practice it to the extent of mil-
lions of lbs. annually. At the late
meeting of their Horticultural Society,
at Rochester, this subject was thorough-
ly discussed and an Association formed
to take charge of its interests. When
the reports of their county fruit com-
mittees were read, we were struck with
amazement at the extent and import-
ance of their fruit preserving processes.
During the whole winter their eva-
porated fruits are exposed for sale in
the markets of the larger cities and
towns, and find a ready and welcome
demand in the homes of all classes of
their peoj)le. There are at present
but two popular methods of fruit pres-
ervation contenanced in this country,
viz.: 1st. By cannintjf. 2nd. By dry-
ing or evaporating. We much prefer
the latter of these methods for the
following reasons: 1st, the fruit is
prepared for operation' with less expense.
In the case of small fruits they are at
once placed in the dryer, and in a few
minutes the fruit is taken out, and is
ready for packing. In the case of large
fruits they are simply pared and quart-
ered, and rapidly evaporated to a dry
state ready for shipment. No ex])ense
of cans or labels or other packing is
needed, and the consumer gets the
goods in their simplest form, ready by
the addition of a little water, for
preparation of the table or any domestic
purpose. 2nd, it is easier and cheaper
to pack and ship. For this purpose it
is simply placed in boxes or barrels and
sent direct to the dealer, be he ever so
far away, and without any fear of
l)reakage or loss. 3rd, it can be more
readily handled, exposed and sold by
the dealer, and with less risk of sus-
picion or delay. People soon learn that
it is quite possible to place beautiful
and tempting labels on packages that
2

contain goods very dissimilar in char-
acter and value. No suspicion of this
kind can attach to evaporated fruits.
It is freely exposed and the purchaser
can be assured of its qualities, as he can
see what he gets. 4th, it gives better
satisfaction to the customer. He
thus knows exactly what he has paid
for, and there is no chagrin upon open-
ing the package to find the goods are
not as represented by the dealer. 5th,
this fruit can be sold in smaller quan-
tities to suit the desire of the smallest
customer. In this way the area of
consumption is much enlarged. Many
a poor man could see his way clear to
purchase a few pounds of dried fruit
that could not lay out a large sum on
tempting and expensive cans of fruit.
6th. there is no useless expense for cans
and labels, &c., to be added to the
expense of the fruit, and to be paid for
by the poor man who buys. He gets
exactly what he paid for and no more
or less.

Many who are well acquainted with
certain samples of dried fruit will be
ready to object to evaporated fruits on
the same grounds. This is not just, as
well evaporated fruit bears no resem-
blance to that which is merely dried by
the old })rocesses. The evaporated fruit
is cleaner, whiter, richer, sweeter and
better in every quality.

I find a statement in one of our
public horticultural documents of recent
issue, giving a fair idea of the questions
of costs and profits in connection with
an evaporator in the State of New
York. I think, perhaps, it would be
well to transcribe this statement in
this place for the benefit of my readei-s.

"Statement of the cost and proHt of one
season's working of one of the No. 2 Pacific
Evaporators : —

No, of bushels of apples bought 1^755;

♦* " ** shrinkage.,, 33^

Total evaporated r , . . , (J,418

90

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Average cost of apples per bush 17c. |

Number of lbs. made from above 38,579 j

Total receipts for sale of fruit . . |4,598 00 !

Total expenses for storage, hand- |

ling and manufacturing 1,989 00

i

Net profit $2,609 00 |

I

Average No. of lbs. per bushel .... 5 96-100
Average cost of preparing and dry-
ing per bvishel 11 cents

The skins and cores were utilized for
vinegar for some time, and afterwards dried
sold for that purpose, from this source $200
additional were made to be added to the net
profits, amounting to $2,809 00.

[Signed] Rogers & Butler,

Alden, Krie Co., N. Y., Feb. 10, 1880."

I have much pleasure in presenting
this statement, as I believe it to be
trustworthy in every respect. I also
believe that as good a showing, or
perliaps a better, could be as easily
made amongst us, and for the simple
reason that our raw fruit would not be
likely to cost us near so much per
bushel as it cost them. I should like
to see it tried.

DIELYTRA SPECTABILIS.
The Dielytra or Dicentra spectabilis,
or, as it is popularly called, Bleeding
Heart, is a very fine and showy hardy
herbaceous perennial plant belonging to
the natural order Fumariace?e. It was
first introduced from the north of China

DiCENTKA.

to the gardens of the London Horti-

cultural Society by Mr. Robert For-
tune in 1846. Mr. Fortune first met
with it in a grotto garden on the Is-
land of Chusan, growing among the
artificial rocks, near the beautiful
Weigela rosea. Its Chinese name
is "Hong pak Moutan Wha." or the
red and white moutan flower. It is one
of those plants of which the Chinese
mandarins are so fond, and which they
cultivate with so much care in their gar-
dens. It is said that it was first made
known to Europeans by the Russo-
Siberian, Dr. Karmanyschew, who
studying it at Upsal, communicated the
fact to Linnaeus. Be this as it may, it
does not however appear to hare been
seen alive until it was discovered by
Mr. Fortune, who brought it home
with him.

In a rich, deep soil this beautiful
species forms a plant growing from two
and a half to three and a half feet in
height, with recurving and branching
stems, producing its flowers in spread-
ing and axilliary racemes, each raceme
being from five to seven inches in length,
and containing from tsventy to thirty
heart-shaped flowers, of a bright pink
color. In autumn the stems die to the
ground and the plant remains in a dor-
mant state until spring, when it again
appears above the ground. It flowers
in May and June. In the garden it
merelj^ requires a light, deep, rich soil,
and a yearly dressing of well-rotted
manure or leaf mold. As a pot plant
for the window garden, or as a plant
for forcing, the Dielytra is almost with-
out an equal on account of the ease, with
which it bears this treatment. For
this purpose the plants should betaken
about the end of October and placed in
a box ; cover the roots with earth and
allow the box to remain exposed until
it has been frozen thoroughly. When
this has been done, the box can be
brought inside, and the plants divided,
if large, potted into suitable sized pots,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

91

using onlinary potting soil, and giving
1,'O'jd drainage. When potted, water
thoroughly, and remove to a cellar, or j
place under the stage of the greenhouse. '
Allow them to remain there until the j
pots become tilled with roots and the |
shoots begin to appear, when they |
should be removed to a light, sunny
situation. As the plants increase in
growth, water should be more freely
given, and once a week they should
liave a watering of liquid manure.
When the flowering season is over,
place the plants under the greenhouse
stage or remove them to the cellar,
gradually decreasing the su})ply of
water ; plant them out in a well ])re-
pared border about the first of May,
If necessary, divide the plants ]>efore
planting out. This plant can also be
propagated by cuttings of the young
shoots, when they become sufficiently
hardened ; but for amateurs propaga-
tion by division is the simplest and
easiest mode of increase.

The generic name, Dielytra, is de-
rived from (Hs, double, and elytron, a
sheath, in allusion to the two sheath
like spurs at the base of the flowers ;
and the specific name in allusion to the
showy and remarkable appearance of
the plant when in bloom. — Vick's Maga-

STONE'S HARDY BLACKBERRY.

B. F. Adams writes to the Wetitern
Farmer that he planted an acre of the
Snyder and Stone's Hardy blackberries,
and that about twenty per cent, of the
Snyder were killed by the following
winter, but not one of the Stone's
Hardy.

J. S. Stickney says that he thinks he
can safely recommend Stone's Hardy.
He had visited Mr. Stone's grounds
the past season, and saw the Snyder
and Stone's Hardy growing side by
side ; both were loaded with fruit, but

the Hardy seemed to have the heaviest
crop, the canes of ])lants over two and
three years old were black with fruit.
The wood of the Hardy was short
jointed and quite stocky. He had
more confidence in the Stone's Hardy
than in the Snyder, and considered the
quality of the fruit of the Stone's Hardy
was better than that of the Snyder.

Mr. M. L. Tibbett, of Minnesota,
says : "The Stone's Hardy Blackberry
came through last winter without injury
unprotected, though the mercury was
down to forty degrees below zero
several times ; it is evidently an iron-
clad."

KIEFFER'S HYBRID PEAR.

As the Kieffer has come to stay, and
is sure to be extensively planted, a few
words on its demands and chaiacteris-
tics may not be out of place. If grown
in an indifferent situation, on poor soil,
with little or no manure, and imj)r<)-
perly gathered and ripened, it undoubt-
edly will disappoint the grower. On
the othej- hand, give the Kieffer a fair
situation, plenty of plant food, and it
will yield an elegant fruit. Its tend-
ency is to overbear, and often it should
be effectively thinned. It may not
possess the highest excellence of quality,
neither does the Baldwin apple nor the
Concord grape : but a pear like the
Kieffer that comes into bearing young,
and produces big crops of quick-selling
fruit, is bound to be popular.

The past Fall, in our Philadelphia
markets, the Kieffer wholesaled for
from $5 to $10 a bushel, and retailed
from 10 cents to 50 cents each. As
Downing aptly says : " To have it in
perfection, it should be gathei-ed when
fully grown, and rij)ened in the
house." I can readily see how
there may be differences of opinion
regarding the quality of the Kieflfer,
for a poor Kieflfer certainly is })6or

92

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

eating. On the other hand, a good one
is exceptionally good eating. It may-
be claimed that even when properly
grown and properly ripened, the fruit
is variable in quality. It doubtless is,
but; I think no more so than the
Dnchesse d'Angouleme. As a cooking
and canning pear, to my taste it has no
equal, surpassing even the Bartlett for
this purpose.

While perfection in pear growing
may not have been reached by the
introduction of the Kieffer, it certainly
must take front rank as a profitable
market fruit. The most extensive and
successful pear grower in this neighbor-
hood stated to me last Summer that,
j udging by the way the Kieffer was do-
ing for him, there was more money in it
at fifty cents a bushel than in any
other fruit that he coidd raise. —
Howard A. Chase, in Rural New
Yorker.

DRIED FRUIT ABROAD.

It is a mistake among many farmers
and fruit-raisers in the United States
to think that the different varieties of
fruit, such as apples, pears, peaches,
plums, cherries, gooseberries, &c,, are
grown in gre^iter perfection in Europe,
than here It is not the fact. We
raise these as abundantly here and in as
much perfection as they do in Europe
and with not more than half the labor
and expense. It is true, however, that
more pains are taken there, and their
modes are more thoroughly systema-
tized ; but the cost of producing a crop,
we repeat, is very much greater there
than here, but still the profit may be
greater, as nearly all kinds of fruit sell
at a much higher price there than here.
For years we have been shipping enor-
mous quantities of apples to Europe, and
this exportation is steadily increasing
and will continue to increase until the
trade shall become of National import-

ance. In dried fruits, such as peaches
and apples, the exportation has already
acquired large proportions, and in ten
years more it will go on multiplying
in extent until fruit-raising will become
a far greater and more profitable branch
of industry than at present. With
such a market open to us we can never
grow an over-abundance of apples and
peaches ; while these, in addition to
cranberries, in their natural condition,
fresh from the trees and vines, ought to
be and no doubt will be ])roduced in
sufficient quantities to meet any
demand. The very cheapness that we
can send them abroad for will open for
us an unlimited market for all with
which we can supply it. — Germantown
Telegraph.

GRAPES FOR MARKET.
The question is often asked which is
the more profitable grape to grow for
the market, the Concord or the Dela-
ware. Much will depend upon the mai*-
ket to be supplied, and much upon the
character of the soil upon which the
plantation is to be made ; but when the
soil is such that both will thrive well,
and the market will pay twice as much
for Delaware as for Concords, an an-
swer to the inquiry seems to be given
in the following paragraph taken from
an exchange : —

His Concords average five tons to the
acre, and sell in New York at an average
of five cents a pound. That would be a
gross income of $500 a year. Probably
it would net |300 to f 350 an acre. * His
Delawares would sell for twice as much
as the Concords, but the yield, one year
with another would be but little more
than half. Calling the yield of Delawares
three tons per acre and the average price
ten cents, the gross receipts per acre would
be $600. Allowing two cents a pound for
express, commision, etc., and there would
be a net result of $480 an acre ; a better
showing than Concord.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

93

SALSIFY.

The Salsify or Vegetable Oyster is
Qne of our winter and early spring vege-
tables, and one that should be culti-
vated in every garden, however small.

To those who are not acquainted
with this delicious esculent, it may be
described as having a long, white, taper-
ing root, somewhat resembling a Par-
snip in shape, and having the flavor of
an oyster when prepared for the table.
It is by some considered an excellent
substitute for the oyster, and, in addi-
to this, the young flowerstalks, if cut
in the spring of the second year, are pre-
pared and used similar to Asparagus,
which they somewhat resemble in
taste.

SALSIFY.

In order to obtain a satisfactory crop
of Salsify, with long, smootli roots,
proper preparation of the soil is an
es.sential point. This is best done by
digging or plowing the soil to the depth
of twelve or fourteen inches, and
thoroughly working in an abundant sup-
ply of well-decomposed stable manure.

The ground should be f)repared in the
fall, and left in ridges during the winter
season. As soon as the weather be-
comes settled in the spring, the ground
should be neatly leveled off, and the
seed sown in drills from twelve to eigh-
teen inches apart, and covered to the
depth of half an inch. When the
young plants are about two or three
inches in height they should be well
thinned out, leaving them standing
about six inches apart. During their
season of growth they require to be
deeply hoed, and the ground should be
kept mellow and free from weeds at all
times, until the crop is ready for use,
which will be about the middle of Octo-
ber. The roots will continue good un-
til spring ; but those that are wanted
for winter use should be taken up be-
fore cold weather sets in, and stored in
sand in a cool, dry cellar. When
lifting the roots, the leaf stalks should
not be cut off closer to the crown than
about an inch. Those wanted for
spring use may be left in the ground
until required ; but care must be taken
to dig the roots before they comnjence
to grow. An ounce of seed will sow
about fifty feet of row.

There is only one variety cultivated.
The so-called Black Oyster Plant is not
a Salsify at all, but a Scorzonera, which
although its root resembles the former,
belongs to another genus. Its cultiva-
tion does not differ from that of Salsify
except that, as it has a tendency to run
to seed, it should be sown later. — Chas.
E. Parnell, in American Garden.

The Ben Davis Apple.— The Indiana
Farmer says the Ben Davis apple is so
poorly flavored that even the codlin moth
generally passes it by for some better va-
riety, and the consequence is that but few
of these apples are wormy, and being of
high color and handsome shape, they are
a very popular apple at the city fruit
stands, where they outsell other kinds
about two to one on the averafife.

u

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE IMPROVED STYLOGRAPHIO
PEN.

A fountain pen that always writes
and never "leaks," that makes a fair,
plain line, and never blackens the
fiagers, and that, once filled, can be
us 3d for days without change, avoiding
all the bother and interruption of reach-
ing over to the inkstand for a fi'esh dip
every two minutes, that can be carried
in the pocket, and is as handy for use
and as neat as a lead pencil, and that
writes on any paper however thin or
soft ; such a pen is worth having. And
such a pen is the " Livermore Stylogra-
phic Pen." This we know from personal
use. — Editor Chicago Advance.

The Livermore Company, which
originally introduced the Stylographic
Pen, have recently made great improve-
ments in their pen, and have reduced
the price so that everybody can have a
chance to purchase the best article of
the kind. By sending $2 to Louis E.
Dunlap, Manager Stylographic Pen Co.,
290 Washington St., Boston, you will
receive by return mail one of these
famous pens, and also a sufficient
quantity of superior ink for six months'
use. Full particulars as to different
styles and prices can be obtained by
sending for circular.

RAISING POTATOES.

The methods of raising potatoes com-
mon here in Maine may be of interest.
Sod land broken up in the fall previous
or in the spring preceding the crop is
preferred. It is a little more work to
handle the crop on sod land, but the
crop is generally better. It is broken
not more than six inches deep on an
average. This is thoroughly harrow-
ed. Tiie manure in some instances is
spread on the sod before plowing, in
others it is spread after plowing, and
harrowed in. Some apply the manure
in the hill or drill. The seed dropped

on this, and the whole covered three
inches deep, with hand-hoes or horse-
hoes. Some apply no barnyard manure,
but use plaster (gypsum) and ashes,
superphosphate, guano, or other con-
centrated manure in the hill. The seed
is cut ; a medium-sized potato being
made from two to four pieces, and one
piece dropped from one foot apart with
some to two feet by others, in the row.
The average distance apart of the rows
is about thi'ee feet and a half. The crop
is cultivated out when the potatoes are
from four to six inches high, and this
is followed by a hand or horsehoe, or
both ; and they are hilled medium
height, but one hoeing being given.
The weeds that have escaped first hoe-
ing or grown since, are pulled or cut up
in July and August before crop ripens.

The crop is for the most part harvest-
ed by hand. No potato digger has at
present been brought out of sufficient
merit and practical utility as to warrant
general or hardly partial introduction.
They are harvested any time after the
tops die and before the ground freezes.
They are generally harvested earlier
now than in the past. A dry, cool,
frost-proof cellar that is dark, furnishes
the best storage. — Farm and Garden.

POUGHKEEPSIE RED AND ULSTER
PROLIFIC GRAPES.
The Poughkeepsie Red is a cross of
lona and Delaware ; the vine is a strong
grower; the leaf resembles that of Dela-
ware more than any other. It has been
proved perfectly hardy in the latitude
of Toronto for the past 10 years. The
clusters run in size from that of Dela-
ware to twice as large, many of them
having from three to four shoulders.
Clusters have been grown that weighed
a pound each. The crops are heavy.
There have been but two seasons in
the past 15 years when it has ripened
as late as September 10th; it usually

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

95

ripens in August. It contains sugar
enough to raisin if suspended in a paper
bag and hung in a warm room. No
foxy or offensive aroma, disagreeable or
unpleasant taste of any kind, can be
found in skin or flesh. Its saccharine
matter has stood in different seasons at
from 102 to 106 degrees, and the acid
at from four to live degrees. The old-
est wine-maker in the State ranks it
*' highest of all " for wine. Although
not used before in the description of na-
tive grapes, we apply to it the term
"Perfect."

THE ULSTER PROLIFIC

is a cross of Catawba and an edible
variety of the wild ^stivalis, and
minute thorns cover the wood, as in
case of the latter. The growth of vine
compares with that of the Catawba.
During the eight years we have fruited
it, it has proved as hardy as any of the
wild varieties. Leaf of medium size
and wild in appearence ; it hangs on to
the last and we have never known it to
mildew. While the quality of the
fruit is in one particular not as pure as
that of Poughkeepsie Red, yet it is
passed upon at the many fairs at which
it has been exhibited and by all who
have visited our grounds as the best
seedling we have ever produced, owing
to its |)eculiar luscious saccharine pro-
perty. We know of no variety that
will ripen so great a quantity of fruit
to a given amount of wood. The joints
are from one to three inches long. The
clusters are of Catawba size ; the berry
is longer ; compact, but not crowded.
It ripens with the Concord, and will
hang until the ground freezes. The old
wine-maker spoken of above says it
makes a wine of high character. Its
unfermented juice is unusually sweet.

On correctness of these descriptions
of these two seedlings we await the
verdict of the country, and ask any of
the numerous persons who have visited

them and know them to correct any
error in the descriptions. — Rural New
Yoi'ker.

GRAPE GKOVVIXG IN THE UNITED
STATES.

The following notice of the number
of acres under cultivation to Grapes,
and the quanity of wine manufactured
therefrom, will give our readers some
idea of the rapid growth which this in-
dustry has already made. The Florida
Dispatch says : —

From statistics recently published by
the Department of Agriculture at AVash-
ington, we learn that there are now
185,583 acres of .grapes grown in the
United States. Wine from the product
of these vines, is made to the amount of
24,453,857 gallons, having a market value
of $13,436,174 87. California, of course,
leads, having one-sixth of the area, yield-
ing nearly two-thirds of the wine. New
York comes next, having 12,643 acres,
though but little is made into wine ; the
grapes find ready sale in the market ;
only 584,148 gallons are made. Rhode
Island only returns 55 acres ; while Illi-
nois, from 3,810 acres, makes over a mil-
lion gallons of wine. Missouri, Ohio,
Georgia and New Mexico are leading
wine-making sections. Colorado cuts no
figure at all in the report, but the day is
coming when grape culture will be one of
their prominent industries.

. BOOK NOTICES.

Geo. W. Campbell's Price-List of
Hardy Grape Vines, Fruit Trees, Small
Fruits, etc., Delaware, Ohio, 1883. Mr.
Campbell has become an authority on
grapes and grape culture in Ohio, and
his opinions thereon are entitled to
careful consideration.

The National Farmer is published
weekly at Washington, D. C., U. S. A.;
price $2 per year. In addition to in-
formation upon agricultural topics, some
space is given to cognate topics of gen-
eral interest.

96

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE SEAT OX THE HILL TOP,

BKNEATH THE OLD TREE.

What man hath not found on this changeable earth,
Si»tne shelter'd retreat to emotion give birth ;
Where memory, pointing to things that once were,
Imprints on our faces a smile and a tear ?
To pride give her follies, to pomp her display.
Give to beauty her charms, give wealth what you may;
Give to each of them all, but spare, spare for me.
The seat on the hill top, beneath the old tree.

How can I but love thee, thou sacred spot !
And think of tlie loved ones, who were, but are not ;
When I view thy old trunk, draped o'er with the vine,.
The Woodbine and Pipevine, tliy branches entwine.
And could but those dear ones who planted them

there,
Sit again by my side, these blessings to share.
There's naught in this wide world I'd barter for thee.
My seat on the hill top, beneath the old tree.

Since thou wert a sapling, tliou noble old tree.
Thy youthful companions have long ceased to be ;
And oft have I wished thou would'st whisper and tell
What shrubs and sweet flowers did then with thee

dwell.
Did Hepatica's buds uivite thee to spring?
And little blue Harebell, the old year's knell ring?
Or cuild of the forest, all brimful of glee.
Flee away to hill top, Vieneath the old tree?

Did brave Indian warrior (ind rest in thy shade ?
Or thy branches e'er shelter forlorn Indian maid ?
And some betrayed mother, with babe at her breast,
For surely t'was here that the weai-y might rest.
For the woes of mankind do wc watch and weep ;
And then, in our weariness, slumber and sleej) ;
The spot on this green earth best suited must be
The seat on the hill top, beneath the old tree.

Charles Arnold.

A correspondent wants to know why
an ear of corn seldom if ever has an odd
number of rows, and where do the red
and speckled grains come from when
nothing but white is planted. Perhaps
some of the intelligent readers of the
Rural Record can tell, through our
columns.

The Puoet Sound Fir. — One of the
wonders of the American forests is the fir
tree of Puget Sound. The trees average
200 feet high, and some specimens have
been cut that measured 320 feet in length
and twelve feet in diameter at the base,
with a straight and well proportioned log
length of ninety feet to the first limb.

The Conkling Peach. — From a year-
ling tree of this variety, obtained of Ell-
wanger and Barry, in the spring of 1880,
we picked a number of ripe peaches
of uncommon excellence. It is a beauti-
ful yellow peach, smaller than the
Early Crawford, of a fine, juicy, rich, ex-
quisite flavor, and very desirable in a

family collection. It may prove a desir-
able market variety for aught we know,
as the first product of a three-year-old
tree is no test of productiveness.

To Publishers and Editors. — Many
Newspapers and Magazines have been
established in the United States and Can-
ada within the last two years, the names
of which do not appear in any Newspaper
Directory or Catalogue. The publishers
and editors of such are invited to send
copies and a full description of their res-
pective publications to the Editor of Hub-
bard's Newspaper and Bank Directory of
the World, New Haven, Conn., U. S. A!,
that they may be properly catalogued and
described in the forthcoming edition of
that work for 1883. Editors who kindly
give this notice an insertion in their col-
umns will confer a favor upon the Press
of America.

Large Celery. — Probably the largest
root of celery ever taken to Boston market,
measuring 38 inches in length, 24 inches
round, and weighing 7 pounds, was raised
on the market farm of G. D. Moore, of
Arlington, who is one of the largest
growers of early produce for Boston
market. He has this season about six
acres of celery, nearly all of this mammoth
variety. He began to market it Sept.
14th, receiving $8 a box of 2| dozen.
This variety is said to be the best flavored
and most tender of any known, and brings
the highest price.

Wood Ashes For Pears. — The pear
seems to be especially fond of wood ashes,
and we ascribe much of our success in past
years with pears to a liberal and annual
use of it in our pear orchards. All that
we could make or buy was thus used, by
scattering aroimd the trees, the cultivator
working it into the soil. Only the fresh,
unleached ashes were used, and not only
did our trees produce heavy crops and
fine fruit, and present in their foliage that
dark green coloring of leaf which indicates
vigor and healthfulness, but the hoed and
cultivated crops which wore raised be-
tween the trees each year did not fail to
appreciate the food they gathered in from
that not appropriated by the fruit trees. —
Farm and Garden.

PRINTED AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF COPP, CLARK k CO., COLBORNK STREET, TORONTO.'

®ii!k*-]k®ii^'^i li!<Diiii4iim ^©li.

A handsome and hardy variety, with large and deeply lobed leaves, distinct and fine.
C'overed in autumn with bright scarlet berries.

'^PRINTED FOR THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST."

THE

VOL. VI.]

MAY, 1883.

[No. 5.

ORNAMEN^J

When the term ornamental trees is
used, it is intended thereby to designate
trees that have been planted, not for
the sake of their fruit, but for the sake
of shade and adornment. Every man
of taste and retinement wishes to make
his home surroundings neat and attrac-
tive, as well as to have that home
bountifully supplied with all the
comforts and luxuries which the soil
and climate can be made to produce.
For the latter purpose he plants a fruit
garden, and sets in it those trees and
vines that will yield the finest fruits ;
but when his object is to shelter the
house from the heat of the mid-summer
sun or the chill blasts of mid- winter
winds, or make an attractive picture to
delight the eye and gratify the sense of
the beautiful, he plants the trees and
shrubs that will best secure these
ends, irrespective of any consideration
of what fruit they will yield to the
table.

Every one who takes an honest pride
in having a pretty home, or in living
in a pretty country, rejoices in seeing
our rural residences nicely ornamented
with groups of pretty trees and flower-
ing shrubs, and the country road sides
planted with trees, whose grateful shade

'AL TKEES.

is so refreshing, and whose sylvan beauty
adds so much to the value of every
homestead. And it is a most favorable
sign when the legislature of a country
so appreciates the value of road side
planting as to grant a pecuniary reward
to the people who will thus plant and
care for ornamental trees. •

Fortunately we have not far to seek
for trees that are suitable for street
planting, home adornment, and winter
protection. Our native forests abound
with them, and if these are not enough,
our nurserymen have collected the most
hardy and beautiful of other climes,
which, when judiciously mingled with
our native trees, give a most pleasing
effect to the rural picture. And yet
with all this wealth of comfort and
beauty at command, with the certain
fact also before us that this sort of
planting is more than doubly i-ejmid in
the enhanced value of our lands, and
ten-fold repaid in shelter from the
noon-day heat of summer and the
frosty blasts of winter, notwithstanding
all this, the fact remains that orna-
mentiil tree-planting is sadly neglected
in this country, as a whole. However
we are improving in this respect, and
the enquiry for shade trees of beautiful

98

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

forms and foliage, is in fact rapidly-
increasing.

Somehow, in what of planting we
have done, we have not given in this
country the same prominence to the
Oak as is given in England. The oak
is slow, comparatively, of growth, and
somewhat difficult to transplant, but it
is a majestic tree, and where ample room
can be given for its development makes
a most beautiful feature in the land-
scape. With us the maple and the
elm are the favorite trees. In the New
England States the elm has been very
generally planted as a village street
tree. The author of " Norwood " says
of our graceful American elm, "No
town can fail of beauty, though its
walks were gutters and its houses
hovels, if venerable trees make mag-
nificent colonnades along its streets.
Of all trees, no other unites in the
same degree majesty and beauty, grace
and grandeur, as the American elm.
Their towering trunks, whose massive-
ness well symbolizes Puritan inflexi-
bility, their over-arching tops, facile,
wind-borne and elastic, hint the endless
plasticity and adaptableness of the
people, and both united form a type of
all true manhood, broad at the root,
firm in the trunk, and yielding at the
top, yet returning again after every
impulse into position and symmetry.
What if they were taken away from
village and farm house 1 Who would
know the land ? Farm houses that
now stay the tourist and the artist,
would stand forth bare and homely;
and villages that coquette with beauty
through green leaves, would shine white

and ghastly as sepulchres. Let any one
imagine Conway or Lancaster without
elms ! or Hadley, Hatfield, Northamp-
ton or Springfield ! New Haven with-
out elms would be like Jupiter without
a beard, or a lion shaved of his mane."

The maples well deserve their popu-
larity because of their beautiful sym-
metry, their abundant foliage, and great
depth of shade. They are among the
first to expand into full leaf in spring,
and when autumn comes they glow
with such rich colors and varied tints
as only our sunset clouds can rival.
The maples too are healthy trees, not
very subject to insects, though by no
means entirely exempt, and from their
neat style of growth and moderate size,
well suited to the dimensions of by far
the greater number of our Canadian
towns.

Sugar Maple.

The two varieties of maple that have
been most generally planted with us are

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

99

the Sugar Maple, Ace?' Saccharinum,
and the Silver Maple, Acer Dasycar-
pum.

The difference in the style of growth
of these two varieties will be seen at a
glance by comparing the accompanying
illusti-ations. The Sugar Maple forms
« somewhat oval head, quite dense and
compact, yet graceful in outline, and
thickly covered with foliage. The
lights and shadows are broken into
many small masses, strongly defined,

Silver Mai'le.

and yet melting softly into each other.
But the lights so far exceed the shadows
that the whole has a bright and cheer-
ful expression. While lacking the
grandeur, the broad bold shadows of
the oak, and the chestnut and the
hickory, it is on that very account
more in harmony with cultivated
grounds and our smaller suburban
home-lots.

The Silver Maple, on account of its
much more rapid growth, has been the
more popular variety for street planting.
It forms a loose, spreading head, with
long, swaying branches, and slender leaf
stems, so that when the wind blows,
the ruffled leaves display a pleasing
contrast of green and white, as the
under surfaces are brought to view. It
is not until the tree has attained to
considerable age that it breaks into
masses of light and shade, and at no
time is its autumnal foliage so richly
diversified with brilliant colors as that
of the Sugar Maple. The length of its
far out-spreading branches renders this
tree more liable te be broken by high
winds, or a heavy fall of snow or winter
ice storms, yet this can be largely
remedied by judicious shortening in of
the growing branches, thus rendering
the head more compact, and lessening
the leverage of incumbent snow.

But there is neither time nor space to
even mention the many trees we have
that are suitable for home embellish-
ment. The object of this article is to
call attention to a tree that has not
been much planted in Canada, but
which possesses many excellencies which
make it worthy of the attention of those
who are selecting ornamental trees for
small grounds. The colored illustration
that accompanies this number will give
our readers a veu-y good ideji of its
general appearance. It is called the
Oak-leaved Mountain Ash. It "be-
longs to the great family of Kosaceae,
and to the genus Pyrus. By some
botanists it is designated a.s the Pi/rus
pinnatifida. Although commonly call-

100

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

ed Oak-leaved Mountain Ash, it seems
to the writer more nearly allied to the
White Beam Tree, Fyriis aria, than to
the Monntain Ash, Pyrua aucuparia.
Its leaves are simple, not pinnate as
the Mountain Ash, but with such deep
indentations and irregular outline that
it has received the name of oak-leaved,
to which the term mountain ash has
been added, doubtless because of its
clusters of berries, which become bright
red in the autumn, like those of the
Mountain Ash, The leaves are bright
green on the upper side, but covered
with a white down beneath. Its mass
of foliage is much more solid than that
of the common Mountain Ash, and the
play of light and shadow is more like
that of the Sugar Maple. It is a per-
fectly hardy tree in our climate, and as
it grows only to the height of from
twenty to thirty feet, with proportion-
ate breadth, it makes a very suitable
ornamental tree for small lawns.
Having regard to the neat, compact
form of the tree, the contrasts of light
and shade on its surface, the corymbs
of white blossoms in early summer, and
clusters of red berries in autumn, we
think we do not err in regarding it as
one of the finest of our lawn trees.

MANURING FOR CORN.

The experiments made by the Di-
rector of the New York Experimental
Station seem to indicate that manuring
in the hill is of littla benefit toward
increasing the growth of the plant in its
early stages, and that the same manure
spread around the hill, instead of bsing
placed in it. would probably have a
larger influence on the gi-owth. The

roots of the corn plant extend widely,
so that if a plant be dug np at any time
dui'ing its later growth, the greater
part of the feeding roots will be found
away from the hill extending often to
a distance of twelve feet. The infer-
ence is that broad cast fertilizing is
better for corn than fertilizing in the
hill.

IN MEMORIAM.
The members of the Fruit Growers'
Association will learn with deep regret
that a leader in pomology has fallenj
one who was a Director of the Associa"
tion at its organization in 1868, and
has ever since been an active promoter
of its interests. Those who have been
privileged to attend the meetings will
remember the venerable form and en-
thusiastic manner of Mr. Charles Arn-
old, of Paris, Ontario, and with what
respectful considerations his experiences
and opinions were always received.
His remarks were founded upon his
personal acquaintance with the subject
in hand, and set forth for the guidance
of others what had befallen him in his
own cultivations, hence they had a
value that could never attach to any
mere conjectures or cunningly devised
theories. But it is not to be our
privilege to listen to him again. On
the morning of the fifteenth of April,
1883, Mr. Charles Arnold passed away
from earth. He was born at Ridge-
mount, Bedfordshire, Eng., December
18th, 1818, came with his parents to
this country in 1833, and settled* in
Paris.

In early life Mr. Arnold enjoyed
very few educational advantages ; but
even in boyhood he showed a taste for
solid reading, and found time during
his active and busy life to make himself
thoroughly acquainted with several of
the great masterpieces of English liter-
ature, and, although he never studied

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

101

a grammar, he wrote clear, vigorous
prose, and occasionally penned short
poems, chiefly on horticultural topics.
Throughout his life he displayed a fine
literary tast'^, his favorite authors being
Johnson, Goldsmith, Pope, Cowper,
Longfellow and 'J'ennyson. With the
modesty and jjatient investigation of
Charles Darwin he was particularly
charmed. The writings of Lyell, es-
pecially the last edition of the *' Ele-
ments" were also a source of great
pleasui-e to him. " The Origin of
Species " appeared about the time Mr.
Arnold had completc^d his first set of ex-
periments in the hybridising of grapes,
and the confirmation there given to
some of his own private discoveries
regarding the action of pollen and the
fertilization of flowers, gave a new im-
pulse to his efforts. In his youth he
served his apprenticeshi[) to the trade
of a carpenter, and for some years of
his early numhood followed the business
of builder. But from a very early
period of his life he showed a passionate
fondness for flowers and fruits, and,
coming into possession of a suitable
piece of land in 1845, he determined to
follow the bent of his inclination, wliich
had been fostered and educated by the
study of English books, American peri-
odicals, (kc. The Paris Nurseries were
fully established by 1852, and have
long been well known all over this
continent, and to some extent in France,
where Mr. Arnold's new varieties of
grapes attracted considerable attention.
His success as a nui-seryman is a fine
example of the happy results which
follow when a man of great enthusiasm
tempered with good judgment finds
himself free to pursue the kind of work
he loves best.

In 1872 he gained the gold medal at
the Hamilton, Ont., Exposition for a
new and hardy white wh«'at ; in 1876
he obtained the Philadelphia Centen-
nial Medal for a very supinior show of

fruits, &c ; and from the seed of a new
cifss-bred pea, "The American Won-
dei-," which he sold to Bliss & Sons, of
New York, he lately realized a hand-
some sum. He originated several
varieties of grapes which are now grown
all over the continent, and was latterly
engaged in hybridising wheat, straw-
berries, raspberries and peas. He was
fifteen years in the town council of
Pai'is, and was deputy reeve for some
time.

For a year past he has been gradually
failing in health, and after a few days
of intense suffering from a disease of
the heai-t, he ended his long and useful
life.

CURRANT WORMS.

A correspondent of the Fruit Recorder
says that common tobacco-stems placed
on the ground round currant-bushes in
the spring, before frost is out, will keep
off the currant- worm, and kee[) the bushes
clean. The tobacco is distasteful to the
worms, and they will not crawl over it to
ascend the bushes. — Montreal Witness.

We reprint the above to call atten-
tion to the arrant nonsense that some-
times goes the rounds of our newspa-
pers, and even of agricultural papers.
If tobacco stems placed on the ground
under currant bushes in the spring will
keep off the currant- worm, it is not
because ''Hhey will not cratol over them
to ascend the hushes." Surely they
will not crawl before they are hatched
from the q^<^\ and if the parent fly lays
her eggs on the under side of the leaves,
the little worms will have no occasion
to crawl over tobacco stems in order to
ascend the bushes. We wonder if " a
correspondent of the Fruit Recorder"
ever penned such tmsh, or if penned,
that it escaped the sharp eyes of the
intelligent Editor. Or is the cniwling
business the surmise of some astute
scissoi-s-man, who must needs give a

102

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

reason to account for a fact, only to
make his sublime ignorance manifest ?
The most troublesome of the currant-
worm is known as the Gooseberry
Saw-fly, Nematus Ventricosus, an im-
ported insect, which in the larva state
is exceedingly destructive to both the
gooseberry and currant.

Larvae of the Gooseberry Saw-Fly.

The figures marked a in the accom-
panying illustration will be sufficiently
familiar to those of our readers who
have suffered from the depredations of
these little pests ; and if any have been
so fortunate as to have escaped a visit
from them, they will now have an
opportunity of making their acquain-
tance. Jt is during this, the larva stage
of their existence, that they are so
injurious to our currants and goose-
berries, being not only voracious, but
usually numerous, so that they strip a
plant of its leavers in a very short time.
When two-thirds grown they are of a
green color, thickly sprinkled with
black dots. These dots are shown
Considerably magnified at b. When
fully grown they are about three-
quarters of an inch long, and at the
last moult they loose their black
spots and assume a plain green dress,

tinged with yellow at the extremities.
They now seek out a convenient place
in which to pass the chrysalis state ;
sometimes they choose a place among
the dry leaves on the surface of the
ground, where they spin a cocoon over
themselves, oval in form, of a paper
like iexture and brownish colour ; and
sometimes they fasten their cocoons to
the stem of the bush. Sometimes they
go into the ground and spin their co-
coon thei'e, and the later broods pass the
winter in the pupa state on or under
the surface of the ground. The Prest.
of the Entomological Society of Ontario,
who is excellent authority on these
subjects, states at page 33 of the Ent-
omological Report for 1875, that this
insect passes the winter in the ground
in the chrysalis state ; and again in the
Report for 1871, he says it usually
passes the winter in the chrysalis state,
enclosed in a small papeiy looking,
silken cocoon, sometimes at, and some-
times under the surface of the ground.
Occasionally they pass the winter in
the caterpillar state. The pupa or
chrysalis is about a quarter of an inch
long, of a very pale and delicate whitish
green color, becoming yellowish green
at each extremity, remarkably trans-
parent and delicate.

From these pupse the perfect insects
are hatched, which are shown in the
accompanying cut, the figure a repre-
sents the male, and figure b the female,
both magnified ; the cross lines indic-
ating the length and wing-expansion
of each. These appear very early in
spring, usually sometimes before the
leaves of the gooseberry and currant
are expanded. The upper surface of
the body of the male is black, with a
yellow spot at the base and in front of
the fore wings, the underside and tip
of the abdomen are yellowish, and the
legs are yellow. The female is larger
than the male and mostly yellow.
After the leaves of the gooseberry have

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

103

expanded the female fly begins to lay
her eggs on the under side of the leaf,
in a row on the ribs or veins of the

Perfect Insect ok the Gooseberry Saw-Fly.

leaves. The eggs may be seen at figure
1 in the accompanying cut, arranged in

Lbaf, with the Egos.

a row along the central leaf-vein and
its branches. In from eight to twelve
days the caterpillare are hatched, and
set to work at once to eat small holes
in the leaf, which are shown at figures
2 and 3. They feed in company, with
from twenty to forty on a leaf, and
therefore soon completely consume all

the soft parts of the leaf, so that only
the veins are left remaining. Increas-
ing in size tliey part company and
spread over the plant, eating as they go.

Thus we have given briefly the life
history of this insect, from which it
will be seen that the caterpillars do not
crawl up the stem of the plant but
commence their existence on the under
side of the leaves.

We have a native Saw-fly that feeds
on the gooseberry, bit which has not
been such a pest as the imported.
Figure h in the accompanying illustra-
tion represents the female fly magnified,

Nativk Gooseberry Saw-Fly.

the cross lines shewing the length of
tlie body and the expansion of the
wings. Figure a represents the larva.
It is known by entomologists as the
Pristiphora grosuvlarice. The larva of
this insect is always green, never having
the black dots of its imported cousin,
and always constructs its cocoon above
ground among the leaves and twigs of
the bush on which it feeds. This insect
is said to be common and so ne'imes
troublesome in New York and Illinois.

There is yet another insect that is
often called the Currant Worm, known
to entomologists as the Abraxis ribearia.
It is a sj)an or measuring wonn, and is
designated in the Reports of the En-
tomological Society of Ontario as tlie
Currant Geometer or Measuring
Worm.

The accompanying cut shews the
worms in various positions. Figure 1

104

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

lepresents their mode of progression,
and figure 2 their mode of suspending

The Currant Geometer.

themselves by a thread when alarmed.
When full grown the worm is about an
inch long, whitish above, dotted with
black dots on each segment, and a wide
yellow stripe along the back and a
similar stripe along each side. The
under side is white, spotted with black
and broadly striped with yellow along
the middle.

About the end of June the larvae
attain their full size, descend to the
ground, burrow a little way into it, and
change to the chrysalis state. The
chrysalis is shewn at figunrj 3 in the
cut. From this chrysalis a moth
hatches out in about twenty days,
which is shewn in the annexed illus-
tration

The moth is of a pale yellowish color,
with dusky spots of varying size and
form. Shortly after the moths appear
the female lays her eggs on the twigs
and branches of the currant and goose-

berry, where they remain uninjured by
the heat of summer or frost of winter,

Moth of the Currant Geometer.

until the following spring, when the
young worms hatch out and commence
their depredations upon the tender
foliage.

If then by currant- worm it was in-
tended to designate this insect, the
paragraph above quoted is still errone-
ous, for neither does this worm crawl
up the bushes from the ground to begin
its work of destruction.

NEW VEGETABLES.

At a recent meeting of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, Mr.
Benj. P. Ware said he should speak
only of varieties which, though new,
have established a re])utation. Of
squashes he named the Butman as a
beautiful variety, with fine colored
flesh, and of excellent quality, also a
good keeper, very desirable for amateurs
but not sufficiently productive for a
farm crop. The Marblehead, he said,
generally commands a higher price than
the Hubbard, but does not crop so well.
The Essex hybrid is a cross between
the Turban and Hubbard, uniting the
form and fine quality of the Turban
with the hard shell and keeping quali-
ties of the Hubbard. If is a rapid
grower and may be planted as late as
the 1st of July, thus avoiding the
maggot.

Of cabbages, Mr. Ware thought the
Stone-Mason the best variety ever
introduced, making solid heads of
excellent quality ; and said that the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

105

American Improved Savoy has a small
stump and large head, while preserving
the fine quality of the old variety,
which had large stumps, and was very
unceiiain in heading.

Of sweet corn, he said that the
Marblehead is earlier than any other,
even the Minnesota and Narragansett.
Next after comes the Crosby's Early,
then the Moore's Early, and for a late
variety either the Marblehead Mam-
moth, Burr's Improved or Stowell's
Evergreen.

As to potatoes he said Early Ohio
is earlier than Early Rose and has the
requisites of a first-class variety, but
that the Bell is probably the best new
variety, several who had tested it in
competition with twenty other sorts,
claiming for it better qualities than are
possessed by any other ; it is very pro-
ductive, remarkable for its uniform
size, and of a pinkish color.

Mr. Ware thought the Acme and
Paragon ahead of any other tomatoes
for the table.

Among peas he considered the Ameri-
can Wonder to be rightly named, for
the vines are very small, more peas
than vines, the peas wrinkled, sweet,
a great acquisition. For earliest he
recommended Dan O'Rourke, then
American Wonder, McLean's Advan-
cer, and for latest, the Champion of
England.

Mr. Ware recommended White Egg
Turnip as most reliable for a croj), and
better than Purple Strap Leaf, though
not quite as early. It is a flat variety.

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
This society is to hold its next
biennial session in Phila<lelphia, Penn.,
commencing on Wednesday, September,
12th, 1883, and continuing for three
days. AH kindred associations in the
United States and Canada are invited

to send delegations as large as they
deem expedient. Arrangements have
been made with hotels for reduced
rates. The Hon. J. E. Mitchell, 310
York Avenue, Phildelphia, is chairman
of the local committee of reception.
There will be an exhibition of fruits ;
and a limited number of Wilder medals
will be awarded to objects of special
merit. The Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society will hold its annual exhibition at
the same time in Horticultural Hall.
We trust that Ontario will be fully re-
presented on this occasion, not only by
her horticulturists and fruit growers, but
also by a fine display of her excellent
fruits.

CORRESPONDENCE.

EARLY RIPENING GRAPES.

Seeing an inquiry in the March num-
ber of the Horticulturist on this sub-
ject, I will reply by giving our experi-
ence in the Province of Quebec, where
from necessity we have to look for the
earliest varieties for general culture,
though some localities are highly fa-
vored, such as the Island of Montreal,
the Valley of the Richelieu, some places
on the Ottawa, and here in proximity
to Lake Champlain and the Richelieu
River. The variety in blacks most
cultivated is the Champion, which has
been re-named by some adventurers
the " Beaconsfield." At the time of
ripening we can put up with its infe-
rior qualities, welcome its advent, and
despise its poor qualities as better va-
rieties ripen. Moore's Early, next in
order of ripening, is some bett<?r, but
thus far in this Province has not been
found profitable, being a light beai*er.
Telegraph is better on some soils, and
more productive. Early Victor gives
great promise, and comes to us with
very good endorsements ; and its be-
haviour here is looked forward to with

106

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

great interest, as supplying a very
early black grape of excellent quality,
and adapted for wine as well as table,
which qualities the early Labrusca
type of grapes thus far do not possess.
Aruncia, Rogers' No. 39, and Barry,
No. 43, a little later, possess great
vigor and good qualities and size. Mr.
Kicketts' Backus, wine and table grape,
is early, very vigorous, and an enor-
mous bearer. Norwood, from Massa-
chusetts, U. S., promises to give us a
grape that will excel all others in keep-
ing qualities, and is earlier than Con-
cord, and its originator, of course,
claims that it is better ; not yet for
sale.

Of white grapes Lady is the first to
ripen, a slow grower, taking some years
to bring it to its best ; a shy bearer
thus far ; in size and other respects
good ; very fair in quality for an early
giape ; has a tendency to crack, which
is of little moment for home use, ex-
cept when bees are plenty ; last year it
showed no tendency to crack, probably
from the cold season, Prentiss is our
next earliest ; a fine native seedling of
much promise ; quality very good. Mr.
Dempsey's No. 60, a cross with Allen's
Hybrid, fruited last year, and gave me
much pleasure ; if it does better, as
grapes usually do, in subsequent years,
we want no better early grape. All of
Mr. Dempsey's grapes have strong,
healthy foliage — a point of great mo-
ment in these days of mildew and the
thrip. Faith, an Elvira seedling, of
Mr. Rommel's, gives much promise ; it
is here a rampant grower ; ripens its
wood well ; berry and bunch small ; is
of fine, sweet flavor. Duchess is late
here ; a vigorous grower, but does not
ripen its wood well ; we have not
fruited it, but its quality, as raised
south, is excellent. I have many other
white varieties, but not sufficiently
tested to speak favorably of.

Of reds. Northern Muscadine is

the first to ripen ; healthy and vigor-
ous grower ; drops no more than Hart-
ford, and eatable before fully ripe ;
thought highly of in its season. None
of the early varieties possess the high
qualities of Delaware, Burnet, Wilder
and Lindley, later varieties. Wyoming
Red, though small in bunch and berry,
is about the first to ripen. Massasoit,
Rogers' No. 3, follows in ripening, is
much better in flavor and a good
bearer. Vergennes, for a new grape,
has at once taken a high position in
public favor, maturing and ripening its
wood quick ; fruit red and delicious ;
is valuable alone for its extraordinary
keeping qualities. Salem, an old fa-
vorite, is eclipsed by the former in
keeping qualities ; like most of Rogers'
Hybrids, it is a rampant grower, re-
quiring ample space to succeed well,
and prevent mildew, to which it is sub-
ject in some seasons. Brighton, though
I am getting down into the later vari-
eties, I must mention, possesses the
tine qualities of one of its parents,
Diana Hamburg, without its defects;
it is growing in favor, though a shy
bearer; like Champion, it requires to
be eaten as soon as ripe.

Your inquirer, with the help of an
ardent enthusiast, I trust, can select
from the above enough to make him
happy in the season. I see that I have
omitted Worden, a great favorite and
early black grape ; and he will by all
means try the Jessica.

Wm. Mead Pattison.

Clarenceville, Quebec.

(30DLIN MOTH.

T am still greatly delighted with the
varied contents of the C<inadian Horti-
culturist, and long for the monthly sup-
ply of general horticultural information
which it never fails to impart.

Have you been informed of any ex-
periments made during the past year

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

107

which have been successful in checking
or destroying that detested Codlin
Moth, whicli works such havoc in the
orchards of Ontario ] In the Canadian
Horticulturist of March or April of
last year, tar water sprinkled on the
fruit blossoms was recommended by
some one. Printer's ink smeared on
paper or cloth, tied round the trunks of
the trees by another. Are you aware
of any experiments made with these
materials, successful or not. The an-
nouncement of such in the May num-
ber of C. H. will, I am sure, confer a
favour on the fruit-growing public.
Yours truly,

G. W. Strauchon.
Woodstock, April 11, 1883.

[If any of our readers have tried
these or any other methods of destroy-
ing the Codlin Moth, will they please
give their experience through the Can.
Horticulturist. — Ed. ]

GRAPE-GROWING IN COUNTY OF
HURON.

Could you mention sometime in the
Can. Horticulturist whether gra})e
growing could be made successful in
this county (Huron), and if so, what
varieties of grapes would you advise
growing? b. C. C.

Ans.— Mr. A. McD. Allan, of Gode-
rich, says that all the usually cultiva-
ted out-door varieties do succeed in the
County of Huron, except the very late
ripening sorts, such as the Catawba.
We can see no reason why a large
number of varieties should not be very
8ucces.sfully grown, particularly the
eaj-ly rii)ening sorts. It is of the first
importance that the soil be suitable,
thoroughly dmined and friable. Grape
vines will not thrive in cold, wet soil.
Of the early ripening sorts we feel
confident that Early Victor, Moore's

Early and Worden among the black
grapes, Massasoit, Brighton and Ver-
gennes of the red grapes, and Lady,
Martha and Jessica among the white
sorts will be found to do well.

OLEANDERS FADING.

I have two fine oleanders that I put
out into my garden the latter part of
May. They blossom freely, but the
blossoms always fade and fall off alter
two or three days. Can you tell me
the reason, and the remedy 1

When should pear scions be cut off
for budding? May they be taken off
immediately before budding? K.

Toronto, April 9th, 1883.

It may be want of sufficient moisture
at the root, or exposure to burning rays
of the sun that makes the oleander
flowers fade. Dark colored roses fade
quickly under our burning sun. Cut
pears scions just before budding. See
!>• 77.

THE DAHLIA.

The dahlia is one of the choicest of
the tuberous rooted perennials, which
have been greatly imj>roved on the last
few years, and now consist of every
shade of red, white, yellow, as well as
an endless variety of mixtures of these
colors. To have success with the dahlia,
in the first ])lace the soil must be well
drained, which must be neither light
nor of a strong sticky nature. Any
good fresh soil will do exceedingly well.
If it is naturally poor some fresh soil
should be added along with some well
decomposed cow manure or old hot bed
mould, which should be well mixed into
the soil at the time of planting. Much
strong nuvnure is as bad if not worse
than too little, as it is apt to cause
canker in the tubei*s, as well as induc-
ing over luxuriance of growth, and in
a great measure prevent the producing

108

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

of bloom. An open situation is neces-
sary, not shaded by trees. The tall
varieties suits admirably in shrubbery
borders. They also form most brilliant
appearance when planted in masses, or
in centres of large beds. About the
latter end of May, as soon as all danger
of frost is over, the plants may be
planted out in the open border, holes
are made, two feet apart, according to
the height of the variety. The tubers
or plants are carefully placed in, and
some fine soil put in around, shaking
the plant slightly so as to admit the
soil freely around the tubers. As the
plants advance in height, they should
be tied to stakes with bass matting
strings, and any superfluous shoots
removed. When the buds have formed,
liquid manure made of one part of cow
dung, hen dung and horse dung, may
be given with great advantage, once or
twice a week. In taking up the tubers
in the fall it is necessary that as soon
as the stems are injured by frost, they
should be cut down to within six inches
of the ground, and the tubers taken up
with a potato fork, labeled with the
name of the variety, and turned stem
downwards for a few days to permit
the moisture to drain off, when dry
they may be placed in hay, straw or
dry sand, the crown being left un-
covered in a cool place, which is secure
from frost and from dampness. There
they may remain with no other atten-
tion and care than examining them
from time to time, and remove any
that is rotten, as well as cutting off parts
which are beginning to decay.

Thos. E. Davies.
Ottawa, Ont.

THE EARLY VICTOR GRAPE.
A correspondent residing at Clar-
enceville. Province of Quebec, writes
that '• Early Victor is likely to be an
acquisition with us. I will have it in
bearing this season."

FACTS AND GUESSES ABOUT NEW
STRAWBERRIES.

BY T. C. ROBINSON, OWEN SOUND.

Some people are down on anything
but facts about fruit, because so many
new and highly praised varieties have
proved unworthy of cultivation, and
anything approaching a guess is suffi-
cient to draw forth their indignation
or contempt. Yet we want to have
some idea of the value of new sorts,
and what are we to do about it at first,
unless we compare one fact with another
given by those who have had a little
experience, and draw inferences and
conclusions 1 Perhaps tliis is not guess-
ing : so much the better then. Now
I will tell what I know and what I
infer about some new sorts, and I hope
other readers of the H orticulturUt will
do the same; for it is a matter of ex-
ceeding interest to me (and no doubt
to others) to know as soon as possible
what kinds will do best throughout the
province.

Several new kinds make their ap-
pearance every year, but of the different
rivals, usually two or three stand out,
close together in importance, beyond
the crowd. Two or three years ago
the Sharpless and Crescent were the
favored ones, with Marvin, Miner's
Prolific, Forest Rose and a host of
nonentities in the rear. Now we look
eagerly to Bid well, Manchester, and
James Vick for success, with a vague
im[)ression that among the Big Bobs,
Jersey Queens, Old Iron-clads, 'and
Pipers, that figure on the lists, there
may yet spring forward something as
good as these, ov better. Beside these
we find the old historic name of
" Daniel Boone " casting its shadows
before, and in prospect to share the
honors, Mrs. Garfield ; and yet others
in the realms of rumor, so that the man
who loves to test new varieties can

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

109

anticipate a pleasant time in future
Seasons.

Does the man who grows " only one
kind " rise here to explain that it is all
nonsense to fuss with these new vari-
eties, because there has never been
anything better than Wilson's Albany,
and never will be 1 " My dear sir, the
Wilson is a grand old berry, and be you
sure to stick to it. for it is money in
the pockets of those who cultivate the
improved varieties to have you peg
away at the public with the Wilson and
sour their teeth so they will want our
sweeter berries, instead of bringing our
prices down by going into the big fruit
yourself. And just remember too that
Wilson's Albany Seedling was " quite
new " once, and was no doubt objected
to then, in favor of othera." The fact
is there is a feeling abroad just now,
that whether new or old, the best berry
is good enough for us all, and hence the
many enquiries about Bidwell, Man-
chester and James Vick, which are to
the front at the present time. Bidwell
is the oldest, and its remarkable claims,
productiveness to exceed Wilson and
Crescent, size to equal the average
Sharpless, unusual firmness, and su-
perior quality, will probably be decided
for the average strawberry grower by
this year's crop. My carelessness in
allowing all my plants to form runners
during '81, instead of saving a few to
bear a full crop last season, is a source
to me of no little vexation, for I do not
like to plant it largely, or recommend it
without reserve, until I have seen it in
full fruiting. There is no doubt in my
mind that it is good, but how good is
what I want to know more about.

Tiie good points that I have estab-
lished on my place are its vigor and
hardiness of plant, persistent and very
abundant setting of young fruit, and
the fine size, firmness and color of the
berries. The points that I want to be
iissured of arc its ylosdnesa and size

towards the last ; and if these are
decided as I hope, I shall cheer for it as
the best market berry yet tested. On
my young potted plants, without mulch-
ing, the fruit got splashed so badly as
to spoil its appearance, and the berries
were small towards the last, hence my
hesitation on these points. If I may
guess about it I will say that on lich
loamy land I think that it will ])rove
an enormous bearer of first-class hand-
some market berries that will ship about
as well as Wilson ', but that on light
poor soil, and especially without run-
ners cut, it will run down in size
towards the last. I consider the quality
better than Wilson, but not as good as
Seneca Queen and some others.

I suppose I would favor the Bidwell
more if it were not for the smack I had
of the Manchester. How those little
Manchesters — after coming in a mail
bag in October from near New York
City, standing on an exposed sandy
knoll all winter, with only the pro-
tection of a little soil around the crowns,
and then choking up so badly with
drifting sand in April as to need fre-
quent handling to prevent smother-
ing— finally stood up in early July and
produced the handsomest berries on my
place, is something I can't understand.
I know that such behavior does not
prove that their claims are sure to be
fully established when they are full
grown ; but I guess that I know enough
about Manchester to put it out tus fast
as I can get the plants, and I wish I
had " a good square acre " to bear this
year. The point I regard as doubtful
with this berry is fii-mness. The fruit
seems behind Bidwell in this respect ;
and it is pistillate too, which is a posi-
tive objection in the eyes of many. I
liked the quality better than Bidwell,
but quality, on such young plants,
cannot always be taken as a fair sample.
It is later than Bidwell, and difi*erent
growei-s are likely to fancy it more or

110

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

less than Bidwell, on account of its
success on sandy land, while the former
flourishes on moister soils.

But now for the James Yick. Last
fall I took a notion to turn a good old
stable into a poor apology for a green-
house. Out came a four foot wide
strip for glass along the whole south
side, a* id a second siding of plank
comprising and compressing a warm
lining of tramped pea straw around the
rest of the building, with a small box
stove inside, and complementof common
stove pipes, furnished me, at a total
cost of about $15 with a climate that
plants could live in. Much and hearty
was my mward chuckling at the thought
of the midtitudes of Vicks, Souhegans
and Hansells that should issue in spring
from this sorry looking green house, in
which I now write. But the worst
west winds howled in derision through
my pea straw, and the occasional frosts
they managed to insinuate, combined
with my inexperienced treatment as to
watering, reduced my precious Vicks
from over fifty to a bare dozen, and at
this writing — April 10th — not a run-
ner has started on them, or on the
Manchester, Big Bob, Bay's Prolific
and Shirts, that kept them company.
How I wished that sawdust had been
put in the place of the straw. But if
my spring plantings must come from
open ground, and if my results in this
line are mostly in the way of experience,
I have one bit of experience that I think
will prove uncommonly useful. Of all
these kinds the Vick is making the
greatest promise of fruit. Those mean
little plants that just managed to live
through January are loaded down with
blossoms, and the abundant supply of
pollen is shewn by tlie fine and perfect
shape of the berries already formed.
Manchester near by is growing more
and larger leaves, but is evidently
later, as a blossom bud is only showing
here and there. But the Vick is fairly-

revelling in blossoms. " What is the
fruit like?" That is just what I hope
to know about the time that this
number of the Horticulturist reaches its
readers. But while I must have my
little guess about the James Vick too,
I must only go so far as to prophecy
that its gieat superiority to the other
kinds thus far, must indicate at least a
great tendency to set fruit in open
ground ; the handsome shape of those
already formed would seem to speak
well for its appearance where circum-
stances are more favorable to develop-
ment. I am glad that the peculiarities
of foliage and fruit lead me to disci-edit
the rei)ort of its similarity to Captain
Jack, one of the meanest, sourest de-
ceptions that ever in the guise of straw-
berry net my teeth on edge, and my
temper over the edge. But just how
the berries will taste, how the sunshine
will glance on their blushing cheeks,
and how a single plant will pile them
around in stacks so that a bug cannot
reach the centre without climbing, all
such fascinating points I must leave to
the decision of open ground culture, or
accept on the word of the good men and
true who have been there already. Now
who next will tell what he knows, or
help us to a better guessing ?

TOBACCO FOR THE CABBAGE
BEETLE.

To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist:

I have much pleasure in adding
testimony to the use of tobacco stems
as indited by H. Primrose in your
March number of the Horticulturist.
I have used most successfully for years
the siftings from the tobacco stems on
cabbages and cauliflowers. In spring,
when planted out, they are attacked by
the Black Beetle, especially in bright
sunny days. Having procured in a
box a supply of the tobacco, I drop a
small quantity on each plant. Mr.
Beetle skedadles foi-thwith, the plants

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Ill

are invigorated by its use. I repeat
the dose in a few days if there happens
to be much rain-fall, which washes the
nicotine too soon away. Growei*s, try
it faithfully.

Yours truly,

Geo. Vair.
Chestnut Park, March 19, 1883.
P. S. — Anti-tobacco men may yet
laud the name of Sir Walter Raleigh
for the introduction of the weed.

G. V.

HARDY BORDER PLANTS.

(DUcussion on various hardy harder plants at the
meeting of the Ma-ssachiuset^ Horticultural Society,
held in Boston, February, 1883).

Edward L. Beard said that the nar-
cissus is among the most neglected
plants. They will repay all the care
that can be given them. The double
Narcissus poelicus has a tendency to
blight its buds when the soil becomes
exhausted, but generous feeding will
cause an astonishing improvement, and
the same is the case with the long-tubed
species, such as the Emperor and Em-
press, two very fine new varieties. The
same may be stiid of the Lily of the
valley, which is so generally left to take
care of itself ; and indeed the mistake
is made with many herbaceous plants.
The double Pyrethrums are among the
most desirable plants ; they require
division and good culture. Some herb-
aceous plants will live along without
much care, but the finer kinds require
as much as a bed of roses. The Ane-
mone Japonica, especially the white
variety, may be placed in the fore-
ground of useful plants.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder spoke of
the old double candytuft as having been
so neglected that ten or fifteen years
ago it was introduced as a new plant.
It is very desirable.

Mrs. H. L. T. Wolcott said that her
narcissus buds failed so that she gave
up in despair, but she took them up

and reset them, and every bud gave a
flower.

Dr. Wolcott said there is one plant,
the Fraxinella, which will flourish year
after year without removal ; he knows
a plant seventy-five yeai-s old, wliicn
blooms just as well as ever. It is the
typical hardy perennial.

Mr. Wilder spoke of spirasa sinensis
(known also as Spiroea a^tilhe, or H(d-
ei.a Japonica) as one of the most beauti-
ful herbaceous plants. It forces finely.
Nothing is more gorgeous than the
pseonies, either tree or herbaceous, but
they are much neglected. If the old
dark crimson pseony were introduced
now as new, it would be highly es-
teemed.

Mrs. Wolcott thought it should be
the aim of the society to encourage the
cultivation of plants which are within
the reach of people generally. The
tree pseony is vii-tually out of their
reach. She had tried the fmxinella
over and over again without success.

Mr. Beard thought the fraxinella
likes a clay soil ; a plant which he set
in such a soil five years ago had done
well.

C. M. Hovey said that the fraxinella
should be grown from seed where it is
wanted ; it makes strong woody roots,
with no fibres, and is very difficult to
transplant. The same is the case with
the Asclepias tuber osa, which he es-
teems the most beautiful of all our
native plants. The herbaceous pseony
is everybody's flower ; it is easily grown
and makes an unsurpassed show in the
garden. The delphinium has been
much improved ; some of the new kinds
are apt to die off, but t})e old ones are
very stately. The dahlia is again
coming up in the single fonn.

Mr. Beard spoke of the Everlasting
Pea, either the rose-colored or white
variety, as one of the most beautiful of
garden flowers, scrambling over rocks

112

TFIE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

or a low trellis. If the seed pods are
removed, it will bloom continuously.
Like the fraxinella, it forms immense
roots, and must be raised from seed
where it is wanted. He saw the Glox-
inia cultivated sncessfully in a cold
frame last summer, and forming a most
beautiful sight. When grown in this
way the roots can be easily wintered
by storing them in a temperature of
forty -five degrees. In the spring they
must be started in the house.

E. H. Hitchings mentioned as desir-
able native climbing plants, the Clem-
atis Virginiana, Mikaniass candens and
Apios tuberosa.

Mr. Manning said that the Apios
tuberosa must be grown in sandy soil,
as the tubes decay in rich soil, and
when it thrives it is apt to become a
weed. The Iris Kcempjeri does better
after dividing.

Mr. Hovey recommended the tuber-
ous rooted begonia for planting in the
open air. Some of the varieties are too
delicate, but others grow freely and
blossom up to frost when treated like
gladioli.

Mr. Beard said that the light-colored
varieties stand the sun better than the
dark, and all are benefited by partial
shade, and in such a situation out
doors they do better than under glass.
The double ones are apt to drop their
flowers.

CLOVER SEED MIDGE.
These minute insects are the larvae
(maggots) of the cloverseed midge,
known as Cecidomyia leguminicola,
and also as C. trifolii. It belongs to
the same class of insects as the Hessian
fly, and is about half as large in all its
stages as that insect. The larvse are of
an orange color, looking like any other
minute maggot. It attacks the seed
heads, and when ready to transform in-
to the perfect insect, drops to the ground,

hiding under any shelter, and spins it-
self an oval, compressed, rather tough
cocoon, to which particles of earth ad-
he!-e, thus rendering it difficult to dis-
tinguish. Transformed to the perfect
insect, it issues forth as a long-limbed,
slender, two-winged fly of the general
appearance of the Hessian fly to the un-
scientitic observer. The eggs are de-
[)osited in the young heads of clover,
and the maggot lives on the juices, and
when numerous, destroys the crop. It
has one or two minute species parasitic
on it, but when the fly becomes abun-
dant the only remedy is to quit raising
clover for seed until the insect disap-
pears ; and to be successful, this aban-
donment of the crops must be general
in a locality. — Prairie Farmer.

CHESTNUT OAK, (QUERCUS CAST-
Ayt]A.)

BY JACOB W. MANNING, OF READING, MASS,

(PuhlUhed Feb. 17th in the ''American
IVaveller," of Boston, Mass.

This prominent and distinct member
of the oak family is not so widely dis-
tributed as the gray, red, scarlet,
yellow, swamp, white and pin oaks ;
the last is found mostly from Connecti-
cut south ; all the others are common
in New England forests.

The leaf of the chestnut oak re-
sembles that of the American sweet
chestnut moi'e than any other tree ; it
also has more of the upright habit of
the chestnut when growing in the forest
than any other oak.

The texture of the wood is sufficient-
ly tough and durable to make it m6st
desirable for wheelwright work, ship
timber and planking ; it splits, as I
well remember, when cutting it, into
cordwood more readily than any other
oak, and in this respect it also resembles
the American chestnut.

The best transplanted chestnuts of
this oak that we have seen are at Ben.
Perley Poore's Indian Hill Farm, in

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

113

West Newbury ; they were planted and
still owned by him, and are in the
plantation that took the first ])rize of
$1,000 offered by the State for the best
forest produced by tree planting.

Here the tree is nearly forty feet
high, and is of tall, upright habit, but
has not yet shown the deep-furrowed
bark that is to be seen on older trees ;
it has a peculiar glassy smoothness when
young.

We have seen trees of this oak in
Bedford, N. H., seventy-five feet high;
trees that make the best timber for pile
driving, for the support of buildings
and bridge piers. In open ground it
makes a strong, robust trunk, with
more upright branches than any other
oak named ; the acorn is large, sweet-
flavored, and is produced by quite
young trees ; they sprout freely when
planted fresh from the trees ; like all
species of nuts, they germinate best
when not allowed to dry.

It transplants as safely as any of the
oak family, and as a lawn tree it is not
excelled when a tree of upright habit
and expanding, regular outline is de-
sired.

HOW TO MAKE THE GARDEN PAY,

The garden pays well, even with hand
labor. It would pay much better if the
main Vnirden of the cultivation were put
upon the muscles of the horse. But
the saving of cost in cultivation is only
a small i)art of the benefit of the long-
row arrangement. It would lead to a
much more frequent and thorough culti-
vation of our garden crops. Most far-
mers neglect the garden for their field
crops. The advantage of a frequent
stirring of the surface soil to growing
crops is greatly under-estimated. It is
said that it pays to hoe cabbage every
morning before breakfast during the
early part of the season. We can testify
to the great advantage of cultivation
every week. This frequent breaking of

the crust admits of a freer circulation
of the air among the roots below, and
makes the most of the dews and rains
that fall. The manufacture of plant
food goes on more raj>idly, and to a cer-
tain extent, cultivation is a substitute
for manure. Another benefit of the
long-row system would be the almost
certain enlargement of tlie fruit and
vegetal)le garden, and a better supply of
these fruits for the table. This, we be-
lieve, would have an important sani-
tary influence in every household. —
Amei'ican Ayriculturist.

FRESH FIGS.

The Florida Dispatcli thinks the time
is at hand when we shall be supi)lied
with fresh figs that are fresh, not dried,
and ventures to prophesy as follows :

As a shipping fruit, we predict for the
Fig an immense sale in the near future.
We have, already, many sorts which may
be picked a short time before full ma-
turity, and, like the strawberry, carefully
packed in quart boxes and shipped in
Bo wen' 8 refrigerators to any of the north-
em cities. If not fully mature when pack-
ed, they will ripen in transitu, reaching
the epicurean tables of New York and
Boston as fresh and inviting as when
plucked here from the trees. There can-
not be the slightest doubt that, if fine,
sweet, ripe Figs can be thus safely trans-
ported and properly presented to the peo-
ple of the North, they will speedily become
immensely popular as a dessert fruit ; and
that, to come anywhere near supplying the
coming demand, we shall need a hundred
trees where we now have one.

The possibility of safe transportation in
refrigerators is no untried experiment. It
was successfully accomplished by Col. D.
H. Elliott, of TJie Dispatch, ti year or nwre
ago, and the Figs were sold in New York,
(if our recollection is correct,) at forty
cents per quart. We would jisk no more
profitable or remunerative bimuess than
to produce Figs by the car-load at half or
even one-quarter of that price ; and we
confidently advise all our fruit-growers
who live within reach of transportsition
lines to plant Figs largely and at once.

114

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

EARLY HARVEST BLACKBERRY.

THE EARLY HARVEST BLACK-
BERRY.

The following remarks concerning
this new Blackberry are from the pen
of Mr. Parker Earle, one of the most
extensive small fruit growers of Illinois :

This new Illinois seedling, or, if you
please, "wilding," is attracting a good
deal of attention among backberry culti-
vators. Having tested it in a small way,
and written some words in its favor to
the introductor, I am the recipient of a
multitude of inquiries concerning its
merits. If you will permit me, I will say
all I know about it in the Country
Gentleman, and so possibly save the

fraternity of inquirers, and myself too,
some trouble. First of all, the Early
Harvest is not the same as Brunton's
Seedling, another Illinois production, as
has been stated in some horticultural
papers. The two are much alike as to size
of fruit and season of ripening, and also
in appearence of the plants, but they are
distinctly unlike in their blossoms, the
Harvest having perfect flowers, while the
Brunton is entirely pistillate, and will not
bear a berry without having some good
staminate variety planted with it. Both
these sorts are very early, but which is
first I cannot say, as my experience with
the Brunton was terminated some years
before the Harvest was sent out.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

115

I think the Early Harvest will prove
valuable for tliose growers with whom very
early ripening is an important quality. It
seems to be a few days earlier than the
Wilson, and has some other points of
advantage over that sometimes excellent
kind. It cannot be ranked with it in size,
as the Harvest is only small to medium,
while the Wilson is among the largest.
But the former is far more hardy than the
latter, being equal, and possibly superior
to the Lawton in this important respect.
Th^ Wilson is safest as to the rust, as it is
rarely affected, while the Harvest shows
some weakness in that direction. But
every blossom of the Harvest makes a
berry, and there is an abundance of tliem,
while the Wilson has some radical weak-
ness in its flowers, Avhich sometimes in the
])est situjvtion, and always in many locali-
ties, produce more abortions than perfect
berries. The Harvest has not yet been
marketed in any considerable quanity,
and it is not safe to say how well it may
please the trade. But as a berry for
home use, it has unquestionable value,
because of its earliness and reliable pro-
ductiveness.— Cou7itry Gentleman.

In the Farm and Garden we find
the following : —

Early Harvest is very distinct in growth
and foliage from any other cultivated
variety, and its name, aside from its
pretty sound, is singularly appropriate,
ripening as it does just as the earliest
winter wheat is in condition to harvest.
The canes are of strong, upright growth
and branching and immensely productive.
Berries of excellent quality ; and although
not large are of good size, averaging larger
than Snyder. What adds much value to
the variety, especially for the fruit-
grower, it ripens its entire crop in a few
days, and is all gone when the Wilson
and other of the early kinds begin to
turn black. While the Early Harvest
is a good blackberry in other respects,
its distinctive value, is its earliness,
ripening as it does far in advance of all
other varieties, which, together with its
good size, large yield, and hardy, healthy
canes, render it of almost inestimable
value, either for the amateur or profes-
sional fruit-grower.

CABBAGES.

AT THE NEW YORK ARCICULTURAL EXPERIMFNT
STATION.

Twenty-eight varieties of cabbage,
early and late, were tested under gar-
den culture. The seeds — thirty of each
sort — were planted in the cold-frame
April 7th and 8th, and the plants tran-
splanted to the garden April 27th, in
rows three feet apart, plants two feet
apart in rows, the soil made moderately
rich and the plants kept cultivated
thoroughout the season with a hoe.

One of the first troubles which we
met was in the varieties not coming
true to name, although the seeds were
procured of one of our most reliable
seedsmen. Thus, Henderson's Early
Summer gave but thirteen genuine
plants, Schweinfurt Quintal twenty-
five. Sugar Loaf fifteen, American
Savoy thirteen, etc. But little differ-
ence was ])erceived in the time required
for vegetation, varying only from 9 to
10 days in the varieties. There was,
liowever, quite a large difference be-
tween the germinative powers of the
different varieties of seed. In no cas^,
howevei-, did all thirty seeds vegetate.
In two cases twenty -nine seeds; in four
cases twenty-eight; in two cases twenty-
seven ; in two cases twenty-five ; in one
case twenty-four ; in two cases twenty-
three; in six cases twenty-two, etc.
The first to arrive at edible maturity
was the Early Ox heart and the Nonpa-
riel on July 26th. Vilmorin's Early
Flat Dutch and Newark Early Flat
Dutch came two days later, then follow-
ed, on August 1st, the Early Ulni
Savoy, the Early Jersey Wakefield,
and the Ejirly Winningstad ; on August
4th, Cannon-ball and little Pixie; on
Augn.st lltli, Hendei-son's F]arly Sum-
mer, Cmne's Early, Schweinfurt Quin-
tal, Early Blood Red Erfurt ; on August
15th, Sugar Loaf, Fottler's Improved

116

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Early Brunswick, Large York and
Danish Drumhead ; on August 22, Pre-
mium Flat Dutch, Improved American
Savoy, Early Bleicheld, Early York,
Stone Mason, Red Drumhead, Drum-
head Savoy and Red Dutch ; on Sep-
tember 1st, St. Dennis Drumhead, and
on October 17th, Bergen Drumhead.
Those plants which produced as
many heads as there were plants, were
Sch weinfurt Quintal and Early Winning-
stadt. Green Glazed produced no heads,
and among those which produced but
few may be mentioned, the Early Ulm
Savoy, seven heads from twenty-nine
plants ; Henderson's Early Summer,
ten heads from twenty-eight plants ;
Sugar Loaf, nine heads from twenty-
two })lants ; Fottler's Improved Early
Brunswick, twelve heads from twenty-
eight plants ; Improved American Sa-
voy, eight heads from twenty-seven
plants; Early York, five heads from
twenty-two plants; Drumhead Savoy
seven heads from nineteen plants ; Ber-
gen Drumhead, five heads from twelve
plants ; St. Dennis Drumhead, six
heads from twenty-three plants. Select-
ing the few varieties which commend
themselves to us, we can name the Vil-
morin's Early Flat Dutch, at edible
maturity July 28th, nineteen seeds ger-
minating, giving seventeen , heads, and
the trimmed heads weighing about four
pounds apiece; the Newark Early
Flat Dutch, at edible maturity July
28th, furnishing nineteen heads from
the twenty-two seeds which vegetated,
and the trimmed heads weighing about
5 J lbs. ; the Early Winningstadt, which
was edible August 1st, furnished twenty-
three heads from t wenty-thi*ee plants
which vegetated, the trimmed heads
weighing about three and half lbs. ; the
Sch weinfurt Quintal, which was ready
for the table August 11th, which gave
twenty-four heads from twenty-nine
plants, the trimmed heads weighing
about seven lbs., and very solid.

CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.

We were ti'oubled considerably by
the ravages of the cabbbage butterfly,
pieris rapce, or rather by its larvae. The
Butterfly was seen flying about the
j)lants early in summer, and in the
latter part of June the first brood of
caterpillars appeared These did less
destruction, however, than the second
brood, which came about the middle of
August. In order to test the efiicacy
of a few of the so-calle 1 remedies 'for
the cabbage worm, we confined some of
the caterpillars in a bottle and noted
their behavior under various treatments.
One specimen confined for three hours in
a bottle partly filled with black pepper
crawled away discolored by the powcler,
but apparently unharmed. The second
rej)eatedly immersed in a solution of
saltpeter, and a third in one of Boracic
acid exhibited little indicatioiis of in-
convenience. Bi-sulphide of carbon
produced instant death when applied
to the worm, though its fumes were not
efiectual. The fumes of benzine as well
as the liquid, caused almost instant
death, but when ap})lied to the cabbages,
small whitish excrescences appeared on
the leaves. Hot water applied to the
cabbage destroyed a portion of the
worms, causing also the leaves to turn
yellow. One ounce of saltpetre and
two pounds common salt dissolved in
three gallons of water, formed an appli-
cation which was partly efficient. The
most satisfactory remedy tested, how-
ever, consisted of 'i mixture of |^ lb,
each of hard soap and kerosene oil in
three gallons of water. This was appli-
ed August 26th, and examination the
following day showed many, if not all,
of the worms destroyed.

The growing cabbage presents such
a mass of leaves in which the caterpil-
liars may be concealed that it is hardly
possible to reach all the worms at one
application. It is of importance, there-
fore, to repeat the use of any remedy at

THE ClNAniAN HORTICULTURIST.

117

frequent intervals. — E. Lewis Sturte-
VANT, M. D., Director.

FRUITS IN ENGLAND.

The extent to which our supplies of
fruit, for all purposes, are now furnished
by the market is most suggestive and
instructive, especially when we reflect how
much of it couies from foreign sources.

At this season, the most prominent feat-
ures of the fruiter's store are the apples
and pears and pine apples Writers may
say what they like about the comparative
excellence of English apples and pears,
but so long as Newtown Pippins are in the
market, and French pears, both seem to
be preferred. And look at the prices
^'(jod .s;i.aples of the latter have been fetch-
ing in the retail fruiterers' shops ! Taking
it altogether, there are few or no apples
which surpass the Newtown Pippin It
is an excellent keeper in the barrel, turn-
ing out in the soundest condition months
.ifter it has been stored. We have fre-
<iuently unpacked in January barrels that
were filled when the fruit was gathered,
in which there was hardly one decayed
fruit, and very few bruised ones ; but in
the barrel the bruised fruits do not decay
as they rapidly do on exposure, so that
the fruit is best kept in the barrel, stored
in a dry, cool cellar or some such place.
The reason the fruit does not rot when
bruised is no doubt because of the air be-
ing excluded, as the apples, being firmly
pjicked together, do not shift on the jour-
ney ; and where they squeeze each other
so closely the air cannot reach them. The
wonder is, however, that there are so few
damaged fruits in the barrels, the quantity
not being worth mentioning. No doubt
tlie excellence of these apples hinders
home culture very much, for numbers,
knowing they can supply their wants at
this season at little cost and trouble, do
not think of growing their own fruit — the
market is their orchard When a large
•luantity is wanted, the best way is to buy
in the barrel at the seaport, and keep
them in the barrels. A fruit room is not
needed in this case. The best brand
should also be secured. Other varieties
of American apples are also sold very ex-
tensively, and at a cheai)er rate than the
Newtown.

In selecting good sorts for general culti-
vation the Americans have entirely beaten
the English growers, and this, more than
anything else, has tended to promote the
American apple trade, the origin of which
may be said to date from yesterday. It
is now beginning to be realized where our
mistake has bt-en, and there is an earnest
desire exhibited to imitate American culti-
vators in the matter of selection ; but,
while the latter have long since settled
the main problem for themselves, we are
still only groping in the dark, so to tjpeak,
as regards the best sorts to grow. The
American horticultural societies have no
doubt greatly promoted the apple trade,
for they have been far more practial and
nationally useful than similar societies in
this country. Their objects have been of
greater national importance, and they
have done much to foster the cultivation
of useful fruits and vegetables all over the
States. In presence of the American
societies for the promotion of horticulture,
British enterprise in the same direction
dwindles into the most insignficant pro-
portions ; for, although the Royal Horti-
cultural Society is one of the oldest in ex-
istence, and has had great opportunities,
it has a poor record to show. Its aims
have been paltry and frivolous in most
instances, and instead of leading it has
been led ; for it would be difficult to
mention any important service to horti-
culture which it has conferred. The vine,
pine, peach, apple, and pear, &c., have
been objects of improvement and culture
but ill none of these has the Horticul-
tural Society ever rentlered any signal
service. If, when it had the chance, it
had set to work to find out what sorts of
fruits were best for English gardens, and
what kinds of hardy fruits succeeded best
in different parts of the country, or
attempted some useful task of that des-
cription among the many open to it, what
might not have been accomplished by this
time ? There have been, and always arc,
important problems interesting and engag-
ing the attention of horticulturists, which
might often suggest work for a society
which professes to be national in its aims ;
but the Royal Society has usually set about
demonstrating such i)roblems, when it did
try, long after other people were satisfied
of their utility. — Oardenen,* ChronicU.

118

THE CANAPIAN H'^LTICULTURIST.

A PROFITABLE PEAR ORCHARD. !
Franklin Davis, the veteran fruit I
grower of Richmond, Ta., gives an |
account, in his report to the Araei'ican j
Pomological Society, of the pear orcliar J \
of the Old Dominion Fruit-growing
Company. The ground w4iich it occu-
pies is on the south bank of the James
river, 75 miles below Richmond. The
farm belonging to the company contains
500 acres, mostly sandy loam, under-
laid with shell-marl from 5 to lo feet
below the surface, with a natural drain-
age. About 18,000 peach trees were
planted from 18G0 to 1867, but the
fruit rotted badly, and the orchard was
neglected. At the same time a few
])ear trees was set out. About 1871
the pear trees gave handsome fruit,
which sold well in market. The owner
then saw that it was the place for pears,
and next year set out 1,000 Bartletts.
The following spring 400 more Bart-
letts were added, and 600 Claj)p's favor-
ite. In 1873 the above named com-
pany was incorporated, and the farm
passed into its hands, with a capital
stock of $20,000, in 200 shares of $100
each. Nine thousand more trees were
set out the following spring, and the
same number a year later. The or-
chard now numbers over 20,000 trees,
or over 1 9,000 Bartletts. When plant-
ed they were 1 and 2 year trees, were
cut back to a foot of the ground, and
were thus made quite low headed,
which form was thought to be best suited
to that climate. Twenty or thirty
acres are annually planted with corn,
as much more with peanuts, and the
i-emainder with black peas, plowed un-
der in autumn. This, with the marl,
constitutes nearly the only fertilizing
Clapp's Favorite ripens about the
first of July, and the Bartletts from the
10th to the 25th. The fruit is care-
fully assorted and graded, and packed
in boxes holding a bushel each, made
of |-inch dressed lumber, and nearly

water-tight. It carries better and
ripens better in tight boxes. Being
gathered ten days before ripe, time is
allowed for conveyance to New-York
and Bo.^ton, and for the arrangements
of the commission merchant and the
retailer.

The company paid $12,000 for the
farm, leaving ^S, 000 for [)lanting trees,
and various other expenses. The first
dividend was paid in 1880. The pear
crop brought $4,000, which, with the
balance in the treasury from the previ-
ous year, gave a cash dividend of 20
per cent, on the capital. In 1881, four
thousand boxes of pears were sold, with
net returns of $13,684, out of which 50
l)er cent, was paid to the stockholdei-s,
besides 10 per cent, set aside for current
expences. Most of the trees were set
I out within the last eight years, and
' are still compai-atively small.
I The two valuable facts taught by
this successful experiment are — \.
i Choosing a site which previous experi-
1 ence had proved well adapted to pear-
growing ; ami 2. Planting the orchard
whei-e the fruit would ripen four to six
weeks before that of the multitude of
orchards at the North, but easy of access
to northern cities, to which the boxes
could be conveyed for less than 25 cents
each. Another imi)ortant point was in
secui'ing the last named advantage be-
fore other southern orchards were under
way, to dispute the profits of the early
market. — Country Gentleman.

Kieffkr's Hybrid. — This new and
unique pear was raised by Peter iCiefier,
Roxbury, near Philadelphia, from seed
of the Chinese Sand ])ear, accidently
crossed with Beurre d' Anjou or some
other kind grown near it. Tree remark-
ablv viijorous, havini; lai-fje, dark screen,
glossy leaves, and is an early and very
})rolific bearer. The fruit is of good
size, good color, good quality, and is a
promising variety for the table or mar-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

119

ket. Fruit medium, roundish oval,
narrowing at both ends, with the larg-
est diameter near the centre. Some
specimens roundish, inclining to oblong
obtuse pyriform ; skin deep yellow,
orange yellow in the sun — a few patches
and nettings of russet, and many
brown russet dots ; stalk short to
medium, moderately stout: c.ivity medi-
um ; calyx open ; basin medium, a
little uneven ; flesh whitish, a little
coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet ; qual-
ity very good, j)artaking slightly of the
Chinese sand pears. Ripens all of
October and a part of November. To
have it in perfecion, it should be gath-
ered when fully grown, and ripened in
the house.

THE DRIED FRUIT BUSINESS.
The evaporating process is working
a revolution in the dried fruit industry,
especially with the product of the
apjjle. It renders the dried article
so far superior in appearence and
([uality to that produced by the old
methods, that the latter have been
nearly driven from the market. Evap-
orated a])ples become a staple wherever
they are known, and the scope of their
market is constantly growing wider.

" An increased demand for dried fruit
tends to create an increased demand
for green fruit, and operates favorably
to the business of fruit production. By
utilizing the surplus of apples in sea-
sons of over-Y)roduction, the evaporat-
ing process helps to equalize and ensure
the apple market. Large evaporators,
located in extensive apple-producing
regions, by appro})riating a vast amount
of fruit that would otherwise be forced
upon the market, make room for the
product of thousands of orchards.

The tendency of this revolution in
apple drying is to make the production
of apples a reliable business. We
think that farmers who have come to
the conclusion that apple growing is
unprofitable need no longer fear to set

out apple trees. In average seasons
the fruit will always be in demand; and
in yearsof over production, which have
heietofore been a dread, it will com-
mand a price that will well repay har-
vesting. — llie Husbandman.

THE GR.APE.

Pi-obably never before in the history
of Grape-culture have so many new
varieties of promise been offered in
competition for preference. Consider-
ing the vigor, ]>roductiveness, quality,
and beauty of many of these new candi-
dates, I am led to predict something of
a revolution in Grape-growing. It
would seem inevitable that many rid
favorites will be supplanted. That the
interest is reviving there can be no
doubt, and there are several reasons for
it: First, Grape-growing in this country
has never received the attention it
deserves. Second, the failure of many
of the large vineyards of France calls
attention to this country. Third,
Giape-growing, intelligently pursued,
without extravagant ex{)ectations, is a
profitable occupation over a large tract
of our country. Fourth, the successful
attem|)t to originate improved vaiieties
is in harmony with the advance in other
branches of i)omology, but somewhat in
advance, as may be seen by a glance at
a few of the new white Grapes. Lady
Washingtt)n, Niagara, Prentiss, Duch-
ess, smd Pocklington are the leading
new white Grapes, that have originated
in Nevv York; there are numerous others
that have not yet attracted much atten-
tion. From Missouri we have seven
new white Grapes that are exceedingly
promising in that State. In summing
up the record of the other States it will
be seen that the supply is am])le, yet
the new colored Grapes are still more
numerous. It is a pleasure to test these
novelties in the garden, and we have no
reason for a[)prehending danger from
the avalanche of white clustei^s imj>end-
ing. — Charles A. Oreen.

120

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE OLD FARM GATE.

The old farm-gate hangs sagging down,
On rusty hinges, bent ajid brown,
Its latcii is gone, and, here and there
It shows rude traces of repair.

The old farm-gate has seen each 5'ear,
The blossoms bloom and disappear ;
The bright green leaves of spring unfold,
And turn to Autumn's red and gold.

The children have upon it clung.
And in and out with rapture swung,
When their young hearts were good and pure.
When hope was fair and faith was sure.

Beside that gate have lovers true.

Told the old story, always new ;

Have made their vows, have dreamed of bliss,

And sealed each promise with a kiss.

The old farm-gate has opened wide
To welcome home the new-made bride.
When lilacs bloomed, and locusts fair,
With their sweet fragrance filled the air.

That gate with rusty weight and chain
Has closed upon the solemn train,
That bore her lifeless form away.
Upon a dreary Autumn day.

The lichens gray and mosses green,
Upon its rotting posts are seen,
Initials, carved with youthful skill.
Long years ago, are on it still.

Yet dear to me above all things.
By reason of the thoughts it brings.
Is that old gate, now sagging down.
On rusty hinges, bent and brown.

EuGKNE J. Hall.

Forcing Rhubarb. — Outside of places
where there are professional gardeners, the
forcing of vegetables is very little known in
this country. People in general are content
with "things in their season," and do not
trouble themselves to force or retard. Per-
haps the easiest vegetable to force is rhubarb ;
and by taking a little trouble, material for
pies and sauce may be had some weeks in
advance of the supply from the open ground.
The things needed are clumps of rhubarb
roots, soil, and a dark warm place. The
roots should be dug before the ground
freezes, but in most places there is usually
an "open spell " when it maybe done. As
fine rhubarb as we ever saw was forced in a
a barrel or cask ; the roots packed in on a
layer of soil and surrounded by it, the cask
covered tight, and set near the furnace in
the cellar. A box to hold the roots, and set
in a cupboard or closet in the kitchen will
answer ; or a box or barrel may be placed in
the kitchen. Keep moderately warm, and
see that the roots are sufficiently moist. A

few roots will give an astonishingly abundant
supply, much more tender and crisp and less
violently sour than the out-door crop. —
American Agriculturist.

PAPER BAGS ON GRAPES.

The following is the result of the
Rural New-Yorker'' s experiment with
paper bags : —

In order to ascertain Avhat effect paper
bags have in preserving grapes, we have
left a number of bunches bagged until the
present time (Oct. 20). To-day we removed
them from several bunches of Wilder and
Highland to find the berries plump and
perfect in every way. Goethe (Rogers No.
1) were mildewed, though less than those
uncovered. JN othing remained of bunches
of El Dorado (Rickets) except trac3s of the
stems. This bagging of grapes, though it
will not keep many of Rickett's squeamish
hybrids and other ne'er-do-wells of the
same sort, is a splendid success upon most
kinds, and the person who first suggested
it is entitled to the thanks of all who
love to cultivate the queen of fruits, as we
think the grape is richly entitled to be
considered. Nothing in fruit culture has
ever given us greater pleasure than, upon
removing the paper bags, to find the clus-
ters as perfect as if made of wax. Every-
body will bag his grapes, or some of them,
at any rate, another year, and the grape
displays at fairs will show the results.

At the October meeting of the Mont-
gomery County (Ohio) Horticultural So-
ciety, Mrs. Longstreth stated that she had
tried paper bags, and with results so satis-
factory that she wished to impress upon all,
whether they had a few or many vines,
the efficiency of this rather novel and to
many, new way of protecting grapes. She
had noted the difference in vines so pro-
tected, growing by the side of those not
protected. The difference in favor of those
thus protected was so marked that she
knows she does not err in commending
the method in the highest terms. The
labor of doing it is but slight. A woman
can put on one hundred per hour. By
this method the bloom is preserved and
and the mildew and rot guarded against. —
Rural New Yorker.

PRINTED AT THE STEAM PKES3 ESTABLISHMENT OF COPP, CL/RK & CO., COLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

PBEITISS.

White, best quality, early, good grower, very productive, hardy, good keeper. Is a
native seedling with no foreign blood. Sells wholesale in New York at 15 to 18 cents per pound.
Flesh tender, sweet, melting, juicy, with a pleasant musky aroma. Quality the best.
Ripens with Concord. *

THE

VOL. VL]

JUNE, 1883.

[No. 6.

WHITE GRAPES.

Just now there seems to be a strong
desire in the ))ublic mind to get what
are termed white grapes of good quality.
There has been a good supply of black
and red varieties, but none of the white
grapes, up to a very recent date, have
met the requirements of the time.
Allen's Hybrid, though a beautiful fruit
and very good in quality, had not
sufficient constitution to endure the
atmospheric changes of our climate,
h6nce sooner or later it fell a prey to
the mildew and ceased to be. Martha,
though possessing great constitutional
hardiness and ability to endure our
climate, is not enougii better than its
parent, the Concord, to suit the demand
for high quality, and purity of flavor,
nor for its time of ripening sufficiently
attractive in pei-sonal appearance to
meet all that is demanded. The Lady
has not yet been long enough in the
hands of the public, nor sufficiently
widely disseminate 1 to enable one to
8peak positively of its merits, yet if we
may venture to give utterance to
present impressions, we should sjiy it
too will be found wanting in consti-
tutional vigor, and that while in the
hands of some cultivators it will be valu-
ed for its early ripening and agreeable

flavor ; in the hands of the masses it
will not prove to be a success. The
Pocklington has been the most exten-
sively planted in Ontario of any of the
white grapes, and very soon we shall
know what is the popular verdict. Its
larg(^ size and showy appearance, and
its hardy constitution are in its favor,
while its time of ripening and foxy
flavor will leave ample room for an
earlier variety having less of the native
aroma. The variety which is so well
illustrated in the colored plate which
accompanies this number, known as the
Prentiss, is now being tested. It is the
intention of the directors of the Fruit
Growers' Association to present to each
subscriber who may desire it, a year-
ling i)lant of this vine in the spring of
1884, for triiil. It is said to be a seed^
ling of the Isabella, to ripen earlier
than its parent, and to be very produc-
tive. The writer has tasted some
samples of this variety shewn at the
fruit exhibitions, and was favorably
impressed with the quality. It is not
foxy like Martha, Pocklington and
Niagara, nor is it as high flavore<l as
lona, Jefferson or Brighton. In size of
bunch and berry it is not equal to
Pocklington, but better than Martha,

122

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

as a dance at the illustration will shew.
It is to be hoped that those who plant
it will not fail to report their opinion
of its merits through the columns of
the Canadian Horticulturist. This is
the object which the directors seek to
attain in the annual gift of some plant
to our readers, hoping in this way to
be able to disseminate valuable inform-
ation from the experience of many in
different localities.

MIOE-GIEIDLED TREES.

Many orchai-ds have suffered severely
from mice during the past winter, and
though it is now too late to remedy the
injury in the manner mentioned below,
we nevertheless give it to our readei*s
while the subject is before us, in the
hope that at some other time they will
be able to refer to it should occasion
require.

The following illustrations which we
have had prepared will fully explain
the process. The method is taken from
the Country Gentleman.

A tree that has been girdled by mice
will present the appearance, more or
less complete,
shewn in the an-
nexed cut. The
sap can not circu-
late from the root
to the branches
because the bark
has been eaten
away, but if we
can restore the

Tree Girdled by Mice, means of circula-
tion then the sap will ascend and
descend as before. This is what it is
proposed to do by means of small
branches or young shoots inserted so
as to bridge over the injured portion.
The shoots or scions may be chosen of
such size as that they shall be propor-

tioned to the size of the tree, and not
too stiff to be somewhat elastic. These
shoots are to be sharpened wedge form
at each end, and openings made with a
chisel in the bark above and below the
girdled pai-t. The manner of insertion
is shewn in the illustration. It will
hardly be necessary to say that the
scions used should be
living branches of a
treeof the same species,
and that it is advisable
to insert the butt end
into the bark on the
lower side of the in-
jury. They should be
of such a length that

Shewing how the

they can be easily in-
serted by bending them
Scions ARE INSERTED, a little, and when in-
serted be nearly straight. The sap
will then flow through the bark of the
twigs which have been inserted, and
the circulation between the root and
branches restored. When the work is
completed the tree will have the ap-
pearance shewn in the following cut.
After the scions
have been inserted,
from four to six
in number, they
should be bound
firmly with a strip
of cotton cloth to
keep them in their
place, and the
points of insertion
covered with graf-
ting wax. The best
time for doing this is early in the spring
before the buds open.

The Country Gentleman gives an
account of a person who had a large
pear orchard girdled by the mice. He
employed three men who thus bridged
from sixty to eighty trees each per day
with four scions to each tree, and out
of the twelve hundred thus treated he
lost only sixty trees, and that because

Appearance when
completed.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

123

the work was btidly done by a careless
bungler. Where the work was well
done all lived.

CORRESPONDENCE.

EXTERMINATION OF WHITE GRFBS.

It has been a matter of consideiable
surprise to me that such journals as the
American Agriculturist and such bodies
as the Fruit Grower's Association of
Ontario, have decided that nothing can
be done to cnt short the supply of white
grubs. To produce a marked effect in
this case as in the case of most of the
insects, a general war is highly desirable.
If there is a supply of available chil-
dren they will enter into the sport with
gi*eat glee. A supply of ducks or other
fowls to consume the raw product is no
disadvantage. Early in June, so soon
as the May beetles (the parents of the
gi'ubs) make their appearance, is the
time to operate the most effectually.
The beetles may often be found in the
daytime in cracks and crevices in the
ground, and more especially at the
roots of plum trees, and here the ducks
will be seen seai-ching for them. But
so soon as the shades of evening are
fairly settled the great beetle harvest
begins.

One child carries the stoppered can
or large bottle, another carries the lan-
tern, if the night is dark, and the fun
begins. Many can be picked from the
plum tree, but jarring is the quickest
method. By making the round of the
plum trees a few times the local su])ply
will be bottled in short order. A few
may be found on cherry trees and a
few on raspberry bushes, but the plum
trees are their headquarters.

By catching them every evening for
a few weeks, one family will destroy
beetles enough to furnish a full suj)ply
of grubs for several acres of ground. If
fruitgrowers generally would pay at-

tention to the beetles at the time spoken
of their numbers would be greatly dim-
inished. Where clean cultivation is
the rule grubs do not incline to deposit
their eggs. A growth of grass or weeds,
or of say strawberries, gives them some-
thing to found their hopes upon. Sod
land is often very full of grubs, which
proceed to destroy strawberries or pota-
toes if planted thei-eon. After a few
years good cultivation the grubs dis-
appear. Salt is used as a remedy, but
it is doubtful if enough to destroy the
grubs would not destroy the vegetable
crop as well. Remedies in this as in
other cases get a cheap reputation be-
cause the trouble happens to disappear
simultaneously with their application.
I train hens to follow the plough and
eat the grubs. Robins understand
the grub business better than anybody
else. My lawn was nearly destroyed
by grubs. In the fall a few robins
took the contract of resurrecting those
grubs. They did it thusly : Hop
along. Listen. Down goes the robin's
bill. Out comes the grub. A brief ray
of sunshine and then all is darkness for
that grub. I suspect, too, that crows
know more about grubs than they have
ever told us.

E. MORDEN.
Drummondville, Ont.

CODLIN MOTH.

To THK Editor of the Canadian Hokticulturist.

Sir, — We sustained very little injury
last year from the ravages of the Cod-
lin Moth, but in the course of the sum-
mer I noticed in the agricultural de-
partment of the Toronto Globe a receipt
for capturing the moths, by hanging
wide-mouthed ghiss jars under the
branches of the trees containing a mix-
ture of water and molasses, or sugar
and vinegar, so I resolved to try ic.
I hung up in different parts of my
orchard, about one acre in extent, three
glass preserve jars with the al>oy«-

124

THE CANADIAN HORTfCULTURlST.

mentioned mixture in them, and a few
days after found some of the moths
caught. I let tiiem remain, and in an-
other week or so the water was full of
moths and some beetles of a black color
with wide ivory bands around them. I
sent a specimen to the agricultural
editor of the Globe, and found it was
one of the burying beetles. I had to
empty tlie jars more than once during
the fall and replace the mixture, and
destroyed some hundreds of moths.
Whether they were all Codlin Moths 1
cannot say. One of my neighbors,
who rather prides himself on his fruit-
growing, was here one day, and I took
him into my orchard and showed him
one of the jars with moths in it. He
took out his pocket-book and made a
note of the proportions of water, mo-
lasses and vinegar, and after all made
no use of them. I mentioned the mat-
ter to others, but could not get them
to follow my example. The plum
growers in the vicinity of Owen Sound
were entire strangers to the curculio
until last year, when that pest made
its a})pearance in one or two orchards
at the upper end of this township. I
fear it will sj)read all over this part of
the country in a few years more, and if
it can only be kept in check by frequent
jarring of the trees, I think I shall let
the plums go — the few I have at least.
I have a Mountain Ash growing near
my house which was formerly desj)oiled
of its berries before Christmas by the
birds, but strange to say no birds med-
dled with it last fall, although in the
winter it was visited by a small Hock
of the northern grosbeaks, that effectu-
ally cleared off its berries. I notice in
the columns of the Brant Review that
that pest, the English rabbit, is becom-
ing troublesome in the County of Brant.
Several had been shot or trapped in the
gardens around Paris recently. They
will hardly ever become such a nuisance
as they are in Australia and New

Zealand. In a wild state in England
the female produces eight litters of from
four to eight, sometimes more, young
at a time. The period of gestation is
thirty days, and the female is in he;it
on the third day afterwards. They aie
capable of procreation at three months'
old. It has been calculated that if
allowed to breed unmolested one year,
would increase in four years to con-
siderably over a million, the piecise
number I do not now recollect. In
England their increase is kept in check
by the weasels, sloats, foumarts, foxes,
hawks and owls. I hope a combined
effort will be made by the farmers,
wherever they appear, to destroy them
root and branch. They are said to be
spreading over Australia at the rate of
one hundred miles a year. At this
rate how long will they be in extending
from Paris, County Brant, to St. Catha-
I'ines 1 Our long and severe winters
may help to keep them in check in some
degree, as they cannot well burrow in
winter, and every burrow made in the
summer would have a chance to be
stopped up by the snow in the winter.
They cannot so well burrow in heavy
clay soils, but in sandy and loamy soils
they can soon honeycomb a field unless
they are destroyed.

Charles Julyan.
Presqu' Isle, Sarawak, Co. Grey.

SMALL FRUITS IN OROXO.
Mr. Editor, — Having been a reader
of your valuable monthly for many
years past, I think it no more than j'ust
that I should say something as to its
merits. My father was a subscriber to
it, I believe, from its very beginning,
and after his decease I found it to my
benefit to still continue it ; and I would
say farther, that the monthly, with its
yearly premiums, I would not be with-
out for any other published, and this

THE CANADIAN HORTICDLTCHIST.

125

vfttir I have added a few names to its
already long list. I see that at the
time of writing some of the premiums
have come, and the subscribers are
highly pleased with the same.

I do a little in the fruit-raising,
especially the small-fruits, and grapes. I
have some twenty vines growing, among
them some sixteen varieties, viz.. Con-
cord, Burnet, Delaware, Salem, Aga-
wam, Moore's Early,Brighton, Hartford,
J luesville, <fec., which have all fruited.
The Burnet, which wcs sent as premium,
has shown some splendid fruit, it being
almost an amber color when ripe and
most delicious. The Concord is a fine
grape, a good bearer, and the berries
very large. I believe it to be a fii-st-
class gi-ape for anybody to cultivate.
Tlie Brighton seems to be a good grower,
aud the fruit ripens earlier than other
kin Is, aud seems to be of a tasteless
nature and very small. The Janes ville
makes very little ]>rogress, has frr.ited
three yeai*s, is inclined to mildew or
get scabby. The Delaware is tlie best
grower of all, and the fruit is best for
eating when first picked.

I have great trouble with the birds,
especially the robins, and find no better
remedy than shooting them as soon as
the fruit begins to ripen. I have noticed
complaints of the same quite frequently,
but no remedy.

As for strawberries there is a con-
siderable quantity grown, the favorite
kinds being Wilson, Crescent and
Sharphiss. The first named I have
grown bushels, but the latter kinds I
h ivc only planted one yeiir They are
now all in blow, and the signs of fruit
are apparently good. I have under cul-
tivation, at pn^sent, only an acre.

Thinking I have encroached too much
on your valuable columns, I am a well-
wisher of the C. //.,

A. A. Tucker.

Orono, May, 1883.

Mr. Editor, — Will you please let
me know through the Horticulturist if
cuttings from the Concord grape, also
Rogers' hybrids, Nos. .3, 4, 9, 1.^, 22,
44, can be propagated in the open air
or any of them, and oblige a

New Subscriber.

Ans. — Yes ; all of them. — Ed. Can.
Hort.

TRKE PLANTIXCx ACT.
To Secretary 0. F. G. Association.

Dear Sir, — I am directed by resolu-
tion of the Council of the corporation
of the municipality of Hope, to state
that a by-law in conformity with the
" Ontario Tree Planting Act " was
passed at its last regular meeting, held
on the 14th day of March, 1883.
Respectfully, &c.,

E. E. DoDDS,

Clerk.
Port Hope, Ont., 22nd Mar., 1883.

It is gratifying to be able to lay before
our readers this notice of the action
taken by tne municipality of Hope, and
though this is the only letter of the
kind received, we trust that it is not
the only instance in which municipali-
ties have taken such action. — Ed Can.
Hort.

To THK Editor of the Canadian Horticulturi«jt,

Sir, — Please answer the following
questions : —

1. For how many years is it advis-
able to grow raspberries on the same
ground ? 2. Also strawberries 1 3.
May gi*ape vines and fruit trees be
pruned when frozen ] My Burnet
grape has fruited for the last three
years but has never ripened. R.

Toronto, 6th Feb., 1883.

1. From six to eight years. 2. Two,
or at most, three. 3. If you do not
wish to use the scions or cuttings and
do not make large wounds.

126

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

HORTICULTURAL GOSSIP, XV.

BY L. WOOLVERTON, GKIMSBY.

The Univirse. — I have just been
reading a book that I would like to
place in the hands of every horticuU

nrist who has a taste for readinj

It

is entitled " The Universe ; or, the
infinitely great, and the infinitely
little : " it is written by Dr. Pouchet,
Director of the Museum of Natural
History, at Rouen, &c., was published
in London in 18S2, and contains 518
pages with 270 fine wood engravings.
Everyone cannot be a tiiorough student
of such sciences as Botany, F'ntomology,
Geology and Natural History, a know-
ledge of which to so large an extent
contributes to success in fruit culture ;
nor has every one a taste for the scien-
tific nomenclature or the technical
language of science ; but a book of this
kind })laces before one, in a manner as
attractive as a novel, a carefully
arranged and beautifully illustrated
mass of interesting details drawn from
these subjects.

The vegetable kingdom, for instance,
is treated under such heads as the fol-
lowing, viz. : The Anatomy of Plants,
The Physiology of Plants, The Sleep of
Plants, Vegetable Sensibility, The
Movements of Plants, Physiology of
Plowers, The Nuptials of Plants, Seed
and Germination, Giants of the Vege-
table Kingdom, Vegetable Longevity,
Migrations of Plants.

I am informed that a most valuable
and attractive book on the insect world
will soon be published by the worthy
President of our Society. T am sure
from what we already know of his
ability in that branch of study, and
from his attractive style of writing,
that we shall each eagerly await the
opportunity to become possessed of so
interesting and useful a work.

Some errors corrected. — Among other
interesting points touched upon in Dr.

Pouchet's work, are those of Absorbtion
and Circulation in plants. He shows
that moisture and other elements are
absorbed from the soil by the micro-
scopic spongioles which terminate the
young and almost invisible capillaiy
filaments that cover the newly-formed
roots. This absorbtion is not, however,
direct, as any student of Botany knows,
for there is no open end through which
it can take ])lace ; but each spongiole is
composed of one or more elongated
cells, through the young and thin walls
of which absorbtion takes place by a
process called endosmose ; and it is by
the same process that the elements of
nourishment are distiibuted frt)m cell
to cell throughout the tree. The young
roots, however, soon become covered
with a skin, which becomes harde?-,
thicker with age, and through which
absoi-btion can scarcely take place at all.
It will thus be evident that the com-
mon custom of piling manure and ashes
closely about the trunks of trees for the
purpose of nourishing them, is a great
blunder, because that is just where the
roots are old and hard, and least likely
to absorb it. Manure should rather be
scattered far about the tree, where the
young fibres may take it up.

Again, a tree or plant will not absorb
into its circulation the elements in the
soil, until they become oxydized, or
combined with the oxygen of tlie air ;
in this form they are soluble in water
and easily imbibed by the roots. It
thus becomes evident that one great
use of cultivation is to expose the ele-
ments of fertility in it to the action
of the air, in order that they may unite
with the oxygen thereof, and thus be
prepared to nourish vegetation. Froni
the facts above cited, it is also evident
that it is altogether a foolish notion to
bore holes in trees and enclose therein
sulphur, iron filings, or other drugs,
with the idea of curing fungus, blight,
* or yellows, because these substances are

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

127

not in the proper chemical combination
to be taken into the constitution of the
tree.

The Field Mouse has been unusuallj
destructive this winter, especially in
the Niagara District. A snow fall,
upon the surface of a strong crust, re-
sulting from a previous ice storm,
favored their depredations, and every
orchard was more or less injured. Clean
cultivation, and mounding up trees
proved of no avail in this instance;
well and ill kept orchards alike suffered.

Many of us folded our hands quietly
by the fire during the great storm, con-
soling ourselves with thoughts of safety
because of the careful heaping with
earth which each tree had received in
the fall ; but from such peaceful
thoughts we were suddenly aroused by
the sad news of the loss of hundreds of
beautiful trees. One orchardist lost
three hundred fine young pear and
peach trees ; another, sixty bearing
peach trees; another, his whole orchard
of (;ight-year-old apple trees, and so
goes the black list.

A few were thoughtful enough to
trample down the snow about each
tree, and this prudence was rewarded
by perfect immunity.

One fruit-grower remarked that he
had entrapped all the mice of his orchard
by opening his cellar windows, coaxing
them in, and then closing up the open-
ings. Few people seem to distinguish
between the house mouse {fniis mus-
eums)^ and the field mice {arvicola)
which make their nests under fences,
corn shock^s, grass heaps, stone piles,
and such places. I am very doubtful
wliether the latter would be found
rushing from the field into a cellar, for
ho would be ill at home in a house.

The walnut, as an ornamental tree,
Was highly recommended at the winter
meeting of our As-sociation, and no
doubt it deserves all the eulogies it re-

ceived, but I have one accusation against
it. I have one near my house, and I
find it is a very great attraction to red
squirrels, which come in great abun-
dance for the nuts. Some of these ani-
mals have had the audacity to gnaw a
hole under the eaves ; and entering,
have made their home above the ceilinfj,
where they spend the nights frightening
sleepers by constantly nibbling their
stolen walnuts. Nor is this the worst
part of their mischief ; for in fruit sea-
son, I find them running from the wal-
nut trees across to my packing house,
where, almost before my eyes, the little
thieves will steal choice pears and
apples from the baskets, mount to the
loft, and sitting upon the top of a })ile
of peach baskets, destroy these beauti-
ful fruits, simply for their tiny seeds !
Why did you not shoot them % says
some one. I did shoot several, but it
was discouraging business, because it
always seemed as if two came to the
funeral of every victim, and I concluded
to blame the walnut trees for the whole
mischief.

The Fruit Gro7uer^s Association of
Grimshv held a special meeting in the
Town Hall, Grimsby, on Friday, 9th
March, 1883. There were about forty
members present, Mr. Murray Pettit,
of Winona, the President, occupying
the chair.

There wei-e three sessions, morning,
afternoon and evening, during which
lively discussions took place upon such
broad subjects as "The Apple, The
Peach, The Pear," etc. At the close of
each discussion an op])ortunity was
given for questions which called forth
much useful information, based upon
the results of pnictical experience.

The following are some of the ques-
tions and answers of which I took a
note :

How do you trellis for grapes ] I put
down i^ermanent posts at the ends of

128

TFIE CANAT>TAN HORTICULTURIST.

the rows, and temporary ones between
at a distance of about twenty feet from
each other. Then during the second
year I put on the first wire, for clean
fruit and easy cultivation.

Do you advocate close pruning? No.
I consider too much pruning unwise,
but on the other hand, enough should
be done to prevent overloading.

What distance apart do you plant 1
Concords ten feet, some rank jrrowers,
ns Rogers twelve feet, Delaware eight
feet.

What kinds do you advise? If I
were planting one thousand vines, I
would plant one-third of early kinds,
as Moore's Early, Worden's Seedling
and Champion ; one- third Concord ;
and one-third of late kinds, such as
some of Rogers' Seedlings.

What age would you plant 1 One
year old, unless very carefully trans-
planted. If older, great care must be
used to preserve the fibrous roots. I
would not plant more than six inches
deep, else their growth will be retarded.

What soil do you find best for Con-
cords 1 This variety succeeds much
better on heavy than on light soils.

During the day a resolution was
))as8ed that will be of interest to many
of the readers of the H'^rticulturist. It
was in appreciation of the benefits that
have accrued to the Grimsby fruit sec-
tion, from the labors of Mr. A. M.
Smith, and was passed by a unanimous
st mding vote.

The resolution read as follows : —
" We, the members of the Grimsby
Fruit (growers' Association, in council
assembled, desire and embrace the op-
portunity of publicl}" expressing the
high esteem in which our pioneer nur-
seryman and fruit grower, Mr. A. M.
Smith, is held by us all, and to assure
hira that we highly appreciate his ear-
nest labors to improve and encourage
the cultivation of those varieties of

fruit which are congenial to our clim-
ate ; that we highly prize ihe benefits of
his careful study, long experience and
kind advice, which has always been ear-
nestly sought, and as willingly given ;
and that we trust he may be long spared
to live and enjoy the confidence and
esteem of his fellow fruit-growers, and
the reward of his untiring labors."

Mr. Smith said in reply : — " This
resolution is very pleasing to me on
many accounts. But though I may
have been the means indirectly of bene-
fit to the fruit growei-s of Grimsby, my
object was not an unselfish one. I
came a poor boy to Grimsby with faith
in the capability of the section for fruit- /
growing, and the result has justified \\\^
in doing so. Had I remained here I
might to-day have been a wealthier man
than I am. I honestly believe that for
all kinds of fruits there is not a more
favorable section in Canada. If some
of you gentlemen would take a deeper
interest in the Fruit-Growers' Associ-
ation of Ontario, I am sure you would
be well repaid. It has done more than
many of you suppose for the develop-
ment of fruit-growing in Ontario.

Among the papers read was one on
the Plum by Mr. G. Cline, and one on
the Peach by Mr. E. J. Woolverton.
On the whole the day was spent in
very pleasant and profitable manner.

CODLIN MOTH.

I received a letter a few days ago
from Wm. Trelease, Professor, as I
suppose, in Wisconsin University, at
Madison, Wis. He had seen my letter
of enquiry, addressed to yourself some
time ago, regarding the Codlin Moth.
He says :

** Experiments by Prof. Cock and
others, go to shew that Paris Green or
London Purple are sure and safe pre-
ventives for the Codlin Moth. The

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

129

most successful plan is to spray the
trees thoroughly by means of a fountain
pump or other force pump with the
poison in the proportion of a table
spoonful t<i each two gallon pail of
water about two weeks after blooming,
and to repeat the application a month
later. Tiie poison kills the young
worms before they injure the fruit, and
thus has great advantage over bandages
or other traps. Analysis shews that
none of the poison remains when the
fruit is ripe. The same remedy has
been tried for currant worms, and as
claimed, without any cases of poisoning;
but hellebore is just as efficient there,
and so much safer that there is not the
slightest reason for using the deadlier
poisons on small fruits. Tliis sejison T
shall experiment carefully with the
ai'senites on the University orchard,
both to test their efficiency and safety
for myself I write directly that you
may not have to wait for the June
nmnber of the Horticulturist, if you
wish to use the poison this year."

From the tenor of the above letter, I
think he has probably communicated
with yourself upon this very important
subject. Not being certain, however,
I have deemed it advisable to lay the
contents of his letter in full before you,
so that, if deemed advisable, you may
use it for the June number of the
Horticulturist.

I must say I do not know of any
good, cheap, fountain, or other force
pump of a kind very suitable or efficient.
Indeed the only one known to me is the
common window pump used by stor^
keepers. Can you oblige me by stating
if you know of any good article, where
to be had and price.

Yours truly,

Geo. Strauchon.

[Can any of our readers give the
desired information ] — Ed.]

THE WILSON STRAWBERRY AS A
MARKET FRUIT.

(For the Canadian Horticulturist J

I see by the April number of the
Horticulturist that Mr. Croil puri)Oses
going largely into strawberry culture.
To assist him somewhat in his laudable
endeavor I will give the opinions of
three of the largest growers of straw-
berries in the United States as to the
value of Wilson's Albany Strawberry.
It was my privilege and [)leasure, along
with youi-self, to attend the meeting
of the Mississippi Valley Horticultural
Society, lately held in the city of New
Orleans. Among many valuable pa-
pers read and discussed three were on
the culture ot the strawberry, one from
the north, one from the south, and one
between the two extremes.

Presid(Mit Earle having introduced
Mr. J. M. Smith, of Green Bay, Wis-
consin, Mr. Smith said that the paper
prepared by him was " Strawberries for
the North, and How to Grow Them."
After stating that Hovey's Seedling
and Early Scarlet were introduced at an
early day, about 1830, when Wilson's
Albany Seedling began to make its ap-
pearance about 1860. It had been
grown by a few for some years previous
to the above date, although it was a
novelty to many peo[>le until 1863.
At this time it had taken possession of
our northern markets, and as a market
berry it luts virtually held its own un-
til the present time.

No one will claim that the Wilson is
in all r^'spects a perfect berry, still it
has certainly shown itself to 1)0 the
most remaikable one for the million
ever yet put into cultivation."

He mentioned a great many new
varieties which were worthless. He
likes Seth Boyden, Triomph de Grand,
Sharpless and some othera, but not for
mjirket. Mr. Smith gave elaborate
instructions on the cultivation of straw-
berries.

130

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

President Earle introduced Dr. Mc-
Kay, of Madison, Mississijopi, as one
of the largest strawberry culturists in
the United States, wlio read a paper
on " The Strawberry Culture in the
South." Dr. McKay spoke in high
terms of the capabilities of the compact
clay lands in Central Mississippi for
Strawberry growing, and the esteeni in
which the berries are held, commanding
the highest price in northern markets.
He said during the last ten years we have
tested about forty varieties, covering
many of the old and well tested stan-
dards, and such of the new as seemed
to give the greatest promise, and while
we are free to say that among the new
there are to be found many charming
and valuable acquisitions, we are
equally free to say that up to the pre-
sent time we have found no single
variety to be trusted so implicity as the
Wilson's Albany. The great ease and
facility with which it adapts itself to
latitudes, soils and seasons, is wonder-
ful. Wherever other varieties do well,
as a rule, it does better. When allowed
to fully mature on our southern soils,
where the saccharine elements are
more liberally developed in all our
fruits than in higher latitudes, its pro-
verbial acidity is so blended with the
sweet, that it deserves high rank as a
" home and local berry." He spoke
highly of the Charles Downing, Cum-
berland Triumph, Monarch of the West,
Newnan or Charleston. " But were
we to select two varieties for the South,
we say Wilson first, and Charles Down-
ing next." The Doctor gave a deal of
instruction regarding field and garden
work to procure large crops and fine
fruit.

Mr. O. B. Galusha, of Southern Ill-
inois, real a pa])er on the question,
*' Is there a better mai-ket strawberry
than the Wilson ? " He spoke in high
terms of the Wilson as a standard, pro-
fitable market berry, and a great bearer

with rich cultivation. After this paper
was read, a general discussion took
place on the merits of the Wilson and
other berries. The Wilson came off
triumphant.

All urged the necessity of high culti-
vation and irrigation ; if these two im-
portant matters are attended to, success
in the culture of strawberries is certain
and profitable.

William Roy.

Royston Park, April, 1883.

CHARLES ARNOLD.

{For the Canadian Horticulturist.)

Your words announcing in your May
number the demise of our venerable
friend fell like a sudden clap of distant
thunder ; so suddenly, so unexpectedly
did they come. It scarcely seems pos-
sible that Charles Arnold, of Paris,
with whose venerable form and ener-
getic voice we were so perfectly fami-
liar, has passed away from earth and
all earthly scenes, and that your em-
phatic words are now seriously and
eminently true, that " it is not to be
our privilege to listen to him agaiii."
We cannot possibly realize the fact of
the perpetual absence of Mr. Arnold
from the various meetings of our
association, so regular and so constant
from its inception has he been. In his
absence it will almost a])pear that there
is no Fruit Grower's Association left,
so much have we depended upon him
as a part and parcel of us. Yes, we
shall never see or hear him again in
his kindly warnings and friendly coun-
sels amongst us. Never again listen to
the pleasing rehearsals of his ripe ex-
perience in fruits or in flowers. Let
us ever be thankful for the kind and
instructive words he has so left on re-
cord in the publications of our associ-
ation. Although their author has
passed away, yet those words he has
left behind can never pass away, they

THE CANADIAN H0RTICDLTUKI8T.

131

are enduringly the property of the
association. In these he is ever present
and ever speaking, though bodily
aVxsent. They all teach us to study and
to love the beautiful in sentiment and
in nature. I shall be ever thankful
for that last effort of his pen so pleas
ingly rendered, entitled *' The seat on
the hill top beneath the old tree,"
which he read at our last association
meeting in Toronto, a copy of which
was given in the Canadian Horticul-
turist. This is his epigraph and the
last note of his familiar pen. It shows
us that his large and warm heart still
lived in the dee[j contemplation of the
beautiful in nature and sentiment, and
astonislied us with its vigor. I can
never forget his ])arting from us.
Neither collectively nor individually
had we the opportunity of offering him
a parting greeting, a kindly shake of
the hand, or a last good-bye ! Though
he was so familiar with the association,
its membei-s and its work, yet he parted
from us in a most unexpected and quite
uiiceremonious manner. On the last
day of our meeting, at about 4 o'clock
ill the afternoon, Mrs. Arnold came
into the room and shortly afterwards
he left with her, and we never saw him
again. I saw him p.iss out, and should
have liked to have S])(>ken to him, but
thouglit we sliould have another oppor-
tunity to do so, but it never came, and
thus he left the meetings of the associ-
ation and its work for ever. Oh, let
us remember that although as Long-
fellow beautifully says, " Life is ear-
n«*st," it is also remarkably short and
very uncertain. And whatever our
hand findeth to do we should do it with
all our might, and like our dear de-
parted friend, be ever up and doing,
*• while it is called to-day, for the night
soon Cometh wherein no man can work."

Yours fraternally,

B. GoTT.
Arkona, May 14th, 1883.

SUGAR OR ROCK MAPLE.

(Acer SaccharinuiriJ-

BY JACOB W. MANNING, READING, MASS.

This is in a broad sense an American
tree for it extends from the extreme
eastern part of North America to the
Eastern Rocky Mountains, and from
the highlands of the Gulf States to the
watershed between the waters of the
St. Lawrence and Hudson Bay. In all
this territory it is found at frequent
intervals on elevated land and along
rivers, and is at home in all rocky
formations.

This tree is often from three to five
feet in diameter, and seventy to eighty
feet high, large and straight enough to
make ship-keels, growing naturally
without any aid from man.

I measured a tree in NorthHm})ton,
Mass., that had been planted sixty
years that was eleven feet six inches in
circumference, three feet from the
ground ; even this is small compared
with some natural trees seen in old
pastures.

The wood is close grained and solid,
and one of the handsomest of all light
colored woods for furniture and house
finish. The bird's-eye, curly and
branched maple veneers that make such
a rich and varied finish are made from it.
It is almost the oidy wood used in the
manufacture of boot and shoe lasts, for
which a surprisingly large amount is
used, and in many other industries
where a solid and close-grained, but
light wood, is necessary. As fuel it is
but little excelled by any other wood.

No other native plant gi'owth pro-
duces such delicious syrup as the rock
maple. A sugar orchard is a valuable
addition to a farm ; even our street and
lawn treescan be tapped without injury ;
they appear to grow as finely and live
as long as those not robbed of their sap,
which one would suppose was their
vital fluid.

132

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

As a street, lawn or park tree it is
justly valued as one of the best Ameri-
can trees. It is thrifty, comparatively
free from insects, and is sure to grow
into a well-balanced tree in nearly
every locality. The shade is very
dense, and yet grass will grow quite
freely under single specimens where the
wind blows away the leaves.

In planting to prevent monotony it
is well to intersperse other trees of
different outline. The gorgeous autumn
hues of our forests are largely due
to this maple. I witnessed at New-
burg, N". Y., on a cloudy fall day in
suburban home grounds, laid out by the
lamented A. J. Downing, the very best
effects in the varied hues taken on by
this tree ; interspersed among other
kinds, each with its own peculiar
autumn color, and some stiJl green, but
the rock maple outshone them all. —
Boston Traveller.

THE PRENTISS GRAPE.

The following is from T. T. Lyon,
the well-known pomologist of Michigan,
written for the Rural New Yorker : —
The Prentiss grape is not fully tested
away from the place of its origin, hence
little can be said of it from personal
experience. I have found it a vigorous
grower with healthy foliage, and have
yet to hear of any objection to it in this
respect. If I may judge from speci-
mens seen at various exhibitions at
which I have been privileged to test it
in comparison with many others, I
must characterize it as one of the finest
of the new white grapes, so far as ap-
pearance and quality are concerned ;
while the bunch is of medium size, and,
from its compactness and the toughness
of its skin, it is, to all appearance, well
qualified to bear the rough handling to
which a market grape mast be subjected.

The following is also taken from the
Rural New Yorker: — This new and

delicious grape has been widely dissem-
inated. The cluster is of moderate size,
very compact ; berries a little belo\v
medium, of a greenish white, and gen-
erally crowding in the clusters; the skin,
though thin, is tough and it bears hand-
ling very well, and it is an excellent
keeper. Next to the Duchess, I think
the Prentiss the best white grape in
quality , but in hardiness it surpasses
the Duchess, though not equal in this
respect to the Concord. I have planted
some fifteen oi* eighteen vines in my
vineyard, and think it promises well ;
next year I shall expect fruit. Like
the Delaware it will need the best care
and management to make it success-
ful.— P. M. Augur.

SORGHUM.

The promise of sorghum as a sugar-
producing plant is now large. It seems
safe to predictate that before many
years, through the improvement of this
plant and through the better acquain-
tance with its habit of growth, we shall
be enabled to so increase its percentage
of sugar, and so decrease the unfavor-
able combinations which disturb the
manufacturer as to secure for consump-
tion homegrown susfars. Before this,
however, shall be accomplished, it will
be necessary to determine experimen-
tally or empirically, many points con-
cerning the plant. While the appar-
ent interest of the grower and the
manufactuier may not at first seem
identical, yet it will be found in the
end that their interests are in common.
It is well worthy of trial, whether or
not. the growing of sorghum for sugar
purposes may not require more distant
intervals of planting, so as to secure
the maximum of light and the mini-
mum of shade to the growing plant. In
Trinidad it is claimed that sugar canes
which are exposed to the light during
growth give far better results in sugar

THE CANADIAN IIORTICULTUUIST.

133

than tliose which are shaded. — E. L.
iSturtevant, Director, N. Y. Experi-
mental IStation.

THE SWEET COKM CANNING
BUSINESS.

Tlie extent to which this business is
cairied on Vjy our neighbors may be
gathered from tlie following figures.
Why is it that so little is done in this
line in Ontario ] Surely we have a
climate fully as suitable to the j)roduc-
tion of sweet corn as that of Maine,
and there is a market open to us as
well as to them. Are we lacking in
business capacity as a people, or unable
to conduct such entei-prises successfully'?
Surely we cannot admit any such thing,
and yet why is it that we have no such
corresf>onding establishments in this
country ] This is what is being done
in Maine. We copy from the official
report of the State agent.

" The Winslow Packing Company
operated fifteen factories in this State
during the year 1882. Following is
a list of the places where they are
located, and the acreage of corn grown
for each :

ACRKS.

Riverton 76

Yarmouth 73

Mechanic Falls 185

Farmington 150

Wilton 150

Fairtiekl 180

Skowhegan 245

West Waterville 150

North Anson 190

Buckfield, Canton 205

Norway 180

Bridgton 175

Hiram 60

Raymond 80

"The total product of the above-named
factories was 125,000 cases of two
dozen csms each, or 3, 000, 000 cans.
This company also packed 7,2 1 G cases
(173,184 ains) of succotash, (corn and
beans). They also put up 12,207 ca.ses
(292,968 cans) of apple, and 8,462 gal-

lon packages of the same product. The
applethus put up is cored and quartered,
and when opened much resembles the
choicest green apple.

" The Portland Packing Company
operated seven factories. The table
below gives the location of these fac-
tories and the number of acres grown
for each in 1882 :

ACRKS.

Cumberland Mills 250

Sebago Lake 360

iNlaples 400

Fryeburg 225

Wiuthrop 250

Vassalboro' 200

Wells 350

•' The total amount of corn packed
by this company was 90,000 cases of
two dozen cans each, or a total of
2,160,000 cans.

** Burnham & Morrill, Portland, oper-
ated in 1882 seven factories, the fol-
lowing are the places where located and
acreage of each :

Acres.

South Paris 400

Minot 375

East Baldwin 50

West Scarborough

Denmark 350

Harrison 400

South Norridgewock 400

" The total amount put up by this
firm was 96,000 cases of two dozen
each, or a grand totil of 2,304,000
cans,"

Thus it will be seen that t^- "^se three
companies put up over seven millions
of cans, and took the product of over
six thousand acres of sweet corn. The
agent states that within the past few
years a large number of such establish-
ments have sprung up, so that he gives
the total number of cans j»ut up in 1882
as 10,881,400. The prices paid to the
farmers is two cents |K3r pound, which
in favorable seasons, and with good
cultivation, averages forty dollars per
aci-e. The varieties most grown are

134

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Early Crosby, Early Triumph, and
Early Minnesota.

Now we can grow not only these
kinds but also the late maturing varie-
ties, and extend the season of sweet
corn canning in some parts of Ontario
a month longer than in Maine. Why
do we not can the canned sweet corn
that our own people consume ? Is there
a reason, and what is that reason 1

IS FRUIT KAISING PROFITABLE ?

The Williamette (Oregon) Farmer
thus comments upon this subject, after
stating that W. H. Jessup, a successful
fruit-grower in California, is of the
opinion that the market for fresh fruit
is limited and uncertain, but that in
canning or drying fruit for the markets
of the world there is scarcely any limit
or uncertainty. Of the two Mr Jessup
gives the preference to the dried fruit
business, as being the most certain in
the long run, because the fruit can be
put up cheaper and transported at less
cost than the canned fruit, while, if
properly evaporated it possesses all the
good qualities of canned fruit of the
same grade.

The Farmer gives the following par-
ticulars respecting dried fruit :

Apples turn off 5 to 5 J lbs. of dried
fruit to a bushel of 50 lbs. weight, so
that they hardly yield more than ten
per cent, of dried product. Machine
dried apples sell readily at 9 to 10 cents
and estimating the product at 5|^ lbs.
to the bushel, the result would be 50 to
55 cents per bushel. Any person can
see that to dry apples in the orchard,
and realize that much, will pay hand-
somely.

Pears turn off about 7 lbs. per bushel,
as near as we can estimate, and will sell
as well as apples, and perhaps better.
So few pears are dried that we have
never made an estimate, but we have

for two years in succession dried Bart-
lett pears very nicely, and sold the pro-
ducts at 16 cents per pound, which was
$1 per bushel.

Plums yielded from 20 to 25 lbs. to
the bushel of 50 lbs. We noticed that
Peach plums, Columbias, Coe's Golden
Drops, Yellow Egg plums, grown in an
orchard, turned ofi" 25 per cent, of dried
product, say 12J lbs. to the bushel, and
as we sold extra choice fruit for 16
cents, well packed, that was $2 per
bushel. But 16 cents is over what we
can expect. Suppose that really choice
pitted plums sell readily for 12 cents,
which is probable, and that they turn
off 10 lbs. per bushel, then it is evident
that there can be great profit made
i-aising and drying them.

Prunes, again, dried with the pits in,
turn off 28 to 34 lbs. per 100 weight.
If we average them at 1 5 lbs. per bush-
el, and can sell at 8 cents per pound,
there is $1.20 per bushel.

Take the range of choice fruits of the
varieties for drying of plums and pears,
and it must be apparent to every one
that there is great profit in gro wing and
drying them for market. If the grow-
er can net 50 cents per bushel for the
fruit on the tree, there is no branch of
husbandry that can be more profitable.

One thing to be remembered is that
there is no fruit tree more healthy than
the plum and prune, and no tree bears
more certainly and more abundantly.
This is a fact that is well established in
our state.

We figured up carefully the whole
matter before setting out an orchard,
and came to the conclusion that it will
pay handsomely to grow fruit when
prunes will be worth 6 cents, and pitted
plums 8 cents per pound. Even at that
price the product will average to yield
|1 per bushel in value, and the expense
of curing need not be over one-fourth of
that amount.

THE CANADIAN HORnCUI/IUKlST.

135

We have no sympathy with the sen-
sational figures put forth by over-san-
guine persons. It is true that some
fruit may sell at fancy prices, but we
must count on seeing an immense pro-
duct of canned and dried fruits on this
coast, and calculate that prices will drop
with production on a large scale. In
the Eastern states, and even with us,
they lai'gely consume Turkish prunes
of a very cheap grade. They are im-
ported for about 4 cents and a high
duty. If we make a better prune and
compete with their imports, we have
still to sell at a low price as soon as the
market is over stocked. We hold that
we can thus compete, and yet make a
good profit on our fruit.

THE PEACHES GROWN FOR MARKET
IN DELAWARE.

Mr. P. M. Augur, of Middlefield,
Conn,, made a visit to the peach
orchards of Delaware, and gives the
following statement with regard to
varieties there :

"Those have been most successful
who have held to the old, well tried
varieties.

" The Alexander, Wilder and Ams-
den are about the same. The tirat
being considerably planted for very
early shipments. Hale's rot badly in
a wet season. Beatrice too small.
Early Rivers rot nearly as badly as
Hales. But none are as good as Troth's
Early except in time of ripening. Early
York is nearly superseded by Mountain
Rose. Old Mixon is very hardy and a
good bearer, and a good peach but comes
in the glut of the season. Stumps, as
good, closely following Moore's Favor-
ite, very good, resembles Old Mixon.
Ward's Late is good, following the
Stump.

" Among yellow peaches Crawford's
Early has had a great nin and still has,

but the impression is that Foster is
going to prove better. Crawford's
Early is rather tender and a little in-
clined to deceive. Reeve's Favorite is
one of the choicest peaches following
Crawford's Early, is considered not
quite productive enough, but this year
the ti-ees are literally breaking with
their load ; quality best.

" Crawford's Late is one of the most
important peaches in Delaware, has
held, does hold, and will hold a promin-
ent place.

" Susquehanna is perhaps the very
best i)each, but not productive enough
to be much planted.

" Mary's Choice is very good or very
jx)or, depending on the amount of fruit
it is allowed to carry. When over-
loaded it is poor, when thinned it is
superb. It is productive to a fault,
and needs thinning.

" Salway at its best is superb, inclines
in Delaware to ripen one-sided, does
better on the Hudson.

" Smock is the late peach, fine for
canning and will yield to the basket
one lb. more dried fruit than any other
sort. Many say that in planting a
large orcliard the Smock should have
one-third the gi'ound.

*' What is imperatively needed now
is a better early shipping peach. Hale's
Early rots, Alexander and all its class
are soft and cling. A Mountain Rose,
as early or earlier than the Alexander,
would be a fortune to its possessor if
rightly managed.

" It is rumored that such a peach is
in hand in southern Delaware ; indeed
I saw the tree, and those who are au-
thority in such mattei-s say it is a gi-eat
thing. But it is too early to say moi*©
yet.

" The market calls for and will cer-
tainly have such a peach some time in
the near future."

136

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTrEIST.

VEGETABLES IN ENGLAND.

The Pall Mall Gazette thus speaks of
English-grown vegetables as compared
with those of Canada : —

"Of thorough going fruity vegetables
— such as the tomato — we in England
know nothing. We never have sun
enough to ripen them })r()[)erly ; and
even with all the appliances of modern
gardeners, they never get thoroughly
red and soft throughout in our gardens
as they do in the open air under a
Canadian or Italian sky They always
have a half-green taste, and are wholly
lacking in the true rich tomato flavor.
Indeed, the tinned American spocimens,
though tasting of the solder, of course,
are better savored after all than our
poor, starved, sunless English things.
As to purple egg-fruit and green chow-
chows, we know them not at all ; while
the profusion of rich retl-flesheJ water-
melons and primrose-skinned squashes
and golden pumpkins in a Massachu-
setts market would astonish Covent
Garden. These things require the sun
to ripen them, and we see his face here
as a rule for some two a id a half hours
weekly, as duly registered at Glynde
Place, Lewes.

" Then, again, there are the wintei-
cherries, the sweet potatoes, and best
of all earthly vegetables, g»een Indian
corn, eaten off the cob with fresh but-
ter, and likest to nectar of all mortal
delicacies. As for pulse generally, oar
beans are all stringy ; we have neither
the variety nor the tenderness of the
American bean. Our peas have some
good points — for English peas ; but
they are not half so large, or luscious,
or melting, as American peas. They
take too long growing, and have got
old and hard before they are big enough
to pick.

" In the matter of leafy vegetables
we can do a little better, but not enough
to boast about. We are strong in

salads ; our climate provides us with
plenty of fresh green lettuce, and plenty
of slugs, too, to hide in its recesses.
But our cauliflowers and broccoli ai-e
not nearly as good as the American ;
they are neither so white nor so delicate
in flavor. We can grow cucumbei-s
(under glass), because cucumbers are
eaten green ; but what a miserable
farce are our vegetable marrows !

" What is true of vegetables is even
more true of fruits. To be sure, our
English hot-house grapes are the best
in the world ; but for strawberries,
raspberries, currants, gooseberries,
plums, and cherries, we must go to
America."

SHALL WE PLANT LARGE OR SMALL
TR]']ES ?

A resident of one of our large vil-
lages, who had come into possession of
a lino lot which he wished to plant, but
who had had little experience with tree
culture called on a neighboring nursery-
man to make purchases. He wanted
nothing but large trees — two inches in
diauieter if he could find them, and ten
feet high. He cared much less for the
kind than for the size — anything which
was gigantic, early or late, fruit or orna
mental, was eagerly taken. The nur-
seryman frankly gave his opinion that
trees of moderate size wouhl be better,
but the purchaser quickly replied, "I
want big trees now — I may not live for
the small ones to grow up." He carri-
ed off a load of monsters. In a few
years he came again to make additional
purchases. The nurseryman at once re-
marked, "I suppose you want all the
largest trees you can get — I think I can
supply you." "No! no!" exclaimed
the purchaser, "I've had enough of big
trees ! No more for me ! Those I got
of you have scarcely grown any since,
the ! mall iv ones have overtaken them,
and they are ever so much handsomer

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

137

and more thrifty — give me small, vigor-
ous trees." This incident tells the
whole story, and should be remember by
inexperienced planters. Many years ago,
Sir Henry Steward made a plantation
of large trees in the moist climate of
Scotland, but they made little growth
and had a sickly appearance. It was
tlien that Loudon, with his long and
extensive experience as a landscape gar-
dener, offered to make a public test
with any one who would try large trees,
lie himself planting small and thrifty
ones with full roots, in rich, deeply
trenched, and well cultivated ground,
witli the confident assurance that in a
i,Mven number of years he would show
ti-ees not only larger but immeasurably
finer in appearance. — Country Gentle-

THE EARLY PEACHES.

Mr H. M. Engle, of Marietta, Penn.,
wrote to the Gardener's Monthly the
following account of his early ripening
peaches. The public will look with
intei-est for his report this season : —

We have fruited this season twenty-
six varieties claimed to be from one to
tliree weeks earlier than Hale's, a number
of which fruited on the same grounds
two years ago, and several for the last
six to ten years. I have settled down
to the firm conclusion that there is not
three days difference in time of ripen-
i ng of the following varieties, viz : Ams-
den, Alexander, Wilder, Musser,
Bowers' Early, Baker's Early, Alpha,
Governor Garland, Sherfey's Early,
Nectar, Early Canada, Waterloo, Down-
ing, Saunders, Cumberland, Honey-
well's, Climax, Briggs May, Our No. 4.
The eleven first named have leaves with
^dobose glands. Waterloo has reniform
Ljlands, and the seven last named are
^landless. All the above named varie-
ties are just over, while Early Beatrice,
Ix)uisa and Early Rivers are just com-
i ng in. We picked the first ripe peaches

about the 22nd of July, while two years
ago the first were ripe about 2Gth of
June. Early Surprise is just coloring
and will ripen about with Hale's.
Early Rose and Early Lydia quite
green. Flater's St. John, said to be the
earliest yellow peach, will ripen, I tliink,
with Troth. In testing these varieties
we had fixed on several as earliest, but
find that comparative earliness varies
with same varieties, on the same ground,
and with the same trees, in different
seasons.

THE FUTURE OF CANNED GOODS.

The Sea World says " The future of
the canned goods trade of this country
is on the whole very promising, though
the business is now cursed by many
frauds that would kill a trade of less
vitality than that of packing. The pre-
servation of fruits, vegetables and meat
in hermetically sealed cans is an in-
dustry of comparatively recent origin,
and yet it is of vast extent and import-
ance, giving employment to millions of
invested capital and thousands of
operatives. As extensive as this trade
already is, it is yet in its infancy. This
is a vast field awaiting further de-
velopment. At the present time there
are thousands of families who will not
use canned goods on account of the
abuses that now curse the trade, and
from this cause their consumption is
greatly restricted No one has yet
formed any idea as to what vast extent
canned goods would be consumed if
there were no light weights or trashy
goods, and it was known that the most
scrupulous care was exercised in the
packing of these goods. Unfortunately
there is among people a strong belief
that but little cleanliness is observed
in packing-houses, and this, of course,
keeps many from eating canned goods
who would otherwise do so. This be-
lief is, to a certain extent, based on good
grounds, for there are some houses which

138

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

do not exercise the })roper neatness and
care in handling their fruits, just as
there are some houses that are willing
to injure their trade by packing trash.
We are glad to say, however, there are
many houses to which this does not
apply, for they require as much clean-
liness and neatness in their packing-
houses and in the canning of fruits, as
can be found in private kitchens. These
tirms have justly won a high reputation
for their goods, and are more than repaid
by the enhanced prices which they com-
mand. When all packing-houses are
run on the same principle, and light
weights and trash are no longer known,
then the canned goods trade will begin
to hold the position which its importance
should command."

A TRELLIS FOR PEAS.

The best substitute for pea brush we
have found, is a trellis of galvanized
iron wire. The peas are sown in double
rows, six inches apart. A post, six
inches in diameter, is set firmly at each
end of the row ; it may be round or
half round, set three feet in the ground,
and of a height suited to the variety of
pea. As soon as the vines are large
enough, the wire is made fast to the
post, about six inches from the ground,
carried to and passed around the post
at the other end, and back to the start-
ing point. Here it is made fast ; it
may be cut off, but still better, two or
three turns are taken around the post
and another double wire stretched about
eight inches above the first, and so on
until as many wires as needed are put
in place. We use No. 18 wire, which
measures 150 feet to the pound. If
over 200 feet long, a similar post should
be set mid-way of the row. Stakes
(plasterers' laths will answer) are set
every ten or fifteen feet along the row,
to keep the wires from sagging. These
have notches cut in them, in which the
wires are placed ; or the wires may be

attached to them by means of a small
wire or cord. When no longer needed,
the wire is wound up upon a reel, and,
with the posts, stored away for another
year. Pea-growers for market allow
the vines to lie upon the ground, and
claim that the crop is not enough
larger when brushed to pay the cost of
cutting and placing the sticks. In the
garden, neatness, and especially the
greater ease of picking, make it neces-
sary to use brush, or a substitute.
Those who cannot get brush, will find
the wires, supported as above described,
very convenient. The chief precaution
to be observed is, to have the wires of
this trellis so near together that tlie
vines can reach them as soon as a sup-
port is needed. — Am. Agn'cuItnrisL

WATERMELONS.

J. W. Shaw, of Ohio, writing to the
Fruit Recorder^ tells how he succeeds
in raising melons :

"The orround was in corn last summer

o

and produced such a yield that the
thought struck me that it would be a
good place for watermelons. I plowed
the ground when dry, (manured heavily
with sheep manure before for corn,)
and manured the melons in the hill. I
first harrowed the ground until it was
as fine as an ash heap ; furrowed the
ground one way ; made nice, flat hills ;
planted from three to five seeds per
hill and thinned to three plants to the
hill ; I manured a part in the hill with
sheep manure, and a part with rich
black loam which I obtained from the
fence corners ; covered about two* inches
deep. The melons came up and grew
very fast ; such leaves, I never saw the
like, and I never saw such a set of
melons anywhere ; vines, very dark
green. A part, that was not manured
in the hill, does not look so well. It
has been very little trouble to keep the
bugs ofi* this year ; I put fine plaster on

THE CANADIAN HORTirULTURTST.

tlie vines once a week ; 1 think this
lielps to keep them away. Have hoed
them three times ; twice after rain, as
soon as the ground would permit, once
when dry : after working, I go over
the ground and pull up all large weeds,
if any. Melons should be worked well
lit the start, then <he vines will not
trouble you so much."

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Sowing Seeds. — AnniTals are propa-
Ljated exclusively from seed. They are
sown after two ways : the one in the
l)Oiders where they are intended to re-
main ; the other in prepared beds, from
whence they are translated to the flower
garden. The former plan, although the
ii\ost simple and most ordinary adopted,
luis many inconveniences ; one of the
principal of which is, that the ground
is occupied for a long period before they
arrive at perfection. It would, there-
fore, be the more advisable, if it were
})ossible, to sow all annuals in prepared
beds, and afterwards transplant ; but
Hiere are some, such as poppies and
imilar-rooted plants, that do not bear
transplanting, so that these, under any
circumstances, must be sown where
they are to flower. It is also essential,
in order to ensure success in raising
seeds of any kind, to bear the following
important rule in mind. That the
mailer the seeds, the less deeply should
t hey be covered with earth; indeed, some
seeds are so fine that they ought to be
sprinkled .slightly over the ground, and
should the weather at the time be very
dry^a thin layer of damp moss ought
to be ]>lAced over them till they begin
to germinate ; but there are few hardy
annuals that require such extreme at-
tention as this, such care being more
intended for the raising of Calceolana
and other minute seeds in pot-culture.
Biennials are those plants, princi-
pally hardy ones, that do not generally

flower until the second summer's giowth
and when properly planted out grow
most vigorously the first summer and
autumn, then bloom profusely the second
season and die. The section includes
some splendid flowers for efl'ect, scarcely
equalled in any other for decoration
eitlier in the open beds or in pots.
Those which are inclined to an annual
style of growth should be sown not
earlier than June and July, to avoid
grossness of growth, which is unfavor-
able for severe winters ; such are Wall-
flowers, Canterbury Bells, Borage, Fox-
glove, (Euothera, Honesty, Sweet
Williams, Hollyhocks, Sweet Scabious,
Dianthus corymbosus, French Honey-
suckle ; and those inclined to a peren-
nial or triennial duration, may be sown
late in May to obtain extra size and
vigor ; such are Campanula pyramida-
lis, blue and white, Valerian, some
species of Dianthus, Yerbascum, Rose
Campion, Antiirhinum, Brompton
Stocks, <kc. — James Vick.

IMPROVEMENT OF SCHOOL
GROUNDS.

The Michigan State Horticultural
Society has for some years been awak-
ening sentiment looking toward the
ornamentation of the country school
premises in that State.

The society proposes this year to
offer an additional inducement in the
way of premiums to the school districts
that will make the best exhibits of
flowers produced under the care of the
children upon the school premises.
The following is the exact wording of
the off'cir, as it will appear in the pre-
mium list :

" For the largest and best collectiou
of cut flowers grown by pupils h\
school grounds of any school house ii\
any district in this State ; fireit j)re-
mium, $15; second prenuum, $10;

14:0

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

third premium, $5 ; fourth premium,
13."

The State Fair, where the flowers
are to be exhibited, will be held in De-
troit in September next, and the State
Horticultural Society will undertake
to receive the flowers, display them, and
see that a proper viewing committee
passes upon the relative merits of the
various exhibits.

There is great room for improvement
in the grounds about our school build-
ings in Ontario. For the most part
they are as barren of vegetation, other
than weeds, as the Desert of Sahara.

THE VICTORIA GRAPE.

Miner's Victoria, a white seedling of
the Concord, has been praised by the
Rural in past years, and this year's ex-
]>erience does not incline us to recall
or moderate anything we have said.
It is with us the hardiest and most
productive of vines, our only specimen
never having been injured or mildewed
in the least, while it yields more
bunches and more perfect bunches than
any other vine in our collection that
has been well tried. It ripened this
year September 5.

Utterly alone has the Rural kept
this fine variety before the public, and
we dare to say that, in spite of its slow
entry into public favor, it will at length
make its way there. Its quality is
fully as good as the Concord ; it will
ship as well ; it ripens as early, and
the canes have remained uninjured with
us while those of the Concord have
been killed. We speak th us confidently
because we know from experience that
any variety of grai)e that will thrive in
the RuraVs New Jersey Experiment
Grounds, will thrive over a very wide
extent of country. The bunch is com-
pact and a trifle clustered. Berries are
large, round. The skin rarely cracks,
and is covered with a dense white bloom.

Our only specimen of the Victoria
was given to us by Mr. Miner, the
originator, in the Fall of 1878. It
bore the second and every year since.
The present season we counted (Sept.
15) 55 bunches, all of medium size.
some shouldered, some not — all free
from rot or blemish. — Rural New
Yorker.

THE HYBRID CLEMATIS.

Dr. Geo. Thurber gives valuable in-
formation on the Clematis in the Ameri-
can Agriculturist for May, from which
we clip the following :

Nothing in the history of horticulture
is more striking than the improvements
that have been made in the genus Cle-
matis during the last twenty years.
We leave out of consideration at pres-
ent the fine, erect, herbaceous species,
and only refer to the climbers, known
under the general term of Hybrid Cle-
matis. The production of these plants
was made possible by M. Von Siebold,
who brought from Japan, Clematis
patens and other large flowered forms.
Others have since been introduced from
Japan and China. With these mate-
i-ials, English and French florists have
produced a series of hybrids, which, for
size, beauty of form and richness of
coloring, can only be described as won
derful. During the last twenty years
there has been an almost annual suc-
cession of these new varieties, until
they are now so numerous that an ade-
quate descriptive catalogue fills a good-
sized volume. The methods of propa-
gation have been so far improved, that
what were not long ago costly vari-
eties, are now within the reach of per-
sons of moderate means. Considering
the great beauty of these flowers, they
seem to be slow in acquiring a popu-
larity in this country. If one has room
for but a single climber, he can select
nothing more satisfactory than a cle-

THE CANAHIAN HORTICULTURIST.

141

inatis. If he wishes to take up a floral
hobby, and make a collection of choice
varieties, he can find no class of j^lants
that possesses greater interest than
these. The varieties are liardy. They
climb from four to twelve or more feet.
.Some bloom in early spring, some in
summer, and others continuously. In
siie, the flowers range from two to ten
inches in diameter. They are single
:ind double, and vary greatly in shape
of })arts. The colors are from white,
tlirough delicate tints of blue, lavender,
and wine coloi-s, up to the most gor-
geous of purples, with a great variety
of sliadings. The vines, if given a low
support of some kind, will soon cover
it with a sheet of flowers, or they may
be laid flat upon the ground and pegged
down to form the most effective of
bedding plants. We have not seen
them tried in window or balcony gar-
dening, but have no doubt that they
will be found among the most satis-
factory climbing plants for this use.

TRANSPLANTING.

There is a principle in transplanting
cabbage and other succulent plants
which is unknown, or overlooked by
many parties. They seem of the opinion
that the sooner a plant is reset after
being taken from the seedbed, the more
sure it is to live. A moment's thought
will show the fallacy of this idea, if it
does not a little practice will.

The plant gets its supply of moisture
and sustenance from the soil by means
of numerous small mouths at the ex-
tremities of fine rootlets. When the
plant is removed from its seedbed,
more or less of these are of necessity
broken, and the evaporation is con-
tinually going on from its leaves more
or less rapidly, according to the degree
of heat and sunlight it is made to
stand. If transplanted at once, it fol-
lows that the plant must of necessity
wilt badly, and if the weather is hot

and soil dry it may never survive. If,
however, on being removed it has its
roots "puddled" in muddy water,
and is then laid in a cool, moist place,
in from twelve to forty-eight hours
numerous small white rootlets will be
formed, the leaves will stiffen up and
every energy of the plant is set at re-
covery. In other words, the plant is
convalescent, and if given half a chance
for its life will commence growing with
renewed vigor. For these reasons,
plants which have been well packed
and transported considerable distances
by express will often wilt less on set-
ting, and start to growing sooner than
those which are reset at once when
taken from the seedbed. — Raleigh,
North Carolina, Farmer.

BOOK NOTICES.
Insects Injurious to Fruits. —
This work, by William Saunders, F. R.
S. C, illustrated with 440 wood cuts,
has long been needed by the fruit-
growers of America. As the years
pass on the insect enemies that prey
upon our trees become more and more
serious in their depredations. This
book will make our fruit-growers
acquainted with those insects which
prey u[)on their trees and fruit, and
wdth the means of combating them.
The first part of the work treats of the
insects injurious to the apple ; first,
those that make their attacks upon the
roots, then those that prey upon the
trunk, and those that confine them-
sel ves to the branches ; next those that
feed upon the leaves, and last, those
that destroy the fruit. In the same
manner the insects that prey upon the
trunk, branches, leaves, and fruit of the
pear, the plum, the peach, the apricot,
nectarine, cherry, quince, grape, rasp-
berry, blackberry, stmwberry, currant,
gooseberry, melon, cucumber and
orange, are described and treated. Un-
der each of these heads is given a de-

142

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

scription of those insects that tend to
keep in check these depredators, so that
the fruit-grower may be able to recog-
nize his friends and tenderly spare
them, while he destroys without mercy
those that destroy his crops. No work
covering this ground has hitherto ap-
peared, and it will be found exceedingly
convenient to have the information
upon these subjects placed together in
convenient form, where the matter is
so arranged that the information can
be obtained with the least possible con-
sumption of time. Hitherto the infor-
mation contained in this book, if it has
existed at all, has been scattered through
numberless volumes of reports, monthly
magazines and public documents, where
they were com[)aratively hidden froui
the person seeking information. The
thanks of the fruit-growing public are
due to Mr. Saunders for the pains he
has taken in thus bringing together in
compenduous form information so very
desirable, and yet for the reasons be-
fore stated, almost entirely unobtain-
able. Mr. Saunders possesses, in an
eminent degree, the qualification requi-
site for the production of such a work,
having made insects a study for more
than a quarter of a century, and that
specially with a view to their relation to
our fruit-growing interests. Himself a
fruit-grower, and President of our Fruit-
Grower's Association, he has taken a
deep interest in all that affects fruit
production. Much of the information
contained in this work is the result of
his own personal observation and ex-
perience, and our fruit-growers can
rely most implicitly on every statement
which the work contains. Of the book
it is but just to say that it is printed
in clear type, on beautiful paper, and
the cuts are executed in the most per-
fect manner. Nothing has been left
undone to make it a complete compen-
dium of our knowledge of the subject
of which it treats, worthy of being

placed in the hands of every person in-
terested in these matters. The author
has dedicated it to the fruit-growers of
America, in the earnest hope that it
may be of practical use to them in their
warfare with destructive insects in
which they are constantly engaged.
We confidently commend the book to
every grower of fruit as an indispen-
sable companion.

Report on Russian Fruits. — Mr.
Charles Gibb, of Abbotsford, Quebec,
visited Russia last summer with the
view of ascertaining what varieties
grown in the more northern portion of
that country are of sufficient value to
be introduced into the more northern
portion of Canada. Since his return
he has embodied his observations in a
report, for a copy of which we are in-
debted to him. He states that the
names of fruits in Russia are hopelessly
confounded, so that it is very difficult
to be certain as to the variety by the
name given to it in different parts of
the country. He states that the lead-
ing apple of the Volga is the Anis,
which is highly prized and very largely
grown. It seems to be capable of en-
during a climate of 58° below zero,
that in latitude 55 there are twelve
villages, where the peasant proprietors
engage entirely in apple growing, and
that the product of these villages in a
good season amounts to fifty thousand
dollars. This is the coldest orchard
region known, and the Anis is their
hardiest tree. This Anis apple seems
to comprise a number of varieties, one
spoken of as the pink colored variety,
another as the Blue Anis. The lead-
ing apple of the Russian Steppes is
Aiitonovka. In the climate of Toula,
latitude 54, some 480 miles further
north than the city of Quebec, it is
considered their hardiest apple as well
as the most productive. It certainly
is a most productive tree, sometimes
yielding nearly half a ton of fruit.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

143

But we have not space to mention all
the names Mr. Gibb describes in his
report. It is to be hoped that a num-
ber of them will be found adapted to
our severe northern sections. He also
found some varieties of pear sufficiently
hardy to endure the climate of latitude
54 on the Volga, yet we are inclined to
believe they are both small in size and
of inferior quality as compared with
the pears to which we are accustomed.
He found cherries of a hardy variety
that were grown in great abundance ;
that in the cherry districts of Vladimer
there are many orchards comprising
15,000 trees each, and that entire trains
of cars are sometimes loaded with the
fruit and sent to the markets ; that in-
deed the chief industry of this section
is cherry culture. The trees are bush
form, and when they become too old to
bear profitably, the old parts are cut
away and the sprouts allowed to take
their places. When ripe the flesh of
the cherry is a purplish red, the skin a
reddish black, and the flavor a rich
mingling of sweet and acid. Mr. Gibb
sees no reason why these cherries may
not be profitably grown in the Province
of Quebec. He also found plums in
central Russia, chiefly of the prune
family. These plum trees, like the
cherry, are very dwarfish in habit, more
like bushes than trees. They are usu-
ally grown from suckers. From what
we can gather, after examination of the
report, we are inclined to believe that
we may hope to find both apple and
cherry in Russia that will be adapted
to our colder parts of Canada, but that
in pears and plums they have little to
ofier us.

The Fruit-Growers Friend. — We
are in receipt of a little pamphlet of
some thirty pages, by R. H. Haines, of
Moorestown, N. J., which treats of the
raising of fruits for pleasure or profit ;
about eight pages are devoted to the
growing of strawberries, containing di-

rections for planting, distance for
planting, cultivation, mulching, winter
protection, picking, marketing. The
remainder of the treatise is filled with
similar information with regard to
raspberries, blackberries, currants,
gooseberries, grapes, and fruit trees. A
large and practical amount of informa-
tion is brought together in small
compass, and we commend the work to
the attention of our readers.

Transactions of the Indiana Hor-
tictltural Society for 1882. — We
are indebted to Mr. W. H. Ragan for
a copy of this report, which contains
the proceedings of the 22nd annual
meeting, together with the several re-
ports made thereat, and the discussions
thereon, all of which are interesting to
those engaged in horticultural pursuits.

Hints on Fruit Cultivation (by
Chas. A. Green, fruit-grower, Roches-
ter N. Y.) contains a handsome colored
plate of the Jeflferson Grape, and over
thirty illustrations of fruits. It de-
scribes many valuable new fruits and
directions how to jjlant and cultivate
them. It is sent free to all applicants.

Our Own Fireside. — Is the title of
a family magazine published at Whitby,
Ontario, at 25c. a year.

How TO Succeed With Very Small
Seeds. — A correspondent of the Garden-
ers Monthly says : " I find it a good plan
to SOW small seeds like begonia, etc. , on a
very soft brick, dug out enough to hold
say one-quarter of an inch of soil. Place
the brick in a pan of water. The brick
draws moisture enough to keep the soil in
a nice condition." To this the editor
adds : " This is also a capital way to raise
ferns, orchids and other tine seeds. Sown
on a shallow brick, set in a pan of water,
they will be almost sure to grow, the only
care required being to see that the water
is always kept in the pan. When done in
the usual way, these fine seeds are sure to
be washed away by the watering pot, no
matter how carefully the watering is
tended."

144

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

THE FLOWERS.

Spake full well, in language quaint and olden.
One who dwelletli by the castled Rhine,

When he called the flowers, so blue and golden,
Stars that in earth's firmament do shine.

Stars they are, wherein "we read our history,

As astrologers and seers of eld ;
Yet not wrapped about with awful mystery.

Like the burning stars, which they beheld.

Wondrous truths, and manifold as wondrous,
God hath written in those stars above ;

But not less in the bright flowerets under tis,
Stands the revelation of his love.

Longfellow.

RECIPE FOR CORN BREAD.

Two cups Indian, one cup wheat.

One cup sour milk, one cup sweet ;

One good egg that you will beat.

Half a cup molasses, too.

Half a cup sugar add thereto ;

With one spoon of butter, new,

Salt and soda each a spoon ;

Mix up quickly and bake it soon ;

Then you'll have corn bread complete.

Best of all corn bread you meet.

It will make your boy's eyes shine.

If he is like that boy of mine ;

If you have a dozen boys.

To increase your household joys,

Double then this rule I should.

And you'll have two corn-cakes good.

When you've nothing nice for tea,

Tliis tlie very thing will be ;

All the men that I have seen

Say it is of all cakes, queen ;

Good enough for any king

That a husband home can bring ;

Warming up the human stove.

Cheering up the hearts you love ;

And only Tyndall can explain

The links between corn bread and brain.

Get a husband what he likes.

And save a hundred household strikes.

Ltdia M. Millard.

DOMESTIC RECIPES.

Stewed Potato. — Take potatoes boiled
the day before ; chop coarse and put on
stove, covered with milk ; put a plate over
them and cook slowly ; don't stir them ;
add a piece of butter and a little salt.
Take off the plate and cook until they
thicken.

Macaroni. — Boil until tender enough
to put a fork through easily. Put in a
deep dish a layer of macaroni, with a little
melted butter and salt ; grate cheese over
this ; fill up the dish as above, the last
layer of chesse without butter. Pour over
all milk so you can see it on the edge of
the dish. Bake until a nice brown.

Tomato Soup. — One can tomatoes, one
quart boiling water ; put through a sieve ;
then put on the stove with a teaspoonful
of soda, one pint of milk, a lump of but-
ter ; pepper and salt to taste. Let it
simmer (not boil), and roll three or four
crackers to thicken ; very nice.

Salad Dressing. — One tablespoonful
of flour, two raw eggs, one cup of water,
one-half cup of vinegar , mustard, salt and
pepper to taste. Beat the eggs well ; mix
the other ingredients, and stir into them.
Warm them over a boiling kettle, adding
a tablespoonful of butter. Stir constantly
until it thickens and then cool quickly.

Cream Fkuit-pie. — Make a pie of fresh,
canned or jam strawberries, raspberries or
peaches. One cup new milk or cream ;
one-half teaspoonful corn starch, dis-
solved in a little cold milk ; one table-
spoonful of sugar ; whites of two eggs,
beaten to a stiff froth. Boil three min-
utes. When quite cold take top crust
from pie, pour on the mixture, replace
crust, sprinkle with powdered sugar, and
set away to cool. Very nice. — Rural Life.

Horseradish. — The way to grow horse-
radish is from the little roots four or five
inches in length. These will produce
good radish fit for use in one season's
growth. Plant the root small end down,
and so that the top will be two inches
under the soil. It can remain in the
ground till very late in the autumn, and
be pitted, or can remain in the ground
until spring. It constantly increases, and
there is danger that it will spread too fast
and become troublesome.

The Potato. — The director of the
Agricultural Experiment Station of the
State of New York, gives the following as
some of the results of the experiments
made by him: — "So far as the experi-
ence of one year can determine, 'we feel
warranted in asserting that all the data
that we possess go to show that the char-
acter of the seed used is an important
determining factor of the crop gained ;
that single eyes have yielded better results
than whole potatoes used as seed, and that
the form of the cutting seems more influ-
ential than the size of the cutting."

PRINTED AT THK STBAU PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF COPP, CLARK li CO., COLBORNU STREET, TORONTO.

THE

VOL. VI.]

JULY, 1883.

[No. 7.

EOSE LA

The new strain of roses known as
the Hybrid Teas is attracting a great
deal of attention among our rose fan-
ciers. We give a coloured illustration
of one of this new strain, known as
La France, in order that our readers
may have a better opportunity of form-
ing a correct estimate of their appear-
ance. We are indebted to Mr. Henry
Bennett, Stapleford, Eng., for this new
strain, which bids fair to become one
of the most popular of all our many
different strains of roses. It was as
recently as 1879 that he sent out his
first group of seedlings which attracted
much attention from their beauty of
form, their rich perfume, and immense
blooming capacities. This new group
is produced by crossing the Tea Roses
with what are known as the Hybrid
Perpetuals, themselves crosses made
with varieties of Provence, Damask and
French roses upon Bengals, Bourbons,
<fec. This group of Hybrid Teas is as
yet in its infancy, but enough has been
(lone to shew that it is one giving great
promise of permanent value. Of La
France, Mr. H. B. EUwanger says, in
his valuable treatise entitled " The
Rose," that it is the sweetest of all
roses, and equal to any in richness of

FKANOE.

perfume and profusion of bloom, and
only needs to be known to be appre-
ciated. The coloured plate gives our
readers a very accurate representation
of its colour, size and form, and will
enable them to realize some idea of its
exquisite beauty. This group will
doubtless be more hardy than the Teas
themselves, but is not likely to have
the strength of constitution and ability
to endure severe cold which most of
the Hybrid Perpetuals possesses.

Our Canadian growers may plant
them in the open border for the sum-
mer season, and when the frost begins
to return take them up and place them
under glass or keep them in a nearly
dormant state in a cool cellar free or
nearly so from frost. This strain of
roses will also need to be well pruned
in and bountifully fed to secure the
finest specinKuis of bloom and best luxu-
riance of plant.

Canning Granges. — By a process simi-
lar to that used for preserving other fruits,
oranges have recently been successfully
canned and shipped. The fruit ia peeled
and broken into its natural sections before
canning, and when taken out is just ready
for use. This is likely to become an
important industry in the orange -growing
districts of California and Florida.

146

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

NEW ORLEANS.
It seems biit fitting in connection
with the meeting of the Mississippi
Valley Fruit Growers' Association, to
give our readers some idea of the ap-
pearance of this city, and of its horti-
cultural productions as they appear in
the last days of the month of February.
The thermometer during our stay ran
up as high as 78^^ in the shade, aihd con-
tinued so warm during the night as to

make the room uncomfortable unless
the windows were fully open and the
fresh air allowed free entrance. Yet
we found that sudden changes of tem-
perature were by no means exceptional
here, for within twenty-four hours the
thermometer fell fully forty degrees,
and we were awakened in the night by
such a change in the temperature as re-
quired the closing of the windows and
looking up of heavy blankets in order to

CARROLLTON GARDENS.

our physical comfort. Yesterday light
clothes were almost a burden, to-day our
woollen wraps and overcoats scarce
make us comfortable when exposed to
the chilling wind which prevails. Not-
withstanding this, vegetation seems to
come forward, and the fig trees are put-
ting forth their leaves. The broad-
leaved evergreen trees, which are very
abundant here, give a summer-like ap-
pearance to the public squares and
gardens which would look nearly as
bare as our own without them. The
Japanese plum trees, as they are called
(the Mespilus), are now laden with fruit,

some of which is already ripe, and the
trees of the bitter orange, which ai-e
planted for ornament in the public
squares and on many of the streets, are
loaded with golden fruit which con-
trasts beautifully with the dark green of
the foliage. The accompanying engrav-
ing is a picture of the Carrollton gar-
dens in New Orleans, in which will be
seen specimens of palm, banana and
yucca, from which our readers will ai
once perceive that the climate in its
greatest severity must be mild indeed,
compared with the frost which we ex-
perience. The avenue by which we

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

147

approached these gardens seems to be
the favorite place of residence for the
substantial business men of the city,
which had more or less of lawn and
garden attached ; and it was to us a new
sight indeed, to see Oleanders fully fif-
teen feet high, and Camellia Japonicas
laden with flowers. Crape Myrtle, Pit-
tisporum, Spanish Bayonet, and such
like plants as can be grown here only
in conservatories, flowering in the open

ground. Roses too, of the tender, ever-
blooming kinds, which we shelter with
so much care during the winter months,
were here climbing over fences, trellis
and walls in great profusion and laden
with flowers. Marshal Neil seemed
to be at home here, displaying its mag-
nificent half open buds in size and
abundance quite astonishing to us who
have to train it under glass. There was
one peculiarity that struck us as quite

JACK80N SQUARE.

novel in the structure of their cisterns
for holding rain water. These were all
above ground, from which we infer it is
impossible for the people to have cellars
beneath their houses. Indeed, at this
time the city was below the level of the
water in the river, so that if the banks
of the Mississippi were to give way, at
least the fii-st story of the dwellings
would be wholly submerged. We found
too, on visiting the cemeteries, that
instead of burying their dead be-
neath the surface of the ground, they
built brick and stone vaults in long
avenues, wherein the bodies of their

dead were deposited. One of the
public squares of the city, near the
famous French market, is known as
Jackson square, and we were surprised
to find the gardener trimming hedges
of the evergreen Euonymus, which did
not shew the least injury from the win-
ter. Camellias were laden with bloom,
the fragrant Olive mingled its odors
with the opening flowers of the orange;
the bananas were putting forth their
new leaves, and the yucca aloefolia was
in full bloom. Verbenas looked as
though they had remained in the bor-
ders all winter, and the Alternanthera

148

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

had only been partly killed back by the
cold weather. The accompanying cut
of Jackson square, which gives also a
birdseye view of the French market
and part of the river, will illustrate the
appearance of the city at this season of
the year. In visiting the market we
found little fruit besides oranges, lem-
ons, bananas and Japanese plums ; and
very surprising it was to us to find that
the oranges were either from Cuba or
the Mediterranean. The vegetables
were cabbage, lettuce, onions and garlic.
The peas and beans could hardly be said
to have arrived, a peck here and there
being all we could tind, with a few half
grown carrots and beets. The meat
market would bear but poor comparison
with any meat stall in the smallest town
in Canada. The beef seems to be coarse
grained, thin and lean, with a dark
bluish cast, anything but inviting to
the palate of one accustomed to the use
of Canadian beef. The liah market was
more bountifully supplied with a con-
siderable variety of tish, many of them
new to us. On inquiring their names
we found that they give the name of
trout and pike and bass to fish very
unlike those which are called by these
names with us, while others, such as
redsnappers, redfish and the like, were
wholly new, both in name and appear-
ance. Judging from our experience of
the fish when brought upon the table,
we would say that in richness of flavor,
fineness of grain and firmness of flesh,
they are not by any means equal to the
fish of our Canadian waters ; and even
the oysters, of which so much has been
said, lack the flavor of the oysters of
Long Island Sound. This city seems
to be growing in commercial import-
ance. Ocean steamers lie at its wharves,
taking in cargoes of cotton, rice and
sugar, and discharging cargoes brought
from foreign ports, and a general ac-
tivity seems to prevade the whole city,
which denotes business thrift. We had

not time to visit the manufactories of
ice and sugar, for which the place is
famous. On the whole the city presents
many attractions to the Northener for
a sojourn during a part of our cold win-
ter months ; but for variety of horticul-
tural productions in fruits and flowers,
which contribute so much to home
enjoyment, and for healthfulness of
climate, this part of the world will
hardly allure the Canadian from his
northern home for more than a small
period of the year.

MEETING OF THE MISSISSIPPI VAL-
LEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We called the attention of the mem-
bers of our Association, at their winter
meeting, to the proposed meeting of
the Mississippi Yalley Horticultural
Society, to be held in the city of New
Orleans, on 21st to jl4th February last.
J he writer availed himself of the excur-
sion rates ofiered of attending the meet-
ing of this society, and proceeded, in
company with the Vice-President of the
Association, to attend the meeting, and
gather up what information gave pro-
mise of being valuable in our more
northern, and therefore more severe
climate. It is to be remembered that
the Mississippi Valley, extending to the
city of New Orleans, with its June like
weather in February, also includes the
arctic climate of St. Paul's. We found
on reaching the place of meeting that
we were not the only persons coming
from ice bound regions, but that there
were representatives from yet. higher
latitudes than ours. The society met
in Grunewald Hall, on Wednesday,
the 21st February, where the members
were gracefully welcomed by Mr. E.
M. Hudson, Vice-President of the
Fruit Growers' Association of the Gulf
States ; to which the President, Mr.
Parker Earle, responded on behalf of
the society. He stated that the horti-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

U9

cultural productions of the Mississippi
Valley amounted in the aggregate to
one hundred million dollars, and that
this was in itself sufficient apology for
such a gathering as was present there
that evening. He stated that one of
the ])rincipal needs of the fruit growers
of that valley was some provision for
testing in the field embraced within its
boundaries the great multitude of new
varieties of fruits that were continu-
ally being brought out. and new
methods of cultivation. He was sure
the fruit planters of the west had lost
money, sometimes by planting unsuita-
ble varieties, sometimes by unsuitable
culture of varieties that would have
succeeded had the treatment been
adapted to their circumstances. The
different climates of the Mississippi
Valley called for diversity of treatment,
and the planting of different varieties.
What may be suitable in one place may
be very unsuitable in another part of
this great valley. The work of experi-
mental stations undertaken by some of
the States is certainly invaluable, but
quite insufficient to produce the infor-
mation needed by the ]}lanter. New
questions are continually arising to
perplex the fruit grower, new difficul-
ties seem to be continually springing up,
and new claimants for public favour
have need to be tested continually.
Hence the nece.ssity for such a gather-
ing as this, where pi-actical fruit
growers, giving their individual atten-
tion to the subject in hand, impart to
each other the information they have
gained and thus make the experience
of each the common property of all.
Alluding to Canada, he said that
reciprocity with Canada in this branch
of business was earnestly to \>e> desired ;
that the duties imposed by Canada
upon such products going into the
Dominion were greatly to the disad-
vantage of the fruit growers of the
Mississippi Valley. He closed his in-

teresting addi*ess by appealing to the
members to do all in their })ower to
make rural life attractive, and at the
same time pecuniarly profitable, and
to disabuse the young men of the notion
that occu[)ation of any kind in the city
is to be preferred to agriculture or fruit
growing. He also warned them not
to plant one more shrub, tree or vine
than they can intelligently care for,
saying that already there had been too
much " planting in ignorance and
reaping in disgust."

On the following morning, the Gulf
States Association invited the members
to a steamboat excursion upon the
Mississippi to the truck farm of Mr.
A. W. Roundtree. This farm is upon
the west bank of the river in Jefferson
county, about thirteen miles from New
Orleans, consisting of 175 acres, of
which 75 are occupied by orange trees,
to the number of 7,000 trees. It is
pi-obably the largest truck farm in
America, making a s})ecialty of cabbage,
cucumber and tomato, during the win-
ter months. The greatest part of the
crop is sent to the Chicago market.
He is growing this winter some 170,000
heads of cabbage upon a field of about
40 acres, and he yearly grows from
eight to nine hundred barrels of cucum-
bers, and from six to eight hundred
boxes of tomatoes. Besides this a con-
siderable amount of strawberries,
peaches and grapes are grown for family
use, and his apiary j)roduces annually
from eight to ten barrels of honey.
His tomatoes sometimes sell in the
Chicago market at the rate of nine
dollars a bushel, coming as they do at
the time of great scarcity, when the
demand far exceeds the supply.

At the time of the vi.sit of the society
the orange trees were just coming into
bloom, filling tin; air with delightful fra-
grance. The fruit had all been gathei'ed,
save that whicli remained upon a few
trees of the bitter orangejUot fit for food.

150

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTUKI8T.

MR. ROUNDTREE'S PLANTATION.

and only grown as an ornamental tree.
The fruit of the orange is ripe in No-
vember and December, when it is
gathered and packed as fast as the de-
mand may require, usually completing
the harvest in about a month. The
first six months of the year are devoted
to market gai-dening. The cabbage,
tomato and cucumber ])lants are started
under glass, and as the weather will
permit, and the growth of the plants
may require, they are trans])lanted into
the o})en gi'ound. The business of
gathering, packing and marketing is
carried on systematically with about
twenty -five colonjd hands. By the 1st
of July the ground crops are gathereit
and shipped, and the whole place sowed
with cow peas to be turned under
ground as a fertilizir. Mr. Roundtree
said that from the first of July till first
September, " we all take a holiday,
going up and down the country hunt-
ing up recreation according to our
several tastes." By the first of Sep-
tember the business of turning under

the cow })eas begins and the ground is
got in readiness for the winter crops.
The accompanying engj-aving which
we have copied from a picture we found,
renders some idea of the appearance of
Mr. Roundtree's place in the month of
December, when the work of orange
gathering is going on. The novelty of
such operations being conducted at such
a time is not without its charm to us
who at that season are battling with
frost and snow, amid leafeless trees,
whose fruits have long since been
gathered.

Dried Apples. — Last year over three
milliim pounds of drieii apples- were
exported from the United States, to the
markets of China, India, Egypt, Southern
Africa, Australia, and also to England and
Scotland. Four-fifths of this amount was
exported from the port of New York. The
exporters gather them up from all portions
of the country, the best, it is said, coming
from North Carolina. The cores and
parings are shipped to France, where they
are used in changing the flavors of various
brands of wine.

THE CANADIAN HORTCCULTURIST.

151

ANOTHER STKAWBERRY ENEMY.

It appears that the strawberry grow-
ers of Illinois have had tlieir straw-
berry crop injured by a very destiuc-
tive insect. There was every prospect
of a most abundant crop, when all at
once it was found that as the berries
were approaching their full size they
were eaten by some insect that had ap-
peared in countless numbers and had
ruined the crop. We learn from the
Farmer and Fruit Grower that Mr.
Earle, President of the Mississii)pi
Valley Fruit Grower's Association, has
been a great sufferer, and will not be
able to pick half a crop. He reports
tliat his tive acres of Sharpless will be
totally destroyed, every berry having
been sucked dry and rendered useless.
He expected to gather not less than
15,000 cases of fruit from his straw-
berries this season, but now it will not
amount to more than 5,000. Mr. W.
W. Plater reports that his fields are
entirely ruined, and that he has aban-
doned his cro{). Almost every straw-
berry plantation in that section has
been attacked by this insect, whose
capacity for destruction seems to be
wonderful. In consequence of the
wholesale destruction of the strawber-
ries in that part of Illinois, the greit
strawberry exhibition which was in-
tended to be held, has been abandoned,
as no longer possible. Professor Forbes,
the State Entomologist, on being in-
formed of this state of things, visited
tlie scene of destruction in order to in-
vestigate the habits of this insect. He
reports the injury done by all other in-
sects that prey upon the strawberry, is
not at all equal to the damage that has
been done by this new invader. He
states that it is a well known insect
that has been common for many years,
but never before known to injure the
strawberry. He calls it the Tarnished
Plant Bug, known to entomologists as
Lygus lineolaris, an insect belonging

to the order Heteroptera, family
Capsidse, genus Lygus,

At its first appearance it is a small,
green, flat-like bug, about the 1 P.th of
an inch long, increasing to about one-
fourth of an inch and changing to dull,
russet color, and finally becoming
winged and able to fly when full gi ow.i.
It IS said that it prefers the IShar,»leas,
and leaves the Crescent comparatively
untouched. It is certainly strange that
this insect should so suddenly turn its
attention to feeding upon straw! jerries,
and if once it gets a taste of this deli-
cious fruit probably it will not soon re-
linquish its new found pasture fields.
We may expect that if it abounds with
us it will also be found preying upon
the fruit of our strawberry plants, and
it is well for us to be forewarned and
forearmed. Our readers will find on
referring to Wm. Saunders' work on
insects injurious to fruits, page 147 (a
book that ought to be in the posse>sion
of every fruit-grower), the following
description and account of this insect
as it affects our ]>ear trees : " This in-
sect is about one fifth of an inch long
and varies in color from dull, dark
brown to a greenish or dirty yellowish
brown, the males being generally
darker than the females. The head is
yellowish, with three narrow, reddish
strii)es ; the beak or sucker Is about
one-third the length of the body, and
when not in use is folded upon the
breast. The thorax has a yellow mar-
gin, and several yellowish lines run-
ning lengthwise ; behind the thorax is
a yellow V-like mark, sometimes more
or less indistinct. The wings are
dusky brown, and the legs dull yellow.
We are indebted to Mr. Saun<lei-s for
the accompanying cut, which shows
the full-grown insect. It pa.sses the
winter in a perfect state, taking shel-
ter among ruV)bish, or in other conveni-
ent hiding places, and early in May,
as soon as vegetation starts, it be-

152

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Lygus lxneolaris.

gins its depredations. Concealing
itself within the young leaves of the
expanding buds of the pear, it punc-
tures them about
their base and along
their edges, extract-
ing their juices
T A-^HI^U ^^th. its beak. The

1 /HEmX puncture of the in-
sect seems to have
poisonous effect,
and the result is to
disfigure and some-
times entirely de-
stroy the young
leaves, causing them to blacken and
wither. These insects are also partial
to the unopened buds, piercing them
from the outside, and sucking them
nearly dry, when they also become
withered and blackened. Sometimes a
whole bunch will be thus affected,
being first stunted, then withering, and
finally dying. Early in the morning
these plant bugs are in a sluggish con-
dition, and may be found buried in the
expanding leaves, but as the day ad-
vances and the temperature rises they
become active, and when approached
dodge quickly ' about from place to
place, drop to the ground, or else take
wing and fly away. In common with
most true bugs they have, when han-
dled, a most disagreeable odor In the
course of two or three weeks they dis-
appear or cease to be sufficiently in-
jurious to attract attention. It is
stated that they deposit their eggs on
the leaves, and that later in the season
the old and young bugs may be found
together. The young bugs are green,
but in other respects do not differ from
their parents, except in lacking wings.
While they seem particularly partial
to the pear, they attack also the young
leaves of the quince, apple, plum and
cherry, as well as those of herbaceous
plants. Remedies. — First of all, clean
culture, so as to leave no shelter for

the bug in which to winter over.
When they appear in spring, shake
th6m from the trees very early in the
morning while they are in a torpid
state and destroy them.''

It is to be hoped that some more
speedy method of destroying these in-
sects, and one adapted to counteracting
their ravages in this their newly-found
field of destruction may be speedily dis-
covered.

CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA.

The engraving which we give of this
shrub will give our readers a better
idea of the appearance of its flowers
and the form of its flower spike and
leaves than it is in our power to
give by any verbal description. We
call attention to it again, because it is
extremely hardy, capable of enduring
our wintei*s with impunity, and be-
cause its season of bloom is so late as
to make it very desirable on account of
the scarcity of shrubs in bloom at that
time, and its period of bloom is so pro-
tracted as to make it a very ornamen-
tal object on the lawn for several
weeks. But it is more especially our
bee-keepers to whom we desire to com-
mend this shrub. The honey it yields is
of the finest quality, and is produced
in great abundance, and that at a time
when the flowers of spring and early
summer are gone, when the bees have
gathered their supplies from the bass-
wood and white clover. This shrub
affords them a bountiful supply during
a period of the year when it is. very
difficult for them to obtain any. We
believe it would be a very profitable
investment for those who are interested
in the production of honey to plant this
shrub b^^ the hundred or thousand in
order to su])plement the honey yielding
plants that are to be found in this
country. This shrub commences to
bloom at an early age, can be trans-

CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA.

154

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

planted with great ease, flourishes in
every soil, and seems to be quite free
from the depredations of insect ene-
mies. It certainly gives promise of
beini^' a most valuable acquisition to
our list of honey-producing })lants. We
believe it can be procured from nursery-
men at a reasonable rate and in large
quantities.

ADOLPH STRAUCH.

Whoever has visited Spring Grove
Cemetery — that beautiful triumph of
skill in landscape gardening which is
the pride of Cincinnati — will surely re-
member Adolph Strauch, whose genius
conceived and whose skill perfected the
beautiful pictures in trees and grassy
slopes and lakelets which abound at
Spring (rrove. He was the presiding
genius of this gem of rural beauty, and
the conceptions of his mind here found
embodiment in broad avenues, majestic
trees, gleaming water stretches, and
verdant lawns, so interwoven and
blended that every turn brought to
view some new picture of surpassing
loveliness. To him America is in-
debted as the originator of the Land-
scape Lawn System for cemeteries,
which he gradually developed, patiently
overcoming the prejudices and customs
which opposed his efforts, and at length
demonstrating its great superiority, so
that his rare taste and skill have been
fully acknowledged by all, and his
name stands, by common consent, by
the side of the great masters of art in
landscape creation.

It was the privilege of the writer not
only to enjoy these creations of his
masterly skill, but to grasp the hand
and look in the face of the man whose
brain had conceived this beautiful
grove, and to find in him a spirit quite
in harmony with the beauty with
which he was surrounded. It was a
pleasure to converse with him, and to

note how much he enjoyed the oppor-
tunity of contributing to the gratifica-
tion of his visitors as they stood in
mute contemplation of some charming
prospect, or pointed out the effect of
some skilful grouping. But he is gone,
gone from the scenes he created, gone
trom the work in which he delighted.
He slee{)S in the most charming spot
within the grove, the island, which the
Directors had donated to him in recog-
nition of his services. Spring Grove
Cemeterv is his monument.

THE CODLIN MOTH.

Some time ago a wiiter in the Bruce
Herald, over the signature of Pro Bono
Publico, said :

In 1878, when my apples and crabs
were much injured, being desirous to
make myself more fully acquainted with
the habits of the Codlin Moth, I collected
and opened several crabs which were in-
jured by the larvae of the moth. I took
twelve of those and placed them in two
crabs, then I burnt some earth in the
stove till I knew all insect life was de-
stroyed, then I damped it a little, and put
about three inches of it into a glass jar.
On the top of the earth in the jar I placed
the crabs, in which I had put the larvae,
I then covered the jar with a piece of
paper which 1 pierced with a pin. They
soon left the crabs and went into the earth
and were formed into chrysalis. They
did not remain long in that state when
they came out the full-grown moth. I
then found they were very partial to water
sweetened with honey. In 1879 1 placed
a gallon mustard jar in my orchard, in
which I had some water sweetened with
honey, in that I caught large numbers of
them, and also many bee-moths. I found
in that year my apples and crabs were not
so much injured as they had previously
been. In 1880 I placed jars so prepared
again, and in two nights I caught about a
hundred moths, so that very little of my
fruit was injured, and all who saw my
orchard were quite surprised to see what
they called my fine fruit, and so free from
the ravages of the moth. I expect next

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

155

year to completely exterminate the motlis
in my orchard.

Any vessel in which the honey and
water is placed should be such as a gallon
mustard jar, so that the moths could have
easy access to the sweetened water, but
could not easily get out, then the moths
should be removed every two or three
days, for if there are too many left in the
water, others will light on them and be able
to fly out. The moths only fly at night.

Those who have bees shcmld be careful
and remove the jars in the day, otherwise
many bees will be lost.

I always in two or three days remove
the moths with a piece of wire-cloth fast-
ened to the end of a stick, and kill those
which are alive.

I wish others would try this experiment
and report to your paper.

It would be exceedingly interesting
to hear again from this writer as to the
results of his method of capturing these
moths with sweetened water in 1881
and 1882j and to know whether he has
completely exterminated them from his
orchard as he expected.

Professor W. J Benl, of the Michigan
State Agricultural College, in a paper
read by him before the Illinois State
Horticultural Society, and published in
tJie Transactions of 1882, says: "I
have several times tried to catch them
by placing in apple trees pans of sour
milk, sweetened vinegar, bottles of
sweetened watei-, and boai'ds smeared
over with molasses. I have always
caught many insects, but never to my
knowledge caught a codlin moth by
these means. I have thrown slaked
lime in trees at different times when
fruit was on the trees, but it has failed
to re«luce the number of moths or of
wormy apples. I have tried bands
around the trees, bands made of straw,
wood, cloth, pasteboard and soft paper.
They all catch the larvae of the moths,
but still enough escape to keep up a
good supj>ly of insects. The most
effectual band was one patented in
Western New York. It consists of a

band of pasteboard two and a half inches
wide and lined with cotton."

It seems from Prof. Beal's experi-
ments that he did not succeed in cap-
turing any of the codlin moths with
sweetened water, sweetened vinegar or
molasses ; and it has been the general
opinion of those who have studied the
habits of the codlin moth, that it can
not be caught with sweetened water.
Wm. Saunders, in his work on insects
injurious to fruits, says : " Wide-
mouthed bottles, partly filled with
sweetened water and hung in the trees,
have been recommended as traps for
the codlin moth, but there is no reli-
able evidence that any appreciable
benefit has ever been derived from their
use. There is no doubt that a large
number of moths can be captured in
this manner, but it is a rare thing to
find a codlin moth among them. Neither
is the plan of lighting fires in the or-
chard of much avail, since the codlin
moth is rarely attracted by light."

Our Walkerton readers will confer a
favor by calling the attention of the
writer in the Bruce Herald, if he be
known to them, to the subject of his
experiments, and obtaining from him a
further account of his experience.

The Victoria Cuerant. — The Victoria
currant is more prolific than the Red
Dutch, and is therefore more profitable
for market gardeners. But as the Vic-
toria has more acidity, the Red Dutch is
the better variety for farmers who intend
to grow only for home use.

DiELYTRA Spectabilis is one of our
prettiest spring blooming plants, also
blooms nicely in the house in winter. A
very light position should be secured for
it, otherwise the branches will grow up
wrong. Not too much heat is required for
it : in fact, it will do better in rather cool
places. It is pleasing to know of a plant
that will do so well in the open ground,
where one may be sure to enjoy its beauti-
ful pink and curiously shaped flowers
every spring.

166

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

CELERY.

There is no reason why the farmer
should not raise celery in his garden,
for since the introduction of the dwarf
varieties, there is no more time or work
required than is expended on the garden
crop of onions. The " Sandringham "
dwarf I esteem the best. If you
are not in the habit of making a
hot-bed, start your plants in the house
in March in a small box of light red
soil, such as you compost for house
plants. It is well to have a barrel
mixed in spring and kept in a shady
place to decompose, ready for your
house plants on removing them to win-
ter quarters from the garden. Select
place for your celery in garden, plant
two rows of early potatoes in drills,
rows four feet apart, after final hoeing
run a tiller between the rows, sprinkle
your fertilizer in the nhannel made by
the tiller and hoe it in ; it is better if
a rain intervenes before you set out
your plants ; the planting is better
done by two persons, one with a small
dibble six inches long, acting also for a
measure to distance plants six inches
apart, making the holes and dropping
in the plant. A person following with
water fills the holes. After all are set
out and the water soaked off*, fill the
hole with earth pressed slightly around
the plant. At this time, last of July
or first of August, the potato tops are
large enough to afford shade, the plants
need nothing more except to be kept
free of weeds till your potatoes are dug,
then hoe your celery and draw dirt to-
wards it on each side. To blanch easily
and rapidly go on your knees, astride
the row ; take a plant in one hand,
shake it and squeeze it close to get out
the earth from centre, holding in hand,
with the othei- draw the earth up to the
plant on that side, then take plant in
other hand and draw earth on other side,

after which let go of the plant and
draw earth from both sides, pressing it
against the plant. After your row is
gone over and blanched, finish up with
a hoe ; two blanch ings is enough ; a
sprinkling of salt along the row has
been found to advantage at time of
blanching. To winter celery it should
remain out as long as safe in fall, but
should be dug when the soil is not wet.
It should be dug with a long handle
fork, a basket or barrowful at a time,
and placed at once where you intend
to winter it. I have tried sand, leaves,
etc., for storing, but have found it to
winter full better without either. Have
bins made three feet wide with wide
plank, with cellar floor for bottom.
Take up celery with as much earth as
possible and press the heads as closely
as possible in the bin. After your
plants are all in, place leaves at the
end you intend to use from, banking
up the celery on that side to exclude
air after taking out for use. If you
have been in the habit of buying you
will find nothing you can raise in a
garden would pay you better than your
crop of celery. The space occupied is
of little account, as you would plant
your rows of potatoes only one foot
closer than without. You can raise
30n heads, a fair home supply, easier
than in former times one hundred
of the Giant varieties could be raised
in ditches.

W. M. P.
Clarenceville, Que., June 7th, 1883.

FOUNTAIN PUMP— REPLY TO MR.
STHAUCHON.

Mh. Editor, — In current month's
n\imber of Horticulturist there is an
enquiry by Geo. Strauchon as to a
good, cheap fountain pump for spraying
fruit trees. I have used for the last
two years the fountain pump manufac-
tured by Josiah A. Whitman, Provi-
dence, Rhode Island, and find it an

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

157

exceedingly handy, portable and effi-
cient article. It can be had, I think,
duty and express charges paid, for about
$8. I have not yet tried it on the Cod-
lin Moth, but think that with its help
I have effectually checkmated the
'• little Turk." After three applica-
tions (one a week) of Paris Green
water (one teaspoonful to a pail), my
apricots are now as large as plums and
not a mark upon them, and with close
searching I have been able to find but
two plums stung by the Curculio on
the ten trees which constitute my plum
orchard. In bye-gone seasons by this
time plums and apricots were falling in
perfect showers, notwithstanding daily
jarring of the trees, and very few of
either fruits eventually escaped. The
exceptions then were indeed rari nantes.
I might just add that I have found
Mr. Whitman a straightforward and
honorable man to deal with.
Yours, &c.,

C. R. Matthew.
St. Stephen's Parsonage,
Goderich Township, June 20, 1883.

FRUIT PROSPECTS.

{For the HorticulturUL)

Greenock, on the west coast of Scot-
land, is proverbial for the humidity of
its climate. Of it, the story is told
that sailoi-s say it rains thirteen months
in the year there. The little boy's
answer to the question of a visitor who
had frequently been there, and always
found his umbrella in good place,
Does it always rain here ] was, " oo, no
sir, it whiles snaws." Just such like
has been our season here ; St. Swithen
left us weeping, and the clouds have
wept ever since. Where we had a
comparatively diy day, our expectations
of coming dry weather generally van-
ished with the rising sun, and to-day,
the middle of June, many farmers have
only aViout half their spring work done,
and badly done at that.

The prospects of the apple crop in
our section are fair, if we are only
spared from the Fungus, which is
doubtful, as the disease has till now
gone on increasing. The Fameuse and
Mcintosh Red were from this cause
entirely Avorthle^ last year. I have
tried the experiment of top grafting
all my young trees of these varieties
with scions of Canada Red, Wealthy,
Mann apple, Canada Baldwin, Ameri-
can Golden Russet, Swayze Pomme
Grise, and Nonpareil. All but the last
named, (scions of which were sent me
from the lower province and of which I
know nothing,) succeed here, and if here
you may class them as entirely hardy.
Speaking of apples, there is a tree in
my orchard planted I believe about the
beginning of this century, the large
proportions of which have been re-
marked by many. Six inches from the
ground it measures round eight feet.
It is a native, a good bearer, quality of
fruit excellent for cooking, fair to eat,
keeps well through the winter, has
never spotted. I also top grafted from
it.

I must thank friend Beadle, and in
doing so, feel that I am but expressing
what our Board of Directors feel,
heartily thankful for the bound volumes
of the Horticulturist, so well got up,
and with so much modesty presented,
that we think words would be wasted
more than to say it's just like our edi-
tor. We must compliment him too for
the goodly appearance and judicious
selections of the Horticulturist. Al-
ways a welcome visitor, it is worthy of
a first place on our shelves.

Friend Gott's remarks on the loss of
our respected brother, Mr. Arnold,
were well chosen. It takes but few
words to tell a big tale of sorrow, and
he found them.

Mr. Roy gives me credit for more
enterprise in strawberry culture than I
deserve. It's only a half acre patch

158

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

I'm going into, but I am testing varie-
ties enough, I think, to make a future
report interesting.

My main crop will be Early Canada,
Wilson and New Dominion, but am
testing Mount Vernon, Manchester,
Bid well, Forest Rose, Hudson Chief,
Sharp! ess, Glendale. For these I have
to thank Mr. A. M. Smith, of your
place, and Mr. Henry Smith, of Mor-
risburg. In raspberries I am trying
Niagara, Cuthbert and Hansell. The
Philadelphia last year fruited well,
when all my others were winter killed.
I have trespassed too long on your
sheet and your reader's patience.

John Croil.
Aultsville, June, 1883.

FRUIT JREPORT FROM THE OTTAWA
VALLEY.

The spring of 1883 has been the most
backward that has occurred for many
years in eastern Ontario. At this time
of writing (6th June) the trees are
hardly yet in full leaf, especially the
black and gray walnuts. The wild red
plums have just dropped their blosoms,
but the blue plums, apples, crabs, straw-
berries and cherries are now in full
bloom ; the currants and gooseberries
have set their fruit. 'Winter weather
held on until late in the season and was
succeeded by cold wet weather, in con-
sequence of which vegetation was un-
usually late. Notwithstanding these
drawbacks the shew for fruit is unusu-
ally good, but with so late a start it
may be a question if the grapes, which
are only shewing the fruit buds, will
overtake their usual time of ripening.
Present indications shew that it will
take an exceptionally hot season, well
extended into the autumn, to perfect
the fruit before the frost sets in. Several
pear trees which were sent out in past
years by the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, and had lingered on without pro-
ducing any fruit, have at last succumbed

to the past severe winter. This proves
conclusively to me that this is not a
pear section. Almost the only variety
that has fruited here is the Flemish
beauty, but even this tree gave no re-
turn on my grounds, and in other locali-
ties has proved short lived, only fruiting
for one or two years. Many varieties
of cherries have been tried, but no suc-
cess attended them. A few specimens
have been secured from the Kentish,
which so far has proved hardy, but does
not bear so abundantly as in the west.
The robbins are so fond of this fruit
that it is difficult to secure even those
that come to maturity. Experiments
have been made with the peach, but
have only gone to shew that it cannot
be grown in the open ground. I have
tried it on the French Cordon system,
covering the arms with leaves and soil,
but without success. I have also tried
the plan of cutting the roots of one side
of the tree, throwing it over and bury-
ing it, but with no better success. All
attempts to raise fruit have failed, though
the life of the tree has in many instances
been prolonged for several years. This,
as in the case of the pears and the finer
kinds of plums and cherries, shews that
the fruit spurs, or that part of the tree
which is productive of its seed, is the
most tender, and the more readily at-
tacked by cold, or more susceptible to
the changes of temperature.

I find that raspberries do best with
some slight protection. Probably the
best thing to do is to weight the canes
down with poles, light scantlings or
sods, covering them with corn stalks,
sorghum or some coarse material, prob-
ably cedar brush would be the best
where it is easily obtained. Amongst
the varieties experimented with here, I
find the Cuthbert probably the most
hardy, it shews every indication of be-
ing a valuable sort for cold localities.
The berry is good in quality, firm and
of a bright attractive color. All the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

159

gooseberries are hardy, Smith's Im-
proved appears to be taking the lead ;
it has the finest berry of the American
varieties, bears well, :ind is compara-
tively free irom milldew. A good de-
sert gooseberry, free from disease, in
all parts of Canada would be a decided
acquisition. And this will no doubt be
produced by our hybridists within the
next few yeai*s, if it has not already
been obtained.

What apple trees there are, shew
abundant promise of fruit. Tlie bloom
was magnificent, and so far as can be
judged they have set well. On the
whole the fruit prospects in this district
are the brightest that have opened for
many years.

P. E. BUCKE,

Director Ottawa Division.

TO THE GROWERS OF FRUIT IN THE
BLEAK NORTH.

We are told by the ancients that
" the gods help those who help them-
selves." Would it not, therefore, be
to our mutual advantage to unite and
furnish to one another such information
on the subject of fruit growing as we
may have gleaned from time to time in
vjui variea localities. I doubt not that
you all have experienced the same diffi-
culties that I have in securing fruits
sufficiently hardy to withstand the
intense cold of our nothern clime. It
seems to me, therefore, eminently de-
sirable that we should every spring
give a revised list in the Horticulturist
of those trees, shrubs. Sic, that have
most effectually withstood the rigour of
our northern blasts. In this way we
shall soon be enabled to furnish a com-
plete and reliable "fruit list" for the
colder sections of our Dominion. Our
southern neighbours are anxious and
willing to give us the benefit of their
varied experience, but, unfortunately,
in many respects, it is not of such a
nature as to be of very material service

to US. I shall therefore give you the
benefit — if it can be called such — of
my own experience, trusting that it may
be the means of inducing others to
" go and do likewise."

It is perhaps best to state briefly in
the beginning, that I live in the county
of Renfrew, in the Ottawa valley, in
lat. 45° 30' ; that I am entirely re-
moved from the ameliorating influence
of any body of water, and being besides
situated at a high level have to with-
stand the eftects of the most rigorous
winters — the mercury some seasons
ranging as low as 40° below zero.

Notwithstanding these natural dis-
advantages, I have succeeded in raising
a considerable quantity of various kinds
of fruit, and though they are not of the
very best quality, yet sufficiently valu-
able to make it desirable to grow them.

I shall confine myself in this letter
to the varieties of apples that I have
succeeded in raising, and shoidd it be
deemed advisable will give a list of the
other classes of fruits that I have
found sufficiently hardy to warrant me
in recommending them to others. I
shall endeavour to enumerate them as
nearly as possible in the order of their
hardiness : Wealthy, Duchess of Olden-
burg, Yellow Transparent, Tetofskv,
Peach of Montreal, Mcintosh Red,
and Emperor Alexander.

The White Astrachan, Northfield
Beauty, Magog and Red Streak, and
Scott's Winter, although very hardy,
do not appear to be quite so vigorous
in the spring as those first mentioned.
Last wintei* was a particularly severe
one, yet all those mentioned above
came through uninjured with me. I
have several other promising sorts under
trial, but not yet sufficiently tested to
pronounce upon with cei-tainty.

A. A. Wright.

The Editor would urgently request
Mr. Wright to continue his notes on

160

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the several fruits and to extend them
to ornam(mtal trees, shrubs and plants,
and roses as well.

ALUM WATER FOR THE CURRANT
WORMS.

Dear Sir, — In the Canadian Horti-
culturist you ask any one who tries the
alum water on currant worms to report
its effect. 1 have tried it and it works
splendid, j ust as good as hellebore. I
first used it on gooseberry bushes nearly
full of worms, and after two applica-
tions scarcely a worm could be seen.
Your obedient servant,

D. H. Webber.
Hamilton, June 12th, 1883.

HOW APPLES ARE SOLD IK
ENGLAND.

At a meeting of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, Charles F. Cur-
tis gave an account of the method of
selling apples in England. This is
wholly by auction. There are five
auctioneers in the business at Liverpool,
and all the apples received are sold by
one of them. The sale is held in a
large amphitheatre, in the centre of
which is a large table, on which a barrel
of each mark is poured out as a sample.
Each auctioneer sells for three-quarters
of an hour at a time, and the sales
continue, if necessary, till ten o'clock
at night. Apples are sold in lots of
twenty barrels each. The understand-
ing is that the apples shall be perfectly
tight in the barrel ; when such bring
twenty-five shillings per barrel, "shak-
ers," or those not tightly packed, will
bring four shillings less. The next
grade is "wet and wasted," which
bring only half the price of the best.
The Baldwin is the only variety sold to
any amount ; it is the only one which
can be obtained in sufficient quantity
to sell by the thousand barrels. Retail
lots and odds and ends are not wanted.
Sales are held three days in a week.

The trade dates from about ten years

affo.

THE KIEFFER PEAR.

That this pear, which is producing
such innovation in pear culture, is a
veritable prodigy, no one will perhaps
deny. Therefore, in order to do it jus-
tice, it seems necessary to look upon it
calmly and criticise it philosophically.
That it is not perfect, all should admit
— no fruit has yet been produced that
is — but that it possesses much merit,
from a somewhat full experience with
it, I am ready to assert.

With its large size, peculiar form
and surpassing beauty, together with
its remarkable growth, early bearing,
and ornamental properties of the tree,
it has so fascinated many, that they are
blind to any defects, while some disap-
pointed ones can see in it nothing to
admire. Still others, charmed at " first
sight," but chagrined at finding it " not
quite so" sweet as appearances led them
to suppose, can speak of it only slight-
ingly-
After growing the Kieflfer, seeing it
in several different places in New Jer-
sey and Pennsylvania, and having tes-
ted it three consecutive years, I would
describe it in brief as follows :

In size it is large to very large, of
double turbinate form, rich yellow, with
carmine cheek when exposed to the sun;
showy and exceedingly handsome ; an
excellent shipping and keeping pear;
flesh harsh-grained and of variable
flavor; when well grown and^ well
ripened, rich, juicy, peculiarly piquant
and spicy, and when poorly grown or
poorly ripened, lacking in character.
Season, October to December. Tree, a
marvel of rapid growth and early bear-
ing, producing large annual crops, sym-
metrical, with large, glossy, dark-green
foliage in abundance, rendering it de-
cidedly ornamental. Were it of uni-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

161

form good quality, little indeed beside
could be desired in it as an autumn
pear. Although occasionally a speci-
men of high quality can be found ; in
the hands of the masses, who would
not, it is fjiir to su[)pose, treat it pro-
perly, it will be found of second or third
class quality.

Finally, from its many properties of
a high order of merit, and lacking, as it
does, only uniform ijood quality — like
the Concord grape, Wilson strawberry,
Ben Davis apple and other varieties of
extensively grown popular market fruits
tliat might be enumerated, all of which
are fully as poor in quality as the Kief-
fer — I am entirely satisfied it has not
only come to stay, but is destined to
become equally popular. I should have
arrived at this conclusion from its mar-
ket qualities, luxuriant growth and
productiveness alone ; but when I con-
sider its superlative value for canning,
surpassing all other varieties of pears —
so desirable, indeed, for the purpose
that the canning establishments alone
will take all that can be produced for
at least the next ten years, at highly
profitable prices — I cannot perceive
how it can prove otherwise. — J. T.
LovETT, in American Garden.

SOME MARKET PEARS.

The Bartlett has the greatest number
of good qualities combined, including
free and handsome growth, early bear-
ing, fair fruit, sound cores, great pro-
'hictiveness and special adapted n ess to
( auning ; and it is not surprising that
it has stood at the head of the list for
wide popularity for the past twenty
years. Next to this, perhaps, is the
later Beurre d'Anjou, which also has
an unusual combination of good quali-
ties. Its uniform and moderate bearing
contribute to the full development of
the fruit, and it is not common to find
a small and poor specimen. The liand-
2

some form and good size are combined
with an excellent flavoi- ; and it posses-
ses in an unusual degree the quality of
keeping a long time after becoming lipe.
The earliest specimens ripen in October,
but there is no difficulty in keeping the
later ones till Januar}^ if in a quite cool
room. Some orchardists would place
the Seckel next, and where soil and
treatment have been right, it has proved
very profitable. Its ft eedom from blight
and its reliability as a constant bearer,
are qualities of great im])ortanc^'.

There are some other sorts which may
become mora popular as market pears
in future, when better known to pur-
chasers. Clapp's Favorite is the hand-
somest large early pear. Doyenne
Boussock has some excellent qualities.
The tree is a fine, healthy grower, both
as a standard and dwarf, and the fruit
is always remarkably fair. In quality
it is about equal to the Bartlett. But
from some cause it has never found its
way largely into market, and brings
but a moderate price. The Howell is
a vigorous grower and prodigious bear-
er, and the fruit is unusually fair. Most
judges place it as quite equal to the
Bartlett in flavor, but it does not sell so
well. It will probably be better es-
teemed in future years. The Bufl"um is
perhaps the finest of all growers and
the greatest of all bearers, but the fruit
is too small and not good enough. It
may, however, sell well in some mar-
kets, and if at only half price, an acre
of orchard would bring good returns.
Some orchardists place the Clairgeau as
the most profitable late pear. A dish
of selected specimens makes the finest
show of all the sorts on the table. A
loaded tree in autumn, with its large,
ruddy, brilliant pears, is the most showy
sight among pear trees. The quality is
sometimes pretty good, but O. B. Had-
wen, of Worcester, says he doubts
whether any connoisseur in pears can
be found who ever ate a whole Clairgeau,

162

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

and that it is preferred by restaurant
and hotel keepers to Anjou because it
lasts longer on the table.

Among dwarfs, Duchesse d'Angou-
leme stands high above all others for
profit, the hardiness and fine growth of
the tree, and the large and showy fruit,
being its special recommendations. Its
remarkable freedom from blight admits
copious manuring, so essential to the
best growth of nearly all fruits. —
Country Gentleman.

DRIED FRUIT.

The Grocers' Bulletin, of Chicago,
says : — A few years ago the amount of
dried fruit shipped from the south was
scarcely worthy of note, but since then
the business has reached very consider-
able proportions. The south has an
almost undeveloped mine of wealth in
the production of fruit, especially for
canning and drying purposes. For the
production of peaches, plums, grapes,
early apples, and all the fruits, the
climate is unsurpassed, and yet less
fruit by far is consumed each year per
family, whether in its fresh state or
canned or dried, than at the North,
where it is produced under far less
favorable conditions. The States bor-
dering the Ohio valley on the south,
and including Arkansas, ought to be-
come as noted for their fruit crops as
the country bordering the Delaware
and Chesapeake bays. Attention is
being turned in that direction, and each
year now sees a larger supply coming
from the south to the northern markets,
giving a good promise for the future
in this line of production. Our first of
the season's supply of small fruits in
the Chicago market now comes from
the Gulf States, the shipping points
receding north as the season advances,
giving us berries, peaches and apples
weeks before the crops of southern
Illinois — on which only a few years

ago we mainly relied — are ready for
market. But the business is yet only
in its infancy, and the capabilities of the
country in the way of production hard-
ly tested. The demand for fruits in all
forms is steadily increasing, and there
is little danger of over-production if
the products are put into a non-perish-
able condition by canning or drying.

TRANSPLANTING QUINCE TREES.

W. W. Meech, so well qualified to
advise in such matters, gives the follow-
ing directions in the June American
Agriculturist for handling quince trees :

The distance appart to plant quince
trees depends on circumstances and
surroundings, and the form it is intend-
ed to give the head of the tree. Six,
eight, ten, and twelve feet apart in the
rows have been recomended. My old-
est trees are eight feet apart, and have
done very well ; but that is too close
to admit of any but hand-culture. I
next planted ten feet apart ; but that is
also too close. I have widened the dis-
tance between the trees of successive
plantings, until I now set them fifteen
feet apart. As generally grown, from
twelve to fifteen feet will be found to
give suflScient room. The largest quince
tree on record was standing near
Geneva, New York, about thirty
years ago ; it was thirty feet high,
had a trunk six feet around ; with
a branching head seventy-five feet
in circumference. An orchard of such
trees would need at least twenty-five
feet between them. How oJd this
tree was I could not learn, but there
are two quince trees on the farm where
I was born, which are more than fifty
years old, and still bear a little.

The location of each tree being fixed,
dig the hole. This should never be less
than three feet across, however small
the tree may be. It should always be
wider than the roots extend each way,

i

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

163

the wider the better ; and unless the
subvsoil is clayey enough to hold the
water, it is well to dig at least a foot
and a half deep. I usually dig two
si)ades deep, heaping up the soil on the
sides of the hole, and throwing the sub-
soil around on the surface. I then
return a portion of the soil to the hole,
on which the tree is set, and a
wheelbarrow of richer earth is filled
in among the roots, as the rest of the
soil on the margin of the hole is return-
ed. I get this richer earth generally
by taking two or three inches of soil
from my poultry yard. When the hole
is nearly full I put around the trees a
good mulch of leaves, refuse straw, or
any similar material, and lightly cover
this with earth to hold it in place.
This will protect trees from drouth
better than watering will, and help to
maintain an equable tem[)erature of soil.
It will also become a good fertilizer.

ENSILAGE.

The results of some expeiiments with
ensilage made at the New York State
Experimental Station, are thus summed

Our conclusions in regard to ensilage,
as derived from this one experiment,
must be considered both favorable and
unfavorable to its claims. When it is
the sole food it seems a food favorable
toward maintenance, unfavorable to
the production of milk, unfavorable to-
ward the total production of butter,
but favorable for the recovery of the
butter represented by the fat of the
milk. We may infer from reasoning,
that the mixture with other foods may
tend to obviate, in a certain degree, the
unfavorable indications. Its effect upon
the general appearance and health of
the cow when fed in excess, seems
detrimental to a slight degree, but when
fed as an addition to other foods, the
effect, so far as we can reason, would

seem to be favorable. — E. Lewis Stur-

TEVANT, Director.

PRESERVING PEAS.
The most effectual method we have
found for preserving peas from wither-
ing or drying up in a drouth, is to
mulch them thickly with coarse hay or
straw, to a width of at least two feet on
each side of the row. Our garden soil
is a fine, porous gravel, and unless the
season is cool and moist, the pea vines
dry up so badly as to produce little
fruit. Mulching heavily is consequently
a necessity in order to save them. By
doing this, we have obtained as good
crops as when May, June, and July
wei-e cool and rather rainy. It is not
necessary to bush dwarf peas. Still,
when exposed to a strong wind, they
will sometimes blow down, and then
the further advantage of their being
mulched is that the pods are ke})t clean
and dry, and escape being mildewed.
It is an excellent thing also to mulch
both pole and bush beans, melons,
squashes and cucumbers in the same
way. — American Agriculturist for June.

RIPENING GRAPES.

Josiah Hoopes says in the New York
Tribune : *' No surer evidence of the
impropriety of defoliation to admit the
sun's rays can be cited than the results
of recent experiments in bagging grapes.
We see that the covered clusters ripen
more thoroughly, color more beauti-
fully, and assume that flavor which,
without artificial aid, in many sections
they rarely attain. The foliage in a
great measure acts as the lungs do in
the animal creation, and every perfect,
healthy leaf taken off a plant destroys
a portion at least of its power of sub-
sistence, for vegetation extracts from
the air a wonderful amount of nutri-
ment, which enters into its organiza-
tion through the myriads of minute

164

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

apertures which nature has so Avisely
ordained for the express purpose. Then
why partially cut off its means of sup-
ply to gi-atify the whim that fruit must
receive the direct rays of the sun 1

BOOK NOTICES.

Transactions of the Mississippi
Valley Horticultural Society. —
This forthcoming volume, advance
sheets of which have been kindly fur-
nished, will prove one of the most
valuable horticultural publications that
has ever been given to the American
public. It will not only contain reports
of the sayings and doings of the society
at its meeting in the city of New
Orleans, in February last, but will also
contain in full the many valuable
papers which were read before that
meeting. We desire to call attention
to the very valuable paper by Professor
S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of
Illinois, devoted to the insects injurious
to the strawberry, which treats not only
of those which are troublesome in the
Mississippi Valley, but also of all the
insects known to be injurious to that
plant. He considers the strawberry
worm, Emphytus maculatus, one of the
most destructive enemies in localities
where it has secured a footing, but not
as widespread as the leaf roller and
some of the various beetle larvse which
injure the root and the crown. He
speaks of it as occurring in great num-
bers through central and northern
Illinois, Missouri and Iowa, and reach-
ing as far east as Ontario, Canada. The
remedies which he recommends are
Paris green or powdered hellebore.
The strawberry leaf roller, Anchylopera
fragarice, he mentions as another of the
most destructive insects of the straw-
berry, which at one time threatened to
put an end to its culture over very large
areas, and probably would have done
so, at least for a considerable time, if

successful remedies had not been dis-
covered. These were mowing the field
after the strawberries had been picked,
and burning it over when tlie leaves
have become dry. This process does
not hurt the plants, and checks the leaf
roller at once, so that in two or three
years its depredations become insignifi-
cant, if indeed the insect is not wholly
exterminated. He also mentions the
flea negro bug, Thyreocori sulicariuSj
as sometimes very injurious to the
strawberry, puncturing the stem with
its beak and sucking the sap, thereby
causing the blossom to wither. The
strawberry crown miner, Anarsia linea-
tella, seems to be a recent invader of
the strawberry, shewing both the ability
and disposition to do serious mischief.
He discovered it last September by the
roadside in plants which had escaped
from cultivation, about 75 per cent, of
which were infested with this cater-
pillar, which had eaten out the interior
of the crown, in a manner similar to
the crown borer of Illinois, and equally
serious. This caterpillar is about two-
fifths of an inch long, reddish pink on
the back, fading to dull yellow on the
second and third segments ; the head is
yellow and each segment has a few shin-
ing redish dots arranged in imperfect
rows. He says that Mr. Wm. Saunders,
of London, Ont., is to be credited with
the first public mention of their injuries
to this plant. The strawberry crown
borer, Tyloderma fragarim. he says, has
been known as one of the worst ene-
mies of the strawberry for more than
fifteen years. It is a shy, sluggish in-
sect, rarely seen outside of its burrow,
and incapable of flight. He is not
aware that this insect has been found
injurious except in Illinois and Mis-
souri. The only method of subduing
it seems to be one as destructive to
the plants as to the insect, namely,
ploughing up the strawberry field.
Enough has been said to show the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

165

practical value of this paper, which
was followed by another, upon *' The
best strawberries for home use and for
market," by E. D. Webb, Kentucky,
who said that under the head of straw-
berries for distant markets, he could
name only the Wilson and Glendale,
remarking that the Wilson has now
outranked all others as a shipper,
proving more nearly a success, and
now more grown for commercial pur-
poses than any other variety. The
paper by F. P. Baker, upon " irrigation
in horticulture," will be found exceed-
ingly interesting and well worthy the
careful perusal of every one living in a
climate subject to summer drought.
Another very interesting paper was
read by T. T. Lyon, Michigan ; the
subject was " ruts in horticulture." We
have not space for a synopsis of this
valuable paper. We advise ourfriimds
to send $2,00 to the Secretary, Mr.
Wm. Ragan, Clayton, Indiana, and
secure a copy of the transactions and
study this paper for themselves. Gov.
Furnas, of Nebraska, furnished a very
interesting paper upon *' tree planting
on the plains," which contains much in-
formation concerning the growth of
timber and the value of nearly all of
our forest trees for various uses and
commercial purposes. Dr. Jno. A.
Warder, Ohio, furnished a valuable
paper on " the effect of forests upon
health," shewing the importance of trees
as a safeguard against malaria. The
paper upon " marketing of fruit," by E.
Hollister, Illinois, is replete with valu-
able information to everyone engaged
in the packing and shipping of berries
and other small fruits. Mrs. H. M.
Lewis, Wisconsin, furnished a paper on
" birds in horticulture," and she says
that if Dame Fashion would declare that
the English sparrow was the coming
bird for ladies' head wear and parlour
decoration, as the sunflower has been
of late, it would be a boon to the coun-

try. The paper upon "the adornment of
rural homes," by Mrs, Huntley, Wis-
consin, is not only beautifully written,
but full of information, derived evi-
dently from her own experience, that
cannot fail to be of interest to us,
whose climate so closely resembles that
of her own home. The Secretary, Mr.
W. H. Kagan, of Indiana, contributed
a paper upon the question, *' Can we
master the insect enemies of the
orchard ? " in which he seems to give
way to the fear that through want of
concert of action among orchardists,
the insects are iikely to have their own
way. We commend this subject to
the attention of our Ontario orchard-
ists, for truly if our efforts are either
spasmodic or isolated, we shall not be
able to cope successfully with the insects
which have invaded our orchards, and
which rapidly render our marketable
fruits small by degrees and beautifully
less. The paper upon '' the management
of peach orchards," by G. W. Endicott,
Illinois, treating on the varieties to
plant, of pruning, gathering of the
fruit, etc., will be exceedingly interest-
ing to those of our readers who live
within the peach growing regions. The
paper on "grape growing and civiliza-
tion," by Isidor Bush, Missouri, will be
of interest to our grape growers, being,
however, suggestive rather than practi-
cal. We commend to our hybridists
the paper by Dr. J. Stayman, of Kansas,
" on the scientific production of new
fruits," which will be found replete with
suggestions bearing upon their success
well worthy of their attention. But
there is not space to enumerate a tithe
of these interesting papers. Enough
has been said, we trust, to shew the
great value of this volume of transac-
tions, not merely to the members of
the society by which it is published,
but also to our Canadian fruit growers.
The mechanical workmanship displayed
in the publishing of this report is of

k

166

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the very best in every respect, and we
trust many of our readers will procure
it and find its perusal both interesting
and profitable.

Ornamental and Timber Trees not
Native of the Province of Quebec.
By Chas. Gibb, Esq., Abbotsford. —
Mr. Gibb has been at great pains, not
only to introduce hardy fruits into the
Province of Quebec, but also such orna-
mental and forest trees as are likely to
prove valuable in that province. This
little pamphlet of nearly eighty pages
is full of information of great value, not
only to the Province of Quebec, but
also to those in the Province of Ontario
who live in the colder latitudes. We
note that he desires particularly to call
attention to the Russian mulberry. He
says it has been introduced into Minne-
sota, at latitude 54, where it has suc-
ceeded perfectly. It begins to bear
fruit at two years old, that the fruit is
valuable, and is produced in large quan-
tities, that the timber is good for build-
ing purposes, and lasts a long time when
made into fence posts or railway ties,
and its leaves are the best food in the
world for silk worms. We commend
this pamphlet to the careful perusal of
all who are interested in the growth of
forest and ornamental trees in the nor-
thern portions of Ontario.

The Prize List of the Industrial
Exhibition of Toronto has just come
to hand, from which we learn that the
Exhibition is to take place from the
11th to the 22nd of September next.
The grounds and buildings will be open
to the public on Tuesday, tha 11th
Sept., at 9 o'clock a.m., and continued
open each day from 9 o'clock a.m. until
10 o'clock p.m., up to the evening of
Friday, the 31st September. The show
of agricultural and dairy products, fruit,
cut-flowers and vegetables, will take
place the second week, during which
every branch of the exhibition will be

in full operation. Dui'ing the first week
railway tickets, good to return any day
up to close of exhibition, will be issued
for a fare and a third, and on the second
week return tickets will be issued at
single fare, good to return up to the
close. Admission for adults, or two
children under twelve, twenty-five
cents. Copy of prize list and entry
form can be had on application to H.
J. Hill, secretary, Toronto.

Transactions of the Massachu-
SETS Horticultural Society for
1882.— We are indebted to P. H.
Manning, Esq., the Secretary, for the
second report of these transactions. The
Massachusets Horticultural Society is
one of the oldest on the Continent, and
its transactions are always filled with
valuable information. We have already
given our readers some of the discus-
sions relating to vegetables, and shall,
as opportunity off'ers, lay before them
such portions of these proceedings as
seem to us most likely to be of service
in our climate.

Transactions of the Illinois
State Horticultural Society for
the Year 1882. — This valuable report
contains some very interesting papers
which were read before the society, par-
ticularly those upon " Some Vegetable
Poisons," " Ornithology as Related
to Entomology," "Raspberries and
Blackberries," "Vegetable Gardening,"
*' Gathering and Marketing Fruits and
Vegetables," "Experiments in Horti-
culture," and " Trees for the Park,
Avenue and Street." It is well worthy
of careful study.

The Cane Journal is a monthly
publication devoted to the growth and
manufacture of the surgar cane, pub-
lished in Clinton, Ont., at fifty cents''
per year, of which Mr. S. J. Andrewsr
is the editor. As its title indicates, it?
is filled with information relating to*
the growing of the sugar cane in this*

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

167

country, and the manufacture of it into
syrup and sugar. It will be found of
great value to those who feel interested
in experimenting in the production of
syrup and sugar from sorghum.

Twelfth Annual Report of the
State Horticultural Society of Mi-
chigan, 1882.— This is one of the most
important of the reports which we re-
ceive. This year it is a volume of over
four hundred pages, full of ])mctical
matter of great value, ably edited by
the secretary, Chas. W. Garfield. Some
half dozen copies are for distribution to
those of our members who apply for
them to the editor of the Can. Horti-
culturist.

Agricultural Return of the Bu-
reau OF Industry for May, 1883. —
This is a digest of the reports received
at the Bureau regarding the present
appearance of the crops of fall wheat,
winter rye and clover, and a^ives in-
formation regarding the surplus of last
year's crop still in the farmers hands,
the condition of live stock, of fruit
trees, and progress of spring work.

Proceedings of the Grimsby Fruit
Growers' Association. — This pamph-
let of sixteen pages contains the papers
read at the meeting of this Association,
with the discussions thereon ; it gives
the experience of the members with
apple, pear, plum, peach, and small
fruits.

The Grasses of Tennessee. By J.
B. Killbrew, M.A. — This is a pamphlet
of about one hundred and forty pages,
replete with information upon meadow
LMM.sses, pasture grasses, and the man-
uL^oment of meadows in the State of
Tennessee.

The Acadian Scientist, Edited by
E. J. Pineo, Wolfhill, Nova Scotia, is
published in the interest of the Acadian
Science Club, at thirty-five cents per
annum. As its name indicates, it is
devoted chiefly to Botany and Zoology.

The Biographer is published at 23
Park Row, New York. Devoted to
short mention of the leading men of the
present day, together with their likeness
taken from photographs. Subscription
$2 50 per year.

THE BRIGHTON GRAPE.

At the meeting of the Western New
York Horticultural Society, the Brighton
grape received high commendation. Vines
set at Fredonia have proved so profitable
that 20,000 more of this sort will be set
this spring. It is said to be a week earlier
than the Concord and equal to the Cat-
awba in quality. Its great fault is a ten-
dency to overbear, which renders the fruit
insipid, which accounts for the unfavor-
able reports from some places. — Michigan
Farmer.

The Editor of the Canadian Horti-
culturist has not found the Brighton
equal to the Catawba as grown on the
Lake Erie Islands, but it is an excel-
lent grape, ripening a little earlier than
Concord, and much superior in quality.
It should be used when ripe, as it loses
instead of gaining in quality by hang-
ing long on the vine after it is ripe.
This variety succeeds well at Trenton.

APRICOT-GROWING IN CALIFORNIA.
The Win^ and Fruit Grower says :
— We learn from the Marysville Ap-
peal, that apricot orchards are the
rage in its immediate section. The last
season, trees three years old paid ten
dollars to the tree. The Appeal adds
its testimony to the fact that there is
not the slightest danger of overdoing
the buisness, as the canneries can handle
all the fruit that can be produced. It
is stated that some of the farmers in
the vicinity of Berryessa, located on
what they have recently learned to call
apricot lands, are preparing to engage
extensively in fruit culture. Thousands
of apricot trees are to be set out on lands
heretofore ** wasted" engrain culture.

168

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

MAKCH WIND.

A squirrel heard against his door

The noisy March wind tap ;
He scanned the whitened wnoaland o'er,
And chattered : "Dears,
I've many fears ;
We'll take another nap."

A tiny spear of grass peeped out
And heard the wind so shrill ;
It paused a while, in fear and doubt.
Then seemed to say :
" I'll go away
Till skies are not so chill."

A little bird, all pinched with cold,

Sat muffled in a tree ;
It tried to sing, its heart was bold.
And feebly cheeped,
" The snow is heaped ;
Sad weather this for me."

A pretty rill crept from the ice,

To tinkle down the hill ;
It glanced in sunshine warm and nice,
Then quiet grew,
Ah ! well it knew
The frost would linger still.

A Snowdrop looked up at the sky.

With baby face so dear !
It thrived, though sleet and wind went by.
And smiled : " I'll stay,
Please, if I may,
Some weary heart to cheer !"
-Independent.

The Apple Trade. — The exports of
apples from the United States and Canada
from 1882-3 were 365,107 barrels. A
larger quantity could have been absorbed
by the foreign demand but for the scarcity
in the home markets.

Dried Apples. — Last year over three
million pounds of dried apples were ex-
ported from the United States to the mar-
kets of China, India, Egypt, Southern
Africa, Australia, and also to England and
Scotland . Four-fifths of this amount was
exported from the port of New York. The
exporters gather them up from all portions
of the country, the best, it is said, coming
from North Carolina . The cores and par-
ings are shipped to France, where they
are used in changing the flavors of various
brands of wine .

Asparagus Culture. — How is it that
most writers on asparagus culture recom-
mend planting about a foot apart in the
rows ? I think this is a mistake ; the best
shoots can be obtained only by giving
plenty of room to the plants ; four feet
between the rows and three feet in the
rows is near enough. Crowd the plants

and Conover's Colossal or any other giant
asparagus cannot be produced, let the
other treatment be ever so liberal. On
the other hand give plenty of room and
plenty of manure in good sandy loam, and
giant shoots are produced every time. The
roots require plenty of room to ramify in
before large, well developed crowns can
be secured, without which strong shoots
cannot grow. When selecting asparagus
roots to force, I always used to select the
strongest and best ripened crowns I could
get ; unless such were brought into heat
good shoots could not be produced. Like
the strawberry, this year's treatment is
what forms the crops for next season, and
if this is not attended to poor results may
be expected the following season. Aspa-
ragus beds are often destroyed by not al-
lowing enough of foliage to mature the
crowns for producing next season's crops.
M. Milton. Mahoning Co., O. — Country
Gentleman.

The Switzbr Apple. — The SAvitzer is
one of the apples imported from Russia
by the United States Department of Agri-
culture in 1869-70. The tree is a vigor-
ous grower, upright and spreading, and an
early and abundant bearer. The young
shoots are dark brown (black walnut color)
with not many, but very distinct white
dots . Fruit medium to large, very smooth
and fair, roundish-conical. Skin almost
covered with bright, broad splashes of
diflferent shades of crimson, somewhat
after the style of the St. Lawrence, but
not so dark . No bloom. Stalk medium
in size and length, rather deeply inserted.
Calyx partially closed, in a shallow, smooth
basin. Flesh white, soft, juicy, and of re-
markably fine, rich flavor for a Russian
apple. Very good to best. Ripens in
Northern Vermont from first to middle of
September, or with Red Astrachan, but
much more simultaneously. In quality it
is the best of the Russian early sorts, be-
ing far better for eating uncooked than
Red Astrachan, quite as beautiful, equal
in size, and of about the same season. It
will push the Red Astrachan hard as a
market apple if introduced to general cul-
tivation. The tree is considerably hardier
than Astrachan, and bears very much
younger. T. H. H. — Rural New Yorker.

PRINTED AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF COPP, CLARK ft CO., COLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

J

JAMES YICK.

Thefinestof all the new varieties. The berries are large and handsome. The most prolific
known, (280 berries picked from one plant), 12 to 18 berries on one stem. W. C. Barrj says:
"of all the new Strawberries I have tested, this is the most productive."

'^PRINTED FOR THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST."

I

THE

VOL. VL]

AUGUST, 1883.

[No. 8.

JAMES VICK STHAWBEKRT.

So much has been said concerning
tlie wonderful productiveness of this
new variety that we herewith present
our readers with a colored illustration,
which is said to be a very truthful
representation, and submit for their
ctonsideration such information regard-
ing it as we have been able to gather.
Our own plantation of it is quite too
young to be any test of its merits.
That the plants thus far are very healthy
and vigorous, is about all that can be
said.

The writer received a very urgent
invitation fi-om Mr. Green to visit his
grounds, where, he says, it iias proved
to be the most productive of all the
varieties that he has in cultivation. It
began to ripen with him on the 25th of
June, but the fruit was all suffered to
remain on the vines, and on the eleventh
of July he wrote that the fruit still
liangs on the vines in condition to be
(^aten, and that he is sure it will remain
'HI the vines longer without loss than
any other variety. This certainly is
a very important quality, enabling the
grower to wait a few days longer than
he can with other varieties, if there
should be an over supply in the mai'ket,
before gathering and shipping hia fiiiit.

As to quality, Mr. Green states that
last year he thought the Manchester
superior to the James Vick, but that
this year the quality of the latter is far
ahead of that of the Manchester. Yet
he does not claim the highest quality
for either of these sorts.

Mr. Green's old bed of this variety
was dug over for plants, yet he says
that it produced as fine and nearly as
many berries as his specimen bed, and
that he counted one hundred and two
hundred blossoms on single plants.

Mr. J. T. Lovett says that the Vick
has surpassed his expectations, and that
it is of great value for market purposes.

Strawberry growers have been long
looking for a variety that will excel the
Wilson as a market berry, but hitherto
none have been able to supplant it for
that purpose. This new aspirant for
fame as a market berry must be grown
for many yeai-s and in many localities
before its ability to rival, not to say
supi)lant, the Wilson can be affirmed.
Meanwhile growers for market would,
do well to give the James Vick a trial,
and report their opinion of it through
the columns of the Canadian Horticul-
turist.

In the Fnut Recorder for July we

170

THP: CANADIAN HoRIICULTUKTST.

find the following mention, '-James
Vick yield a very heavy crop, but a
large proportion of the fruit is very
small, which will be against it, we fear,
as H market sort ; still it may do better
next year."

MEKTING OF THK MISSISSIPPI VAL-
LEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

f Continued from page 150. J

After the visit of the Society to Mr.
Roundtree's plantation, the afternoon
of Thursday, February 22nd, was spent
in listening to papers upon the straw-
berry and discussion thereon. The first
paper was read by the Hon. J. M.
Smith, President of the Wisconsin
State Horticultural Society, on Straw-
berries for the North, and how to grow
them.

He stated that while the strawberry
is the only fruit that can be grown with
any certainty from the borders of the
torrid to the arctic zone, it may be said
that the north temperate zone is its
most favored clime. And yet, not-
withstanding its adaptation to so many
climates and soils, it is only within the
last twenty-five years that this most
delicious of our small fruits has become
at all common. And now it is perfectly
safe to say that a hundred bushels of
berries is now used at the north where
one bushel was used fifty years ago. It
was about 1830 that Hovey's Seedling,
and afterwards the Early Scarlet, were
introduced and aroused attention to the
cultivation of this fruit. These were
the leading varieties at the north until
about I860, when Wilson's Albany
made its appearance, and by 1863 had
nearly taken possf^ssion of the northern
markets, and as a market berry has
virtually held its own until the present
time. New varieties by hundreds have
been introduced, and every effort made
to supersede it with something better,

but none have yet succeeded. Though
not in all respects a perfect berry, it is
the most remarkable for the millions
ever put into cultivation. It is at
home in most of the south, and in the
north can be grown wherever a good
crop of corn or potatoes can be grown,
and even in districts too far north to
grow these crops with certainty.

The soil he prefers would be a light
loam, rather damp than dry, have it
thoroughly drained, and manure it
heavily, say from twenty to forty loads
of good stable manure to the aci-e. If
he had plenty of land he would set the
plants in double rows, that is, two rows
of plants about twelve or fourteen
inches apart each way, then leave a
si)ace of three and a half to four feet,
and then set another double row, and
so on until the ground was planted.
He would allow the plants to till th^-
intermediate s})aces in the double rowg^
and about one foot wide upon each side,
and keep the remainder clean with
horse and cultivator. Some of the
ranker growers, as the Crescent, may
be set twice as far apart, and they will
soon cover the allotted space.

He is satisfied that it will well repay
the labor to pick off' the blossoms the
fii-st season, and so keej) all the strength
for the development of the plant, and
have it prepared to give the largest
possible crop the following year.

Late in the fall, after the ground
freezes, the plants should be covered
with straw, or with what he likeu bet-
ter, marsh hay, just enough to hide
them from view, and allowed to remain
until the ground is done freezing in the
spring. One of the greatest benefits of
this covering is the protection given to
the plants during the early spring,
when the ground freezes, moi*e or less,
nearly every night, and thaws during
the day.

After removing the winter coverings

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

171

I

he would carefully destroy every weed
and blade of grass to be found in the
plantation, and then put on a heavy
dressing of well rotted manure, say
fifteen to twenty loads to the acre, or
if to be had, fifty to seventy-tive bushels
of unleached ashes per acre : if leached
ashes, thcai twice the quantity. Keep
the beds free of weeds at any cost. If
tlie ciop promises to be extra large, an
additional coat of manure will assist
the late berries to keep up their size,
and thus add very much to the value
of the crop.

For some years he has not had any
vines beyond reach of artificial water-
ing, but as regards the expense that
may be incurred for tliis purpose, each
grower must decide for himself whether

o

the increased value of the crop will
warrant the outlay. After harvesting
a large crop, if the plants look exhausted
and are throwing out but very few run-
ners, he advises to plough under the
plantation, as they will not pay for
further cultivation. In this remark
he refers to the Wilson only, ncv^er
having been able to make any other
variety bear itself to death the first
bearing season, though he has repeatedly
had the Wilson coine so near it as not
be worth caring for another year. If
the yield has been only moderate, the
second crop will [)robably be as good,
if not better, than the fii-st.

Such is Mr. Smith's method of culti-
vating the Wilson Strawberry after '
over twenty yeai-s of experimenting, I
and he does not consider two hundred
bushels per acre an extra crop, for he j
has rej^eatedly had much more, and j
sometimes double that quantity — in
fact, will not cultivate for any length
of time any variety that will not yield
at least six thousand quarts per acre ;
though he must confess that he has
never succeeded in getting it from any
other variety, the Crescent Seedling
aloue excepted.

Of other varieties, he says he did his
best witl) Jucunda, but does not believe
that he ever grew a quart of them that
cost less than fifty cents; Seth Boyden's
No. 30, Triomph de Gand, Sharpless,
and many others, are large and beauti-
ful, but not profitable i'ov him, while
Captain Jack, Red Jacket, Piouty, and
Duncan, have borne with him about
one-half of what the Wilson would have
done under the same circumstances.

Such has been his experience in
strawberry growing, and but once in
more than twenty years has he failed
to have at least a paying crop, and most
of the time his crops have been \erv
profitable. These large crops have been
by no means the result of chance or
hap-hazard cultivation, but of very rich
land, well drained, heavily manured,
thoroughly cultivated, well protected
during the winter, surface manured in
the spring, and well watered, if dry
weather come on during the bearing
season. His experience has taught him
this lesson, tint other things being
e^ual. the richer the land rlie larger
t,Mv^ crop.

At the (; nclusion of the reading of
Mr. Smith's i)aper, the President called
upon Dr. H. E. McKay, of Madison,
Mississippi, to read his paper on Straw-
bei-ry Culture in the South, in which
he stated that their largest yields and
finest berries are obtained from a clay
loam. As to varieties, he said that up
to the present time he had found no
single variety to be trusted so implicitly
as the Wilson. Banish it from our
lists and culture, and you remove the
l»enf'on light that guides us to the goal
of ...ijcess in strawberry culture. The
next most valuable variety for the
south is the Charles Downing.

Some discussion was had upon the
subjects covered by these papers, in the
course of which Mr. Hale, of Connecti-
cut, remarked that the cutting off of
the blossoms from newlv planted straw

172

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

beny vines was a thing which must be
done. It is a great mistake to ])lant
strawberries in the spring and leave
them to bear what they will. Also
the matter of iri-igation is very im-
])ortant. Strawberries want water
every day, all they can get, and a little
more.

President Earle said that he mulch-
ed his ])lants in the autumn, did not
wait until winter, and tlid not cover up
the plants, but covered the vacant
ground. For fertilizer he used wood
ashes. The average crop in his country
(Illinois), is forty or fifty bushels to the
acre, though instances have been of
crop«i running up to two hundred and
fifty busliels to the acre. He considered
four thousand eight hundred quarts to
the acre, that is, one hundred and tifty
bubhels, a good crop, that with good
varieties and good management ought
to be secured with considerable cer-
tainty.

Mr. Evans, of Missouii, stated that
a neighbor had fertilized a part of his
strawberries with dried blood at the
rate of four hundred pounds to the
acre, and told him that for every dol-
lar's worth of blood he received five
dollars back.

The meeting then adjourned for tea.

THE MAGOG KEDSTREAK.

An error has crept into the com-
munication from our esteemed contii-
butor, Mr. A. A. Wright, of Renfrew,
at page 159, July number, where he
lias been made to say Magog and Reil-
streak, as if speaking of two distinct
varieties, whereas it should read
" Magog Redstreak," which is a seed-
ling raised by Doctor Hoskins, of Ver-
mont, and first grown on the shores of
Lake Memphremagog, from whence it
derives its name. Mr. Wright adds,
'• I thought at the beginning of the
season that it was shewing signs of

weakness, but with summer weather it
has far surpassed my expectations in
growth and apparent hardiness. In
form and habit of growth it is one of
the most beautiful trees on my ground."

TREE AGENTS.

At the June meeting of the Michigan
State Horticultural Society, Professor
Sattarlee, of the Agricultural College,
read a paper on the " Protection of
innocent purchasers of plants and treas."
In the course of the discussion which
followed, Pi'ofessor Beal is reported in
the Michigan Farmer to have said "that
if people were cheated by the tree agents
it served them right, that they deserved
to be swindled by tree sellers, for they
will neither attend horticultural meet-
ings, where they could gain information
which would prevent them from being
swindled, nor read the horticultural
papers and inform themselves." Nor is
Professor Beal very far wide of the
truth. Ontai'io has been, if it is not
now, a favorite tramping ground of tree
agents from over the border, just be-
cause, as they themselves put it, the
]:)eople did not know enough about
fruits to tell an old variety from a new
one, or enough about the nature of
plants to know that strawberries never
grew upon trees, or that trees, whose
fruit buds perished by reason of our
winter's cold, could not be made hardy
by grafting them on French stocks.
The Fruit GroweiV Association of
Ontario, by means of its meetings for
discussion in various parts of th6 Pro-
vince, and by the publication of the
Canadian Ilm'ticulturist, has been dis-
seminating information for many years,
and yet to-day, it numbers scarce three
thousand members, when it should have
thirty thousand. Evei-y man who plants
a tree or a currant bush in all Ontario
would be benefited far more than his
one dollar's worth, and be saved from

THE CANADIAN HOB'nCDLTURIST.

173

being victimized by ah!\r])ei'S, by read-
injj the publications of this society.
Wlien the information which would
save him from the loss, and what is as
hard to bear, the chagrin of being made
th^ dupe of some sharp dealer, can be
had at the cheap cost of one dollar a
year, there is much soundness in the
verdict of Professor Beal upon the man
who is cheated, " Served him right."

The writer remembers an incident
in point. At a meeting of our Fruit
Growers' Association at Gait, some
years ago, a gentleman brought in some
samples of a strawberry which a dealer
was introducing in that neighborhood
as a new and very valuable variety,
and was selling the plants at corres-
ponlingly high prices. The fruit was
at Oiice recognized by members present
as an old and well known variety, plants
or' which could be readily procured at
less than half the price asked for them
by this enterprizing introducer of old
fruits under new names.

Truly, more than half the cheating
would be stopped, if planters would use
the means so freely and cheaply put
within their reach of informing them-
selves, and if they will not do this,
have they reason to blame any one but
themselves if they suffer by reason of
their own ignorance 1

THE PRENTISS GRAPE.
Ml-. T. C. R-obinson, of Owen Sound,
writes to the Canadian Farmer that
he has been slow to realize the value of
this grape ; that after growing it for
two years and having eaten the fruit,
and noticed its tine, clear color, good
siz^ ^f berry and bunch, compact clus-
ter, and delicious tlavoi-, with no trace
of foxiness, or acidity in pulp or skin,
he fairly surrenders to its charms, espe-
cially in view of its native origin and
healthiness and vigor, as vouched for

by so many and exhibited on his own
grounds. He found the largest berries
to measure three-quarters of an inch in
the longest diameter, the average run-
ning at five-eighths or over. He adds
a word of caution to those who live in
a climate so cool that the Concord
sometimes fails to color, and generally
does not get its flavor even when it
turns black, intimating that in such
localities the Prentiss cannot be con-
fidently recommended.

FRUITS IN MINNESOTA.

A correspondent of the Fruit Rc-
( order who resides at Dover Centre,
Minnesota, writes to that paper, that
the winters of 1877 and 1880 were too
severe for the Hcxas, Walbridge, Fam-
euse and Red Astrachan, but the
Duchess of Oldenburg, Wealthy, and a
few others came through all right.

Nearly all the Crabs have stood the
winters bravely and given plenty uf
fruit. Grape vines that have bwen p.c-
tecte.l during winter do well and bear
abundantly, but neglected vines are
mostly killed to the ground. The best
method of protection is to cover with
earth, but straw, hay, or any otliei*
good covering will answer. In ra-^p-
berries Mammoth Cluster, Turner,
Highland Hardy and Brandywinc di<l
well, and Philadelphia and Purple Oane
gave an immense crop, although the
mercury fell several times to forty
degrees below zero, and once to forty-
six below. Of blackberries the Snyder,
Taylor's Pi-olitic and Stone's Hardy all
stood the winter well, but Kittatinny
was somewhat injured. His way of
protecting raspberries is to put down
scraggy sticks here and there throuL:h
the rows before the ground freezes, and
in early winter throw a little straw on
the rows. The sticks hold up the
sti-aw so that the canes are not injured.

174

THE CANADIAN IIoUTICULTURIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE WILSON STRAWBERRY.

Mr. Editor, — After trying a num-
ber of varieties, I have given up all but
the Wilson. Last year I picked sixty
baskets from one rod square of Wilson's
in my garden. They are now just
beginning to ripen for this year and
promise a splendid yield. 1 planted
the rod two years in April, kept theni
in rows about two feet from centre to
centre, with a space of twelve to fifteen
inches between. In April, a year ago,
I laid slabs on the flat side between the
rows. Yours, &e.,

J. B. Aylsworth.

CoUingwood, June, .1883.

GIRDLED APPLE TREES.

I see in a late Horticulturist that a
great many apple trees were lost by
girdling with mice last winter Now,
there is not a tree need be lost by that
as the cure is simple and easy. As
soon as you discover the tree in spring
take grafting wax and cover the bare
wood all over to exclude the air. I then
wrap a newspaper all round the wax
(the paper may be omitted) ; I then
bank up the whole with earth, and the
cure is complete; not one will die if
properly done. I remember many years
ago I had three trees split in the bai'fe,
and the bark raised entirely from the
trees for eight or ten inches, and the
wood quite dark and begun to decay.
They were four or five inches in diame-
ter. I thought they were certainly past
redemption, so I dug up four peach trees
and planted them instead of the four
appL' trees. I then got an axe and
was about to cut the apple trees down
when my wife came by chance and
Hsked me what I was doing. I told
her, and she ask(3d if I oould not cure
them. I said I thought it was impos-
sible. She asked if I would let her try

them. I said I would, but she might
save her trouble. She got them all
fixed and banked up as she had seen
me do. They budded out and remained
green all summer, but made no pro-
gress until next spring. I did not expect
them to bud, but they did, and have
borne heavy cro[)S ever since. The
peach trees are still standing among
them. We have great crops of peaches
and plums, but few apples.

William Brown.
Annan, July 12, 1883.

FRUIT CROP LV THE ANNAPOLIS
VALLKY.

The fruit crop here will be very light,
some few kinds excepted. The King
of Tompkins County apple have set its
fruit better than most varieties. I was
much pleased with

moore's arctic plum
tree shewn to me a few days since in
this valley. They had been planted
three years, and such fi*uiting \ have
never seen before. The fruit is uiu(;li
thicker on the branches than as i*epre-
sented in the many plates or pictures
of it that have been shewn to me.
Also as to its being an annual bearer, I
am informed by the owner that last
season he had quite a quantity of fruit,
but this season he has already had to
brace up the limbs to keep them from
breaking down. Also while many
other kinds are full of disease and cur-
culio stings, Moore's Arctic is com-
pletely free. There is no doubt in my
mind but that it will be largely planted
by orchardists.

Will some of your readers please to
give a description of the apple known
in Canada and in the CJnited States
as the Nonpareil 1

Yours, &c.,

John Savage.

Note by the Editor. — Downing
thus describes " Nonpareil " : An old

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

175

English variety. Tree, free upright
grower, productive. Fruit medium,
roundish conical, yellowish green, with
patches of dull russet, and red in the
sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, vinous, aro-
matic, mild acid. Good — December,
March.

Besides this there are the American
Nonjmreil, Braddick's Nonpareil, Early
Nonpareil, Fair's Nonpareil, Fleet's
Nonpareil, Foote's Nonpareil, French
Non[)areil, Golden Nonpareil, Lodge-
more Nonpareil, Lindley's Nonpareil,
Martin Nonpareil, Oliio Nonpareil,
Petworth Nonpareil, Pitmaston Non-
pareil, Scarlet Nonpareil, Ross Non-
pareil, Sweeney Nonpareil, White Non-
pareil, and yet more, so that it may be
somewhat difficult to say just which
one is the one that our esteemed cor-
respondent wishes to hav(; described.

THE PETIT I<: MARGUERITE.

T.) TUK Editdk of thk HtmricuLTURiST.

Dear Sir, — Allow me to say a word
in favor of this excellent pear. In the
spring of 1881 I planted two trees of
the Petite Marguerite. During the
season of 1882 they set more fruit than
I thought good for young trees, so I
thinned them to about two dozen on
each tree, which ripened nicely about
the 1st of October. The fruit was of
first quality, rich, juicy and vinous,
and just the right size for dessert fruit,
while the tree is a vigorous upright
ijrower. This year both trees are again
loaded with beautiful fruit. While
the Lawrence, Bartlett, Clapp's Favor
ite and Duchess d'Angouleme planted at
the same time are still without any
show of fruit.

I should like to know the experience
of st)me others of your readers, and
should their experience prove to be
similar to mine I am inclined to thiak
the Petite Marguerite may p!-ove a
profitable market pear as well as for

home use. Of course it will take time
to prove whether it is more or less
liable to blight than other pears. But
for vigorous growth, early and regular
bearing, and quality of fruit, and hardi-
ness for this section, I think there need
be no doubt.

THE BURNET GRAPE AGAIN.

I wrote you in November last ray
unfortunate experience in trying to
grow this excellent grape. Thisspiing
I placed glass over four of the vines ;
they have grown vigorously and bloom-
ed so that one week ago I had the fond
hope that by September I should have
some ripe fruit. But I am again
doomed to disappointment. The bloom
had only disappeared a day or two
when the embryo fruit also dropped off.
I apprehend the flower of the Burnet
is not perfect, and that there should
have been a vine having a perfect
flower in the vinery with the Burnet.
If this is not the cause of iailure, per-
haps Mr. Etlitor you can throw some
light upon the subject.

The Burnet vines that are in the
open ground promise to bloom well this
year, and in a short time I shall be
able to report whether they set their
fruit more satisfactory than in former
years in this particular locality.
Yours, &c.,

D. Reesor.

Rosedale, Toronto, July Ist, 1883.

ALUM WATEK FOR CURRANT
WORMS.

Mr. Editor,— Will Mr. Webber be
kind enough to inform your readers
how he applies the alum water, and
how strong he makes the solution ?
While many object to the use of helle-
bore in any way whatever, thei-e could
be no reason for objection to the use of
alum water.

John Savage.

Windsor, N. S.

176

THE CANaOIAN horticulturist.

DAXGER TO OUR SHADE TREF.S.

During the past few days evidence
has been accumulating of the rapid in-
crease of an injurious insect which
promises to become a serious injury to
the maple trees on our streets. Just
now on the trunks of many of these
trees the empty pale-brown chrysalids
of this insect may be found protruding
about half an inch. These chrysalids
are so delicate in their texture that a
touch will crush them, and if not in-
terfered with otherwise the >yinds will
detach them, and they will disappear
within a few days.

I will endeavor, in as few words as
possible, to trace the life history of this
insert, which, with the aid of the
accompanying illustration, will easily
be understood.

The perfect insect (shown at c in the
figure) is a very pretty, clear winged
moth, resembling a wasp, which, when
its wings are expanded, will measure
about three-quarters of an inch across.
It is known to entomologists as the
maple Egerian, jEger'ia acerni. The
wings are transparent and decorated

! with bluish-black markings ; the head
is dee[) orange ; the antennae, bluish-
black ; the thoi-ax yellow, and the ab-
domen bluish-black, banded with golden
yellow, and terminating in a tuft of
brilliant orange-red haii-s.

The female lays her eggs on the bark
of the trees chiefly affecting the soft or
red maple, .-leer rubrum, although it was
occasionally found also on the other
two species of maple used for street
planting, namely, the suyar maple,
Acer saccharlnum, and the silver-leaved
maple, Acer dasycaiyuiu. In a few
days small larvae hatch from the eggs,
and these at once penetrate through
the bark and begin to feed upon the
inner portion and sap-wood of the tree,
making an irregular burrow which is
packed with the castings of the larva
mixed with minute woody fragments.

When full grown it is about three-
fourths of on inch long, with a small
yellow head and a white or yellowish-
white body, which is darker on the
hinder segments. Early in the follow-
ing spring, when full gi-own, it a})pears
as seen at a. It then eats its vvay
nearly through the bark, leaving but a
very thin film unbroken, when it re-
tires within its burrow, and, having en-
closed itself within a loose silky cocoon
(see h in the figure) changes to a brown
chrysalis. A short time before the
moth is ready to escape the chrysalis
works its way out of the cocoon, and,
wrigging itself forward, pushes against
the filmy layer of bark, ruptures it, and
protrudes half-way or more from the
opening (as seen at d), when the im-
prisoned moth shortly ruptures the
chrysalis case and escapes.

It is while in the larval stite that
this insect is destructive. Many of
the maple trees on our streets, and
some of those in the Park, are being
injured, and where the insect is allowed
to multiply it is likely that it will,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

177

eventually girdle the trees and kill
them.

Remedies. — When once the larvae are
safely lodged under the bark no remedy
will reach them, but the moths may be
prevented from laying their eggs on the
trees, or the eggs destroyed, by coating
the trees with a mixture of soap and
strong solution of washing soda or lye,
made about the consistence of ordinary
paint and applying it with a brush
from the base of the tree upwards to
first branches. The soap solution may
be made either from soft or hard soap
— if the latter, it should be warmed so
as to melt it, when it will be more
easily mixed with the solution of wash-
ing soda or lye.

PROMPT ACTION NECESSARY.

If this insect is to be prevented from
further increase this year the i-emedy
should be applied within a week, as
the moths, are now about and deposit-
ing their eggs. If delayed longer than
this many of the young larvse will prob-
ably have penetrated within the bark,
where they are secure from injury. —
Wm. Saunders, in the London Free
Press.

EXPERIMENT WITH PEAS.

N. Y. Agricultural ExPKfUMKNT Station.
Geneva, N. Y., July 14,1883.

Our first planting of peas which in-
cluded sixty-eight, so-called, varieties,
was made April 21st. Of these the
first to produce pods of edible size was
Laxton's Earliest of All, which was at
edible maturity June 21st. Following
close behind came Kentish Invicta,
Henderson's First of All, Ferry's Ex-
tra Eaily, Tliorburn's First and Best,
Ferry's Fii-st and Best, and Cleveland's
First and Best, which showed pods fit
for the table June 22nd. One day
later came Carter's first Crop, Daniel
O'Kourke, Early Alpha, E}\rly Kent,
and Sibley's Firat and Best, and the
day following, or June 24th, the Am-

erican Wonder, Blue Peter, Carter's
Premium Gem, and the Philadelphia
Extra Early were noted at edible size.

On May 1 2th we made a second
planting of sixty-three so-called varie-
ties, of which fifty-eight were dupli-
cates of the first planted varieties.

We find that the order of the edible
maturity in the varieties of the second
planting does not entirely agree with
the first planting. Thus, of the second
planting. Carter's First Crop, Daniel
O'Rourke, Laxton's Earliest of All,
Early Alpha, Cleveland's First and
Best, Sibley's First and Best, Hancock,
and Philadelphia Extra Early were all
noted at edible maturity on June 3<^'th.
On July 1st we noted American Won-
der, Blue Peter, Henderson's First of
All, Ferry's Fxtra Early, and Ferry's
First and Best. Kentish Invicta was
noted July Trd.

These results are expressed in the
following table :

Planted
April 11.

Planted
May 12

Laxton's Earliest of All

Kentish Invicta

Henderson's First of All

Ferry's Extra Early

Thorbnrn's First and Best,. ..

Ferry's First and Best

Clftvelamrs First and Best

Hancock

Carter's First Crop

Daniel O'Rourke

Eirly Alpha

Extra Early Kent

Sibley's First and Best

Aiiieric.'in Wonder

Blue Peter

Carter's Premium Gem

Philadelphia Extra Birly

Edible.

June 21

June 22

do

do

do

do

do

do

June 23

do

do

do

do

Jnne 24

do

do

do

Edible.

June 30

July 3

July 1

do

July "i'
June 30

do

do

do

do
July 7
June 30
July I

do

! July f>

June 30

We note that twenty -one days earlier
planting gave from six to foiirteen days
earliness of crop in the varieties.

Aveniging the periods between plant-
ing and edible maturity the order of
earliness is as follows :

Laxton's Earliest of All gjive crop in
fifty-five days ; Cleveland's Fii*st and

178

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Best, and Hancock, in fifty-five and
one-half days ; Henderson's First of
All, Ferry's Extra Early, Ferry's First
and Best, Carter's First Crop, Daniel
O'Rourke, Early Alpha, and Sibley's
First and Best in fifty-six days ; Phila-
delphia Extra Early in fifty-six and
one-half days ; Kentish Invicta, Am-
erican Wonder, and Blue Peter, in
fifty -seven days ; Carter's Premium
Gem in fifty-nine days, and Extra Early
Kent in fifty-nine and one-half days.

To illustrate the value of selection
in gathering peas for seed, we last sea-
son gathered a small quantity of the
first pods that ripened of the Tom
Thumb variety and a small quantity of
the latest ones. We planted 100 seeds
each from the earliest and latest pods,
on April 21 st and the same on May
1 2th. We note the difference in the
i-esults of the two selections of seed to
date, as follows : In vegetation of the
seeds there was, in the two plantings,
an average difference of 14|^ ])er cent,
in favor of the earliest matured seed ;
in the date of blooming an average dif-
ference of three and one-half days ap-
[)eared, and in the date of edible ma-
turity an average difference of five
days, all in favor of the first planting.
Perhaps of more importance is the
difference of productiveness of the two
selections of seed. Here we can only
consider the first planting. Ten plants i
from the earliest ripened seed have pro- i
duced, to date, sixty-eight pods, of |
which thirty-eight are well filled, while j
an equal number of ])]ants from the
latest ripened seed, have pro-luce I to
date, only forty-nine pods, of which
but thirteen can be called well-tilled.

The Tom Thumb variety was select-
ed for this trial because the pods are
formed during a longer period than in
most other varieties. It is possible
that in varieties of which the pods
nearly all ripen at the same time the
difference in the results obtainable from

the first and last ripened pods would
be less marked. This experiment serves,
however, to illustrate the importance
of selection in gathering peas for seed,
and shows that the inherent quality of
the seed used may have as much bear-
ing on the resulting crop as the condi-
tion of the soil, or the methods of cul-
tivation employed.

E. Lewis Sturtevant, Director.

DATES.

The date is the fruit of the Phoenix
dactylifera. The palm date has a naked
and cylindrical stem; it grows in Asia
and in certain provinces in Africa, and
is abundantly used by the natives.

The flowers of the date are inclosed
in a long spathe and change into an
oblong fleshy fruit, yellow in color, of
which the thick skin is readily preserved
by drying. It incloses a cylindrical,
deeply furrowed nut, hard and corneous,
which contains an oily and sugary sub-
stance. Each date tree carries a vari-
able number of clusters, and these in
maturity attain a length of about a
meter, and a weight of ten or twelve
kilogrammes. When the fruit is to be
preserved, it is gathered before reaching
maturity and dried in the sun. There
are more than thirty varieties of dates,
among which the male date, dakkar, or
7n,enakker, is pre-eminent. All these
varieties have the same botanical char-
acters, their trunks resemble the under-
ground stems of ferns, their leaves £.re
pintiate and luxuriant.

The palms and their congeners belong
to the warm regions of the earth ; they
are found in India, Persia, etc. In
Europe their sole representatives are
the Chanicerops humilis, and the culti-
vated date palm, whose fi-uit does not
ripen naturally. The date is common
in Spain, where it is cultivated upon a
great scale for its fruit.

I

THK C\NADIAN HORTTCUT/rURIST.

179

The gathering of the dates takes
place in autumn, two or three times,
and is over in three months. They are
divided into three sorts according to
their state of maturity. Exposed to
the sun upon mats they become at first
soft, then fill with a juicy p dp, then
thicken and are no longer liable to
change. The best dates come from
Africa by the way of Tunis ; they are
as large as a finger and of an oi-ange
hue ; their flesh is solid, vinous in taste,
sweet, and somewhat viscous ; they
contain a nutritive principle helpful to
horses, used on long journeys, and also
useful in fattening cattle. The fruit is
softened by boiling in water, and goat's
milk is added. The Arabs in their
pilgrimages across the deseit make a
S[)ecies of bread from them, and use
the pulp, extracted by pressure in
e^irthenware colanders, for butter and
sugar.

The fruit of the date tree contains
mucilage, a gum similar to gum arable,
albumen, crystalliaible sugar (cane
sugar), parenchyma, pectose, citiic and
tartaric acids, coumarin, and water.

All parts of the date tre ; are used ;
the young branches recently cut furnish
a milk which is both healthful and
agreeable ; this milk or sap when fer-
mented affords an alcoholic drink named
lakhhy, or palm wine. Crushed dates
with water also afford after fermenta-
tion the fcame decoction. Frequently
the bark and fibrous poitions of the
young s])iouts are removed t ) obtain
the white substance within, which is
♦Miteu ; the young leaves and the male
flowers are also eat( n when seasoned
with citron juice, or arranged ao a palm
Kalad it forms a ])alatable dish. Tlie
Chinese use the date nuts in their
writing and ])rinting inks, and also as
u dentifrice. The dried leaves are also
used to make carpets and various other
objt'cts even in construction. — Journal
d' Hygiene.

SORGHUM.

Sorghum has become to some degree
a sort of by-word, for though largely
cultivated in the Western and North-
western States, and producing annnally
a return worth about $8,000, 000, still
it has confessedly failed to do what was
expected of it. Somewhere about thirty
years ago the Chinese variety of the
plant (the varieties are numerous) was
introduced into this country, and the
excitement in relation to it was not
small. Its sugar producing qualities
were extolled above measure : our sugar
trade was to be revolutionized, so to
speak ; every farmei- was to have a
little mill, and a little kettle, and he
was not only to boil out his own sugai-,
but to su{)ply his less fortunate neigh-
bors.

Some way, however, things did not
seem to work right. The sugar no
doubt was in the sorghum cane, for
when its juice was boiled down a sweet
syrup was obtained, but there the de-
monstration stopped. The sugar was
in the syrup, but it most persistently
refused to come out of the syrup ; it
could not be induced to crystallize ;
and though the syrup had a certain
degree of value, yet it was not the thing
wanted, and in the disappointment the
popular feeling swung round to the \m
just judgment of condemning sorghum,
simply because it had been the victim
of ignorance and mismanagement. Re-
cent researches however have done
much toward explaining and removing
the difficulties which have been in the
way of successfully crystallizing the
sugar from the juice of the sorghum.

Part of this has been accomplished
by work in the laboratory and part by
work in the field, the mill, the boiling
house, etc. The report pre.*<ented by a
committee of the National Academy of
Sciences in 1882, has just been pub-
lished as a Senate document. It is
entitled, "Investigation of the Scientific

180

THE CANADIAN HOR'nCULTDRIST.

and Economic Relations of the Sorghum
Sugar Industry, being a Report made
in responses to a request from the
Hon. George B. Loring, U. S. Com-
missioner of Agriculture." The com-
mittee consists of Prof Bremer, of
Yale, Prof. Chandler, of Columbia,
Prof Johnson, of Yale, Prof. Silliman,
of Yale, Prof. Smith, of Louisville, and
Dr. G. E. Moore, of New York.

The report shows clearly that essen-
tially the two points on which success
depends are maturity of the cane, and
prompt correctness in working. With
these, sugar from a field of sorghum can
be as surely and safely expected as from
a like field of sugar cane, and with per-
haps fully as great a return. — Scientific
American.

PREPARING FRUIT FOR MARKET.

In packing peaches, the first point
should be to assort them, making as
many grades as the condition of the
fruit requires. When brought to the
packing shed, the fruit is at once thinly
spread in the shade, in order that it
may cool as much as possible. In as-
sorting, any that are at all soft are put
aside, to be left at home ; then two or
three qualities, extras, firsts and sec-
onds, are made, and with the best
growers, the packages of each are alike
all through. It is allowable to turn
the colored sides of the top layer upper-
most, in order that the fruit may appear
i\t its best, but not to select large speci-
mens for the top layer. Those who
send peaches to market for the first
time, will find it to their advantage to
observe this rule. In packing grapes
foi- market, the box is opened at the
bottom, tine large bunches a)"(5 laid in
and the box filled up with smaller
bunches. This is done in order that
the fruit, when the top is taken off,
may present a good appeai-ance, and if
the filling is done with good fruit, even

if not the most select, there is no harm
done. But if, as is sometimes the case,
poorly-ripened fruit, and even loose
berries are used to fill up, the grower
will in time find that his brand is not
in demand in the market. The friiit-
grower, who expects to continue in the
business, can not afford to pack his
fruit dishonestly. — American Agricul-
turist/or August.

SEED BREEDING.
N. Y. Aqricultltrai, Expkriment Station,
Geneva, N. Y., July 7th, 1883.

The fundamental principles of repro-
duction seem alike in the animal and
vegetable kingdom. In both, the
mystery of life ; in both, accretion
through cell multiplication ; in V)oth,
changes of form as arising from imme-
diate heredity and as governed by en-
vironment. In our domesticated plants,
as in our domesticated animals, we
have the male and the female element
of varying potency whose union is pro-
ductive of the new individual. Both
classes are alike influenced by the con-
ditions described under ihe term, selec-
tion. We can, hence, speak of breed-
ing the plant as legitimately as we can
speak of breeding the animal. We
may also use the term, pedigree, as
applied to improved forms of plants,
as legitimately as we can use the term,
pedigree, as applied to the improved
forms of animals. As in our domesti-
cated animals, improvement is brought
about through that systematic mating
and selection which constitutes pedi-
gree, so the same system in bur do-
mesticated plants will avail to produce
an improvement which may be describ-
ed in the same terms. If a pedigreed
animal is superior in value on account
of the conditions which allow this term
to apply, then a j^edigreed plant must
necessarily possess superior value over
the plant which has been developed only
through unsystematic effort. As the

I

THE CANADIAN m»RTICUI/rLKIST.

181

recognition of the value of systematic
effort in improvement has differentiated
the pursuit of animal breeding and has
constituted a class of men called breed-
ers, so seed-growers should be lik<;w'ise
differentiated into a class called seed-
In-eedei-s. Seed-breeding is already be-
ginning to be, and soon must become
of importance as a fanii or garden pur-
suit.

In gardening we have m.my illustra-
tions of seed- breeding in the production
of new forms of vegetables secured
through hybridization and careful selec-
tion, as also in the system called
" rogueing," which consists in the i-e-
moval from plants designed for seed
purposes of all the plants which are
untrue to the form desired. In agri-
culture we have fewer illustrations, and
the farmer has applied less discrimina-
tion to his field produce than the
gardener has to his small, but more in-
tensively cultivated garden. We have,
however, a few illustrations in agricul-
ture of what may be accomplished
through the selection of seed undei-
that uniformity of idea which is de-
scribed as seed-breeding. In ISf)?
Major Hallet, of Brighton, England,
commenced his experiments on w])eat,
selecting his seed from the quality of
the })lant produced, his standard em-
bracing hardiness, trueness to type,
quality of sample, productiveness,
power of tillering, stiffness and tough-
ness of straw, and (jarliness of ripening.
The residts obtained may be expressed
in the following table :

drains in
vrigiiial mr.

Kind 0/ wheat.

Grains in
improved ear.

46 Original red, commenced in 1867 123

60 Hunter's White, " " 1801 124

60 Victoria Wiiite, " " 1862 114

32 Golden Drop, " " 1864 »6

We have here an illustmtion of
what has been obtained in the effort to
increase the prolificacy of the plant,
and this gain in prolificacy has also
been attended by a gain in the size of

the kernels. The amount of crop raised,
or prolificacy of the plant under circum-
stances of field seeding also, if reports
are to be trusted, offer parallel results ;
the increase of yield by the use of
Hallet's seed in various countries of the
world, being reported as between two
and thi-ee times the average crop from
other varieties.

In the case of the Waushakum corn,
the selection being made by castrating
the barren stalks for two years in s\ic-
cession. the seed saved being not from
the most prolific stalks that were left,
but merely of the perfect ears, raised
the average crop from about 45 bushels
to about 60 bushels to the acre.

Although the Station has not as yet
had time to do much work in this di-
rection, yet a beginning has been
already made. On account of the im-
portance of these facts relating to seed,
we are disposed to quote the conclu-
sions gained by Major Hallet which
read as .oUows :

1. Evei-y fully developed i)lant of a
cereal [)resents an ear superior in pro-
ductive power to any of the rest on
that plant.

2. Every such plant contains one
grain which, upon trial, proves more
productive than any other.

3. The best grain on a given plant
is found in the best ear.

4. The superior vigor of this grain
is transmissible in different degrees to
its progeny.

b. l>y repeated careful selections the
superiority is accumulated.

6. The improvement, which is at
first ra})id, gradually after a long series
of years is diminished in amount, and
eventually so far arresttnl that pi-acti-
cally a limit to improvement in the
desired quality is reached.

7. By still continuing to select, the
improvement is maintained, and prac-
tically a fixed type is the result.

182

TITE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

An account of Major Halleb's pro-
cess may be found in Popular ^Science
Monthly for July, 1883.

So far as the Station work has gone,
those claims of Major Hallet have re-
ceived confirmation. It is particularly
noticeable that when each kernel of the
ear of wheat is planted by itself, one
kernel has invariably proved far more
productive than any other one, not per
gradum but per saltum, i. e., not regu-
larly, but at a jump.

E. Lewis Sturtevaxt, Director.

EARLY GREENS FOR NEXT SPRING.

The city markets in the early part of
spring, and often in a mild spell in
winter, abound in " greens," and there
is no reason why these should not be
equally abundant on every farm. Where
the meat served is to a great extent
salted, green vegetables are not only
acceptable, but necessary to health.
Cabbage is for many so indigestible,
that it can not be eaten, and where this
difficulty does not exist, a variety is
always welcome. Spinach, the most
delicate and palatable of all the vege-
tables used as greens, can be raised on
any good farm land, and with very little
trouble. The soil being well prepared
by the use of the plow and harrow,
mark it otF in tifteen-inch drills, and
sow the seed rather thickly, covering it
with about half an inch of soil. Use a
roller, or pat the soil down firmly with
the hoe or back of the spade. Some
carefully go over the rows and tread
down the soil over them. The fall
rains soon bring up the plants ; they
will grow rapidly and be large enough
to gather in September or October.
For use at this time, the plants, where
they are thickest, are to be cut out at
intervals, using a stout knife, leaving
the remainder room to grow. Where
the winters are severe, scatter straw,
leaves or other litter between the rows,

and slightly cover the plants. As soon
as the ground thaws, cuttings may be
made, and if this is done so as to thin
the plants a second time, the rest will
grow all the larger, and be ready to use
later. " Sprouts," as it is called in the
market, is a variety of kale, a cabbage
that does not head. This is cultivated
in the same manner as spinach. If a
farmer finds that he has more spinach
than can be consumed at home, a few
barrels of it will meet with a ready
sale at the nearest market. — American
Agriculturist for August.

LIMA BEANS AS A FARM CROP.

The Lima, the most popular bean
among amateurs and market gardeners,
is slow in finding its way into the
gardens of farmers. The dry beans sell
for several dollars a bushel, and the
market has never been adequately sup-
plied. Lima beans are easily raised,
and yield as bountifully as most other
pole beans ; and they continue to blos-
som and bear until killed by the frost.
We know of no reason why they can
not be made a specialty, like hops or
tobacco, and grown on a large scale.
They would require better soil and
treatment than the common field bean,
but as the price is three times greater,
these could well be afforded. A rich
gravelly or sandy loam suits them best,
and the phosphatic manures are well
adapted to them. On this kind of soil
we have not found them to run to too
much vines, even with heavy dressings
of compost })repared from muck and
stable manure. The vine is a strong
grower and requires abundant nourish-
ment. The pods are formed quite
thickly from the top to the bottom of
the poles. They want the full benefit
of the sun and the rows running north
and south, should be four feet apart
and the hills four feet apart in the row.
In planting we prefer to put the eye

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

183

downwards, and not more than one
inch deep. The first of June is early
enough for this latitude. The bean
needs frequent cultivation, until the
vines shade the ground. This crop is
well suited for farmers remote from
cities and markets. The market gar-
dener will not grow Lima beans to sell
dry, because they are worth more in
the green state, and he can sell all he
can raise. But the fai-mer, however
remote from the city, can market his
whole crop in the winter, and be well
paid for his labor. — American Agricul-
turist for March.

SHRUBS WITH ORNAMENTAL
BERRIES.

In answer to inquiries for a list of
shrubs and small trees which produce
ornamental fruit after flowering, and
after the leaves have fallen in autumn,
the Country Gentleman names :

Prinos verti Hiatus, or Black Alder,
which grows wild in muck swamps,
and bears a profusion of scarlet berries,
which continue through a large portion
of winter. It grows well, and produces
its masses of berries when removed up-
land.

Celastrus scandens, Bittei'sweet, is a
climber, and with its clusters of orange-
scarlet iruit may be made a graceful
display in winter.

Berber is vulgaris, the Barberry, is
ornamental as a shrub when in flower,
and also with its beautiful racemes of
berries, the purple variety being the
most ornamental.

Euonymus atropurpureus, Burning
Bush.

Viburnum Oxy coccus, the Bush Cran-
berry.

Symphoricarpus raceinosus, the Snow-
berry.

Juniperas Virginiana, the Red
Cedar, soiue trees of which bear a pro-

fusion of blue and pur])le berries, which
have a singularly beautiful effect in
winter, in connection with the dark-
green foliage of the trees.

iSorbui Americana and aucnpariu,
the Mountain Ash, with their several
varieties.

SliPj^hp/rdia argentea, the Buffalo
Berry, bears dense masses of orange-
scarlet berries, and, being dioecious, it
is necessary to have staminate and pis-
tillate plants growing together. It is
a shrub of straggling growth, but by
pinching back and training, it may be
brought into a symmetrical shape,

Crataegus pyracantha the Evergreen
Thorn, is a low -growing evergreen
shrub, which, late in autumn and early
in winter, affords a fine display of
dense clusters of red berries. Being
slightly tender, it should be planted in
the shelter of evergreen trees — Ameri-
can Garden.

GRAFITNG THE GRAPE VINE— A
NEW METHOD.
We desire to have new varieties of
giapes come quickly into bearing, but
vines from nurseries are usually tardy.
Even after careful nursing they will
often droop and die, while a few buds
cut off on arrival and properly grafted
may |)roduce fruit in a short time.
Grafting on cut off underground gnarly
stumps of vines, as usually practised, is
very uncertain at best. Our method is
to take a good strong branch or cane of
vine, or even a whole young vine when
a change of fruit is desired, and whi}>
graft in the usual way. We then
cover up the vine in the soil as near
the roots as possible, leaving above
ground only a bud or two of the gmft,
It is well known how quickly a layer
will make a bearing vine, as it has the
advantage of the parent roots as well as
the roots it produces. The layer may
be extended, if long enough, to grow

184

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

where the vine is to remain. Vineyardb
may in this waj be quickly changed to
V)3tter varieties. — American Ayricul-
turist for April.

IS FRUIT-GROWING PROFITABLE?
N. Ohmer, of Dayton, Ohio, at a
meeting of the Ohio Horticultural So-
ciety, read a paper on this question in
which he said :

" First the individual must have a love
or taste for the profession ; must be in-
telligent and industrious ; must work with
lus tjyei open ; must read up, and go from
home occasionally to see how others in
the same profession manage their orchards
and fields of berries. I have never start-
ed out on a tour of observation, without
learning something new and applying it
to my benefit. It you don't read up, and
get up, you will very soon be numbered
among those who do not succeed in mak-
ing fruit-growing pay.

' • Tlie next condition I would name is
the necessity of having proper soil and
location. I would on no condition select
a low and sandy bottom soil, but an
elevated position, and good rich clay
loam, well underdrained, either naturally
or artificially.

" I would advise a beginner to go slow
at first ; that is, not to plant too largely
of any one kind of fruit until, by experi-
ence, you know what does best in your
particular soil and location. ' But that is
just what we want to find out,' some of
you will say. My experience, in every
particular, will only apply to myself. A
beginner must experiment more or less, if
he expects to succeed.

" I know a gentleman who, because
some other man succeeded in mak-
ing a big thing out of the lona grape,
planted two thousand dollars' worth of
that particular grape, ana the result was
a failure. Another party planted largely
of the Bufiam pear, and the result was
another failure. I migiit give you, in
twenty-five years' experience, souie grand
results with particular fruits, in specially
favorable seasons. For instance, I gather-
ed and sold, in one season, from three
and one-sixth acres, 54S bushels of Wil-

son's Albany strawberries, which were
sold for near $2,000. From four acres of
Kittatinny blackberries, 562 bushels,
which were sold for near ^,000. From
one and three-quarter acres of grapes, a
net sale of -V 1,1 00. From a half acre of
quinces, $300 worth of fruit, &c. But
tnese are exceptional, and not general.
I therefore repeat that the beginner
must first try on a comparatively small
scale. 'This will apply particularly to
berries. < )f tree fruits it takes a longer
time to ascertain the value of any parti-
cular kind. I would therefore advise a
beginnu-r to make his choice principally
from such as are known to do well in his
neighborhood, and not plant too many
varieties, though you want those that will
ripen through the entire season.

'' The time has come when it matters
but little about your being near a good
market. Two or three hundred miles is
now called a near market, and is so, in
fact. I live, as many of you know, near
the city of L)ayton, Ohio, a city of about
50,000 inhabitants, which might be called
a good market, and certainly it is, yet
but little of my fruit is ottered for sale in
the city, being mostly sent to other mar-
kets, generally to the North, where better
prices can be obtained.

'* Of berries, I would advise to ascer-
tain, by experience, what varieties do best
with you, let it be of strawberries, rasp-
berries, or blackberries. When you have
found that out, plant largely of those
that do best, never forgetting the fact,
however, that there are more failures in
planting too many acres of any one of the
above named, especially the strawberry,
than too few. 1 know a man who had
made a great success with an acre or two
of strawberries, gathering from 20 to 30
bushels per aay, and was so elated at his
success tiiat he concluded to enlarge his
fields — and, to use his own language, said
* he would nereafter gather 100 bushels a
day or bust.' ^ \d\\, lie busted ! You can
make more money from one acre of straw-
berries, well attended to, than you can
from five acres partially neglected. That
will apply to all small fruits, but especi-
ally to the strawberry.

" It is hard for me to say just wliat one,
acre of any kind of fruit will net me annu-

THK CANADIAN H0BTI0ULTURI8T.

185

ally, because I have many acres of each
variety, and I sum up all together. I
keep an exact account of all fruits sold,
and the cost of same, and tiie result has
been to me, in the last twenty-five years,
ominent'v satisfac'^ory. If any one has
any doubts c n the score of profits, let him
coiue and sjj im, and I will show him
ligures tliat will satisfy him, or them,
that fruit-growing, as a profession, does
not always prove a failure."

WINTER PEARS.

A few facts will shew that the keep-
ing quality of pears depends greatly on
several circumstances, among which are
tlie influences of ^oil, cultivation and
8eason of ripening, and still more on
the apartment in which the fruit is
kept. Take the Anjou, for instance —
circumstances favoring early ripening
will give specimens which will be
mature and melting by the end of
September, but more commonly they
ripen in October and November. This
pear has the excellent quality of keep-
ing without decay some weeks after the
flesh has become melting and fitted for
eating, if properly managed. In a cool
ap;irtment, the ripsning may be retar-
ded from December into January. The
Winter Nelis is strictly a December
fruit ; but when ripened early and kept
in a warm place, it is in excellent eat-
ing condition in November and some-
times in October. In a cool fruit room,
after the season had been favorable for
the purpose, we have actually had them
in fair eating condition in early March.
The Easter Beurr6 is a spring pear, and
when well grown will keep, as is well
known, into April ; but it is so uncer-
tain and unreliable at the North that
few cultivators attempt to raise it. The
longest-keeping, fully reliable pear of
which we have made a full trial, is the
Josephine de Malines. The specimens
rarely soften in any year before Janu-
ary, and usually a part of them keep
into February. This year we kept them
2

much longer than usual, and had speci-
mens in melting and fair eating condi-
tion on the 2nd of May. The fruit
room is not cooled by artificial means,
but is so arranged that it may be ven-
tilated completely at all times, and its
temperature is shewn by thermometers.
The sprinfj being unusually cold, favored
long-keeping. — Country Gentleman.

FRUIT CULTURE IN COLD RUSSIA.

Professor J. L. Budd's record of the
wonderful success attained by the Rus-
sians in fruit culture, is certainly very
encouraging to those living in the colder
parts of the United States. The whole
of the large province of Yladimir,
which is east of Moscow, is given to
the growing of cherries. Hundreds of
proprietors in this province have each
orchards of 10,000 ''bushes." These
fruit trees are not allowed to grow in
tree form ; the oldest branches are
pruned out, it having been found that
the best fruit is formed on young shoots,
several of which are left to grow from
one root. South of Vladimir, near the
fifty-sixth pai-allel, where the thermo-
meter sometimes falls to fifty degrees
below zero, immense quantities of plums
are raised, many of the varieties being
equal to the l)est German prunes.
Pears and apples are also a success.
The apple trees, too, are made to grow
low and bushy, but they bear abundant
crops of excellent, highly-colored fruit.
The method by whi(;h the Russian
orchardist is able to obUiin a variety of
fruits of good quality in a climate where
the winters are more severe than in the
coldest part of Minnesota, is certainly
worthy of being tested in some of the
less favored regions of our own country.
The main points ascertained in this
method seem to be ; selection of hardiest
varieties of seedlings ; close planting to
secure mutual protection ; low pruning;
the growing of more than one shoot from

186

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTCK"ST.

a root ; and retaining only the young
vigorous wood. It would be well to
test this method on some of our bleak
])rairies, not only with Russian varie-
ties, but with some of our own hardiest
kinds. — J. M. M., in Green's Fruit-
Grower.

Sf^VDER BLACKBRRY-ITS PRODUC-
TIVENESS IN IOWA.

I have one plantation 1 0 by 11 rods
square; this patch containing 110
square rods was put out in the spring
of 1877, on land that had been in culti-
vation with crops of various kinds, about
thirty years, soil clay loam, bleak north-
west exposure. A part of the plot had
previously been set to apple trees twenty
feet each way, and wlien setting the
blackberries one row was set on line of
rows of trees, and two rows between,
making rows of blackberi-ies six feet
eight inches, and plants four feet in the
rows, but sprouts coming up having I
been left to grow up in the rows mak- |
ing a perfect mat and now forming a j
complete hedge row, except where the !
apj)le trees stand, nineteen of which j
now large are still growing in the |
plantation without any perceptible in-
jury to the blackberries except the
sp ice they occupy.

The plantation was cultivated and
hoed three seasons, since then nothing
has been done to it except to cut off
weeds and sprouts between rows, and
cut back and prune fruiting canes annu-
ally. No mulch or fertilizer of any
kind has been used. The surplus
sprouts between rows have all been
taken up each fall or spring and plants
sold or used in making other planta-
tions, and no evil results from such
practice has followed, which seems to
be conclusive evidence that digging
surplus plants from bearing plantations
does not injure the plantation as has
b'een claimed.

I give thi ; brief sketch of the patch
and its tre tment, that your readers
may have some idea how the large crop
of Snyders that I have to report was
produced.

This plantation has produced a pay-
ing crop of fruit since '78, its first fruit-
ing year, and was the past season in
full bearing, judging from the amount
of fruit produced, which was 5,643
boxes. Yet, as incredible as it may
appear, there was actually picked
and sold this season from the patch
containing 110 square rods over 176
bushels of berries which would be at
the rate of 256^ bushels in round num-
bers per acre. My other and younger
plantations, not yet in full bearing,
produced equally as well in proportion.
Of course we would not expect to obtain
as large a crop every season, for not-
withstanding the Snyder is called an
iron-clad and will stand more abuse
than any other blackberry of which I
have any knowledge, yet it does some
severe winters get injured and fails the
following season to produce a full crop.
But during the eight years I have
known and observed its behaviour, it
has not in this locality failed to pro-
duce a paying crop each and every year,
and with few exceptions enormous
crops. Therefore my observations and
experience with this noble berry leads
to the conclusion that in vigour and
beauty of bush, uniformly line size and
splendid quality of its berries, extreme
hardiness and marvelous productiveness
it stands without a rival among black-
berries, especially in the north-western
States, where all, or nearly all other
varieties are unreliable and unsatisfac-
tory.— S. K., in the Fruit Recorder.

Clinton Co., Iowa.

Imported Sparrows. — Secretary Gar-
field says one pair of our insectivorous
birds are worth more to the fruit-grower
than all the imported sparrows.

THE CANADIAN H0RTICDLTDRI8T.

187

KASPBERRIES IN ILLINOIS.

Messrs. P. Earle & Sons' experimen-
tal patch of raspberries affords a good
study of the different varieties now
under cultivation. A visit paid last
week was a little late for some of the
earlier sorts. The 30-acre field of Tur-
ners had been in the hands of the
pickers for three weeks and was yield-
ing a first crop of from 50 to 60 crates
daily. 4-S is well known, this is the
Messrs. Earle's favorite variety which
they have championed for tne last 12
years.

The rows of the Reliance red rasp-
berry showed this to be a very prolific
bearing variety, of a well flavored, large,
dark colored berry. The grains are
large and the general shape of the berry
too nearly round to render it a good
shipping berry. Mrs. Earle considers
it an excellent berry for the family gar-
den and table use, as its lively, sprightly
flavor is quite an agreeable change from
the cloying sweetness of the Turner.
It parts readily from the stem, and is
a decidedly better berry than the old
Philadelphia.

The Lost Rubies very greatly resem-
I ble the Naomi, which we have grown i
■ for fifteen years. The berry is large, '
with large grains, of lively flavor, pro-
lific, and of good color and firmness.
It has the same fault of the Naomi in
not being a perfect self-fertilizer, more
or less of the grains or berry being im-
perfect, and, like the Naomi, it clings
to the stem, and is apt to crumble or
breiik in the pulling off. The only dif-
ference noticeable between the two is
the color of the lower cane, which, in
the Naomi, is a pinkish purple, and in
the Rubies a light green. They are
not, either of them, berries adapted to
field culture in Southern Illinois.

The Brandywine is a good-sized,
' Tight-looking, firm berry, and appears
• very way desirable, except in flavor, of

which it can hardly be said to have any.
Like the Ben Davis apple, it is sold on
its good looks, and it sells well. Perry
Turner, of Jonesboro', has five acres of
the Brandywine which have paid him
better than any five acres of any other
raspberry have paid.

The Cuthbert, or Queen of the Mar-
ket, is a berry that pleases Mr. Earle
very well. It is of a beautiful, high
crimson color, conical in form, holds on
well to the stem, and is of very good
flavor. A dish of these berries is ex-
ceedingly attractive. It is somewhat
later than the Turner, which is not
always a fault. — Farmer and Fruit
Grower.

EARLY APPLES FOR MARKET.

In selecting early apples, it is im-
portant to regard appearance, as such
fruit is judged by the eye. A friend
told us, a few years ago, that two trees
of the " Summer Queen " were the most
profitable of any in a large orchard. It
is later than some others, but its large
size and showy character, it being hand-
somely striped and shaded with red,
caused it to bring the highest price.
Another very showy fruit — and one of
the most attractive — is the " Duchess
of Oldenburg." It ranks, perhaps, as
an early autumn, rather than as a sum-
mer fruit, but is so hardy, productive,
and handsome, that it should not l>e
omitted. Among other excellent early
sorts are: *' William's Favorite," a
handsome red fruit; "Tetofsky," a
Russian apple, now becoming very
popular; ''Red Astrachan," a beautiful
red, but sour apple, and perhaps more
generally planted than any other ;
" Carolina Red June " is similar in
color. " E irly Harvest," '' Large Yel-
low Bough," and " Summer Pippin,"
are among the best of the yellow or
green apples. We have given a suffi-
ciently large selection for a market

188

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

orchard. If one wishes choice fruit for i
home use, he can Unci nothing better !
than the " Primate," " Early Straw-
berry," and " Summer Rose," but save
the second named, they are not so
desirable for orchard culture. Select-
ing early ap})les, and packing them
carefully in new half barrels, lined with
white paper, or in suitable crates, will
greatly increase the market returns for
this kind of fruit. — American Ayricul-
turist for August,

THE BLACK KNOT ON PLUM TREES.

Dr. B. D. Halsted, writes of a seri-
ous pest of the orchard, in the Ameri-
ca/rt Agriculturist for August.

Mr. D. D. (;}aines, near Catskill, N.
Y., brings us peculiarly distorted
branches from his plum orchard, and
complains that the trouble is a serious
one, as he has over two thousand plum
trees more or less affected. The cause
of this distortion of the smaller branches
is a fungus, and it has long been known
as " Black Knot." It has often been
claimed by careless observers that the
swellings were due to various insects
which infest the peculiar outgrowths.
The parasitic fungus attacks the young
branches in early spring, causing them
to increase rapidly in size ; rupture of
the bark soon follows, and the soft sub-
stance, coming to the surface, expands
in an irregular manner, and is shortly
covered with a peculiar olive-green
coat. The fungus plant is like many
others of the same low order of vegeta-
tion as the various moulds, mildews,
etc., and consists of a multitude of fine
threads, that run in all directions
through the substance of the plum tree.
The olive color of the surface is due to
a vast number of minute bodies called
spores, which are formed on the tips of
the threads, and, breaking away from

their attachments, serve to propagate
the trouble. After the knot has grown
to some size, its soft substance oU'ers a
good home for various kinds of insects,
and it is rare to find such a knot that
is not thus infested. This was the
strong argument in favour of the view
that the knots were of insect origin.
The scientific name of the fungus i«
Sphceria morhosa, and this, the cause
of the black knot, is as much a plant
as the plum tree upon which it lives.

The olive surface-spores continue t-o
form through the summer, and at
autumn another kind of spore begins
to develop within the substance of the
knot. These are of slow growth, and
are not ripe until the following spring.
The only remedy thus far known is the
judicious use of the knife. The knots
should be cut off and burned whenever
they are found. They are most con-
spicuous in the winter, when the
branches are not covered with leaves ;
but when a tree is attacked, it is not
wise to delay the removal until a more
convenient time. The diseased branches
should always be burned, otherwise the
spores will continue to form for awhile,
and thus propagate the contagious pest.
If the tree is badly attacked, it may be
best to remove it entirely.

The Choke Cherry is a favorite host
of the black knot, as the neglected
fence rows often show in winter. All
such trees should be rooted out. The
cultivated cherry trees are subject to
attacks by the black knot, for which
the same remedy as that for th<5 plum
tree is recommended. Use the pruning-
knife, always at sight, and cut several
inches below the swelling, that all the
infested portion may be removed.

Arsenic Water for CoDLiJf Moth. —
J. N. Dixon, of Iowa, sprayed his apple
orchard with arsenic water to eradicate
the canker-worm, and unexpectedly found
it a remedy for the codling moth.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

18»

A GOOD PLACE FOR FOREST TREES.

The Lancaster (Mass.) F.n-mer says,
in alluding to the use which may be
made of stony ground :

" There is on many farms more or
less of ground so rocky that it will not
repay the expense of cultivation, and
all such spots should be planted with
trees. These may be got out of the
woods or farm nurseries ; or what
would be easier, cheaper and probably
much more effectual, the seeds of vari-
ous kinds of trees could be sown, imita-
ting as nearly as possible the natural
processes which have produced all the
forests of the country. The seeds of
the different trees should be gathered
in the woods just at the time they fall
naturally, and they should be immedi-
ately planted in little shallow holes
among the stones and covered with a
little earth. There the rains of autumn,
the snows of winter, and the sunshine
of spring would bring uj) a crop of
young trees, which should be fenced in
from cattle and left to themselves. They
would require no labor after the first
sowing and fencing except subsequent
thinning out from year to year of those
that were too crowded or most valuable
for economic purposes. If hickory nuts,
black walnuts, butternuts, chestnuts,
and the seeds of sugar maples, pines or
spruces were any of them sown every
here and there over the place intended
for a grove, the most valuable kinds,
and those that thrive best could be
ultimately left to become great trees.
After ten yeara the annual thinnings
of this grove for firewood, fencing, hop-
poles, railroad ties, etc., would probably
make it as valuable a part of the farm
as any other, and when the black wal-
nut and butternut trees become large
enough to be sold to cabinet-makers
the value of the grove would be very
great. The present race of farmers may
Bay they would not live to see the
trees become tit for the cabinet-makers,

but none the less would the growth of
that grove increase the value of the
farm every year, and that whether the
owner sold it or left it to his children.^'

SPARE THE TOADS.
There is no better abused, and pro-
bably no more useful creature in the
garden and upon the farm than the toad.
That apt simile, " like a toad under a
harrow," tells the story of his wrongs.
And now that our harrows are armed
with steel teeth, and are supplement-<Hi
with clod crushers and cultivators of
various types for comminuting the soil,
the sorrows of the toad are intensified,
and he is threatened with extinction in
all cultivated fields. Stay thy hand
from slaughter, tiller of the soil. The
toad is as useful in his place as the im-
plements of tillage you drive over his
back so thoughtlessly. " The jewel in
his head " is not there, but in his capa-
cious stomach, that always has room in
it for one more bug, one more worm,
that destroys the food of man. Watch
his habits for a day, and observe tht'
lightning thrusts of his tongue as he
scoops in your enemies, and you will
have a better appreciation of his work,
and of his place in good husbandry.
If your garden is withotit toads, you
can afford to purchase them for stock.
They will pay good dividends, as surely
as superphosphate. — American Agricul-
turist for August.

THE TAYLOR BLACKBERRY.

Mr. 0. B. Gralusha, President of the
Illinois State Horticultural Society,
says of this l)erry :

'* I have had the Taylor since its first
introduction, paying \l each for the plants
first purchased, and have been more and
more impressed with the deliciousness of
its fruit each year. I know of no berry
of any species or variety whoso juices are
of a purer, more delicate sweet flavor. I
think it will bear a crop five seasons out

190

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

of six. The canes are of smaller growth
than those of the Snyder — which is an
advantage, and j)roduce a large crop of
fruit, which is of a symmetrical, oblong
shape, good medium size, of a shining
black color, and as has been said, of an
exquisitely delicious flavor — no twang left
after eating and no core in the centre to
be masticated or swallowed whole, as with
Kittatinny. The Taylor also has one
peculiarity which forcibly struck all our
berry pickers who picked the fruit this
year, viz , the absence of sunscald which
was so common this season."

SINGULAR FREAKS.
There is in Mr. L. Harwood's garden,
in the West Ward, a Siberian crab tree,
which has been bearing about four years,
that is covered with blossoms, but has not
had a leaf on this season. — OrilUa Packet.

Mr. W. H. Kent, of Medonte, on go-
ing to examine his fruit blossoms this
spring, found that one tree, off which he
had gathered fifteen bushels last autumn,
was completely laden with small apples,
which must have formed in the fall, after
the fruit had been gathered. What effect
this will have on the tree he cannot pre-
dict, never having heard of such a pheno-
menon, but he fears it will kill it. — Orillia
Packet

BOOK NOTICES.

Premiums Offered at the Seven-
teenth An V UAL Exhibition of the Ne-
braska State Fair, to be held at Omaha,
10th September, continuing for six days.

Complete Guid:: to Silk Culture, by
L. Gapsadell published by W. B. Smith
& Co., New York. In this little volume
the author. Secretary of the New York
Silk Exchange, has given in the shortest
possible space concise and practical direc-
tions in every detail of silk culture ; Silk-
food Trees, and how to Raise them ; Co-
cooneries ; Eggs, and how to Hatch them ;
the Rearing of Silk- worms ; Races, Varie-
ties, and Value ; Gathering, Stifling, and
Packing Cocoons ; Reproduction ; Reel-
ing, and Spinning, and Requisites for
Silk Culture are plainly described and
illustrated. The wide and promising
field which, at present, is opening for

American silk culture, which cannot hwt
develop into a most iinportant industry,
in the near future, makes the publication
of such a work most desirable.

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS.

Shakpless Strawberry. — Mr. D. C.
Hommell, of Knoxville, Tenn., shows up
a strawberry of the ''Sharpless" variety
that measured eight and one-quarter
inches in circumference.

Are Small Fruits Profitable. — A
fruit grower who has had considerable
experience in the business says that small
fruits as an average, such as strawberries,
raspberries, blackberries, currants, grapes,
etc. , yield, as a rule, double the profit of
apples, pears, peaches, plums, for the
reason, principally, that small fruits come
immediately into bearing, and produce
every year. Prices are more equal from
year to year, varying less than apples and
pears. — Prairie Farmer.

Waterloo Peach. — This is the largest
very early peach we have grown or seen .
The first specimen ripened July 14th, and
measured 10 inches in circumference. All
tlie fruit was gathered and mostly over-
ripe, on the 19th of the same month. It
ripened about three days in advance of the
Alexander. It is a remarkable keeper,
ripe specimens have been kept in perfect
condition nearly a week after being pick-
ed. It will therefore be valuable for ship-
ping.— Fruit Recorder.

Value of the Sunflower. — It is the
best egg-producing food known for poul-
try, keeping them in a thriving condition
and largely increasing the production of
eggs. Every poultry raiser who tries it
will find that this seed is the food known
for glossing the plumage of fowls, and is
almost indispensable to those who want to
fit their birds for exhibition to tlie best
advantage. The Russian sunflower is
easily raised, requires very little care, can
be grown in fence corners or other places
difficult to cultivate. Its production of
seed is immense, yielding often at the rate
of one hundred bushels to the acre. It
should be planted in hills four feet apart,
any time from the tenth of May to the
first of July. Three quarts of seed will
plant an acre. — loiva Homestead.

THK CANADIAN FIORTICCLTURIRT.

191

Tomatoes raised in poorish light soil
will ripen ten days earlier than those
raised in rich soil. We know this from
the actual test during the present season.
If large, showy tomatoes are wanted, re-
gardless of flavor or time of ripening,
then the rich soil and the rank growth
are needed. Cutting off all but one or
two fruits of the clusters while they are
small and green will also cause those re-
maining to grow to a larger size. — Rural
Neiv Yorker.

The Silver Bell Tree, — Halesia tetrap-
tera, known in England as the snow-drop
tree, and in this country as the silver bell,
is one of the handsomest of all our hardy
shrubs. It is a native of upper Virginia
and Southern Ohio, Its white, bell-
shaped flowers appear in May, and impart
a graceful appearance to the whole plant.
The flowers are followed by a four-winged
fruit, hence its specific name. It some-
times grows twenty feet or more in height,
hut in gardens is usually a large shrub.
(^n account of its rather difticult propaga-
tion it has not been largely introduced
into cultivation. — Country Gentleman.

Large Peach Orchards. — The largest
peach orchard in the world, without ex-
ception, is that of John Parnell, at West
Point, Ga,, which contains 135,000 trees.
The frost on the 23rd day of April de-
stroyed about one-half the crop. The
next largest orchard belongs to Judge
Cunningham, at Griffin, Ga. , and has
60,000 trees. About one-third of this
crop is injured. The fruit centre of
Georgia is two miles from Griflin at Vine-
yard, where the prospects are good for a
tine crop. The peach crop of Georgia,
this year, will be about half the usual
average, but the fruit will be larger and
better, from the thinning out by frost, —
Furm, Herd and Home

Apricot-Growino in California. —

The Wine and Fruit Grower says ; — We
learn from the xMarysville Appeal, that
apricot orchards are the rage in its imme-
diate section. The past season, trees
three years old paid ten dollars to the tree.
The Appeal adds its testimony to the fact
'!iat there is not the slightest danger of
ordoing the business, as the canneries
' .ui handle all the fruit that can be pro-
duced. It is stated that some of the far-

mers in the vicinity of Berryessa, located
on what they have recently learned to call
apricot lands, are preparing to engage ex-
tensively in fruit culture. Thousands of
aprioQt trees are to be set out on lands
heretofore "wasted" on grain culture.

Preserving Peas. — The most effectual
method we have found for preserving
peas from withering or drying up in a
drouth, is to mulch them thickly with
coarse hay or straw, to a width of at least
two feet on each side of the row. Our
garden soil is a fine, porous gravel, and
unless the season is cool and moist, the
pea vines dry up so badly as to produce
little fruit. Mulching heavily is conse-
quently a necessity in order to save them.
By doing this, we have obtained as good
crops as when May. June, and July were
cool and ratlier rainy. It is not necessary
to bush dwarf peas. Still, when exposed
to a strong wind, they will sometimes
blow down, and then the further advan-
tage of their being mulched is that the pods
are kept clean and dry, and escape being
mildew^ed. It is an excellent thing also
to mulch both pole and bush beans,
melons, squashes and cucumbers in the
same way. — American Argiculturist for
June.

Ampelopsis Veitchii. — Among our
beautiful climbing vines, the Ampelopsis
veitchii stands in the front rank ; and its
well-deserved popularity should cause it
to be more freely planted than it is. It
is a native of Japan, leaves some-what
smaller than those of the well-known
American ivy, A. quinqnefolia, overlapp-
ing one another and forming a dense sheet
of green. The plant is a little tender
when young, and requires slight protec-
tion the first winter. It is of rapid growth,
and has the clinging nature of ivy. Its
foliage is of most beautiful green in sum-
mer, changing to variegated crimson scar-
let in autumn. For ornamenting brick and
stone structures, it is superior to all other
climbing vines. The citizens of Boston
are peculiarily attached to this vine, and
many of the finest structures there are
made more beautiful by the addition of
tiiis plant. It cannot be too highly re-
commended, and will meet the fondest
expectations of all who plant it. — Country
Gen*leman.

192

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTURI8T.

THE CROWN 0' THE YEAR.

Out of my low little lattice

( looked, and the skies were blue ;
And the gossamer robes of the Morning

Were s [tangled with diamond dew ;
There were pearls on thi wayside sedges,

And gems on the hawthorn spray,
And a sciatiliant rainbow shiver

Ran over the lields and away.

A merry tom-tit was singing

A-top of the maple tall ;
And a gadding rose, belated.

Looked over the garden wall ;
The brooklet, astray in the meadows.

Was piping her ruedy song :
Ah 1 Fair is the Spring ! I echoed ;

And Summer is gladsome and long 1

With her lovely procession of flowers,

Her music of bird-song and breeze.
Her sunshine and soft tripping showers.

And lullaby droning of bees !
And Winter is hale and wholesome.

With his bluster and sparkle and cheer;
But Autumn, brown-bearded and ruddy,

Weareth the crown o' the year I

Heir of the bountiful seasons,

He opens his lavish hands.
And the gold of a myriad harvests

Is scattered about the lands !
It rustles along the corn-rows,

It glimmers among the sheaves,
It mellows the red-streaked apples
; . That dangle about the eaves !

Fanned by his frosty northers,

TJje wide woods kindle and blaze ;
The inhnite ether above us

Smiles down thro' a dalTodil haze ;
The golden-rods light unthe thickets ;

With mosses, and brambles, and ferns,
He spreads for our footsteps a pathway

Of glory that glitters arid burns I

A luscious ripeness lingers

Abroad in the sunny air ;
And a thousand rich aromas

Steal on us unaware ; ,
Let Summer vaunt her roses,

And VVuiter his princely cheer,
But Autumn, brown and ruddy,

Weareth the .crpwn o' the year I

• Emu A Alicb Browmb.

jy. F. Ledger..

Ohicaqo's Parks.— From 125,000 to
150,000 plants are raised every year to fill
the beds in Lincoln Park, Chicago. Of
these about 24,000 are geraniums, 37,000
cpleus, 20,000 Echiveras, and the remain-
der mixed plants in lots of from 1,000 to
5,000. One of the large beds in the park
requires 10,000 plants to fill it -several of
the baskets and vases require from 150 to
250 good sized specimens. There are four
houses, each 100 X 12, and a number of
«<)ld pits or frames, in use for raising these
plants. — Michigan Farmer.

The Rubber Plant in Mexico. —

Mexico is making a study of the culture
of the rubber plant. The hardiness of
the plant is said to be such that its cul-
ture is exceedingly simple and inexpen-
sive, where the climate and soil are suit-
able. In much of the Mexican coast
region the only expense is the weeding
required when the plants are young, to
give them a chance to grow and strengthen.

Tobacco Juice Vapor for Plants. —
The vapor of tobacco juice has been tested
in France as an insecticide in green houses
with great success. Instead of burning
or smoking the tobacco, which is a very
offensive process to some persons, the to-
bacco is made into an extract by soaking
or boiling, and the juice is then placed
over a chafing dish, a fire, or the flame of
an ordinary lamp, and deposited in the
greenhouse or conservatory. Delicate
plants which are very sensitive to smoke
are not injured by this vapor, and it
leaves no off'ensive atmosphere, while it
efiectually disposes of thrips, lice, scale
insects, and slugs. One quart of tobacco
juice vaporized in a house containing 350
cubic feet is an ample amount. — Scientific
American.

Plums for Market. — At the late meet-
ing of the Western New York Horticul-
tural Society, R. N. Handy, of Orleans
County, asked for the best market plums
for an orchard of 200 or 300 trees, which
he intended to set out in spring. S. D.
Willard, who has had m\ich experience
with plums, said it is hard to select for
others, but he would name the Lombard,
Copper plum, Reine Claude de Bavay, as
profitable for market. All plum trees
must b^ well fed, or else it is better not
to plant them at all. The Reine Claude
de Bavay is liable to overbear, and the
fruit must be timely thinned. The yellow
or light-colored plums sell best . He. plants
his trees 12 by 16 feet apart ; some of
them 16 by 16. Moore's Arctic plum,
from Maine, was highly spoken of for cold
regions. Mr. Barry said Pond's Seedling
is a valuable market sort, but a light
bearer while the tree is young. The Mc-
Laughlin was commended for high quality.
The Jefferson is an excellent plum, but
the tree is a poor grower.

PfUtTTED AT THE STEAM PRESS BSTABLiSHMR^T OP OOPP, CLARK • CO., OOLBOBNK STREET,^ TOROMTO.

I

.#•

«>1

TIMM.

A hardy variety, and appears to succeed in more localities than any of the other red varieties,!
Canes vigorous and productive. Good in every respect.

"PRINTECy FOR THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST."

THE

VOL. VI.]

SEPTEMBER, 1883.

[No. 9.

SOME ISTOTES OK RASPBERRIES.

The past season has on the whole
been favorable to the raspberry croj).
The canes passed through the long pro-
tracted cold and ice of the past winter
uninjured. This fact seems to indicate
that the question of ability to endure
cf M is not altogeth(;r one of constitu-
tion 4 hardiness. The canes of those
varieties which we have been wont to
esteem very hardy have sometimes been
injured during winters much less severe
and trying than the past, while the
canes of sorts which we have considered
as tender came through the past severe
winter unharmed. There is no doubt
but that the condition of the canes when
winter sets in, especially the well
ripened state of the wood, has much to
do with its ability to endure the winter.
Having passed the winter without in-
jury, they blossomed abundantly, set
their fruit well, and the moist, cool
^ ason has on the whole been favorable
I') the development of the fruit. In
s >me low -lying spots tlie moisture hjis
b(^en excessive and the ]>lants have suf-
fered, but in well drained soil the wet
weather has not caused any injury.

There are now a great many varieties
of this fine fruit, and it may be that
the writer's exparience with time that

he has been fruiting on his grounds
will be of service to those who contem-
plate planting either for home use or to
supply the constantly increasing market
demand.

Brandywine has proved to be a wery
prolific sort, of medium size, not high
quality, of good bright color, ripening
just after the Highland Hardy, and
selling well in market. It seems
to be susceptible of improvement in
size by liberal manuring, so much so
that one of the western growers has
the reputation of sending an improve.1
or fancy Brandywine to the Chicago
market, for which he gets an extra price.

Caroline. Txiis was introduced to
public attention as a berry of very fine
quality, as being a very near approach
in that respect to Brinckle's Orange^
but it has not f^he.vn any such quality
on our grounds. The plant is hardy
and exceedingly productive. The ber-
ries are of good size for a cap variety,
and when quite ripe resemble Brinckle's
Orange in color, but there the re.sem
blance ceases. The fruit is too soft for
any but a near market.

Cuthhert. Further acquaintance with
this fine variety only serves to confirm
the favourable impressions made at its

I

194

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

first fruiting. It has so far endured
our changeable winters remarkably well,
and has yielded large crops of fruit. It
does sucker too freely, and the grower
of fruit for market will find it neces-
sary to keep the suckers in careful sub-
jection in order to secure large crops.
The berries are large, of a good bright
color, firm enough to carry well if
properly handled, and sell readily. The
flavor is good, reminding one of our
common red raspberries.

Davidsons Thornless. An early
ripening variety of black cap, valuable
because it is so nearly free from the
disagreeable thorns that tear ourclothes,
scratch our hands and lacerate our feel-
ings. The canes are hardy and prolific.
The berries are only of medium size,
sweet and of fair flavor.

Franconia. This old variety is a
profitable market sort when properly
cultivated, and that means strong loamy
soil well enriched, and the ground kept
scrupulously clean. It is very produc-
tive, nearly hardy, and the fruit is of
good color and carries well to a not too
distant market. By nearly hardy is
meant that it sometimes gets killed
back by our winter, but it is not very
often that the crop is materially injured
from this cause.

Gregg. Thus far this is the largest
black cap in cultivation, and the fruit
finds a ready sale in our markets. The
canes have never been injured by the
winter in our grounds, and have yielded
a large crop of fine fruit every season.
The berries are covered with a peculiar
bloom that detracts somewhat from their
api earance, but their large size, meaty

pulp and good flavor have made them
popular, and they usually sell for a cent
or so more per quart than other black
caps. The crop ripens up rapidly and
is harvested in a short time.

Hansell. It is too soon to speak con-
fidently of the qualities of this new sort,
yet a few things are already settled by
the first fruiting in our grounds this
season ; namely, it is an early ripening
sort, of good color, and better in quality
than the Highland Hardy or Brandy-
wine, but whether it will prove the first
to ripen is not yet ascertained, nor
whether it will prove perfectly hardy
here and sufficiently productive to be a
paying investment.

Highland Hardy. After some years
of trial of this variety one can only say
that it is to be hoped that a better will
yet be found to take its place. It is
hardy and ripens its fruit quite early,
whicJi is of a bright color and of medium
size, but seriously lacking in flavor, and
yet it finds a ready sale in market be-
cause it comes in so early as to have no
competitor.

Hopk'infi. One of the early ripening
black caps, of good size, good flavor and
good appearance. The fruit sells readily,
being early, for the crop is all gathered
before the Gregg ripens. The canes
have thus far stood our winters unin-
jured, and have been well filled with
fruit.

Niaga/ra. Although this has not
proved to be perfectly hardy, yat so far
the injury has been so slight as only U)
affect the extremities of tlie canes. It
bears an abundant crop of fine, large
berries, of a dark crimson color, good

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

195

flavor, and that continue to ripen in
succession for some time. This feature
makes it especially suited for the family
garden.

Philadelphia. After all, this old
variety seems to me as profitable as
any. The canes are the most hardy of
any of the red varieties, though there
have been winters in which the ends of
the canes have been killed back. It is
the most prolific of them all, and is
bought by the canning establishments
in any quantity that can be offered, and
although the price obtained per quart
is a cent or so less than the larger and
brighter colored berries will bring in
the city markets, yet the results per
acre are probably in favor of this
variety.

Reliance. Said to be a seedlinsr of
the Philadelphia, which it greatly re-
sembles in the color of its fruit. The
plants have not proved to be as healthy
as the parent, many of them being
sickly, and in consequence not produc-
ing fair samples of fruit, nor a fair
quantity. The canes that are healthy
are very productive, and so far have not
suffered from the winter, and the fruit
is similar in form to that of the Phila-
delphia, but larger and somewhat better
flavored.

Shaffer's Colossal. Rightly named
Colossal, for nothing we have seen of
the cap family equals it in size of cane
or berry. There are canes in our gar-
den fully ten feet high, and yet grow-
ing. The berries are considenvbly larger
than those of the Gregg, b«it instead of
being black they are of a deep maroon
color when ripe, very juicy and less

full of seeds than most of the black
caps. The fruit is too soft to carry
well to a distant market, and not of a
color to sell well when offered for sale.
The flavor is more acid and sprightly
than most cap raspberries, and not rich,
yet when cooked and slightly sweetened
it is very good. Thus far the crop of
fruit has not been in proportion to the
growth of cane.

Solid. A black cap variety received
from Illinois, fruiting for the first time.
The berries are nearly as large as those
of the Gregg, much more firm and less
juicy, but sweet and pleasant flavored ;
they are indeed solids and seem hard
enough to carry to Liverpool without
injury. The canes are strong, healthy
thus far, and prolific.

Souhegan. A black cap from New
Enghind, that so far seems to be hardy
and productive, and that ripens its fruit
early. The berries are not as large as
Gregg, yet of good size, sweet and
richly flavored.

Superb, and if one may judge from
the first fruiting on newly planted canes
it is superb. The berries are large,
roundish oval, rich carmine color, of
excellent flavor, and apparently ripen
early. We shall watch this variety
with much interest, and hope to be
permitted to inform our readers of its
behavior another season.

Thwack. We have been disappointed
in this variety. On sandy loam it has
not been prolific, and the quality of the
fruit is poor. We have failed to see in
it any good qualities that should induce
any one to plant it ; perhaps on some
other soil it might do hotter.

196

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Turner. This is the variety that Mr.
Parker Earle, President of the Missis-
sippi Valley Horticultural Society,
grows so extensively on his small-fruit
farm near Cobden, Illinois. He has
found it a very profitable and satisfac-
tory market variety. The colored plate
which we present to our readers with
this number is a representation of this
variety, which we have found to endure
our winters pretty well, to yield good
crops, and to have a very sweet, agree-
able flavor. It throws up suckers very
freely, too freely, which, must be cut off
with the hoe as if weeds in order to
secure good crops of fruit.

Tyler. An early ripening black cap.
For our part we can not see enough
difference in the time of ripening of
this and Hopkins, and Souhegan to
make a distinction ; nor in the short
time that we have had them in cultiva-
tion have we been able to ascertain
what ave the particular points in any
one of the three to give it any very de-
cided advantage over the others.

We have said nothing of Lost Rubies,
for the simple reason that in our ex-
j)erience of its performances we can find
in it no particular excellencies that
should rescue it from oblivion ; it
might have remained lost for ever and
the consumers and the growers of rasp-
berries would have experienced no loss
whatever. Mr. Green writes to us
that this variety is very productive
when planted near Turner or Kirtland
to fertilize it, but does nob do so well
when planted near Cuthbert, and con-
cludes by saying that this is a great

drawback, which will prevent it from
becoming popular.

MORE ABOUT NEW STRAWBERRIES.

BY T. C. ROBINSON, OWEN SOUND.

The Manchester has fruited with me
this year, and I find it very fine in-
deed— for certain purposes. I do not
think it good enough for home use, to
be eaten directly from the vines ; but
I think it is of better quality than
Wilson or Crescent, picked as these
usually are for market; and its other
points as a market fruit are so good
that, with the single exception of firm-
ness, it appears to realize to a remark-
able degree the claims that were made
for it. In firmness I place it behind
the Wilson, yet it will no doubt ship a
hundred miles or more by rail. Potted
plants that I set out late last August
have yielded over a pint each on the
average, and the berries were much
larger than I expected, very regular in
shape, very glossy, smooth and hand-
some— decidedly late. I also saw it
fruiting near St. Mary's, Ont., and
near Rochester, and at both places the
above characteristics were equally pro-
minent. Everywhere, too, it was show-
ing fine vigorous growth. My verdict
on this variety is, " Best tested late
market sort, for shipping less than on(>
hundred miles." It does well on light
land.

The James Vi^k is another variety
that is standing well up to the claims
made for it. At Rochester and St.
Mary's it shows the same remarkably
healthy and vigorous growth that I see
on my own grounds, and it certainly is
exceedingly productive. Yet I cannot
recommend even the James Vick for
home use at present. I havj little
doubt that as a cooking fruit it may
prove very valuable for home use ; but
we have already excellent varieties
that fill this bill exactly ; and the
" home berry " that the people are in

THE OANADTAN HOUTICULTUKIST.

197

need of is one that in addition fco other
good qualities possesses size and excel-
lent flavor. Now, the James Vick is^
not of extra size, and its quality strikes
me as nothing better than common va-
rieties. But for the market-grower,
who wants a berry firm enough to stand
the jolting and heat of a two or three
hundred-mile trip on the cars, the
James Vick seems to be exceedingly
desirable, for it is one of the firmest
berries in the catalogues — excelling
even Wilson in this respect. But firm-
ness is only one essential of a market
berry ; we want handsome appearance,
good size, and especially great produc-
tiveness ; and these points seem com-
bined in the Vick to a remarkable de-
gree In color it is exceedingly Hue —
a brilliant red, to which a shade of
orange is imparted by its gohlen seeds.
Shape, almost round, and almost as
regular as if run in a mould, though of
coui'se the last berries are not as large
as the first — apparently less than five
|):ir cent, being in any way deformed.
Surface smooth and shining. Size,
about like Wilson, or a trifle larger.
Productiveness, just as great as any
plant can stand without coming out of
the ground. As a shipping berry for"
market it appears not excelled by Wil-
son in any respect, while in the matter
of color alone it is considerably better,
and it excels in otiiers. On the whole,
it impresses me as the best shipping
berry to supersede the Wilson that has
yet been introduced.

Bid well has done nobly with me this
year. The first berries ripened in the
wet, and were ugly, overgrown, green-
tipped ex})ressions of acidity. But
when our impatience to t;uste the Bid-
well slackened, and they got more sun-
shine, not only did the tips ripen up,
but they developed a delicious, racy
sweetness of taste that<lelighted all who
got at them, while the shape improved to
the ideal form ; and in color and glossi-

ness they were all that could be desired.
Yet thev were not up to the mark in
firmness, and I do not recommend them
for shipping far. Only on rich, dark
loam do I think the plant will mature
the immense load of fruit it sets,
though the plant is a good grower any-
where. It is nearly as large as Sharp-
less. Plant for home use or a near
market on good moist loam.

Lacoii was very promising as I saw
it at Rochester ; and Daniel Boone and
MrM. Garfield at St. Mary's. Time
will have much to tell about these. I
predict a promising future.

For home use I have been delighted
with Shirts. It is exceedingly sweet
and gooil — surpassing even Bidwell —
with the flavor of the wild strawberry,
and the size and almost the productive-
ness of the Bidwell. It makes the
most vigorous young plants of any sort
on my place, and grows magnificent
hills, which are easy to keep in order
as it sends out few runners. Color
dark and season late. Jerseif Queen
and l^riple Crown were the only vari-
eties on my place that could compare
with Shirts in quality, except Trioinph
de Gand. The Triple Crown is very
productive, and it i.s very firm, while
the Jersey Queen is very large and
glossy, but not sufficiently tested with
with me as to productiveness.

Seneca Queen keeps up its reputation
witli me as a magnificent early berry
for home use — excelled only by Bi(l-
well where Bidwell succeeds, but seem-
ingly adapted to a wider range of soil.

The above seem by far the best
among the new sorts that have been
out long enough to test.

Of old sorts, Sharpies^ still stands
first in size, but when it is so large it is
not so sweet as when of moderate di-
mensions ; it is certainly worthy of a
place yet in the home garden. Wind-
sor Chief is also very fine.

I

198

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTURI8T.

FOUNTAIN PUMP.

KEPLY TO MR. STRAUCH >N.

Mr. Editor, — In the June num-
ber of the Horticulturist there is an
enquiry by Geo. Struuchon as to a good
cheap lountain pump for spraying fruit
trees. I have used for the last two
years the fountain pump manufactured
by Josiah A. Whitman, Providence,
Rhode Island, and find it an exceed-
ingly handy, portable and efficient ar-
ticle. It can be had, I think, duty
and express charges paid, for about $8.
I have not yet tried it on the codlin
moth, but think that with its help I
have effectually checkmated the " little
Turk." After three applications (one
a week) of Paris green water (one tea-
spoonful to a pail) my apricots are now
as large as plums, and not a mark uj>on
them ; and with close searching I have
been able to find but two plums stung
by the curculio in the ten trees which
constitute my plum orchard. In bye-
gone seasons by this time plums and
apricots were falling in perfect showers,
notwithstanding daily jarring of the
trees, and very few of either fruits
evtmtually escaped. The exceptions
then were indeed rari nantes. I might
jast add that I have found Mr. Whit-
man a straightforward and honorable
man to deal with.

Yours, &c.,

C. R. Matthew.
St Stephen's Parsonage, Goderich Township.

Pruning Raspberries. — A. F. Hofer
says in the Iowa Register, in reference to
the raspberry : * ' Feeble canes will bear
feeble fruit, and even the strong and
thrifty bush will bear inferior berries, if
you let the whole cane stand as it is.
Spring pruning is needed, and if you cut
off your cane about one-third on top, you
will raise more and better berries than if
you let the whole cane stand as it is. The
berries growing on the extreme ends of
the branches, running out from the. main
stems, are always small and tasteless."

THE CLIANTHUS.

This plant, known as the "Glory
Pea" of New Holland, though usually
considered of somewhat difficult culture,
may be easily grown if care is taken
not to give too much water when young.
The seeds vegetate freely, grow rapidly,
then suddenly the young plants wither.
If the cause is sought, it will be found
that they have rotted, or ** damped off,"
as gardeners say, just at the collar of
the plant. If this can be prevented,
and there is no real difficulty, the cul-
ture is very easy. The plant is a
native of dry, sandy plains, and never
at any period of its growth requires
much sui'face water. The roots are
long and bare, and will strike down
and draw the necessary moisture from
below.

Of the beauty of the plant no des-
cription can give an idea, and even the
highest colored illustrations cannot ex-
aggerate its brilliancy. The foliage is
rather large, compound and vetch-like,
well covering the plant, and showy.
The flowers are in pendent clusters,
each individnal being about three inches
long ; they are pea-shaped, and usually
of a rich scarlet color.

The seeds should be sown in rather
sandy soil, in pots or in a frame, in
April. If in the latter, however, it
must be where the plants are to bloom,
as they cannot be transplanted success-
fully; or they may be sown in the open
border, after the gi-ound has become
warm, about the last of May. In
border-culture, the essential point to bo
observed is that, while the plants re-
quire an abundance of water during the
growing season, the utmost care is
necessary to keep the neck of the stem
entirely dry. When the seedlings are
very small, pot each separately, or,
better still, plant but one seed in each
pot, and as the plants grow shift into
larger pots. Never water over-head,
or wet the foliage, and if the surface is

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

199

t-

watered put a little sand round the
collar of the plant. We have been
most successful by not giving any sur-
face water; but, instead, setting the
pots in a pan of water, and thus supply-
ing moisture to the root. As soon as
the stem of the plant becomes woody,
which it quickly does, no further care
is needed.

If one can get Clianthus safely
through the first few weeks of their
growth, they are as easily grown as any
plant. Set the plants out in a dry,
warm, sunny spot in the garden, about
the fii-st of June. They will make
bushes two to three feet in height, and
be covered with splendid flowers until
killed by the frost. In the greenhouse
they do not tlirive, as they are more
aubject to the attacks of red spiders
than any plant, and do not like the sy-
ringing necessary to destroy that pest.

The oldest species is 0. puniceus,
which is a very showy plant; but the
newer, C. Dampieri, far surpasses it,
having larger flowers of a richer scar-
let, which have a large, shining, intense
black mark at the base of the petals.
Of til is latter species there is a variety
with white flowers, somewhat varied
with pink, and with the same black
marking, which is very pretty, although
less showy.

Let no one be deterred from planting
Clianthus because it is " hard to grow."
The only cai-e is to avoid over- watering
in the early stages of growth ; other-
wise the j)lant is of as easy culture as
any other of the Bean family. — R. S. E.
lit American Garden.

Ru.ssiAN Mulberry. — The Russian
Mulberry has recently taken a prominent
place, and owing to its hardiness and
rapid growth, i.s in active demand for the
Northern and Western States. It pro-
duces an abundance of excellent fruit,
which would fully pay for all labor ex-
pended in its cultivation, — Am, Silk and
Fruit Culturist.

LARGE STRAWBERRIES AND THEIR
FLAVOR.
We have had some huge Strawberries
from Mr. Gilbert (Paxtons) which were
remai-kably well grown and perfectly
colored. Better grown they could not
be, in fact; and yet the flavour, in our
opinion, left something to be desired.
The Strawberry is one of those things
as regards which flavour is to some ex-
tent sacrificed to appearance. All who
grow fruit for their own tables would
do well to ask if we cannot get better
flavoured fruits than those grown for
the markets. Qualities which eniible a
market grower to carry his fruit to a
place of sale are of no consequence what-
ever to the private grower, who should
above all grow fruit for its flavour.
The wholesomeness and pleasure of eat;
ing a Strawberry have very much di-
minished by the poor quality of many
kinds. We should raise and raise fruits
till we get really good ones. This plant
is so easily raised from seed, and comes
into bearing so quickly, that there
should be no trouble in the smallest
garden in trying a few experiments un-
til the owner found a kind that suited
him in flavour. It is quite common to
find fruits most unwholesome by the
acid they contain. There should be a
revolt carried on by all owners of gar-
dens against the ever-growing practice
of sending out new kinds because they
are bigger than older ones. It gene-
rally means that they are coai*ser; it
sometimes means that they are useless.
Imagine anyone growing a Kidney Bean
because it was large, seeking the very
quality that all avoid who have to cook
or eat it. It is a delusion that those
who grow their own fruits and vege-
tables necessarily pay more for them
than they do in the maiket. The plea-
sure of having them qiiite fresh and of a
proper age would, however, be worth
paying more for were it needed. This
great advantage, which all who are

200

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

happy enough to live in their gardens
enjoy, miiijht be greatly increased as
follows: By a new departure, seeking
and growing only things delicate and
good in flavour. To grow such and
gather them at the right moment, which
is never done in the case of market pro-
duce, would be to experience a difference
not merely in degree, but of kind.
Green Peas, for example, grown thus
a 'id gathered thus would scarcely be
thought of the same species as the com-
mon full-grown market "bullet." — The
Gardener.

DRIED FRUITS MARKET.

Our market abroad for dried fruits is
extending every year. We have re-
ferred to it frequently, but it can hardly
be mentioned too often, and the follow-
ing from the Germantown Telegraph
is therefore in order. " It is a mistake
among farmers and fruit-raisers in
the United States to think that the
different varieties of fruit, such as
apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries,
gooseberries, etc., are grown in Europe
in greater perfection than here. It is
not the fact. We raise these as abun-
dantly here, and in as much perfection,
as h -y do in Europe, and with not more
than half the labor and expense. We
have not a doubt that the United
States, ere many years, will become the
greatest fruit-raising country in the
world. In dried fruits, such as peaches
aild apj)les, the exportation has already
acquired large proportions, and in ten
years more it will go on multiplying in
extent until fruit-raising will become a
far greater and more profitable branch
of industry than at present. With such
a market as we find in Europe open to
us we can never grow an over-abun-
dance of apples and peaches; while these,
in addition to cranberries, in their na-
tural condition, fresh from the trees and
vines, onglit to be, and no doubt will be.

produced in such quantities as to meet
any demand. The very cheapness that
we can send them abroad for will open
for us an unlimited market for all with
which we can supply it." — Press.

ROSES PEGGED DOWiN^.

Each succeeding year this method of
growing roses has an increased number
of adherents. Those who give it a trial
soon discover the advantages wliich
it possesses. Not only does it produce
a larger quantity of well developed
flowers than the ordinary bush system,
but in the case of perpetual flowering
varieties a better succession is kept up.
This latter, I find, can be secured by
allowing the shooti to remain in an
erect position after they have been
shortened to the required length until
they have broken and theyoung growths
have attained a length of 4 inches or
5 inches, instead of pegging them down
as soon as they have been pruned ;
when left for a time erect in this man-
ner, they do not at once push growth
the whole length of the shoots retained,
in the way that occurs when immediate-
ly pegged down to a horizontal position,
but break some four or half a dozen
of the eyes at the points. When these
have grown a few inches, as already
stated, and the shoots are then pegged
horizontally, it has the effect of causing
the lower unbroken eyes to move and
to come on three or four weeks later
than those nearer the extremity, yield-
ing quantities of fine flowers during
the interval between the first bloom of
the leading shoots and their successional
flowering. In this way there is so much
less gap in the blooming, which, it is
needless to say, is a gain with those
who grow Roses for ordinary purposes.
One great advantage in the case of th(;
pegging-down system is that there is no
bare ground ; all is covered so thickly
that very few weeds appear, and in

THE CANADIAN WORTICtLTtRTST.

201

dry weather the foliage lessens evapo^
ration, thus reducing the quantity of
water nee.led to keep mildew in check,
as this injurious parasite in a great
measure owes its presence to insuffi-
cient root moisture. — Tlie Garden.

HINTS ON LAWN MAKING.
In making a lawn now, as at any
other season, it is well to recollect that
the work la to be done for many years,
and that in no part of the grounds will
thorough preparation, deep tilling of
the soil, and abundant fertillizing, pay
better than here. In a lawn of consid-
erable extent, it is a mistake to suppose
that it is necessaary to reduce the sur-
face to a dead level. For small grass
jilots, on small }»laces, this may be de-
sirable, but a large lawn appears to
much better advantage if the surface is
gently undulating. Various mixtures
of seed are offered by the seedsmen.
Some of these seem to be well con-
sidered, but anything more unsuited to
our climate than the " French Lawn
Grass " can not be imagined. Probably
]iot a third of the kinds of grass it is
said to contain will survive in our cli-
mate. The best lawns we ever had
were sown with "Kentucky Blue-grass"
and " Rhode Island Bent " (a variety
of Red-top), in both cases a small
amount of " White Clover" was added.
For strong soils the former, for light
and sandy ones the latter will no doubt
give satisfaction. In buying grass
seed for a lawn, look well to its quality.
Some seed of " Kentucky Blue-gra.ss "
(the same as "June Grass") sells for
twice the price of others, and is worth
four times as much. Chaff does not
always cover seed, and the samples
should be carefully inspected. The ad-
vice to use from three to eight bushels
of seed to the acre is founded upon the
UDcertain quality of the seed. Pro-
bably four bushels of fairly good seed
NV'oukl be ample. .The seed should be

divided into two or four equal portions,
and the sowing made, after thoroughly
preparing the soil, in different direc-
tions. The seed may be brushed in,
but at this season a good rolling will
give a sufficient covering. Where the
lawn borders on roads or paths, or on
shrubbery or other plantations, it will
be best to lay a margin of turf six
inches or more in width. For small
areas, the laying of sods is advisable,
and this may be done now as well as in
spring. In most localities, a common,
or the 7*oad'sides, will usually afford a
fine, close turf. The soil in this case
should be as thoroughly prepared as for
seeding, and the turf well beaten down
to bring its roots in close contact with
the soil. If necessary to cover steep
banks, sods must be used. These may
be held in place by the use of pins ;
plasterer's lath split is best. These will
decay by the time the sod becomes well
established. — Aiuei'ican Agriculturist.

A GOOD PLUM CROP.
I used carbolic acid and soapsuds on
my plum trees last spring, with perfect
success. The curculio invariably takes
the plum. Here trees are loaded with
fruit, but fall to the ground before they
ripen. I used one large s[)oonful of
crude carbolic acid to one wooden buck-
etful of soapsuds, stirring it thoroughly
and then dashing it up through the tree
with a tin cup. I did this early in the
morning, twice a week, commencing as
soon as the blossoms begin to fall, and
continued until the fruit was about
half grown. They were of ihe Lom-
bard variety. The trees were loaded
with fruit. The first that ripened were
somewhat imperfect and wormy. I
also picked from two trees one wooden
bucketful that was entirely rotten, after
which they ripened nicely ; were entire-
ly free from worms or otlier blemish.
I picked six wooden bucketfuls of fruit
from those two tree.s, and they were deli-

202

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

cious. No birds or anything to disturb
it while ripening. Well yes, it tempt-
ed the children. — C. Paranteon, in
Fruit Recorder.

A PROMISING WINTER APPLE.

Prof. J. L. Budd, of the Iowa Agri-
cultural College, says, in referring to a
new apple : " Scions and trees of an
apple known as Belle de Boskoop have
been distributed from the college.
While far hardier and longer-lived than
Ben Davis, it will not probably prove
iiardy enough in all parts of the north,
as like the Alexander it is only a half
blood Russian. Taking it all in all it
is, as Charles Downing says, the most
promising variety for the parts where
it will prove hardy of any on our ex-
perimental list. In Eastern France,
where the standard of quality is high,
Simon Louis, of the great orchards and
nurseries at Metz says, 'In our opinion
the Belle de Boskoop is one of the most
beautiful and in quality the best for
table use at the close of winter.^ It is
equally a favorite over a large portion
of Central Europe as far north as
Northern Silesia, Hungary, Bohemia,
and Poland. It does not bear quite as
early as Ben Davis, but no variety has
a better record for regular crops of
even sized fruit. At this time we need
an apple of fine appearance and high
quality to take the place of the over-
grown Ben Davis, which, aside from its
low quality, is proving too short-lived
in tree. I append Charles Downing's
description of the fruit, whose guarded
expression in relation to new fruits is
well known : * Tree vigorous spreading,
comes into bearing moderately early,
and produces abundantly, alternate
years, of fair fruit, good size, very good
quality ; keeps well and is a promising
variety. Fruit medium to large, round-
ish oblate, skin yellow, shaded with
light and dark red over nearly the
whole surface, some specimens more or

less mixed with russet; basin large,
round, deep, slightly corrugated, flesh a
little coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk,
sub-acid, rich, and of very good quality ;
core small and close, season February
to April.'

" With us the apples are brighter
colored than in New York and will
average on young trees larger than de-
scribed. At the college, which is in all
respects a trying situation, I have not
known it to fail to start from the termi-
nal buds even during our recent test
winters. I hope our nurserymen will
propagate this variety." — Prairie
Farmer.

THE GRAPE VINE PLUME.

A caterpillar with a very long name
{Pterophorus periscdidactijlus) works
in an interesting manner upon the
grape vines. About the time the third
cluster is forming on a vigorous shoot
the young leaves at the extremity may
be found fastened together, making a
cavity, in which one or more caterpillars
find a retreat. The mature insect is a
moth of a tawny yellow color, with a
very rapid flight. The wings are sj)lit
up into feather-like lobes, and on this
account the insect is known as the
Grape Vine Plume. Tlie larvae hatch
soon after the grape leaves begin to ex-
pand. At first the caterpillars are
nearly smooth, but after each change
of skin the hairs become larger and
more numerous. They feed for about
a month upon the tender grape leaves,
and then, fastening themselves by the
hind legs to the under-side of leaves, etc.,
they change into the inactive or pup.i
state. A second brood is not known,
but if there is one, it can do but little
inj ury.

The method of treatment is Iiau 1-
picking. The part attacked should
usually be removed in the summer
pruning or pinching, and therefore the

THE CANADIAN HORTICDLI UR18T.

203

PJiime is not very destructive. Some-
times the third cluster of grapes is in-
cluded in the fold of leaves and silken
threads, and if this is to be preserved,
cur J must be taken in removing the
unsightly twisted tips of the infested
br, njhes. — Arnerican Agriculturist for
August.

This insect will be found in Presi-
dent Saundeis' work at page 2GJS, by
the name of Gartered Plume Moth.

REFRIGERATOR CARS.

At the annual convention of the
Master Oar Builders' Association, held
in Chicago in June last, a committee
reported on refrigerator cars after an
examination of the productions of thir-
teen different buildei*s, the cars costing
from $600 to $1,200 each. The com-
mittee said :

* ' There are now before the public three
kinds of refrigerator cars. The first is a
car built on the supposition that all that
is needed is a cool temperature. Tliese
cars are built on the principle of an ice
lined box, with the ends, sides, and roof
fitted with ice boxes, no arrangement hav-
ing been made for the circulation of air or
absorption of moisture. The second kind
of car is that which provides a cool tem-
perature, and also a circulation of air.
The third kind is that which provides a
cold temperature and a constant circula-
tion of air that is pure and dry. Your
committee are of the opinion that the last
named car meets the want of carrying
perishable lading. To make a refrigera-
tor car what it ought to be, it is our opin-
ion that there should be a circulation of
dry, pure air ; the ice boxes should be
exposed on all sides to the car, thus getting
the cold radiation from them and allowing
the air to circulate freely aroimd them ;
the drainage should be perfect, so that the
water would not slop over and spc^il the
freiglit ; the cooling properties of the
water should be utilized before escaping
from the car. We think that the car
should be built longer than the ordinary
box car, so that after taking up space for
the ice chambers, etc. , there would still be

room for a full car load of freight. We
would also say that the insulation should
be as nearly perfect as possible." — Scien-
tijic American.

EXPERIMENTS WITH TOMATOES.

Many growers suppose that to have
the Tomato bear early it must be
planted on poor soil, and only fertilized
in the hill. My experience has been
just the reverse, and convinces me that
the richer the soil if warm and light —
the earlier the fruit. Pich soil un-
doubtedly increases the growth of stalk
and leaf at the expense of the crop,
but this otherwise wasted vitality is,
by proper pruning, readily transformed
into a tendency for earlier maturity.

To fully test this point, on the 2()th
of March, 1882, four varieties were
sown. For the earliest Acme and Per-
fection were chosen ; for the latest,
Trophy and Paragon. The ground was
of medium quality, thoroughly broken
to a depth of ten inches, and worked
until it became fine and mellow. It
was then marked ofif in rows four feet
apart ; every three feet in the row a
shovelful of composted manure was
placed, well worked into the soil, and
the plants set out in the center of these
hills. In this way five rows were
planted, two of them containing all
four varieties, in such a way as to give
a fair test.

The five rows were cultivated every
three days, weather permitting, and the
two containing all the varieties, after
being set two weeks, were heavily top-
dressed with well-kept hen manure,
thoroughly mixed with the soil. All
laterals or suckers were trimmed otl*,
and at the third pruning one row was
left to itself and not pruned any more
during the rest of the season. Two of
the five rows were only topped above
the third cluster of bloonis. With the
exception of the row which had been

I

204

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

pruned but twice, and half of another,
all the vines were staked.

Now, as to the results. In the two
rows which had been topped, the fruit
was larger than in the others, and
ripened fully four days earlier. Ripe
fruit was taken from the four varieties
on the same day, and fifteen days in
advance of those of my neighbors. The
half row which was not staked did not
produce as fine fruit as the rows that
were ; and the plants which were pruned
but twice bore the poorest fruit of all,
and rotted badly, but kept green longer,
and bore later than any. Lifting the
vines did not appear to be of any ad-
vantage.— Thos. D. Baiud, in American
Garden.

CATTLE IN STREETS.

A Burlington, Iowa, correspondent
says : " We are still oirtraged in this
town with roaming cattle, horses and
geese. Why is it that I nev^er see any
articles in the horticultural and agri-
cultural papers in reference to this
roaming at large of stock 1 Why will
people spend so much money for fenc-
ing out stock, instead of the owners
fencing their animals in, or herding
them'? Millions of dollars spent for
fencing, and lawsuits in reference to
this relic of barbarism ; consequently
not much money is left for . beautifying
and improving the roads and streets.
In journeying through life many a per-
son wonders at the general ' cussedness'
surrounding us all, in one shape or an-
other."

When we say that this strong lan-
guage is from the pen of a gentle lady,
the reader will understand how badly
she feels about this degrading and dis-
gusting nuisance. It is amazing not
only that the press is generally silent
on this outrage ; and further, we have
wondered that local agricultural socie-
ties do not protest against it. — Garden-
er's Monthly,

THE ATLANTIC STRAWBEIJRY.

A wise man said that " of making
many books there is no end, and much
study is a weariness to the flesh." Had
Solomon lived in our day and been edi-
tor of a horticultural periodical, trying
to keep up with the introduction of
new fruits, and to be able to give his
readers an intelligent opinion, probably
he would have burst out with the ex-
clamation, ** of making many sorts of
strawberries there is no end, and the
finding out of their real merits is a
weariness to both flesh and spirit."
Friends, can you not pause in this busi-
ness 1 Really this is piling on the agony.
We have been roused by the advent
of the Bidwell, astounded by the won-
ders of the Manchester, thunderstruck
by the claims of the James Vick, and
now we stand bewildered, half dazed,
wdth reeling senses before the wonder-
ful qualities of this new strawberry,
which has already overpowered a large
body of horticulturists, and is destined
to — do what ] Probably, judging from
the history of many another, figure in
our horticultural literature for a day,
and then pass to that bourne from
which no traveller returns.

But this is what they say of it : —

'• The strawberry novelty of the seaso.i
is the Atlantic. Like the Manchester, it
originated in a soil of sea sand, but unlike
that variety it has perfect blossoms.
While it is believed to be a good berry
for the home garden (and owing to the
vigorous and sturdy qualities of plant,
will succeed over a wide range of country),
it is of especial value for market ; owing
to its superior firmness, beauty, produc-
tiveness, and lateness. In quality it is
more than good, its keeping properties
something remarkable. At a large gather-
ing of horticulturists held on the grounds
of the originator, June 12th, to inspect
the berry, all united in prjnouncing it an
exceedingly fine berry, and a variety of
eminent promise. The commission mer-
chant who sold the fruit stated it had

THE CA.NADTAN HORTICULTURIST.

205

commanded from twenty to twenty-five
cents per quart wholesale in New York
market, and I have since been informed
that the lowest price realized for it during
the season was eighteen cents per quart.
As evidence of its value as a market berry
these figures certainly count for more
than a volume of words." — Farm aixd
Garden,

IMPROVED FRUIT EVAPORATOR.

This apparatus, patented by Mr.
William H. Reed, of Cliffdale, III.,
consists of a reel adapted to receive in
its double arms a series of fruit crates,
the reel being supported on a shaft in
a heating chamber, and rotated so as to
bring the crates successively over the
heater and to create a current of air
which rapidly carries off the moisture
from the fruit. The heating chamber
is fitted with a ventilator at the top,
and air inlets at the sides, about the
shaft. . The bottom of the furnace at the
sides is tiUetl in with fire-resisting clay
to carry the heat of the furnace directly
u[) to the reel without great loss by
radiation. There are air supply open-
ings with dampei-3 at the lower part of
the heating chamber for supplying the
amount of air required.

The chamber may be heated in vari-
ous ways, either by a furnace, or by
means of a stove, or by steam. The
• rates which fit into the radial arms
Mif^ provided with wire gauze sides,
so that the air has access to all sides of
ilio fruit as it is carried around by the
iv.d.

The capacity of this machine may be
increased hy extending the sliaft and
adding sections to the reel. In this
. ase the sections are geared so that any
one may be stopped or revolved without
interfering with the others.

This evaporator is very rapid in its
operation, and produces uniform evapo-
ration without shifting the crates, and
without special attention. The reel is

revolved by suitable power or by hand.
— Scientific American.

CHERRIES.
The severe cold weather of last win-
ter injured my Cherry trees, some of
them severely. The old Morellos are
the only ones that did not suffer. The
branches of the others are killed for a
distance of from one to two feet from
the extremities. It is the first instance
of the kind I have met with. Apples,
Pears, Plums, and especially Peaches,
succumb to the winters of this latitude
(exactly on the fortieth parallel) but my
cherries were never before injured by
frost. They are upon rather high and
dry ground. The lowest temperature
which I noticed during the winter was
twenty-eight degrees below zero. The
thermometer stood at that several morn-
ings, and for six weeks it rarely rose
above zero. Sj'everal times during my
residence here the mercury has sunk
to twenty-six or twenty-eight degrees
below zero ; but it was for only a short
time. Was it the long continuance
rather than the severity of the cold
which killed the trees 1 Other fruit
trees in my orchards suffered much.

Those parts of the branches not kill-
ed are full of bloom, and appear to be
full of vitality. The trunks are not at
all injured ; at least, it is not apparent
if they are.

The cherry is the only fruit tree
which I can recommend for shade. The
tramping of stock injures all others, but
it has no effect upon the hardier Cher-
ries. They can also be planted along
road-ways and paths where the passing
of vehicles and animals would prove
injurious toother trees. The orchard-
ist will find this quality of the Cherry
quite valuable and important, for he
can plant it along the drives between
his orchards.

I believe that, as a general thing,

206

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Cherries do not receive that attention
which they should. They certainly do
not receive the care bestowed upon
A pples, Peaches, or Plums. Like Top-
sy, they just grow. Orchardists are
very careful in the selection of varieties
of Apples, Peaches, etc. ; they prune
the trees and guard against enemies,
and stir and fertilize the ground. Yet
very few Cherry trees receive this atten-
tion. The selection of varieties is often
a matter of chance. Horticultural
societies give lists of best varieties of
nearly every other fruit quite fre-
quently, but lists of Cherries are remark-
able for their scarcity. A Cherry tree
is stuck indifferently into the ground,
and rarely pruned or manured. Yet
no tree is more grateful for attention,
or expresses its gratitude in a more sub-
stantial way.

The earliest Cherries are the most
profitable. The first in the market
bring the highest price. The earliest
ri})ened of the early varieties are nearly
worth their weight in silver. The man, j
theT'efore, that has tlie first ripe Cher-
ries to sell will get the largest profits.
The bloom will open earliest on trees
standing on a southern slope. The
rays of the sun, falling most directly
upon ground sloping towards the south,
will warm it earlier in the spring than
ground upon which the rays fall obli-
quely ; and the sooner the sun warms
the ground the sooner the blossoms will
wake to life. And from blossom to
mature fruit the successive stages of
development will be most rapid on the
warmer soil : so that a southern slope
will secur •- the earliest Cherries. But
this entails a risk. The blossom-buds
may expand too soon. Always in
spring, warm and cold weather alter-
nate for a few week?. This period
proves most destructive to the hopes of
the fruit grower. The buds will lie
secure and unharmed in a casing of ice
during midwinter, but in the spring,

after a few warm days have made them
swell, a slight frost may greatly injure
them. If the Cherry grower plants
his trees on a southern exposure he may
overdo matters and have no early Cher-
ries at all. My plan is to risk some
trees on southern slopes, and plant the
rest on high, dry ground, sloping to the
north.

Cherries, both tree and fruit, have
few enemies. In this they clearly have
an advantage over other fruits. I
would not unnecessarily draw invidi-
ous distinctions, but a proper recogni-
tion of this fact will add materially to
the estimation in which Cherries are
held. The only enemy of the fruit that
has proved troublesome to me is the
red-headed wood-pecker.

The Cherry is generally undervalued.
Of our commoner orchard fruits it ranks
among the highest in hardiness and
fruitful ness ; requires little care, and
less protection from enemies ; is really
a lucious fruit, beautiful to look ui)on,
and more })leasing to the palate than the
eye, and loses none of its good qualities
by being stewed, dried, preserved or
canned. — John M Stahl, m American
Garden.

LIMA BEANS.

This year I have tried a new plan
with Lima beans. I have always plant-
ed them in rows four feet apart and the
hills two feet apart in the row, setting
a stake or pole and then planting four
or five beans around them, manuring in
the hill.

This year T run a deep furrow with
a plow, then put a liberal supply of ma-
nure and worked the soil back into the
furrow, mixing as thoroughly as j)OS-
si)»le with manure. I then planted my
beans about 4 inches apart in the row,
and the rows 3| feet apart. When
they were up well, I stuck them the
same as peas, only using longer and

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

207

heavier brush. When they reached the
top of these 1 pinched off the running
shoots, and find the beans do better. I
find I can raise more beans on the same
amount of ground and have h'ss ground
to hoe over that has nothing on it. I
only tried the ph\n on a small scale this
year, but shall plant my whole crop
after that plan next year. Some prefer
turning the eyes of the seed down when
planting. — Farm and Garden.

THE MARLBORO' RASPBERRY.
This promising variety has recently
been sold in shares to different nursery-
men, in various parts of the country.
We have 133 plants growing on our
grounds. Who the shareholders are,
we are not informed, but will be glad
to hear from any of them regarding the
success of the variety in their locality.
We propose to give the Marlboro' a fair
test, and will report its conduct with-
out prejudice or favor. This is a novel
method of introducing a new variety,
and we are inclined to favor the plan.
It gives the variety an opportunity to
be tested in different localities before
being sent out, and throws the respon-
sibility upon the shareholders, who are
now the persons to decide whether the
Marlboro' has merits, and what its mer-
its are. If it shall prove not to be supe-
rior to those already known the share-
holders who send it out with great
claims will alone be deemed guilty.
The originator is now simply a share
holder the same as the others, and has
no more responsibility than they. We
KNOW actually nothing of this berry ex-
C('[)t that the plants exhibit great vigor,
\)\\t from reports of people who have
seen it, and have it growing, we deem
it exceedingly promising. On the
rjrounds of the Rural New Yorker, Mr.
< 'arman re]X)rta it hardy so far, and of
vigorous growth. If 1 recollect aright
Mr. Carmui has said thit the fruit he
saw of it was of the 1; r^^st size, and of

fine quality. (I make this statement
only from memory — not a very safe
thing to do. ) Mr. Cay wood had several
opportunities to sell his entire right in
the Marlboro' at high figures ($4,000 in
one instance we are told) but preferred
the present method. That experienced
nurserymen should be found willing to
pay $100 cash for a twelve quart pail
full of Marlboro' plants, without its
having been puffed or advertised, would
seem to indicate that they have confi-
dence in its promises. — Green's Fruit
Grower.

MANAGEMENT OF GRAPE VINES.
Grapes first coming in bearing should
not be permitted to perfect large crops
of fruit while young. It is excusable
to fruit a bunch or so on a young vine.
'*just to test the kind," but no more
should be permitted till the vine has
age and strength. Vigorous growth
and great productiveness are the anti-
podes of the vegetable world. Encour-
age as much foliage as possible on the
vines, and aim to have as strong shoots
at the base as at the top of the cane.
This can be done by pinching out the
points of the strong shoots after they
have made a growth of five or six leaves.
This will make the weak ones grow
stronger. Young vines grow much
faster over a twiggy branch, stuck in
for support, than over a straight stick,
as a trellis, and generally do better
every way. Where extra fine bunches
are desired, pinch back the shoot bear-
ing it to about four or five leaves above
the bunch. This should not be done
indiscriminately with all the bunches.
Too much pinching and stopping injures
the production of good wood for next
season. These hints are for amateui*8
who have a few vines on trelli.ses ; for
large vineyard culture, thougli the same
principles hold good as far as they go
they will vary in their application. —
Gardener's Monthly.

208

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

PLANTING TREES IN THE FALL.

I had my attention aroused last fal]
by the unusual trade in fruit trees. It
was more general than in any previous
fall within my recollection, and much
more even than last spring. It is but
a few years since nurserymen induced
farmers to purchase stock for fall setting,
but the practice now seems to have
grown in favor with farmers generally.
They only needed to ascertain that the
fall is really the most convenient season
for such work, in order to attend to it
at that season. The trouble with spring
planting is that the trees come when
the farmer cannot well spare the time
to attend to them. Perhaps there is a
job on hand which must be finished
before anything else can be attended to ;
the weather is warm, with drying winds,
and every hour that the trees are out of
the ground they suffer. When the trees
are set in the fall the soil settles and
fills the interstices around the roots,
and the soil in the immediate vicinity
of the trees becomes less susceptible to
the effects of drouth.

Again, the farmer has more time to
do this job, in the way it should be
done, in the fall. Too much care can-
not be expended in procuring and set-
ting trees. Opinions in regard to varie-
ties may differ, but when it comes to
caring for the trees, there is only one
way to do it. Too many farmers are
quite apt to forget that a tree has a life
and a constitution ; that carelessness
may destroy the one and impair the
other. I think that nurserymen should
be very particular in the men they
employ to take up trees. I have seen
so may trees injured in this respect,
that I think it requires as much care
to take up a tree as it does to set it out
again. Strength is not the best recom-
mendation of a man for taking up trees;
neither is a faculty for handling a spade
the principal accom])lishment of a man
employed to set out trees. Perhaps in

no other job on the farm does skill pay
as well, inasmuch as unskilled labor will
work so great a loss. It requires two
men to set out trees to any advantage,
and three are better than two. It is
better to have the holes dug, and a
bushel of good muck left at each hole,
before commencing to set out trees.

Right here I most earnestly depre-
cate the post-hole style of digging h.oles
for apple trees. A job that is worth
doing at all, is worth doing well, and
the roots of growing trees should have
plenty of room. The hole should be
dug both deeper and wider than is re-
quired, in order that a quanity of muck
may be put in the bottom, and it should
be dug wider on general principles. In
setting out trees, when I come upon
one which has been mutilated in taking
up, I prefer throwing it aside and los-
ing it at once, rather than await the
doubtful result of setting it out. In
setting out trees avoid placing any of
the roots in a constrained position.
The roots should be placed naturally,
and the fine earth pressed firmly around
them. With care, no one should lose
one tree in one hundred, providing the
trees were all right when delivered.
Taking all things into consideration, 1
would much rather set trees in the
fall than in the spring. — P. K. More-
land, m Country Gentleman.

THK BARK LOUSE.
Herbert Osborn, of the Iowa Agri-
cultural College, recommends as renie
dies for the scurvy bark louse and the
oyster shell louse, kerosene and soap.
The kerosene may be used pure where
in can be done with safety, but ordin-
arily it must be diluted with water.
This may be accomplished by forming
an emulsion of kerosene and milk (skim-
med milk answers well) and then dilut-
ing with about an equal quantity of
water, or by shaking up a mixture of
milk, kerosene and water in equal parts^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

209

and then adding more water, taking
care not to add so much as to cause the
mixture to separate. Sprinkle or spray
it upon the infested twigs and branches.
Soap is an excellent remedy. Make
a solution of whale oil soap, one-fourth
<»f a pound of soap to a gallon of water,
and apply to the infected parts of the
tree, repeating the application after a
low days. Lye is said to have been
used with good success, but is consider-
ed unequal to soap. — Michigan Farmer.

PROGRESS OF COTTON SKED OIL

MANUFACTURE.
Among other interesting statements
by Professor Goode, United States Com-
missioner to the International Fisher-
ies Exhibition, was one that the "sar-
dine" manufacture of Maine was of a
yearly value of $825,000, the sardines
being young herrings packed in cotton
seed oil. At the -Cotton Seed Crushers'
\ Convention held in Chicago, June 26,
27, and 28, the president stated that
there were 85 cotton seed mills in opera-
tion in this country, crushing, the last
season, 554,600 tons of seed, and there
5 were exported an average of nearly 13,-
^ 000 barrels of oil yearly, each barrel
liaving a capacity of forty-five gallons, i
<)i\ account of the complaints of olive '
oil makers in Spain, the Spanish govern-
ment had imposed a duty that renders
the shipment of cotton seed oil to that
country unprofitable. In this country
cotton seed oil is largely used for cook-
ing purposes, taking the place of lard.
It is known as "olive butter," although
no attempt at concealing its actual
character is made. At the convention
a physician and chemist of Chicago ex-
hibited specimens of cotton seed oil
which had been deprived of its natui-al
gluten and parafiine, and was equal to
the best lubricating oil, having been
tested on sewing machines and on
watches. The commercial, domestic, and
manufacturing value of cotton seed is
2

rapidly increasing. In 1876 there were
only twenty-four crushing mills run-
ning in this country; now there ai'e
eighty-five, and next season there are
to be one hundred and ten, even if the
number of those now projected should
not be increased. — Scientijic American.

THE AMERICAN POMOLOGIOAL
SOCIETY.

The American Pomological Society
holds its nineteenth session at Philadel-
phia, Pa,, commencing on Wednesday,
Sept. 12th, 1883, at ten o'clock a. m. All
Horticultural, Pomological, Agricultu-
ral and other kindred societies, in both
the United States and British Provinces,
are invited to send delegations as large
as they may deem expedient.

The Pennsylvania Horticultural So-
ciety will hold its annual exhibition in
Horticultural Hall at the time of this
meeting.

A limited number of Wilder medals
will be awarded to objects of special
merit.

It is to be hoped that Canada will be
well represented on this occasion.

PARIS GREEN ON GRAPE VINES.
We must confess oureelves in beinji

o

duped this spring by acting too hastily
on the experience of othei-s given in the
Country Gentleman, concerning the de-
struction of the rose bug, the pest of
the grapes. The advice was to get a
Johnson's pump and squirt some P.-iris
Green water (the same strength as for
potatoe bugs) on the grape vines, and
that it would kill the rose bugs on the
vines as effectually as the potatoe bug
on the potatoe vines. We procured a
pump and tried the experiment, tlie
spray being as fine as rain. The first
application did not stop the ravages of
the bug, so we tried it the second time,
result, not a complete extermination of
the bug, but an almost complete ex-

210

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

termination of the grape blossom, grape
and also the leaf. Luckily we had
sense enough to try it on only a very
few vines, and did not do much mis-
chief.— llie Farmer's Companion.

NEW FRUITS.

CRESCEJST SEEDLING STRAWBERRY.

A coriespondent of the Country Gen-
tleman, residing in Belmont County,
Ohio, says : — The Crescent has done so
well the past unfavorable season (as
well as for two years before), that we
unhesitatingly claim for it a place in
the front rank for market. I had one-
eighth of an acre of them last season,
and could not boast of the culture or
the soil, but it gave me 25 bushels of
marketable berries, which chiefly went
to Chicago, and sold at wholesale at $4
to $6 50 per bushel. My neighbors,
with Wilson, C. Downing and other
sorts, got only 50 to 75 bushels per
acre. Since Crescent has been very
highly praised by some, and quite the
reverse by others, I will add that when
first colored the quality is not first-rate,
but let it get fully ripe and there is
nothing on the list which has so much
of the real strawberry flavor, and I
think it is excellent when fully ripe.
It carries its size better through the
season (in this locality) than Wilson
Chas. Downing, Monarch of the West
&c., which is a great recommendation^

CUMBERLAND TRIUMPH STRAWBERRY.

The same gentleman says of this
berry : — Cumberland Triumph is also
very valuable with us. Many growers
claim that it is suitable only for near
market, but I have shipped it to Chicago
(between 400 and 500 miles), and sold
it at wholesale at 30c. per quart, or
$9 60 per bushel. I have also exhibited
it alongside of Jucunda, as the best
strawberry, size and beauty to rule,
and always carried off" the prize. I am
testing many of the newer varieties,

but do not feel very much in need while
the two named above do so well. I
also had Glendale and Sharpless fruit
in a small way last season, and hope
they may do well, but Crescent ripens
first and lasts longer than any other.

GREGG RASPBERRY.

While on the subject of new fruits,
I cannot omit to mention the Gregg
Raspberry, which has held so important
a position of late years in the culture
of this favorite fruit. For late lipen-
ing we certainly will not very soon see
it superseded. I will still plant Doo-
little for early till some of the new
ones prove a claim to that position.

CULTIVATION OF POTATOES.

It is always well to plant early, as
early as possible in our climate, on well
prepared soil having good drainage,
whether early or late sorts. Properly
managed and attended to, the chances
are for more moisture and more cool-
ness ; and, for safety against the frost
and dry weather of spring, put well
down in the mellow soil — at least six
inches deep, and deeper in sandy loam.
This will prevent the seed, however
small, from drying out, and sprouting
will go on there instead of in the cellar,
the tips appearing when the danger
from frost is over, and at the time po-
tatoes are usually planted, thus getting
a start of weeds, and maturing the crop
early, about the middle or latter part
of June, before drouth has penetrated
deeply. By this time the late sorts will
be well established, occupying with
their roots and young tubers the lower,
cooler soil weeks in advance of the
usual planting, and ripening so much
the earlier, thus avoiding drouth and
frost, which often make serious work
with belated potatoes. Deep planting
requires deep working and enrichment
of the soil, so as to have the seed in
riph, mellow ground, not dropped on

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

211

the bottom of the furrow on the hard,
raw sub-soil, and covered with tlie plow,
as is often done. The roots want to
penetrate downward as well as laterally.
This puts them beyond the reach of
severe drouth. If, in addition, the sur-
face of the soil is kept stirred so as to
form a fine mulch, a superior crop is
.issured every season, if the soil has
good drainage so as to carry off the
water in a wet season.

The objection to deep planting, that
it is more expensive to harvest the crop,
holds good as far as the digging is con-
cerned, but it is in no way an offset to
the other advantages of a larger, sounder
and more uniform crop, take one season
with another, drouth having much less
effect. The greater freedom from dis-
ease, which result is a point that can
hardly be overestimated in view of the
widespread, unsound condition of the
tubers, for there is less chance for rot
with deep planting in well-drained soil,
the tubers being farther down and bet-
ter protected — at least thei'e is greater
success. — Countrj/ Gentleman.

have never known them to miss a crop,
and a heavy one at that. — Am. Garden.

CRAB APPLES.

When eternal vigilance is the price
of an apple orchard, and Jack Frost the
most formidable enemy encountered,
the Crab Apple is of no small value.
The past winter was unusually cold
here, injuring even cheiTy trees, but my
(Jrab Apples e.scaped unscathed. They
are the only fruit trees that were not
injured. The Crab Apple not only
withstands cold better, but is hardieV
in every way than the apple, and there-
fore will commend itself to the orchard-
ist living where the circumstances are
not favorable to apples. Though only
a crab apple it is a tine fruit. I know
of no fruit which makes nicer preserves
or jelly. The jelly is as clear as crys-
tal and only too plea.sant to the taste.

The trees are incessant bearers ; I

THE SOUHEGAN RASPBERRY.

It is a chance seedling, found some
ten years ago in the garden of Mr.
John A. Carleton, Hillsboro' County,
N. H., and from the growth of cane
and general appearance of the fruit, he
thinks it is a seedling of the Doolittle,
but at best this is a mere matter of
speculation. It takes its name Souhe-
gan from a small river of that name
near where it originated.

The canes are very strong and vigor-
ous, branching quite freely, and well
covered with strong, sharp s[)inos, and,
so far as I have seen, it is perfectly
hardy. In fact, it is the only black
cap that was not injured the past very
severe winter on our grounds. We
fruited about one acre of them the })ast
season in the same field with one-fourth
of an acre of Doolittle, set at the same
time and given the same care and culti-
vation. The Souhegan ripened one
week in advance of Doolittle ; the fruit
was a little larger, of jet black color
and fully twice as productive. It was
so very early that the first pickings
were sent to market along with the last
of the strawberries, just at a time when
fruit was scarce in market, and there-
fore sold at the very highest price — 25
cents per quart for the first few days,
thence down to 15 cents for the last few
pickings. Doolittles sold froni 15 cents
down to 10 cents, and while that is a
good price, from 15 to 25 cents is a
much better one ; therefore we shall
grow no more Doolittles, but next
spring plant several acres of Souhegan
in addition to the thi'ee aores now
growing.

We gave up the Mammoth Clueter
two years ago, planting the Gregg in its
])lace, as it is by far the best and most
profitable late variety. The Centennial

212

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

we received two years ago from Mis-
souri. It has a very strong growing
cane ; not quite hardy the past winter;
very prolific ; berries large, jet black
color, good quality, and ripens four or
five days after Souhegan. — J. H. Hale,
in Country Gentleman.

Mr. Chas. A. Green, in same paper,
says : — I had it in full bearing this
season, and it distinguished itself as a
formidable rival to all other varieties.
It is perfectly hardy here (Monroe
County, N. Y.,) remarkably vigorous
and productive, is earlier than Doolittle,
and is of superior quality. In size it
approaches the Grregg very closely. It
is one of the few shining jet black
varieties, without bloom, which gives
it a fine appearance. It will, however,
dry away more than Gregg, being more
juicy, and will not endure shipment so
well.

SCRAPING TREES.

Do we approve of scraping trees'?
asks a friend of ours. Certainly we do,
provided they need it, and one can
rarely find an old tree that does not.
Aside from the fact that the removal
of the old bark scales breaks up a re-
fuge for various insects, including the
woolly-aphis, the increased beauty of
the tree repays the trouble. There are
scrapers made for the purpose ; one of
these has a triangular blade, another a
long blade with one flat and another
slightly concave edge. An old hoe is
quite as good a tool as any ; cut off the
handle to about 18 inches, and do not
grind the blade too sharp, as a cutting
implement is not needed — only a scra-
per. On a very old trunk some force
may be needed to detach the scales that
are partly loose, but on young trees be
careful not to wound the healthy bark.
The scraping may be done now, next
month, or later. When there comes a
moist, drizzly spell, go over the scraped

bark with good soft soap, made thin
enough with water to apply with a
brush. Paint over a thin coat of this
soap and leave the rest to the rains.
Later in the season the trees will appeal-
as if furnished with mahogany trunks.
American Agriculturist.

THE DOYENNE D'ETE.

A. B. Allen, in the N. T. Tribune,
thus descants on the good qualities of
one of our summer pears.

" The Doyenne d'Ete or summei-
Doyenne, is one of the earliest, and I am
confident if farmers knew now hardy,
thrifty and quick-bearing it is, every
one of them who care in the least for
good fruit would immediately set a few
trees.

•' This summer pear begins to bear
the year after being set out, if the trees
are then four to five feet high, and they
bear more or less every year after.
Some of my trees, only nine to eleven
feet high, and with about the same
width of branch, had from 600 to 800
pears set on them the past spring. They
hung upon the branches like currants or
gooseberries. After about a month old
I cut ofi* one-half of these, and even
then when full grown they touched
each other. The fruit in early seasons
begins to ripen the middle of July, later
seasons 20th to 25th, and continues one
month. If picked just before ripening
and set in a dark closet, or put into a
box and placed in the ice house, it c:in
be kept several weeks longer. The
pears are of a roundish obovate shape,
one and a half to two inches long, and
the same in diameter in its broadest
part. It is yellow on one side and a
bright pink on the other — very pretty
to look at. The flesh is white, tender
and juicy — in fact, almost melts in the
mouth when eaten at the exact time of
ripening. The Doyenne d'Ete comes in
the season when such fruit is in request,

THE CANADIAN HOfiTICULTURlST.

21S

and it sells readily in the market. I
would recommend its growth particu-
hirly to those farmers who entertain
summer boarders, for they will find it
an excellent supplement to the smaller
fruits, such as raspberries, blackberries
and whortleberries."

A NEW ENEMY TO THE CELERY.

The Germantown Telegraph gives the
following description of a worm which
has attacked the celery crop of that
vicinity, and believes it identical with
the corn worm (Heliothis armiyer) which.
is ravaging Western corn fields. No
remedy has as yet been found for its
depredations :

" For the first time noticed in this
section the growing celery plant is being
attacked and seriously injured by a
rather singular looking worm, belong-
ing to the ' measuring ' family. It is
of a greenish color, hairless, ranging
from a half inch to over an inch and a
half in length. When it reaches its
greatest length it is almost transparent.
It is a ravenous devourer ; and, while
it apparently prefers the celery, it is
not particular in its diet, and will at-
tack even the leaf of the ruta-baga. In
some celery beds it appears in thousands
and eats into the stem to such an ex-
tent as it is believed will utterly de-
stroy the plant for culinary purposes."

(iRAPE GROWING IN CALIFORNIA
FOR THE EASTERN MARKETS.

At a i*anche where grapes are grown
for raisins, and for shipment East, the
process is as follows : Around a long,nar-
row table some fifteen Mongolians are
seated, busily engaged cutting the poor
and withered grapes from each bunch.
The fruit is then handed to the packers,
several in number, who place them in
small boxes, four of which fill a crate.
Each box is made to hold one bunch of
grapes and each bunch will average in
weight five pounds. Tlie grapes sent

East are a beautiful variety of the white
grape, known as the Tokay variety.
They are large and firm and possess a
delicious flavor. As the flesh is hard
and comparatively dry, they will keep
well and are successfully shipped East,
as fast freight, if properly packed. The
crates and boxes are made especially
for long distance shipping purposes and
possess many ingenious features. To
ship grapes East by fast freight from
Sacramento to Chicago costs nearly
$1,000 per car, yet in spite of this en-
ormous expense, added to the cost of
raising, picking and packing fruit, the
venture is found to be exceedingly pro-
fitable.

THE APPLE APHIS.

This little but very injurious insect
has been very abundant of late, and
many fruit growers have been annoyed
and perplexed by their presence in such
unusual numbers.

For their benefit we give them what
our president says of them in his most
excellent work on "Insects Injurious
to Fruits," which should be in the hands
of every one of our readers : —

" During the winter there may be
found in the crevices and cracks of the
bark of the twigs of apple trees, and
also about the base of the buds, a num-
ber of very minute, oval, shining black
eggs. These are the eggs of the apple
tree aphis, known also as apple leaf ap-
his, Aphis malifoliae (Fitch). They are
deposited in the autumn, and when
first laid are of a light yellow or green
color, but gradually become darker and
finally black.

"As soon as the buds begin to ex-
pand in the spring, these eggs hatch
into tiny lice, which locate themselves
upon the swelling buds and the small,
tender leaves, and inserting their beaks
feed on the juices. All the lice thus
hatched at this period of the year are

214

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

females, and reach maturity in ten or
twelve days, when they commence to
give birth to living young, producing
about two daily for two or three weeks,
after which the older ones die. The
young locate themselves about tlieir
parents as closely as they can stow
themselves, and they also mature and
become mothers in ten or twelve days,
and are as ])rolific as their predecessors.
" The leaves of trees infested by these
insects become distorted and twisted
backwards, often with their tips press
ng against the twig from which they
grow, and they thus form a covering
for the aphides, protecting them from
the rain. An infested tree may be dis-
tinguished some distance by the bend-
ing back of the leaves and young twigs.
It is stated that the scab on the fruit
of the apple tree often owes its origin
to the punctures of these plant lice.
This species, which was originally im-
ported from Europe, is now found in
apple orchards all over the United
States and Canada,

Remedies. — Scraping the dead bark
off the trees during winter, and wash-
ing them with a solution of soft soap
and soda, would be beneficial by de-
stroying the eggs. Syringing the trees
about the time the buds are bursting,
with strong soap-suds and weak lye, or
tobacco water, the latter made by boil-
ing one pound of the rough stems or
leaves in a gallon of water, will destroy
a large number of the young lice. A
frost occurring after a few days of warm
weather will kill millions of them ; in
the egg state the insects can endure any
amount of frost, but the young aphis
quickly perishes when the temperature
falls below the freezing point."

The author describes a number of
parasites which feed upon and destroy
the aphis; nine species of the Lady-
bird are described and figured ; also
Lace-winged or Golden-eyed Flies, and
the larvae of the Syrphus flics. The

latter were frequently found on the lice
infested leaves, last season, and were
supposed by many to be the real cause
of the destruction of the fruit.

ROOT PRUNING.
The experiments were made on the
apple and pear. A vigorous apple tree,
eight or ten years old, which had
scarcely made any fruit buds, has done
best when about half the roots were
cut in one season and half three years
later, going half way round on opposite
sides in one year and finishing at the
next pruning, working two feet under-
neath to sever downward roots. It has
always answered well also to cut from
such trees all the larger and longer
roots about two and a half feet from
the stem, leaving the smaller and
weaker ones longer and going half way
round, as already stated. The o))era-
tion was repeated three or four years
later by extending the cut circle a foot
or two further away from the tree. By
this operation unproductive fruit trees
became thickly studded with fruit spurs,
and afterwards bore profusely. The
shortening of the roots has been con-
tinued in these experiments for twenty
years with much success, the circle of
roots remaining greatly circumscribed.
The best time for the work has been
found to be in the latter part of August
and the beginning of September, when
growth has nearly ceased and while the
leaves are yet on the trees. — London
Garden.

Bagging Tomatoes.— Mr. E. S. jCarman,
of the Bural New Yorker, experimented
last season with bagging tomatoes, and
found that those so treated were the most
brilliantly colored, and when cooked the
least acid tomatoes he had ever seen or
eaten. It was also observed that the
bagged tomatoes ripened more evenly, and
about the stem as well as elsewhere.
Against the i ot, however, bagging afi'orded
no protection.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

215

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS.

California Prunes. — Prune culture is
a great success in the uplands of Califor-
nia. Nothing can exceed this fruit in
weight and production. In Petaluma every
branch is loaded, and every prune sound.
The pits are extracted by machinery and
used for fuel. So rich and juicy are the
California prunes as to drive the German
prunes from the market whenever placed
in competition. Each tree bears about
100 lbs. of prunes, worth 14 cents per
pound at wholesale. One hundred trees
are planted to the acre, and the entire cost
to pit them for the market is five cents
per pound.

The Harvest Berry. — The early
Harvest Blackberry is making friends this
year. It commences to ripen considerably
earlier than the Wilson and presents a
peculiar glossy, varnished appearance ;
jet black and very attractive. Very little
rust has as yet made itself visible on this
variety. The plant naturally tends to a
branched form and is prolific in yield.
The heavy rains of the past spring have
shortened the crop greatly. The plant is
so easily trained that it forms the best
variety here for garden cultivation, and
probably for the field, also. — Farmer and
Fruit Grower.

A Naboth's Vineyard. — England's
wealthiest baronet is said to be Sir John
Ramsden, of Byram, Yorkshire. His
rent-roll is computed at $850,000 a year.
He owns almost the whole of Hudders-
field, the great manufacturing centre.
The little bit he doesn't own was a very
Naboth's vineyard to his father, who,
according to popular tradition, once
ofiered to its Quaker owner to cover it
with sovereigns if he would sell it.
" Edgewise, friend Ramsden ?" quoth the
Quaker. * ' In that case it is thine ; other-
wise all Huddersfield must still belong to
thee and me." ** Edgewise" was more
than the baronet could swallow. — Ameri-
can Garden.

Wash for Trees.- A wash which is
highly recommended for trees is made as
follows : Take one bushel of lump, fresh
burnt lime, ten pounds of common sul-
phur ('rock sulphur), ten pounds of com-
mon salt in water, tub to hold from thirty
to forty gallons, then add from twenty to

twenty -five gallons of boiling water, cover
over ; when cold, brush it on with a
whitewash brush, brushing into every
crevice of the bark of the trees. It is
said to be the best and cheapest disinfect-
ant for all kinds of buildings where ani-
mal life is located ; all the inside of cattle
pens, railway cars, and cattle cars should
be disinfected with it ; it will prevent
contagion, killing all germ animals, and
prevent the eggs germinating. — Frairie
Farmer.

The Quince. — The fact that the quince
will live and give fair returns under the
most adverse conditions, has created the
impression that it does best under neglect.
No tree responds more promptly to good
treatment, and none, if given half a
chance, is more profitable. Quince trees
when young need care to bring them into
proper shape. They should be trained to
form a single trunk, and may at first need
some care to prevent their making clumps
instead of trees. After they are well
established they bear yearly, and their
fruit is always in demand, and usually at
good prices. It should not be forgotten
that the quince is a highly ornamental
tree, both in flower and when loaded with
its golden fruit, and may be planted both
for ornament and profit. — American Agri-
culturist.

Gooseberries. — Large and early goose-
berries command very good prices in the
spring, as they are about the first "pie
material" which makes its appearance.
Another advantage in favor of this fruit
is that it brings in early money, which is
quite an item to most cultivators of the
soil who usually have to wait until mid-
summer for their first dividends from the
farm. We would not advise planting
largely, but a patch of a half acre will, if
cared for as it should be, bring in a very
satisfactory profit. The Gooseberry re-
quires strong, rich soil, and should be well
manured each spring. It should be tho-
roughly and constantly cultivated (except
when in bloom), and the bushes must be
pruned each season, so as to encourage
new and vigorous shoots, as it is only on
such wood that the finest fruit is pro>-
duced. The Houghton seedling has
done well with us as a market sort. — Farm
and Garden.

216

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

FROM AN ALBUM.

We may write our names in albums ;

We may trace them in the sand ;
We may chisel them in marble

Witii a firm and skillful hand ;
But the pages soon are sullied,

Soon each name will fade away ;
Every monument will crumble,

Like all earthy hopes, decay.
But, dear friend, there is an album.

Full of leaves of sunny white.
Where no name is ever tarnished,

But forever pure and bright.
In that Book of Life, God's Album,

May your name be penned with care :
And may all who here may write,

Have their names forever there.

WHAT SEED SHALL WE SOW?

A wonderful thing is seed,

The one thing deathless forever !

The one thing changeless — utterly tnxe,

Forev«r old and forever new,
And fickle and faithless never.

Plant blessings, blessings will bloom ;

Plant hate, and hate will grow?
You can sow to-day, to-morrow will bring
The blossom that proves what sort of thing

Is the seed, the seed that you sow.
Ladies' Floral Cabinet.

Laying Turf in Summer. — Mr. Hen-
derson says : '' I find that turf can be
successfully laid down, if necessary, in
dry and hot summer weather, by simply
covering it when finished, before it gets
too dry, with about a quarter of an inch
of light soil put through a half inch sieve.
The grass begins to grow through the soil
i;i a very few days. " — Scientific American.

The Cabbage Worm. — We find the
following remedy for the ravages of the
cabbage worm in one of our exchanges.
Have any of our readers any experience
of its efiiciency. If so, they will confer
a favor by giving us their opinion of its
value : — " Pyrethrum, or Persian powder,
possesses the qualities of destroying cab-
bage worm life and at the same time
leaves the cabbage in a healthy condition. "

Wanted, A Good Early Peach. — The
Hlinois growers of early peaches wear
long faces this summer. The object of
their hopes and fond anticipations has
fallen to the ground in a shower of rotten
fruit. The crop was a delusion. Inqui-
ries for an early peach that does not rot
axe now frequent. If anyone knows of
such a peach they will confer a great favor

by making known its name. — The Farmer
and Fruit Groiuer.

Keeping Grapes for Winter Use. —
Mr. Nelson Hitter, Syracuse, N. Y. , has
had admirable success with packing grapes
in single layers, in small, shallow boxes
about two inches in depth, with sliding
covers. When he packs fruit two layers
deep he places paper between the layers,
the same as advised by Mr. Husmann.
Mr.Ritter has found the Isabella, Catawba
and Clinton to be the best keepers, while
Salem and Diana have proven fair keepers

About Strawberries. — The Western
Farmer says : — '* A Southern amateur
gardener secured slabs from the saw-mill
and bored two-inch holes in them fifteen
inches apart and laid them round side up
on the edge of some beds, and set a straw-
berry plant in each hole in August. Such
a profusion of strawberries as he had was
a sight worth beholding. V\ hen other
strawberries in the neighborhood were all
dried up by the drought his were in per-
fection. A half pint or more were taken
at a time from each plant. It was but
little trouble to keep the runners down.
But the next season the plants crowded
in the hole so closely that the crop was a
failure."

Packing Apples for Shipment. — A
paper read before the Nova Scotia Fruit
Growers' Association, gave some valuable
suggestions on packing apples. A vast
improvement is stated to have been made
in the past season over previous ones.
Careful assorting is insisted on. In one
case, in a consignment of 300 barrels to
England, the first and second sizes were
not separated, and the result was $1 less
per barrel than others of the same quality
which were assorted. Hardwood barrels
are found much the best, both on account
of strength and the apples shrinking less.
Wrapping the specimens in paper has done
well, but is attended with too much labor
for general practice. Lining the barrels
with white paper has been satisfactoiy.
The experiments with packing in chaff" and
cut-straw have signally failed. The varie-
ties which have done best for the English
markets have been Gravenstein, Ribston
Pippin, Pomme Grise, Baldwin, Spitzen-
burgh and Russet. — Country Gentleman.

PRINTED AT THB STEAM PRESS ESTABLXSHICRNT OF COPP, CLARK * CO., OOLBORNU STREET, TORONTO.

THE

VOL. VI.]

OCTOBER, 1883.

[No. 10.

HAKDY HEKBAOEOUS PLANTS.

There are many very beautiful hardy
plants that can be grown in the flower
border which require but little attention
as compared with the growing of an-
nuals, and yet one seldom finds them
even in the gardens of those who are fond
of flowers. One of these hardy plants is
shown in the colored plate that adorns
this number. It is the Dicentra Specta-
bilis, the Chinese counterpart of one of
our native wild-wood flowers which is
commonly known by the name of
Dutchman's breeches. This showy
flower was introduced into this country
many years ago, creating a gi-eat sensa-
tion on its first arrival and selling at
very high prices. It is not only very
hardy, but yields more and finer flowers
if kept in the open ground over the
winter, exi)Osed to hard freezing than
if kept in a place free /rom frost.
Those who plant it in pots for early
spring forcing have learned that in
order to the best results for forcincr
purposes, it is necessary to expose the
plants to severe freezing.

In the older horticultural works this
plant will be found described under the
name of Dielytra Spectabilis. It was
found by Mr. Fortune in the gardens

the spring of 1846 to the London
Horticultural Society, England, and
esteemed at that time the most brilliant
hardy plant added to our collections for
many years. It flowers in the spring,
the stalks rising to a height of about
two feet, with flower spikes from six
to eight inches in length, which hang
gracefully curved to one side. It de-
lights in a rich loamy soil, where it
will soon form a large plant, which, if
desired, may be divided very early in
the spring as the buds begin to appear
above the surface, and thus the number
of plants increased.

Its graceful style of growth, com-
bined with the brilliant coloring and
unusual form of its flowei-s, and its
perfect adaptation to our Canadian
climate, make it woi-thy of a place in
every cottage garden of the land.

The blue flower which is shown in
the colored plate is a very fine variety
of the Heliotrope, which is so univer-
sally admired for its delicious i)erfume.
It is not a hardy plant, and therefore
must be brought into the house on the
approath of frosts. It will grow well
in the kitchen window provided it be
not allowed to freeze on cold nights.

in northern China, and sent by him in i During the summer it can be planted

218

THE OANA.DIAN HORTICULTDKTST.

out in tlie open border, and lovely blue
flowers freely cut for bouquets.

DWARF PEAR TREES.

I have about thirty dwarf pear trees
whose leaves, after turning brown,
have all fallen off and fresh foliage
formed. The bark is not at all affected.

1 . Will the trees die, or can they be
saved, and how 1

Will the Horticulturist kindly reply
in the next issue 1

2. Also, if the Clematis can be pro-
pagated by cuttings 1 R.

Toronto, (sth August, 1883.

1. It is impossible to tell whether
the pear trees will die or not. The
formation of fresh foliage gives ground
for the hope that they will survive.

2. Clematis does not grow readily
from cuttings, but does well layered. —
Ed.

To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

Mr. Editor, — Is the wild cucumber,
Echinocystis lohata, poisonous 1 It is
an annual. The leaves resemble the
leaves of the cucumber of our gardens,
but are more indented. The flowers
are white formed on sprays. The fruit
or pod is oval and covered with prickles.
The plant is a rai)id growing creeper.
The seeds are similar to those of the
water-melon.

Yours truly, F. G. B.
Ottawa, Sept. 14, 1883.

Reply. — Not being familiar with the
plant, we referred the question to Wm.
Saunders, Esq., of London, an able
chemist and botanist, to which he re-
plies as follows : — *' I have not been
able to find in any book in my posses-
sion anything relating to the physio-
logical action of the Echinocystis lobata,

but since it is closely related to the
squirting cucumber, Echatium offici-
anum, from which Elaterium is pre-
pared, one of the most violent drastic
cathartics known, I should expect that
it would act violently on the bowels if
any of the fruit was swallowed, produc-
ing abundant and watery stools."

Prof Asa Gray, in his Manual of
Botany, gives Wild Balsam Apple as
the common name of this plant.

ALUM FOR CURRANT WORMS.

To THK Editor ofthr Canadian Horticufturist.

Mr. Editor, — In answer to Mr. J.
Savage's inquiry as to how to make and
apply the alum water, I took the receipt
from page 4, January number. The
solution is one pound of alum dissolved
in three gallons of rain water. The
mode of proceeding is to dissolve the
alum in a small quantity of water,
then add sufficient water to make three
gallons. When cold, put in a common
watering pot with a rose spout and
sprinkle the currant bushes as soon as
the worms appear, at first for two or
three days every morning, and then once
or twice a week will keep them clean,
or at least did mine.

Yours truly,

O. H. Webber.
Hamilton, Sept. 20, 1883.

SIZE OF JAMES VICK.

Mr A. M. Purdy writes to us as
follows : " Pardon me, but six such
large berries as you show for James
Vick could not be found on any plan-
tation of that sort. Mine were not half
that size."

We supposed that Mr. D. M. Dewey,
of Rochester, N.Y., under whose super-
vision the coloured plate of James Vick
was printed for our August number,
had such a reputation for accuracy in
these matters that no one could chal-
lenge his representations.

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUKI8T.

219

SUMMER MEETING OF THE FRUIT

GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF

ONTARIO.

For "Canadian Horticulturist."

Mr. Editor, — On Monday, August
27th, my friend, W. W. Hilborn, and
I, boarded the noon train at Watford,
for St, Catharines, to attend the sum-
mer meeting of above Society. We
safely arrived at our destination in the
evening of the same day, after a very
pleasant transit through an exceedingly
fine and promising country in the
midst of a Canadian harvest. The
weather was exceedingly pleasureable,
and the fruit trees through which we
passed, though, as a general thing, not
loaded with fruit, yet they studded the
landscape and added beauty and a
charm to the ever-changing scene. It
is not possible to travel any consider-
able distance into the heart of our coun-
try without being convinced of the
greatness awaiting it in its coming
grandeur of development.

The following day we spent in the
city, and by the assistance of kind
friends vLsited many beautiful and
charming places. We first called at
the private gardens of the Hon. T. R.
Merritt, whose gardener, Mr. Cameron,
took us under his care, and led us
through the varied and beautiful scenes
of the garden. Everything was in the
best of condition, and commanded our
highest admiration. The large and vari-
ed beds of gay flowering and foliage
plants were perfectly beautiful. In the
fruit garden the loaded trees of beauti-
ful and well-formed pears and plums,
and trellises of grapes, were something
to excite our deepest astonishment —
ich quantities and such beautiful and
nfect specimens. In the grapery the
irge antl beautiful clusters of foi*eign
L[)es, suspended above us, were some-
ling truly admirable. In the lawn
le old and beautiful Norway Spruce,
klsam Fir, and other ornameaUil

trees, were exceedingly fine. Such
grounds as these are not only the pride
of the owner, but the admiration of the
people, and a blessing to the country.

We next visited the home grounds
of John Riordon, Esq., whose gardener,
Mr. Dunn, also very kindly showed us
some wonders of his skill in planting
and training. He first took us into
the grapery under glass, where fine
Black Hamburgs, and luscious Muscats
were hanging in enormous clusters over
our heads. These beautiful grounds
are perfectly charming. The conserva-
tory, a large glass structure filled with
noble Palms and many other exotics
from far southern climes, was one of
the most delightful places we had ever
seen. The lawn was well supplied with
fine old specimen trees of varied habits
and foliage, intermixed with beds of
the richest color in flowering and foli-
age plants. In the fruit garden we
were also shown beautiful fruits, all
that the heart of man could desire.

We also visited the nursery grounds
and private gardens of D. W. Beadle,
Esq., the industrious Secretary of the
Ontario Fruit GroweiV Association.
These grounds are on the very site
where the old St. Catharines nurseries
were first established by Dr. Beadle,
the venerable father of the present
esteemed owner. These admirable
grounds are very extensive and well
located, and are covered over with trees,
plants and flowers of almost every con-
ceivable pattern. The soil is admir-
ably adapted to the purpose to which
it is put, the growth of the trees and
the nursery business.

We afterwards visited the celebrated'
Dominion Gardens of A. M. Smith,
Esq., whose grounds are so widely
known as the birth-place of the Early
Canada Strawberry, and the Niagara
Raspberry. Here we saw growing, the
wonderful Niagara Grape that is now
agitating the whole country so much

220

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUKI8T.

It is a most beautiful and promising-
white grape, and is owned by a com-
pany atLockport, N. Y., but is restrict-
ed so that we cannot get it. St.
Catharines is a wonderful point of in-
terest in Canadian Horticulture, and is,
to us, the Rochester of Canada, and
well repays the visitor. The Fruit
Orowers' Association meeting was very
interesting, being well attended by the
citizens and others. The discussions
were varied, interesting, and lively, and
many items of importance taken up.
Lasting as it did for two days, much
valuable and efficient work was done.
The questions mainly relating to fruits
and fruit-growing in kinds and methods,
especially Raspberries, Currants,
Strawberries, Gooseberries and Black-
berries; also Grapes, Early Peaches,
and Apples, &c., and were discoursed
in a most cordial and friendly spirit,
for our mutual benefit and improve-
ment. There were many beautiful
fruits on the table from different parts
of the country for inspection. The
Niagara Grape was there from Virgin-
ia also tine samples of Plums, Peaches,
Apples and Pears ; also many flowers
and beautiful flowering plants. The
committee whose work it was to ex-
amine these beautiful and tasty things,
has done so, and their notices will be
had in the next Annual Report of the
Association.

After the hard work of the sessions
had been fairly got over, the members
from abroad were very generously in-
vited to partake of a spread in the
dining halls of the Welland House,
where many of the citizens sat down
with us to a sumptuous repast of ripe
fruits. After justice had been fairly
done to the good things before us,
some cheering and edifying speech-
making was had for our mutual im-
provement and benefit. It was a
grand acquaintance meeting, and scenes
like this are very pleasaat and long to

be remembered. The next day the
programme was changed. The excur-
sion for the members to Niagara Falls
was under the leadership of Mr. Mor-
den, of Drummondville, whose services
were very kindly rendered for our en-
joyment. This was the closing scene
in the varied acts, and, if possible, the
grandest of the series. What can com-
pare with nature 1 Who can paint
like her 1 We wondei- at the magni-
tude of the scene. It is past all de-
scription, and if any of my readers wish
to get a more definite idea of it, they
must see it for themselves. Our kind
leader took us also among the gardens
and orchards of Drummondville, and
showed us much of the varied and
wonderful scenery of the place and
neighborhood. We had a very plea-
sant time, and one long to be remem-
bered.

Yours, B. GoTT.

Arkona Nurseries, Sept. 1883.

GIRDLED TREES.
Some ten years ago, having seven
apple trees girdled by mice, as soon as
the sjiow was gone I took fresh lard
and coated the part eaten well over. I
then heaped as much of the soft wet
earth over that as I could get to stick.
I then took some old rags and tied all
securely to the trees, and in the fall
there was hardly a spot but what was
covered with a coarse, strong, thick
bark. My idea in trying that process
was that the sap would rise between
the lard and the bare wood and so form
new bark. It did so, but whether the
idea is correct or not I would not say.
For about three months if the weather
is very dry it is best to water the rag
and earth well to keep all moist. I
have also saved all my young trees
which have had the top all die down
with sometimes part of the stem, by
cutting off all down to where the bark is
green ; the stump will then force out

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

221

more buds than required ; let them
grow about four inches long and rub
off all but one or two according to the
height of the stump from where the
new growth commences. As all my
cherry trees (the common red) is cover-
ed with Black Knot since spring, in-
stead of cutting them all out I intend
next spring to use the same method of
putting on new heads as with the
young trees. With this difference I
will leave on all the large limbs, cut-
ting them about two feet long from the
trunk of the tree, cutting them all off
at one height from the ground to form
an even tree head. E. Day.

Elora, Aug. 14th, 1883.

IN MEMORIAM.

Dr. John A. Wardek. of North
Bend, Ohio, passed away on the 15th
of July last, in his seventy-second year.
He was one of the most successful
physicians of Cincinnati, but in 1855
he relinquished the practice of medic-
ine, purchased a farm of some three
hundred acres at North Bend, where
he devoted much of his time to the
testing of fruits. He was an enthusi-
astic student of nature, and gave much
attention to the study of American
trees. His writings on Forestry in
some of its departments have adorned
the reports of our own association, and
he was everywhere an acknowledged
authority upon matters relating to
trees. We had hoped he might have
been s})ared for years to come, to give
us the fruits of his careful observation
and ripe experience which his facile
pen recorded in such attractive style.

Henry B. Ellwanger, of Rochester,
New York, died at his residence on the
7th of August last, at the early age of
thirty-three. His work on the Rose,
published last year, has shewn Iiim to
be not only an enthusiastic cultivator,
but a graceful writer, and systematic
student, qualities which caused us to

expect much from him in coming years.
He is taken away at the threshold of
his experiments in cross fertilization of
the rose, which were already giving
promise of very interesting results. We
know not how we can spare such an one
from our midst, and mourn the loss of
a worker in the field of horticulture
whose continuance seems to us to be
greatly needed.

THE VICTORIA REGIA.

HISTORICAL REMIMSCENCKS BY PROFESSOR
SAMUEL LOCKWOOD, PH. D.

It was our privilege to see this queen
of the Water lilies in bloom at Kew
Gardens, England, October, 1878. There
was a display of Water Lilies from all
parts of the world, in every witchery
of form, color, and odor — pure white,
soft rose-tinted, and deep pink, and the
loveliest blue. But the most entranc-
ing for form, color, size, and fragrance
was the Victoria. She shone, indeed,
as the empress of the entire floral
dominion.

The present generation cannot real-
ize the interest taken in this superb
plant nearly forty yeai-s ago — the in-
tense desire to get specimens to Europe,
the great efforts, and the provoking
failures. Even the seed would refuse
to germinate. At last, it was taken
over the sea in its native water, and
painful care was had as to t^mjjerature
— even periodical agitiitions of the fluid,
as if to deceive the coy embryo into
the idea of the flowing of its natal
stream. When success wjus attained*
it was accounted among the florists of
the world as '• the big thing of the age."
But the conditions of success were so
costly : a glass house, a tank of thirty
feet diauieter, and the water steadily
kept up to eighty degrees temperature ;
private means, unless muniticent, could
not suffice.

The leaves of the plant are six feet

222

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTUEI8T.

in diameter ; they are green above and
red undbrneath, suggestive of the color
habit of the foliage of the Begonias,
especially B. sanguinea, though it
should be said that, as a rule, the
Water Lilies have the underside of
their leaves of a liver-red, or purplish.
These gigantic Lily-leaves, speaking
popularly, are, when full grown, round,
and with the edge turned up two inches
or more, look like immense floating tea-
trays. Large aquatic birds stand on
them by the hour, watching for fish to
pass by. But those great leaves are
ribbed in a most ingenious way, im-
parting immense strength ; so that with
a board properly arranged to distribute
the pressure, a prodigious weight can
be borne. I have some notes which I
think were made some thirty years ago,
from which we will extract, though the
figures seem incredible. It was stated
in Science pour Tous, that in the aqua-
rium of the Botanical Garden at Ghent,
the head gardener, M. van Houtte, was
interested to learn the force required
to immerse one of the floating leaves in
the water. One leaf supported a child ;
another was not submerged by the
weight of one of the gardeners. He was
led to experiment as to the limit of this
resistance — loading the surface of one
of the largest leaves with bricks. It
was found to bear a weight of 760
pounds avoirdupois — that is to say,
nearly equal to five men of average
weight.

The first successful effort to bring the
Victoria regia into bloom in England
was in the world-famous botanical gar-
dens of the Duke of Devonshire, at
Cl'atsworth House. Joseph Paxton,
the Duke's head gardner, constructed
the great glass house for its accomoda-
tion, which took the name of its gor-
geous occupant. The hint for the con-
struction of this fairy-like building was
derived from a study of the structure
of the Victoria's leaf.

We may, in passing, say that Mr.
Paxton designed the Crystal Palace for
the World's Fair in England, 1851,
built chiefly of glass and iron, all being
primarily due to his study of the leaf
mentioned. For this achievement he
was knighted, and thus became Sir
Joseph Paxton.

The first flower of Victo7'ia regia in
England, was in November, 1849. The
event brought together a distinguished
concourse of visitors of the nobility and
literati. A novel event was the ap-
pearance, on the occasion, of little Miss
Annie Paxton, who, dressed in costume
of a fairy, took her place in one of the
tray-like leaves, and, like a Naiad of
the waters, presided as the fairy guar-
dian of this beautiful floral queen.
Such an event could not be less than
inspiring ; accordingly, the muse of the
famous Douglas W. Jerrold produced
the following :

On unbent leaf, in fairy guise

Reflected in the water,
Beloved, admired by heart and eyes,

Stands Annie, Paxton's daughter.

Accept a wish, my little maid,

Begotten at the minute.
That scenes so bright may never fade,

You still the fairy in it.

That all your life, nor care, nor grief,

May load the winged hours
With weight to bend a lily's leaf,

But all around be flowers.

It will astonish some to be told tliat
the Victoria regia was made to flower
in a tank in the open air by Mr. E. D.
Sturtevant, at Bordentown, N. J., last
August, the water being kept . at its
right temperature by pi|)es. I was one
of a small party invited to witness the
event, but was far away at the time.
An enthusiastic friend wrote me about
it, and what follows is mainly from his
letter : A t the first visit, the leaves
were six feet across, with a rim about
two inches high, and a bud just visible
in the depths. It was expected to

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

223

bloom' in two weeks, and we intended
to go again with yourself, Mrs. Treat,
and others. Alas ! the bud shot up
with almost visible ra[)idity, and bloom-
ed on Sunday evening. I saw it at its
second opening, when it was somewhat
the worse. At its first opening, the
flower rested on the water, a pure
white blossom a foot in diameter, and
filled the air with a delicious pine-apple
perfume ; at its second, it was raised
above the surface, the petals had be-
como a pale rose, and were strongly re-
flexed, while the perfume was entirely
gone. The stamens were a deep rose
color, and folded down, so as to com-
pletely cover the stigma, etc. On this
second evening, a strange event took
place, which we unfortunately did not
see, as we had to go to the train, but
which was communicated by those who
did see it. About half-past seven p. m.
the stamens suddenly lifted themselves,
and with quite a perceptible jerk shook
a mass of pollen down on the stigma.
It seems hardly credible, but it is true ;
this Victoria had produced four great
leaves, with another partly unrolled,
and had bloomed, all from a plant six
inches high, with one small leaf, in just
four months. One would think that
the forming of its cells ought to be visi-
ble with a hand lens.

To give completeness to this little
sketch, let me quote from the American
Cyclopcedia : " The flower is of two
days' duration. The first day it opens
about 6 p. M., and remains opfni until
about the same hour next morning ; in
this stage it is cup-shaped, twelve to
sixteen inches across, with numerous
pure white petals, and emits a delight-
ful fragrance. Tlie second evening, the
lower opens again, but it presents an
Ltirely different appearance ; the
)etals are now of a rosy-pink color, and
jflexed, or bent downward from the
juter, to form a handsome coronet, but
low without odor ; the flower closes

toward morning, and during the day it
sinks beneath the surface to ripen the

BAGGING GRAPES.

Within a few years, the bagging of
Grapes has occupied the attention of
many horticulturists. One who has
given much attention to this subject,
says: " If the application be made in
time, the paper bag will preserve the
cluster in more exquisite perfection
than can be secured in any other way.
The Grapes come forth luscious and
beautiful enough to amaze Nature
herself."

When*to bag. — The only safe rule is
to apply the bag as soon as the cluster
is formed. If delayed too long, the
spore of disease may have attached it-
self to the berry and result in rot.
Some have applied the bag before blos-
soming has taken place. As the new
shoot is very tender and brittle, great
care must be exercised not to break it.

How to hag. — Take manilla or any
other paper bags ; cut ofi* the upper
corners, in order to wrap the upper
portion around the cane ; place the
cluster inside the bag, wrap the bag
around the cane, and then pin it.

Size of bag. — This depends upon the
usual length of the cluster,- and whether
more than one cluster is placed in a
bag, ' two or three pound bag is suf-
ficient for most single clusters.

Results of bagging. — The cluster will
average larger, ripen later, color in gen-
eral better, produce larger berries, and
the bloom will be preserved more per-
fect than in those not bagged. As to
flavor, ojnnions vary, some think it is
better, others that it is not improved.

Bagging as a preventio)i of rot. — If
applied early enough, it is a j)reven-
tion. Rot is found in some cases in
the bags, but mostly takes place after
the Grapes are ripe.

224

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Bagging as to the splitting of the
Grapes. — Many of the thin-skin vari-
eties split badly in the bags. The El-
vira, which, out of bags, splits so badly
as to be comparatively worthless, owing
to the crowding of the berry in the
cluster, also does the same in bags.

The Duchess keeps its color when
bagged ; Delaware, as a general rule,
becomes deeper, Brighton lighter in
color ; Niagara improves in color and
flavor.

The present summer many will bag
Grapes by way of experiment. It is
doubtful if bagging will become general
in vineyard culture, as the extra ex-
pense incurred thereby is not made up
in the sale of the fruit. To the ordi-
nary purchaser of Grapes in the market,
fine clusters, large benies, pure color,
and bloom, and exquisite flavor are
secondary considerations. To the
amateur, or those who enjoy to sit un-
der the shade of their own vines, how-
ever, these qualities are precious ; and,
as the experiment of a few bunches re
quires but little time and expense, it is
well worth a trial of those who grow
Grapes for their own use. — J. B.
EoGERS, in American Garden.

THE NEWER STRAWBERRIES.

On our grounds in the vicinity of
New York, on rather heavy clay soil,
the Strawberry crop was very good,
and most of the new varieties proved
satisfactory.

Manchester improves by longer ac-
quaintance. With us the plant is very
vigorous, foliage healthy ; the berries
are larger, lighter colored, and of better
quality than those grown in the Jersey
sands.

James Vick has been grown in a trial

bed together with Captain Jack. The

two kinds are not identical. Although

they resemble each other in general ap-

earance, the James Vick is decidedly

the better of the two ; its foliage is larg-
er and more vigorous ; its berries are
larger, very firm, of more sprightly
flavor and generally better quality, and
are borne on longer, stifier, upright
fruit-stalks, not hugging the ground
like Captain Jack. How a Strawberry
plant can be more productive than the
James Yick is not easily imaginable.

Jersey Queen made but a poor
growth.

Sharpless, although of indifferent
quality and not ripening well at the
tips, has in its favor largest berries,
very large, healthy foliage, and under
favorable conditions, great productive-
ness.

Bvhcell has been very satisfactory
for home use, producing a large crop of
good-sized, well-shaped and good-flavor-
ed berries. Both in hills and matted
beds, the plants wintered remarkably
well during the last two winters,
without protection. — American Garden.

FREESIAS.
Freesias are little bulbous plants
from the Cape of Good Hope, long
known to botanists, but only recently
introduced as popular garden flowers.
They grow twelve to fifteen inches high,
have foliage not unlike small narrow-
leaved Irises, and a little bunch of
white or yellow, spotted with orange,
colored flowers at the end of a ten to
sixteen-inch long, slender scape. These
flowers are moderately large, very
pretty, deliciously fragrant, abundantly
produced, and great favorites, with
florists for their finer bouquet work.
Potted in September or October, say
six to nine bulbs in a six-inch pot, and
grown along as you would a potted
Hyacinth, slowly at first, then in light-
er and warmer quarters, they will blos-
som between January and the first of
April. During the summer months let
them " dry off" and rest," as you would

TIIK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

225

an Oxalis, and start them again, by giv-
ing a little water in September. Unless
you think there would be too many
roots in the pot you may grow them in
the same soil, and without repotting
them for two years, providing you give
them a top dressing of fresh rich earth.
They are easily raised from seed, and
seedlings one year old will blossom.
Their nomenclature is somewhat mud-
dled, but the two kinds .known as
Fressia re/racta alba, and F. Leichtli-
niana are, I think, as good as any. —
Wm. Falconer, in Am. Garden.

EUCHARISES AND THEIR CULTURE.

Of all plants requiring stove treat-
ment that have been introduced into
Europe during the present century,
there are few, if any, that have become
more general favourites than Eucharis
amazonica, or that better deserve to be
grown by all who have the convenience
of a house wherein can be maintained
an amount of temperature sufficient to
grow it. When this plant tirst made
its appearance in this country the ex-
treme purity of its lovely white flowers,
combined with their exquisite fragrance
at once produced an impression in its
favor, even though imperfectly grown
— imperfectly so far, that the small-pot
culture, to which it was then thought
best to confine the plant, was not such
as to admit of that full development
which it has since exem[)lified under
more liberal treatment. The restriction
of its roots to promote flowering has
been found to be altogether unnecessary
and to seriously prevent the bulbs from
increasing as they would have done if
accommodated with plenty of space. In
this it differs from most bulbous plants,
the genemlity of which do not succeed
well under pot culture unless their roots
are somewhat confined. It has no par-
ticular season of flower ng ; with suit-
able treatment the same plants will

bloom two or three times in the course
of the year by subjecting them to a
alternate short season of growth and
rest. To do it full justice it should not
be moved when in bloom to a conserva-
tory or other house cooler than that in
which it has been brought into flower.
Growth should immediately follow the
production of bloom, and it naturally
receives a check if taken from a warm
to a cold temperature. It is a remark-
ably effective plant in the stove, its-
ample green leaves setting off' to the
best advantage the numerous umbels
of wax-like flowers that rise well above
them. It is, however, especially for
the production of cut flowers for filling
vases and for bouquets that it is most
valuable, almost rivalling in these re-
spects the Camellia itself. In addition
to the individual flowers standing well
when cut (which their peculiar texture
and substance insure) each umbel opens
its blooms consecutively, so that when
desired almost every flower can be used
as required, a circumstance that ha»
made the plant a general favourite with
those who grow flowers for market, or
who have to provide for private es-
tablishments where a continuous supply
is needed.

Propagation is eflfected by separat-
ing the bulbs, which increase moderately
fast when well grown, but, like most
other evergreen bulbous plants, it does
not like to have its roots much dis-
turbed. Interfering with them, to the
extent necessary when separating them,
has the effect of retarding growth for a
time ; therefore plants of this Euclmris
should only be broken up when they
have either got larger than is requisite,
or when it is desirable to increase their
number. The time for carrying out
the operation should also be chosen
when growth is complete ; it should
not be attempted when the leaves are
in coui*se of formation, or when they
are not fully matured. Let us suppose

226

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

that early in the spring a largo plant
exists which it is deemed advisable to
break up, turn it out of the pot, and if
the roots are very much matted and
the soil of an adhesive character, it will
be difficult to separate them without
breaking ; to avoid this place the plant
in a tub large enough to admit the ball,
half fill it with tepid water, and work
out all the soil with the fingers, which
will leave the roots so that they can be
separated with little breakage. The
bulbs may be divided with a knife at
the point where they adhere to each
other, or they may be parted by hand,
putting them singly, or two or three
together, in pots from 5 inches to 7
inches in diameter. When growing, a
copious supply of water is required ;
consequently the pots must be well
drained. This Eucharis will thrive in
good turfy loam, to which add as much
sand as will keep it porous. Pot firmly
without injuring the roots, and cover
the bulbs to about half their depth.
Do not give much water until growth
has commenced. Place them at once
in a temperature of 70°; if they can be
plunged in a bottom heat 10° higher,
they will progress all the quicker. In
this temperature they will grow fast.
Shade slightly during the hottest })art
of the day in very bright weather, but
in doing so do not darken the plants
too much, or they will grow up weakly.
Let them have a moderate amount of
air earlv in the dav, shuttinj? it off in
good time in the afternoon, and syring-
ing overhead at the same time. They \
will bear during summer as much heat !
as the generality of stove plants. It i
will not be advisable the first summer j
to rest the smaller bulbs for flowering,
as it will be better to get as much i
growth as possible. Early in August
shift them into pots two inches larger
than those they are in ; continue to
give them a liberal amount of heat and
moisture, both at the roots and in the

atmosphere, until autumn, by which
time they will have made considerable
progress.

Drying them off. — At this time,
when the leaves are fully matured, cease
shading, and gradually withhold water
till the soil gets so dr}'- as to cause the
leaves to flag slightly, but so as not to
injure them, giving a little before this
occurs, just to freshen them up, and
again alternating the treatment by dry-
ing and then slightly watering them.
Continue this treatment for a month,
during which time they can be kept in
a night temperature of 55° with a few
degrees more warmth during the day,
when they may be well watered and
placed in 10° more heat ; if they can be
plunged in 10° higher than this it will
bs still better. So managed they will
quickly push up their flower stems, and
they should be encouraged by sup})ly-
ing them with })lenty of water at the
roots, and as much heat as is consistent
with the diminished ligh't of the season.
Thus treated, when their blooming is
over they will grow on slowly through
the winter, and after their full develop-
ment they may again be submitted to
the drying and resting process, after
which increase the temperature, give
,water, and treat them in every way as
be ore. This alternate growing, rest-
ing and flowering can be practised two
or three times in the year with the best
results without injuring the plants in
the least. Do not at any time pinch
them as regards pot room. When the
soil is well tilled with roots they will
be much benefited by a good soaking
with manure water once or twice a
week. For general purposes moderate-
sized plants in 1 2-inch or 1 3-inch pots
will be found the most convenient, but
where it is desired they may be grown
on into specimens 6 feet across by
simply using pots or tubs proportionate
in size. When large they make fine
exhibition plants, their genei-al appear-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

227

ance being such as to contrast well with
their associates.

E. Candida differs little from E.
arjiazonica, except that the flowers are
much smaller and more elegant ; the
foliage is also distinct. It is a native
of the United States of Colombia, and
a most desirable kind.

E. Sanderi has pure white flowers
in the way of those of E. amazonica, 21
inches to 3 J inches in diameter ; it will
be an acceptable addition to stove bul-
bous plants. It comes from New
Grenada.

Insects. — Most of the pests that in-
fest stove plants will live upon Euchar-
ises, but from the nature of the leaves,
they are much easier to destroy than on
many plants. If thrips or gi-een fly
make their appearance, fumigation will
generally be found to be tlie best
remedy, but from the regular use of the
syringe these and red spider are not
often troublesome. Should scale or
mealy bug gain a footing they must be
diligently sought for and removed by
means of sponging, using a soft brush
for the bases of the leaf stalks where
the bugs will be found to lodge, for, if
not destroyed, they will increase to an
extent that will both disfigure the
plants and do them serious injury by
the constant cleaning process which
their presence makes necessary.

T. Baines.

CANNED GOODS.

To say that the canned goods trade
of the United States is already an en-
ormous industry, does not half express
the truth. Nevertheless, as great as it
is, it is only in its infancy. There is
scarcely any part of the civilized world
which does not receive more or less of
the stock of American packers. Even
the naked warriors of the Zululand and
the explorers of the Congo, the islanders
of the South Pacific and the inhabitants

of the Arctic regions, are more or less
familiar with the picturesque and high-
ly colored labels of American canned
goods. The half tamed and half frozen
natives of Nova Zembla and Labrador,
in opening our *' canned salmon " and
" shadines," have discovered delicacies
equal even to their whale blubber and
porpoise fat ; and the man-eating New
Zealander has forgotten his eannibalism
in his enthusiasm over " Boston Baked
Beans," while pyramidal mountains
adorn the windows and shelves of every
grocery store in our own land. A thou-
sand ships and steamers carry these
goods over every sea, lake and river of
the globe, and they are included in the
" ship's stores " of the war vessels of
every navy and steamship line in the
world. — The Wine and Fruit Grower.

WHAT ROSES TO PLANT.

A common error committed by be-
ginners in Rose culture is attempting
to grow varities that are of delicate
habit; attracted by great beauty of
flower, or fragrance, they do not con-
sider, or do not understand, that vigor
of growth, perpetuity of bloom, and
perfect hardiness are very seldom com-
bined with the qualities which have
allured them.

The most popular Roses are the Hy-
brid Remontants ; these are moderately
hardy, and produce flowers of the high-
est finish. Among them none are more
desirable for tyros than Alfred Colombj
John Hopper, and General Jacqueviinot.
These three varieties probably absorb
more of the desirable features that go
toward making the perfect Rose than
do any others wliich could be named ;
they blend well, and are very effective
l)lanted in a bed together or separately.

A j)leasing departure from the usual
method of growing Roses is found in
the pegging-down system. In this way
the long shoots are carefully bent down,

228

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

and fastened to the ground by means
of hooked sticks or pegs. As a result
of this system, an immense quantity of
bloom is produced. True the individual
flowers are not of equal finish to those
grown in the ordinary way, but we get
a mass of color, a striking effect, that is
not otherwise to be had. I do not ad-
vocate this method to the exclusion of
the other, but its occasional use will
certainly be satisfactory.

Besides planting Roses in beds, we
should scatter them through the bor-
ders of our gardens, giving the more
favored positions to the delicate kinds.
Among these we find Eugenie Verdier,
the most beautiful of the Victor Ver-
dier type, a Kose of very delicate tint,
— deep silvery, — pink tinged with
salmon ; lovely in the bud and in the
open flower ; attractive as maid or ma-
tron. Not only the flowers, but the
foliage of this variety is most pleasing.
Another variety which is beautiful in
both flower and leaf is Charles Lefebvre.
This has the thick texture of petal, and
something of the same form as Eugenie
Verdier, but the color is that of General
Jacqueminot, deepened by a shade of
satiny-purple.

Among the somewhat neglected
Roses are Marguerite de St. Amande,
a deep pink, beautiful in the bud state,
and flowering thi-ough the summer and
autumn months. Baroness Rothschild,
a blush-pink, with exquisite cup-shaped
flowers ; single blooms of this kind,
during December and January, sell in
New York for one dollar, and even two
dollars each. It has always been a
great favorite with exhibitors. Fran-
gcois Michelon is a striking variety, in-
termediate in character between its
parent La Reine and General Jacquemi-
not ; it has large, deep rose-colored
flowers varied with lilac, of splendid
globular form. A valuable feature
is its late blooming, the flowers not de-
veloping until most others of the same

class are past their prime. Elise Boelle
is perhaps the finest white Rose that
we have ; it blooms profusely all
through the summer ; has full globular
flowers, of the most perfect form ; the
center is generally tinged with blush.
It is not possible to imagine a flower of
greater beauty.

Moss Roses have been favorites in
our gardens, but it is wonderful how
many inferior varieties are grown : sorts
are disseminated that are not mossy,
are not beautiful. None of the Moss
Roses will compare with those of other
classes as regards the open flowers. It
is the fine buds that make them so at-
tractive, and if a Moss Rose has not a
well-formed bud it is worthies'^. The-
best of the Mosses are Gracilis, Crested,
and Common, a triad whose crested
loveliness has a common grace.

Not one of the least of the qualities
we desire in a Rose is fragrance. In
this regard all classes must do homage-
to La France, the sweetest of all Roses,
Compelled to choose one variety, this
should be ours. To be sure it is rather
tender, but it can easily be protected,
and so winter safely. ft does not al-
ways open well, but it is a simple mat-
ter to assist, — an operation not practic-
able with most varieties that do not
open perfectly. If La France does not
develop well, by pressing gently with
the fingers the point of bloom, and then
blowing into the center, the flower will
almost invariably expand, the pent-up
fragrance escape, and almost intoxicate
with delight our sense of smell.

Not enough attention is given to the
Tea Roses and Bourbons. The Hybrid
Remontants justly claim our first atten-
tion when they are in their perfection ;
but after their first blooming is over,
throughout July, August, and Septem-
ber, they are much less attractive than
many monthly Roses. Varieties lik©
Bouqlre, Gerard Deshois, Homer, Som-
breuil, Madame de Vatry, Sfarie Van

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

229

Houtte, Madame Caroline Kuster, will
give a continuous supply of flowers
throughout the summer and autumn.

The fact of Tea Roses being tender
should not debar us from their culture ;
the truth is, they have in this matter
been abused. The sorts I have named
are in reality a little more tender than
La France, the Hybrid Noisettes, and
all the Victor Verdier race of Hybrid
Remontants. If earth be hilled up
about the plants, and then a slight
covering of some loose material, like
branches of evergeeens, be given, the
hardier sorts of monthly Roses will
winter in safety. There is sometimes
a loss of plants, but the percentage is
light, very little more than happens to
the so called Hardy Roses.

In giving this protection, care must
be observed not to smother the plants
by entirely excluding the air ; this
never occurs from the use of evergreen
branches, but when straw or litter is
taken, sticks or boards should be used
to prevent the material from matting
together. This is one of the cases
where is is possible to kill by mistaken
kindness. If it be objected that this
covering of the Roses is troublesome,
then we must reply to the objector, —
you are no true lover, you are but a
false knight ; you cannot have beauti-
ful Roses in your garden, because you
have them not in your heart. — H. B.
EUwanger, before the Western N. Y.
Horticultural Society.

ALLIGATOR PEAR.

The Alligator Pear, Per sea gratis-
sima, is sometimes an immense tree-
The fruit, which is occasionally seen in
New York markets, is pear-sha])ed,
with deep green or dark purple skin,
according to the variety. The pulp is
firm, buttery yellow, surrounding a
large, hard stone.

In Brazil they fill the same place as
melons in the United States, being

eaten at breakfast with sugar or pepper
and salt, according to taste. A liking
for Abacaxe, as this fruit is called in
Brazil, is an acquired taste, but one
soon becomes very fond of them. They
cost only from one to three cents each,
and with oranges and bananas are the
most common fruit hawked round tlie
streets by the fruit-sellers, who carry
them upon their heads in large fiat
wooden trays. — American Garden.

CELERY.

Celery requires a cool climate. South
of the fortieth parallel, the climate is
too warm for the best production of this
toothsome vegetable. As we approach
the great lakes, we find the tempera-
ture becoming more suitable for Celery,
and by the time we reach them we find
it all the gardener could desire.

Celery needs a cold, heavy, deep, very
rich soil. The soil must be made of
this character artificially, if it is not so
naturally, to raise Celery profitably.
The ground must be well manured ;
that is, a great j)lenty of fertilizers must
be used, as the plant is a greedy feeder,
and there is very little danger of get-
ting the land too rich. Any good
manure is suitable for it ; but nothing
equals barn-yard manure well worked
over.

The old system of cultivation in
trenches has been abandoned by the
most progressive gardeners. It was
troublesome and expensive, and it has
been found that fully as good results
could be attained by surface cultiva-
tion. But along the fortieth parallel,
and south of it, Celery cannot be
bleached in the open ground, as is done
in colder countries. The climate is too
warm for this, and when attempted, the
stalks scald and rot.

(Jelery should be sown in the seed-
bed in the spring, as early as the ground
can be brought into condition for seed-

230

THE CAN AD AN HORTIOULTURIST.

ing. The ground should be thoroughly
pulverized, and the seed sown in rows
twelve inches apart, either by hand or
with a seed drill. Most gardeners pre-
fer to use a drill, and undoubtedly the
best results are attained by its use.
Great care should be taken to use only
first-class seed. Celery is a delicate
plant, slow and weakly to start, puny
and slow-growing. From the seed-bed
it must be transplanted to the growing-
bed. This last bed should be prepared
the same as for late cabbage. Manure
heavily and pulverize thoroughly.

A common mistake is made in trans-
planting too early, often June first.
Except in the northern part of our
country, the weather will be too hot to
bleach Celery grown so early, at the
proper time. It is the better plan to
transplant late, say about the middle of
July.

In setting out, be careful to press the
dirt firmly around the plants. The
benefit of this is greatest in a dry sea-
son, but important at all times. Do
not plant too deep. This is a common
error. The soil should not cover the
crown of the plant. Plant in rows
three feet apart, putting the plants six
inches apart in the row. After plant-
ing, keep clean with plow or hoe till
the first or middle of September. Then
it must be " handled."

The handling process is simple. Hold
the Celery compactly in one hand, and
bring the soil up around it with the
other to hold it upright and close to-
gether.

The next operation is bleaching. It
can be bleached in the open ground by
banking the earth up around it with a
spade till it reaches the tops of the
leaves. This should be done about the
first of October. (September in Onta-
rio.)

After handling late Celery, the earth
can be drawn up around it with a hoe
to prevent its freezing. It will stand

considerable frost if the soil is around
it. The later it is left in the ground
the longer it will keep ; therefore,
Celery for spring use should be left in
the ground till in danger of freezing.

This brings us to the process of
storing for winter use. Dig a trench
as deep as the Celery is high, and the
narrower the better, say eight inches
in width. Dig up the Celery, keeping
a little dirt fast to its roots, and jjack
it in the trench in an upright position,
just as it grows. Leave it in this shape
till the latter part of December (No-
vember in Ontario, the time depending
somewhat upon the severity of the
weather), when a light covering of
straw should be put upon it, and more
covering added later, as is required to
keep it from freezing. — Am. Garden.

THE YELLOW WOOD.

This handsome little tree, perfectly
hardy in this country, is not so fre-
quently grown as its merits certainly
deserve. It has smooth bark, smooth
pinnate leaves, in young vigorous spe-
cimens measuring from 1 foot to 1|^ feet
in length, but in old ones about half that
size, with from five to eleven roundish
or oval shortly stalked leafletsof a bright
green colour. The leaf-stalks are hollow
at the base, and enclose the leaf-buds of
the succeeding year, just as is the case
in the Plane (Platanus) and some other
trees. The large pendulous panicled
racemes of showy white fragrant flowers,
somewhat larger than those of the Lo-
cust Tree (Robinia Pseudacacia), droop
from the ends of the branches. Old
trees at Kew flower frequently, and pods
which Loudon states in "Encyclopaedia
of Trees and Shrubs" are never produc-
ed in England, are now and then ripen-
ed. Two of the largest specimens in
the Kew arboretum measure respec-
tively as follows: Circumference of
trunks near the ground, 3 feet 10 inches

THK CANADIAN HoKTRULTtT KIST.

231

and 4 feet; diameter of heads, 27 feet
and 29 feet; height of each, 28 feet.

On account of its graceful habit, the
beauty of its bright green foliage in
spring and summer, the sliowy flowers
and the brightness of tlie rich yellow
autumnal tint assumed by the decaying
leaves, the Yellow Wood is eminently
a tit subject to be generally planted for
eff'ect in parks and pleasure grounds.
In its native country it flowers in May
and June, but in Britain a month or so
later.

The name Cladrastis, according to its
author, Rahnesque, means " brittle
branches." For a long time after its
separation from the genus to which it
was first referred ( Virgilia), C. tinctoria
was the only known species; but some
years ago, long after the publication of
Loudon's " Arboretum," the Russian
botanists discovered a second, C. araur-
ensis, in Amurland.

C. Tinctoria seems but little subject
to variation ; no varieties are mention-
ed in any of the numerous tree cata-
logues and books I have looked through,
with the single exception of M. Laval-
Ide's ''Arboretum Segrezianum," where
the name "gracilis" is given to a form
I have not seen.

In his "Catalogue of the Forest Trees
of North America," Professor C. S. Sar-
gent gives the following information
respecting the Yellow Wood : It is
found from Central Kentucky, on the
banks of the Kentucky River south, to
Middle and eastern Tennessee. The
wood is of a clear yellow colour, is said
to split with difficulty, and to make
valuable fuel. It is a small or medium-
sized tree; found principally along
streams or on rich hillsides; rare, and
in danger of extermination for fuel.

C. Amurensis diff*ers from the above
in its larger buds, olive-green bark — in
old trees peeling off" in flakes like that
of our common Birch — duller green,

more leathery leaves, and in its erect
panicled racemes of more densely pack-
ed, much smaller, more shortly-stalked
flowers. Although not so handsome or
graceful a tree as the Yellow W^ood,
it is well w^orth a place in any gar-
den ; it is perfectly hardy, und flowers
freely in a younger state than C. tinc-
toria. In spring the peculiar grey-
green of the silky [)ubesceiice which
clothes the young leaves gives this an
appearance totally unlike that of most
other hardy trees. When seeds are not
procurable, perhaps the most ready
means of propagation is by grafting, us-
ing Sophora japonica as a stock.

In its native countries — Manchuria,
where it ranges in the basin of the
Amur River from lat. 50° 15' to 52°
20' north, and the Japanese island of
Jesso — it makes a small tree of 40 feet
in height, with a trunk 6 inches in dia-
meter, and drooping, densely leafy
branches.

Sir Joseph Hooker, in the Botanical
Maijazine, thus speaks of this tree :
"It is not to be wondered at that, when
the subject of the present plate was des-
cribed, it was supposed to be a new
genus, for at that time the close affinity
of the floras of North-eastern Asia and
the Eastern United States was not gen-
erally recognised, and the affinity of
Maackia with the hitherto monotypic
genus Cladrastis could not have been
anticipated. Nevertheless, these two geo-
graphically widely severed plants are
unquestionably congeneric, and not to
be separated by even a sectional char-
acter. It thus adds another to the re-
markable as.semblage of genera found
in the two countries indicated, but
not in the intervening territories of
Western America and of which Pro-
fessor Asa Gray has made such good
use in tiacing the origin and mignitions
of the North America flora. — Tlie Gar-
den.

232

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

PLUM AND CHIi:RRY TREE BLACK
KNOT.

This season has been favorable for the
development of the disease of the plum
and cherry trees known as black knot.
This is an old, long-standing trouble of
the orchards, and has been the subject
of much discussion in the agricultural
and horticultural papers for many years.
The " diseases," so-called, of plants are
now divided under three heads : First,
those caused by insects, as the various
galls, &c. ; second, those of fungous
origin, like the rusts, smuts, rail-
dews, &c.; and third, those troubles that
are organic, as far as they are under-
stood. It is safe to define the third
class as including those diseases that
do not belong to the first and second
classes — the plants are " out of sorts."
The black knot was long believed by
entomologists to be of insect origin,
and they seemed to have a very strong
a,rgument. The eggs and young of in- \
sects were usually found within the
substance of the knot, and their presence
was strong evidence of the cause being
insects. All sorts of distortions, like
galls on willows, oaks, &c., were known
to be the work of insects — gall-flies,
&c. Within the past ten years, the
black knot has been carefully studied
by several experts in fungi, and under
the higher powers of the microscope
the cause of the peculiar distortions
became evident. The black knot is now
well demonstrated as belonging to the
second class of diseases or disorders, and
is therefore of fungous origin. Among
other things, it was shown that the
same kind of insect was not always
present ; in fact, no insects or eggs
were found in the early stages of the
knot. But instead, the substance of
the infested part is found to contain a
multitude of small threads or filaments
of a fungus.

It may be well to state that a fungus
is a plant of a very low order, and with
a very simple structure. Among the
most familiar members of this group of
flowerless plants are the various moulds
that grow on bread, cake, cheese, &c.,
and make sad havoc in the houskeeper's
pantry in midsummer. The toad-stools
and the mushroom are larger examples
of the class in question. The black knot
fungus is known to botanists as Sphceria
morbosa, and attacks the young branches
of the plum and cherry trees in the
spring. By the first of June the in-
fested parts have swollen considerably,
and soon after these portions have
cracked longitudinally in one or more
places. The surface thus exposed is
soft or spongy, and quickly turns to an
olive-green colour. This colour is due
to the formation of a multitude of
minute spores that form on the tips of
plants, extending from the surface.
The knot continues to increase in size
until past midsummer, and frequently
the branch becomes bent to one side, or
otherwise distorted, owing to the ir-
reorular orrowth of the fungus. It is
seldom that the knot extends equally
on all sides of the branch.

As the season advances, a second
form of spore is formed, and it is within
the substance of the knot. The surface
spores above mentioned are quickly
grown and serve to spread the disease
from branch to branch. A spore has
the same ofiice to fill as a seed, but
differs in structure. Spores are, in
short, the seeds of flowerless plants.
The internal spores of the black knot
are formed slowly, and designed to carry
the life of the plant through the winter.
They germinate in the spring. Very
many fungi have two or more kinds of
spores, some for quick propagation and
others for the preservation of the
species.

The fact that insect eggs and "worms"
are usually found in the substance is

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

233

easily reconciled with the present known
cause of the knot. The soft substance
developed by the fungus furnishes a fine
home for voracious larvae, and the
mother insects make the most of the
feeding ground thus provided. The
remedy consists in the removal and
burning of all affected parts. The
branch should be cut several inches
below the swelling, to insure the re-
moval of all the " disease." If the parts
removed are not burned, the spores
will continue to form for some time.
The knots are most easily seen when
the trees are free from leaves in the
winter season, but they should be re-
moved whenever found. The choke
cherry is a favourite host of the knot,
and all the hedge-rows should be cleared
of this kind of tree. Look for the black
knot, and whenever found, cut and
burn it. — B. D. H., in Country Gentle-

FRUIT INSECTS.

A young cultivator, who is about to
b<'t out a fruit garden with a general
supply of fruits, wishes to know wliat
are the most formidable insects to be
generally feared, and how to meet them
to best advantage ; and also if there are
any other troubles to guard against. In
answer, a book might very j)roperly be
writteu on the subject, and we can
therefore on the present occasion give
"Illy ;i f'nv condensed and leading state-
uieiits.

The Apple. — The most formidable
enemy is the codlin moth, and the re-
medy is spraying with Paris green in
700 times as much water, two or three
tvu"< \v]w.,, fi,«. Mn,.iMc, ai-e j^g large as
' t 1 worm is killed

by tin- ^>;llIn• ii ^Mi iii(!i)t earlier in the
season. The orchard cateri)illar is easily
destroyed by well-known means. The
borer is killed by punching in its hole
with a flexible wire. With these re-
2

medies promptly applied, it is not diffi-
cult to have good crops of fine apples,
but good culture and manure are also
indispensable.

The Pear. — The great drawback is
the blight. A remedy, pretty effica-
cious, is cutting off promptly all the
affected limbs and burning them; and
the best preventive is planting those
sorts least liable to the disease, as the
Seckel, Winter Nelis, Duchesse, Clair-
geau, Anjou, &c. In some places the
curculio disfigures the crop, and the
young fruit is to be treated the same as
for the plum and the codlin worm
the same as for the apple.

The Plum has its great enemy the
curculio, usually regarded as too for-
midable to be conquered. We have
for many years found the insects easily
destroyed by jarring down on a stiffen-
ed sheet carried on the operator's left
arm, while striking with a heavy ham-
mer in his right hand on an iron plug,
when they are quickly killed by a pinch
of thumb and finger. The whole ex-
pense for a season is about six cents a
tree, but there must be no intermission.
Failure results from the use of padded
mallets and other feeble appliances.
The black knot sometimes destroys
plum trees, but it is easily kept off by
prompt excision.

The drawback of pe tch culture is the
yellows. When first seen in an orchard,
the diseased trees must be grubbed up
and burned. The grub in the bark at
the root is easily cut out and destroyed.
To keep a peach orchard in good bearing
condition, the ground must be kept mel-
low by cultivation, and the limbs must
be kept short by cutting back in spring.

Tiie Cherry is troubled with the
curculio and with birds. The former
is prevented by the same method as
described for the plum ; it is hard to
say what is the best treatment for the
birds. Some cultivators assert that

234

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

they are more formidable than all in-
sects taken together, in their attacks
on cherries, strawberries, blackberries,
and often on early pears and peaches.

Currants are easily protected from
the currant worms by dusting or spray-
ing with white hellebore, but the opera-
tion must never be deferred till next
day after they are first seen ; the same
remedy protects gooseberries.

Nearly all these remedies, if promptly,
intelligently and unremitting applied,
answer their intended purposes well,
and do not require so much labor as the
proper cultivation of the soil. The pre-
ceding are the principal enemies of the
fruit crop, although a number of others
of less importance might be named. —
Country Gentleman.

SUMMER AND AUTUMN BLOOMING
SHRUBS.
The great majority of ornamental
shrubs produce their flowers in spring,
and we often see collections all aglow
in the early months, that show nothing
but foliage for the rest of the year.
With proper care in selection, the
shrubbery may be made attractive at
all seasons. In choosing shrubs for
planting, regard should be had not only
to flowers, but to fruit, as some are
more ornamental in fruit than in flower.
Of the late blooming shrubs, none are
more desirable than the Japanese Eyd-
ranyea paniculata grandiflora. This
produces at the end of each stem a large
pyramidal cluster of flowers ; these are
at first, pure white, gradually becoming
pinkish, the color deepening, until frost
comes. By pruning this shrub severely
the panicles may be produced of enor-
mous size, so large as to require a stake
for support. It is perfectly hardy, and
one of the most valuable introductions
of late years. A capital subject for
the lawn is the Small Buckeye, {^s-
cuius parvijiora,) of the Southern States.

It forms a round headed, dense clump, .
with many stems, and in July and Au-
gust is covered with panicles of white
flowers, forming a most beautiful object.
The old Rose of Sharon, Hibiscus Syri-
acus, (called in the old catalogues Al-
tkcea/rutex), is a most desirable shrub.
It has been much improved of late
years, and the best nurseries now oflTer
both double and single varieties, in
color from white to deep purple. As
these bloom in August and September,
when few others are in flower, they are
most valuable shrubs. They need a close
pruning each year, otherwise they will
grow very straggling.

Among shrubs valuable for their
showy fruit, the different species of
Euo7iymus, or Burning-bush, are desir-
able. The native E. atropurpureus,
or " Wahoo," is excellent, but our favor-
ite is E. lati/olius, the " Broad-leaved
Burning Bush," from Central Europe.
This is as yet rather scarce, but would
be propagated more generally, were its
merits known. In selecting shrubs for
their autumn effect the old "Smoke-
tree," often called Purple Fringe (Rhus
Cotinus), the " Wig- tree" of England,
should not be forgotten, as it is
perfectly hardy and very showy.
Among climbers, the Japanese Halls'
Honeysuckle (Loiiicera Halliana, is a
most valuable introduction. It blooms,
and kee{)S blooming, and never tires.
Our native Trumpet-Creeper {Tecoma
radicans), and its oriental brother {T.
grandiflora, ) are valuable for their rapid
growth, and their abundance of trumpet-
shaped, orange-scarlet flowei's, produc-
ed from July to October. Some of the
improved varieties of Clematis are late
bloomers, and our native Virgin's Bow-
er (C. Virginian' I) gives a wealth of
white flowers in August, and its clus-
ters of fruit are beautiful later.
Among the vines, ornamental for their
fruit, the Roxbury Wax Work {Celas-
trus scandens) should not be over-look-

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTURIST.

235

ed. If allowed to run upon a tree, it
will soon kill it, but upon a trellis it is
valuable for its glossy foliage and
scarlet fruit. By proper care in select-
ing, the shrubbery may be attractive
from early spring until frost comes, and
even later. — American Agricidturist.

PEACH YELLOWS.
A series of experiments have for some
time been carried on by Professor D.
P. Penhallow, at Houghton Farm, to
discover the cause of, and remedy for,
peach yellows. The conclusions reached
are :

That peach yellows is not caused
primarily by fungi or parasitic plants,
although they may accompany and
aggravate it by their attacks on the
plant weakened by disease ; nor is it
caused by too much dampness or heat
in the atmosphere, nor by unseasonable
frosts or excessive winter cold, nor by
want of proper drainage in the soil, nor
by the use of fermentable stable ma-
nure. The primary cause he considers
to be a deficiency in the soil of certain
food-constituents, especially potash and
chlorine, which are supplied in the
well-known German potash salt, muri-
ate of potash.

The most striking symptoms of the
disease are — unusual features in the
cellular structure and contents, which
are evident under the microscope only;
an excess of lime in wood and fruit, and
leficiency in potash and chlorine, which
•an be detected only by chemical an-
alysis ; premature ripening of the fruit ;
sjnaller leaves, with a red or yellow
•olor in place of the usual green; a
dark and parched appearance of the
bark on the main limbs. The disease
appears gradually, first on young
branches, from which it spreads over
the whole tree ; it can be detected by
microscopic examination of the cell
structure and contents in advance of

the appearance of any outward symp-
toms ; of these he considers the prema-
ture ripening of the fruit and an unna-
tural color and flavor as the most im-
portant.

In way of possible remedies, use
stable manure with caution ; trim off
diseased branches as far as possible
without too serious mutilating the tree,
and cultivate carefully. Apply the
following mixture of commercial ferti-
lizers : 25 lbs. kieserite, 100 to 150 lbs.
muriate of potash, and 450 lbs. dissolv-
ed bone-black, at the rate of 6 to 9 lbs.
of the mixture to each tree ; if the
trees are badly diseased, add more muri-
ate, about 4 lbs. to each tree, in Spring
before growth begins, and in the FalL
Spade the ground as far as the roots
extend, mulch with the inverted sods
or straw, and apply the fertilizer on
this mulch, thus avoiding too near an
approach to the roots. The evidence
of this theory of the cause is found
partly in the cures that have been
effected by this treatment with muriate
of potash. The remedy is a simple one
for so destructive a disease, and is well
worthy of careful trial by all whose
peach orchards are attacked by it. —
The 'Wine and Fruit Grower.

THE ONION MAGGOT.

" Coal ashes at the rate of about
25 bushels per acre are now asserted to
be a perfect specific for the onion mag-
got, and as they are easily procured
and applied, a trial at least could be
given at a very small expense."

The above seems to be thrown out
without any statement of experiment
by any one who vouches for the correct-
ness of the assertion as proved in his
own experience. In some places this
maggot has been very destructive, and
growers of onions would be most thank-
ful to be put in the way of a " perfect
specific,"

236

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE EARLY CLUSTER BLACKBERRY.

This was a chance seedling, discovered
about ten years since on the farm of
Charles W. Starn, of Camden County,
N. J.

It has so far proven very vigorous,
healthy, and wonderfully productive.
We are told that thirteen quarts of ripe
berries were picked from a single hill
at one })icking. It is of good size and
of excellent quality.

A new blackberry is only a black-
berry and might at first sight be con-
sidered of little account, but when it is
known that hundreds of car-loads are
grown and marketed yearly from the
three States of New Jersey, Delaware,
and eastern part of Maryland, and when
we take into consideration the thou-
sands of acres of vines that are required
to produce such an amount of fruit, we
are led to believe that a new black-
berry, even if only a blackberry, if an
improvement on all the older varieties,
might not be such a small alBfair. — Farm
and Garden.

GRAPES IN THE LAKE ERIE VINE-
YARDS AND IN NEW JERSEY.

George W. Campbell, widely known
as a skilful grape culturist, in a letter,
dated July 24, says : " I am sorry to
say that in a recent examination of the
vineyards on the islands of Lake Erie
I found them generally in a very un-
promising condition, the early appear-
ance of rot and mildew having already
so much injured the grapes that one-
third of a crop would probably be a full
average estimate, with favorable wea-
ther the remainder of the season. Cat-
awbas seem most injured. Concords
next, and Ives and Delawares the
least."

A cultivator in the northern portion,
of New Jersey writes us : ''I have had
the blues for the last three weeks over
my grapes, which are mildewing and

rotting badly. I have been treating it
with sulphur, a thing I never did be-
fore, and bagging the best clusters,
hoping to save some of the unafiected
ones. In a recent letter from Mr.
Downing, in answer to my inquiry, he
says : ' If I begin using sulphur as soon
as the leaves are the size of a half dol-
lar,, and renew it after each rain, it will
generally prevent it, but not always.'
The fact is the mildew did not appear
till the grapes were set, and I did not
apply sulphur till then." — Country
Gentleman.

SALVIAS.

For the production of a brilliant,
massive, floral effect during late sum-
mer, and all of autumn until frost, no
plant can compare with the Scarlet
Sage, Silvia sjplendens. Its large, pen-
dent, plume-like racemes of brightest
scarlet form a strikin<? contrast against
its glossy green foliage, and in fact
against that of any green-leaved plants
and shrubs.

The plants may be gi'own from cut-
tings or from seed, the latter method
being the one generally adopted. The
seed is sown very early in spring, in a
greenhouse or hot-bed ; when of proper
size, the seedlings are planted in small
pots, and toward the end of May trans-
planted to the open ground. They are
now raised in immense quantities by
florists and nurserymen, and the young
plants may be purchased cheaply in
every flower market. The Salvia is
naturally a rank grower, forming long-
jointed stalks ; and in order to produce
its best effects, the plants must be
pinched back from the start, so as to
shape into a compact bush.

They delight in deep, rich soil, and
should be watered evenings during very
dry weather. Toward the end of Sep-
tember they may be taken up, potted in
soil consisting of three parts loam, one

I

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

237

leaf mold, one manure, with a sprink-
ling of sand, or in any good, rich soil.
If lifted carefully, shaded for a few
days, and then brought to a sunny
window, they will continue to bloom
for some time. — American Gardener.

RASPBERHIES IN NEW JEiiSKY.

Among these. Early Prolific is the
earliest and most productive of the red
varieties, and has always given us bet-
ter results in every respect than Reli-
ance. Highland Hardy is a little earlier,
but too small and light a bearer. Tur-
ner is a little better, but too small.
Cuthbeit is large and productive when
well cultivated and thinned. Superb
is large, productive and promising, and
there is little difference between this
and Montclair, the latter being the
sweeter. A lady residing about a mile
from here, last week requested me to
call and see her Montclairs. I did so,
and a finer sight in the raspberry line
I never beheld. The plants, five feet
high, were loaded outside and in with
berries. Ripe specimens, three-fourths
of an inch in diameter and seven-
eighths of an inch long, were abundant.
^ She thinks it "just good enough."
[We have fruited this sort several
yeans and find it valuable. — Eds.]
Brandy wine is of no account save to
produce plants The little fruit which
it gives is hard, dry, and destitute of
good qualities. Clarke produces fine |
berries, but they require careful hand- j
ling even for home use, and the plants |
are not fully hardy. Shaffer is a very '
vigorous grower, the fruit resembling
red. black-caps till fully ripe, when it '
assumes a darker color. Some of the
berries are monsters in size, [averaging
with us about seven-eighths of an inch
in diameter. — Eds.] It is about the
same in quality as the Rochelle, wliich
we have had to discai'd on account of
its liability to disease. The Caroline I

gives us great satisfaction, being hardy,
healthy and productive, the berries
large, very attractive in colour and
admirable in quality. It finds its way
to our table oftener than any other. —
E Williams, in Couiitry Gentleman.

ROSE PAQUERE'lTE.

This Rose has only been brought in-
to prominence within the past year or
two, yet it is rapidly making its way
into popular favor. It is a charming
little bush, resembling a dwarf minia-
ture form of Aimee Yibert, and, like
it, bears comparatively large clusters of
small white flowers, but unfortunately
almost, if not quite, scentless A very
useful ])urpose to which this Rose can
be put is to grow it in r-inch or 0-inch
pots, and em])loy it for greenhouse de-
coration during the sj)ring and early
summer months. It is much better
fitted for pots than for the open ground,
as, being dwarf, the flowers get dis-
figured by heavy rains. It can be
readily struck from cuttings taken off
at any time when the young shoots are
in a half-ripened condition ; insert them
in pots of sandy soil, and keep them
close till rooted ; then pot them oft', and
when requijite, shift them into 5-inch
pots. If cuttings are taken now and
placed in a gentle heat, they will root
very quickly, and can be potted ofl' and
established in small pots before winter,
when the protection of a frame must
be accorded them. When growth com-
mences in sj)ring the strongest may be
potted on, and will form little flower-
ing plants tlie next summer ; but the
first season, free growth rather than
flowers should be encouraged, so as to
obtain good plants for the following
year. Some of tlie most likely may
then be intioduced into a little heat as
early as the end of February, and, by
starting them in successive batches, a
display of flowers may be kept up for a

238

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

long time. Good loamy soil, with, if
too heavy, a little leaf-mould and sand
added to it, suits this Rose well. — H. P.
The Garden.

MANGOES.

The Mango, Mangifera Indica, is one
of the most beautiful of fruit-bearing
trees. Originally from India, it has
become acclimatized in all tropical
countries. Tn Brazil it grows to a large
size, but we have never seen trees which
had attained the magnitude to which
they grow in their native country.

The foliage is deep, glossy green when
old, the young leaves varying from
pink to deep browny-purple. The
flowers are small, yellowish-pink, in
branching panicles. The fruit is one-
sided, dark green, but often with bright,
rosy cheek ; is frequently, when fully
ripe, all bright yellow. The pulp is
fleshy but full of fibres which cling to
the seed, and as there is a great deal of
juice it is more difficult to eat a Mango
than a cling-stone peach. There is no
fruit which varies more in quality than
the Mango. The best are equal to a
delicious peach, while the common
kinds have not inaptly been likened in
taste to a mixture of tow and turpen-
tine. We have never but twice tasted
fruit from any tree that did not have a
slight flavor of turpentine, but as one
of these trees is in our own orchard and
has a reputation in the neighbourhood
as the best Mango in Para, we can in-
dulge our taste for Mangoes to its full
extent. This fruit is, however, not con-
sidered very wholesome, and although
the natives eat it freely, the stranger,
until fully acclimated, should beware of
Mangoes. The Mango season is from
December to March, but in the climate
of Para this fruit, like many others,
can be had in greater or less quantity
at all seasons. — Am. Garden.

PRICES OF CANNED GOODS.

The following are the quotations for
these goods on the 4th of September
last as reported by The Wine and Frv it
Grower, published in New York :

Canned Fruits. — Apples, 3 lbs., $1 10 ;
gallon, $3 25. Blackberries, 2 lbs. , 80c.
Blueberries, 2 lbs., %1 30. Cherries,
white, 2 lbs , $1 85 ; red, $1. Damsons,
2 lbs., $1 ; egg plums, 2 IbSj $1 50 ; green
gages, 2 lbs. , ll 50. Gooseberries, 2 lbs. ,
11. Peaches, standard, 2 lbs., $1 40 ;
seconds, %l 20 ; standard, 3 lbs. , $1 90 ;
seconds, $1 50 ; pie, 3 lbs., $1 10 ; 6 lbs.,
$1 75 ; gallon, $3. Pineapples, standard,
2 lbs., $1 40; Bahama, $2 25. Pears,
common, 2 lbs , $1 25 ; Bartlett, ^1 50.
Quinces, heavy syrup, 2 lbs., $1 75. Rasp-
berries, 2 lbs., $1 80. Strawberries, 2
lbs., $1. Whortleberries, 2 lbs., 90c.

Canned Vegetables. — Asparagus, 3 lbs.,
$3. Beans, Lima, 2 lbs. , $1 20 to ^1 15 ;
string, 75c. ; Boston baked, Lewis, 3 lbs.,
$1 60 ; do., Curtice, SI 60. Corn, Wins-
low, 2 lbs., $1 35 ; Burnham & Morrill,
$1 25 ; ^Qw York State, $1 10 ; Balti-
more, 90c. ; Harford Co., 95c. Peas,
marrowfat, 2 lbs., $1 10 ; early June,
$1 25 ; sifted, $2. Pumpkins, 3 lbs., $1;
gallon, $3 25. Squash, 3 lbs., %1 40.
Succotash, Baltimore, 2 lbs., $1 30. To-
matoes, standard, 2 lbs , 85c. ; 3 lbs., 95c.
to |1 ; seconds, 3 lbs., 75c. ; standard,
gallon, |3 15.

J'^is/i.—Lobster, 1 lb., $1 50 ; 2 lbs.,
$2 40. Mackerel, 1 lb., $1 15. Oysters,
standard, 1 lb., 92^c. ; 2 lbs., %1 60 ; light
weight, 1 lb., 52|c. Salmon, 1 lb., |1 40;
Columbia river, %l 50 ; to arrive, 1 lb.,
%1 45. Sardines, quarters, lie. ; halves,
I7^c. ; quarters, American, 6|c. ; halves,
10c.

The same authority gives the follow-
ing statement of the present condition
and outlook of the canned goods market :

FRUIT.

A2)ples are short, both in New York
State and West, and present prices are
not likely to recede.

Blueberries are short also, and have ad-
vanced 10c.

Cherries also short, and are held firmly
at $1 45 to $1 50.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

S39

Plums are short in New York State, but
a fair crop South and in California.

Gooseberries are plenty, and lower.

Peaches short in Delaware, Maryland,
and in the West, and have advanced 5c.
to 10c.

Pineapple stock is fair ; no change.

Pears. — Standard goods are lower by
5c., and new stock abundant.

Raspberries. — A large pack in New York
State.

Strav)berries not very abundant, and
pack light.

VEGETABLES.

Asparagus. — About fair stock, and
prices range from $2 75 to $2 90.

String Beans. — A large crop, and lower
than ever before.

Corn. — Reports from Maine and New
York State show backward condition of
the crop ; the output is large, and if
frosts hold off, the crop will be equal to
demands.

Peas. — A very light crop, and large
stock of Junes lower than marrows.

Pumpkins. — Fair crop.

Squash. — Light crop, and prices higher.

Tomatoes somewhat of a conundrum,
but believed to be about the same as last
year.

BOOK NOTICES.
Lovett's Illustrated Catalogue
for Autumn of 1883, is very hand-
somely got up, with numerous nicely
executed cuts of fruits, <fec., and full of
information about new and old varie-
ties.

Forestry is the title of a monthly
magazine, edited by Francis George
Heath, and published by Wm. Rider
<k Son, London, England, and to be had
of L. Van Nostrand, 23 Murray Street,
New York. The August number con-
tains among other very interesting pa-
pers on© from the venerable William

Little, of Montreal, on the alarming
destruction of the White Pine in Ame-
rican forests.

Science for August 24th has a very
interesting p^iper on the ice-huts of the
natives of North Hudson's Bay ; but
its great attraction is the papers read
before the American Association for
the advancement of science at its recent
meeting. It is published weekly at
Cambridge, Massachusetts, by Moses
King.

Milford's Microcosm, edited by A.
Wilford Hall, Ph. D., is published
every month by Hall & Co., 23 Park
Row, New York, at $1 per year. Its
scientific discussions are very interest-
ing, even though they strike often at
the root of our early lessons in philo-
sophy. It teaches that every force in
nature is as really substantial as are
the trees, rocks, &c., of the material
realm. For example, sound is not air
waves breaking upon the tympanum of
the ear, but a substantial entity.

Dig Lewis' Monthly for August is
before us, in which many valuable sug-
gestions are given in a very readable
form, concerning the laws of life and
health. We are not convinced that
horseback exercise is an unfailing cure
for consumption, though we have no
doubt of its being a very healthful ex-
ercise. The Insane Asylum remini-
scence, it* not fiction, indicates that
these institutions need most thorough
supervision. We had supposed that
the foolish fashion of tight lacing was
exploded, and its injurious effects so
well understood that further lecturing
on this subject was not needed. We
commend the article on Woman's
figure to the perusal of those who favor
wasp-waists. The article on the func-
tion of sunshine deserves to be gener-
ally read and pondered. Published by
Clarke Bros., 68 and 69 Biblo House,
Now York.

MO

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST.

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS.

Insects on Roses. — Vick's Monthly
states that a good remedy for the insects
which infest the rose, is to syringe both
surfaces with a solution of whale-oil soap,
using one pound of the soap to one gallon
of water. Another remedy is kerosene
mixed with an equal quantity of milk, a
spoonful of the mixture being then stirred
in a gallon of water for syringing. In a
few hours wash off either of these appli-
cations by syringing with clear water.
Caution is recommended in the use of
carbolic acid on plants, as it will destroy
them if used too freely. It is advised to
mix a few drops in soap suds made from
soft soap, and try its strength on weeds.

Decorative Tree Planting. — The
Commissioners of the Woods and Forests,
of England, are trying to plant a large ex-
tent of crown lands in the Isle of Man
with forest and ornamental trees. T]ie
experiment, which is watched with inter-
est not only by those who follow sylvi-
culture as an art but by many who regard
with apprehension the gradual denudation
of forest and woodlands, leads Lajid to
comment on the growth of a taste for
planting ; for transforming into artistic
plots grounds which are ill-favored and
uninviting ; for digging lakes and forming
cascades, resulting in magnificent combi-
nations of sylvan charms. — American
Garden.

A German Insecticide. — The Reper-
toire de Pharmacie quotes, upon the
authority of Dr. Nes^sler, a receipt for an
insecticide which is said to have a great
reputation among German horticulturists.
It consists of soft soap, 4 parts ; extract
of tobacco, 6 parts ; amylic alcohol, 5
parts ; methylic alcohol, 20 parts ; water
to make 1,000 parts. The extract of
tobacco is made by boiling together equal
parts of roll tobacco and water for half an
hour, adding water for what is evaporated.
The soft soap is first dissolved in the water
with the aid of a gentle heat, and the other
ingredients are then added. The mixture
requires to be well stirred before used,
and is applied by means of a brush or a
garden syringe fitted with a small rose. —
Scientijic American,

Piper's Seedling Strawberry. — This
is a remarkable berry. It has the greatest
vitality of any strawberry in cultivation ;
the plants stand our coldest winters with-
out protection, and stand our severe hot
summers, and continue to make plants
when others die on the same ground along
side of it. The fruit is firm, and can be
shipped a long distance. The fruit has
been ready to pick on Friday, and it set
in raining, and it rained for two or three
days, so as to prevent the fruit from being
gathered until Monday, when it has been
gathered and hauled fourteen miles, and
then it sold readily at 15 cents per box,
by the crate, when others were selling at
from 10 cents to 12| cents, at retail. It
is unsurpassed for canning and preserving.
It is believed the berry can be shipped
500 miles, and arrive in good condition.
The fruit is large, some berries measuring
2^ inches in diameter. The fruit is fine,
sweet, and of delicious flavor. Taking all
things into consideration, we think the
Piper cannot be excelled. — S. W. , in Fruit
Recorder.

Roses on Arbor-vit.es. — One of the
prettiest, certainly one of the most strik-
ing, combinations seen for some time we
{Irish Farmer's Gazette) saw this last week
at a villa residence near town. Immedi-
ately in front of the house and just out-
side the carriage ring stand two fine old
specimens (companion plants) of the Am-
erican Arbor- vitae {Thuja occidentalis).
Near one of the two at some time a plant
of the old cluster Rose, Rosa multiflora,
was growing, which, inclining to fraternise
with its American cousin, extended a
feeler shoot, which w^as favorably welcom-
ed b}'- the friendly conifer, the result be-
ing a picture of shrub and floral beauty
in combination. When at this season
the somewhat sombre, irregular, and
picturesquely broken surface of the Thuja
is garlanded with the snowy Rose wreaths
which burst out here and there, and in
striking contrast of color, hang from or
drape the dark spray of the friendly tree,
it forms one of the prettiest an.l most
striking combinations imaginable — a com-
bination, too, like many another happy
one, the result of accident rather than
design.

PRINTED A.T THE STKAM PBE3S ESTABLISHMENT OF COPP, CLARK k CO. COLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

mninfTtiiriiTfiqn'nTr^T"Qiff^^''J'Kaifiri'firr. i.,^iflyt''.rjjjii^tn,ffpfnrity

■<{_ vegetable: s. _ >-

THE

VOL. VI.]

NOVEMBER, 1883.

[No. 11.

VEGETABLES.

If fruits have been found conducive
to human health and happiness, and
worthy of attention from learned socie-
ties and of the fostering aid of the state,
so vegetables also deserve a place in our
considerate regard as havinsf likewise
much to do with the comfort of man.
The beautifully colored plate that ac-
companies this number brings before us
at a glance very many of the produc-
tions of the garden that in spring-time,
in midsummer, and in autumn have
both graced the table and satisfied our
desires. What more delicious in the
first really warm days of spring than
that asparagus which the artist has so
properly, as we think, represented in
buds and stalks of green? Let them
eat white asparagus who may, we
would not deprive them of the pleasure
if they can find it ; but to oui- taste it
is far more delightful in flavor when
grown in the genial sun-light, its bitter
changed by that mysterious alchemy to
sweet. Then how much better than con-
serves are those rosy tinted round and
oval radishes, grown quickly in some
warm, sheltered nook, tender and crisp,
delighting the eye and the palate as
well. That sweet-corn also, which an

English writer, envying us our sunny
climate, styled food fit for the gods ; is
there anything more delightful to the
hungry soul, smoking hot and redolent
of its peculiar perfume? Those mid-
summer days are all too few in which
we can pluck ears of corn, tender, juicy,
rich, and sweet. They who like may
cut the kernels from the cob, but its
highest flavor is enjoyed by those who
can adopt a more primitive style. Then
the artist, with an appreciation of ex-
cellencies that shows him to have been
well acquainted with his subject, has
given us the Hubbard squash, the rich-
est, sweetest and best of all our au-
tumn squashes. Lot more southern
latitudes boast their yams and sweet
potatoes, they do not compare in rich-
ness of flavor with this northern vege-
table. And as for celery, that is strict-
ly a production of our north temperate
zone, yielding its delicate spicy flavor
only in the cool autumnal weather, when
the fierce heats of summer are passed
away and the latter rains bathe the
plants with frequent showers.

Thouglitful observers have maintain-
ed' it to be a fact that our daily food
has much to do with what we are as
mental and social beings ; that the con-

242

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTDKIST.

tinned consumption of coarse food, as
pork and potatoes, gives a coarseness
to our natures, while on the other hand
the daily use of these fine vegetables
tends to human refinement and eleva-
tion. We are inclined to believe there
is much of truth in this opinion ; at
least we do find that men of refined
minds and tastes very generally culti-
vate these fine vegetables and make them
a very considerable portion of their
daily food. Again, as refined taste
pervades society, our vegetables are not
estimated in proportion to their bulk.
It is no longer the largest possible size
without reference to fineness of grain,
and delicacy of structure that now re-
ceives the prizes at the exhibitions of
horticultural productions. These mon-
strous growths, with their coarse fibre
and coarse flavors, are turned over to
the exhibitions of stock feeding roots,
where, if anywhere, they belong. Horses
and cattle may be able to masticate
and digest them.

,In the cultivation then of our vege-
tables for table use we will aim at the
production of fine grain combined with
tenderness and flavor. To this end we
will use fertilizers that have been pro-
perly prepared by composting until
they are no longer rank and coarse,
and in such quantity as experience has
taught us will, in our soil, produce
quick growth without coarseness. Fre-
quent stirring of the soil by means of
hoe or cultivator greatly conduces to
this result, and a mellow surface is of
as much, if not of more importance
than the application of fertilizers.

EXPERIMENTS IN TREE GROWING.

BY P. E. BUCKE, OTTAWA.

In the autumn of l^'72 I procured
from the woods near by some butter-
nuts (juglans cinerea) which I imme-
diately planted. T wish here to state
that all tree seeds and nuts should be
planted so soon as ripe, whenever that
may be; if not, their vitality is either
altogether destroyed or much impaired.
They all came up in the spring of 1<573.
One of these, which has been twice
xiransplanted, is now, at ten years of
age, two feet three inches in cicumfer-
ence at one and a half feet from the
ground, and is thirty-four feet high.
It began to bear nuts at seven years
of age. Had this tree been grown
in a grove for timber, instead of
for ornament, it would have been
much taller, as the branches would
have been trimmed ofl" higher up the
stem, and the trunk would have been
drawn more to the light. These butter-
nuts are the oldest lot of trees I have
on my place grown from the seed.
Maples of the same age are not half so
thick through, though nearly as high.
The butternut is a very quick growing
tree, and well repays by its thick and
graceful foliage any care that may be
bestowed upon it. The timber and
nuts are both valuable, and considering
the ease with which they may be obtain-
ed, it is certainly most extraordinary
that they are now becoming so scarce.
A few acres of these trees in rows ten
or twelve feet apart would be a magnifi-
cent sight.

Whilst in Toronto in the autumn of
1876, 1 procured some horse chestnuts
{^cBsculus hippocastanum). The trees
are now seven years old, and are ten
inches in girth and twelve feet high,
having been twice transplanted. They
do not grow nearly so fast as the butter-
nut, and are not very satisfactory in
this cold climate.

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

243

One of the most rapid growing trees
of the hard wood varieties is the ash
leaved maple, or box elder (Negundo ace-
roides), sometimes called the Manitoba
maple. I obtained seed of these in the au-
tumnofl88i, and planted them so soon
as gathered in October. The trees on
which the seeds are growing sho\ild be
carefully watched from day to day to
ascertain when they are plump and
begin to fall, at which time they should
be at once collected and planted one
and a half or two inches deep. In the
spring of 1882 these seeds came up as
thick as peas in a row, and so soon as
they had the seed leaves and one other
expanded, they were taken up and set
in a row six inches apart. The growth
does not appear to have been checked
by this operation, as they are now some
of them eight feet high at the end of
the second year's growth, and are one
and a half inches through. This variety
is at present being set out as the future
shade tree of Manitoba. In Winnipeg,
Portage la Prairie and Brandon, streets
are being lined with them, and in spite
of the past dry season they are doing
remarkably well. Very few are dead
which were planted this spring, show-
ing that they bear transplanting very
well. These trees grow very profusely
along all the streams of Manitoba and
the North-west, and may be seen there
entwined with wild hops and grape
vines. The wood of this tree is valuable
for fuel, and sugar is made from its sap.
A few acres would be a great acquisi-
tion to any farmer, either in Canada or
the North-west, for fuel, shelter or
sugar.

Black walnut {juglans nigra) two
years old from the seed are two and
one-half feet high, and appear to be
quite hardy here, though, of course,
this cannot yet be determined with cer-
tainty, as they were well covered by
snow last winter.

The elm (idmiLS Americoma) grows

nearly twice as fast as the sugar or the-
soft maple, it is not so subject to borers,
and is a more graceful street tree. In
the American towns the elm has the
preference over all others, and in my
opinion justly so, as it has many esti-
mable qualities.

The white native birch {hetula papij"
rcbced) also makes a very pretty street
tree, but for some reason is seldom
planted; growing side by side with
the elm on my place there is very little
difference in size or height betweeu the
two. The birch has a thicker, closer
head than the elm, and its leaves re-
main green longer in the autumn than>
the latter tree.

So far all attempts to grow the sweet
chestnut (castanea Americanct) here
have failed. The foliage and flowers
are both very ornamental, and the tree
is well known for its fi uit. It should
be grown by all lovei-s of trees further
west.

From the small experience I have
had in growing trees, I find there would
be no trick in clothing this country, if
required, with a dense forest during the
life time of any one who had reached
his twenty-tifth year, provided he at-
tained the age of three score years and
ten. If a proper selection of trees wei*e
made, and the ground put in good con-
dition for planting, 1 believe that in five
years from the sowing good saplings
could be had for sale to parties who
did not wish to take the trouble, or had
not time to grow them from seed ; ten
years would give timber suitable for
fence posts; fifteen yeai-s for fuel or
railway ties, sugar making, and a variety
of other uses ; and a sufficient supply of
nuts and seeds could be grown to enable
the cultivator to enter into a tree seed
business, for which there will be a large
and increasing demand before many
years are over. It would be well for
the Ontario Government to start a tree

244

THE CANADIAN HOE Tlcf I TURIST.

farm to supply trees and seeds, if no
one else will go into the business ; a
practical demonstration is now all that
is required to set tree growing going
on a large scale.

REMINISCENCES OF MOBILE.

Mr. Editor, — It was my privilege
to pay a flying visit to Mobile, Ala_
bama, in the last days of February,
1883, and it occurs to me that a brief
description of what I saw at that time
might be of interest to your readers.

The present population of Mobile is
•estimated at about thirty thousand, of
which fully ten thousand are blacks.
The general appearance of the city is
not one of great enterprize and thrift ;
its buildings are not imposing, nor is
there the stir and activity at the
wharves which one sees in the cities of
the north and west. The double row
of earthworks on the landward side is
still to be seen, though broken and
worn by time, where the slaves toiled
by night and by day until they died by
hundreds from fatigue and exposure.
The labor might have been spared, for
the Northern army never stormed the
ramparts. Admiral Farragut entered
the harbour that' was so securely for-
tified and filled with sunken torpedoes
as to be thought impregnable, with his
fleet one day, and the city was at the
mercy of his guns.

The trees and plants that grow about
this city, which by the way is one of the
oldest on this continent, are particularly
interesting to one whose life has been
spent amidst the vegetation of Canada.
Some of the grandest specimens of
the Magnolia grandijiora are to be
found on the shell-road just out of the
city, where stands a grove of them,
many of the specimens being fully
eighty feet high, and supposed to be

not less than one hundred and fifty
years old. I measured a ^i^.wf of these
monarchs and found them from four to
four and a half feet in diameter. Here,
beneath their shadow, I found the beau-
tiful if ct^/zoZm glauca, whose northern
limit extends into Ntew Jersey A very
noticeable feature in the woodland
landscape at this season of the year is
the Hex cassme, covered with berries
of brilliant red. The most common
street tree is the Chinaberry, Melia
azaderach, which has been introduced
on account of the beauty and perfume
of its flowers, but which at this season
of the yeai- is by no means of an attrac-
tive appearance, being disfigured by the
masses of dried berries or seeds which
remain upon it all winter. The Live
Oak, Quercus virens, seems also to
have been planted as a shade tree, at
least some most magnificent specimens
are to be found on the streets and in
the suburbs. I paced the spread of one
of them and found its branches extend-
ed over a diameter of twenty feet,
with a circumference of over two hun-
dred feet. What a grateful shade when
the summer sun is in the zenith, but at
the time I stood beneath its spreading
branches admiring its magnificent pro-
portions, a nortli-easterly wind was
blowing and an overcoat was not un-
comfortable. That the readers of your
magazine may have some idea of the
appearance of these fine oaks, I send
you a cut of one that stands not far
from the residence of that eminent
botanist who has done so much for the
science of forestry in the Southern
States, Doctor Charles Mohr, of Mobile.
And should you ever visit this ancient
city, especially if you desire to study
the flora of this region, do not fail to
make his acquaintance; you will find
him a genial gentleman, who will take
a pleasure in placing his vast stores of
botanical knowledge at your command.
The picture will also give you an idea

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

245

of lite at midwinter in this southern
cliine.

Another species of oak which is very
abundant here and Uiroughout this re-
gion is known as tlie Water Oak, Quer-
cus aquatica. The leaves of these oaks
are quite unlike tliose of our Canadian

them the long leaf Pine, or Southern
Pitch Pine, Pinus australis. It is a
tree of lofty growth, with a tall shaft
like the mast of a vessel, stretching up-
wards without a branch for many feet.
Doctor Mohr assures me that they not
uncommonly reach to the height of a

EVERGREEN OAK

Oaks, beinu' imidi sni.illn- and entire,
II, .^ <M,f ... I In- (.Jges. It were difficult
I isiitined only to the oaks of

<>M! I'M.-i to ac<"oj)t these small leaves
with i-.'-ul.ir (.iitliiic ms those of an oak
but for tlif Miiiiiisrakable acorns and
cups, which ai Diic-e satisfy all doubts.
The Cotton Wood. Pi>i>nJnx mo/ioli-
ferd, also grows heic, hut the ticcs I
saw were of very modest dimensions.
And here I formed the acquaintance of
a new race of pin(?s, foremost among

IN MOBILE.

hundred feet and (ucr. Fioui hini I
learned that the h. rests of tiiis h)iig-
leaf Pine in Alaliama tonii i^ui' sepa-
rate roi,noiis, the iiKuiLime rc-;ion, the
central pino belt, the forests of the
Coosa river, and an isolated forest in
Walker County, covering an aggregate
of twelve thou.sand square miles, and
computed by him to yield an amount
of merchantable pine equal to 19,000,-
000,000 feet, linear measure. Not-
withstanding which, he says that the

^46.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

constantly increasing inroads into these
forests for the production of naval
stores will in a short time lead to the
complete exhaustion of these vast re-
sources, without any hope of their re-
storation. Next to the long-leaf Pine in
importance is the short-leaf Pine or
Soft Yellow Pine, Finns 7nitis, which
forms a considerable portion of the
forest growth in the upper part of the
Coast Pine belt, and of the upland in
the northern part of the State. It is
scarcely inferior in the quality of its
timber to that of the long-leaf Pine. I
also saw here a few specimens of the
Loblolly Pine, Pinus tceda, whose lum-
ber is fit for only inside work.

The principal horticultural industry
here seemed to be the o^rowing of cab-
bages, beets, cucumbers and Irish pota-
toes. I saw farms covered with cab-
bages, some of them full grown, others
just approaching maturity. These are
shipped by the car-load to Cincinnat
Chicago, Philadeljjhia and New York
markets and bring remunerative prices.
The cucumbers were yet under small
frames covered with cotton cloth as a
protection from possible frosts. Doctor
Mohr informed me that according to
the observations of the Mobile Signal
Station, the average temperature from
October to December, was 54° Faren-
heit, and from January to March it
-was 52°. It seldom falls lower than
28° at any time during the winter, and'
rises occasionally as high as 72°. The
Irish potatoes, as they are called to
distinguish them from, the sweet pota-
toes, were at the time of my visit about
.a foot high. The^-c come in about the
middle of April, and are also sliipped to
northern markets. 1 did not see any
large plantations of strawberries, which
ripen here in March. The soil did not
seem to me to be at all equal to our
own in quality, yet I)y the use of phos-
phates these truck farmers are produc-
ing surprising crops. The rain fall

from January to March, inclusive, av-
erages 1 8 inches, which is favourable to
the production of fine ci'ops of vege-
tables during this'part of tlie year.

It was my privilege also to visit
some of the parks and flower gardens
in the vicinity of the city, and it was a
novel experience indeed to walk among
avenues of Oleanders, and in groves of
Camellias, these now indeed beginning
to drop their petals, yet still gorgeous
with their lovely flowers ; the air laden
with the perfume of the Fragrant Olive,
mingled with the odor of roses, which
were here blooming in greatest profu-
sion. Here I saw fine specimens of
Laurestinus just coming into bloom,
with Pittosporums, Vincas,and Fig trees
the latter just putting forth their leaves,
while a Rhyncospermum jasminoides
clambered upon the verandah trellis.

The Pecan, Carya olivoa/orniis, I also
saw growing here, though I believe
that it must have been introduced. Its
home seems to be in Western Texas,
below latitude 32°, from whence large
quantities of the nuts are exported,
reaching an annual value of from 50,-
000 to $60,000. It is now being cul-
tivated in Louisiana for the sake of
the nuts, growing rapidly and bearing
fruit at about four years after being
planted.

I was informed that the residents are
now seeking to encourage immigration,
and to that end are circulating pamph-
lets in English and German, setting
forth the advantages which tl.ey can
offer to both capitalists <nnd laborers to
come and settle among them. Cotton
is no longer king. A mixed husbandry,
adapted to the peculiarities of that cli-
mate, is now accepted to be the neces-
sity of the country. The old time resi-
dents are not sufiiciently skilled in
general agriculture to develop fully the
resources of that land, and to bring
out its capabilities ; hence, they long
for the settlement among them of skill-

I

THE. CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

247

ed and enterprising cultivators. As
these must come from more northern
climes, they will doubtless find that they
have much to learn in the way of
adapting their new methods to the cir-
cumstances, and although standing on
vanta<?e orround by reason of their
general knowledge of the subject oi land
tillage, it will probably be found that it
will require the time of one generation
to fully ascertain the particular crops
and best methods of cultivation to yield
the most remunerative returns.

Yours, B.

IN MEMORIAM.

Mr. James Little, the Nestor of
Canadian Forestry, died at his resi-
dence, Cote St. Antoine, Montreal, on
the 2nd of October, 1883, at the age of
eighty years. He was born near Lon-
donderry, Ireland, and came to Canada
in 1823, being then only nineteen. In
1833 he was married to Annie Youell,
daughter of William Youell, Esq., of
Thorold. He was extensively engaged
in lumbering and was the first to send
lumber to the markets of the United
States.

About ten yeai*s ago he commenced
to write on the subject of forest protec-
tion and the importance of curtailing
the cutting of our commercial woods,
raising a warning voice against the
reckless waste that was rapidly destroy-
ing an important source ot national
wealth. In recognition of his labors
in this direction the American Forestry
Congress awarded him a special vote of
thanks.

In the August number of Forestry^
published in London, England, 1883,
at p. 2i3, is a vigorous article on the
^* alarming destruction of American
Forests " from the pen of his son, Mr.
William Little, in which he sets forth
the present condition of the White Pine
forests of the United States and Canada,

and shews from unquestionable data
that at the present rate of destruction
it will require but seven years to ex-
haust the supply of White Pine timber.
We commend the article to the careful
perusal of every one. The mantle has
fallen from the father upon the shoul-
ders of the son, may he be long spared
to continue the work of arousing the
attention of our people to the great im-
portance of preserving and continuing
this source of our wealth.

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS
AND PERENNIAL PLANTS.

THEIR HARDINESS, AND ADAPTABILITY FOR

THE DECORATION OF THE PARK

AND GARDEN.

There is nothing in cultivation to ex-
cel hardy shrubs, and perennial plants,
for the decoration of the Park and Gar-
den. Their hardiness, beautiful varie-
ties of foliage, flowers, and their hand-
some as well as graceful forms of
growth, place them first on the list for
decorative purposes. There is at pre-
sent in cultivation such an extensive
variety of both the shrubs and plants,
that there is no difficulty whatever in
selecting varieties most suitable to soil,
situation, and climate, and by a judici-
ous selection of the same, a continual
succession of bloom may be kept up
during the whole floral season. One
great point in favor of the shrubs and
plants is, that when once planted and
taken root there is very little trouble
beyond a slight covering of the shrubs,
for protection from frost in sevei*e
northern climates. The covering may
be done with old mats or straw. Shrubs
too large to bend down should be
drawn together as close as possible
without breaking the limbs. Tie with
strong cord, and cover. It is necessary
that the covering should be done before
the severe frost sets in, and left on in
spring till all danger of frost is over,
as it is the continual freezing at night

248

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

and thawing during the day that does
the most harm to both the shrubs and
plants. It is necessary that the shrubs
should have a shortening in spring.
Cub all dead wood out and shorten
small wood back close ; also shorten
the flowering wood slightly. The forms
they may be used in are numerous and
varied, such as ribbon-lines, beds,
clumps, or singly on the lawn. In using
on the lawn, shrubs with remarkable
foliage should be selected, such as Cor-
nus variegata, Weigelia variegata, Ber-
beris purpurea, (fee. In using them in
ribbon lines, beds or clumps, the tall
varieties are selected for the back
ground or centre of bed, and the next
taller on down to the edge or border.
The varieties should be so dispersed as
to form an even display of bloom as
well as a continual succession of the
same over the entire shrubbery. As
climate, soil and situation have a great
influence on the growth and height of
both the shrubs and plants, it is impos-
sible to lay down precise limits for the
same. As some seasons vary greatly
from others, so their time of flowering
may be earlier or later according to the
season, consequently it is impossible to
expect them to flower the same time
every season. The shrubs and plants
will thrive in almost any soil, providing
it is not very poor. In planting, mix in
some well decomposed manure or old
hot-bed mould along with the soil at
the time of planting; water in dry
weather. The whole secret of success
lies in the tasteful arrangement of
shrubs and plants according to their
various forms of growth, colors of
flowers, foliage, wood and heights, and
so blended as to form a contrast, both
in flowers, foliage, and wood. The
following are the names of some of the
shrubs and plants most worthy of a
place in the Park or Garden, and which
have proven quite hardy, with but a
slight protection during the winter, as

far north as Ottawa, Ontario. There
are some of the shrubs and plants that
need no protection whatever. They
are marked thus* :

SHRUBS.

* Berberis vulgaris, Canadensis, alba, pur-
purae ; Berbery.

* Cornus sanguinea, variegata, mascula —
Dogwood.

Deutzia seabra, gracilis, erecta, crenata,
plena — Deutzia,

Hydrangea hortensis, panniculata — Hy-
drangea,

* Syringa Emodi, alba, purpurea, persica
alba, sinensis, speciosa, Washington, Gran-
diflora, sanguinea — Lilac,

* Philadelphus cornarius, cordatus, flori-
bundus — Mock Orange,

Pyrus japonica, alba, rosea — Japan quince.
Ribes sanguineum, aureum — Currant,

* Spirea prunifolia, abovata, grandiflora,
callosa, alba, crenata — Bridle Reed.

* Viburnum grandiflorum, opulus — Snow-
ball.

Weigela rosea, splendens, alba, grandi-
flora.

PERENNIAL PLANTS.

* Aconitum album, longiflorum, napellus
— Monkshood.

* Anemone palmata, vernalis — Wind-
flower,

Antirrhinum, different kinds — Snapdragon.

* Aquilegia arctica, grandiflora — Colum-
bine.

Arundinaria variegata — Ribbon Grass.

* Aster Gniellus, bicolor, grandiflora —
Michaelmas Daisy.

* Bellis perennis, different kinds — Daisy.

* Campanula pyrimidalis, rotundifolia —
Bellflower.

* Convallaria majalis, multiflora — Lily of
the Valley. . ,

* Dielytra erimia, spectabilis — Bleeding
Heart.

* Dictamnus, Fraxinella.

* Galanthus nivalis, flore pleno — Snow-
drop.

* Helleborus atrorubens, bividus — Christ-
mas Rose.

Hemerocallis aurantica flava — Day-lily.

* Iris bicolor, pumila alba, persica — Fleur
de luce.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

24»

* Lychnis chalcedonica, haggeana, alba —
Flower of Jove.

* Narcissus, diflFerent kinds,
Peonia arborea, alba, grandiflora.

* Phlox nivalis, ovata, different kinds.

* Pansy, different kinds.

* Salvia azurea, ofl&cinalis.

* Sedum montanum, ternatum.

* Spirea japonica, speciosa, umbrosa.

* Viola arborea, odorata, alba.

Thos. E. Davis.
Ottawa, Ont.

THE FORESTRY EXHIBITION.

Arrangements are being made for
the holding of a Forestry Exhibition
sometime in the summer of lbS4 in the
City of Edinburgh, Scotland. The fol-
lowing notice is taken from the Garden :

" Quietly, but energetically, the ex-
ecutive committee charged with the
arrangements for this undertaking are
pushing forward the ])reliminary mea-
sures necessary to ensure its success.
Without any direct appeal to the pub-
lic, the guarantee fund has already
mounted up to about .£3,500. While
no date has yet been fixed for the hold-
ing of the exhibition, it is generally
understood that the most suitable period
for it will be the months of July, Au-
gust, and September next year. En-
tries, it is said, will close on the 1st
of March next. The nature and
scope of the exhibition will, perhaps, be
best understood from the following ab-
stract of the proposed classification : —

"In Class 1., 'Practical Forestry,'
will be exhibited implements, tools,
(fee, used in forestry, draining, and en-
closing, models of foresters' huts, char-
coal kilns, and timber slips, plans of
river embankments, rafts, and appli-
ances for floating timber, models of ma-
chinery for transporting timber and
transplanting trees, sawmills, wood-
working, and pulp machinery of every
description, and fencing materials."

'• Class II., ' Forest Produce,' will
embrace collections of timber specimens-
and ornamental woods, woods used for
ordinance, for railway purposes, and
for pavements, cooperage, wood carving
and turnery; basket and wicker work,
fancy wood work, wood engraving, tan-
ning and dyeing substances, barks, in-
cluding cork fibres and fibrous sub-
stances, material for paper manufacture,,
gums, resins, wood oils and varnishes,
(fee."

" Under Class III., * Scientific For-
estr}^,' will be ranked botanical speci-
mens of forest flora, microscopic sec-
tions of woods, fungi and lichens injuri-
ous to trees, forest fauna injurious to-
woods, useful and noxious insects, pre-
servative processes applied to timber^
geological specimens and diagrams illus-
trating the diflTerent formations adapted
to the growth of trees, fossil plants, and.
trees found in bogs."

" Class IV., ' Ornamental Forestry,'
will consist of growing specimens of
rare and ornamental trees and natural-
ized species, in tubs or otherwise, rustic-
work, arbours, seats, bridges, (fee."

"To Class v., 'Illustrations of For-
estry," will be relegated paintings,
photographs, and drawings of remark-
able and historical trees, foliage and
scenery, illustrations shewing the effects^
of blight, accident,' or any abnormal
condition, and sketches of work and
operations in the forest."

" In Class VI., ' Forest Literature.'
will be found forest reports of forest
schools, forest periodicals, and other
publications, treatise on measuring and
valuing wood, forest floras of different
countries, treatise on fixation of dunes
and on ancient and extinct forests,
working j>lans of forests and planta-
tions on estates, valuations, surveys,.
«kc., maps and charts illustrative of the
geographical distributions of forest trees,
and their altitude."

^50

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

'' Under Class YII. will come essays
;and reports on specific subjects for which
premiums are offered. Under Class
YIII. loan collections. Under Class
IX. economic conditions of foresters
•and woodmen. Class X. will contain
miscellaneous exhibits.

Among the places from which ex-
hibits have already been promised are
Ceylon, the Andaman Islands, Jamaica,
Canada, California, the United States
-of America, and New South "Wales ;
while the famous forestry schools of
France and Germany are expected to
l^e adequately represented, as is hoped
may be also the forests of Norway and
.Sweden, Cyprus, Greece, and Italy.
Application has been made to the
heads of the forest departments in the
different Presidencies of India, and
many of those gentlemen, being per-
sonal friends of the members of the
.<;ommittee or of the honorary officials,
are expected to render hearty co-opera-
tion. Communications have also been
addressed to various foreign ambas-
sadors, with a view of obtaining for the
exhibition the recognition of their re-
spective Governments; and thus far
the results in this direction have been
of the most satisfactory character. The
literature of the subject is likely to be
illustrated by reports of the schools of
forestry in all parts of the world ; and
in this connection occasion will be
taken to show the strong claims which
Edinburg has for the establishment of
such a school, while abundant material
for the practical education of students
is to be found all over the country.
Closely allied to this branch of the sub-
ject is the preparation of plans showing
the age of trees and the stage of growth
at which cutting should be, or has been,
resorted to — a mode of procedure which
is said to be confined in Scotland to
the Grantown estate of the Earl of Sea-
field, under the management of Mr. J.
-■G. Thompson, though the practice is

said to be largely and advantageously
pursued in other parts of the world.
By the preparation of such plans the
proprietors of forests are said to have
been led to take a greater interest in
the woods on their estates, and so have
been enabled the better to direct their
management, preventing over-felling
in some seasons, guarding against over-
crowding at other times, and thus ren-
dering the plantations less liable to the
ravages of such a gale as that of Oc-
tober 14, 1881. The loan section of
the exhibition will, it is anticipated,
prove to be one of the most attractive
of all, including, as it is expected to do,
notable specimens of carving, wood en-
graving, and several other kindred arts,
from various quarters.

STRAWBERRY NOTES FROM OHIO.
Eds. Country Gentleman — Among
the new strawberries, the Manchester
has impressed me so favorably that I
would have no hesitation in planting it
largely, and correspondents in many
parts of the country have sent me favor-
able reports. It is a good grower and
bearer, the fruit large, regular, good in
color and fair in quality. It will not
surprize me if the Primo proves to be
the most valuable of the new varieties.
It seems to have all the good points of
the Manchester, with better flavor and
perfect blossoms. The Jersey Queen is
the only one on my place entirely free
from rust at this date. The fruit is
large and excellent. The ''Big Bob" is
small and poor in other localities, but
better with me. From what I have
seen I expect a great deal from Arnold's
Pride. The Mrs. Garfield is but little
known out of my own place. I raised
it from Crescent in 1878, and it proves
a good healthy grower, abundant bear-
er, blossoms perfect, berries medium to I
large, bright red, excellent in quality. 1
George W. Campbell calls it the best
flavored of all the large varieties. I

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

251

have fruited the Daniel Bhone seven
seasons, and it has never disappointed
me. It was our main dependence this
season. The fruit is very large, regular,
bright red, good in flavor ; plants pis-
tillate. Charles Carpenter of Kelly's
Island says it will yield as many quarts
*s the Manchester-

Of the well known varieties, I regard
the Cumberland, Hart's Minnesota and
Mount Vernon as the best three.
Hart's Minnesota is one of the earliest
and remains in bearing a long time.

The strawberiy crown-borer is sjjread-
ing rapidly, is very distructive, and its
habits not generally understood. The
larvae are carried all over with potted
plants. — M. Crawford, in Country
Gentleman.

CULTIVATION OF CURRANTS.
The currant has always been a uni-
versal favorite, not so much ])erliaps be-
cause of the real nature of the fruit as
because of the extreme hardiness of the
bush, which hitherto has withstood a
good deal of neglect, with little or no
attention. After once planting them in
some remote corner of the garden, or
under the fence, they were let severely
alone. But with the curi*ant, as with
other things, as soon as they become
scarce, the demand for them will in-
crease, and better prices rule. My plan
of cultivation — which I do not claim as
the best, but which has always succeed-
ed with me — is simply this : As soon
as the leaves are off the bushes in the
fall, I go through them with a sharp
knife and trim out the old branches, and
any of the new that show signs of the
borer, and cut back all new shoots one-
third. I then rake up all the wood
that has been cut out, and burn it to
make sure of destroying all insects that
might cling thereto. This done, I work
in deep — usually with the spade — three
or four shovelfuls of good, well-rotted
barn manure around each bush to the

space of about three feet ; the ground
between the rows is now either plowed
or spaded, and the whole given a liber-
al top dressing of light manure, and the
work is done for the winter.

As soon as the first worms appear in
the Spring — which is early — I take
a heaping tablespoonful of powdered
white hellebore, and thoroughly wet
it with boiling water — a quart or so. I
now turn this to a pail of clean cold
water, stirring constantly all the while,
till every j^article of the powder is well
mixed. It is ready now for a])plication
to the bushes, which is done with a large
watering-pot, taking great care to thor-
oughly sprinkle every bush ; repeat this
as often as the worms reappear. Us-
ually two applications, one early in the
Spring, and the other just before the
fruit ripens, are sufficient to keep down
the worms. Keep the ground around
them mellow and free from weeds, and
if at any time through the summer a
branch is seen to wilt, it is immediately
cut away and burned, as such is the
"sign of the borer."

Following this method of cultivation,
I ha\ e never lost a bush or had a poor
crop of fruit. And I bespeak the same
success to any who will take the same
trouble for the sake of this delicious
fruit. It will pay. — D. B. C, in Prac-
tial Farmer.

PLANT TREES ON THE ROADSIDES.
Mr. Orange Judd advocates tree
planting along the highways, in Ameri-
can Agriculturist for November. He
saj^s .• Trees may be planted at a
time before the ground freezes solid, or
as soon as it fully opens in spring.
Early spring would be preferable on
some accounts ; but if left until then,
the hurry of work, often delayed by cold
and wet weather, is likely to interfere.
It is better, therefore, to get every hardy
tree possible into its permanent grow-
ing place now. And every year it is

252

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

delayed is no trifling loss. A hundred
trees can be set at a cost of ten to
twenty dollars, or for almost no cost,
if one has spare time and the saplings
are easily available. These may in ten
to fifteen years grow to be worth three
to ten dollars apiece for needed timber
and fuel, or for the fruit or nuts pro-
duced.

It would be greatly to the advantage
of the country, its climate, and its beau-
ty, if the sides of our public highways
generally were planted with trees that
furnished shade and ornament while
growing, and supply at no distant period
wood for various purposes. Some years
before they mature sufficiently to be cut
down for use, new plantings alternating
with the older trees can be coming for-
ward to take their places, or slow and
quick-growing varieties may be set, so
that when the latter are removed the
former will be large enouofh to soon fill
the gaps. It is desireable, however, to
have together those that somewhat re-
semble each other in form at the top.
We have in mind a broad street,
ninety feet wide, where twenty-five to
thirty years ago various oaks were set,
thirty to forty feet apart, ten feet from
the outside, and between these, in a line
with them, quick-growing maples were
planted. Recently the maples were all
removed, furnishing a cord of wood a-
piece, with considerable useful timber,
and the oaks now stand in two beauti-
ful rows.

As to loss of land from spreading
roots and from shade, if planted a few
feet from the fence, the roots can be
kept from the crops by a deep furrow
along the inside of the fence every year
or two, and the shade will not be a seri-
ous detriment — none at all from trees
on the south side of roads running east-
erly and westerly. Those on the north-
erly side of the road furnish a very de-
sirable shade to animals in the adjoin-
ing pastures.

OIL FROM SUNFLOWER SEEDS.

The sunflower has long been grown
for its oil seeds in Russia and India, and
the cultivation has been more recently
taken up in Germany and Italy. The
plant grows readily in most soils, but
prefers light, rich, calcareous land, un-
shaded by trees. In Russia the seed is
drilled into lines 1 8 inches apart, and
the plants are thinned out to 30 inches
apart in the rows, thus giving about
11, 000 plants in an acre. The quantity
of seed required for an acre is four to
six pounds, and the sowing takes place
in September — October, the crop being
ready to harvest in February. In Eng-
land it is recommended to be planted 6
inches apart and 1 inch deep, and to be
earthed up when 1 foot high, requiring
no subsequent attention. The yield of
seed is much increased by topping the
plants, and the best fertilizer is old
mortar. Each plant produces about
1,000 seeds, chiefly on the main head.

Experimental culture in France gave
a return of 1,778 pounds of seed, yield-
ing 15 per cent of oil (275 pounds), and
80 per cent of cake, from an acre ; but
the product varies considerably accord-
ing to soil, climate, and cultivation, and
the average may be roundly stated at
50 bushels of seed from an acre, I gal.
of oil from 1 bushel of seed. The per-
centage of oil to seed ranges from 1 6 to
28 ; and that of husk to kernel from 41
to 60.

The Italian cultivation is confined to
the neighborhood of Piove and Con-
egliano, in Venetia. In Russia the
plant is most extensively grown in
Kielce and Podolia, and the district of
Birutch, in Yoronej ; the production of
seed is now estimated at 8,000,000
poods (of 36 pounds), from an area of
80,00 dessatines ^of 13,067 square
yards). In Tartary and China it is
cultivated in immense quantities, but
no actual statistics are available. In

THE CA^NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

253

India (Mysore) 1 acre of land gives
1 1 J cwt. of seed, which yeilds 45 gallons
of oil, which is there compared with
ground nut oil, and applied to the
same uses. Russian seed is expressed
on the spot, and the oil is largely em-
ployed for adulterating olive oil. The
purified oil is considered equal to olive
and almond oil for table use. The chief
industrial applications of the oil are for
woollen dressing, lighting, an-^ candle
ai:Md soap making; for the last mentioned
purpose it is superior to most oils. It
is pale yellow in color, thicker than
hempseed oil, of 0'926 specific gravity
at 15°, dries slowly, becomes turbid at
ordinary temperature, and soldifies at
- 1 6° 0. — Dm Reporter.

THE NIAGARA GRAPE.

The Wine and Fruit Grower, in a
late number, copies some remarks upon
this grape from the National Tribune,
and then indulges in an expression of
its own opinion that is more fierce than
complimentary. We copy the whole
for the benefit of our readers, and thus
contribute our mite towards keeping
the grape before the public :

For thirty years we have been familiar
with grapes, and we have probably tested
all the varieties which have been introduc-
ed during these years. We have no re-
collection of any grape being introduced
that was not pronounced to be far better
than any other ; and yet, among hundreds
brought forward, but few are really worth
growing. Just at present the Niagara is
well kept before the public, and judging
from the opinions given by those who
have tasted the fruit, it would be difficult
to say what it is worth as an edible fruit.
One will state that it is of the highest
quality ; another, that it is foxy, of second
class ; the third will call it good, but not
best — and so on. But if it is well kept
before the public, we presume its owners
will be satisfied. — William Saundebs, in
The National Tribune.

[Exactly! And those who have planted
largely of this grape, will doubtless be

''satisfied" too, that they have ''got left."
We had an opportunity to test this grape,
and an "alleged" wine made from it, at
the recent meeting of the American Pomo-
logical Society, and had hoped to be agree-
able surprised by its good qualities. We
were surprised. The samples shown were
grown at Charlottesville, Va., where the
grape ought to do well, if anywhere. But
we are compelled to say that neither the
grapes nor the wine were calculated to in-
spire any one with admiration. In short
we think it a gross humbug, as bad as it is
big, and wholly unworthy of cultivation. —
Wine and Fruit Chrower.

INSECTICIDES.

N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station,

Geneva, N Y., Sept. 29, 1883.

One of the greatest boons to garden-
ing would be the discovery of effici-
ent methods for the destruction of in-
sects, as well as remedies which are
easily to be procured and of easy appli-
cation. This, however, is a difficult
matter to accomplish, and upon a view
of the season's work we recognize but
little absolute success.

The cabbage worms have been abun-
dant and destructive. We have war-
red against them with tobacco-water,
saltpetre, alcohol, boracic acid, bisulph-
ide of carbon, etc., in various combina-
tions, but we finally settled upon an
emulsion of kerosene oil and soapsuds
as the remedy that, all things consider-
ed, was the most satisfactory. It ap-
pears that one ounce of common yellow,
hard soap, one pint of kerosene oil, and
one and one-half gallons of water, well
mixed and stirred, and applied by means
of a rose from a watering-pot destroys
all worms that become thoroughly wet
with the mixture, and does not injure
the plant. Care must, however, be
taken to keep the ingredients thoroughly
mixed in the pot, for if the oil is per-
mitted to rise to the surface, «6 that it
will pass out upon a few plants, it will
prove fatal to the few, while the re-
mainder will not receive enough of the

254

THE CANADIAN HOKTICCL lURIST.

oil to destroy the worms. In this case
the kerosene is the insecticide, the ob-
ject of the soap being but to thicken
the liquid so as to retard, in a measure,
the separation of the oil from the water.
A large proportion of the soap makes
the water so thick that it will not flow
readily through the fine openings of
the rose. A large proportion of oil en-
dangers the plant, while a small pro-
portion is inefficient against the worms.
There is one caution, however,* to be
given : If repeated applications of the
mixture are made upon the same plants,
the more tender varieties will be de-
stroyed or will be injured. We found,
on trial, that where one or two appli-
cations were made without injury to
the plant, a large number of applica-
tions blighted the leaves, more or less,
and five applications entirely destroyed
the early varieties, while large growing
and late varieties seemed uninjured
even under severe dosing. The grow-
ing cabbage furnishes so many hiding
places for wor»ns that we cannot hope
to destroy them all with a single appli-
cation, however thoroughly it may be
made. The perfect remedy should de-
stroy the worms wherever it touches
them, and should not injure the plant
in the least under any number of appli-
cations.

During the strawberry season we
noticed that a decaying strawberry had
a great attraction for the wire worm.
We frequently found as many as twenty
of these worms beneath a single over-
ripe decaying fruit. This suggested
that it might be possible to entrap the
wire- worm, by placing some sweet sub-
stance about plants that are troubled
by it. Accordingly, on June 25th we
placed small lumps of a mixture of
molasses and wheat flour about plants
of Sweet William in the flower garden,
which, from the early spring, had been
the favorite haunts of the wire-worm.
On June 29th an examination showed

that our trap was a success, and we
counted thirty- five worms under a
lump of the mixture, the size of a silver
dollar. We next collected a large
number of the worms and placed them
with a small quantity of soil on an
earthen seed-pan, and placed on the soil
a lump of the same mixture, with a
little Paris green added. The mixture
attracted the worms as before, but, ta
our surprise, it did not kill them. We
confined them for a week in the pan^
but did not see that they diminished
in numbers.

One part of Paris green mixed with
200 parts of ground limestone proved
entirely successful against the larvse of
the potato beetle. Great care is, how-
ever, required to secure a thorough ad-
mixture of the two substances where so
small a proportion of the poison is used.
In this dilution Paris green seems ta
lose its danger to the human family,
as we can scarcely imagine injurious re-
sults coming from its use, to the careful
man,

Bisulphide of carbon applied to the
soil about the roots of squashes for de-
stroying the squash-borer, Aegeria
cucurbita, had no visible effect in di-
minishing their ravages. Paris green,
mixed with water, at the rate of 1 part
of the former to 600 of the latter, by
weight, and carefully applied to the
stems of squash plants, seemed to be of
benefit. We commenced using about
August the 20th, taking great care to
first remove every borer from the stems.
We have since found but few borers in
the plants treated with it, although the
plants were of those varieties very sub-
ject to their attacks. A careful exam-
ination made September 5th, discovered
but two borers in 8 plants, while other
plants in the same row, to which no
application had been made, contained
from 1 to 3 borers each. The Paris
green and water was applied in this
case with a watering-pot having a small

THE CANADIAN HOKTICUL'J UR18T.

255

rose with the apertures facing down-
wards. The stems were wet for a dis-
tance of about two feet from the base
of the plants.

We have also made another experi-
ment upon the squash-borer, which
seems to })romise valuable results. This
is the aj)plication of a solution of a sul-
phate of iron about the roots. We
used this solution upon five vines about
August 22nd. The first plant treated
was of the Hubbard variety, and four
were of the Essex Hybrid. All these
vines had been infested by borers, and
at the time the application was made
four of them were almost destroyed by
them. The borers were very cai-efully
removed by splitting the stem length-
wise to the centre and picking out the
animal with a pair of tweezers. The
solution was then poured about the
roots of the plant, sprinkling it upon a
circle about four feet in diameter, tak-
ing great care not to allow any to
touch the leaves. In these plants we
have found no borers since the applica-
tion was made. The vines quickly as-
I sumed a deep green colour and are still
growing vigorously. The proportion
used was one-fourth pound copperas
dissolved in a gallon of water, and a
gallon of the solution was used for
each plant.

^ We do not deem these experiments

with the squash-borer as in any sense
conclusive. We hope to make careful
verifications of them the coming season.
We offer these results of limited trials,
hoping that persons interested in the
culture of squashes might aid us by
practical trial.

E. Lewis Sturtevant, Director,

Hydrangea paniculata qrandiflora
is one of the most beautiful of hardy
shrubs. It is now producing great mas-
sive panicles of pure white blossoms. It is
dwarf in habit and flowers most freely.

HOW TO SUCCESSFUL Y TKANSPLANT
TREES.
Many think it cheaper and better to
take up large trees from the woods, and
transplant them to their grounds or
to the road-side, than to buy uuisery
trees. As a rule such trees die ;
they fail because proper |)recautious
have not been taken. In dii-iiini:
up the tree, all the roots outside of a
circle a few feet in diameter are cut off,
and the tree is reset witli its full head
of branches. Whoever has seen trees
in the forest that Avere upturned by a
tornado, must have been struck by the
manner in which the roots run very
near to the surface, and to a great dis-
tance. When the roots of these trees
are cut off at two or three feet from the
trunk, few or no fibrous or feeding
roots are left ; and if the mass of top
is left, the expansion of buds in the
spring will not be responded to by a
supply of sap from the roots, and death
must follow. If such trees have the
tops completely removed, leaving only
a bare pole, they will usually grow
when traiisjjlanted. The tree is little
more than an iuiuiense cutting; but
there are roots enough left to meet the
demand of the few shoots that start
from the top, and growth above and
below ground are well balanced. We
have seen maples, elms, and basswood
trees, fifteen feet or more high, trans-
planted in this manner, without a fail-
ure. Some trees treated in tliis man-
ner were planted in our uei-hlxuhood
about ten years ago. They iiave now
as fine heads as one would wish, and
show no signs of former rough treat-
ment. Ti-ees in pastures, or on the
edge of the woods, are better furnished
with roots. These should be prepared
for transplanting by digging down to
the roots, and cutting off all that ex-
tend beyond the desired distance. This
will cause the formation of fibrous
roots near the tree. It will be safer

S56

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

to take two years for the operation,
cutting half of the roots each year.
Such trees may be removed in safety,
especially if a good share of the top is
removed at transplanting. — American
Agriculturist for October.

PYRETHRUM, OR CHRYSANTHEMUM
COEYMBOSUM.

This is a robust herbaceous plant
with elegantly cut foliage and white
and yellow flower heads, know also
in gardens as Pyrethrum corymhosum.
Under cultivation it grows about 4 feet
high, and probably higher in rich soil.
It is as hardy and persistent as the alli-
■ed species, G. Parthenium, syn. Pyre-
thrum parthe7iium, of which the Golden
Feather is a variety. In a wild state
it grows from 1 to 3 feet high, and it is
a common plant in Central and Southern
Europe, ranging from Portugal to Swit-
jzerland, Austria, and Turkey.

The insecticide and insectifuge quali-
ties of the dried and finely powdered
flowerheads of different species of Pyre-
thrum and the harmlessness of the pow-
der to man, to other animals, and to
plants,have long since been known. Used
against various household pests, under
the names " Persian insect powder" or
"Dalmatian insect powder," it has hit-
herto been put up in small bottles or
packages and sold at high prices. The
so-called Persian powder is made from
flowers of Pyrethrum, carneum, and P.
Toseum, while that from P. cinerarice-
folium, a native of Dalmatia, Herzego-
vinia, and Montenegro,is more generally
known as Dalmatian powder. Some
interesting experiments made during
past year on different insects by Mr.
William Saunders, of London, Ontario,
show that the use of this powder may be
satisfactorily extended beyond the house-
hold, while a series made by Professor
Riley in the summer of 1878, with the
same powder on the cotton worm, show-
ed it to have striking destructive powers,

j the slightest puff* of the powder causing
' certain death and the almost instant
dropping of the worm from the plant.
Repeated on a still more extensive scale
the present year at Columbus, Texas,
the powder proved equally satisfactory
in the field.

Here, then, we have a remedy far ex-
ceeding any other so far known in eflic-
acy and harmlessness to man and plant,
and the only question has been to reduce
its cost. Mr. Milco, a native of Dal-
matia, has been cultivating the P. ciner-
aricefolium in California in constantly
increasing area for the past three years,
and deserves great credit for his efforts
in introducing it. The insect powders
made from the California grown flowers
have proved to be very efiective. —
Scientific Am,erican.

' THE BANANA.

A slight descriptioii of the banana as
it is seen growing may be interesting
to some who enjoy its delicious sub-
stance without knowing what form it
presents during the primary stages of
its growth. The stem of the plant is
not woody, but consists of the footstalks
of the former leaves wrapped round
each other, and it rises to the height of
twelve or fifteen feet. The leaves are
very large, of a long, oval form, five or
six feet in length and beautifully green
in color. The middle rib of the leaf is
tough and strong, but the rest of its
substance is thin and delicate, and is
easily torn by the wind alone, in a di-
rection at right angles with the rib.'

The manner in which the fruit is de-
veloped is quite interesting. From the
midst of the leaves, and at the top, ap-
pears a large, smooth, purple cone,
hanging down gracefully at the end of
a stalk. The flowers are all wrapped
up in this cone, which consists of a
large number of closely packed spathes.
By-and-by the uppermost of these

THE CANADIAN HORTICTJLTTJRIST.

257

sheathes disengages itself from the rest,
curls up, and discloses a row of three
or four long blossoms, with the young
fruit of each beginning to form.

While this row of fruit is tender,
the spatlie remains hanging over it like
a roof, but when the fruit has acquired
some size and strength the protecting
shield drops off, and the next in order
rises up, with a similar row of young
fruit, over which it stands in the same
watchful attitude, till it also drops off
to be succeeded by another. When
one circle of fruit is completed, another
is commenced below, and in due time
another; while the common stem
around which the fruit is disposed grows
constantly longer and the cone of
spathes diminishes in size till it is all
unfolded, and a monstrous bunch of
bananas is finished, which seldom
weighs less than twenty or thirty
pounds and sometimes as much as
seventy or eighty. Of all kinds of
vegetable nutriment the banana is per-
haps the most productive, and most
easily raised.

After a plant has produced its bunch
of fruit, the stem is either cut, or is
suffered to wither and fall on the spot.
In -the former case, it is good fodder
for cattle ; in the latter it forms good
manure for the young shoots which are
springing frorp the root, and which are
soon ready to bear fruit in their turn.
From the^e shoots or sprouts the plant
is propagited. — Michigan Fanner.

THE SOUTHERN FRUIT SHOW.

At the great fruit show made at the
Southern (Louisville) Exposition on
August 2<Jth the Fern Creek (Ky.)
Fruit Growei-s' Association took the first
premium of $500 for the best display of
fruit, having over 1,700 plates of
fruit on exhibition. The Davidson
County (Tenn.) Society took all the pre-
miums for the best ten varieties of
2

apples, and also first premium on several
single varieties.

The display of grapes is said have to
been very fine indeed, comprising
over one hundred varieties. The
premium for the best new grape was
awarded to the "Julia," a seedling grape
orignated by John Hege, of Tennessee,
said to be much larger than the Con-
cord or Worden, and in quality fully
equaling either of these sorts. The vari-
ety which can thus stand prominent
above all others out of over fifty new
kinds, each claiming excellence in some
marked particular, must indeed be a
fine grape, and we shall wait with in-
terest to learn more of its character and
merits.

MIMULUS OUPREUS BRILLIANT.

The pretty little coppery red Mimulus
has been a favourite with most people
ever since it has been introduced from
the Chilian Andes, and the attention be-
stowed upon the raising of it from
seed has resulted in obtaining several
distinct and beautiful varieties. The
older forms of it are tigrinus and varie-
gatus, both with flowers quaintly and
brightly spotted, and the double variety
or rather a hose-in-hose kind. All
these are distinct from the type itself, an
extremely pretty plant, but all sur-
passed in brilliancy, neat and compact
growth, and florif'erousness by the new
variety which Messrs. Carter have ob-
tained and named Brilliant. We lately
saw a broad mass of this Mimulus in
full flower at their St. Osyth seed
grounds, and thought at the time that
we had rarely seen a moi*e glorious bit
of colouring, viz., a glowing crimson-red
inclined to orange as netir as one can
describe it. There wetre thousands of
plants in the quarter just alluded to, all
without exception being not more than
from 4 inches to 6 inches in height,
spreading, and forming a dense tuft.pro-

258

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

fusely studded with flowers. It is, in-
ndeed, a valuable plant, and one that
could be made to produce a bright effect
in a garden if properly placed ; but to
obtain the best results from it, it must be
seen en masse, say in a bed 6 feet square,
and it never looks better than when
placed in a retiring nook, not too shaded,
on a lawn surrounded by greenery, and
rising from a carpet of grass. It is a
plant which does best in a moist loamy
soil, and yhich well repays good cul-
ture. It is a perennial, and quite hardy
enough in England to last several sea-
sons, and the best plan is to raise seed-
lings of it in autumn and plant them out
the following spring. — W. G. in The
Ga/rden.

THE EARLY PEACHES.
A few years ago we counted up about
fifty named varieties of the very early
peaches, a considerable number of which
claimed to be ealier than all the rest,
and all as early as the Amsden. H. M.
Engle of Marietta, Pa., wrote to the
Gardener's Monthly a year ago, that he
had fruited twenty-six varieties of these
early peaches and they had borne on
his grounds from two to ten years.
He regards the method which he adopt-
ed as the only true one for testing com-
parative earliness, namely, fruiting them
on trees of other varieties ripening at
the same period. Dates of ripening
have been changed every year, and he
has given up saying positively which is
the earliest, but he is satisfied that the
twenty-six sorts tested do not vary
three days in maturity. His experi-
ence of this year confirms this opinion.
In size, appearence and quality, they
prove to be so near alike, that he is sure
he could select specimens of any which
would puzzle good judges. He is still
waiting for a freestone to make its ap-
pearence as fine and as early as the earli-
est. In his statement last year, he nam-
ed the following which did not vary

three days, namely, Amsden, Alexan-
der, Wilder, Musser, Bowers' Early,
Baker's Early, Alpha, Governor Gar-
land, Sherfey's Early, Nectar, Early
Oanada, Waterloo, Downing, Saunders,
Cu mberland. Honey well. Climax, Briggs'
May. The first eleven named have
leaves with globose glands, Waterloo
has reniform glands, and the six named
last are glandless with cut leaves. Mr.
Engle finds that comparative earliness
varies in different seasons with the same
varieties, on the same ground, and in the
same trees ; and hence we may conclude
that some years will yet be required to
place all in their true position for merit
and early maturity. — Country Gentle-
man.

HARDY FERNS FOR SHADED
GARDEN.

One frequently hears the remark
made that plants do not succeed in cer-
tain gardens, but on inquiry it gener-
ally turns out that the plants selected
have not been suited to the positions
they occupy. Although some plants
delight in abundant sunlight, others are
equally at home in deep shade, and it
is only by observation as to what con-
ditions are most favorable for certain
plants, and selecting them accordingly
that success can be achieved. In this
locality, wherever the situation is open
to sunshine, bright-flowering plants are
the favorites, and thus many of our
villa gardens are kept gay nearly the
whole year round, the latest Chrysan-
themums not being long removed before
early flowering bulbs and many other
plants are in blossom. But all gardens
cannot have full south aspects, and it is
refreshing on bright summer days to
find instead of summer bedding plants
gardens in shady places filled with the
verdant foliage of hardy Ferns and of
other plants that dislike sunshine.
When well established it is surprising
how effective even the commonest of our

THB CANADIAN HORTIOULTURISf.

native Ferns are planted in shade, and
how beautiful they make many an other-
wise uninteresting corner look ; even
little borders by hard paved yards or
ground beneath large trees where noth-
ing else will grow may[be made cheer-
ful by means of Ferns. Get together
a few of the largest and roughest stones
that can be obtained, and a load or two
of good soil ; make^^irregular mounds
here and there, and on these plant the
Ferns. Intermix with them a few
dwarf trailing plants, keep them well
watered, and they will soon produce a
striking effect. — J. Groom, in the
Garden.

AUTUMN HINTS FOR KITCHEN
GARDEN.

In a well-managed garden, as soon as
one crop is off, the ground is made ready
for another, if the ^season allows. In
stiff soils, especially, plowing or spad-
ing, and leaving them rough through the
winter, greatly improves them.

Preserving roots in winter — Parsnips,
salsify, and horseradish are not injured
by hard freezing : all others must be
stored for the winter, and a sufficient
supply of the hardy kinds should also
be taken up. We have described var-
ious methods of storing roots in back
numbers of the American Agricultrlst.
If the cellar is not too warm, a supply
for present use may be kept in boxes or
barrels, and covered with earth, to pre-
vent shriveling.

Cabbages. — The usual method is to
pull the cabbages, set them in a dry
place, heads downwards, and on the ap-
proach of cold weather, cover with a
coating of leaves up to the ends of the
roots; j light soil often used instead of
leaves. For family use, it is convenient
to dig a trench where water will not
stand, and set the cabbages, with what
soil adheres to the roots, close together,
upright, in this. Make a sloping cover-

ing with boards. As cold weather comes
on, place a layer of leaves or straw over
the heads. Soft cabbages thus treated
will very often form firm heads by
spring.

Asparagus and Rhubarb. — Though
these plants are quite hardy, the beds
will produce all the better and earlier if
they have a covering of three or four
inches of manure. All litter should be
first cleared off, and if not already done,
the asparagus tops should be burn ed.

Crops Wintered in the Ground, such
as spinach, sprouts, onion sets, etc., will
need two or three inches of leaves, straw,
or marsh hay, as a protection during
winter, in all but very mild localities.

Cold Frames. — Novices are more apt
to injure the cabbages, cauliflower, and
lettuce plants wintered in these by keep-
ing them too warm than by too much
cold. The object of the frames is, not
only to prevent too severe freezing, but
all growth, and to keep the plants in a
perfectly quiet or dormant state. The
sashes should not be put on until really
freezing weather, and on mild days must
be tilted, to allow ventilation. — Dr.
George Thurber, in American Agri-
culturist for November.

EL^OCARPUS CYANEUS.
A COMPACT-GROWING, frec-blooming,
very sweetscented plant, well suited for
greenhouse cultivation, and easily kept
in health. We have recently seen
several specimens of this species, both
at Kew and elsewhere, clothed with
pretty drooping, deeply fringed flowers,
and surrounded with a most delicious
fragrance. The blooming period for
this plant extends over two or three
months of the summer, and is followed
by a thick crop of bluish berries like
small Sloes, and which are in themselves
very attractive. Taken altogether, this
plant is deserving of a much more pro-
minent position as a garden plant than

^60

THE CANADIAN HORTTCtTLTtTRIBt.

it appears to occupy at present. It re-
minds one of an old favorite greenhouse
plant, viz., Clethra arborea, but sur-
passes it in its crop of ornamental ber-
ries and the pleasing fragrance of its
flowers. Although there are about half
a dozen specific names attached to this
genus in gardens, they are capable of
being reduced to two, viz., E. dentatus
and the subject of our article. Alto-
gether there are some fifty species of
Elaeocarpus distributed over Tropical
Asia and Australia. Many of them
are found in India, where they form
beautiful trees, bearing in many cases
racemes of berries as large as a Black
Hamburgh Grape. The freedom with
which they produce their flowers in a
young state renders them available for
pot cultivation, and where room can be
spared for them to develop themselves
they form handsome evergreen shrubs
when planted out in a greenhouse bor-
der.

E. CYANEUS is an old garden plant,
having been cultivated at Kew and else-
where eighty yeai*s ago. Its foliage is
very leathery in texture, and the nerves
are conspicously reticulate. The flowers
are pure white, and each petal is divid-
ed into abont a dozen acute lobes, M'hich |
give the flowers a most delicately fring-
ed appearance. The figure in the Bot-
anical Register named E. reticulatus is
E. cyaneus. It is a native of Australia,
about Queensland, New South Wales,
and Victoria.

E. DENTATUS is an Indian species, dis-
tinguished from the above by its brown
bark, the silkiness of its branches when
young, and the silky down which clothes
the underside of the foliage. The flow-
ers are smaller than those of E. cyaneus
and not so deeply fringed.

The propagation of these plants may
be effected by means of cuttings, which
strike freely at any season of the year,
or by sowing the berries in the spring,

when they germinate freely and grow
quickly into flowering plants. A loamy
soil suits them, and plenty of water
should be given at all seasons of the
year. An ordinary greenhouse tempe-
rature will be found suitable for them. —
The Garden.

BOOK NOTICES.

Transactions and Reports of the
Fruit Growers' Association of Nova
Scotia, 1883.

Proceedings of the American Asso-
ciation of Nurserymen, Florists and
Salesmen for 1883.

American Treasury of Facts,
statistical, financial and political. H.
H. Warner & Co., Rochester, N. Y.

Mineral Resources of the Domi-
nion of (Canada, specially adapted for
capitalists and settlers : Ottawa, 1882.

The Calligkaph Quarterly, 25cts.
per annum, A. J. Henderson, 77 St.
Patrick street, Toronto, General Agent
for Canada.

Book of Engravings, by A Blanc,
314 North 11th Street, Philadelphia,
1884, electrotypes of which are for sale
by the publisher.

Shorthand Writer. — A monthly
eight page paper devoted to the inter-
ests of shorthand writers, published by
D. P. Lindsley, Plainfield, New Jersey.

Forestry in Europe, and other pa-
pers, by B. G. Northrop, Secret;iry of
the Board of Education, published by
Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor,' New
Haven, Connecticut.

The Floral World is a new month-
ly, published at Highland Park, Illinois,
at $1 a year. The first number is well
tilled with information of special inter-
est to the lovers of flowers.

Autumn Descriptive Catalogue
and price list of American grape vines,
small fruit plants, trees, &c., of George

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

261

S. Josselyn, Fredonia, N. Y., the in-
troducer of Fays' Prolific Currant.

The Swine Breedeh's Manual. — A
treatise by Phil. M. S|)ringer, Sjiring-
field, Illinois. Price 25 cents. Treats
of selecting stock, care of young pigs,
guarding against disease, &c., (fee.

Catalogue of Forest Products,
Grasses and other Forage Plants, mine-
rals and products of the mines of Ala-
bama as shewn at the Southern Ex-
position, Louisville, Kentucky, pre-
pared by Dr. Chas. Mohr, of Mobile.

Dig Lewis' Monthly for October
has very interesting papers on the Hu-
man Brain, Treatment of Prisoners,
Treatment of the Insane, House Drain-
age, The Check Rein, Beer, Nursing,
(fee. They will well repay careful con-
sideration.

William Rknnie's Autumn Cata-
logue of choice Holland Bulbs, import-
ed by Mr. Kennie, Seed Merchant, cor-
ner Adelaide and Jarvis Street, Toronto,
188-i, contains hints on the cultivation
of the hyacinth, tulips, crocus, (fee,
and will be sent free to any of our sub-
scribers on application.

Report of the Department of Agri-
culture and statistics of the Province
of Manitoba for the year \HS2. At
page 47 it is stated that the Champion
Grape is the best variety for cultivation
in that Province, that this variety in-
troduced there under the name of
Beaconsfield does not require to be
covered in winter.

Horses, Their Feed and Their
Feet, is a valuable duodecimo of 150
pages, written by a physician who has
studied the physiology of horses, and
here discusses the relation of feed to
work, the best kinds of feed, when and
how to feed, diseases and treatment,
<fec. Published by Fowler <fe Wells,
753 Broadway, New York. Paper 50c.,
cloth 75c.

The American Agriculturist for
November has been received. The
editors claim that it is not only superi-
or to any other issue of that periodical
issued during its forty-three years of
existence, but is far superior to any
number of any similar journal in the
world. They certainly have presented
an amount and variety of matter which,
considering the price of the periodical,
is remarkable.

Experiments in Amber Cane, and
the ensilage of fodders, at the Experi-
mental Farm of the University of
Wisconsin, Second Annual Report,
containing also instructions concerning
the soil best adapted to the cane, use
of fertilizers, preparation of the soil,
selection of seed, variety to plant,
planting, cultivation, stripping, cutting,
care of the cane after cutting, (fee. It
appears that there was made in the
State of Wisconsin in 1882 four hun-
dred and ninety-one thousand and two
hundred gallons of syrup. In the re-
port on experiments with ensilage, we
find that thirteen rows of fodder corn
converted into ensilage lasted two cows
seventy days, the same quantity equal
every way to that made into ensilage,
but shocked, bound into bundles and
housed, lasted two cows forty-seven
days. The two cows fed with dry fod-
der yielded in 42 days, 1,322 lbs. 15 oz.
of milk and 53 lbs. 5 oz. of butter ;
the two fed ensilage yielded in the same
time 1,456 lbs. 8 oz. of milk and 59
lbs. 8 oz. of butter.

Annual Address of President Mar-
shall P. Wilder before the American
Pomological Society at its session in
Philadelphia, September, 1883. The
following portion of his address is not
only deserving of careful perusal, but
should stimulate our Canadian Fruit
Growei-s to renewed and continued
efforts to produce new fruits :

" It is now more than thirty years

262

THE CANADIAN HOKTICtTLTtTRIST.

since I first called the attention of this
Society to the great importance of pro-
ducing fruit from seed, in order to
originate and obtain such varieties as
might be adapted to the varied climate
and sections of our ever-increasing and
immense territory.

" It has long been known that varie-
ties raised on our own soils, and in our
localities, are generally better suited to
our various regions than those from
foreign lands, and although we have
some varieties from abroad of great ex-
cellence and wide adaptation, there are,
comparatively, only a few out of the
thousands of foreign kinds which we
have proved in the last fifty years, that
now remain in general cultivation.
Formerly the accessions to our catalogue
were from the Old World ; now they
are mostly of American origin, and so
it will continue to be in future time.
These are benefactions not only to our
country, but the world. He that origi-
nates a new and valuable fruit, suited
to general cultivation, is as much a
benefactor of mankind as he who dis-
covers a new principle in science which
increases the comfort and happiness of
our race.

" Natural fertilization, unaided by the
hand of man, is as old as creation ; but
the knowledge of manual fertilization,
the ability of man to assist nature in the
process of improvement, seems to have
been mostly withheld from us until the
present age. Wonderful is this fact,
but it is not more so than the unlimit-
ed extent to which it may be carried
by the genius and sagacity of him who
would co-operate with nature in this
enchanting labor.

" Strange, indeed, that this art should
have been held in suspense for so many
ages, nor until our own time to be
brought into practical use. But, thanks
to the Disposer of all temporal con-
cerns, it has now come as the harbinger I

of a progress which is to revolutionize
and improve the fi'uits of the earth
while time shall last. Thanks, too, to
Knight, Herbert, Lindley, Darwin,
Gray, and other teachers of later time,
for the lessons of wisdom, which have
encouraged us to prosecute this most
noble work.

" The process of fecundation was
know far back in the centuries of the
past, but not for the production of new
and improved varieties of plants. From
the days of Pliny, to the present time,
the custom of suspending the blossoms
of the date palm over the trusses of the
fruit-bearing trees, was known to be
necessary for the production of fruit.
So Tournefort and Linnaeus understood
the sexual order of plants ; but we have
no facts to show, so far as I know, that
either of these writers had a knowledge
that the crossing of different species and
varieties would produce from the seed
a new variety which would possess in a
greater or less degree the characteristics
of the parent plants, and it is doubtful
whether Duhamel, Van Mons, or Nois-
ette, was acquainted with this wonder-
ful art for the indefinite improvement
of our fruits.

*' This is the art that doth help nature,
and great as has been the progress in
our time, it is but as the dawn of that I
day when every section of our varied ■
climes shall be furnished with products
of the earth as well adapted to each as
the people who inhabit them. How
grand the acquisitions of this art in our
day ! It is only about fifty years, since
Mr. Hovey, myself, or other cultivators
of our country, attempted the hybridi-
zation of fruits or flowers. Now the
knowledge of this art is as well under-
stood as the cultivation of the soil.
These are the means provided by an all-
wise Providence for the improvement of
our fruits. Would that Prince, Down-
ing, Brinckle, and those other pioneers
who have gone before us, could now

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

263

witness the amazing advances which
have resulted from their labors in this
cause. O that I could live to parti-
cipate a little longer in the glorious
harvest which is to be gathered from
the influence of this art in im})roving
the fruits of our land. These are bene-
factions which you will leave for the
generations that are to follow you —
memorials of your love of nature, of
home and kindred, which shall live in
the hearts of grateful millions, long
after you shall have been sleeping in
the dust.

"Thus have I spoken for a long course
of years of the importance of this branch
of our duty. Thus would I preach
while life may last. ^ Plant the most
mature and perfect seeds of the most
hardy, vigorous and valuable varieties,
and as a shorter process, insurim/ more
certain and happy results, cross and
hybridize our flitest kinds for greater
excellence.' And should my muse be
able to reach you from the spirit land,
she would, as with telephonic voice,
still chant in your ears the same old
song, —

"Plant the best seeds of every good fruit,
Good fruits to raise, some lands to suit ;
Fruits which shall live, their bounties to

shed,
On millions of souls, when you shall be dead.
These are creations that do the world good,
Treasures and pleasures, with health in your

food ;
Pleasures which leave in the mem'ry no

Bting,
No grief on the soul, no stain on Time's

wing. "

Best way of feeding Roses. — Mr. Pet-
tigrew, of Cardiff Castle, who lately re-
ceived the gold medal of the National
Rose Society and a silver cup for the ex-
cellence of his rose blooms, told me the
other day that he never at any time dug
amongst his rose trees, but fed them
sumptuously by means of surface mulch-
ing and heavy top-dressings. That this
treatment suits them admirably there can
be no doubt, as of all the rose plants I

have seen this season or for some years
back none have been so strong and healthy
as those at CardiflF Castle. — Cambuian, in
The Garden.

Jackman's Clematis. — This well-tried
old variety is of all garden Clematises
perhaps, so far, the best for general deco-
ration. It grows freely in rich deep soils
and is at home everywhere in beds or bor-
ders, on wires or other trellis work, or on
old tree stumps, dead bushes, or as train-
ed on walls. The other day I saw a plant
of it which had been planted along with
the silvery-leaved variety of Acernegundo,
and the effect was very pretty ; but on a
walL, along with golden-leaved ivy, the
plant is still more showy, and in Battersea
Park it is effectively combined with bushes
of the golden-leaved Elder. Now, of
course, we shall all be very anxious to
secure the white-flowered C. Jackmanni
alba, for which Mr, Noble received a first-
class certificate at South Kensington
quite recently. Planted together, the
purple and white forms would be most
charming. How rarely now-a-days do we
see the double variety of C. Viticella,
which is most floriferous and of a mouse-
coloured purple hue. — The Garden.

Rosa Rugosa. — Mr. Harvey, Aigburth,
Liverpool, sends us some uncommonly fine
fruiting and flowering specimens of this
valuable Japanese Rose cut from a bush
two yards across. On the same branch
with the hips are some flowers and buds,
and these will be continually produced
until late in the autumn. All who do
not know this rose should make its ac-
quaintance next season. Also flowers of this
rose, both white and crimson, together
with some very fine clusters of other fruits,
have been sent to us by Lady Parker,
from her garden at Stawell House, Rich-
mond, Surrey, where this rose is now in
great beauty. The fruits or hips are par-
ticularly handsome ; they are as large as
the largest sized Cherries, but more de-
pressed in form, and of a bright orange-
red colour, whicli contrasts strikingly with
the deep green of the broad foliage. These
are by far t^e handsomest rose hips we
know of, and even if this rose did not
bear such beautiful flowers as it does, it
would be well worth growing for the beauty
of the hips alone, — The, Garden,

264

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE LAY OF THE ANCIENT
HYBRIDIST.

BY P. E. BUCKE, OTTAWA.

A comic scientific poem, read before the winter
meeting of the Fruit Growers Association at Toronto,
February, 1883.

In the days of Columbus, so well known to fame,

Who over to Cubd did gallantly pass,
There lived a botanical, physicist, man.

Who did much to improve our whole garden "sass."

He lived in the light of sunnier climes,

Some thousands of miles from this beautifnl town :
He grew luscious greens for the sake of the dimes.

And he met with a large and increasing renown.

But selections and hybrids were chiefly his plans,
To secure the results which his mind had conceived,

He didn't care much for old nature's poor shams ;
In the best that would flourish he only believed.

He thought on this question by night and by day.

In the old Alexandrian lib'ry he read
All those classical books which philosophers say

Would addle one's fancy, or quite turn your head.

In the study of Greek he made a long pause
Over Anaximander, that wonderful man,

Who believed that condensation of air was the cause
Of the world bodies formed on an aeriform plan.

His conceptions were clear, fundamental and bold.
The development theory he knew to be true.

And by deepcosiuological knowledge he told
That the spheres when first formed were excessively
few.

Heraclites, that sage was no myth to his mind :
In currents dame nature conceived, was his view ;

The father of all was the struggle of kind,
Perpetual change making everything new.

Empedoclese taught accidental conjuncture
Of forces which act and react, was the cause

Of the first germs of life on this globular structure,
Which slowly developed by physical laws.

That the forms which existed in ages of old

Were produced out of matter which never has rest.

And that those which survived were the fittest he
told,
To exist in the future as being the best.

The conclusion he came to when study was o'er,
Was to "go it alone," as we say m this age ;

Cut out a new road in the hybridist lore.
So that next generations might call him a sage.

So he set himself down to steady hard work,
To cross a large fowl with a suitable viae,

And he swore that his duty he never would shirk
Until mind and matter closely combine.

To come at this wonderful comical trick.

Of a miracle, chemical, monstrosity,
He thought liimself hoarse, and he got pretty sick.

It haunted him so in the land by the sea.

The pollen he chose was the yolk of an egg.

Hard boiled and rubbed down into powder so fine.

That it looked like the stuff which sticks to the peg.
Or the style of a flower on which the bees dine.

A gourd was procured with a stamen whose cavern
Could swallow whole gravel and not mind the load.

Into this our fecientist brushed in his pollen.
And waited results with the patience of Job.

To his joy one fine day at the end of September
He passed by his goiird on his way to his swine.

When he heard the "cheep, cheep," of a chick
young and tender,
And he knew it came from his hybridized vine.

To say that he sprang twenty feet in the air.

Would perhaps be a little o'erstepping the mark ;

But surprise and confusion did raise up his hair,
And his sensitive organs gave him a rough jerk.

But collecting his senses and looking around,
He found that his brain- box had led him astray.

For the old " yallar " hen that was lost had been found.
Having made her a nest in the cool on the clay.

Like Jonah, she hatched in the shade of her vine,
And brought out her cliickens in comfort and ease ;

She never once thought of the science sublime,
Which grows drumhead cabbage on root of sweet
peas.

The man of deep thinking was awfully sold.
Kept dark on his plans for improving the race.

Lest his friends should combine, and turn him out in
the cold.
And his enemies give him a much wanner place.

Stick closer to nature, you then may succeed
In developing something that's really some good ;

But to cross a shanghai with a pumpkin indeed.
Would produce wings and giblets, but next to no
food.

Note.— Anaximander,^ who lived 625 B. C, assumed
that out of infinity of matter through eternal revolu-
tions, numerous world-bodies came into being as con-
densations of the air, and that the earth, too, as one
of these world-bodies, issued out of a state originally
fiuid and afterwards aeriform. He also taught the
theory that the earliest living creatures on this globe
originated in water from the action of the sun. From
these creatures, later on, were develo)>ed the land in-
habiting i)lant8 and animals, which left the water and
adapted themselves to life on dry land. Man likewise,
gradually worked himself up from animal organism,
and, in reality, from fishlik*' aquatic animals.

One hundred years later, Heraclites of Ephesus,
pro]>ouiided the principle that a great uninterrupted
process of development pervaded the whole universal
world, that all forms are involved in everlasting cur-
rents, and that struggle is "the father (if all things,"
sei.ing th-it nowhere in the world exists absolute rest ;
that all standing still is but apparent, we are com-
pelled everywhere to assume a perpetual change of
matter, a const.int variation Ot fiirm. One form thrust-
ing out its predecessor, the new usurping the place of
the old.

Later on, Empedoclese of Agrigent in Sicily, assum-
ed that the everlasting universal struggle was caused
by the laws of attraction and repulsion of atoms. He
also taught that purposive forms or organisms came
into existence through the accidental conjunction of
counteracting forces. Out of this great struggle the
living forms now existing have issued victoriously, be-
cause they were best prepared for the battle, and
therefore most capable of life.

PRINxaP AT T5E STBAM PRESS ESTAS^ilSHllKNT QT COpP, CI/ARK 4 CO. COLBORNE STREET, TORONTO,

Jr^ljJl

>RMSTRONG » CO. IITH. BOSTON

l-r.ORAI. >t,W>:\XIN'

THIi]

VOL. VL]

DECEMBER, 1883.

[No. 12.

One short season and they have finish-
ed their life-work. Yet in that short
time liow much they have done. What
beauty and brightness they have given
to the home ; how many heavy hearts
have they cheered, or added pleasure to
hours of joy, and given new grace and
loveliness even to that already lovely.
Places that otherwise were bare they
have clothed with beauty, and the even-
ing air has been laden with their sweet
perfume. Short has been their life,
the summer days have quickly gone,
autumn frosts come all too soon, and
the bright flowers are blighted and
blackened and perished. No, not too
soon ; that they were to do has been
fully done. Let us learn the lesson
they teach. Decem))er has come. The
December of life is coming. Will the
life-work have been fully done 1

But the Annuals, the summer flow-
ers : in spring we sow the seed, and in
a few days they are gladdening our
eyes with their beauty. Endless in
variety of form and of color, in their
adaptation to soil and location, if we
but choose aright we may have them
everywhere ; some prefer to grow in the
shade, others in the sunshine ; some
like a cool, clayey soil, others thrive

UALS.

best in the hot sand ; so that by giving
to each the soil and location best suited
to their habits we can have flowers to
ornament the home, whatever may be
the soil or exposure. The vanety we
now have fi-om which to choose is al-
most withi)ut limit, and one has only
to consult any of our seedsmen's cata-
logues to select those whose habit, sea-
son of flowering, and color commend
them to notice. In such a paper as
this it is possible only to call attention
to a few of the many beautiful things
that one might plant.

The Abronia is a valuable creeping
plant, prefering a light sandy soil and
the full blaze of the sun from mom till
night. Its habit and general appear-
ance and manner of flowering are much
like those of the Verbena. The flowers
are sweet scented, having a waxy ap-
pearance, and are produced in great
profusion from June until the frosi
kills the plants. There are some three
or four varieties, distinguished by dif-
ferent names ; Abronia arenaria has
yellow flowers; A. unbellata and A.
fragrans produce blooms of a pale rose
color. The seed may be sown late in
the fall, just before the ground freezes,
or in spring as soon as it has becom*

^e(j

THE OANArHAN HORTICULTURIST.

settled; but the fall sown seed will
usually come soonest into bloom. Our
readers will find the Abronias of easy
cultivation if they can give them a
light, and moderatly rich soil and full
exposure to the sun. The plants will
soon cover a large space and need not
be set nearer than eighteen inches.

The Aster is already well known and
deservedly popular as one of the most
attractive of our autumn flowers. This
is its season of beauty, when the sun has
begun to decline, and the evenings are
cool, with abundant dews. Cultivators
have succeeded in producing many va-
rieties, some growing quite tall, others
very dwarf, and others, of an interme-
diate size, and these with names with-
Oiit end. Those of intermediate habit,
and generally known as boquet asters,
seem on the whole to be the best. The
aster prefers a deep, rich soil, with full
exposure to sun and air, while the roots
are kept cool with a thick nnilch. The
seed may be sown in a good rich seed
bed, thinly in rows. Care should be
taken that the plants are not crowded
at any time. As soon as they begin to
crowd, transplant to a permanent bed,
placing them about a foot apart each
way. A paper of choice aster seed from
one of the best growers in Prussia, is
one of the three papers of seeds offered
to the readers of the Canadian Horticul-
turist in the spring.

Mignonette needs no description to
make it known to our readers, its very
name is suggestive of sweet perfume.
The seeds may be sown in the open
ground at any time after the spring
opens, either in a shady corner or in

the open sunshine. It thrives best in
a rich, friable loam. The individual
flowers are exceedingly modest, yet the
spike is not without beauty, while its
fragrance is prized by every one. It is
well to sow a small bed with it every
three or four weeks until past midsum-
mer, so that there may be a succession
of bloom, for its sweet-smelling spikelets
are always in demand.

The Pansy seems to look up at you
as though it would speak. And does
it not speak, though its voice is not
heard, speak to your heart in a way
that thrills, stirring many memories ;
touching perha})S some minor chord in
your life's psalm, wakening thoughts of
the days and the loved that come not
again. It is the home flower, inter-
woven with all the scenes of home life
and all the precious memories and ever
to be cherished associations of that hal-
lowed spot.

Though not strictly an anntial yet in
our climate it is well to treat it as such,
and sow the seed in a rich moist loam,
shaded from the fierce noonday heat,
but not under the drip of the overhang-
ing trees. It likes the cool moist air
of early spring and later autumn, then
giving forth its largest, richest blooms,
but it dwindles and well nigh perishes
under our midsummer heat. We have
had good success with young autumn
grown plants, slightly protected during
the winter with a thin covering of
leaves, which gave in spring most
magnificent flowers in great profusion.
The readers of our monthly can have a
package of the choicest seed of this
flower, if they so choose, raised by the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

207

most skillful pansy-grower in Great
Britain.

The Portulaca can not brook the
shade, nor smile when the cool air of
evening comes on. It revels in the
full noontide heat, laughs in the face of
the blazing sun, and asks »mly for clear
skies and brightest sunshine. The
weather is never too dry and the sun
too hot for its comfort. It must have
a sandy soil to be satisfied, for it will
not tlirivc in clay or muck. The seed
may be sown in the spring after the
weather has become warm enough to
give some warmth to the ground, and
{18 the weather grows hotter the plants
will grow faster, and soon cover the bed
with their gay flowers, which are both
single and double, and rosy purple,
crimson, yellow or rose in color.

The Salpi'jlossis is better shewn in
our colored illustration than by any
word picture we can give. The rich
and varied coloiing of the flowers
make them very attractive. The plants
thrive best in a rich sandy soil. The
seeds may be sown in the spring after
the weather has become settled, or if
it be desired to have flowers all sum-
mer, then sow in pots or small boxes
in the house or cold-frame, and trans-
plant when danger of frost is passed.
We say sow the seed in pots or small
boxes because then the ball of earth can
be taken out without breaking ; for the
salpiglossis does not transplant readily,
and it is important that the roots
should be disturbed as little as possible.

The Drummond Phlox is the rival of
the verbena for constant display and
splendid color ; in most gardens it will

prove even more satisfactory. There
is every shade of color, ranging from
pure white to darkest crimson. The
seed may be sown late in the fall, just
before the ground freezes, or early in
spring as soon as it can be worked. The
plants will begin to flower early in
June, and continue to grow and flower
during the summer and autumn. They
will thrive in any rich friable soil, in
the open sunshine rather than in the
shade. Very beautiful efiects can W
produced by planting diflferent colors in
bi-oad ribbons, such as scarlet, white
and rose. The contrast is very pleas-
ing and will well repay the trouble.. A
paper of mixed colors of the very best
varieties, procured from one of the most
eminent growers in Prussia, will be
mailed with the papers of Pansy, and
Aster seed to those subscribers who-
choose the flower seeds.

The foregoing are a few out of many
beautiful annuals that will not fail t^>
please every true lover of flowers. It
is the aim and purpose of the maga-
zine to disseminate a taste for flowers>
by teaching how they may be grown,,
and pointing out those varieties that
can be successfully cultivated with no
other skill than that born of a deter-
mination to succeed. The late James.
Vick said that the cultivation of flow-
ers is one of the few pleasures that im-
proves alike the mind and the heart
and makes the lover of these beautiful
creations of infinite love wi.s('r and
purer and nobler. Another has saidi
that what is in our garden is typical of
what is in us ; if we have tjiste, refine*
ment, a love for the beautiful ami good;.

2f)8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

a detestation of the evil and false, our
gardens will show. And so tlie one
i-eacts npon the other : as we exercise
onr taste for the beautiful and our love
of the good in the careful cultivation
of the garden, and thus bring ourselves
through these creations of Infinite Love
into communion with Him who is the
source of all that is good and truly
beautiful, shall we be changed into the
same image, and by means of this com-
munion become ourselves good and
therefore beautiful.

MEETING OF THE MISSISSIPPI VAL-
LEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

{Continned from page 172.)

At the evening session of Thursday,
Feb. 22nd, Mr. O. B. Galusha, Presi-
dent of the Illinois State Horticultural
Society, read a paper on the question,
" la there a better market strawberry
than the Wilson 1" After listening at-
tentively to his paper from beginning
to end, we were no wiser than when he
began, and concluded that he had fully
illustrated his own paper by the inci-
dent he narrated at the opening, saying
that he was in the predicament of the
German Magistrate who after hearing
one side of a case said to the counsel,
" Yell, you be right, anyhow ;" but
after hearing the counsel for the other
side, said, *' Veil, you be right too " ;
so I dismiss the case, and charge the
constable with the costs for bringing such
a case into court." President Earle in-
troduced to the meeting, upon the con-
clusion of Mr. Galusha's paper, Profes-
sor S. A. Forbes, Illinois State Ento-
mologist, who read an exhaustive paper
upon "Insects affecting the strawberry."
VVe shall not attempt even a synopsis
of this truly valuable and instructive
paper. Those of our readei*s who wish
to pursue this subject, can procure a

copy of the Report of this Society by
sending one dollar to the Secretary,
W. H. Ragan, Esq., Lafayette, Indiana,
in which they will find Professor
Forbes paper in full, and very complete-
ly illustrated with cuts of most of the
insects. This paper was followed by
one from Mr. A. D. Webb, of Ken-
tucky, the originator of the Longfellow
and Warren strawberries, upon "The
best strawberries for home use and for
market." With an experience of
twenty-five years, he names for honre
use in his locality, Cumberland
Triumph, Warren, Longfellow, Mon-
arch, Charles Downing, Mount Ver-
non and Sharpless. These have been
selected by him after a thorough test
through a series of years, (except th«
Mt. Vernon, which is of but recent in-
troduction,) embracing unfavorable as
well as favorable seasons, with an eye
especially to hardiness and vigor of
plant and reliable bearing, save that in
the case of the Sharpless he has found
it easily injured by frost and, in a wet
season, liable to rot. Nevertheless, he
would advise it be planted in every
family collection and trust to Provi-
dence for deliverance from frost and
rot. For near market he said he would
add to his family list the Crescent, and
for distant market would plant Wilson
and Glendale. The Wilson, he said,
has outranked all others as a shipjxjr,
has proved nearer a success everywhere
than perhaps any other, and has been
and is yet more extensively grown for
market than any other. Glendale has
acquired some reputation as a shipper,
seems to succeed wherever tried, is a
late variety, of large size, and makes a
good show on the fruit stands when
free from dirt. When dirty it is hard
looking, but will wash almost as well
as Irish potatoes.

The remainder of the evening wa,s
occupied with discussions upon manur-
ing and watering strawberries and the

THE CA^NADIAN HOETICULTUHIST.

209

relative merits of the different sorts.
Mr. Galusha, of Illinois, favored liberal
manuring, especially with bone dust.
Mr. HoUister, of St. Louis, has found
the Wilson the most valuable and pro-
jStable variety, which was confirmed by
Mr. Gibbs, of Chicago.

At the morning session on Friday,
Feb. 23rd, the President read a num-
ber of letters from distinguished po-
mologists who were unable to be present,
after which the society })roceeded to
tlie election of officers for the ensuing
year. This was followed by reports
from the Committees on Experimental
Stations, on Horticultural Statistics,
and exhibitions. The latter Committee
recommended that exhibitions be held
by the Society at least once in every
two years. The Hon. F. P. Baker, of
Toi>eka, Kansas, read a paper on " Ir-
rigation in Horticulture." Beginning
at the earliest dawn of primajval his-
tory, and running along down through
Assyria, Egyj)t, Persia, Syria, China,
India, Peru, Mexico, Italy, Spain, Ger-
many, he fully established the antiquity
and universality of the practice of irri-
gation, and proceeded to shew that a
large part of Western Kansas and Ne-
braska, and Eastern Colorado and New
Mexico requires irrigation before the
soil can be cultivated and made to pro-
duce the usual variety of farm j)ro-
ducts ; and that wht;n l\mno shall have
been rendered fertile by irrigation, the
tornado, born of idleness on a parched,
empty and lazy prairie, will become a
tiling of the past. He concluded his
interesting paper by shewing that irri-
gation is needed wherever water does
not fall from the clouds when and
where it is required for the develop-
ment of vegetable growths.

After some discussion of the subject of
Mr. Baker's paper, a short paper writ-
ten by Mr. E. P. Roe, of New York, i
was read, he being detained at home by
sicknes.s. The title was " Small fruits

in the South," in which the writer dis-
cussed the necessity imposed upon the
Southern fruit grower of seeking to de-
velop a class of varieties suited to his
climate. Doubtless Canadian growers
will find their advantage in acting upon
this suggestion fully as much as the
Southern.

At the opening of the afternoon ses-
sion, Mr. P. J. Berckmans, President
of the Georgia Horticultural Society,
read a paper upon '* the Newer Peachas
and new fruits for the Cotton States."
In this paper he maintains that the form
of the leaves and a very slight differ-
ence in the texture of the flesh is all
the variations he has been able to de-
tect between the Alexand(?r, Amsden,
Governor Garland, Waterloo, Saunders,
Downing, Musser, Wilder, Brice, Early
Canada and perhaps a dozen others.
The Early Louise and the Early River*
have so thin a skin as to ])revent dln-
ttint carriage. He states that the Flat
Peach of China Is well suited to the
subtropical climate of Florida, where
the varieties cultivated i)y us are not
successful, and advises the horticultur-
ists of that State to raise seedlings
from this Peen To peach, believing that
new and distinct varieties will be ob-
tained giving them a race of peaches as
valuable as the Orange. He expresswl
the opinion that the Japanese Persim-
mon wouhl prove a valuable fruit es-
pecially below latitude .'i2°. He alsd
gave the history of the LeConte Pear,
the original tree of which is yet stand-
ing and although now some forty years
old has never shewn any sign of bMght
nor failed to yield a crop of fruit. This
seems to i)e well adapted to the soil and
climate of the south where the pears of
European origin are a failure. This
paper was followed by one on " Pears
and their culture in the South," by W.
H. Cassells, of Mississippi. Although
of great interest to those residing in
the south, we did not find anything in

270

TH>. OANADTAN IIOETK^CLTURIST.

it that would be likely to help the
Canadian planter. From the paper and
the discussion which followed, we
gathered that the pear-blight is fully as
trouV)lesome in Georgia, Kentucky and
MLSsissij)pi as it is at the north.

On reassembling after tea Mr. T. V.
Mu^nson read a paper on '* Systematic
Horticultural progress," in which he
sus:«:ested that each member take in
hand some particular fruit, notifying
the Secretary what fruit is being ex-
periuH^nted with, and at the meetings
present, either in person or by written
paper, an account of the work done and
progi'ess made, and that fi'om these a
year book of progress be compiled. A
l)aper on " Horticulture versus Ruts,"
was read by T. T. Lyon, of Michigan,
in which he sets forth the importance
to the cultivator of following the ruts
in which his plants and trees run, in-
stead of trying to make them run in his
ruts. This was followed by a very in-
teresting paper by Governor R. W.
Furnas of Nebraska, entitled '' Fores-
try on the plains," in which he pi-esent-
ed his own ex])erience in the growing
of trees upon the prairies during a resi-
dence of twenty-seven years Since
1854, there has been planted within
the State of Nebraska, •244,355 acres
of foi-est trees, and it is estimated that
the indigenous growth since fires have
been kept out is equal to half the area
planted. In the State of Kansas, there
has been planted since the first settle-
ment in that State, 139,995 acres of
forest trees. Actual measurement of
the growths made at two feet from the
ground shew that White Elm in fifteen
years from planting attained a circum-
ference of 24 inches ; Catalpa Speciosa
in twenty years grew to 48 inches;
Soft Maple, acer dasycarpum, at eigh-
teen years measured 69 inches ; Cot-
ton Wood, Populus monilifera, in
eleven years, 93 inches ; Black Wal-
nut in sixteen years 50 inches ; Rus-

sian Mulberry in six years 24 inches,
and White Pine in twelve years at-
tained a girth of .9 inches. The
State of Nebraska, incorporated in her
Constitution a provision that the in-
creased value of lands by reason of live
fences, fruit and forest trees grown
thereon, shall not be taken into con-
sideration in the assessment thereof ;
and enacted by statute that one hun-
dred dollars shall be deducted from the
assessable value of lands for five years
for every acre planted to fruit tress,
and fifty dollars ior every acre planted
to forest trees. Experience has shewn
that better results are secured by plant-
iug the tree seeds and after wai-ds assort-
ing into grades, and transplanting each
grade by itself in its permanent location,
than by sowing the tree seeds where
they are intended to remain.

The evening session was closed by
the reading of a paper sent by Doctor
John A. Warder, of Ohio, on " The in-
fluence of Forests on health," in which
he treated of the climatic influences of
forests, eflect of denuding the moun-
tains, shelter belts, and their value in
preventing the dissemination of malaria.

OSTRICH FARMING IN AMERICA.

The San Francisco Bulletin ttdls of a
farm in California, on which there ai-e
twenty-one Ostriches ke[)t for (heir
feathers. The eggs have not yi«*lded
any chicks ; why not, is somewhat un-
certain, yet it is said that the feather
crop pays for keeping the birds, even
if no chicks should be raised. It is
stated that three pairs of Ostriches have
been taken to Florida with the vie^ of
ascertaining whether they can be made
a source of profit in that climate. It
is said that there is now a hundred
thousand domestic Ostriches in the
African Ostrich farms, whose feather
crop is worth four and a half millions
of dollars.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

271

VALUABLE INFORMATION CONCERN-
ING VERY HARDY TREES.

The readers of the Canadian Horti-
ddturist are aware that Mr. Chas. Gibb,
of Abbottsford, Province of Quebec,
spent last summer in visiting the horti-
cultural establishments of Europe, and
that in a special manner he investi<^ated
the fruits and trees of Russia in tlie
hope that he might be able to finri some
very hardy varieties of good quality
which could be introduced into Canada,
that would be valuable acquisitions,
particularly in Quebec, the Algoma dis-
trict of Ontario and in Manitoba. From
his published notes and letters we here
bring together some of the most valu-
able items of information, which strike
us as being specially worthy of atten-
tion.

The Scotch Pine, Pinus Sylvestris.
At the ancestral house of the Vilmorins,
those well known seedsmen and nursery-
men of France, he found a variety of j
this Pine of great value, differing in its
habit of growth from those that have
been imported into this country hither-
to, and well worthy of attention. Its
habit of growth is upright and straight;
the first plantation was large enough
for masts of sloops and small schoon-
ers. There were jdaiitations from the
seed of those j)lanted down to the third
generation, and even the third genera-
tion of them were from twenty to
tiiirty feet high and as straight as
can lies. This form of Pinus Sylvestris
does not seed as abundantly nor does
the seed germinate as certainly as that
of the other forms which are compara-
tively of little or no value, hence the
seed of commerce is that of the poorer
sorts. This form of the Scotch Pine
should be imported and grown in this
country that its valuable timber may
become a source of national wealth.

The White Poplar, Populua Alba,
var erecta. This variety is nearly as

erect in its habit of growth as the
Lombardy Poplar and is thought by
Mr. Gibb to be very important both as
a timber and an ornamental tree. Pro-
fessor Budd, of the Iowa Agricultural
College, who accompanied Mr. Gibb,
says that the best forms of this White
Poplar will yet become our leading
lumber tree for hundreds of economic
uses. Already a very considerable de-
mand has sprung up for such wood for
purposes of paper making. Cuttings
of this Poplar have been ordered from
Ru.ssia for trial at the Ontario Agricul-
tural College.

The Weeping Birch, Betula alba
verrucosa, seems to be a variety of
drooping birch, with foliage like our
common white birch, which Mr. Gibb
thought to be specially desirable. He
saw it growing upon the dry soil of the
Petrovskoe Park, near Moscow, in
which the avenues and groves of this
birch foimed the most attractive feature,
presenting a charming vista of bright,
translucent, white barked trunks.

The Apple. To his surprise, Mr.
Gil b did not find what we call the
Siberian Crab in Russia, save in some
botanical collections. The apples that
prove hardy in their colder sections are
quite dilfennit nices from those grown
here or in Western Europe, and he has
come to the conclusion that the kind of
hardiness we require in an apple tree,
that it may thrive in our extremes of
hot summers and cold winters, is not to
be found in occasional individuals of
the races we have, but by introducing
the races of North-easteni Russia which
there grow in climate so very similai"
to our own. There seems to be two of
these races there, one of them known
under the generic name of Anis, of
which there are many varieties. This
Anis apple he says is the leading apple
of the Volga ; that in latitude 55^
North, in a climate of great extremes,

272

TIIK CANADIAN HoitTKJLLTUKIS'l

600 miles further north than Quebec,
there are twelve villages where the
peasants are growers of this race of
apples in large quantities. A^nother
race seems to be designated by the name
of Antonovka. It is the leading apple
of the vast prairie region that stretches
from Tula to the south of Kharkof and
from Kozlof to Kiev. He found this
apple in latitude 5i° north, about 4>0
miles farther north than Quebec, re-
garded as their hardiest and most pro-
ductive apple tree, noted for its length
of life, average annual bearing and
fruitful ness in old age. The Aport is
the name of another family, to which
the apple grown here under the name
of Alexander belongs. Arabka or
Arabskoe is the name of yet another
family, seemingly not quite as hardy as
the two first mentioned, yet containing
some members that are likely to prove
valuable here.

The Pear. The wild pear he found
planted in the public square at Sim-
birsk on the Volga, as an ornamental
tree, where the soil is dry, the summer
sun hot, the air excessively dry, and the
winters very cold, because it maintain-
ed a dark green, glossy, healthy foliage
l)etter than any other. The pears were
of two forms, one like a Bergamot in
shape, small, and very variable in
quality ; the other pyriform, small and
Tisually too astringent evea for cooking.
The most hardy variety which he found
yielding fruit that is eatable, is the
Tonkovietka ; next to it in endurance
is the Bessemianka, which is considered
the best that is grown in the severer
parts of Russia.

The Cherky. This also apj)ears to
consist chiefly of two fauiilies, the
Vladimir and the Ostheiui. Of these
the most important is the Vladimir,
which is probably so name! fr-om the
district where it is most extensively
grown, there being over a hundred

orchards, each containing fifteen thou-
sand trees. The Ostheim is supposed to
be a native of the Sierra Nevada moun-
tains of Spain, much resembling the
Vladimir in foliage and habit of growth.

The Plum. This fruit was found by
Mr. Gibb in Vladimir and Kazan,
some red, some yellow, but most were
blue, much resembling the prunes of
Germany. He thinks some of these
Russian plums may prove to be valu-
able for us. It is doubtful whetlier
they are any more hardy than the
Chickasaw plums of northwest America,
but they may be of better quality. Mr.
Gibb mentions a dwarf variety of the
Prunus Spinosa which is very ornamen-
tal wlien laden with its small blue fruit,
and advises its introduction as an at-
tractive plant for our lawns.

The Apricot. There is a variety of
this fruit <:rowinfr in eastern Turkestan
in great quantity, which though small
in size is sweet and of fair quality.
Also in the Province of Mautcliuria
there is yet another variety really good,
which is brought in considerable quan-
tity to the Pekin market. Mr. Gibb
thinks we should give these a trial.

The Rose. Mr. Gibb learned that
the Japanese Rosa Rugosa was perfectly
hardy at St. Petersburg and Moscow,
hence we may be sure that it will thrive
in our climate. Both the single and
double forms are beautiful.

NATIONAL SCHOOL OF FOREST KY.

It is intended by the promo tei-s of
the exhibition, which it is proposed to
hold in Edinburgh, Scotland, next stmi-
mer, to make it the starting point of a
National School of Forestry, an insti-
tution much needed in Great Britain.
At present students have to go to
schools on the continent for instruction,
while there is ample scope for study at
home.

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTUKIST.

273

HEN DAVIS AND STONEWALL JACK-
SON APPLES.

An esteemed subscriber residing in
Nova Scotia asks for information con-
cerning the above named apples. It is
not known where the Ben Davis origi-
mited, but the tree has proved itself to
be very hardy, a free f^i-ower, coming
into bearing early and yielding abund-
ant crops. It seems in some measure
to take the place of the Baldwin where
tliat tree will not floui-ish. Its habit of
blooming late makes it specially valu-
able in places liable to late spring frosts,
because even these have generally passed
before the blossoms have opened. The
fruit is of a good even size, free from
blemish, and bears transportation well.
It is roundish, and conical in form ; in
color yellow, overspread and striped \
with red. The flesh is white, tender, ,
juicy and pleasantly subacid, but by no j
means high flavored. In use from Jan-
uary to May. In the Report of the
Fruit. Growers* Association for 18S2,
page 82, it is said to be gaining in popu-
larity, finding its way very generally
through the Province, and looked upon
as very hardy and a fine shipper to the
British markets. In the Report for
1880, at page 24, Mr. P. 0. Dempsey,
of Trenton, says of the Ben Davis, that
tlie tree is hardy, and commences to
bear at three or four years from the
graft ; that the fruit is large, and will
save until July with ordinary care, and
(jommand a better price than the Golden
Russet.

The Stonewall Jackson was found
growing in a stone wall on the farm of
Silas Jackson, in Clarence, Annapolis
County, Nova Scotia. The tree is said
t > be a strong, upright grower when
young, and a good bearer. The fruit is
d«*scril)e<l as medium in size, roundish
and slightly conical ; in color yellow,
shaded with light and dark red ; the
flesli whitish yellow, tender, juicy, sub-
acid, and of very good quality. In use

in January to March. So far as we
know its reputation is purely local.
We have never seen the fruit, and do
not know of a bearing tree in Ontario.
There is another Stonewall Jackson
grown in Southern Alabama that is
quite distinct from the one of Nova
Scotia, to which latter fruit we pre-
sume our correspondent refers.

THE PROFITS FROM GKOWING SMALL
FRUITS.

In treating of this subject the Prairie
Farmer remarks that if our farmers
were asked from which the most bushels
could be raised, an acre j)lMnted to coin
or one planted to straw IxM-ries. they
would probably reply without he.^ita-
tion, from the acre planted to corn.
And if told that an acre planted to
strawberries would yield three times as
many bushels as could be raised from
an acre devoted to corn they would pro-
bably be inclined to doubt the state-
ment. Now how many of our farmei"s
grow an average of sixty bushels of
corn to the acre] However, the writer
has grown as many as eighty, and
ninety, and occasionally a hundred
bushels to the acre. Sup{)ose we accept
these figures as the maximum quantity
that one can raise with careful cultiva-
tion and favorable weather, and that
the average price of the corn in our
market is fifty cents a bushel, we shall
then have fifty dollars as the gross
value of the crop of corn. Now if our
readers will turn to page 171 of this
sixth volume of the Canadinn Ilorti-
adturist they will see that Mr. ^mith,
of Wisconsin, 8tate<l after more than
twenty years' experience in the grow-
ing of strawberries, in that climate .so
similar to our own, that he does not
consider two hundred bushels j)er acre
an extra crop, that he lias repeatedly
raised much more, sometimes even
double tluit quantity. Mr. Parker
£arle states, see page 172, that one

n-i

THE CANADIAN IIORTICCLTL'RIPT.

hundred and fifty bushels to the acre
ought to be secured with considerable
certainty. Now the price of strawber-
ries will average six cents per quart, or
one dollar and ninety- two cents per
bushel, which will make, at one hun-
dred and fifty bushels per acre, a gross
yield of two hundred and eighty-eight
dollars. It requires three years to pro
duce two crops of strawberries, so that
one will get from corn in three years
one hundred and fifty dollars, and from
strawberries five hundred and seventy-
six dollars. Which is the more re-
munerative crop'?

the fruit growers' association

of abbottsford, province of

qup:bec.

The Annual Exhibition of this Asso"
elation was held on the 27th of Sep-
tember last, at which two hundred and
seventy plates of apples and thirty-eight
of crabs were exhibited. The growing
(7f pears is a new industry in that sec-
tion, and only eight plates, comprising
three varieties, were shewn. The
Flemish Beauty is said to take the lead
in point of hardiness, the Clapp's Favo-
rite being next to it in that respect.
There were twenty-nine plates of plums.
The Lombard is reported as having
fruited heavily this year. Seedlings
raised from the wild plum of Wisconsin
have borne fruin for five years, always
full and sometimes loaded. Also the
(yhickasaw and the flat plum of China
r.YQ growing there, and so far seem to
b- hardy. Mr. W. M. Pattison, of
Clarenceville, Quebec, exhibited sixty
varieties of grapes grown in the open
air. Some new varieties of Russian
Melons were shewn, we presume by
^Ir. Chas. Gibb, and pronounced very
fine.

A new feature of the exhibition was
a collection of the foliage of some 100
varieties of ornamental and timber
trees, not natives of this province ;

among which were 1 1 varieties of maple,
1 1 of ash, 8 of poplar (including three
varieties from Siberia, and one from
Turkestan), 10 of willow, 5 of Euro-
pean bass wood.

There were also Walnut and Phillo-
dendrons from both North China and
Japan"; the Ailanthus, Ginkgo, and
Honey Locust from China ; the Cerci-
diphyllum, which grows to an immense
size on the mountains of North Japan ;
Conifers from the Rocky Mountains,
Central Europe, Chinese Tartary and
Japan ; shewing that Abbottsford is
taking the lead in increasing the flora
of the province and developing the })ro-
duction of both useful and ornamental
trees and shrubs.

The matter of ornamental street plant-
ing has received some attention amongst
the members of the association, and it
is believed that Abbottsford is the only
place in the province of Quebec where
Norway maple, Weir's Maple, Catalpa
and the beautiful European cut-leaved
weeping birch have been planted as
road-side trees.

The forestry movement here was en-
tered upon in no sense as a commercial
enterprise, but purely for experimental
and educational purposes, but gradually
nurserymen are beginning to move in
the matter to supply a demand that is
sure to spring up for ornamental and
timber trees.

REMEDY FOR THE YELLOWS IN THE
PEACH.

Dr. Penhallow, of Houghton Farm,
advises as the next best thing to a
specific fertilizer for the peach, composed
of costly ingredients, the utilization
of all the wood ashes one can save or
buy, with the addition of common salt
as a means of obtaining the chlorine he
would get in muriate of potash.

Note. — Our readers can gather wood
ashes where wood is used for fuel and

THE CANADIAN HOKTICL'LTUKIST.

<0

buy i*efuse salt by the car load at the
Salt Works. We hope some of them
will (jive this a thorough trial and re-
port their experience through the col-
umns of the Canadian Horticulturist.
Mr. Robert N. Ball, of Niagara, thinks
he has found the application of lime to
his peach trees to be vt^ry beneficial in
arresting what seemed to be the first
stages of the yellows.

HARDY FRUITS FOR MANITOBA AND
MUSKOKA.

The following taken from the Win-
nijjeg Daily San is of especial inter-
nist to those of our readers who live
in the colder sections of the Province :

•' While reading an interesting and
valuable letter from the pen oF the in-
domitable investigator into apple cul-
ture, Mr. Charles Gibb, of Abbotsford,
P. Q., addressed to our department of
agriculture, we are again reminded of
the wonderful enthusiasm which char-
HCterizes the efforts of fruit-gi'owers.
W;th many it seems to be an infatua-
tion, and a most fortunate one it is, in
view of the inestimable benefits thereby
conferred upon the world. When the
impartial Judge .shall write down a list
of earth's heroes we expect to find near
the top the names of many such quiet,
Giirnest workers as Mr. Wilder, o the
U. S., Mr. Beadle, Mr. Saunders and
Mr. Gibb, of our own Dominion, whose
life's labors have been devoted to the
invention and development of blessings,
among the richest mankind can employ.
^ We do not propose in this connection
to speak of the value of fruit as a
luxury, its health-giving pro|)erties, or
its influence upon the morals of the
community, although we are naturally
led in that direction. We simply in-
tend to refer to the contents of Mr.
Gibb's letter, draw attention to its im-
portance and acknowledge the kind in-
terest he manifests for our good.

Mr. Gibb has spent very much time
of late years in travelling and investi-
gating the character and value of the
fruit of different countries and climates.
His experience is especially valuable to
North-west people because much of it
has been gained in Russia, in the same
latitude as our own country, where large
quantities of fruit are grown, not only
for home consumption, but for exj)ort.
The opinion has })een commonly and
popularly expressed, that whatever
might be expected of this country, the
cultivation of other than strawberries,
raspberries, currants and other small
fruits in the fruit line, was out of the
question. Mr Gibb, whose opinion am
fairly be set against an army of novices
and casual observei"s, is not so impres-
sed. He says : ' I look forward in hope
to the time when Manitoba shall have,
in specially favorable and sheltered
places, her commercial orchards supply-
ing her markets with home-grown fruit,
and also less favorable soils and situa-
tions growing fruit in an amateur way
with more or less success.' And, in
this reference, he speaks particularly of
apples.

** After leaving here a couple of
months ago, Mr. Gibb spent some tin>e
in Minnesota inquiring into the history
of all efforts there made in fruit cul-
ture. It is the result of this research
that he makes the excuse for the letter
we refer to, and very full of value, it
appears to be for North-westers. He
says : ' The question of hardine.ss is of
primary importance to Manitoba, for
we are not now in search of fruits for
the future sheltered city gardens of
Brandon and Portage la Prairie, but for
open prairie exposure, trees expected to
live and thrive without shelter belts.*

"The opinions given by Northern
Minnesf)ta fruit-growers, whose experi-
ence is the truest guide to experimental
work in Manitoba, would lead to trials
of the following varieties of apples :

^6

THE CANADIAN nuRTIOULTUKIST.

Florence, Martha, Duchess, Wealthy,
Tetofsky, Transcendent, Hyslop and
different members of the Russian Anis
family. Of the yellow Anis grown in
Minnesota, he says : * It is a medium-
sized apple of pretty good quality, some-
what red in color, and though hard and
crude when I saw it, does not keep
later than the beginning of October.
Red Anis No. 985 is much like it, pos-
sibly a little more red, and much like
Skeischapfel No. 413 of Mr. Under-
wood ; scarcely the true Anis Rosovo
of the Vol^a, but a near relative.' Mr.
Peffer, of Pewaukee, Wis., sugsjested
to him for trial in the rich soil of Mani-
t<:)ba, the slow growers like Tetofsky,
Gihh. Duchess and Cherry crab, and
also Transcendent. These he suggested
from what he knew of them farther
north. Gibb crab, he says, is doing
well so far as Crookston."

Tiiere is one thing to be remembered
concerning the Hyslop and Transcen
dent crabs, and all of that race, that
tliey are much more subject to the dis-
ejise known as "blight" than the
Duchess, Wealthy, Martha and other
apples of the same type. It is very
discouraging to have a fine orchard of
crab apple trees, just coming into bear-
ing, ruined by that mysterious but
fatal blight. In addition to the varie-
ties named above we would suggest that
ti'ial be made of Wolf River, a very
lai-ge, bright, red apple, ripe early in
winter ; Wau{)aoa, large, yellow, over-
spread with red, ripe in November ;
and Weyauwega, which is yellow, j
splashed with deep red and a good i
keeper. These all originated in Nor- |
thern Wisconsin and are reported to be !
very hardy. Scott's Winter is also a
very hardy apple and keeps well into
July, which should thrive well in
Muskoka ; and will ])robably do well
in Manitoba if planted on ground hav-
ing a gravelly sub-soil. It is very
doubtful whether any apple tree will

thrive planted over the cold tenacious
clay sub-soil that prevails at Winnipeg.
However, experiment will decide this
question, nothing else can satisfactorily.

THE CURL IN THE PEACH LEAF.

Professor Penhallow writes to the
Country Gentleman that the curl in the
peach leaf is caused by the growth of a
fungus known as Exoascus deformans
Freckel [Ascomyces deformans Berk,
Taphrina deformans Tul.) During its
growth it not only causes the leaves to
curl, but to lose their green color and
become more or less red and yellow, and
we see from this, therefore, that such
leaves are incapable of performing their
normal functions in the assimilative pro-
cesses of the plant. The necessary re-
sult of this is, that there is a very limit-
ed formation of wood while such leaves
remain on the tre(i. For this period,
therefore, it must be admitted that the
curl does exert a positively injurious in-
fluence. It is found, however, that
these leaves fall off during the month of
June, and a new set of leaves free from
curl appears. Upon these, then, the
entire growth of the season depends,
and because, unless otherwise diseased,
the tree then very frequently makes a
tine growth, fruit-growers generally be-
lieve that the curl is of no importance,
and that it does not injure the tree at
all.

Such views are manifestly erroneous,
and it would be much better for the
peach industry if our fruit men would
a{)ply remedijtl measures as soon as the
curl is manifested. According to my
own observations, each year more fully
contirms me in the belief that the ]ii*e-
sence of curl is indicative of low vitality
in the peach tree, and that the yellows
will be quite apt to follow shortly. I
trust these lines may have the effect to
stay the progress of erroneous ideas
which seem to be gaining altogether too
rapidly.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

277

THE ANALYSIS OF SOILS.
Dr. Sturtevant, who is the Director
of the New York Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, thus replies to inquiries
:is to whether the station undertakes
the analysis of soils, setting forth the
reason why the station does not under
take soil analysis.

A cubic foot of soil in the average
condition of moisture weighs from 70
to 100 pounds. The soil taken ten in-
ches deep from an acre of land would
therefore weigh about 3,000, 000 pound.s.
For the purpose of analysis, in the
ordinaiy method, about 1-10 of an
ounce of this soil would be taken, and
this represents about 1-480,000,000
part of an acre.

If one ton of superphosphate, con-
taining ten per cent, of phosphoric acid,
were thoroughly mixed with the upper
ten inches of an acre of soil we should
have added 200 pounds of phosphoric
acid to 3,000,000 pounds of soil, or one
jmrt to 15,000 ; that is to say, that each
1.5,000 pounds of soil would contain
one pound of the added phosphoric acid.
A>s but 1-10 of an ounce of this would
be used for analysis, this 1-10 of an
ounce would contain but 1-15,000 added
parts of phosphoric acid, and this pro-
portion would be represented by the
percentage figures 00.0066, or .0000066
of an ounce.

This will be better understood if we
i-erpeatthat in percentage figures it would
require the addition of over 300 pounds
of the superphosphate to the acre to
change the third decimal figure of the
analysis by a unit. The corollary of
this is that as the chemist rarely works
in this class of analyses beyond the
second decimal figure, the addition of an
ordinary fertilization, or that sufficient
to make the ditference between a good
and bad crop, would not be detected.

We can moreover state the practical
improbability of taking two samples of

soil from difierent places in the same
field which would analyze alike within
even the second decimal figure.

In the beginning of the application
of science to agriculture, the public
attention was strongly attracted by
the theory that a chemical analysis
of soil was about to ofi'er a sure means
for determining definitely the condi-
tion and the needs of our soils, and
various charlatans disseminated the
idea, of this possibility for i)urpo8e8 of
their own, in order to secure the privi-
lege of prescribing and furnishing the
diet required for each field of the farm.

At the present time it is universally
recognized by men of scientific training
that the analysis of the soil for the pur-
poses of the individual farmer can ofier
no solution to the problem of what fer-
tilizer or how much to apply.

PROFESSOR TANNER'S REPORT.

This report just submitted to the
Council of the Institute of Agriculture,
England, states that the Proiessor
traveled fully 5000 miles within C!ana-
dian Territory and that throughout the
whole of his tour he found those set-
tled upon the lands, prosperous, healthy
and happy. He goes on to say, *' after
conversing freely with large numbei-s
of these settlers, I am able to state
that I did not meet with a single in-
stance in which they were not fairly
successful, contented, and full of hope
for the future. They worked hard, it
is true, but that labour was sweetened
by the knowledge that they were im-
proving their own property. Their per-
sonal requirements were easily pro-
vided for by the aid of a rich and i)ro-
ductive soil, their families were grow-
ing up around them in the enjoyment
of health, and without any anxiety
being felt as to their future success in
life. In speaking of Canada as I have
done, I must not be supposed to repre-

2TS

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTURI8T.

sent it as an Earthly Paradise from
which disapointnient, loss, and suffer'
ing are excluded. Failures have arisen,
and will arise, for men bring upon them-
selves here, as elsewhere, the results of
their own imprudence and lack of per-
severance, but these constitute an ex-
cessively small proportion of the cases
existing in Canada, and they are quite
exce[)tional in their character."

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR SANI-
TARY AND RURAL IMPROVE-
MENT.

This Society has for its object the
establishment of local societies for the
purpose of effecting both sanitary and
rural improvements, and the issuing of
publications on these subjects as well as
the holding of annual conventions for
discussion and conference.

The Secretary is very desirous of ob-
taining the address of any such socie-
ties existing in Canada, or of any per-
sons who are interested in forming such
organizations. If any of our readers
can give the desired information they
will p]ease address Mr. Chas. M. Win-
gate, Secretary, 1 [\) Pearl Street, New
York.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The Council of the Agricultural and
Arts Association of Ontario have issued
a circular, setting forth that they have
decided to inaugurate a scheme of
annual examinations in subjects bear-
ing directly upon the work of the farm,
somewhat similar to those in vogue in
England and Scotland, accompanied
with the granting of certificates of
merit. Only second and third class
certificates will be issued at the first
examination, for which the required
courses of reading are indicated in the
circular. Money prizes will also bo
given to the three candidates for second
class certificates obtaining the greatest

number of marks of |25, $20, and $15
respectively ; the same to those who
have never attended any agricultural
school in Canada or elsewhere ; and to
the four candidates for third class certi-
ficates who have not attended any agri-
cultural school, $30, $25, $20, and $15
respectively. The examinations will
be held in connection with the High
School intermediate examinations of
next July, and candidates are retjuired
to send in their names and desired
place of examination, stating whether
they have attended any agricultural
school, to Mr. Henry Wade, Secretary,
Agricultural Hall, Toronto, before
April 1st, 1884, of whom copies of the
circular containing full information can
be had on a})plication.

PLUMS, RASPBERRIES, GRAPES.

To THB KdITOR or THB CaNaDIaN HORTICULTURIST.

Mr. Editor, — I have seven trees of
the Fellenburg plum, from two to five
years old To the present none of
them have shown any of the black
knot, while some 40 other plum trees of
several varieties have all been badlv
affected by it, more or less, for the last
five years. If such is the case with
others who have the same kind, I have
no doubt but that quite, a number of
our members would like to know it.

Fruited two bushes of Shaffer's Col-
lossal raspberry ; have taken off berries
one inch in diameter ; average size J
and ^ of an inch. It is also a heavy
bearer.

I have pruned about 50 grape vines
of several kinds, some of which show
most of this year's growth of wood to
be dead ; others not quite so bad, but
all more or less so. What is the cause ?

Did not ripen any grapes this year,
even the Champion did not get a chance
to ripen through our early frosts.

Have a tree of the American chesnut,
planted about eight years ago. Our

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

279

severest winters since it was planted
have not affected it any. Have not had
any fruit from it yet. Quince trees
frozen down two yoars ago. Peach
trees killed out. E. D.

BLANCHING CELERY.

Mr. TV. C. Milton writes on this sub-
ject to the Michigan Farmer as fol-
lows; — First I sow in a cold frame early
in spring ; when the plants are about
two inches high I transplant in rows ;
plants 12 or 14 inches apart in the rows,
the rows about five feet apart. When
the plants are about ten or twelve inches
high, I then commence to handle by
gathering up the stalks and leaves and
drawing about three inches of earth a*
round each plant. When they are 16
inches or so high I take a common three-
inch drain tile and slip over the plant.
This is done by one person gathering up
all the leaves, and another person with a
strip of cotton cloth, three inches wide
and about five feet long, commencing
winding around the stalk at the base
and winding up to the top. Then slip
your tile over, and as the tile desends
unwind the cloth, and so on through
vour row, or as much as you wish. You
can take up one plant and not molest
any of the rest. Care should be taken
that the leaves come out over the top
of the tile, or it will smother. This is
as near the way that I managed with
mine as I can tell you on paper."

Mr. Milton says his plants are always
nicely blanched the entire length of the
tile, and free from canker, dirt or worms.
The tile settles into the earth slightly,
and protects the plant from insects. He
has had good success with this method,
and he thinks it less trouble than the
usual one pursued by growers. It is an
easy thing for growers to test it with a
few plants, and if they grow as fine
samples as Mr. Milton exhibited, they
ought to be pleased with this new idea.

THE GARDENS OF VANCOUVER
ISLAND.

I do not know when I have been more
agreeably surprised than by a visit to
the town of Victoria, which is on the
south-east point of Vancouver's Island
and between latitude 415° and 49° in the
North Pacific Ocean. We have been
for some days sailing on the Pacific and
and along the Straits of San Juan de
Fuca, the heavily snow-capped moun-
tains of the Olympic making the air so
chilly that those who kept in the open
air at all had to do so with overcoats,
or, if ladies, in warm wraps or fui-s.
All at once we came to the mouth of
Puget Sound, opposite to which is Vic-
toria, and all was at once pleasant.
Summer weather and everything as
lovely and beautiful as the prettiest poet
might imagine . The harbor of Victoria
is, however, small and shallow, and, as
a consequence, our heavy vessel had to
lie for six or eight hours a mile and a
half outside, waiting for the tide to rise,
and this gave me the opportunity to do
some interesting botanizing among the
rocks along the coast.

The town of Victoria, which we reach-
ed in the afternoon, is an indescribably
pretty place. It is built on a high rocky
bluflf, and has a park called Beacon Hill,
from its use in signaling in those olden
times when Indians were troublesome.
Though the mountain tops, some fifty
miles away, are perpetually white with
snow, except when the morning and even-
ing sun lights them up in purple and
gold, the air in the town is warm
(though without sultriness), owing to
the long day's sun — sixteen hours now,
July — warming the sheltered spots
where the high mountain ridges keep
off the arctic winds.

The people are fond of flowers, and
almost every cottage was embowered in
vines, and seemed ready to break down
with their load of blossoms. In my
early life in England, I have memories

280

THE OANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

of whole buildings completely covered
from roof to the ground with sweet
Koses and gratefully scented Honey-
suckles, but I have often found that
early memories become magnified.
The distance of time lends an enchant-
ment to the early view. I had come to
suspect that the Roses may not have
been quite so strong, nor the Honey-
suckles quite so sweet, as these early
memories record them. But here they
were, even excelling these impressions
and giving a new echo to the voices of
youth. The tale was true. The wild
English Hojieysuckles, running by the
ciittage door, rambling under the eaves
to almost gable end, dropping in festoons
between the windows, and only by the
aid of art permitting a glimpse of the
within, and giving out thousands — yes,
thousands of bunches of their deliciously
scented purple, and white, and yellow
flowers. And the Eoses, and the Pyra-
cantha, and the Evergreen Ivy, and the
scores of other things which, even in
Philadelphia cannot be grown without
much trouble, here they may be seen
climbing in wonderful luxuriance, or
making bushes in some cases, nearly as
large as the habitations they adorned.

Koses? yes ! How they would have
charmed the heart of an Ellwanger or
a Parsons ! How the enormous "Jacks,"
by the thousands, would have made the
purses tremble of those florists who with
us only get them to perfection by the
lavish expenditure of cash and by the
sweat of their brows ! Even ihe stand-
ard or tree Roses are grown to an enor-
mous extent, and make the same beauti-
ful ornaments in yards that they make
in the Old World. And the indigen-
ous Rose — Rosa Cinnamonea or Cin-
namon Rose — grows in a state whicli I
may almost call grandeur. I have it
growing in my Germ an town garden, but
about three feet is all the height it cares
to grow for me. Here you may see
bushes — ^nay, masses — -scores of feet in

diameter, ten feet or more high, and
bearing thousands of their remarkably
sweet, rosy flowers, giving a fragrance^,
to the air for a long distance away. In
many instances the Sweet Brier and
Eglantine of the Old World had become
naturalized, and got into the fraternal
embraces of their native brother ; but
those were also growing with equal
luxuriance, showing that it is the cli-
mate which does it all.

When the time shall come that the
whole country shall be brought under
improved speed in traveling connections,
and the United States shall be but a few
days' reach from this now distant land,
this ought to be the great Rose center
of the American continent. Not only
the Rose, but numberless plants of the
Old World have escaped from culti\Ti-
tion, and are making their way through
the world on their own account mos*
gloriously. The English Daisy, the
"gowan tine" which Burns tells us of in
'* Auld Lang Syne," is getting out every-
where among the grass, and the Furze
and the Broom and many othei-s abound
in the woods and along the road-sides.

In Mr. Johnston's beautiful nurser-
ies T saw the Deodar, and many other
evergreens half-hardy with us, growing
magnificently, and I have never in any
part of the world — not even in its native
home at Calaveras, Mariposa, and other
places — seen the great Mammoth Se-
quoia so evidently satisfied with this
world as in Mr. Johnston's grounds.
These nursery grounds are not very large,
but have more variety than I have seen
in any nursery since I left home. Ap-
ples, Pears, Plums, and particularly
Cherries, make a remarkably vigorous
and healthy growth, and just now the
Cherries are breaking down with their
weight of fruit. But here, as elsewhere
good culture has to tell its own story.
Apples orchards are set out, then they
are left to struggle for food with the
grass or other vegetation, and soon get

THE CANADIAN HOBTICULTURIST.

281

yellow, hide-bound and moss-clotted ;
and then the ownere tell rae "the Apple
is one of the fruits which will not do in
Victoria"; but when you come to places
where the Apple h.ts all the ground to
itself, or having other things growing
with it, is still manured for both, then
you will see that the Apple will do as
W3ll as elsewhere.

And what a country for the cooler-
loving fruits and vegetables ! The com-
mon Currant grows five feet high, and
beai*s fruit as large as the Cherry or
Versailles. And such Cabbage, Lettuce,
Peas, etc., few if any of our readers
ever saw.

I almost felt that I could remain here;
bux; when I remembered the grapes
and watermelons and tomatoes, and
scores of other things which we have
and they may envy, I shall feel free to
return as hai)py as when T left home.
— Thomas Meehan, in Gardener's
Monthly.

NEW PLANTS.

Begonia, Prixce Albert Victor. —
A first class certificate was awarded to
this new Begonia which is described in
The Garden as an extremely fine double-
flowered variety of the tuberous rooted
Begonias, having large flowers whose
petals form a perfect rosette of bright
cherry crimson ; while the plant is a
sturdy grower and well furnished with
blossoms.

Rose, Her Majesty. — The floral
event of the National Society's Rose
Show, was the winning by Mr. H.
Bennett, of Shepperton, the Society's
gold medal for the best Rose in the
show with his new Rose called Her
Majesty. It is instructive to find that
a homely English farmer, now retired
from the occupation of com growing,
should have beaten both home and con-
tinental raisers by producing, not only
for the year the finest new rose, but I
2

also one which will probably prove the
lest of a decade of years. We are
tliankful Her Majesty does not wear
those 1 ea\y habiliments of colour which
liM vc m i; k d so many of our new roses
of recen ntroduction ; on the contrary,
it is of a lovely soft flesh tint. Just as
A. K. Willliams has proved to be the
richest coloured and most beautiful
rose of its class so far, so will Her
Majesty occupy that distinguished
position amongst fair roses — in fact,
amongst regal flowers the queen. On
stands of many blooms there has been
such a ringing the changes upon the
Baroness de Rothschild and La France,
both very beautiful of their kind, that
another new rose belonging to their
section is indeed a treasure. Her Ma-
jesty, as becomes such a royal flower,
is large in size and beautiful in form ;
and it was noticeable, in spite of the
expansion caused by the heat, that she
maintained her good looks to the last.
— The Garden.

Chrysanthemum Alexander Du-
FOUR. — A new early flowering variety
distinct from all the rest of the race,
inasmuch as it is a cross between the
Japanese section and one of the vari-
eties with short florets. The flowers
are larger than any other of the early
race, the florets being narrow, prettily
reflexed, and of a bright amaranth, a
colour peculiarly pleasing and cheerful,
particularly under artificial light. As
to its extreme floriferousness, the plants
shewn by Messrs. Cannell, of Swanley,
bore evident proof.

Eucharis Sanderi. — A new bulbous
plant ftom Columbia, and quite dis-
tinct from either of the other two cul-
tivated species. It has large deeply
furrowed foliage of a pale gi'een colour.
The flower-sj)ikes overtop the foliage,
and bear umbels of pure white flowers
nearly as large as those of E. grandi-
flora (amaionica), but with the corona

282

TflK CANADlaK IIOUTICULTURIST.

suppressed. It will doubtless prove
to be a valuable garden plaiit, and as
popular as the other two species.

Nepenthes Northiana.- — A new
Pitcher Plant from Borneo. It is one
of the largest species known, produc-
ing pitchers nearly a foot in length,
and of proportinate breadth. In form
they are distinct from those of other
species, inasmuch as the rim is broad
and deei)ly furrowed. The ground
colour, which is pale green, is marked
by large, irregular blotches of crimson-
red. The plant shown by the intro-
ducers, Messrs. Yeitch, bore but half-
sized pitchers, but those were quite
characteristic of the species. — The Gar-
den.

Magnolia Parviflora. — Mr. S. B.
Parsons, writes lu The Garden concern-
ing this new vari» ty of the Magnolia
as i'ollows : — I wish you could see now
our specimen of Magnolia parviflora, a
new species which we received some
years ago from Japan. The tree is
about 8 feet high, and the leaves, which
are fully formed before the flowers ap-
peal-, are G inches long and 3^ inches
broad ; on it are 128 buds in all stages
of expansion. Some are the size of an
^g^, while others are fully expanded,
making a flower five inches in diameter.
The most charming form is that of a
cup, the heart-shaped petals, two inches
in diameter, forming a perfect curve
over the stamens and pistil. The pe-
tals are of a pure and creamy white
without a trace of colour. The sepals
have a slight pink colour. The mass
of stamens is two inches in diame-
ter, and they lie horizontally and com-
pact, half of each being well-defined
deep vermilion, and the other half a
scarlet-tipped orange. The pistil ris-
ing from these stamens is 1^ inches
long and three-eighths of an inch thick,
with light green and scarlet tints. This
Magnolia has tlie combined fragrance
of banana, pine-apple, and winter

green, and one flower will perfume a
room. With its beauty of form and
colour, and its exce])tionally delightful
fragrance, I think I am not extrava-
gant in pronouncing it the most charm-
ing hardy flowering tree that I know.
He further adds, I would like you to
see also our Japan Maples, for which
we think this region is the home. For
the convenience of ploughing between
them, we cultivate them in rows two
hundred feet long and three feet apart,
and the luxuriant mass of colour as you
look upon them from the end is some-
thing to be remembered. I have massed
a number of kinds upon a lawn with
grand effect, but I am very fond of two
kinds planted in a group — the japon-
cum aureum and the polymorphum
sanguineum. The rich gold of one
makes a charming contrast with the
blood red of the other through which
the sun shines as through a glass of
claret. The atropurpureum is very
nearly equal to the sanguineum. On a
bright summer afternoon I stood under
one of the latter nearly 10 feet high,
and, looking up through the leaves,
made transparent by the red light, the
effect was very charming. The cold of
the past winter had no effect upon these
Maples, while Retinosporas were badly
hurt, and even the Norway Spruce and
in some instances our native Hemlock
were entirely killed.

RED ASTRACHAN APPLES.
Col. B. L. Wiley, one of the most
extensive apple growers and shippers,
as well as the pioneer in that line, at
Makanda, shipped 900 third-bushel
boxes of Bed Astrachan apples irom
only fourteen trees. As prices were
high for apples he netted about 62 cents
a box, or about an average of $40 per
tree. Besides, there were about 200
boxes in amount that dropped off*, the
value of which for cider or vinegar may
be added to the above. Has anybody

THE CANADIAN UORIICULTUKIST.

2H3

fourteen trees which have paid better
this year? The Astrachan is a tardy
and shy bearer when young, but atones
for these faults by yielding heavily
when older.

"We are told also, that D. Gow, of
Cobden, sent a trial lot of 100 J-bushel
boxes of Red Astrachans to Cleveland,
which netted him over $100. These
fortunate shipments of Astrachans this
summer will induce additional planting
of this variety. A young orchard of
r)Oi) Astrachan trees in this vicinity
bore its first crop this year. — Farmer
and Fruit Grower.

GATHERING PEARS.

Perha|)s there is no fruit on which
the qtiality so much depends on the
right time of harvesting as pears,
for if gathered too soon they shrivel,
and, if eatable at all, they are more
or less insipid, whilst if left on the
trees till they are eatable, particularly
the early varieties, they are mealy
and flavourless — at least such has been
my experience, and even now, after
years of practice, we sometimes fail to
hit on the right time to gather some of
the kinds ; hence the suggestions I have
to offer as to when to gather must not
be taken as infallible, but simply as the
best I have yet learned. To begin with
the earliest and second early varieties,
the former under any circumstances are
always more or less mealy ; obviously
therefore the time of gathering cannot
make them firm and buttery in flesh,
but they are always best if gathered
about a fortnight before being fit for
table, and the best criterion as to when
they have attained that degree of ma-
turity is to gently lift up the fruits, and
if they part readily from the tree, then
they should be gathered and be placed
in a cool, airy room. The same rule is
equally api)licable to the second early
varieties with this addition, that if a
portion of the fruits of the same tree

be gathered at intervals of a few days
or a week, the season when they are fit
for use will be greatly extended ; this is
particidarly the caso with respect to
Williams' Bon Chretien, Beurre dAm-
anlis, Brown Beurre, Seckle, and Marie;
Louise. I have also noted it to be the
case with some few of the latter varie-
ties. Winter Nelis, for instance ; we
gathered a few of this kind a week ago,
others will be gathered this week, and
others will be left on the trees as long
as it is safe to leave them, and so, as in
former years, we shall hope to have ripe
fruit of this kind from November to
February. Other late kinds, that by
following the same rule, may havetheir
season of use lengthened are Josephine-
de Malines, Beurre Bosc, Delices de-
Hardenpont, Passe Colmar, and Beurr^-
Diel. With respect to gathering v«ry
late kinds, the best rule to follow is^ to-
disregard every symptom of maturity,,
such as black pips, pecking by birds^
and even ready parting from the tree-
when moved by the hand, and only
gather them as soon as they begin to-
drop from the tree naturally ; there will,
then be few if any shrivelled fruit, and.
at the season of ripening the quality:
may be expected to be all that can be
wished. I need scarcely add that all.
kinds should be handled with the great-
est care, and if space can be ajQTorded'
for laying them singly on the fruit
shelves, not only will they be more
readily inspected to remove decayed
fruit, but the percentage of such will be
more reduced than if they were laid ini
double file. — The Garden.

MELON AND SQUASH mjGS.
I want to say most emphatically^ that.
I hereby give the remedy for the melon
and squash bug. Had a fine lot of
melon and squash this season, up and
looking well. All at once the h\\^%.
came down on them as tho* gh tiles'"
meant business. I took a tigl t barrel,.

28^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

threw in one and a half pailfnlls of fresh
cow drops, filled up the barrel with
water from creek, stirred thoroughly,
filled a pail, took a handfull of weeds
having thick stems and long leaves,
dipped in the liquid and dribbled the
vines, letting it run freely down the
stem so as to thicken around the stem,
thus preventing their harboring at that
point. The second day I went over
them again. The bugs all left for parts
unknown — may be in disgust at the
smell and looks of the plants. Am en-
tirely satisfied it's a good fertilizer, so
another season I shall not wait for the
bugs to come, but dose the plants soon
after they come in sight. — G. R. Rich-
ardson, in Fruit Recorder,

DESIUABLE SHRUBS.

Chionanthus virginica (white Fringe
Tree of the United States). — So called
from the narrow strap-shaped petals
giving to a raceme of its flowers the ap-
pearance of a bunch of white fringe.
It is so different when in blossom from
all other shrubs, and withal so pretty,
that one wonders it is so rarely seen.
In g moral aspect it may be likened to
a Lilac. It is said to grow naturally
in boggy places ; in England, however,
it does well in ordinary soil, but not
where very hot and dry.

The Carolina Allspice (Calycanthus
floridus) would be by many considered
dull and uninteresting were it not for
the delicious fragrance of its purplish
blossoms, which, though not very at-
tractive to the eye unless closely look-
ed into, are not only quaint, but pretty.
In a moderately moist spot and where
slightly shaded from the full rays of
the sun this Allspice will flower for
nearly three months in summer.

Pyrus Maulei. — Of Maule's Pyrus,
it may safely be said that its season of
flowering is spread over a longer period
than that of any other, except it be P.
japonica, A specimen of it was in

flower early in the spring, and on June
15th there were several perfect flowers
on it, which have, however, since drop-
ped. This is so beautiful and floriferous
a shrub, that it certainly ought to be in
ever^'- collection, however omall. — The
Garden.

AN INTERESTING NATIVE PLANT.

THE ZAUSCHNERIA.

This somewhat harsh name has been
bestowed upon a handsome little fuchsia-
like plant of the far West, which is
well worthy of a trial in our gardens.
Thegenus includes but the single species,
Z. (J alifornica, which is found through-
out southern and central California,
and eastward to New Mexico and Utah.
The plant is herbaceous, or slightly
woody at the base, with a strong, hard,
perennial root. The stems — about a
foot long — are decumbent and descend-
ing, and grow so thickly as to quite
cover the ground. The stems and
branches are terminated by loose
racemes of scarlet flowers. The latter
are about an inch long, the parts in
fours, — tetramerous, as the botanists
say, — with the calyx and corolla color-
ed alike. The style and stamens, as in
the Fuchsia, are exserted to some dis-
tance beyond the petals, and the an-
thers are loosely attached by the middle,
presenting that pendulous appearance
which is so prettily seen in the anthers
of the Lily, and which gives to the
latter flower its chief grace. The leaves
are about an inch long, lance-shaped,
slightly toothed, of a deep green, and
more or less hairy. Altogether the
habit of the plant, the disposition of
the flowers, the highly colored calyx,
and the exsert style and stamens, render
it strikingly like a Fuchsia, while it
has a charm possessed by no variety of
the latter — a brilliant scarlet color.

In its native mountains its specific
attractions are heightened by the sup-

THE CANADIAN llOlll ICUl/lUKIS T.

285

roumlings. Where the canon broadens
out into a little garden-like expansion,
it loves to take possession of the gravelly
bottoms on either side of the stream,
where it grows to the exclusion of al-
most everything else. The suri-oiind-
ing cliffs, covered with vines and ferns,
form a rich setting for the garden be-
neath.

In the flower garden it would doubt-
less admit of great improvement, as
even at home its appearance varies
greatly with soil and altitude. As it
is accustomed in tl»e Sierra Madre to
severe cold and very sudden and fre-
quent changes, it would probably
prove nearly, if not quite, hardy in
this latitude. It should be grown in a
light, rich, well-drained soil, with an
abundance of water, especially about
the time of flowering. During winter
it should be well covered with mulch,
or be placed in a frame. — H. H.
RusHBY, ill The Garden.

BURNING COAL-TAR TO KEEP OFF
THE FROST.

Only two seasons in twenty years
have grapes frozen in my vineyard pre-
vious to the 20th of October. The
nights of the 4th and fith just passed
were one of the exceptions. With the
thermometer at '24° in the morning,
strong measures are needful for protec-
tion. My vines, bearing four tons of
grapes to the acre, were uninjured the
tirst night by the protection given from
fires kept burning throughout the night.
Having part of a barrel of coal-tar on
hand, I found it of more service and
less expensive than wood. Hereafter
I shall be provided with a few barrels
of it when frosts are expected, also
some brush or combustible material at
the edge of the field to be [)rotected.
The application of coal-tar is easy and
produces the slow combustion needful.
Coal-tar is so much more effectual and
cheaper than wood, while more conveni-

ent for use during the night, that it
often may be available when other fuel
could not or would not be ])rocured.
What grapes were on the vines on the
night of the 5th and unprotected by
tires were completely frozen to the
centre, although the thermometer regis-
tered the same degree of cold as the
previous night. — J. H. Dickehman,
yew Haven County, Ct., in N. E,
HomestPAvd.

DRYING TOMATOES.
In Italy an extensive business is car-
ried on in drying tomatoes to use dur-
ing those portions of the yeai- when the
ripe fruit cannot be obtained. Toma-
toes are raised, for the most part, be-
tween rows of grape vines, so that the
land of their culture costs nothing.
Sometimes the tomato vines are trained
on the lower bars of a trellis, to which
the grapes are attached. The tomatoes
are allowed to remain on the branches
until they are quite ripe, when they
are picked and pressed in bags made of
coarse cloth, which allows the pulp to
pass through, but which retains the
seeds and skins. The pulj) is then
thinly spread out on cloth, boards, or
in shallow dishes, and exposed to the
sun to dry. When it has become quite
(hy it is broken up tine, or ground, and
put into boxes or bags and sent to
market. A large part of it is used for
making soups, but considerable of it is
employed as we do tomatoes that are
preserved in tin or glass cans. It is
soaked for a few hours in warm water,
and then cooked in the ordinary man-
ner. Large quantities are wanted for
home consumption, and considerable is
exported. This would seem to be a
profitable industry to engage in in this
country. The pulp of tomatoes could
be dried to good advantage in any of
the styles of apjxaratus employed for
drying apples, peaches, and small fruits.
— Rural Record.

286

THE CANADIAN Ih)Ii I IDULTURIST.

PLUMS FOR VERY HIGH LA TITUDES.

Professor Budd of the Agricultural
College of the State of Iowa, has given
a great deal of attention to the study
of those fruits which will succeed in
very cold climates, and as the result of
his studies advises that we turn our at-
tention to plums of native origin. He
thus describes a few of those which
have come under his observation. We
copy from the Iowa State Register his
dascri[)tion as follows :

Wolf Plum. — The fruit of this vari-
ety attracted much attention at the
State Fair. It is nearly as large as
Lombard, and for eatinf]^ or cooking,
about equal in quality. The firm fruit,
and peculiar pubescent branches and
leaves show some admixture of the
European plums, yet, practically, the
tree belongs to our native species, and
seems perfectly hardy.

De Soto, — This was found near an
old Indian camping ground, near the
mouth of the De Soto, above Dubuque.
The tree is a true iron-clad, and an
early and regular bearer. The fi'uit is
about the size of the Damson, and quite
free from acidity of skin when cooked.

Bassett. — This is said to be a seed-
ling of the beach plum (Prunus Mari-
tima), probably fertilized by some for-
eign sort. The fruit is small, with a
pit little larger than that of the cherry.
It is rather firm for desert use, but not
excelled for cooking. The tree was not
injured on the college grounds last
winter.

Forest Rose. — This is of the Chick-
asaw race, originating, I think, in Mis-
souri. In foliage the tree much resem-
bles the peach. It seems ])erfectly hardy
and bears young and regularly, so far
as tried. In fruit it is superior to any
and all the Chickasaw varieties we have
tested.

RoLLiNGSTONE. — This is an appar-
ently native variety of Minnesota, with

blue fruit. It has a thicker skin than
any of the above and more acidity when
cooked, yet it is worthy of attention in
the northern countries as a free bearer
in the worst seasons, and the possible
parent of a line of larger leaved varie-
ties bearing blue fruit.

Spekr Plum — This is a small plum,
free from acidity of skin vvhen cooked,
and seems an early and abundant bearer.
It was brought to notice by Hon. R.
P. Speer, of Cedar Falls, who is send-
ing it out for trial. I have given the
name as we have it, but I think not
correctly.

BOOK NOTICES.

Catalogue — Of Standard-bred trot-
ting stock at Ashland Park Stock
Farm, near Lexington, Kentucky; B. J.
Treacy.

American Chemical Review.— Pub-
lished in Chicago, Illinois, $5.00 per
year, postpaid, devoted to the interests
of the arts of applied chemistry.

Science. — An Illustrated Weekly,
published by Moses King, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, for the Science Com-
pany, $5.00 a year. Always full of
matter interesting to the thoughtful
mind.

Catalogue. — Of works on Entom-
ology, September, 1883, contained in
the Bureau for purchase and exchange
under the direction of Ed. Andre, 21
Boulevard, Bretonni^re, a Beaune.^Cote-
d 'Or).

TRICHINiE AND TREATMENT OF TRI-
CHINOSIS.— By W. C. W. Glazier, M. D. ;
published by the Illustrated Medical
Journal Co., Detroit, Michigan, 'price
25 cents. Gives the entire life history
of Trichina Spiralis, with copious illus-
trations.

The Canadian Entomologist. — Is
published monthly by the Entomologi-
cal Society of Ontario, si. 00 per year.
It is edited by Wm. Saunders, Esq.,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

287

President of the Society, and contains
the latest information rehitiv^e to insects,
their life history, and when injurious
the best means of counteracting their
ravages.

Descriptive Catalogue — Of orna-
mental trees, shrubs, vines, etc., grown
at the German town Nurseries, Phila-
delphia, Penn., Thomas Meehan, Pro-
prietor. Mr. Meehan is a very accu-
rate and well informed botanist, who
knows what he is doing, and cultivates
a very large variety of both American
and foreign ornamental trees, etc.

The Biographical Magazine — rFor
November contains shoi't illustrated
sketches of Ali)honzo XII, King of
Spain ; Lieutenant Greely of the Greely
Polar Kxpedition ; Lord Coleridge,
Chief Justice of England ; Li Hung
Chang, Prime Minister of the Chinese
Empire ; Jules Ferry, Prime Minister
of France ; Prince Bismark ; Martin
Luther ; Harriet Beecher Stowe, and
other celebi'ities.

Transactions — Of the Maine State
Pomological Society, 1882. Doctor
Hoskins, in an admirable pa})er on
liardy winter apples, states that he
knows of but one Canadian apple that is
truly ironclad, the Peach Apple of
Montreal ; and that the hardiest winter
apple, widely known in this country is
the Wealthy. The Mcintosh Red, he
says, will bear all that can be said in its
favour, for excellence of quality, beauty
and productiveness, and where it does \
not spot will be a great acquisition ; it
is not iron-clad, yet more hardy than
the Famcuse. The Mann apple has
winter killed badly with him.

The December number of the Ameri-
can Agriculturist contains about one
liundred engravings, which is twenty-
live per cent, more than that in any
other illustrated periodical in this or
any other country. These illustrations
are engraved expres.sly for the j)aper by
leading artists, covering a wide variety

of rural subjects as well as farm inven-
tions and contrivances. These engrav-
ings alone in any swingle issue of the
paper are woi'th far more to every far-
mer and housekeeper than the subscrip-
tion price for fiv.^, yeai-s. Notwithstand-
ing the American Agriculturist is
fully worth four dollars a year, the sub-
scription price will continue at $1.50
during 1884.

The Griffin Weekly News.— Pub-
lished at Griffin, Georgia, by Douglas
Glessner, price $1.00 a year. It gives
interesting intelligence on the subject of
fruit culture in Centre Georgia. The
W. W. Woodruff fruit farm started
there in 1872, now has on it 5,300 pear
trees; 17,000 Grape Vines; 2,500
Apple Trees ; 1,500 Plum Trees of the
Wild Goose variety ; and 10,000 Peach
Trees. Some of our Canadian fruit
growers have also commenced fruit
farming there, notably, Mr. W. Old
field, of the Province of Quebec, and
Messrs. Edwin S. Leavenworth and J.
McKelvie, of St. Catharines. If any
of our readers wish to keep up with the
progress of this new fruit region they
could not do better than subscribe for
this weekly.

BusiiBEKG Catalogue. — Illustrated
and descriptive, from Bush &, Son, and
Meissner ; Bushberg, Missouri ; is not
merely a catalogue, but a very fuU
manual of the Grape, Grape culture
and Wine making. This manual com-
prises over sixty pages, treating of soil
and climate, of the species indigenous
to the United States, of grafting the
vine, trellising, pruning, diseases of the
grape vine, insects preying upon the
vine, gathering the gmpes, mashing,
pressing, etc. The descriptive cata-
logue is the most complete we have yet
seen, giving the name, synonyms, species
and when known, the parents ; follow-
ed by a full description, with character
the variety at present sustains among
grape growers.

288

THE CANDIAAN HORTICULTURIST.

GOLDEN ROD.

Thft air is warm and balmy yet,
The meadows still are green ;

Bnt Autumn's royal seal is set
Upon the smiling scene.

For look ! along the wayside nod

The tossing plumes of golden-rod.

It seems but yesterday we found
The May flower on the hills ;

And gaily were the gardens crowned
With June's first daffodills.

We thought 'twas yet the opening year-

Ah, golden-rod, what brings you here?

We had so many things to do

That scarcely are begun —
Say not that harvesting is through, '

And Summer days all done !
With winged sandals were they shod.
And fled when you came, golden rod.

"I care not for your greeting cold,

September's child replies ;
"My livery of burnished gold

Suits best autumnal skies.
No sighs T waste for vanished Spring,
I wait upon the Autumn's king.

" For he, the king, has need of me.
Fringe on his mantle's hem,

When gold and scarlet leaves shall be
His blazing diadem.

Orieve not tliat days like these are near-

They are the glory of the year ! "
-Portland Transcript.

The Brandy Gage. — A new plum, one
of the strongest growers, and very hardy ;
fruit medium size, yellow, ripens early,
and equal to the true Green Gage in flavor ;
a great and constant bearer, which does
not affect the growth of the tree. — New
York Witness.

Giant Zittau Oniont. — This is one of
the finest onions that has ever been culti-
vated. It is handsome in shape, clear yel-
low, and if sown in March and properly
treated many of the bulbs will weigh up-
wards of one pound by the end of Sep-
tember. Hitherto the seed has been
rither expensive, but when cheaper it will
doubtless be generally grown as a main
crop variety.— 77ie Garden.

Ladiks' Cabbagk. — Boil a firm white
head fifteen minutes, changing the water,
then, for more from the boiling tea-kettle.
Wlien tender drain and set a.side until per-
fectly cold. Chop fine and add two beaten
eggs, one tablespoon butter, pepper, salt
and three tablespoons of rich milk or
cream. Stir well togetluir and bake in a
buttered puddingdish until brown. Nfarion
Harland says : •' I can safely r^jcoaimend

this dish, even to those who are not fond
of any of the ordinary preparations of
cabbage, as being both palatable and di-
gestible."

Decorative Tree Planting. — The
Commissioners of the Woods and Forests,
of England, are trying to plant a large
extent of crown lands in the lale of Man
with forests and ornamental trees. The
experiment, which is watched with inter-
est not only by those who follow sylvi-
culture as an art, but by the many who
regard with apprehension the gradual de-
nudation of forest and woodlands, leads
Land to comment on the growth of a taste
for planting ; for transforming into artis-
tic plois, grounds which are ill-favored
and uninviting ; for digging lakes and
forming cascades, resulting in magnificent
combinations of sylvan charms. — Ameri-
can Garden.

Bagging Grapes. — A. correspondent
asks for advice on the propriety of bagging
grapes. The advantages are, protection
from insects and birds ; to some extent
exemption from rot when that disease pre-
vails ; but more particularly in the appear-
ance which the bunches present by free-
dom from external injury and with the
undisturbed bloom of the berries. Sorts
which sell at high prices pay for the ex-
pense of bagging : common grapes do not.
Where performed for profit, the work
must be systematized, the bags made by
wholesale methods, and the persons who
apply the bags must understand the busi-
ness of applying them rapidly. As the
bags retard somewhat the ripening, the
grapes keep longer and may be supplied
to purchasers a longer period, and the bags
afford some protection from autumn frosts.
To prevent rot, the bags should be applied
soon after the fruit sets, or before it is half
grown ; otherwise the operation may be
deferred till nearly the time for coloring.
Manilla paper is the best material, and
the upper fold should be drawn over the
bunch and pinned, so as to form a roof to
exclude rain. Sometimes bagged grapes
have been badly injured by long rains in
retaining moisture and causing cracking
of berries. Time will determine to what
extent the practice will ultimately prevail
in \'ineyard culture. — Country Gentleman.

INDEX.

Page

Abbotsford, F. G. Assa 274

Abronia 265

Abutilons 69

Adolph Strauch 154

Agricultural Education 278

Algoma, Fruit Trees in 5

Alligator Pear 229

Amateur Fruit Growers 33

American Pom. Society 105, 209

Ampelopsis Veitchi 191

Analysis of Soils 277

Andromeda polifolia 14

Andromeda catesbei 14

Andromeda Japonica 14

Anis Apple 271

Annapolis Valley, Fruit in 1 74

Annuals 265

Antonovka Apple 272

Aport Apple 272

Apple, The 271

Apple Aphis 213

Apple, A promising Winter 202

Apple Trade 168

Apple Trees girdled 174

Apple Tree Hark-louse 48

Apples 73, 83, 172, 282, 271, 272

Apples Dried 168

Apples, Early, for Market 187

Apples, Export 'Irade 44

Apples, how Sold in England 160

Apples, Packing of 2 16

Apricot Growing 167, 191

Apricot, The 272

Arnold, Chas ... loo, 130

Arabka Apple 272^

Arsenic, for Codlin Moth 188

Ashes 96

Asparagus Culture 168

Aster, The 266

Atlantic Strawberry 204

Autumn Hints 259

Bagging Grapes 223, 288

Bagging Tomatoes 214

Hanana 256

liark-louse 208

liarrie 82

iJasset Plum 286

Beans, new 18

Heans, Lima 182

Bees injuring Grapes 5, 56

Begonia Kex II

Begonia, Prince Albert 281

Page

Belinda Grape 10

Ben Davis Apple 93. 273

Herberis Sinensis 15

Berberis Thunbergii 15

Bessemianka Pear 272

Betula alba verrucosa 271

Bidwell Strawberry 34, 197. 224

Blackberry, The Snyder 186

Blackberry, The Taylor 189

Blackberry, Rrunton's Early 2

Blackberry, The Early Harvest.. 2. 114, :i;

Blackberry, The Early Cluster 236

Black Knot 188, 2.-^2

Black Walnut 17.^6, 83

Blanching Celery 279

Book Notices 45, 70, 95, 141, 164,

190, 239, ^60, 286

Border Plants 1 1 1

Brandy wine Raspberry 193

Brandy Gage 288

Brighton Grape 10, 167

Burnet Grape 3^76, 175

Burning Coal Tar to keep off Frost 285

Butternut 83

Cabbages 1 1 5

Cabbage Worm 4, 116, 216

Cabbage, Early 63

Cabbage Beetle no

Cabbage Butterfly 116, 216

Calla 20

California, Apricots in 191

California, Grapes in 213

California Prunes 215

Calluna vulgaris 15

Calycanlhus Floridus 284

Canned Goods 137, 227, 238

Canning Oranges 145

Cardinal Flower 24

Caroline Raspberry I93

Carolina Allspice 284

Cattle in Streets 204

Celery, Large 96

Celery 59. 'S^, 229, 279

Champion Quince 2

Charles Downing 3

Cherries 205

Cheny Slug 60

Chestnut Oak 112

Chicago Parks* 192

Chionanthus Virginica 284

Chrysanthemums, New 281

Cladastrus tinctoria 230

290

INDEX.

Page

25

14

25

140

263

198

58

112

Clematis

Clematis, Davidiana

Clematis, Coccinea

Clematis, Hybrid

Clematis, Jackman's

Clethra alnifolia 14, 16,

Clianthus, The

Clinton, Fruit at 34,

Clover Seed Midge

Codlin Moth 106, 123, 128, 154, 188

Colorado Beetle 6

Conklin I'each 96

Corn, Manuring for loo

Cornus sanguinea 14

Correspondence, 51, 52, 76, 10$, 123, 156, 174

Cotton Seed Oil 209

Crab Apples 211

Crescent Seedling Strawberry 210

Crimson Beauty Raspberry 35

Cultivation of Potatoes 210

Cumberland Triumph Strawberry 2 to

Currants, Cultivation of 251

Currant Worm ,. 52, loi, 116, 160, 175, 218

Curl Leaf in Peach 276

Cuthbert Raspberry 193

Cutting Seed Potatoes 37

Dahlia 107

Danger to Shade Trees 1 76

Dates 178

Davidson's Thornless Raspberry 194

Decorative Tree Planting 240, 288

Desmodium penduliflorum "I4

Desmodium Canadense .... 14

Desirable Shrubs 284

De Soto Plum 286

Deutzia crenata 14

Dicentra spectabilis 90, 155, 217

Doyenn^d'Ete Pear 212

Dried Apples 168

Dried Fruit Market . 200

Dried Fruit 92, 119, 150, 162

Drummond Phlox 267

Drying Tomatoes 285

Duchess Grape 10

Dunlap Peach 48

Dwarf Pear 83, 218

Early Apples 187

Early Cabbage 6 ^

Early Canada Strawberry 51

Early Cluster Blackberry 236

Early Grapes 59, 105, 108

Earlv Greens 182

Early Harvest Blackberry 2, 114, 21";

Early Peaches 137,216, 258

Early Victor Grape 108

Easter Beurre Pear 7

Edinburgh Forestry Exhibition 249

Education, Agricultural 278

Eleocarpus cyaneus 259

Eleocarpus dentatus 260

Empire State Grape 10

Ensilage 163

\' rica vagano 15

Erica carnea 15

Eucharis 225

Fucharis Sanderi 281

Evaporator, improved 205

Experiments with Tomatoes 203

Experiments in Tree Growing 242

Extermination of White Grubs 123

Fall Planting 208

Fellenburg Plum 278

Ferns 2$8

Figs 113

Field Mouse > 127

Flower Garden 139

Forestry Exhibition 249

Fore•^try Association of Quebec 35

Forest Trees 189

Forest Rose Plum 286

Fountain Pump 156, 198

Franconia Raspberry 194

Freesias 224

Fruit Crop of '82 36

Fruit Culture in Russia 185

Fruit Evaporators 66, 205

Fruit Growers' Association —

Winter Meeting 79

Summer Meeting 219

of Abbotsford 274

of Grimsby 127

Fruit Growing 77, 134, 184

Fruit Insects 233

Fruit in Annapolis 174

Fruit in the North 159

Fruits in England 117

Fruits of Minnesota 173

Fruit Prospects 157

Fruit, Preservation of 88

Fruit Report 1 58

Fruit, Preparing for Market 180

Fruit Show 257

Funkia 22

Garden, How to Make it Pay 113

Gardens at Vancouver Island 279

Gathering Pears 28"?

Genesee Peach * 48

Geraniums 19

Girdled Apple Trees , . . 174, 220

Giant Zittau Onion 2S8

Gladiolus 8

Glucose Honey 6

Good Place for Forest Trees 189

Gooseberries, English 32, 81

Gooseberries 25 1

Grapes Under Glass 4

INDEX.

291

Page
Grapes. . . . 7, 10, 21, 27, 59, 83, 92, 95,

i.>5, 108, 163, 278, 119, 120, 121, 140

Grapes, Kipening of 163

Grape Vines 79, 207

Grape Vines, Grafting of 183

Grape Vines, Paris Green on 209

Grapes, Keeping in Winter 216

Gra]ies, Hagging of 223, 288

Grapes in Lake Erie 236

Grape-Growing in California 213

Grape-Growing in Huron County T07

Grape Vine Plume 202

Gregg Raspberry 194, 210

Grefen Peas 76, 163

Grimsby Fruit Growers' Association .... 127

Hansell Raspberry i, 194

Hardy Border Plants Ill

Hardy Herbaceous Plants 217

Hardy Ferns 258

Hardy Trees 27 1

Hardy Fruits 275

Hedges of lioney Locust 44

Heliotrope 20, 217

Highland Hardy Raspberry 194.

Highland Grape 62

Hopkins Raspberry 194

Horse Radish 144

Horticultural Gossip " 126

Horticultural Swindle 9

House Plants 19

Hybrid Clematis 140

Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora ... 13, 255

Illustrations 8, 9, ii, 1^,20,21,

39, 60, 61, 63, 65. 67, 90, 93, 98, 99,
102, 103, 104, 114, 122, 146, 147,

,^ . ^ ^50. 152, i53. 176, 245

Improved Fruit Evaporator 195

Insects 48, 112, 176, 188, 202, 208,

213, 233. 235, 240, 283

Insecticides 192, 240, 253, 256

Insects on Roses 240

Interesting Native Plant 284

International Exhibition 34

Jackman's Clematis 263

James Vick Strawberry 169, 196,

218, 224

Japan Maples 282

Jefferson Grape 2

Kalmia latifolia 14

Keeping Grapes 216

Kieffer's Hybrid Pear 391, 118, 160

Kitchen Garden 259

Lady Washington Grape 10

Ladies Cabbage 288

Large Peach Orchards 191

Page

Large Stiawberries 199

Lawn making 20*

Laying Turf in Summer 216

lay of the Ancient Hybridist 264

Leiophyllum buxifolium 1 5

Lily of the Valley 3°

Lily, Victoria Regia 22^

Lima Beans 182, 206

Linden Grape i«

Little, Mr. James 247

Lombard Plum 1 7

Lost Rubies Raspberry 196

Magnolia parviflora 282

Magog Red Streak Apple 172

Manitoba, Fruit Trees in 33

Manitoba, Fruits for 275

Management of Grape Vine 207

Manchester Strawberry 196, 224

Mangoes 238

Market Pears 161

Marlboro' Raspberry 40, 207

Maple Egerian 1 76

Maule's Pyrus 284

Melon and Squash Bugs 283

Melons, Fertilizer for 3

Mexico, Rubber Plant in 192

Mice, to Protect Trees from 32

Mice girdled Trees 122

Michigan Horticultural Society 28

Mississippi Valley Hort. Society. . . . 148.

170, 268

Mignonette 266

Mimulus cupreus 257

Minnesota Fruits 173

Mobile, Reminiscences 244

Mouse, the Field 127

Mushroom Culture 51

Muskoka, Fruits in 30, 275

National School of Forestry 272

National Sanitary and Rural improvement

As<;ociation 278

Nepenthes Northiana 282

Neviusia Alabamensis 15

New Fruits 2, 210

Newburgh Muscat lo

New Strawberries 108, 196, 224, 240

New Plants 281

New Orleans 146

Niagara Grape 253

Niagara Raspberry 194

Oak Leaved Mountain Ash 99

Oak, The Chestnut 112

Oil from Sunflower 252

Oleanders . 107

OKI Ironclad Strawberry 65

Onion Maggot 23s

Onion, Giant Zittau 2S8

292

INDEX.

Page

Orchards, protection to 48

Orchards, large peach 191

Ornamental Shrubs 13, 14, 183,

191, 234, 284, 247
Ornamental Trees 97, 99, 112, 83,

282, 271

Ornamental Herries 183

Ostheim Cherry 272

Ostrich farming 270

Ottawa Valley Fruit Report 158

Packing Apples 216

Pansy, The 266

Paper Bags on Grapes I20

Paris Green on Grape Vines 209

Parsnips 41

Peaches for Market 3, 135

Peaches 3, 83, 135, 137, 190

Peaches, Early 137

Peach Orchards 118, 191

Peach Yellows .... 235, 274

Peach Leaf Curl 276

Pear, The 175,212, 272

Pears Cracking 57

Pears for Market 161

Pears, Winter 185

Pears, Gathering of 283

Peas, Experiment with 177

Peas, Preserving 163, 191

Peas, Trellis for 1 38

Perennial Plants 247

Petite Marguerite Pear 175

Philadelphia Raspberry 195

Phlox Drummondi 267

Phylloxera 85

Pinus Sylvestris 271

Piper's Seedling Strawberry 240

Planting Trees in the Fall 208

Plums 83, 272, 278, 192

Plum Trees 188

Plum Crop 201

Plums for high latitudes 286

Po'keepsie Red Grape. . lo, 94

Poetry 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168,

192, 216, 264, 288

Portulaca, The 267

Populus alba var. erecta 271

Potatoes 86, 94, 1 44

Potatoes, The Cultivation of 210

Preventalile Losses 7

Prentiss Grape 121, 132, 173

Preparing Fruit for Market 180

Prices of Canned Goods 238

Profits of Small Fruits 273

Professor Tanner's Report 277

Progress of Manufacture of Cotton Seed

Oil 209

Promising Winter Apples 202

Pruning 77

Pruning Raspberries. . . 198

Paoi

Prunus triloba 14

Puget Sound Fir Tree 96

Pyrethrum 256

Pyrus Maulei 284

Quince, The 215

Quince Trees 162

Raspberries, 193, 196, 198, 207, 210, 278, 211

Raspberries in New Jersey 237

Raspberries in Illinois 187

Recipes 72, 144, 288

Red Astrachan Apple 282

Refrigerator Cars 203

Relation of Seeds to Quality 15

Reliance Raspberry 195

Remedy for Peach Yellows 274

Reminiscences of Mobile 244

Report of Prof. Tanner 277

Report on Trees 33

Report on fVuits 57

Report on Russian Fruits 142

Rhubarb Forcing 120

Ripening Grapes 163

Roadside Tree Planting 251

Rollingstone Plum 286

Root Pruning 214

Rosa rugosa 263, 272

Rosebugs . . 21

Rose, The 272

Roses.. 81, 145, 227, 237, 200, 240, 263,

272, 281

Rubber Plant 192

Rural Improvement Association 278

Russian Fruits 26

Russian Mulberry 199

Russia, Fruit Culture in . . : 185

Salpiglossis, The 267

Salsify 93

Salvias 236

Sanitary Association 278

School of Forestry 272

School Grounds 1 39

Scions, cutting of 77

Scotch Pine 271

Scraping trees 213

Seed Breeding 180

Seed Potatoes 37

Seneca Queen Strawberry 197

Shaffers Colossal Raspberry ... 60, 1^5, 278

Sharpless Strawberry 190, 197, 224

Shirts Strawberry 197

Shrubs 14. 183, 234, 247, 284

Singular freaks 190

Silverbell tree 191

Small fruits 53. 124, 190

Small trees 64

Small seeds, how to grow 143

Snyder Blackberry 180

INDEX.

293

Soil Analysis 277

Solid Raspberry 195

Sorghum 48 132, 179

Souhegan Raspberry 15, 195, 21 1

Southern Fruit Show 25?

Speer Plum 286

Sparrow. English 54> 59> ^^^

Spirea ariaefolia 14

Spirea pruinfolia 14

Spirea Thunbergii 14

Special Fertilizers 3

Squash, The Ii

Squash bugs 283

Stayman's Early Blackberry 9

Styrax Japonica 14

Stratford 82

Standard Pears 83

Stone's Hardy Blackberry 91

Stonewall Jackson Apple 273

Strawberry beds 24

Strawberry enemy 1 5 1

Strawberay notes from Ohio . 250

Strawberries 49, 62, 82, 108, 169,

174, 196, 199, 204, 210, 216, 224,

240, 250

Stylographic pen 94

Sugar Beet 7

Sugar Maple 13 1

Summer meeting of the Fruit Growers'

Association 219

Sunflowtr Seed, oil from 252

Sunflower, Value of 190

Superb Raspberry 67, 195

Sweet Chestnut 83

Sweet Corn, new 64

Sweet Com, canning 133

Swilzer Apple 168

Tanner, Prof., Report of . . . 277

Tarnished Plant Bug I51

Taylor Blackberry 189

Texas Red Hybrid Blackberry 2

Thwack Raspberry 195

Toads 189

Tobacco for Cabbage Beetle iio

Tobacco Juice Vapor 192

Tomatoes 191, 203, 285

Tonkovietka Pear 272

Transplanting 141, 162, 255

Trees, Best for Transplanting 69, 1 36

Trees, Planting in Fall 208

i'AQK

Trees, Scraping of 212

Tree Agents 172

Tree Planting 251, 288

Tree Planting Act 125

Tree Growing 242

Turner Raspberry . ... 196

Tyler Raspberry 43, 196

Ulster Prolific Grape 10, 95

Valuable Information 271

Vancouver's Island 279

Vergennes Grape 2

Vegetables, new 104

Vegetables in England 136

Vegetables 241

Viburnum plicatum 13

Viburnum microcephalum 14

Victoria Grape 140

Victoria Currant 155

Victoria Regia Lily 221

Vineyard, a Naboth's 215

Violets 42

Virginia Fringe Tree 63

Vladimir Cherry 272

Warder, Dr. John A 221

Wash for Trees .... 215

Waterloo Peach 48, 190

Watermelons 138

Weeping Birch 271

Weigela rosea 14, 59

White Fringe 284

White Grapes : 121

White Grubs 123

White Pine 84

White Poplar 271

Wild Cucumber 218

Wilson Strawberry 23, 129, 174

Wintering Cabbage 4

Winter Pears 185

Winter Radishes 2

Wolf Plum 286

Wood Ashes 96

Worden Grape 81

Wyoming Red Grape 10

Yellow Wood 230

Yellows in Peach Trees 2,5, 274

Zauschneria 2S4

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