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ISMETROPQLITAN
MIBRARY

THE

CANADIAN

HORTICULTURIST.

PUBLISHED AT TORONTO AND GRIMSBY, ONT.

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO.

VOLUME IX.

L. WOOLVERTON, M.A., EDITOR

K OFFICE ADDRESS -GRIMSBY, ONT.

N. B.— Numbers I. to X. of thin Volume were Edited by Mr. D. W. BEADLE^
of St. Catfiarhies, Ont,

t

THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED,
GENERAL PRINTERS, 67 & 69 COLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

1886.

THE GREAT, NEW QUINCE,

"Meech's Prolific."

This sort bears very early, — sometimes one year from cutting, and usually

a full crop at three years. The most prolific of all known varieties.

Ripens between the Orange and Champion.

in>n^

THE

VOL. IX.]

JANUARY, 1886,

[No. 1.

THE QUIINCE.

The comsumption of this fruit has
greatly increased within the past ten
years, so that the attention of fruit
growers is being turned to the con-
sideration of more extensive planting
in order to meet the increased demand.
Hence the question arises whether the
planter may expect that an orchard of
quince trees will be remunerative, and,
if so, what varieties are most desirable,
what soil is best suited to their growth,
and what cultivation should they
receive.

With regard to the question of rem-
uneration it may be sufficient to say
that this matter of fruit growing for
protit is like every other business, it
needs to be conducted with skill and
prudence, while prices will vary as do
the prices of all other products according
to the supply and demand. If there be
any branch of agriculture that calls for
the intelligent use of one's brains more
than another it is this very department
of fruit growing for profit. Not a few
liave been sorely disappointed just be-
•ause they have made fruit growing a
s(5Condary matter, a sort of adjunct to
the usual farm oi>eration8. If that way
of fruit raising was ever profitable, the
(lay has now passed ; they only may

expect success who will make this fruit
growing the business to which all else
is secondary.

We shall endeavor to set forth the
conditions under which the quince can
be successfully grown so as to yield
good crops, leaving it to our readers to
determine for themselves whether they
can meet those conditions and reason-
ably expect to find quince-growing for
market to be remunerative.

The quince will thrive best in a rich,
deep, clay loam, that is thoroughly
drained of all standing water. It ha3
been the fashion to plant the quince
bushes in some low, wet place and let
them grow as they may without care.
Experience has taught us that this
method is unwise, that on the contrary,
they will respond as readily to generous
treatment in well drained ground as
any fruit plant. The climate must also
be taken into account. The trees are
more hardy than the peach and may
therefore be successfully grown some-
what beyond the limit of peach culture.
It is not the wood of the branches nor
the fruit buds, but it is the root of the
quince that is most liable to be injured
by severe freezing, especially if growing
in a light sandy soil. Hence in our

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

climate it will be found that a mulch in
autumn will often be serviceable as a
protection to the roots, thereby preserv-
ing the quince tree from injury.

The trees should be planted about
fifteen feet apart each way, and the
ground kept clean by thorough cultiva-
tion with the cultivator. Ploughing
after the trees have become well estab-
lished is likely to tear and injure the
roots, which are fibrous and lie near
the surface. Liberal annual manuring
is as important in the quince orchard
as anywhere else. Besides this a dress-
ing of common salt applied every spring,
and occasionally during the growing
season, at the rate of a quart to each
tree, scattered upon the surface of the
ground, has been found to have a very
beneficial efiect. Pruning must not be
neglected. The trees need to be kept
open that the foliage may be fully ex-
posed to the light and air. This should
be regularly attended to every spring,
requiring then but little labor, and only
such an amount as that the heads shall
not become a mass of interlacing brush.

For some time only two varieties
were usually planted, the Orange or
Apple-shaped Quince, and the Pear-
shaped. Of these the apple quince was
to be preferred on account of its better
quality and brighter color. The Portu-
gal Quince has been highly esteemed
for its fine quality and the handsome
color of the flesh when cooked, but it is
not pfofitable as a market variety on
account of its being a shy bearer. In
later times we have had brought to
notice Rea's Quince, which is a variety
of the Orange of large size and by some

thought to be the best of all, but it has
not proved to be sufficiently productive
in our climate. This was followed by
the Champion Quince, which comes into
bearing early and is productive, but
ripens quite too late for our seasons.
We have now brought before us a var-
iety known as Meech's Prolific. Its
origin is lost in obscurity. Mr. Meech,
of Vineland, N. J., found it growing in
the grounds of one of the early settlers
of that place who brought it from Con-
necticut. After growing it with the
other varieties, Mr. Meech became sat-
isfied that it was distinct from and
superior to all of them. It is some-
what pear-shaped, but said to differ
from the old pear-shaped quince by
ripening earlier than that variety, yet
a little later than the Apple or Orange
Quince. It is also said to ripen earlier
than Ilea's and decidedly earlier than
the Champion. The particular merits
claimed for this variety are the vigor-
ous, healthy habit .of the tree, early
bearing, and great and uniform pro-
ductiveness. Young trees of two and
three years old shew fruit, and con-
tinue to bear so abundantly thereafter
that it is necessary to thin out the fruit
in order to prevent injury to the trees
from overbearing. Trees five years
planted yielding from eighty to ninety
well-grown quinces. The fruit is very
large, often weighing fiora twelve to fif-
teen ounces, of a beautiful golden color,
and possessing the peculiar agreeable
quince fragrance in a high degree. It is
claimed for it that its cooking qualities
are remarkably good, one lady stating
that it cooks as soft as a peach.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTCKIST.

3

We are indebted to Messrs. Hance
and Borden, of Red Bank, New Jersey,
for the colored plate of this new quince
which accompanies this number. These
gentlemen were so favorably impress-
ed with the good quality of this variety
that they have undertaken its cultiva-
tion and dissemination, and to them we
are indebted for the above particulars
concerning its characteristics. Should
it prove to maintain in our climate the
good qualities which they state it has
shown in New Jersey of coming early
into bearing and continuing to yield
heavy crops of large, well formed,
highly colored, and highly flavored
fruit, it will be a most valuable acqui-
sition.

The quince is most frequently used
for making a marmalade, by cooking
the fruit soft, crushing the pulp and
sweetening according to taste. Canned
quince is a favorite dish with many, re-
quiring only to be cooked soft before
adding the sugar, else the quince will
be made tough. Baked quinces are a
most delicious dish. The core should
be punched out, the space filled with
sugar, and the fruit then baked in a pan
containing just a little water. Eaten
with cream and sugar — well, if you
have never enjoyed this dish, there is a
most agreeable experience in store for
you.

root survives and throws up strong
shoots the next summer, it does not
produce flowers.

BIGNONIA RADICANS.

Mr. T. H. Mackenzie has endeavored
to grow the Bignonia radicans at Dun-
das, but has only had it bloom once in
five years. The winters usually kill it
down to the ground, and although the

PREMIUMS FOR NEW SUBSCRIBERS.

For five new subscribers and five
dollars we will send prepaid any one of
the following collections of choice bulbs
or plants. This is an opportunity to
secure a fine assortment of beautiful
flowers and valuable plants without
cost, other than the pleasure of doing
a favour to your friends by introducing
this monthly to their notice, and of
enlarging the circulation and extend-
ing the usefulness of the only horti-
cultural magazine published for the
benefit of Canadian lovers of fruits
and flowers : —

Collection No. 1 — One Chionodoxa
lucillse, one Lilium longiflorum, two
Frittillaria meleagris, two Spanish
Iris, and two Narcissus poeticus.

No. 2 — Five Tulips, two Chinese
Peonias, one Spotted Calla, one Tiger
Lily.

No. 3 — A collection of five diflferent
Lilies.

No. 4 — A collection of five different
sorts of Iris.

No. 5 — Two double and two single
Hyacinths, and three double and three
single Narcissus.

No. 6 — Five herbaceous perennials
— Fraxinella, Dianthus, Japan Anem-
one, Japan Spirea, and Clematis erecta.

No. 7 — Three hardy flowering shrubs
— Hydrangea paniculata, Spirea Van
Houtte, and Purple Fringe.

No. 8 — A collection of twelve differ-
ent sorts of flower seeds.

No. 9 — Four hardy Roses.

No. 1 0— Four Tea Roses.

No. 1 1 — Three Polyantha or minia-
ture Roses.

No. 12 — Four Climbing Roses.

No. 1 3 — Ten plants, to be ch6sen by
you from the following list : Gerani-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

urns, single ; Geraniums, double ; Fuch-
sias, single ; Fuchsias, double; Petunias,
double, blotched and fringed ; Abutil-
ons, rose-coloured ; Abutilons, white ;
Abutilons, straw-coloured ; Begonias,
scarlet ; Begonias, rose-coloured ; Be-
gonias, white-flowered ; Coleus, with
most beautifully variegated foliage ;
Hydrangea Thomas Hogg; and Hy-
drangea Otaksa. These plants will be
securely packed and sent by mail. You
are at liberty to choose the ten from
any one or more of these different kinds
of plants.

No. 1 4 — Six beautiful clove-scented
carnations.

No. 15 — Six Double Dahlias, differ-
ent colours.

No. 16— Twelve Gladiolus bulbs.

No. 17 — Twelve Tuberose bulbs and
six Gladiolus.

No. 18 — Jessica Grape-vine.

No. 19 — A Niagara Grape-vine.

No. 20 — An Amber Queen Grape-
vine.

No. 21 — A pruning knife.

No. 22 — Three plants of Hilborn
Blackcap Raspberry.

For ten dollars and ten new sub-
scribers we will send, prepaid, any two
of the above collections you may desig-
nate ; or if preferred, we will send you
one strong yearling tree of the Russian
Vladimir Cherry, grown from trees
imported by the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation direct from Russia.

If you prefer books, we will send you,
prepaid, on receipt of three dollars and
three new subscribers. Every Woman
Her Own Flower Gardener, 148 pages,
bound in cloth.

For five dollars and five new sub-
scribers, Window Gardening, 300 pages,
illustrated with 126 engravings.

For twelve dollars and twelve new
subscribers, Saunders' Insects Injurious
to Fruits, 436 pages, 440 engravings,
bound in cloth.

For fifteen new subscribers and

fifteen dollars, the Floral Kingdom, a
magnificent art book, splendidly bound,
450 pages, 200 illustrations.

THE WHITE FRINGE.

Mr. Thos. H. Mackenzie, of Dundas,
County of Wentworth, informs us that
he has two trees of the White Fringe,
one of them now fifteen feet high, and
the other ten feet, that they flower
freely every year, and have done so
ever since the fourth year from plant-
ing, and that when covered with
bloom and when ornamented with their
rich purple drupes they are most beau-
tiful objects. It is now fully settled
that this beautiful shrub or small tree
is perfectly hardy in our Canadian
climate, reports having been received
of its flourishing at Dundas, Guelph,
and at St. Anns de Bellevue, in the
Province of Quebec.

OUT-DOOR FRUIT FOR THE MILLION.

We are indebted to Mr. F. P. Gas-
sion for a copy of a little pamphlet of
some thirty-five pages, with the above
title, in which the author sets forth his
method of growing fruit of all kinds
with great success. His management
is based upon the theory that the roots
of a tree are of three kinds, the small
fibrous roots, the lateral roots, and the
tap roots, and that the oftice of the
fibrous roots is to produce fruit, of the
laterals to produce wood, and of the
tap root to anchor the tree. Accord-
ingly he cuts off the lateral roots every
second year or so. If the tree be four
inches in diameter at the ground, or a
foot in circumference, he allowed a
space of two feet from the tree, and cut
off the roots at that distance from the
trunk, thus leaving a circle of roots
four feet in diameter. His time for
doing this root pruning is in the autumn
after the leaves have fallen. After
cutting off the roots, he dresses the sur-

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTURI8T.

face of the ground with a liberal supply
of good, solid manure. In the spring,
when the trees began to open their
blossoms, pails full of liquid manure
were given them occasionally as long
as the blooming process lasted ; also
for some time afterwards, particularly
if the weather were dry. The fertilizers
used were the drainings of the stable
and cow-house, fresh solid manure of
any kind well mixed with water, and
a few handfuls of guano well stirred
up in a pailful of water.

As a result of this treatment the
author states that the trees soon covered
themselves with fruit spurs, yielding
great quantities of fruit. That this
process of root pruning forced the trees
to make short stitf wood well supplied
with fruit buds. He thinned out all
small, poor fruit, and then let the trees
bear to their very utmost. In addition
to the manuring, he gave the trees an
annual dressing of lime.

We have no doubt but that by this
method of lessening the wood growth
of a tree, and at the same time supply-
ing the remaining roots with an abund-
ance of food, and thinning out the fruit
so that each remaining specimen shall
have sufficient room for full develop-
ment, perfect fruit, of fine appearance
and full flavor will be obtained. This
method is particularly to be commended
to those who have but small grounds,
who can attend to the trees during the
season of growth, and see that they do
not suffer for lack of food or moisture,
and who desire to have very choice
fill it and of the highest flavor. It
must be remembered that when the
loots are thus shortened, food and drink
must be supplied to the remainder, else
the tree will suffer, and the fruit, and
possibly the leaves, drop.

Should any of our readers have trees
that are making too vigorous wood
growth, and therefore yielding little or

no fruit, they will find this root prun-
ing process will check the excessive
wood production and throw their trees

into fruit bearing.

CODLI]^ MOTH IN NEW ZEALAND.

We have been favored by Mf. R.
Hobbs, of Auckland, with a copy of
the report of the joint Codlin Moth
Committee appointed by the Legislative
Council and the House of Representa-
tives of New Zealand to consider and
make suggestions for the proper work-
ing of the Codlin Moth Act, 1884, with
the object of checking the spread of this
terrible pest.

It appears from the report that the
investigations of the Committee took a
much wider range, and embraced scale
insects, peach blight, &c. Mr. T. Kirk
prefers syringing with a weak solution
of caustic potash, rather than Paris
Green, for preventing the Codlin Moth
from depositing its eggs.

The appendix to the report contains
copious extracts from the Canadian
Horticulturist and the Report of the
Fruit Growers' Association for 1884.

In his letter just received, Mr.
Hobbs states that he has received at
diflferent times copies of the Canadian
Horticulturist from Mr. Twohy, Hamil-
ton, but that he wishes to become a
regular subscriber, and accordingly he
encloses his subscription for two years,
1886 and 1887. He adds: " I made
free use of your Journal by taking ex-
tracts from it re the cure for insect
pests, feeling sure also that you would
be pleased to know that the usefulness
of your Journal extended as far as New
Zealand. Ours is a grand country for
fruit, and our mild climate is very
favorable to insects as well. We are
now only beginning to realize the fact
that we must do something to keep
them in check ; and it is with this ob-

6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

ject in view that I have been interest-
ing myself in the matter." Mr. Hobbs
is the chairman of the Committee of
the House of Representatives appointed
to inquire into the best methods of
combatinsf the codlin moth.

THE HILBORN RASPBERRY.

This is a new variety of the Black
Cap family, an accidental seedling trans-
planted with a number of others by Mr.
W. W. Hilborn, of Arkona. This one
manifested such a decided superiority
over the others that he has continued
to grow it for over six years past, and
esteems it to be the most valuable of
all the Black Caps for either home use
or market. He states that it will
average larger than any of them, save
only the Gregg, is jet black, very pro-
ductive, and the best in quality ; that
it begins to ripen just after Tyler or
Souhegan, and continues in fruit later
than most. The plant is a strong
grower, has few thorns, and is as hardy
as any Black Cap.

If any of our readers will send to
this office five new subscribers, they
shall receive in the spring three plants
of this new valuable Black Cap Rasp-
berry.

APPLES IN ENGLAND.

Green & Whineray's circular of 28th
November, '85, quotes Canadian apples
at Liverpool as follows : — Greenings,
125. to 12s. 6d. ; Spitzenburgs, 10s. to
Us.; Spys, 8s. Qd. to 10s.; Golden
Russets, 15s. to 17s.; Kings, 12s. to
15s.; Seek-No-Furthers, 9s. to lis.
Total arrivals to date, 209,222 bbls.

OPINIONS OP^ THE PRESS.

One of the most worthy of the publi-
cations of this province is the Canadian
Horticulturist, edited by D. W. Beadle,
of St. Catharines. Amonc: the con-

tributors who are recognised as authori-
ties upon various horticultural tojncs,
is the name of F. Mitchell, of Innerkip.
Mr. Mitchell is a most successful florist,
and an intelligent writer.— Woodstock
limes.

THE WINTER MEETING

Of the Fruit Growers' Association of
Ontario will be held in the Town Hall,
Stratford, on Wednesday and Thursday,
the 10th and 11th of February, 1886,
commencing at ten o'clock in the fore-
noon of Wednesday, and continuing
through both days and evenings.

We have received notice that Mr.
T. T. Lyon, the President, Mr. E. H.
Scott, the Chairman of the Executive
Committee, and Charles W. Garfield,
the live Secretary, of the .Michigan
Horticultural Society, and also Mr. W.
H. Green, of the Ohio Experiment
Station, intend to be present at that
meeting. They are all eminent as
fruit growers and horticulturists, and
will add very much to the interest of
the occasion. We trust that our mem-
bers will not fail to avail themselves of
this opportunity of listening to these
gentlemen.

THE ASH-LEAVED MAPLE.

Keg undo acer aides..
A writer in the A^nerican Garden
says this " is a handsome tree. The
top is S))reading, symmetrical and grace-
ful. The foliage is dark green. The
trunk is smooth and well proportioned.
In point of beauty it is excelled by
none of our forest trees. It is equally
commended by its hardiness. It does
well in Lower Canada ; [We saw it
growing most luxuriantly at Winnipeg,
Manitoba, where it is not injured in the
least by the cold of winter. — Editor.]
and along the fortieth parallel, it is
never injured by the winter. Nor is
it injured by heat or drought."

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTURI8T.

COLEUS FIREBRAND AND GOLDEN
BEDDER.

Mr. N. Robertson, Superintendent
of the Government grounds at Ottawa,
writes to the Floral Cabinet that Col-
eus Firebrand is a grand object ; under
glass it assumes a brilliant fiery appear-
ance, and that in the open ground,
though the sun destroys this delicate
color, it yet is superior as a dark bed
der over any other he has tried, Jind is
a fine addition to our bedding plants.
Golden Bedder under glass seems to
him to have no particular attraction,
being of a greenish white, but when
bedded out the sun changes this to a
bright golden yellow that in the dis-
tance is most attractive and pleasing
and makes a splendid contrast with the
other, either planted alternately or in
lines. Mr. Robinson remarks that
Golden Bedder with him is much
dwarfed in outside planting and requires
to be kept on the front line.

QUESTION DRAWER.

What variety besides Concord would
you recommend for our climate and
soil 1 The latter is a light, gravelly
ridge, Iving between Blenheim and
Buckhorn. R. B. B.

Reply. — If wanted for your own
table, you will find the Jessica a most
delicious white grape ; the Brighton an
excellent red, and the Wilder a mag-
nificient black variety.

WORMS ON grapl: \i:si^.

Dear Sik, — I send for your investi-
gation and opinion in regard to what
these small worms are on this grape
vine. This is one I was transplanting
this fall. Please let us know through
the Canadian Horticulturist.
Yours truly,

W. C. Webster.

Reply. — We received with the above
a piece of a rooted cutting that was
quite dry, and could find no worms, or
appearance of worms, on it. They must
have left the vine during its transit in
the mail bajrs.

WHAT THE PEOPLE SAY.

NUTS.

p. E. BUC'KE, OTTAWA,

Although in Canada we have a
variety of nut-bearing trees growing
wild in our woods, it cannot be said
that any of the nuts produced on them
are to be compared with the English
or Spanish walnuts, the Barcelonas,
Filberts, or sweet chestnuts of the Old
World ; and after all, this state of
thiugs is reasonable enough. We do
not go to the woods to find snow apples
or Smith's improved gooseberries. In
the forests are found the original types
of cultivated fruits only ; it is left to
man to improve on nature. Some-
times, however, we have been able to
adopt the improved forms of plants
that a long course of civilization has
produced, but the attempts at growing
the walnut, filbert and chestnuts im-
ported from England to Canada have
met with but little success. In Ottawa
the cold of winter is entirely too severe
for any of the above to flourish. The
filbert has dragged out a miserable ex-
istence from year to year, but the cat-
kins which form in the autumn do
not pass sufficiently safe through the
winter to shed their pollen in spring,
or else the female flower buds are de-
stroyed by the severity of the cold.
Whichever is the case, certain it is that
when the time for nuts is at hand the
trees are found to have produced
** nothing but leaves." There is little
doubt, however, but the hazel, which is
wild over a large portion of the Domin-
ion, might be hybridized by pollen

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

from the English varieties, and a cross
obtained suitable for our wants, if not
so fine as the British parent. In the
same way perhaps the condition of the
native Canadian chestnuts and walnuts
(either the black or the butternut)
might be ameliorated. A cross be-
tween the two latter might be effected
with good results. Many of the nut-
bearing trees, such as the walnut and
filbert, having unisexual flowers, the
process of hybridizing would not be
difficult if pollen could be obtained.
Where the male and female organs are
situate in the same flower, as in the
grape for instance, of course the flower
has to be artificially opened and the
male organs removed before they are
sufficiently advanced for the pollen to
impregnate the female portion of the
flower.

The Juglans regia is the variety cul-
tivated for its nuts in Europe. Its
home is supposed to have been origin-
ally in Persia or the Levant, from
which it was no doubt carried to Eng-
land by the Romans. The English
nuts are now said to be better flavoured
than those grown on the continent of
Europe. The word Juglans is sup-
posed to be a contraction of Jovis glans^
" nut of Jupiter." J. regia is by no
means a hardy tree. It is in fact so
tender that it flourishes better in the
south of England than in the north ;
nevertheless the writer has seen some
fine trees of this species in Suffolk,
Norfolk and Lancashire, but the trees
of Kent and Surrey have the repu-
tation of producing the finest nuts.
There is a record of a walnut tree
which grew in Welwyn, Herefordshire,
whose umbrageous branches covered an
area of over two thousand square yards.
There is still standing at Balaclava, in
the Crimea, a walnut tree said to be
upwards of one thousand years old.
This tree yields its proprietor a yearly
average of eighty thousand nuts; it

has been known to produce as many as
one hundred thousand in a single season.

There is one way in which our nuts
could be utilized as an article of com-
merce, and that is as a pickle. Both
the black walnut and butternut when
in that stage of growth, just before the
shell begins to harden, while it is yet
sufficiently soft to admit of its being
penetrated with ease by a knitting
needle, is gathered and converted into
a most delicious pickle. When the
nuts are ripe they are sold on the mar-
ket in Ottawa for about one dollar per
bag, but as a pickle they would bring
in the English market, and perhaps in
Canada, ten or fifteen times that sum.
The writer has walnuts pickled, as well
as the ripe nuts with the outer shell on,
preserved for the Colonial and Indian
Exhibition to be held in London next
summer.

The walnut of England is a slow
growing tree, and as some one has said
of pears, though perhaps not truth-
fully,

" He who plants pears
Must leave it to his heirs "

to eat them ; so in Britain one genera-
tion plants the J. regia and the next
partakes of the nuts. This is by no
means the case with J. cinerea, as I
have myself planted the nuts and have
gathered fruit from the tree seven years
afterwards. I have now two trees
eleven years old which yielded last sea-
son over a bushel of nuts. The older
the walnut tree becomes the more nuts
they produce, but it takes more than
one generation to obtain a tree that will
produce one hundred thousand.

The paper-shelled hickory is a pleas-
ant nut. The tree, though slow of
growth, is of a very clean, handsome
appearance both of bark and leaf, and
should be more extensively cultivated.
The chestnut is indigenous to the west-
ern part of this Province, and why it
is not more cultivated it is difficult to

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

9

understand. The tree is thrifty and a
fine grower. The nuts, though not so
large as the Spanish, are, when roasted,
much relished by the children, and
overgrown boys and girls have been
known to eat them.

The fact is our nut-bearing trees
have been too much neglected. It is
trusted both the subject and the trees
will receive that attention which they
so justly deserve in the columns of the
Horticulturist. I should like to call on
the readers of our paper to send to the
Editor any notes as to their success or
failure in trying to cultivate or im-
prove our wild nuts, and I am sure he
would give any such information his
immediate attention and publication ;
but I fear did I do so I would be like
the character in Shakespeare who said,
''I can call spirits from the vasty deep,"
to which his friend replies, " And so
can I, and so can any man, but will
they come when you do call for them V

If the men of the present day have
become too ancient to enjoy nuts, it
must not be forgotten there is always a
large crop of youngsters coming on
who will be glad of them.

The destruction of our forests is no
doubt making our native nuts scarcer ;
but there is plenty of waste and road-
side ground that could be utilized for
the reproduction of our nut-bearing
trees.

CxRAPES IN MUSKOKA.
Notwithstanding last winter was the
coldest I have experienced in Muskoka
and the summer a rather cool one, my
grape vines produced very satisfactorily ;
one of Rogers' rii)ening 48 lbs., another
23 lbs., and another 18 lbs. Moore's
Early I got from the Association, not
so free a bearer, 10 lbs. Strawberries
a heavy crop. Raspberries light, being
mostly frozen down to the snow line.

F. W. COATES.

Cape Elizabeth, Muskoka,

THE MOST DESIRABLE GRAPES.

We addressed a card of inquiry to a
few of our esteemed readers, asking
them to favor us with the names of the
three varieties of grapes grown in the
open air which they valued most ; and
to state the reasons for their preference.
We have been kindly favored with the
following replies ; for which we desire
to express our thanks : —

AT ABBOTTSFORD, QUE.

Dear Sir, — Your query as to my
best three grapes : I fruited forty-seven
kinds last year. If planting only five
kinds it would be : (1) Delaware, (2)
Massasoit, or Lindley, (3) Brighton,
(4) Duchess, (5) Herbert, Amenia, or
Worden. This is as near as I can
answer your question.

Yours truly,

Chas. Gibe.

at adolphustown, ont.
Dear Sir, — I have your favor of
the 12th inst. In reply, the only
grapes I have are eight at the foot of
my garden, and they did not prove true
to name. I have two that seem very
hardy : one is the Brant, and the other
Mr. Williams, of Prince Edward, told
me was Rogers' very best grape, but I
am not sure of the number.

D. Young.

AT BARRIE, ONT.

Dear Sir, — In answer to your card
asking me to state the three varieties
of grapes, grown in the open air, most
esteemed by me, and why. I beg to
reply that the only grapes grown by
me, in the open air, and which I care
to eat, are the Rogers' amber grapes ;
Dut these are produced in poor bunches,
the berry is large and to my taste very
good, and the yield on the whole is
good. It is sometimes injured by the
early frosts, but that is the case with
all grapes here. I find it the most

10

THE CANADIAN HORTTCULTDRTBT.

reliable in this climate, except the
Champion, but this grape I do not
care to eat. The Delaware and Con-
cord are tolerably successful here, but
I have no bearing vines of either, and
do not speak from exi)erience. The
only two grapes I ever recommend
here are the Rogers and the Delaware.
At the last show in Collingwood a
white grape was- exhibited, which I
would have said w^as grown under
glass if I was not assured on undoubted
authority that it was raised in the open
air. It was fleshy and sweet, and
much like in flavour a Hamburg grape.
I hope to obtain a cutting or two, in
order to try it here. If it succeeds I
should consider it a great boon in the
matter of open air grapes. I believe
its name is noc known to the grower,
and I have not heard its history, but
hope to learn more about it in a few
days, and may write you again.
Yours in haste,

Wm. Roys.

at brighton, ont.

Dear Sir, — Immediately on receipt
of your card, I called on J. M. "Wel-
lington, Esq., Main Street, Brighton,
a pioneer in grape culture, established
over twenty years; and from that
interview learn that the varieties of
grapes grown by him, not mentioning
those discarded as not suited to this
climate, are as follows : — Delaware,
Concord, Isabella, 1 2 diflferent varieties
of Rogers' hybrids, Elsinburg, Ontario,
Union Village, Brighton, Allen's Hy-
brid, Lydia, Rebecca, and Maxatawny.
His favorites for prolific bearing and
early ripening are Rogers' Hybrid No.
4, Elsinburg, and either Brighton or
Delaware for third place ; for size,
Brighton has the preference. Dela-
ware is small, but very prolific, with
hardy vines.

These varieties ripen nearly at the
same time ; if anything Rogers is in

advance. Maxatawny, Lydia, Rebecca,
and Allen's Hybrid are white grapes,
of which he gives the Maxatawny the
preference. Elsinburg he gives the
preference over the blue varieties ;
while to Rogers' Hybrid No. 4 he gives
the decided preference over all.

Hoping this may prove the informa-
tion you desired,

I am, yours respectfully,

D. W. DULMADGE.

AT BROCKVILLE, ONT.

Of the grape-vines purchased some
ten years since, I find the Rogers (No.
39, I think) a very fine, rich grape,
berries nearly an inch in diameter,
bunches not large, amber color, tough
skin, but like full flavored Muscat. I
gave some cuttings to my neighbor,
Mr. Cochrane, a Jerseyman, who says
they are as fine as any he met with in
Jersey, or on the main coast of France ;
I prefer it to all our out door grapes.
I am sorry to say some of these got
blighted this year, became hard like
marbles, and did not ripen : I think it
was owing to the cold, wet season.
Next I have the jolly little amber-
colored Delaware, prolific, but small
bunches ; my wife prefers these to all
others of our out door grapes. Then
there is a black, luscious grape, prolific,
with large bunches, the name of which
is lost : I think it is Concord. Then
the Israella, black, which I like for its
wild taste, and gets richer after a little
frost has passed on it. Of the several
different varieties of out door grapes,
these are the most notable. I have
more satisfaction with them than with
those grown under glass.

Besides these, I have the August
Giant, and the Pocklington ; also the
Niagara, the Yergennes, and the Em-
pire State, but only the first of these
has yet given me any fruit. The Pock-
lington gives promise of doing well ;
like the sweet water, it is pale green.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

11

large bunches, and ripens early. All
my grapes have ripened this year, not-
withstanding the cold season we have
endured. I always lay them down in
winter, and cover them with a little
earth. Samuel Keeper.

Brockville.

AT BLYTH, ONT.

Dear Sir, — I grow Isabella, Con-
cord, Martha, Champion, Salem, Pock-
lington, Burnet, and Clinton.

Concord, Isabella, and Salem, in the
order named, have done best ; that is,
as to bearing and quality. Champion
and Clinton are good for wine, but not
tit for a table grape.

Yours truly,

W. Sloan.

AT BLANTYRE, ONT.

There are very few grown near to
nie. I know of but one place where
there are a few vines grown of Concord
and Arnold's Hybrids, which grow and
bear very well. I have a few myself,
but they ai-e yet young ; one, the Con-
cord, fruited this last season for the
first time. The names of niine are
Concord, Hartford Prolific^ Martha,
Salem, Worden, Prentiss and Brighton,
and three or four ot Arnolds, which
j are all growing very well. I will try
-and keep you informed how they suc-

i;d with me.

Duncan Robertson.

TOO MUCH ADVICE.

Dear Mr. Editor,— As you invite
your subscribers to give their experi-
ence anent their fruits, "garden sass
and sich," I'll unload my worry re-
garding my grajK^ vine Jessica, my
only child " of that ilk," who, with all
my tender nursing, has turned out a |
pathetic failure. Solomon says, ** In !
the nudtitude of counsellors there is
wisdom." But I like best the old

Scotch saying, " O'er many cooks spoil
the kail." One friend advised me to
put bones under Jessica. I suspect he
belonged to the " Pile o' bones Agri-
cultural Society." Another said, •' put
old leather shoes under her." I thought
my " sweet girl graduate " would not
rise by degrees on that fare. As science
is so bewildering now-a-days, I sat down
to study what connection leather had
to bones, and concluded there was an
affinity, though, like Parian McFar-
lane's, " pretty far removed." So
Jessica got the bones and an old slip-
per. Then another said, " keep her
eyes above ground." I did so. But
alas, this last advice blasted all my
hope of ever " sitting under my own
vine." The cat came along and scratched
poor Jessica's " eyes out." Snuffing
after the bones, no doubt. I took the
old slipper, and was nearly giving her
"a clout 'i the lug," when the thought
struck me that cats are not mentioned
as forbidden beasts in John's Revela-
tion as dogs are, so puss was allowed
to shake the dust off* her feet and clear.
My poor Jessica, I fear she'll come to
'' Lochaber no more." I'll iiet another,
and abide by your directions only.

Grandma Gowan.
Montreal.

CURRANT GROWING AT THE NORTH.
Happily for the north men, if they
cannot grow the more luscious fruits of
their southern neighbours, if only the
hardiest apple trees will grow and bear
for them their golden and crimson fruit,
if the finer and richer plums of the yel-
low, blue and white varieties refuse to
flourish in their rigorous clime, and
though the pear and the peach can
there nowhere be found, they are still
fortunate in being able to produce as
fine specimens of red, white and black
currants as can be grown in any part
of the temperate zone. No special care
is required in their planting. They

12

THE OANA.DIAN HORTICCTLTDRIST.

■demand no winter protection, other
than is natural to themselves. They
call for no special treatment at any sea-
son of the year, but yield with an un-
sparing hand an abundance of beautiful
wholesome fruit.

The greatest difficulty to be overcome
in growing currants of any kind, is the
difficulty experienced in getting people
to plant them. For once planted it is
astonishing how much neglect, and even
abuse, they will stand, and yet yield a
very fair crop of edible fruit.

Of the red currant the priucipal
varieties now grown are the Versailles
and the Cherry. Between these there
is very little to choose, both varieties
being large in size, quite productive,
but somewhat acid even when fully
ripe. Fay's new Prolific and Moore's
JR/uby are among the newer varieties.
Both of these were fruited on my
grounds last season for the first time.
I am, therefore, unable to speak posi-
tively of their merits until I have tested
them for at least another season. They
are both large in size, and it is claimed
that they are more productive than the
other varieties ; and furthermore, it is
said of Moore's Ruby that it is not so
acid when ripe as the older improved
sorts. But notwithstanding the large
size and great productiveness of these
varieties, no grower should be without
a few bushes of the Old Dutch Red for
his or her own use, as what it lacks in
size, it more than makes up in sweet-
ness and richness of flavor. On this
head it, as yet, has no rival.

Among the whites, the White Grape
seems to be in greatest request, but
although attractive in appearance and
highly prized by the thoughtful house-
wife for converting into jelly, still even
when at its best, it is too acid to be as
highly prized as it otherwise would be.

Among the blacks, Black English
and Black Naples, which very closely
resemble each other, have been chiefly

grown by market gardeners, but latterly
they have been somewhat superseded
by Lee's new Prolific, which, on all
points, is considerably more desirable
than its predecessors. But even this
variety is now likely to be shorn of its
strength by the Champion of England,
which nurserymen say is far ahead of
anything yet produced.

CULTIVATION.

The currant, like any other shrub,
will respond invariably to good treat-
ment. It succeeds best in a deep rich
soil, and when well mulched will yield
fruit at least twenty per cent, larger
than when not. There is no better
manure than wood ashes, although
ordinary stable manure answers a very
good purpose. One thing in particular
has to be carefully watched, and that is
for the appearance of the currant worm.
If taken in time, and the bushes well
sprinkled with hellebore water in the
proportion of two tablespoonsful to a
pail of watei', no evil results will fol-
low; but if neglected, and the bushes
are allowed to be stripped by them of
their leaves, you may expect nothing
but poor and unsatisfactory results. If
you are too poor to buy bushes from
the nurserymen, go to your neighbors
garden in the fall after the first heavy
frost, get some cuttings of the present
season's growth, merely stick them in
the ground where you wish your bush
to stand, and in a couple of years you
will have fine healthy bushes.

A. A. Wright.

BRACEBRIDGE AGRICULTURAL FAIR

We attended the Agricultural Show
at Bracebridge ; were received very cor-
dially by the Directors and officers of
the Society ; acted as judge in several
departments. The fruits were sparse.
Duchess apples were fair samples, some
others were rather inferior in quality ;
there were not many in competition.

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTDKI8T.

la

Of crab apples there were two varieties
(Hyslop and Transcendent) and 8 en-
tries. The fruits appeared to be held
back. The flowers were much better,
as there was a very good show for a
new country like Muskoka. The vege-
tables were excellent in size and varietv.

C. H."

SOUTH SIMCOE AND ESSA AGRICUL-
TURAL SHOW.
I attended the South Simcoe and
Essa Agricultural Show at Cooks-
town on the N. & N. W. Rys. ; was
received by the Directors of the Society
and cordially invited to dinner, where a
large number of happy faces met and
enjoyed a hearty feast of the viands set
before them. The Secretary, R. T.
Bantinor, Esq., of Cookstown (who is
also County Secretary), presented me
with a badge of welcome, and after-
wards pressed me into their service as
judge on fruits with two other gentle-
men from different parts of the county.
The fruits were excellent specimens of
the various kinds. Apples — 4 entries
Duchess of Oldenburg, which were fair
samples; 6 entries St. Lawrence, good
size and shape ; 1 0 entries of Snows, very
good ; 4 entries Alexandei*s, excellent; 2
entries Colverts, fine specimens ; 3 en-
tries Kingof Tomkins with other fruits.
Seek no Further and a very fine
specimen of Cayuga Red Streak ; G
entries Greenings ; 9 entries American
Golden Russet ; 5 entries of grapes —
Hartford, Brighton and Concord — all
\ <'ry fair samples. The vegetables were
ifiuarkably good. This jmrt of the coun-
I ly is making rapid strides in the way of
improvement in all the various branches
of gardening, horticulture and floricul-
ttire. The flowers that were shown
were a great credit to all that part of
the county. The Show on the whole
IS a gi*eat success. All they want is
' > become members of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association. C. H.

SOME RED GRAPES.

{For the Canadian Horticulturist.)

BY T. C. ROBINSON, OWEN SOUND.

Jeferson. — This variety has been a
disappointment in two respects — earli-
ness and hardiness. Although the fo-
liage apparently partakes largely of the
enduring Concord type, yet it fails un-
aocountably in ripening its wood on
young vines to a sufficient degree to
withstand the severe winter. Most
varieties grown here require no winter
protection but our usually abundant
snows ; but the young Jefferson vines
seem to need something more. I have
had it on my place four years without
getting a single cluster, but have seen
it fruiting with a friend in town. The
fruit is certainly very fine, but I fear
it will always be later than Concord in
ripening.

Vergennes. — I have not had this as
long as the preceding variety and the
vines are not large enough to fruit.
On a friend's grounds I tasted a cluster
that was very good, though not large.
It does not appear to ripen much in
advance of Concord, yet further ex-
perience is necessary to satisfy me on
this point. The wood ripens well with
me, and the foliage appears of the hardy
insect-resisting, mildew-proof native
type. On the whole I regard the Ver-
gennes as well worthy of further atten-
tion.

The little Delaware still perseveres
worthily among its red sisters. Where-
ever it does as well as it does in the
Owen Sound district, it is essential to
the completeness of any collection. Its
quality is the sweetest and its clear
waxy ap]}earance the most beautiful of
all out-door grapes in common cul-
tivation, while its unusual compactness
of cluster, and the tough yet thin skin
of the berry, give it special value for
market when it is once got into the
basket. What a pity that both cluster
and berry are not a little larger. Yet

14

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

give it well drained rich clay loam, and
keep it from over-bearing, and clusters
four or five inches long, with berries
over half an inch thick will delight the
grower in regions where the foliage is
free from mildew — as it is here. But
the principal drawback of the Delaware
appears to me to be its slow growth.
It is hard to get a good sized vine with-
out thinning the crop to only about
half of what a Concord or Niagara
might readily ripen with impunity.

Agawam (better known as Roger's
No. 15). — Will some one please say why
this sort should not be kicked out of
at least all northern grape regions '?
But it is a very large grape ? Yes : a
little larger than any other that we
grow. And it's a great hearer ? It is.
And it has a rich flavour ? Decidedly
so. And it ripens rather early? It
does indeed, usually in advance of Con-
cord with us.

But what is the use of size in a grape
when the only portion fit to swallow is
a circumference of juice which sur-
rounds a large tough pulp too sour to
give to the pigs 1

Such are the reflections that come
to .a man after going systematically
through a pound of well-colored Aga-
wams with the result of just about a
quarter as much substance fit to
swallow as could have been got from a
pound of Del a wares, and that quarter
only about half as delicious as an equal
bulk of the Delaware.

The Agawam is one of the very few
varieties that I have heard of mildew-
ing in this part of the country. It
mildews with me. Where it is free
from this it may be good to sell ;
but I prefer to grow varieties that
I would not be afraid to talk to my
customei-s about afterwards. I see
that Toronto market-reports gave two
quotations for Roger's Grapes : one
" Rogers Sour " being considerably less
than the other. Can it be that No. 15

crawls into the cellar that way in
southern districts, as well as with us?

Salem (Roger's No. 22).— Was
praised as among the best of the
Rogers' hybrids some years ago. ^It
does not seem to rank as high as some
of the others now. The foliage like
the Agawam, while large enough, does
not seem to me to have as much native
blood in it as we find in Lindley and
Massasoit, which may account for more
mildew in Salem also, and the irregular
or late ripening of the fruit when
there is a full crop. It seems to be a
good grower and bearer, and the fruit
is fine ; but we want something more
reliable.

Massasoit (Rogers No. 3). — Is more
reliable with us, and I jud^e every-
where. It ripens soon after Champion
here, and probably will rank as the
earliest red grape in common cultiva-
tion in Canada. The berry is large, so
is the crop ; the vine is hardy and an
excellent grower, and the foliage un-
usually good for a hybrid, though not
as disease-resisting as Concord and other
pure natives. The cluster is not large,
and the berry is rather too dark a red,
and not just good enough in quality to
suit a connoisseur. Stiir many people
would buy it readily for Lindley, and
consider it better than Concord. It is
certainly much better than any Concord
we can raise here, and can be depended
upon as one of the surest and most pro-
fitable.

Lindley (Roger's No. 9). — I consider
this the best red grape for all purposes,
of all that I have any certain know-
ledge of The vine is a fine grower ;
it bears well ; the foliage, for a hybrid,
is just next-door to the Concord family,
and will probably escape disease and
insects when everything else fails ex-
cept the Concord-Hartford tribe; the
cluster is large, though often loose ; the
berries rather large, of a rich brick -red
color, with bloom ; and the quality

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

15

sweet, ricli, and of about the purest
flavor of any out-door gra})e in ordinaiy
cultivation. I saw it in Barrie last
year with the same characteristics, and
it seems the same in many parts of the
country.

Was it the president of the American
Pomological Society who, a few years
ago, called it " the best grape in the
world f No : I think it was Mr. Barry
the chairman of the Committee on
Nomenclature of that Society. Let us
pass it along anyway as the Best Red
Grape in Canada. I will be uncom-
monly glad to hear of a better one, but
this is good enough for me.

Poughkeepsie Red and Ulster Prolific
have not yet fruited with me.

ANOTHER SEASON'S EXPERIENCES
WITH THE ROSE.
Mr. Editor, — Notwithstanding that
former remarks made by me, through
the medium of the HorticulturiHt, on
the " Rose," received some gentle stric-
tures from the pen of a much respected
friend of mine— Mr. Gott, of Arkona,
I still hold as warm and loyal allegi-
ance as ever to the queen of flowers.
In fact I find that another season's
added experience and association has
but adde^l to and deepened my craze
(if craze it is^ for this (as I still claim
it to be) the most beautiful of all
flowers. I will, however, with as little
efiervescence as possible give a few
notes on my experience the past season
with the rose. For the hardiest kinds
of out-door roses the season has been
a very good one, while for tender sorts
and for all kinds which are liable to
mildew it has been very unfavorable.
All red Colomb, General Jacqueminot,
and Fisher Holmes, among the reds,
fully sustained the reputations which
I accorded them last season, while
General Washington exceeded anything
which I have ever given it credit for.
It bore blooms (and grand ones) the

whole season through, from June until
severe autumn frosts. I am still, how-
ever, of the same oj)inion as formerly,
that Alfred Colomb is the fin(^st, most
relia])le, and the most valuable rose of
its color which I have tested. Another
red rose which made a most remarkable
and beautiful disi)lay with me early in
the season was Maurice Bernardin. I
have only one bush of this variety, and
it is rather a small one, but i have
counted nearly a hundred fine blooms
on it at one time.

Among the pink or rose colored. La
France, Paul Neyron, and Marquise de
Castellane, again proved themselves
worthy of all the i^raise I have ever
given them, while Fran9ois Michelon
has this year proved itself quite worthy
of a place with this former-mentioned
beautiful trio.

.Baroness Rothschild far exceeded
anything it ever did before. I have
formed a more favorable opinion of it
than I ever held before. In cold, damp
seasons like the past one, I think it
will prove a valuable rose.

Among the white roses, the White
Baroness has this year carried off* the
palm. It is not quite white, but its
symmetrical blooms were so entranc-
ingly beautiful, that even sensible, mat-
ter-of-fact visitors who came to see it,
and who profess to be quite above little
weaknesses which I am marred with,
were sometimes almost tempted to fall
down and give it a little idolatrous
worship like myself, I wish my gentle
critic of Arkona had been there, and I
think he would have forgiven me for
getting off* the solid earth occasionally
when speaking of the rose. Madam
Noraan, Eliza Boelle, and any of this
tenderest type of the hybrid noisette
family, were hardly up to the standard
of former yeai-s. The season, I think,
was too cold for them. I think this
will prove a particularly valuable class
of roses in dry and hot seasons. I find

16

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

that Madam Noman retains its blooms
longer, and is less affected by dry heat,
than any other rose I have.

Among the dark roses, Louis Yan
Houtte again took the very first place,
its only fault being that the bush is a
poor grower and is somewhat tender.
Baron de Bonstetten is also a very fine
dark rose, and appears to be very hardy.
Jean Liabaud is a very fine rose of this
color, but did not bloom much late in
the season.

Among the tender roses I have not
much to chronicle. As I stated before,
I find Sunset only a very slight im-
provement on Perle des Jardines, and
that, chiefly, in that it appears to be a
somewhat betier grower. The color is
so nearly the same that I have to keep
them labelled so as to make sure which
is the new Sunset which came out with
such eclat. These are both very fine
roses for the amateur. Perle de Lyon
is another yellow rose, but one I would
warn the amateur against meddling
with. Mildew appears to be natural
to it. I got one, but after patiently
doctoring away at it for weeks, during
which time it infected nearly every
plant I had, I was forced to cremate it
at last, and then it took me w^eeks to
get rid of the effects of it.

Among the newest arrivals, I may
mention that I have the Wm. Francis
Bennett. It appears to be a good
grower, and as soon as it blooms, which
will be shortly, I will (if it is worthy)
make mention of it. I have also other
new garden roses, such as the Marshall
P. Wilder, and others, but which have
not bloomed yet, and on which I can
note no experience of the past year,
but whose beauties I am already look-
ing impatiently forward for a coming
season to unfold.

As to the respective merits of the
rose and the geranium, as called in
question by my friend, Mr. Gott, I
have nothing to say, more than that I

am in full and complete accord with all
the good things this gentleman has said,
and said so well, about the geranium.
I endorse them all, fully and freely, and
would only feel over gratified if I could
think I had been in any way instru-
mental in bringing out so many good
things as there are in that article from
his able pen.

Frederick Mitchell.
Innerkip, Nov. 23rd, 1885.

RASPBEERIES.

The raspberry has been planted very
extensively within the last few years,
and is every year becoming of greater
importance as a market fruit. The
fii-st to ripen of the blackcaps was the

Tyler — The berry is quite large, of
good quality, and very productive;
bush is very hardy ; it is a little ear-
lier than Souhegan. I have it planted
in rows side by side; one part has
been planted two years, the other three ;
and in both cases the Tyler gave double
the number of quarts at the first pick-
ing, on bushes of the same age and
size, and on the same soil. If they
were planted some distance apart it
would be hard to notice the difference.
Souhegan is sometimes injured with
rust on the plant, while Tyler has
been perfectly free from it with me.
These two varieties are the best early
sorts in most sections ; it will make
but little difference which one you
have.

Hopkins is next to ripen ; not quite
so large as the above ; I see no special
value in it.

Mammoth Cluster begins to ripen
with the second picking of Souhegan ;
of good size ; a little larger and quite
hardy ; with good cultivation is very
profitable.

Gregg is the largest and best late
market berry ; very productive, firm,
and when grown in strong clay loam,
is so large that it will sell well in any

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

market; not quite as hardy as Mam-
moth Cluster.

Shaffers Colossal — A purple berry
of the largest size ; the bush is the
strongest grower of any raspberry T
have seen ; it is also the most produc-
tive and hardy. I have been favour-
ably disappointed in its hardiness :
there was no raspberiy came through
the past severe winter in better condi-
tion than Shaffer's. The fruit, if left
lo get over ripe, is too dark and soft
'<> ship well; but when picked every

ly it looks well, especially to those
who know its unexcelled canning quali-
ties. There is none in the whole list
of raspberries, either red, black or yel-
low, that suits my taste so well with
cream and sugar ; it has just the right
proportion of acid, when combined with
the sugar and cream, to give that
S}n'ight]y flavor that causes you to al-
ways want one more dish of them.

Caroline is the best yellow yet test-
ed ; a cap variety ; veiy productive ;
of quite good quality ; of a pink orange
color ; rather soft for shipping very
far. Will give fruit when others are
gone.

Beehe^s Golden Prolific is not of much
value; of poor quality, very produc-
tive, medium size ; when a little over
ripe it turns dark, and no one wants

buy it. Shall dig out most of that sort.

Turner, all things considered, is the

st early red raspberry we have yet

-red; it always comes through the
inter all right ; it is good in quality :
1 little soft for shipping.

Cuthbert — Best late red ; not as
hardy as Turner, but larger and later ;
quite firm ; the best market berry we
" ive where it will stand the winter.

Hansell has not done much with me,
although T have not given it as good a
chance as it should have. Will give

further trial.

Marlboro' fruited with mo only on
spring-set plants ; fruit as large as

Cuthbert, of bright red color ; quality
not as good as Cuthbert.

I have a seedling red raspberry from
Northern Muskoka that fruited with
me this S(^ason on spring-set plants
that is very promising. It was sent
to me by a man who has fruited it
several years, and says it is the best
and most hardy of any he has seen. If
it should prove valuable you will hear
from it at some future time. It has
made a good beginning, but time alone
will tell its weak and strong points.

I have several new varieties that
have not yet fruited enough to say
much about them, such as Nemalia,
Rancocas, etc.

W. W. HlLBORN.

A REPORT ON GRAPES.
In giving a report of my grapes it
win be necessary first to mention that
they are growing on a bed of scaly
limestone rock, covered with from six
inches to a foot of clay loam. This
rocky bed is intersected with fissures
of about six inches in width, leaving
large blocks of from eight to twelve
and fourteen feet square. The fissures
are filled with earth, and whenever a
vine or a tree gets its roots into one of
them the effect is soon visible. This
piece of ground is on the south side of
the Owen Sound bay, about one mile
fi-om the shore. Frosts do not affect
it as much as where there is no lime-
stone ; but the intense heat of summer
must be tempered by mulching well
around the roots of anything growing
on it. A number of years ago I plant-
ed on it a number of fruit trees, several
vines of the Isabella grape, and one
vine each of Kogers' Nos. 4 and 15,
and Salem. They all did well. The
Isabellas have now grown to be large
vines, and every year yield abundant
crops, but they ripen too late. Occa-
sionally they ripen well and are fine
grapes ; still one looks for a kind to

18

THE CANADIAN HORTIOtJLTURIST.

ripen earlier and be a surer crop. The
Salem does well with me, producing
fair crops of choice fruit. It has never
mildewed, but in the season of 1884 it
bursted badly. Nos. 4 and 15 do very
well too ; but, owing to their being
planted too near other trees, they seem
not so healthy and productive as the
Salem. Those three of Rogers' ripen
about the same time, and are ten to
twelve days before the Isabella. I
have Rogers' Nos. 3 and 9. They bore
fruit for the first time the past season.
They are both good growers, but the
fruit of my No. 3 is much larger and
finer flavoured than No. 9. I would
give it a place next to the Salem in
every respect. I planted Rogers' Nos.
43, 44 and 19 last fall. They made
fair growth during the summer, and
look to be healthy vines. I have a
vine of the Eumelan that yielded some
fruit for the first time the past season.
The fruit was very small. I do not
think much of it, and would not plant
any more of them. Still, another year
may make a change. I planted a vine
each of the Champion and Brighton
about four years ago. The Champion
was planted about five feet from a
small peach tree. Each year it would
grow from one to two feet, and be all
dead the next spring, when it would
start again from the roots. Last win-
ter the peach tree was killed, and this
summer the vine grew vigorously, and
seems quite difiierent. The Brighton
has grown well, and this year it would
have borne fruit, but they got picked
off". Two years ago I planted a vine
each of the Pocklington and Lady
Washington, and in the spring of 1 884
I got the Prentiss from the Fruit
Growers' Association. The Lady Wash-
ington is the most delicate-looking vine
I have, and if it does not do better an-
other year it will have to go. The
Pocklington is also a slow grower, and
as yet I have a poor opinion of it ; and

I may say the same about the Lady ;
still the Lady has not had the same
chance, being only a one-year vine
when I got it, and not a very healthy
looking one. Last year I sent you a
report of the Prentiss I got from you,
and spoke very highly of it. This year
I can do the same. It is one of the
most healthy-looking vines I have got.
It has a dark green leaf with a marked
freshness about it, and it keeps its
color longer than any kind I have. It
has made very fair growth, and gives
every appearance of being a very
healthy plant. I have a vine, too, of
the Delaware, which seems healthy,
and does not exhibit the same tender-
ness that I hear others speak of. It has
grown well with me, and I would have
got some fruit ofi* it this year had it
not met the same fate as the Brighton.
Last spring I planted a Jessica, a
Moore's Early, as well as a few Wor-
dens, two Concords, and a vine each of
Burnet, Martha, Cottage and Early
Victor, and a Niagara. All of them
have grown very well and look healthy,
and have made quite a length of per-
manent wood. I will only particu-
larize the Cottage and the Nia^jai-a.
The Cottage I got from Chas. A. Green
of Rochester. It is a seedling of the
Concord, and, although it was the last
one I planted, it more than doubled
the growth of any of the others planted
the same year, with the exception of
the Niagara. It seems strange to me
there is so little said about it if it grows
as well with others as it has done with
me. I will conclude with a brief
sketch of the Niagara. I got a vine of
it in the spring from Mr. White of
Owen Sound. It took root and began
to grow soon after planting, and by the
fall it had grown about ten feet, and
most of that permanent wood. It far
outstripped any of the others of the
same age, and if it does as well other
years with me as it has done this, and

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

19

if it does as well with others as it has
done with me, it can easily be seen why
the Niagara Grape Co. has made such
efforts to keep it in their own hands.
If it bears good fruit in proportion to
its growth, I for one will not rue the
price I paid for it.

A. C. Sloane, M.B.

A SUMMER m THE GARDEN. .

(Tb the Editor of the Horticulturist.)

Dear Sir, — The faded and falling
leaf, while it reminds us that another
mile-stone of life's journey is reached
(let us hope running in the right
road), tells us, too, t.'iat summer is
ended. Most of your readers being
more or less employed in garden opera-
tions, a review of the season's crop
may not be without some interest. As
success depends much on cultivating
kinds the best and most suited to the
locality, and as these kinds can only be
selected by the study of our own fai-
lures and successes as well as that of
our neighbours, we venture a word of
our experience and solicit that of
others. " In the multitude of counsel-
lors there is wisdom."

The present season for most vegetables
has been especially favorable. We
doubt if even that oft-spoken of char-
acter the oldest inhabitant, ever saw one
more so. On this account the success of
of this year may be the failure of the

xt.

Beans. — Among the multitude of
kinds it is difficult to name a best.
Our good friend, Mr. Goldie, kindly
sent me highly recommended seed of the
Lima. It is certainly not the kind for
our cold section. It was but started in the
hotbed ; to ripen it should be there now.
In common seasons no doubt it would
do better. The dwarf Butter Bean,
Golden "Wax and Newington Wonder
are favorites with us, but of late years
have spotted badly.

Beets. — We begin to think seedsmen

have no conscience. We buy a packet
marked Long Blood Beet, the picture
of the pure thing is on it, true to life,
is beautifully got up, 5 cents seems a
mere bagatelle for it, but it's the best
part of the bargain. In this case like
does not produce like ; in all likelihood
the crop turns out to be something
bearing a strong affinity to mangel
wurtzel, baffling every effiDrt of the
cook to get it into her largest pot; and
if it did go through the ordeal of cook-
ing, the most fitting place for it is
the swill tub. Of last year's novelties
we tried the Eclipse early beet, but did
not find it much of an improvement on
the old early Egyptian. Burpee's Im-
proved Extra Early Turnip Beet,
almost as early and of better quality
than the Egyptian, we have found ex-
cellent.

Carrots. — Of many kinds tried we
prefer the Half-long Luc. They are
early, easily lifted, yield and keep well.
Cabbage. — In Henderson's Late Flat
Dutch we thought we had found per-
fection. Early in the season it headed
beautifully, and some of it ripened
early ; but now, when it should be
ready for pulling, although of immense
size, there is a large proportion of soft
unripened heads. This may be owing
to the want of heat, but we think as
much or more weight of cabbage, and
of better quality, could be I'aised from
the Winningstadt planted 18 inches
apart than from any of the large
varieties.

Cauliflower. — Till now we have been
well satisfied with the Extra Dwarf
Ei-furt variety. This year we have
tried Henderson's Early Snowball. It
did not come up to our expectations,
but as we had a few good heads, and
have it well reported of by friends, we
must try it again.

Celery. — Henderson's White Plume
gave us less labour and more satisfac-
tion than any kind we |^have tried.

20

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Planted nearly on the level, with only
one slight earthing up, about one inch,
which I don't think it required, it
blanched beautifully. I can fully en-
dorse Henderson's description of it
when they say, " It far exceeds any
known vegetable as an ornament for
the table. Its eating qualities are equal
to the very best of the old sorts. Alto-
gether we can't find words to describe
its many merits as it deserves." We
also tried Major Clark's Pink Celery
(new), but giving it the same treatment
as the White Plume, i. e., failing to
earth it up ; it is as green to-day as we
were to neglect it.

Corn (sweet). — For this crop the sea-
son was unfavorable. We had only a
few dishes late in the season. We
have found none better than Moore's
Early planted at intervals. Sto well's
Evergreen is also good for a late crop.

Cucumbers. — Who can^t grow them ?
Early White Spine, the catalogues say,
is very desirable ; we have found it so.

Lettuce. — I think I hear my good
friend the Editor saying, What in the
world can the Scotchman tell us about
lettuce? Muckle, i.e., much. After
trying the legion of kinds, I confine
myself to a kind I've grown for forty
years. If you ask me for its name,
that's the only thing about it I don't
know ; but, it deserves a name, as Burns
says, as lang as rtiy arm. Our worthy
President is full of big names ; I'll get
one from him, and you'll have it some
of these days under the head Novelties.
Joking apart, I consider it very valu-
able. Besides supplying many friends
here, I have sent it to England and
Scotland, and as they have difficulty in
ripening the seed there .1 have yearly
orders for it. I'll ask Mr. Wright, of
Renfrew, to report on it.

Melons. — A failure, I believe, all
over ; season too cold.

Onions. — On ground clean and rich,
sowed early, they are a profitable crop,

not otherwise. This year we could not
get them sowed early enough. Last
year off \ acre T sold 80 bushels at 65
cents, and had 20 bushels of thick
necks besides. Query, was it the sea-
son, the soil, the culture, or what the
cause It But friend Beall is the most
successful grower of onions I know of,
and he can tell us how to keep them,
too. I take it that every Director of
our Association is in duty bound to
make known all he thinks worth know-
ing.

Parsnips seldom fail. Left in the
ground all winter they supply a lack of
vegetables in early spring.

Fea.s — the perfection of vegetables.
So think the black-birds. As usual
they left me nothing of the early sow-
ings but the pods. We have not yet
found any variety come up to the Am
erican Wonder.

Rhuharh. — Mr. Wright kindly su])-
plied us with plants of the Victoria
and Cahoon's Mammoth. They pro-
duced leaves as large as a good-sized
umbrella, and stalks as thick as my
wrist ; the quality excellent. If these
are a sample of Renfrew production,
what provokes our friend to complain
of his hard climate % We cover our
plants in spring with sash before they
are needed for melons, and have it a
little in advance of the season.

Salsify fails to repay us the trouble
of growing.

Tomatoes were late of ripening, and
rotted badly on the ground. The May-
flower variety is good and early, but a
neighboring garden growing the Fulton
Market had fine tomatoes about two
weeks earlier than I had the Mayflower.
The Fulton Market is recommended in
the Am^erican Garden as first early.

Turnips. — I never succeeded in grow-
ing early turnips fit to eat. This year
I got among the novelties ; and ex-
perimenting with them, it's no novelty
to be disappointed. The Early Millan,

I-

THE CANADIAN HOR riCULTUKIST.

21

recommended highly, proved to be bit-
ter and unpalatable. In Sweedisli
turnips, our Scottish Champion and
Sutton's Champion, sowed 3rd June,
yielded us a fine crop of splendid tur-
nips. Tlie dei)redations of the black
lly, the greatest hindrance to their cul-
ture, we found much lessened by
.sj)rinkling the plants as soon as they
iipear with a solution of bitter aloes,
' pounds to a 40 gallon barrel of water,

portion of it boiled to dissolve the

loes.
With varying seasons it is difficult

< name the proi)er time for lifting

•getables. That they still orrow is no
xcuse for leaving them till the lifting
of them, if not risky, is unpleasant.
As a rule we think they should be
stored in our section not later than
15th October.

Done with the Gardener, a word to
the Cook may bring us more thanks.

Sweet corn, cut off the cobs ripe as
for use, and firmly packed in the usual
glass jars, placed in cold water on the
stove, and boiled three hours with the
covers screwed on, is little, if any, in-
ferior to fresh pulled. Try it, readers,
and you will abandon the old system
of drying it, or any other. When re-
moved from the stove tighten the covers.

John Croil.
Aultsville, Stormont Co. , Nov., 1885.

OYSTER SHELL BARK-LOUSE.
Having noticed at different times, in
the I/orticnlliirint, remedies mentioned,
that I considered inferior, for the des-
t ruction of the Scale, or Bark-Louse, on
I pple trees, and at the same time having,
» my own knowledge, in my possession
t very effectual remedy, I have often
t Iiought of mentioning it to you, which
I will now do. When I planted my
\ oung orchard, there was an old orchard
in the centre of the plot, and it was
about three years afterwards that I
noticed, for the first time, that the

trees of the old orchard were literally
covered, even to the fruit spurs, with
the Bark-Louse ; and they had spread
into several hundred trees of the young
orchard. I cut the old orchard down
and burnt the trees, branches and all ;
the following year, in the month of
February, or March, I applied the
remedy in question with the best re-
sults, killing all the insects, excepting
on a very occasional tree, which another
dose the following year cleaned; and
to-day, out of 8,000 trees, I do not
know of one that is infested with the
Bark-Louse. The shells of the old
louse remained on the trees for a few
years, so that many thought they were
still infested, but they were not, and
eventually the old shells were washed
off by the rains.

The remedy is simple : Take small
cotton bags, two inches wide and three
or four inches long, filled with the
composition ; and with a little carpet
tack fasten them in the forks of the
trees, or on the upper side of the main
branches, in February or March ; and
the rains dissolving the composition, it
makes its way into the sap, and being
carried to every part of the tree poisons
the insects on whatever part they may
j be. It is this : — 2 lbs. of copperas,
J lb. blue vitriol, ^ lb. saltpetre, 4 lbs.
hard soap, 4 lbs."* common salt. Pul-
verize all but the soap, and mix with
the soap thoroughly ; then fill the little
bags, and proceed as above directed.
Yours truly,

D. Young.
Adolphustown, Ont., Nov., 1885.

BRIGHTON GRAPE.
The Brighton grape sent me some
time ago by the Fruit (Growers' Asso-
ciation, bore a heavy crop this year,
and the berries ripened fully in spite of
the backward season.

D. R.
Montreal, Nov. 18, 1885.

22

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

WINTERING GERANIUMS.

A correspondent wishes to know the
best way to keep geraniums in a cellar
during winter. The treatment must
vary according to the condition of the
cellar. The practice which is frequently
recommended, of hanging the plants up
by the roots, exposed to the air, can
succeed only in a cellar uniformly cool
and but few degrees above the freezing
point ; and the degree of moisture in
the air must be just such as to retain
the natural amount in the plants, with-
out being so dry as to shrivel them on
one hand or so moist as to cause decay.
The plants must be kept as nearly in a
dormant state as possible by maintain-
ing a low temperature. There are but
few cellars which possess all these re-
quisites, and this treatment is not likely
to succeed in most cases.

We have adopted the following mode,
which requires little care and answers
well. A rather large and well lighted
window is double glazed, and a stand
is provided on which the plants are
placed so as to I'eceive plenty of light.
When they are taken up in autumn,
nearly all the tops are pruned off, but
enough is left for the base of a compact
form, with a small portion of the young
foliage, say about one-tenth or one-
twentieth of the leaves of each plant.
They are then planted in moss, in a
shallow box, placing the box in an in-
clined position or with a slope of about
forty-five degrees, putting a layer of
moss on the lower side, then a row of
the trimmed plants and another layer
of moss and row of plants till the box
is filled. It is then placed in its posi-
tion on the stand in front of the window.
The moss may be kept sufficiently moist
by showering it with a watering-pot
once a month or a fortnight, as it may
require, a warm and dry cellar needing
more frequent watering than a damp

or cool one. In a warm cellar the
plants will make some growth during
winter, and as the leaves increase in
number they will consume more mois-
ture than at first. If the cellar is quite
cool they will remain nearly dormant,
and the slight moisture from the moss
will preserve them from drying up.
Moss is much better than damp saw-
dust, which in its turn is better than
soil. In moss, there is no danger of
their becoming water-soaked after water-
ing, the natural supply being given off
partly in the form of vapor.

The most convenient size for the
boxes is about two feet square and six
or eight inches deep, but they may be
larger or smaller. An early growth is
made the next spring by puttmg them
in a hot-bed for a few weeks before
planting in open ground. A small por-
tion of a hot-bed will hold a large num-
ber placed compactly together.

It is now too late to adopt this treat-
ment, except for plants which have been
already placed in cellar for wintering
by a more imperfect mode. — Country
Gentleman.

THE DEACON LETTUCE.

Mr. Joseph Harris writes to the
American Garden concerning this Let-
tuce as follows : —

I have just been to see Mrs. Miiller.
I found her and her daughter digging
Potatoes. I told her that the New
York Experiment Station had tried her
Lettuce, and out of 150 varieties with
700 different names, her Lettuce proved
to be the best, and I wanted her to tell
me all about it.

Ques. — How long have you grown \il

Ans. — Over forty years. I am an
old woman, I shall soon be seventy. I
want to make a good deal of money out
of this Lettuce, but I cannot get about
as I used to.

Ques. — Where did you get it from %

THB CANADIAN fiORTICULTtJRiS'T.

2S

Ans. — A French lady from the place
where I came from, near Strasburg,
brought me some seed. Strasburg is
in Germany now; but I do not care.
This is my country.

Ques. — And you sowed* the seed and
found it good 1

Arts. — Yes.

Ques. — Why is it so good 1

Ans. — Because it is.

Qices. — I mean, why is it better than
other Lettuce?

Ans. — It is sweet and tender, and
always makes a head even on poor soil.
But the richer the soil the better, and
you do not sow it too thick, and you
should sow it early.

" Yes," said the daughter, " last year
mother was cleaning the seed in the
water and threw the chaff on the snow,
and in the spring when the snow went
off the Lettuce plants came up."

Ques. — Cannot you tell me some-
thing more about it ? Did the French
lady tell you its name 1

Ans. — No. I have told you all there
is to tell about it.

Ques. — You have grown this same
Lettuce ever since the French lady
gave it you forty years ago. How did
you manage to keep it]

A71S. — (Smiling at my simplicity.) I
raised seed myself. I left some of the
very best heads every year for seed.
And the people in Irondequoit wanted
us to try some other kind. I saved the
seed in another part of the garden.
You know Lettuce will mix. I never
found any other Lettuce as good as
mine, and I always grow the seed apart
by itself.

Ques. — How do you manage to gi'ow
Llic seed ] I can't make it go to seed.
ns. — Some seasons you can't get
seed. But it will keep for many

^rs, and the old seed is just as good.
168. — Do you do anything to make
to seed]

Ans. — Nothing, except to select the
best heads, and then break off the lower
leaves and open out the head.

I imagine that this last suggestion is
valuable for general adoption.

1st. — It seems clear that this so-
called " Deacon Lettuce " was a good
variety to start with, or the French
lady would not have thought it worth
while to have brought it to this country.

2nd. — That Mrs. Miiller by keeping
it firm and by continuing selecting the
best heads has made it what it is.

3rd. — It is not any better than it
should be. It is good, or as " Elm "
says, "the finest heading variety we
have grown," because nearly all our
Lettuces are so poor. I have often
said that they are a disgrace to seed
growers and seed sellers. And they
will continue to be so till we adopt
Mrs. Miiller's method of selecting the
best heads for seed.

THE RICHMOND PEACH.

Of several varieties of peaches which
we put out six years since, this variety
proves the hardiest and most enduring
tree.

The Crawford, Honest John, and
several others standing near, have lost
from one-half to all their trees, when
the Richmond row is full of thrifty,
healthy trees.

We think that Dr. Sylvester never
received the credit due him for its in-
troduction.

TJie fruit is full as large as Craw-
ford's, and perhaps not behind it in any
feature except for yellowness of flesh,
which with some is not considered any
advantage, while the tree is much the
hardiest.

It seems as though the hopes of
peach growers might be quickened in
view of the general good appearance of
all peach trees this year, promising a
peach season in the near future — per-
next year. — Fruit Notes.

24

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

BEAUTIFUL SNOW.

Beautiful snow, beautiful snow,

Over its bosom we merrily go,

Now stars in the heavens are shining bright,

And moonbeams smile in the glittering night,

The earth in her own virgin garb is dres't,

And pearls from heaVen are strewn on her breast.

Away, away over the snow we fly,

Like a sporting cloud in the deep blue sky.

Away o'er the hills and the shrouded lakes,

Where the snow-clouds dance — where the tempest

wakes,
No spot on earth's bosom, no stain like care.
But boundless purity everywhere.

The streaming light over the northern star

Now sends through the heavens its radiant car ;

The peerless moon like a gem on high

Gladdens the clouds as they pass her by ;

A pure creation in silvery fleece.

And the breath of heaven is peace, s weet peace.

But the snow will weep when the breeze of spring

The odors of distant lands shall bring ;

It will start at the summons and soon appear

On the bosom it loved like a frozen tear,

Like the waning light of some holy dream.

That fades when the morn's first smile is seen.

And thus like the snow will each beauty fade,
And the lustre that wealth and power have made ;
The young and the old, the sage and the throng.
With time irresistibly borne along,
And our love and our joj^, our hopes and fears.
Must pass like the snow from the earth in tears.

E/BiNE Marie Henriette is a magnifi-
cent, ever-blooming, climbing rose, of
strong and vigorous habit. The blossoms
are a beautiful, deep red ; large, perfectly
double and exquisitely tea-scented, It is
justly considered the best of the deep-
colored climbers. — Floral World. [It will
not endure our winter weather, therefore
must be grown here under glass. — Ed.
Can. Horf]

The New Strawberry " Amateur." —
The Bural New Yorker says : "It was
not so prolific as the Jewell ; the berries
did not average quite so large, and they
dropped from the stem too easily, as if the
stems were weakened by the tall leaves
which covered the fruit entirely. The
quality is somewhat better than that of
Jewell — the plants remarkably vigorous
and free from all disabilities. We regard
the Amateur as at least worthy of trial."

The Spotted Call a. Lily. — The Spotted
leaved Calla — Richardia alba maculata —
when well grown, is a very pretty plant,
suitable for cultivation either in the green-
house or window garden. In habit and
manner of growth it bears a striking re-

semblance to the common calla, although
the leaf is narrower and not so long, and,
besides, it is beautifully spotted with
silvery white. The flowers are somewhat
smaller, of a creamy white color, with a
purple blush iji the center. This plant
grows in the Summer only, and should be
kept dry in the Winter. Let it remain
in the pot until April, or until it shows
signs of growth ; then repot in a rich,
moderately heavy soil. In repotting, drain
the pot well, and during the plant's season
of growth water freely. After flowering,
water should be gradually withheld. —
Chas. E. Parnell, in Rural New-Yorher.

Subscriptions received in November :— F. B. Lock-
wood, John W. Walker, D. M. Malloch, Dr. Woodruft',
John Wright, David Darville, M. Milgan, Alf. Hoskin,
S. Grondyke, G. B. Hudson, Wm. Coates, A. H.
Manning, II. A. McCormack, Mrs. John Leslie, R. B.
Whyte, T. H. Mackenzie, John Bartley, W A. Ransom,
E. Hutcherson, Hugh Sutherland, M. Reid, F. B.
Coates, D. Thomas, A. M. Cosby, D. Rutherford, Alf.
Parratt, R. Currie, D. McCrimmon, J. A. Morton, E.
Rice, Miss Pritchard, Mrs. W. Smith. Mrs. Begg, Mrs.
Clement, G. W. Town, Jas. Hill, Bird & Martin, W.
A. Roblin, S. S. Morden, Abraham Vest, Mrs. W. H.
Whetstone, H. H. Ackley, Miss E. Ainslie, G. H.
Wright, J. Hannah, J. Walker, M. Robertson, R. Gray,
D. Dorrance, R. Steed.

INDEX TO THE JANUARY NUMBER.

Page.

The Quince (Editor) 1

Bignonia Radicans 3

Premiums for New Subscribers 3

White Fringe 4

Out-door Fruit for the MilliDii 4

Codlin Moth in New Zealand 5

Hilborn Raspberry 0

Apples in England, Price of 0

Opinions of the Press »J

Winter Meeting of Fruit Growcis' Associaliiui ti

Ash-leaved Maple 0

Coleus, Firebrand and Gulden Bedtler 7

Question Drawer 7

Nuts (P. E. Bucke) 7

Grapes in Muskoka (F. W. Coates) 9

The Most Desirable Grapes ;' lo II

Too Much Advice (Grandma Gowan) 11

Currant Growing at the North (A. A. Wri.-lit) 11

Bracebridge Agricultural Fair (C. Hitklin-) 12

South Simcoe and Esha Agric. Fair (C. liukliiiu ... 13

Some Red Grapes (T. C. Robiiisoi)) 13

Another Season's Exix'rii'Ui't' wiih tln' lies,- i i '.

Mit(;hell) I

Raspberries (W. W. Ililboni) IC

ARt'port on Grapes (A. C Si«>ane, M.B.) 17

A Summer in the Garden (J. Croil) li»

Oyster Shell Bark-Louse, Remedy for (Dr. ¥(.1111-). 21

Brighton Grape (D, R.) lil

Wintering Geraniums J-..'

The Deacon Lettuce -_'

The Richmond Peach l:'

Beautiful Snow (Poetry) 1: t

Reine Marie Henriette Rose L'l

" Amat ur " Strawberry 2 *

The Spotted Calla Lily 21

PftlNTKD AT DHK STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (lIMITED), TORONTO.

WEIGELA VARIEGATA

PAINTED FOR THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE

VOL. IX.]

FEBRUARY, 1886.

[No. 2.

THE VAEIEGATBD-LEAVED WEIGELA.

The effect produced by planting
shrubs of varied foliage so that the
color of the leaves of the one shall blend
harmoniously with that of its neighbor,
or by contrast make that of each more
striking, is ever pleasing. Our shrubs
are not always in bloom, hence it is^
desirable that they shall be so grouped
that the differing hues of their leaves
shall present a pleasing picture. It
has been too frequently the custom to
place our shrubs singly on the lawn
instead of grouping them, whereby we
loose the opportunity of producing a
pleasing foliage effect, and the benefit
of mutual protection which they give
to each other when planted in groups.

We present our readers with a hand-
some colored illustration of one of our
most desirable variegated foliage shrubs,
and trust that many of them will give
it a trial ; planting with it, yet giving
this the foreground position, some of
the other varieties of Weigela. All of
the shrubs of this genus are very hand-
some, and a group made up of Weigela
Candida, Lavallei, rosea, araabilis, and
the variegated-leaved variety of rosea,
arranged according to their several
habits of growth, would command ad-
miration from every one.

The habit of this variety is quite
dwarf as compared with that of the
others, and compact ; the leaves are dis-
tinctly margined with white, and the
flowers are of a light pink.

With regard to the hardiness of the
Weigelas we need more information.
Mr. Gott speaks of them as sufficiently
hardy at Arkona, and so does Mr. Roy
at Owen Sound, while Mr. Saunders,
at London, says they are sometimes cut
down, and Mr. Beall, at Lindsay, says
they kill down close to the ground.
Will not our readers who have planted
the Weigela have the kindness to com-
municate their experience for the bene-
fit of our readers.

PREMIUMS FOR 1886.
Some of our subscribers have neg-
lected to say which premium they
choose — three plants of Ontario Straw-
berry, a yearling tree of the Russian
Yellow Transparent Apple, a plant of
Lucretia Dewberry, a yearling vine of
Early Victor Grape, two plants of the
Marlboro' Raspberry, or three papers
of seeds, viz., Gipsophila paniculata,
Aquilegia caerulea, and Delphinium,
mixed colours.

26

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE WINTER MEETING

Of the Fruit Growers' Association of
Ontario will he held in the Town Hall,
Stratford, on Wednesday and Thurs-
day, the 10th and 11th of February,
1886, commencing at 10 o'clock in the
forenoon of Wednesday.

Railway certificates will be sent to
any members who may apply for them,
by sending a postal card to the sec-
retary, D. W. Beadle, St. Catharines.
These railway certificates must be pre-
sented to the ticket agent when purchas-
ing your ticket at the starting point,
and be signed and stamped by him, and
afterwards must be presented to the
secretary at the close of the meeting
and signed by him.

The following hotels will entertain
members at one dollar and fifty cents
per day ; namely, Albion, Windsor and
Commercial ; the charge at the Royal
and Mansion House will be one dollar
a day. These are all first rate hotels.

At a meeting of members held in
Stratford, a programme of subjects for
discussion was prepared which will be
taken up at the meeting in the order
here presented.

PROGRAMME OF SUBJECTS.

1 — Gardens and lawns in city and coun-
try.
2. — Fences; the best and cheapest of the

future, or should they be abolished.
3. — Ornamental trees and shrubs and

forest trees, and hedges for protection

and shade.
4. — Tree planting on streets, road sides

and school grounds.
5. — Nut bearing trees suitable for this

section.
6. — Black-knot on plum and cherry

trees, its cause, prevention and cure.
7. — Curculio and insect pests in general.
8. — Grapes, early and best varieties for

cultivation in this section.
9. — Peaches and cherries, earliest and

best varieties for cultivation in this

section.
10. — Gooseberries, currants, raspberries

and strawberries, earliest and best

varieties for cultivation in this sec-
tion.

11. — Pears, best varieties for home use
and commercial purposes.

12. — Apples, best varieties for export.

13. — Quince, varieties and cultivation.

14. — Plums, culture and best varieties for
this section.

15.-^Cranberries and huckleberries ;
would it pay to cultivate ?

16. — Vegetables, the best and most pro-
fitable varieties of cabbage, cauli-
flower, celery, peas, beans, corn,
asparagus, turnips, potatoes, etc.;
how to grow them and destroy the
noxious insects to which potatoes
and the cabbage tribe are subject.

17. — Floriculture, amateur.

18. — Fertilizers best for clay and heavy
clay loam soils.

19. — Drainage, relation to fruit growing.

20. — Fruit, proper method of packing and
keeping.

The secretary has been advised that
a delegation of three prominent horti-
culturists from the Michigan State
Horticultural Society will be present
at the meeting, also a representative
from the Ohio Experiment station. It
is also expected that some of the lead-
ing members of the Western New
York Horticultural Society will be in
attendance.

We expect a grand meeting, and
that members will bring with them
samples of fruit for exhibition, par-
ticularly of seedling apples or pears of
promising qualities.

CHERRIES FOR THE NORTH-WEST.

The visit to Russia of Professor Budd>
of Iowa, and of Mr. Chas. Gibb, of
Quebec, has brought to our. knowledge
a variety of cherry which thrives and
bears immense crops in a climate where
the thermometer indicates great severity
of cold, not unfrequently falling as low
as forty-five degrees below zero, Faren-
heit. These gentlemen state that these
cherries are grown in such large quan-
tities in that cold climate that they

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTUBI8T.

27

load whole trains with them for the
city markets, and that in quality none
of them are so poor as our Early Rich-
mond. The trees are in truth only
bushes, a little larger than our currant
bushes, and are renewed by cutting out
the old stalks and allowing the younger
sprouts to take their place as often as
uge rendei's them unprofitable.

Now this cherry should be grown in
Manitoba and the Northwest with every
expectation that it will thrive there
and bear abundantly. The Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario has
imported some of these Vladimir
cherries, and has had some trees pro-
pagated from them which are now
ofiered to any one who would like to
give them a trial in return for a club
of ten subscribei-s to the Canadian Hor-
ticulturist. But in order that our
friends in the Northwest may be en-
abled to procure this cherry for trial, in
consideration of the expense of trans-
portion, the offer is now made to them of
a tree of Vladimir Cherry /or every club
of Jive subscribers, accompanied with
five dollars, the trees to be securely
packed for transportation and delivered
either at the Express Office or on board
the cars, without charge, as may be
directed.

PREMIUMS FOR OBTAINING NEW
SUBSCRIBERS.

See the fine assortment of bulbs,
plants, shrubs, roses, grape vines, books,
<kc., (kc, which we offer for obtaining a
few new subscribers, on pages 3 and 4,
January number, 1886.

The Gladiolus. — Of the tender peren-
nials, I find none here so satisfactory as
the Gladiolus, It always grows and
blooms, is wintered in the cellar as easily
as a potato, never rots or has any disease,
increases quite rapidly, and has a large
range of color. — Vick's Magazine.

WHAT THE PEOPLE SAY OF US.

We give below a few extracts from
letters received, just as a sample of
many. Such expressions of kind appre-
ciation stimulate to yet greater exer-
tions to make the Canadian Horticul-
turist worthy of the support of our
horticultural brethren.

The Dahlia sent me this year did
first rate ; am well pleased with it. We
are very much pleased with your maga-
zine. It is the best one of the kind
we have struck yet, J. S. F.

Woodstock, Ont.

Dear Sir, — I consider the Canadia/n
Horticulturist a most valuable publica-
tion, so plain and practical, just suited
to the needs of our climate and people.

Deans. A. C.

Please find enclosed my renewal sub-
scription to the Canadian Horticul-
turist, which I would not like to be
without at any cost. It is a great
source of pleasure as well as profit.

Uxbridge. T. D.

Please continue on as you have done.
We do not wish for any stories or wit-
ticisms, we want solid facts and infor-
mation. My locality is unfavourable
to apples, plums, grapes, raspberries,
etc. Strawberries uncertain. I live
in a valley which takes the frost readily,
but I like the Canadian Horticulturist
and think everybody should have it.
Minesing. S. Kerfoot.

Dear Sir, — No one ever invested
his money in a better way and got more
for it, his full penny-worth, in return.
The Association is such a credit to the
province.

Many housekeepers must thank you
for the recipe for making grape jam
with the skins retained, it is such an
improvement. G. W

Coboiirg, Dec. 15, 1885.

28

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Dear Sir, — The time has come
around again to renew my subscription
for the Horticulturist, and I do it with
pleasure for it is always a welcome
visitor, with its monthly store of
knowledge and instruction, the whole
space being devoted to those things,
instead of a part of it being taken up
(as many of the periodicals are) with
some worthless serial story.

W. Hood.

Valleyfield, Dec. 17, 1885.

Dear Sir, — Please find enclosed the
sum of one dollar being my subscrip-
tion for the Horticulturist for the en-
suing year. It has regularly paid its
monthly visit and has always been
welcomed as a friend. It is so nice
after a hard day's work to take an easy
chair and forget all about weariness
and bad weather, and dull markets
while reading from its clear, well
printed pages, the struggles and
triumphs of fellow labourers. I always
learn something from each number,
and I am always encouraged by the
perseverance, displayed by your cor-
respondents, under the many dis-
couragements attending on horticul-
tural pursuits. I love my little garden,
but what with untimely frosts and
codlin moths, and currant, and goose-
berry, and cabbage worms, I feel like
giving up, but I am getting knowledge,
and I find it true, that " knowledge is
power." I am getting the upper hand
of my insect enemies and if I cannot
prevent frosts I can guard against
them. You have asked so nicely for
your readers to give their experience,
that I, for one, feel tempted to try,
just to please you, you know, and per-
haps my experience may be of use to
others. F. F.

Minesing, Dec, 1885.

Dear Sir, — Please find enclosed one
dollar for Canadian Horticulturist for

1886, having taken it for several years
I cannot do without it, for I consider
it a most invaluable guide for the

garden.

Toronto, Dee. 13, 1885.

W. B. Hill.

QUESTION DRAWER.

(1) I would like to know if coal
ashes are good for anything or not.
Are they good for the soil, or for bushes
or trees 1 (2) What is the cause of lice
on apple trees. ^ q ^^j^

Dunlop, Huron Co.

Reply.— (1) Chemists tell us that
coal ashes do not contain sujficient fer-
tilizing matter to pay for applying them
to the land for that purpose. It is,
however, said that the application of
coal ashes to stiff clay soils is suflSci-
ently beneficial to pay for the labor of
hauling and spreading, because of their
mechanical effect in loosening the soil.
It is also claimed by some who have
tried them that they are profitable as a
mulch, when applied to currant bushes,
especially black currant bushes. (2) It
is not in the writer's power to say what
is the cause of lice on apple trees ;
either bark li(;e, or the green lice
(aphis). They are living beings, hav-
ing the power of reproduction and loco-
motion ; they feed on the juices of the
trees ; and, when allowed to become
numerous produce very injurious effects.

PIGEON DUNG.
I have got a couple of casks of pigeon
dung, and I would like to know how
and what quantities to apply to about
an acre, that is set with grapes, straw-
berries, raspberries, gooseberries, cur-
rants, plums, and pears. The ground
now is rich, and well manured. By

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

answering through the Horticulturist
you would much oblige,

Yours truly,

J. W. M.

Reply. — This is a powerful manure,
equal to the best guano, and should be
applied with care. If your soil be light
or sandy, it would be advisable to com-
j »ost it with an equal bulk of dry clay,

omminuting the clay, and mixing it
t horoughly with the pigeon dung ; and
apply this in the spring by spreading
it on the surface of the ground, at the
i-ate of five hundred pounds to the
acre, just before a rain. The object

night by mixing it with dry clay in
an almost powdered state, and spread-
ing it on the ground just before a rain,
is to fix the ammonia contained in the
} igeon dung; hence, if your soil be a
clay, it will not be necessary to mix
the pigeon dung with clay, but it may
\)Q spread directly on the surface, at the
rate of three hundred pounds to the
acre. It is, however, desirable to apply
it during rainy weather, that the am-
monia may be carried into the soil, and
absorbed by the argillaceous earth.

Can you inform me in next number
(»f Canafiian Horticulturist where I can
obtain seeds of the Catalpa speciosa.
RoBT. McTntosh.

Newcastle, Dec. 12, 1885.

Reply. — You can procure them from
Thomas Meehan, Germantown, Penn.,
U.S.A.

BINDING OF THE REPORTS.

It is a pity the Reports of the Fruit
Growers' Association, and the Entomo-

logical and Forestry Reports, could not
be bound together, and sent to the
members. They are all valuable, and
ought to be in the library of every
country gentleman, or indeed of every
man who takes any interest in rural
affairs, and the development of all the
rural industries of this country. If
the government is so parsimonious that
it cannot afford to bind this volume as
formerly, I for one would willingly pay
an increased annual subscription, in
order that I might get them bound.
I am, etc.,

Benj. S. Beley.
Ferncliffe, Rosseau, Muskoka.

Reply. — It is just because our gov-
ernment is so poor that ministers feel
they are not warranted in the expendi-
ture necessary to bind these reports that
they are sent out in paper covers. They
have been earnestly requested by the
officers of the Association to have them
bound ; but they turn a deaf ear to all
their arguments and entreaties. Surely
if they are worth printing they should
be worth the binding. If all bound at
once, the cost would be very much less
than the cost of having them bound by
individuals, one at a time ; and so we
have to pay this extra expense because
the country is so poor.

(1) Where can I get the Acacia
Thorn for })lanting a hedge? (2) Where
can I get dwarf pear and apple trees ?
and please name two good varieties of
each. (3) Please name three goo<l
kinds of standard pear trees.

Brooklin. JOHN G. WaRREN.

Reply. — (I) We presume that our
enquirer has the Honey Locust in mind,
which has been used to some extent as

30

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

a hedge plant. It is not an acacia, but
is placed by botanists in the genus
Gleditschia. The acacias are often in-
fested with a borer ; and on that ac-
count are not often used for hedging.
Any of our leading nurserymen can
supply plants of the Honey Locust, and
likewise (2) Dwarf apple and dwarf
pear trees. You can have any variety
of apple that you wish worked as a
dwarf, and nearly every variety of pear.
The apples are dwarfed by working
them on Paradise stocks, and the pear
by working on the Quince stock. Some
varieties of pear do not unite readily
with the quince stock ; hence it is ne-
cessary to double work such varieties ;
which means that the quince is first
budded with some variety that unites
well with the quince, and then the
desired variety that does not unite
readily with the quince, is budded upon
the pear that is growing on the quince
stock. The E-ed Astrachan apple, and
Sherwood's Favorite, would doubtless
please you ; and the Clapp's Favorite
pear, and the Louise Bonne, for dwarf
trees (3) For three good varieties of
standard pear, take the Bartlett, Shel-
don, and Seckel ; these are of fine
quality.

(1) Can the Industry Gooseberry,
mentioned in your last paper, be pur-
chased in Canada, and at what price.
(2) How much gas lime, say quarts or
bushels, do you advise to be sown on a
patch of land 40 x 100 feet? Soil
sandy and well enriched with stable
manure. The gas lime has been ex-
posed all winter, and is impregnated
with petroleum. J. P. B.

Reply. — (1) Yes; at about ten dol-
lars per dozen. (2) Not more than
five bushels ; and would advise spread-
ing it now, and allowing it to remain
exposed to the weather until spring.
The petroleum impregnation is a feature
new to us ; not having had any experi-
ence with such gas lime we should be
inclined to give the petroleum full ex-
posure to the air for some time.

I would like to ask you a question if
you would answer in the Horticulturist.
In planting out a berry patch, does it
make any difference which way the
rows run — north and south or east and
west? Yours, etc.,

Cedar Grove. SoL. Reesor.

Reply. — It is not of much import-
ance which way the rows run, but if
equally convenient would run them
north and south, because the ground
will then receive more of the sun's rays.

WHAT THE PEOPLE SAY.

RASPBERRY GROWING AT OWEN
SOUND.

I raised a crop of raspberries this
year on a plot of ground 24 feet by CO
and this is the 26th year that I have
grown them on this same plot. The
varieties are mostly Franconia, about
one quarter Brinkle's Orange. We had
three hundred and eight imperial quarts
that we measured ; there were fully 25
or 30 quarts extra of the Hauer (I). I
have never protected them in the
winter; have had them injured only
one winter in the number of years I
have grown them. Mr. T. C. Robinson
measured the plot of ground.

John Chisholm.

Owen Sound.

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0ULTUBI8T.

31

PEARS AND BLIGHT.
I was very greatly delighted by
your recent reproduction of the article
on this subject from the " New York
Experiment Station." The popular
Professor is evidently doing some pro-
fitable work in this direction, and we
may learn useful lessons from it. The
cause and cure of pear blight is an old
question and as virulent now as ever,
and these observations tend to furnish
a key to a successful solution, and to the
proper treatment of the pear. This
subject is of very great interest to us
and with a climate so favorable to the
growth of the most excellent pears,
we should much like to be freed from
this pestilent blight. If pears of ac-
knowledged excellence cannot be satis-
factorily produced we must look to those
of lower grades of excellence but with
hardier and more robust nature in the
trees. A few days ago I received a
pamphlet from a fruit company in the
State of (xeorgia advocating the great
merits of the Le Conte and Kieffer pears
as the most promising fruit investment
in that state. They claim that these
trees are nearly and in some localities
< j uite blight proof. This led me to recall
^ome remarks of a gentleman at one of
the Western New York Annual Hor-
ticultural meetings. He said "that the
direction of promise in pear growing
to-day lay in the lines of the Japan or
Chinese Sand jjears, and our hopes for
the future must come through these."
Tljis doctrine of courae was not nor is it
now very grateful, so used as we are to
looking to Belgium and France instead
of to Japan or Cliina for our delicious
pt^ars. Whether this teaching be correct
or not there is evidently souiething in
the very nature of the pear tree in its
relation to our condition and its treat-
ment here that requires the closest study
l)efore its prosperity can be assured in
all iK)sition8 and locations in Ontiirio.
But we maintain that this will never

be the case as it is contraiy to our know-
ledge of the first principles of fruit grow-
ing to expect it. In the case of no fruit
do we find that every locality is equally
suited to its most complete production.
For these reasons we will unhesitatingly
resort for this purpose to the notion of

SELECTION OF LOCATIONS

for the pear as the direction of our
surest and best hopes. I am not. Sir,
going to lead you and your numerous
readers into every hole and corner of
Ontario to find these locations, but I
am at present simply intending to con-
fine my remarks on this subject to this
locality and district. As you may al-
ready know there is a fine promising
region of country here bordering the
long and winding but picturesque and
beautiful River Aux Sables, coming out
as it does from the county of Huron and
running through the county of Middle-
sex empties its volume of water into
Lake Huron, at a point in this county
called Port Franks. Along the upper
I course of this water ravine there arethou-
I sands of acres of rich deposit of strong
clay loamy soils, in undulating positions,
i thoroughly drained and rolling. These
! very soils along this stream and through
its adjacent county, are th(^ best and
most promising location for the suc-
cessful growth of the pear that has
come under our observation. In this
region, as far as we know, there have
been no cases of pear blight in its
most virulent form with its depressing
results of death to the tree. The soil
throughout is a deep, heavy, clay loam,
resting at a distance of 10 to 20 feet
on the rock, and is in every direction
cut up and ravined by the powerful
force of small streamlets making their
way to the river, and the intersected
I high lands are in some cases mound like
I and hill shaped and in othei*s broad beau-
I tiful table lands. We would ask why
i not use a region like this of so much

32

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

promise for the special purpose of grow-
ing pears. There is not the least possi-
ble doubt but that it could be done. Up
to the present the most beautiful
and charming Bartletts and Flemish
Beauty have been produced here, where
scarcely anything else could prosper or
grow. We have known pears to be
planted on the most desirable acres
of strong rich alluvial soils that were
thought to be ''just the thing," but
before the trees came into profitable
bearing they were overtaken with blight
and their soft, sappy immature wood fell
an untimely and disappointing prey.
This makes us to look to "the hills^'
from whence cometh our hope. But
we know that this region is not
the only one of promise in the bor-
ders of our proud Ontario. There
are doubtless many others as accessible
and equally as good for the successful
growth of pears were they properly
looked up and utilized. I would beg
simply to throw out this idea affecting |
our cherished pears by way of kindly
suggestion, and hope that it may be the
means of drawing out the observations
of others better qualified, for further
light and further knowledge.

Very truly yours,

B. GOTT.
Arkona Nurseries, Nov. 20th., 1885.

REPORT ON PREMIUM SEEDS.

Dear Sir, — The three packets of
flower seeds duly reached me ; and
were sown in a small piece of prepared
land carefully attended to, and I have
derived the utmost satisfaction from
them. The Salpiglossis were exceeding
beautiful and were very much admired,
they produced a long succession of fine
flowers of great variety of color, the
veins and markings of which were
lovely. The Pinks also were a success,
though not such showy flowers as the
Salpiglossis, and the Striped Petunias,
also, supplied me with a great variety of

brilliant hued flowers ; and these, like
the two former, remained in full bloom
until cut down by the frost. I shall
be glad to report you a similar experi-
ence on another occasion.

J. L. Thompson.

GRAPES AT COLLINGWOOD.

Dear Sir, — In the last number of the
Canadian Horticulturist an enquiry
was made by one of your correspondents
as to the history, etc., of a white grape
which was exhibited at the Northern
Exhibition held in this town last fall.
I can give him the information reqiiired.

A few years ago I weeded out of my
vinery all vines which I judgpd to be
of inferior quality, and having at the
time a man employed building another
vinery I gave him one of the vines, a
Chasselas Fontainebleu which I procured
from your nursery. Having no vinery
he planted it in the open air and has
succeeded in getting from it good clus-
ters of grapes, I believe every year. I
saw them at tlie Exhibition and they
are really very fine and I quite under-
stand how the judges were staggered at
finding them among the outdoor grapes.
About the same time I gave to a boy em-
ployed in my garden a West St. Peter's
which he also planted in the open air
and which has produced good crops. It
does certainly seem strange that in this
northern region we can grow grapes in
the open air which can only be grown
under glass elsewhere, but this locality
seems especially favorable for grape
growing ; this year our out-door grajies
produced most luxuriantly and the crop
ripened well. Moore's Early is gen-
erally the first to ripen, then Salem,
Creveling, Delaware, Wilder, Agawam,
in the order named, Jessica about the
same time as Delaware, Niagara has not
yet fruited with me but is a very strong
rampant grower, Prentiss promises well,
Pocklington a very poor grower, Lin-

THE CANADIAN HOBTICULTUR18T.

dley a strong good grape but a little
late Jeffei-son has not grown well
with me, Worden a slow grower, on the
whole I should say Wilder would be the
most profitable grape here for any one
who grew for the market. The bunches
are large, it is a great bearer and the
grapes are very handsome with a beau-
tiful bloom when fully ripe. I do not
care for the flavour, but when mixed
with Delaware and Salem they make a
very good wine, which is wholesome,
unintoxicating, and, as far as human
agency is concerned, an infinitely better
remedy for whiskey drinking than that
most pernicious of all Acts — the Scott
Act, the producer of peijury and of
secret drinking. Yours truly,

CoUingwood. W. A. Parlane.

FAILURE OF GRAPE VINES— WHY?

My garden soil, is a sandy loam, with
a considerable depth of sand beneath,
rather more of sand than of loam, by
the way. It is also new, having been
brought into cultivation only recently ;
has been for some time a waste com-
mon and in Oct, 1883 I had it enclosed,
gave it then a heavy top-dressing of
good stable manure, and ploughed that
and the sod under and have since, with
a liberal hand, applied both stable
manure and decomposed leaves. I have
been very successful with my vegetables,
my radishes, cabbages, beets, carrots,
parsnips, etc., having attained unusual
size, but of my vines I regret to have
to give a very different report, I have
tried many of the hardiest kinds, the
majority of them died and the sur-
vivors have made very unsatisfactory
progress and this aj)pears the more sin-
gular as the apples, plums, and all the
small fruits grow luxuriantly, and if
you could suggest a course of cultiva-
tion by which this deficiency of growth
may be overcome I would be much
obliged. I may say that a near neigh-

hour, and old horticulturist, reports a
similar experience with his grape vines
and for which he cannot account unless
it is the presence of some constituent of
the soil injurious to the vines. I am
of opinion that the soil is too light and
have lately been applying old stable
manure and phosphates liberally and if
these be suitable manures I may hope
for better growth in the future, mean-
while I will be glad if you can assist
me to this desired end.

Believe me dear Sir to remain
Yours very truly,

Toronto. J. L. THOMPSON.

F^UIT TREES AND GRAPE VINES
IN EASTERN ONTARIO.

Mr. Beadle, — As I for many years
have been growing fruit trees and given
it a study, I here drop you a few words
of information on this subject, which I
trust you will lay before your many
readers. It is stated by some that what
is called the

BLACK KNOT

on fruit trees, is caused by a fungus, or a
worm. It is not true. I admit that flies
of a certain kind do deposit their eggs
or young after the knot is formed, and
the worm is sustained by the jelly or soft
wood of the knot. N ow for the cause.
A hard, changeable winter, with a cold,
wet spring, the sap well nigh froze out of
the tree. In the spring, the ground and
air being cold, the roots being covered
or submerged with water, the tree being
nearly lifeless (frozen), has not i)Ower
of attraction sufticient to draw from the
earth nutriment for a healthy growth.
The water sap that goes up the tree
meets the frozen, lifeless sap, both com-
bined is not sufficient for a healthy
growth, it remains stagnant. June
heat sours the sap, and it breaks out
into what is called Black Knot. It
should be called Scrofula. The same
is the cause of bad blood in people. It

34

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

breaks out in sores on the surface.
There is no other cure, only good
moderate winter and a fine warm spring.

DEAD SPOT ON TREES.

The cause. In trimming large limbs
from a tree, the axe or saw may chance
to bruise the bark next to the cut.
The sap is bruised, and it soon turns
black. If it doth not dry up soon with
heat of the sun, it soon sours, and like
leaven, it sours or mortifies the live
sap next to it. If it doth not dry up
with the heat of the sun, it may en-
circle and kill the whole tree.

Again, it may be caused by a clip or a
blow against the tree, which will bruise
the sap or soft wood under the bank,
the sap will turn red and sour, and
mortify the live sap by it. Now- for
the cure : When you see the bark look
dark and shrink to the wood, take your
knife and cut along side the dead bark
and live bark, or wood, to prevent the
dead or sour sap to come at, or to touch
the green sap or bark. Cut to the
wood one-eighth of an inch wide and
the cure is accomplished. If a limb
should wither and dry up in June.
The cause : The limb nearly perished
in winter, there being sap enough left
to cause it to leaf out, the limb being
too dead to draw fresh sap to grow, it
dried up. The only cure is to cut the
limb off to the green bark or wood.

Now, sir, I have heard it stated that
some have got trees, not from my nur-
sery, called the Mcintosh Red. After
they had them a few years they froze to
death. Why they perished they were
not the genuine or true Mcintosh Red,
only bogus trees, or perhaps grafted
over and over so. many times in other
stock or trees. Perhaps the true
Mcintosh Red is nearly run out. I
am the owner of the original Mcintosh
Red. It is over eighty years old. I
have lived over seventy years within a
few yards of it, given to me by my

father over fifty years ago. It is a
yearly bearer. A winter apple. The
best flavored apple known. Fall of
1885, 1 sent several barrels to Glasgow,
Scotland. The remainder of my crop
I sold round about Dundas County
from three and a half to four dollars a
barrel, while the best of other good
apples only fetched two dollars. 1
send trees and scions of the original
stock to any ordering them. I am
raising trees from a seedling of my
farm. It is a very juicy, sweet apple,
larger than the Snow, ripens 2Uth of
August, keeps till October. When ripe,
light golden color. Upright grower, a
heavy yearly bearer. No sweet apple
known to equal it in flavor. The ori-
ginal tree bore itself to death at the age
of forty. I have propagated from it.
Along the River St. Lawrence many of
the hardy kinds do well. The river
modifies the air. But six miles back,
where I have my residence, from there
to the Ottawa River, it is very trying
on fruit trees and grape vines, only the
hardiest trees and vines can be grown
here with profit. I planted a few trees
of those that were called veiy hardy, the
Wealthy among them ; planted three
years. In the spring of 18^5 they
were all froze to the ground. All the
grape vines I did not cover last fall
were froze to the ground this last spring,
the Concord not excepted. 'AH grape
vines here in winter must be covered,
or they will freeze to death. I have
travelled through the Eastern Town-
ships for the past ten years, and have in-
quired about the longevity of certain
trees that are called hardy. The Fa-
meuse,they commence to die at eighteen
or twenty years. Tallman about sixteen
to eighteen years. Northern Spy fifteen
years, and many hardy kinds nearly the
same age. The Duchess of Oldenburg,
they commence to die in the top at the
age of twenty-eight. My native seed-
ling, sweet. Golden apple, bore yearly.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

35

and died at the age of forty years. The
original Mcintosh is now over eighty
years old, is still a good bearer, and
bids fair for many yeare more. It will,
I believe, outlive in Eastern Ontario
four generations of the best hardy win-
ter apple that is known on this Con-
ent.

Yours paternally,

Allan McIntosh.
Dundela P.O., Dundas Co., Ont.,
December 28th, 1885.

SLANTING GRAPE TRELLIS.

I can most strongly endorse Mr.
Fuller's system. (See Horticulturist
for December, 1885, page 284.) I have
three Clinton grape vines planted to
hide the back of a lean-to shed. They
bore very little fruit, the bunches were
small, and always so mildewed they
were not worth gathering. By accident
the top shoots grew over and spread
down the other side of the nearly flat
roof, facing the north, until they half
covered the surface, quite rotting the
li ingles. And now every year this
slightly sloping roof is by the end of
September one mass of beautiful dark-
blue bunches. It is quite a sight to
stand upon a ladder and look down at
them. And though they are so close
together, often in a tangled heap, lying
one upon the other, flat upon the shin-
gles, with no ventilation under them,
they all ripen, and there is little or no
mildew. My other grapes, on upright
trellis in the open garden, are a com-
j>lete failure. The situation near the
Lake (Ontario) is too low and damp.
A mile or two back, where the ground
iH'gins to rise, they succeed better. I
take no pains with these grapes on the
roof, never pruning them, only cutting
out any dead wood occasionally. And,
of course, they are never covered or
protected in any manner.

With reference to page 211, Annual
Report for 1884, 1 can fully recommend

Mr. Beadle's plan of making grape jelly
or jam, adding the skins. We formerly
threw away the skins with the stones,
but it was always too thin. Now, by
using the skins, it is much stiffer, and
nicer to eat besides. Also it is much
less trouble than one would think.

COBOURO.

GRAPES IN LAMBTOX COUNTY.

To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

Dear Sir, — You card, dated 12th
November, re varieties of grapes grown
in the open air in this section of coun-
try, was duly received, but sickness and
deaths in my family prevented me from
sooner attending to it, and left me in
sorrow to look across that bourn from
whence none return.

The arduous efforts put forth by
yourself and other members of the
"Ontario Fruit Growers' Association,"
in disseminating useful information res-
pecting fruit raising, and cultivating a
taste for the adornment of our homes,
through the Canadian Horticulturist,
merit the gratitude of all who sincerely
desire the welfare of our country.

The cultivation of fruit is one of the
most interesting pursuits that can en-
gage the mind of man, furnishing an
endless variety of objects for contem-
plation, exciting our wonder, and lead-
ing forth the soul in adoration of the
providence, wisdom and goodness of the
Almighty hand which bespangles the
heavens with radiant orbs, and carpets
the earth with living gems no less bril-
liant and wonderful. All is now locked
in the cold embrace of winter, but with
the beautiful flowers that spring up
with the fii*st impulse of spring, when
all nature seems to teem with gladness,
we are filled with adoration at the onler
and infinitude of His works, in which
we see goodness, beauty and glory
blended.

We place wreaths on the tombs of

36

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

our departed loved ones, and covfer their
last abode with flowers. Why then
should we not surround our earthly
homes with Heaven's buds, showing as
they do the gorgeous colors of the rain-
bow, and reminding us of the amaran-
thine flowers of fadeless bloom which
luxuriate in that land where " The
wicked cease from troubling and the
weary are at rest." In looking back a
few years, it is gratifying to mark pro-
gress in this direction, to which your-
self and co-workers have greatly con-
tributed.

The grape is one of the most grateful
and delicious of fruits. From the days
of Noah, ''who planted vineyards," the
vine has been the most universally cul-
tivated of fruit, bearing plants. The
promised land was a land of wheat and
barley and vines. Throughout the
Bible the vine is represented as the
emblem of fruitfulness and plenty, yield-
ing, as it generally does, at an earlier
age, and in greater profusion than most
other fruits. Why then should it not
be more extensively grown, seeing that
so large an area of our Province, more
especially along the borders of the lakes
and large rivers, is so admirably suited
for its cultivation 1

Along the valley of Bear Creek, in
the County of Lambton, the soil is very
rich, and in many places capable of pro-
ducing abundantly most fruits peculiar
to our temperate zone, subject, however,
to the drawback that the slight depres-
sion renders it more liable to summer
frosts than where the ground is more
elevated, or where the temperature may
be modified by proximity to large bodies
of water.

With the slight experience I have
had in raising grapes in this section, I
would place them, taking all things into
consideration, in the following order of
excellency : —

1. The Concord.- — This popular va-
riety succeeds well. The vine being

healthy, vigorous and productive. The
bunch of fair size, berries juicy and
sweet, and ripening nearly two weeks
earlier than the Isabella, which used to
be the standard variety in this section.
The vine is also hardier.

2. The Delaware is superior to the
Concord in flavor as a table grape on
account of its sweet aromatic taste, but
the vine does not thrive so well on clay
soils as the Concord, and is less vigor-
ous.

3. The Eumelan is a hardy, prolific,
and early variety, with a good sized
bunch resembling the Clinton, to which
it seems allied, only larger in bunch,
and berry of a bluish black color, melt-
ing and sweet, with vinous flavor, and
earlier than the two preceding varieties.
Got the first vine from the Fruit
Orowers' Association in 1870.

4. Clinton bears well every year, and
the vine is hardy. In short, it is our
best wine grape. Too acid for a table
grape, but keeps well, and good for can-
ning and cooking purposes.

5. Isabella, a healthy and productive
variety, and with its large bunches and
berries, one of the most profitable to
cultivate, were it not that our seasons
are too short for it, sometimes, to fully
ripen before fall frosts. It is, however,
likely to hold its place for some time
amongst collections as an old friend.

6. C reveling ripens with the Hart-
ford Prolific. Well flavored and berries
large, but set irregularly on the bunch.
Vine hardy.

7. Hartford Frolic. — Vine not as
hardy as could be desired. Berries re-
semble the Isabella, but ripening much
earlier ; large, round and black.

8. Adirondac is somewhat tender,
and the wood does not ripen well.
Berries ripe before that of the Hartford
Prolific, with a sweet and agreeable
flavor.

The Burnet and several of Rogers'
have mildewed so badly as to be useless.

r

THE CANADIAN HOR riCULTUEIST.

The Catawba, in favorable situations,
yields heavy crops, and in some years,
but often requires more heat and longer
summers to develop its tlavor properly.

Pressure of business and advancing
ye^rs have not allowed me to attend to
the introduction of the many new varie-
ties lately brought under notice, neither
have the old standard kinds grown been
attended with such assiduity and care
as they deserved.

Wishing you every success in your
laudable endeavors, through the Horti-
culturist, to propagate amongst the
farmers of Ontario a deeper interest in
fruit raising,

I remain, dear sir,

Yours very truly,

James Watson.
Moore, Dec, 1885.

HORTICULTURAL DISAPPOINT-
MENTS.

Mr. Editor, — You invite all to con-
tribute to the interest of the Horticul-
turist by giving their experience on
fruit culture, <fec. I don't know as my
experience will be of any interest to
any one else, but I do know it has not
been attended with pecuniary profit, at
least, to myself In the spring of
1884 I set out 5,000 Gregg Raspberry
plants which made a fine growth, and
notwithstanding the severe winter and
their exposed position, they were not
materially injured. The last season
they made a vigorous growth, and I
picked 1,400 quarts of fine fruit. In
August some of the canes began to
blight, turning a dark purple color, and
the leaves falling off, and at the pre-
sent time about 1,000 plants are des-
troyed, they kept going until winter
set in. I have examined a number of
the bushes, but have not succeeded in
finding any insect in either the cane or
root.

My Strawberry plants (of this year's

setting) shared about the same fate.
Something eat the roots off about two
inches below the surface of the ground.
They commenced immediately after
planting, and continued their work
until winter. I could find nothing but
an abundance of small ants in the soil.
Whether they were the cause or not I
could not ascertain. I have a small
collection of grapes, raspberries, cur-
rants, (kc, which have not fruited yet,
on which I may report at another time.
If any of your correspondents would
enlighten me with regard to the trouble
with my plants, or a remedy, they would
confer a favor.

Yours respectfully,

H. BODWELL.
Mt. Elgin, 14th Dec, 1885.

SMALL FRUITS IN CANADA AND
MANITOBA. .

To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

Dear Sir, — The December Number
of your valuable publication just re-
ceived. Permit me to express to you
the pleasure I have had in perusing
carefully the numbers issued during
this year. Every monthly issue con-
tained many hints of great value to
those who take an interest in horticul-
ture either for pleasure or otherwise.

On my little farn) close to this «ity
small fruit was the past season a very
large crop. In raspberries the " Sou-
hegan " was a great success, the canes
bearing an enormous quantity of fruit.
The ''Cuthbert" and "Gregg" also
yielded abundantly, and are well de-
serving of favorable mention. All
three varieties are very hardy.

This fall I had the pleasure of spend-
ing two months on the south side of
Manitoba Lake, Province of Manitoba,
and met a number of settlera in that
section from Ontario, all well to do,
and well pleased with the country, from

38

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

whom I obtained glowing accounts of
the richness of that neighborhood for
wheat raising, stock raising, &c. They
all have fine herds of Durham cattle,
and have numbers of the animals legis-
tered in our ^' Canadian Short Horn
Book," and find ready sale for same.
West bourne Station and Post Office,
on the Manitoba and North Western
Railway, being only from three to five
miles from their homes.

Small fruit, such as black currants,
raspberries, strawberries, cranberries
(high bush), grow wild in great quan-
tities. Also three kinds of cherries and
plums, all wild. All making delicious
preserves. We were all highly de-
lighted with our trip, and with the
richness of the country from all stand
points.

Wishing the " Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation " every success the coming new
year,

I remain, yours truly,

John Maughan.
Toronto, 9th Dec, 1885.

PEAR-BLIGHT— GRAPE VINES-
GOOSEBERRIES.

Dear Sir, — I have been much pleased
with the Magazine so far. It contained
a good deal of practical and useful in-
formation.

Blight. — Within the last two years
I have lost several pear trees from 4 to
9 inches in diameter, Duchess, Bartlett,
Rosteizer, Flemish Beauty, White Doy-
enne, Clapp's, Louise Bonne de Jersey
and Sheldon. I have 30 or 40 seedling
pear trees from 8 to 10 years old. After
fruiting I intend to graft in the top
those not proving good, (probably all)
the cause of so many pear trees dying,
I think, over-manuring. / feel satis-
fied of this. I have lost none of the
seedlings

Grape-vines. — Two years ago my Con-
cord grape vines on the wire trellis

were killed and the Delaware was not
damaged. This last winter my Del-
aware was killed and the Concord not
hurt ; the Hartford Prolific stood both
winters ; the Burnet grape got killed
down ; Moore's Early died ; the Eume-
lan kept killing down every year : about
dead now. Downing and Houghton
gooseberries have done very well, no

mildew.

Yours truly,

D. Shoff.

SLANTING GRAPE TRELLIS.

I see that there is one man after my
own heart, as I have tried this plan for
some years past, and find it does better
til an any other way. I put them about
eighteen inches at bottom of vines and
about three feet at top. The bunches
all hang down between the vines. The
sun does not strike so strong on the
bunches as it does when up straight.
When the sun strikes fully on the grapes
it has a tendency to soften the skin,
and for that reason they are not so good.
And another reason I think it better,
is the wind has no chance to break or
tear the vines loose.

Alfred Wagar.

Napanee, Lennox County, Ont.

ORANGE QUINCE.

I may state that the Orange Quince
flowered with me for the first time last
year, and this is the first instance I
know of its flowering in this neighbor-
hood. A. J. C.

Listowel.

GRAPES AT BRUSSELS.

As far as I know the Concord is most
generally grown. There have been a
few Brighton and Worden planted, but
they have not done very well. My
own few are Concord, excepting one

White Ann Arbor I got from ,

and it is like all that comes from him.

Brussels, Dec, 1886. J- W.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

39

FRUIT REPORT FOR COUNTY OF

LAMBTON FOR 1885.

{Prepared for the Annual Meeting of the " Fruit

Growers' Association of Ontario," at Wingham,

Ont., Sept. 16th and 17th inst.)

Gentlemen, — I am pleased to be
able to make the following report of
the standard fruits and their culture
for the year in our county. I still
think that the first place, both in posi-
tion and importance, should be given to

THE APPLE.

Our soils are in general admirably
adapted for the successful growth of
the apple, and, as a consequence, the
planting of apple trees continues to be
very large and very general. The time
will come when this county will be
noted among the noted counties for the
production of very excellent apples.
The crop this year was very large and
very fine. It is impossible at present
to gather the full statistics of the crop
in barrels for the whole county, but as
near as can be ascertained it is close in
the neighborhood of 125,000 barrels,
valued at $100,000, with the growth of
the trees. And in this section alone
the marketed crop was 40,500 barrels.
This is a very large product, and repre-
sents $37,125 of positive income to our
farmers and growers of this section
alone. An item that they have not
heretofore calculated much upon, as
their apples formerly represented no
particular value. But when the eager
buyer comes into the orchard and offers
of his own free will to take all their
apples, both fall and winter fruit, and
give them a good price for them right
in their hand, it at once stamps the
crop as a thing of real, positive value
that is not to be trifled with. The
great trouble has been that our people
have planted too many varieties, but
they are now gradually learning better
through reading and observation, and

Ke in their later plantings restricting
emselves to fewer and those mostly

standard winter sorts. One of the
buyers told me to-day that our apple
crop was by far larger and better than
he had any conception of. That the
worst apples to handle were Fall Pippins
and Snows, and that he should sti'ougly
advise the farmers of this section to re-
graft many of their early ripening apple
trees with hard winter sorts, and then
our country would be one of the very
best in which to pack apples for distant
markets. The prices offered this year
have been for fall apples 75c. per barrel,
and for winter apples $1 per barrel ;
the purchaser to find the barrels and
pack them, and the farmer to pick the
apples and draw tliem to the market.
About one third of the apples bought
were fall, and brought in this section
$10,125, and the other two- thirds being
winter, brought $27,000, or a total of
$37,125. The sorts mostly grown in
the county have been, for summer,
Early Harvest, Red Astracan, Sweet
Bough, Tetofsky, Early Joe, ifcc. These
are used mostly for family purposes.
For fall, almost everything is found in
the section, but the best and most popu-
lar are Duchess of Oldenburg, Colvert,
St. Lawrence, Maiden's Blush, Fall Pip-
pins, &c. But in young plantations the
people run into the other extreme, and
plant nothing but winter sorts to the
exclusion of all others. For winter,
Baldwin best of all, afterwards Northern
Spy, Rhode Island Greening, American
Golden Russet, Grimes' Golden, Riim-
bo, Snow, Tal man's Sweet, Ben Davis,
Yellow Bellflower, Seek-no-Further,
Wagener, &c. When we consider the
great value of the apple crop, it is quite
clear that greater attention will annu-
ally be given to it, and the improve-
ment in its management and culture
will be very marked. The question of
overstocking the market has been
brought up, the farmera at fii*st not
liking the prices offered for their apples,
but when the net proceeds are consi-

40

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

dered they are better reconciled, and
appear perfectly pleased with the bar-
gain. The buyers have lost a little on
their investments in soft sorts or fall
apples, and they will in the future be
shy at offering for them, except for
home markets, as foreign shipment is
found to be very unsatisfactory. They
say the only alternative is for farmers
to regraft to harder and better shipping
sorts. But on the whole I assure you
that this year, with farm produce of all
kinds so low in price, and business so
dull, and money so hard to get, the
apple crop has been a great boon, and
coming in so easily without any special
outlay it has helped very much ; as
some of them say, they do not know
what they would have done without it.

THE PEAR

Is rapidly growing to be a very interest-
ing variety of hardy and delicious fruit,
and our people are more and more ap-
preciating its real value. It so happens
that in this county we have very much
excellent soil, perfectly adapted to suc-
cessful growth of pear trees and pears.
We have many acres of strong alluvial
clay loams that, when well under-
drained, make the very best soils to
produce good pears. And even if these
should be found to be too stimulating
so as to produce the much dreaded fun-
gus known as blight, yet we are not
stopped in our efforts or daunted in our
prospects. We have along the whole
course of the beautiful River Aux Sable,
traversing our county, many fine loca-
tions, splendidly well drained clay hills
of immense fertility, that will produce
pear wood in slower growths and per-
fectly free from all fungus attacks or
blights. These can, and no doubt will
in the near future, become utilized for
these and similar purposes in many
broad acres. There is nothing but lack
of enterprise to hinder us from using
these splendid soils of ours and pro-

ducing pears at least equal, if not greatly
superior, to the far-famed regions of
Lockport and Rochester, N.Y. The
crop this season has been very large,
and prices at one time fell quite low for
such fine fruit as was ofiered. The
Bartlett and the Flemish Beauty are
still the great staple pears of this sec-
tion, and there is more of these pro-
duced then all others together. They
are so hardy in the tree, so fine in the
fruit, and so productive, that everybody
desires to plant them, and will do so
with the greatest assurance of the best
results in the basket. The trees planted
are mostly standards, on pear roots, but
few dwarfs are used. Besides these
old and well known sorts, a few White
Doyenne, Clapp's Favorite, Louise
Bonne de Jersey, and Seckel are grown.
But this last, though of the highest
quality, is too small for the market,
and consequently not popular amongst
growers. The pears known as Beurre
pears are some of them very fine and of
excellent quality. We this year fruited
Beurre Clairgeau, and are very much
pleased with it as a fine, showy pear of
excellent quality. We fruited also the
pear known as Dr. Reeder, a middling
sized, high flavored pear, that will suc-
cessfully take the place of Seckel, and
the bearing qualities of the tree are
immense. As the knowledge and fine
tastes of our people are annually culti-
vated up to better standards, so there
will be no lack of pears and other fine
and delicious fruits to gratify these im-
proved tastes and demands.

THE PLUM.

The conditions of soil and climate for
successful plum culture are similar to
those for the pear, and a good pear
region is a good plum region. There
are, however, some difficulties to plum
culture, outside of climate and soil, that
we do not know how to cope with. A
few years ago we could raise plums in

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTtJEIST.

41

almost any quantity, and nothing in-
jurious seemed to affect them or the
trees, but unfortunately it is not so now.
The fruit is attacked by the destroying
insect, and what is worse, the trees are
attacked by the deadly fungus, and dies
l)efore our eyes, and no helpful hand is
offered to cheer us in our despondency.
< >ur only relishable repasts of plums is
HOW in the recollection how we used to
feast upon them, and the tine crocks of
luscious preserves our mothers used to
put away for our winter's entertainment,
la some favored sections, however, the
plum was raised this season in tolerably
plentiful quantities. Favored spots on
the lake shore, and well sheltered and
properly exposed locations elsewhere,
made some fine showings, and partly
supplied the home demand. Up north,
in our neighboring county, the crop was
simply enormous, and these plums came
down by every express. There is only
one other fruit, viz., the peach, that
will supply the demand for plums ; but
this year there being no peaches, every
plum near was studiously looked up.
The varieties most popular are the
green plums, as Imperial Gage, and
other Gages, and the Lombard. The
larger plums are very desirable, but
these old and smaller sorts pay the best.
1 think the only proper resource open
for us to successfully grow phims, as
ilso pears and peaches, is " the selection
f proper locations and conditions."
(To he continued.)

THE INDUSTRY GOOSEBERRY.

I think that I recognize an old Friend
ill the Industry Gooseberry and in my

liool-days all the other kinds in my
i ither's garden were safe while any
tVuit remained on it. But the name is
new. We called it Red Jacket. I will
send you a piece of wood and bark
from one of my dead apple trees to see
if the cause is known to you. Had

several die the last season, some that
had been bearing.

Robert Kennedy.

t

PEARS, PLUMS, AND CHERRIES.

To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist

Sir, — To my experience with apple
trees in November number, 1885, page
249, 1 may add a little with other fruit
trees. I have tried one each of three
varieties of pears, the Bartlett, Flemish
Beauty and Lawrence, but they all died
of blight. The two first named died
the first summer. The Lawrence stood
it for about three years. In the spring
of 1883, I planted one each of three
varieties of plums, the Yellow Egg,
Yellow Gage and Imperial Gage. They
were all killed to the snow line the first
winter. At the same time I planted
one Early Richmond Cherry, which
seems to be pretty hardy so far. I
have two plum trees eight years planted
which are hardy, although their leaves
fell rather early this fall. I have a
Green Gage tree the same age, which
will neither die nor do well living. It
freezes back every winter, and bears
about half a dozen plums each summer.

R. Scott.
Hopeville.

EXPERIMENTS WITH STRAW-
BERRIES.

1. I took 285 baskets of Wilson
Strawberries last summer from 90
square yards of ground. The plants
were set in April, 1883, in rows 2 J
feet apart. Simply kept clean and
slabs laid between the rows this last
season. From the same 90 yards I
took 21 bushels of Globe Mangels be-
tween the rows, some of which took a
prize at the Great Northern Exhibition
in Collingwood in 1884.

2. This year (1885) I have tried a
plot three rods by five on the same
plan. The proceeds were (50 baskets of

42

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

strawberries and 65 bushels of roots,
about half mangels and half Belgian
carrots, leaving the ground well cov-
ered with strawberry vines for next
year's crop.

THE TREE BEAN.

From one bean-stalk called the " Tree
Bean " from Burpee's, Philadelphia, in
1884, 1 gathered 450 beans. From the
450 I raised this year twenty pounds
some ounces of beans — over an Im-
perial peck by measurement.

NOVA SCOTIA APPLES.

Dr. Hoskins, of Newport, Vermont,
three or four years ago gave the same
kind of notice about a seedling apple
that you give from Mr. C. E. Brown.
I sent to Dr. Hoskins, as directed
in the Rural. He forwarded some
" scions." This season I had one apple
upon one of them. It ripened in Sep-
tember, was ten and a half inches in
circumference, weighed 8J ounces,
beautiful in shape and color, and de-
lightful in taste. Some who tasted it
declared it excelled a peach.

CoUingwood. J. B. Aylesworth.

REPORTS ON PLANTS RECEIVED.

I have been taking the Hoticulturist
for three years, and I am well pleased
with it. I think the Report of the
F. G. A. worth the subscription price,
without saying anything about the
premiums we get every year.

My Prentiss Grape-vine came through
last winter all right.

The Fay Currant bush did very well
this summer. Sol. Reesor.

Cedar Grove, Dec. 9, 1885.

The premiums so far have done very
well. Moore's Early Grape-vine fruited
this last season, and tine fruit it has, both
in size and flavour, >)esides ripening
early. The Prentiss has grown vigor-
ously and will likely fruit next year. ,

Valley field, Dec. 17, 1885. W. HoOD.

I am sorry to say that both the
Worden and Prentiss were winter-
killed last winter, though they did
nicely the year before The Fay's Pro-
lific Currant seems to be growing well.
Yours truly,

M. E. Stanway.
Mt. Royal Vale, Montreal, P. Q.

I received Fay's Prolific Currant
from you last spring, and it is as large
now as one I got a year ago that cost
me $1. I was much pleased with the
manner it came to hand, done up in
apple-pie order. Alfred Wagar.

Napanee, Lennox Co.

My Catalpa tree grew very nicely
last summer, but I am afraid it will
not stand the winter, as the first hard
frost killed the top for about four
inches ; but I have wound it well to
protect it.

Napanee. John Gibbard.

The Fay's Currant which I i-eceived
from the Association last spring grew
remarkably well and seemed to be
worm-proof, because when my other
currant bushes were covered with
worms the Fay's did not show one.
Brooklin. JoHN G. Warren.

Spirea prunifolia was so well pro-
tected by snow that it flowered a little
this last summer. The Worden Grape
is dead. The Catalpa grew well last
summer. How it will get through the
winter is doubtful.

Listowel. A. J. Collins.

The Fay's Prolific Currant has grown
very nicely. I planted it in rich clay
soil.

London. D- McDoNALD.

The Prentiss Grape I received in
1884 got frozen to the ground last
winter, and made a very [)oor growth

I

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

48

this summer. Fay's Currant that I
received in 1885 grew very well.
Stewartville. A LEX. Stewaht.

I received my Fay's Currant all
right. It has done very well this
summer.

Grassmere. James Pickering.

My Catalpa did nicely. Its growth
is three feet and one inch. It has beau-
tiful foliage. My Niagara Raspberry
got killed back about one third down
by the frost last winter, but there was
a tine crop of very large berries. I
am very much pleased with them.

Port Dover. E. H. Hyerse.

The grape-vine came all right and
grew nicely.

Unionville. JoHN Smith.

The Fay's Currant did very well with
me, and I hope that it will give me a
sample of its fruit this coming season.

Femhill. James M. Waters.

The Catalpa I received last year has
grown very well. I planted it in a
grass plot, and gave it no special care.

Toronto. H. H. Ardagh.

The Hardy Catalpa grew well and
promises to be a very ornamental tree.
The Prentiss Grape-vine sent me in
1 884 has made but little growth.

Oakville.

G. Hallen.

Fay's Prolitic Currant that I got
List spring did well. The Niagara
lliispberry that I got in 1884 sent one
fine shoot out. This spring it was
killed to the ground, but the root sent
out three fine shoots, which I will pro-
tect if I can from the winter.

Lansdown, Leeds Co. W. B.

The Dahlia which was sent me last
spring came to hand in good time and

in good condition. It bore a number
of large and beautiful double blossoms,
and gave me a number of tubers for
next year's planting. My land is a
sandy loam. W. B. Hill.

My Catalpa has grown very well.
Some of the leaves were nearly 6 in.
long by 4 in. broad. It sent out three
branches — two grew about a foot long,
and the other 8 inches. My Canadian
Baldwin ApjDle is alive, and has done
well considerinor the chance it got.
Last winter was very severe ; some of
my neighbors lost 90 out of a 100 trees
planted, and others not quite so bad.
Wm. Clark.

St. Vincent, Dec. 12th, 1885.

The trees and plants I got all came
in good order and did well, the Gladio-
lus excepted. I think my soil must be
too heavy and cold. It made poor pro-
gress the first year, and failed alto-
gether the second.

The Ontario Apple is quite at home
here and quite hardy. It had just one
apple on it last year, but the codlin
moth found it out and it fell prema-
turely, so I could not know its size or
flavor. The Saunders' Baspberry has
grown well, and is a great bearer ; but
the fruit is small and the color is unin-

viting.

Gkorge Forster.

Owen Sound, Ont.

You wish all subscribers to report
success on what they have received as
premiums. The first I had was Moore's
Early Grape ; last year was the third
season it blossomed, but as yet no fruit.
I expect next season to be able to re-
port on the fruit.

The next was the Worden. I had a
few bunches. They were good — I can
recommend them as a good grape.

The Prentiss is too young yet to re-
port on, but will do so in season.

The Fay Currant is growing well.

44

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

I had it last season. Should it bear
this year I will report on it.

Luckno^v. Wm. Turley.

The Burnet Grape-vine bore a full
crop this year. A great many of the
bunches had two kinds of grapes on —
one small, without seeds, sweet and
luscious ; the other large, with one or
two seeds, and not so sweet as the
small ones.

The Russian Apple sent last spring
has done well.

The Beurre Clarigeau Pear fruited
the first time this year ; the frait was
fine looking, large in size, with a fine
red cheek, in quality good.

The Bloodgood bore the first time
this year. In appearance much like
the Seckel, near twice as large, but not
so sweet.

The Glass Plum has not fruited yet.

The Beurre D'Anjou Pear Tree is a
fine looking tree ; it has not been
touched with blight, yet it bears every
.year. I remain, yours truly,

Newport, Ont. James CowHEllD.

Sir, — As you have solicited reports
I will endeavor to give mine. Bad as
it is, it may benefit someone. I have
received Burnet Grape, but have not
got one good bunch. The Saunders'
Raspberry is too sour, but crops well.
Moore's Early Grape is doing very
well. Senasqua died out. I have
planted the Prentiss, Pocklington,
Lindley, Massasoit, Delaware, Brighton,
Worden, Burnet and Jefferson on the
south side of greenhouse, lean to, car-
rying them through the wall one foot
from the ground into the inside, run-
ning them under glass, English fashion.
They have done well under the circum-
stances, as they were entirely smashed
up on the 7th of June by hail, both
inside and out —all trees and market
garden crops included. What trees are
not dead will die yet, at least some of

them. Now for a little experience.
Raspberries completely stripped, broke
again and carried a nice little crop in
September. Peonias broke and flowered
in August, also Delphinium. I will
report on grapes in the house, God
willing, next year.

Port Hope. Aaron Sly.

Dear Sir, — As you want reports on
premium plants and trees sent out by
the Association, I will give you a report
of the premiums I have received since
I became a member in 1878. The
Burnet Grape-vine, received that year,
is still living, although is has been
badly killed back the past two or three
winters, owing to insufficient protec-
tion. It will not stand the winter here
without a covering of snow or earth.
Where I have mine planted the snow
drifted off". I got a few bunches of
fruit from it three years ago, but none
since. Moore's Early was a weak
grower, and after two years I moved it
to another place, thinking it might do
better ; but something ate the buds as
fast as they came out, and that finished
it. I have not tried any other grape.
The Ontario Apple was too tender on
my grounds. The Wealthy was in-
jured badly last winter. The new Rus-
sian with the jaw-breaking name did
not grow very strong. Saunders' Rasp-
berry did very well at the first, but
was badly injured the past two winters.
Niagara also winter-kills badly with
me. The Deutzia crenata is a rather
weak grower, but has not had much
cultivation.
Hopeville. R. ScOTT.

BOOKS, &€., RECEIVED.
Alden's Library Magazine is quite
the peer of the great $4 monthlies, in
the amount and high quality of the
literature which it presents, though its
cost is only the nominal sum of $1.50 a
year. Among the contents are articles

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

45

by such noted authors as Canon Farrar,
Max Muller, the Bishop of Carlisle,
Cardinal Newman, Philip Schaff, and
others. This magazine ought to have a
circulation of a hundred thousand. You
can get a specimen from the publisher,
John B. Alden, New York, for 15 cents.
" Elia " AND Charles Lamb. — A
unique genius, that of Charles Lamb.
Just like nothing that ever appeared
before them, or has since appeared, are
the quaint and delightful " Essays of
Elia," a new edition of which has re-
cently been issued by Alden, " The
Literary Revolution," publisher of New
York. Turn to any of your cyclopedias
and they will tell you that Charles
Lamb was one of the most charming
essayists that the English language has
ever known, and also that his " Essays
of Elia" are the choicest of his works.
They are not merely the first work of
their class, but, like " Pilgrim's Pro-
gress " and " Robinson Crusoe," they
constitute a class by themselves. The
volume is certainly one of the most
delightful of the books described in
Mr. Alden's 148-page illustrated cata-
logue, which he offers to send for 4
cents, or the 16-page catalogue which
is sent free. Address, John B. Alden,
Publisher, New York City.

The Toronto News is published by
Edmund E. Sheppard, daily and weekly,
Tlie weekly is now offered at one dollar
a year, and with it he gives to each
subscriber a dollar's worth of books
FREE. The list from which choice may
be made comprises over thirty books,
and the prices quoted are the lowest
published rates. Subscribers can select
from this list such as they may prefer
to the value of one dollar at the prices
quoted. Surely no one need be with-
out instructive and entertaining reading
matter on such terms as these. He
further offers to send the daily News
for three months and the weekly for
the remaining nine months of this year,

and books to be selected from this list
to the value of one dollar and seventy-
five cents, for the sum of one dollar and
seventy-five cents. Mr. Sheppard as-
sures us that these unusual offers will
be carried out to the letter. No 'doubt
they will, but the profit on such trans-
actions must be microscopical.

The Transactions of the American
Horticultural Society for the year
1885, are replete with most valuable
papers. The one on Cranberry culture
by Mr. Augur is most instructive,
pointing out in concise terms the essen-
tials to success in the cultivation of this
fruit, and that on Fungoid diseases of
the Strawberry by F. S. Earle, is a
most valuable contribution to our know-
ledge. The eft'ect of the pollen of dif-
ferent varieties of strawberry upon the
size and form of the berries of pistillate
varieties is ably discussed in a paper
on the fertilization of the Strawberry
by C. M. Merwin. A most exhaustive
paper on the native Grapes of North
America is n\ ell worth the cost of the
whole, which may be had by remitting
two dollars to Mr. W. H. Ragan, the
Secretary, at Greencastle, Indiana : or
better yet, by remitting $2.30 secure
Vols. L, IL and TIL

The American Agriculturist for
January announces that it enters upon
the new year under unusually auspici-
ous circumstances. The old editorial
force, who have been connected with
that periodical for periods, running up
to a quarter of a century, has received
further accessions in Dr. F. M. Hexa-
mer, so long the editor of the "American
Garden," and Mr. Chester P. Dewey, a
writer of national reputation, and Mr.
Seth Green, the noted Fish Culturist.
The illustrations, of which there are a
very large number, represent noted
horses, cattle, pigs, cows, new fruits,
new potatoes, designs for new buildings,
farm conveniences, household conveni-
ences, fruits, flowers, etc. There are

46

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

nearly one hundred original articles.
The Household and Childrens' Depart-
ment abound in illustrations, while
several new frauds are exposed in the
Humbug Department. Price, $1.50
per year; single numbers, 15 cents.
Address, American Agriculturist, 751
Broadway, New York.

AN EXTENSIVE FRUIT FARM.

The London Garden says that Lord
Sudeley is the only land owner in Eng-
land who has taken up fruit farming in
a thorough and business-like manner.
He has already planted 500 acres, and
200 more will be at once added. This
700-acre fruit garden is not like Mc-
Kinstry's 300-acre fruit orchard on the
Hudson, or some of the 500-acre peach
orchards at the South. It takes up no
fruit as a specialty, but embraces the
whole catalogue of large and small
fruits. It is situate in the northern
part of Gloucestershire, some forty or
fifty miles north-east of Bristol, and
cannot but be well situated for market,
in that full arrangements are made to
consume the whole of the fruit in home
manufacture. Although only four years
have elapsed since planting, 10 tons of
strawberries were raised last year, and
it is expected that 100 tons will be
grown the coming season.

Our readers may judge of the miscel-
laneoiis character of the selections when
informed that the plantation includes
3,000 trees of the best sorts of apples,
800 pears, 32,000 plums, including
9,000 damsons, 50 acres of black cur-
rants, 100 acres of strawberries, and 60
acres of raspberries. The gooseberry
bushes number 130,000, the black cur-
rants number over 200,000. It is pro-
bable, we think, that experience will
cut down the lists of some of the fruits,
such, for instance, as the 44 different
kinds of plums, and the 45 different
varieties of tlie gooseberry.

Shelter belts are regarded as impor-
tant, and such quick-growing sorts as
poplars and Scotch firs have been
placed around the plantation to shelter
it from prevailing winds. Beds of osiers
have been planted along the margin of
a stream and have succeeded so well
that the addition of 10 acres will sup-
ply all the materials for the baskets
needed on the estate. A nursery for
raising trees and bushes has been
formed, where standards, pyramids and
bushes of all sorts are grown, trained
and worked, and the owner is thus sure
of obtaining what he wants. It will
thus be seen that this is a complete
establishment within itself, including
the raising of the trees and plants for
setting out, the manufacture of the bas-
kets for the fruit, and the finishing pre-
paration of the fruit itself in jars for
market. Such a plantation as this,
with the great number of laborers
which it must profitably employ, affords
a favorable contrast to the large do-
mains kept only for hunting groupds.
— Country Gentleman.

PRUNUS SIMONI.

This new plum is a native of Northern
China, Eugene Simon, when French
Consul at Pekin, sent specimens of it
to the French Jardin des Plantes,
whence it was disseminated. Prof.
Budd has, through his writinors in the
Prairie Farmer, probably done more to
introduce this new fruit to the Ameri-
can public than any other person. In
the issue of June 17th, 1884, he said :
" Beyond all reasonable doubt this tree
will prove a valuable ornamental and
fruit tree on the prairies, wherever it
will endure our winters. The young
trees bore the past test winter on the
College farm far better than our apple
trees of the hardiness of Ben Davis.
* * * In all respects this is a
botanical curiosity. In color of bark,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

47

and in all points, except the net veining
and color of leaves, it resembles the
peach. In appearance the fruit more
closely resembles a flattisli, smooth,
brick-red tomato, than any of our stone
fruits, yet in smell and flavor it ap-
{>roaches very near the Nectarine."

Under date of Oct. 14, the Professor
writes to the Prairie Farmer : The time
has come when we can form a correct
estimate of tlie hardiness of tree, and
relative value of fruit of tliis unique
Chinese tree. But our experience is
yet too limited to guess at its habits of
bearing on varied soils, or the status of
its fruit for market purposes .... The
favorable notes of the writer and others
have been written to encourage its trial
in a small way, but some of our pro-
pagators have quoted from them in such
a Wivy as to raise undue expectations
r»n the part of planters . . . Witli our
brief experience at the West, its claims
to public attention are : (I) In tree
and fruit it is a queer mingling of the
nectarine and a})ricot. and interesting
as a neat, round topped tree for the
lawn, aside from its value for fruit.
(2) It is hardier than the peach, but
possibly not quite as hardy as the Rus-
sian apricot now claiming public atten-
tion. (3) On the northern border of
the peach belt it makes the best trees
and V>eai's best when top- worked on the
Miner plum, (t) The fruit has the
size and smoothness of the nectarine,
with the appearance and color of an
old-fashioned, flattened plum tomato.
For dessert use the fruit has a peculiar
flavor and aroma when perfectly rii)ened
in a dry climate, which many like, but
others may dislike. In Eastern France,
where it was first introduced, it is liked
best for culinary use, and I suspect this
will be our experience .... That the
Pmnus Simoni will take the place of
the peach, nectarine, and best Apri-
cots— in sections where the latter suc-
ceed perfectly — we need not believe,

but that it is worthy of trial on the
north borders of the peach belt we have
best reasons for believing. — Prairie
Farmer.

SNOW-DROP.
The first flower of spring is the deli-
cate Snow-Drop, white as snow. Its
appearance about the first of March is
a joyful surprise. The bulbs are quite
small ; the leaves and flowers about six
inches in height. Plant in the fall, in
beds or masses of a dozen or more, about
two inches apart, and about the same
depth. They are very desirable for
growing in pots, etc., in the house in
winter. A dozen may be planted in
quite a small pot or saucer. A few
planted on the lawn produces a fine
effect early in the spring, and mowing
will not destroy the bulbs, for the leaves
will ripen so early that they will be
pretty well matured before the grass
will need cutting. Perfectly hardy,
and bulbs can remain several years
without removal.

The Snow-Flake, {Leucojum,) is
sometimes called the Large Snow-Drop,
from its resemblence to this delicate
flower. It is much larger, and more
robust in habit. Flowers white, with
bright green spots. Once planted it
manages to take caie of itself. This
does not flower until later in the season.
It flowers well in the house. — Vick's
Floral Guide.

Moore's Early Grape. — We desire to
speak a word or so in favor of Moore's
Early. A more perfectly healthy vine has
never been raised at the Rural Grounds.
The Concord bears larger bunches, but
the average size of the bunches of Moore's
Early is larger than the average size of
the Concord's, w hile the size of the berry
is decidedly larger. The quality is much
the same. Moore's Early ripens at least
ten days earlier than the Concord, and
the bunches ripen more uniformly. —
Rural Neiv Yorker.

m.

48

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Climbing Honey Suckles. — Two good
climbing honeysuckles are the old fashion-
ed Dutch monthly and Hall's Japanese.
The first was known to our grandmothers,
although rarely seen now. It ha^ no
odor, but the nankeen yellow of its open
flowers is always pleasing. Hall's honey-
suckle is a more recent introduction,
and one of the best of the many good
things Japan has sent us. The flowers
are abundant, beautiful and fragrant, and
last until frost, while the leaves persist
much longer. There is no better vine for
a trellis, or screen, against unsightly
objects. — Philadelphia Press.

Subscriptions Receivrd in December: — J. Mann,
J. Stacey, J. Tui;ker, R. Krik, Mrs. J. Christie,
A. Reid, R. B. Thornton, A. Russell, Mrs. B. Mans,
J. Mitchell, A. Battersby, J. Wanless, W. Thompson,

D. Robertson, Mrs. Burnham, Z. Burnham, W. W.
Dunlop, Mrs. H. G. Bescoby, S. D. Woodruff, W.
Hanson, P. Nfilhs, P. Grant, G. H. Fawkes. J. B.
Mercer, W. Dickson, A. D. Ferrier R. McMahon, G.
Taylor, J. B. Aylsworth, W. Copeland, F. Farncomb,
W. J. McCalla, T. H. Watt, G. Wilgress, S. Reesor,
R. W. Bass, E. C Scarlett, L. H. Kirkley, A. Harring-
ton, C. J. Pearse, C. C. Bower, Mrs. H. J. Fiukle,
J. W. Canfield, J. Maughan, J. Weir, C. H. Peterson,
W. S. Ganisby, O. J. Phelps, W, Freel, W. Wilson, J.
Goldie, T. Fuguson, W. Ausley, R. T. Raynes, A. O,
Shaughnessy, J. Witting, J. Pickers, W. O. Duncan,
R. Hobbs, W. S. Thompson, L. G. Little, D. Shoff,
W. Mather, W. H. McNab, W. Murry, W. Glen Airs-
low, S. Hunter, D. McGregor, T. J. Moorehouse, B. S.
Beley, W. E. Sherwood, F. Edwards, T. S. McLeod,
G. W. Lount, A. McRae, J. Edwards, E. D. Morton,

E. S. Lally, H. Bird, W. Raikes, D. Farguharson, C.
Hickling, C. H. Ross, E. K. Williams, P. F. Ewan,
G. Lane, J. Rogers, G. Ottaway, A. H. Bodwell, W.
Suggett, A. Black, R. Mcintosh, J. A. F. McBain.
J. P. Williams, J. D. Roberts, W. A. Cumning, G. H
Chandler, J. E. Browne, J. Stonehouse, A. Limoges,
J. L. Thompson, J. Houseman, \. Valient. A. O. Nor-
ton, D. Grant, T. Beall, J. McMillan, J, Knowlson.
W. Martyn, D. Lack, W. Foley, W. M. Robson. Rev.
J. Greener, J. Rickaby, O. O'Leary, A. Huds])eth, M.
Londergan, M. Crawford, J. Little, J. S. Falconer,
W. A. Close, W. Clark, J. A. Clark, H. Bodwell, W. 8.
Forbes, D. B. Hoover, W. E. Taylor, W. Taylor J.
Graham, R. B. Blake. H. B. Bock, E. Fysh, J. Robert-
son, D. Fleming, E. B. Lefroy, H. Robertson, M. Mc-
Donald, R. Scott, J. W. Millar, B. Cole, J. C Quiiin,

D. Smith, W. H. Trevorrow, A. R. Narraway, J. Ferr-
ier, G. Miller, C. H. Sheffield, W. Fulby, C. J. Fox,
Miss Brettal, J. W. Shaape, A. Bye, A. C. Sloane, F.
Holmstead, Jas. Scott, R. Canmron, Dr. Colman, J.
Fairlay, J. Hislop, R. Moon, J. Rickaby. A, A. Gainsby,
G. A. Jacobs, M. E. Stanway, T. Dewhurst, S. J. Jack-
son, G. Bunday, J Cowherd, W. Campbell, R. Gillies,
A. Chapman, J. Riley. R. McLagan, F. Brenton, N. B.
Young, W. A. Tye, J. Siddons, W. Barnhouse, J. H.
Heard, C. Livin<ist(m, H. Glendinning, G. Dougless,
G. Smithj Dr. Gillespie, Mrs. M. McGill, J. McGill, J.
Wilson, W. Wattam, F. Foyston, R. Kennedy, G. For-
ster, W. Ness, W. Beatly, H. Piimrose, Miss Johnston,
Mrs. G. Andrews, J. Donahue, J. Wright, W. Farmer,
G. E. Fisher, H. Thornton, F. French, J. Goble, jun.,

E. Cox, P. James, I. Goble, Mrs. J. Gowan, J. M. Mc-

Ainsh, E. Pickell, J. Gibson, W. P. Taylor, G. C.
Whhte, W. Park, W. B. Hill, H. J. Taylor, W. F. Ross,
W. H. McClive, A. Wagar, W. Hood, J. Keith, J. Cor-
nell, S. A. McMurtry, Dr. Herriman, J. H. Sootheran,
S. Perrin, A. Coates, H. H. McLatchie, J. Laing. F.
W. Porter, T. Manchester, J. Lambert, A. Walker.
J. Phillips, W. Turville, B. V. Elliott, G. Elliott,
W. Knight, A. Saunders, M. Armstrong, L. Cross, W.
B. Gilleland, R. Griffiths, W. Ker, A. Strother, T. W.
Woodruff, C. Vanderburg, G. Law, F Hutt. C. H.
Biggar, J, Lockie, R. Trotter, J. Hall, K. Webster,
R. Wrightman, G. Mitter, J. B. Smith, A. Stewart,
R. Berford, W. Doig, S. Eccles, Miss Ermatinger, P.
Jarvis, J Cockburn, P. Hunter, J. Croil, J. H. Croil,
J. R. Ault, Dr. Ault, J. Craimer, J. Dafoe, Shaver,
J. Dafoe, H. Smith, Bradfield Bros. , F. Selleck, W.
McKenzie, S. Cook, L. Tom, A. Vuullan, L G. Wea,
gant, L. W. Howard, J. H. Meike. W. Colquhoure-
J. Lidle. Miss J. Leitch, W. M. Park, J. H. Marshall,
R. Vallance, G. Robertson, W. C. Baillie, G. Markell,
G. R. Moss, Jas. Croil, H. Fowler, A. W. Croil. E.
Cook, J. P. Frette, W. Bradford, W. B. Hunter, J. H.
Thom. J. H. Wismer, D. McDonald, W. Woodrow,
R. W. Camochan, E. W. Ryerse, A. J. Weight, J. K.
Gordon, A. Hunter, W. Henderson, J. Davidson, J.
Pickering, D. Goldie, W. Sloan, Judge Davids, L. A.
Grison, R. Freeman, J. Ash worth, J. C. Lemieux, B.
Powell, W. P. Anderson, G. Hay, J. Hope, F. P.
Fjench, P. E. Bucke, T. Millar, G. Smith, J. Dewar,
H. J. Clark, F. Edwards W. Hicks, W. Turley, D. C.
Brady, Mrs, F. Brierly, R Hamilton, F. Elvins,^. Mc-
Clatchie, E. Minter, M. O. Dempsey, A. L. Green, Mrs.
A. Herbet, J. Aris, W Scott, C. Scott, A. L. MaoLel-
lan, F. J. Wheeler, A. Dick.son, J H. Boyle, L. B.
Lewis, A. Grav, E. C. Beman, E. Morden, J. Wade,
W. Drummond, W. Rutherford, G. Amold, J. F.
Master, P. G. Hayne, C. Bull. I. Balkwill, J. Bourne,
R. King, sen., E. Justice, T. D. McConkey, J. R.
Cottes, W. Boys, J. Lea, W. Leiper, Dr. W. C. A-iams,
J. Jury, J. Forrester. C. Sharrand, W. Thomson, G.
Drinkwater, G. Chesman, W. Norris, Col. Skill, J. B.
Howell, S. Acton, J.'S. G. Watson, J. Smith, J. Stew-
art, J. B. Huglies, C. M. Taylor, S. Snyder. W. Lockie,
G. Matthews, J. Calvert, S. Metherill, J. W. Reid, E.
Lawder, Mech. Institute, J. M. Waters, S. G. Russell,
J. Chisholm, Hon. A. Videl, E. A. Videl, G. J. Ran-
dell, Mrs. E. W. Murphy, Head Gaadener at Reform-
atory, W. P. Band, F. Champion, J. C. Gilroy. J. B.
Hall, W. McEwan, G. Odell, G. Bowditch, J. Ormns-
ton, W. Carr, J. Lyndsay, J. Anderson, W. Heaver,
G. Stranchan, W. Gray, J. Cross, I), Coghill, A. New-
ton, W. Newton, S. Keefer, J. Bell, F. G. George, W.
J. Dick, G. Faldreine, R. J. Dunlop, W. Breden, J. M.
Dunlop. W. H. Reed, W. T. Lee, E. Worthington, Mrs.
W. McKensie, S. H. Kerfoot, Mr. Fowler. H. H.
Ardagh, J. Buchan, Rev. T. Coleman, Hon. Mrs. Lam-
bert, P. H. Good, A. Mcintosh, G.Hallen, E. Hallen,
W. Warnock, J. Newhall, W Hunter Rev. C. R. Mat-
thew, J. Stewart, J. Bissell, W. H. Mills, G. W. Sand-
ilund, G. Skinner, A. S. D. Hill, J. Goldie, J. Filiahault,
A. C. McDonald, J. Worthington, R. Benny, J. Jef-
frey, Mr. Beltz, Mr. Beddome, John Summers, Mr.
Warner, Col. Shanleey, Mr. McBeth, Sheriff Glass,
F. Rowland, E. A. Taylor, C. E. Brydges. J. Newman,
J. S. Pearse, Mr. Matheson, J. Simmons, M. D. Frazer,
H. Hascott, Mr. Cleghorn, J. Griffith, G. Complin,
J. Hargrave, G. Davey. J. Bowman, Mr. McBroom,
W. J. McGee, J. Labatt, B. F. Cronyn, W. M. Moore,
J. H. Williams, Sherift Perry, H. P. Brown, W. H.
Eakins, H. Parker, T. H. Parker, R. Switzer, G. N.
Switzer, W. Switzer, J. A. Camirand, C. Jacklire,
R. C. Hipwell, G. Millar, J. Qiton, G. L. Kent,
J. Hawke, T. Mulcah, A. Ronald. J. Stewart, J. Ste-
I)hen, W. Tenant, J. Gibbard, W. L. Bennett, H.
Wightman, H. DeLong, J. P. Cockburn, C. J. Harris,
Miss M. W. Harris. G. Tooley, J. G. Warren, A. La-
Course, C. H, Peterson, A. J. Collins, J. P. Bucke.

PRINTED AT IHK 3TEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COPP, Cr>ARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

PERLE DES JARDINS

PAINTED FOR THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE

VOL. IX.]

MARCH, 1886.

[No. 3.

ROSE PERLE

This beautiful rose, of which we pre-
sent our readers with a colored illustra-
tion, belongs to the class of Tea roses.
The late Hy. B. Ellwanger, in his most
instructive and valuable work entitled
•The Rose," says of this class that it
• may well be taken as a synonym for
all that is delicately beautiful. What
refinement of color, what subdued, yet
powerful, fragrance do they possess.
They are indeed the centre of loveliness ;
like fair maids at a reception surround-
ed by admiring groups, these lend
beauty to the others, which may well
strive to find a near approach to their
sweet presence, that perchance they
may receive a smile and borrow beauty,
diffused from their chaste loveliness."

The Tea roses combine delicate col-
oring and a most agreeable perfume
with continuous flowering. For these
reasons they are the favorite class with
many who, having "beautiful roses in
their hearts," will give them the care
which in our climate their tenderness
makes imperative. Nor is this care
of such a diflScult or laborious nature
as to be at all discouraging to an earn-
est soul. They need to be planted
where they will be sheltered from the
sweep of bleak winds, and can catch

DES JAHDINS.

the first rays of the morning sun ; away
from under the shadow of overhanging
trees or high buildings, yet where
groups of shrubbery and the resistance
of fences and buildings break the force
of gales, taming their fury into gentle-
ness. And then, when come the days
of sere and yellow leaf, when our maples
have put on their scarlet robes and the
beech her russet gown, then the Tea
roses must be carefully housed and
stored where they shall be safe from
fear of frosty weather.

The Perle de Jardins is one of those
tea roses which possesses many excel-
lent qualities. It has a very healthy
constitution, which enables it to adapt
itself to a variety of circumstances, so
that it is found both among those which
are recommended for bedding out,
and those for forcing under glass. A
rose in order to be desirable for bedding
out, should be a free bloomer, of healthy
habit, and possessing a pure and stead-
fast color of bloom ; and for forcing it
should add to these qualities symmetry of
form, fragrance and high finish of flower.
All these qualities are found in this
variety to such a degree that it is called
by our best authorities a superb rose for
forcing, and fine also in the open air.

50

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

This rose was raised by Antoine
Levet, of Lyons, France, and sent out
by him in 1874. It is of large size,
well formed, full, of a rich canary yel-
low color. Those who love to grow
roses will surely succeed with this, and
will be abundantly satisfied with the
exquisite beauty, fine size, and great
abundance of its highly finished flowers.
Canon Hole wrote truly of the rose
grower who would have beautiful roses
when he said, " he must love them well
and always. To win, he must woo, as
Jacob wooed Laban's daughter, though
drought and frost consume. He must
have not only the glowing admiration,
the enthusiasm and the passion, but
also the tenderness, the thoughtfulness,
the reverence, the watchfulness of love.
His must be no ephemeral caprice, like
that of the young knight who loves, and
who rides away when his sudden fire is
gone from the cold white ashes. He is
loyal and devoted ever, in storm fraught
or in sunny days ; not only the first
upon a summer^s morning to gaze ad-
miringly on glowing charms, but the
first when leaves fall and winds are
chill, to protect against cruel frost. To
the true rose-grower must the rose-tree
be always a thing of beauty. To others,
when its flowers have faded, it may be
worthless as a hedge-row thorn, to him,
in every phase, it is precious. The glory
which has been, and the glory which
shall be, never fade from his heart."

to be a quarter of an inch long, and as
thick as a small darning needle ; with
very small black head, and of a greyish
color. Have any of our readers found
any such worms injuring the roots of
grape vines ]

WORMS ON ROOT OF (JRAPE VINES.

Mr. W. C. Webster, Stoney Creek,
writes us that the worms on the grape
vine he sent to this office, were thought

THE CANKER WORM.

Gentle reader, have you ever felt
disposed to smile, with something of
contempt in your heart, at the grown
up man chasing, net in hand, some
fluttering insect, until the sweat stood
in drops f Or, perhaps, more charitably
inclined, concluded that the poor man
surely had "a bee in his bonnet?"
Possibly you wondered why any man
in his senses should be spending his
time after such a childish fashion, chas-
ing a butterfly across the meadows.
You could not see what possible good
could come of such a spending of time
and strength, and little thought that
yon man, with his net of gauze, was
searching for the key that would open
the door of your prosperity.

Yes, it is even so. To the labors of
the entomologist are we fruit growers
already greatly indebted, and this can-
ker worm pest is an apt illustration of
the service they have rendered. Thetis
plunged Achilles in the Styx, and made
him thereby invulnerable in every part,
save the heel by which she held him.
He who would slay Achilles must first
learn where was the spot his weapon
might enter. To overcome these insect
foes we need to know their vulnerable
point. This, by the studies of the in-
sect hunter, is often revealed ; and a
knowledge of their life-history opens
the way to successful methods of des-
troying the insects or preventing their
ravages.

There are two insects, bearing strong
resemblances, but really distinct, which
are known to fruit growers under the
one name of canker worm. The un-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

61

practised eye would hardly detect a
difference, and as for the mischief they
d ), there is no difference. Wlien they
come in f )rce, whether in the one guise
or the other, or, as sometimes they
may, both together, every leaf is taken ;
and the orchard looks as though &ome
sirocco blast had swept it, scorching up
the foliage. They make clean work,
what " the canker worm hath left "
would be starvation for the caterfnllar.
One of these insects is known as. the
Spring Canker Worm, designated V)y
entomologists Anisopteryx vernata. The
worm, or larva, when full grown, is
ahout an inch long ; varying in color
from greenish yellow to a dusky, and
somecimes a dark brown, striped longi-
tudinally with numerous pale, narrow
lines. This strii>e(l appearance is shewn
in fig. 1 ; c represents a side view, and

L

FUiUKE 1.

d a dorsal view of one of the s gments,
highly magnified ; a, the full grown
worm in the attitude which it often
assumes when at rest. But this crea-
ture is not always a worm, iis its life
history will shew. There are changes
in nature that rival tlie magic power
of the glass slipper; changes more trans-
forming than that of the humble peas-
ant girl in coarse homespun, into the
witching piincess in silks and <liainonds.
When this worm has attjiined its full
size it ceases to feed, leaves the tree,
and burrows in the ground ; going to
a varying depth of from two to four
inches, where it forms a cell, which it
lines with silken threads. Tiiis is its
winter hiding place, in which it under-
goes one of its curious transformations,
for after completing its own tomb, it

throws off its skin and becomes what
is termed a chrysalis ; which, in this
case, is a pale, greyish-brown object,
hardly half an inch long, and the sixth
of an inch thick, tapering to a point at
the lower end. Here it lies, like a
mummy in its case, and seemingly as
dead, until the hour of resurrection.
In the autumn, when most of the leaves
have fallen, and wintry frosts have
blackened every tender plant, and there
come those balmy days of the south
wind which we call Indian Summer,
then a few of these waken into life;
but the greater part remain, cold and
still, until the return of spring. Then,
when the buds are breaking, and nature
is rubbing her eyes, they too awake ;
and bursting their cerements, creep out
of the ground. Not now the crawling,
looping, measuring- worm, that last sum-
mer fattened on your apple orchard ;
but, in the case of the male, a silken-
winged, airy creature, delicate and
beautiful ; for Cinderella has laid aside
her russet homespun, and put on her
robes of princely richness. You may
see it floating about in the sunshine,
moving hither and yon, as though to
live were a joy, and joy the object of
its life.

An excellent representation of this
moili is given at a, in fig, 2. The two

Figure 2.
fore wings are an ashen grey, almost
transparent, an irregular whitish band
crosses them near the outer margin,
and there are three interrupted brown-
ish lines between this band and the
base of the wings. In the tip of each
of the.se wings is an oblique black dash,
and a black line along the border at

52

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the base of the silken fringe. The two
hind wings are of a very light grey
color, with only a dusky dot near the
middle of each.

How unlike this silken-winged crea-
ture is its mate. Nature in this in-
stance seems to have been very partial
in the bestowment of her gifts. He
can float in the sunbeams, and fly
whither he will; she, poor creature,
wingless and clumsy, can only creep.
She may be seen at h in tig. 2. Her
body is full of eggs, which are so heavy
that she drags herself slowly along
until she reaches the trunk of the tree,
up which she climbs. At r/, in fig. 2,
is a magnified segment of the abdomen,
shewing the two rows of reddish spines
that run transversely across each seg-
ment ; c represents a part of the an-
tenna of the female, and e her oviposi-
tor, both magnified.

The other species is the Fall Canker
Worm, Anisopteryx pometaria. This

Figure 3.

is shewn, full grown, at /, fig. 3, while
c represents a segment magnified so as
to render the markings more distinct,
w^hich will be seen to be broader and
fewer in number than they are in the

Figure 4.

Spring Canker Worm. The wings of
|;he male moth are darker, a, fig. 4,

and the fore wings are crossed by two
whitish bands. The female of this
species h, fig. 4, is also wingless. The
eggs also differ in appearance : Those
of the Spring Canker Worm are oval,
6, fig. 1 , and are laid in irregular masses,
often as many as a hundred together ;
while those of the Fall Canker Worm
are flattened on the upper surface, with
a puncture in the centre, and a brown
circle near the border, and are laid in
regular, compact masses. See a, b, and
e, in fig. 3 : a being an enlarged repre-
sentation of an egg, b shewing the toj)
of it, and e the manner in which they
are placed compactly together. It will
also be seen that the antenna of the
one, c, fig. 2, is covered with bristles,
while that of the other, c, fig. 4, is
smooth ; and the abdominal segments
of the female of the Fall Canker Worm
have no bristles, d, fig. 4.

The full grown worm of this species
also burrows in the ground, and there
spins a cocoon of buff colored silk,
within which it changes into the chry-
salis state, remaining in this condition
until the autumn. After the first fall
frosts, the perfect insects api)ear, and
the females seek the trunks of the trees,
up which they crawl to deposit their
eggs.

In the early spring, just when the
buds have broken and the tender leaves
unfolded, the canker worms of both
species are hatched, and begin their
destructive work of feeding on the
leaves. The larger they grow, the
more they eat ; ti^ veiling in countless
numbers over the tree, and leaving not
a leaf behind.

It lias been already stated that the
females of both species are wingless.
This fact, for the knowledge of which
we are indebted to the studies of
the entomologist, of that man with
" a bee in his bonnet," is the heel
of Achilles, the vulnerable spot where
we may strike and conquer. If we

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

53

can trap the female on her way up
the trunk of the tree, or prevent her
from crawling up, we become masters
of the situation. Tar, mixed with oil
or lard to prevent it from becoming
dry, refuse molasses, printer's ink, in
short any very sticky substance smeared
upon canvas or stout paper, say six
inches wide, and tied around the trunk
of the tree so that the female moths
will stick fast in the adhesive substance,
will effectually prevent them from get-
ting up the tree. This sticky substance
must not be allowed to get dry and
liard, else the moths will crawl over it
but must be renewed so as to be always
in a condition to hold them fast.
Troughs of lead have been fastened
around the tree, and kept filled with
oil, and found to answer an excellent
purpose. Othei-s have used broad tin
collars, fastened around the tree, slop-
ing downwards and outwards, so as to
prevent the moth from climbing up.
in all these cases care must be taken to
have no crevice left underneath the
bandages or collars, not even the smal-
lest crack ; for the moth, foiled in her
attempts to climb the tree, will deposit
her eggs on the trunk below, and the
young worms are so small that they
can creep through a very tiny crevice.
We suggest as an additional means of
defence, the washing of the trunk of
the tree below the bandage or collar,
v. ith an alkaline solution, either soap
or white- wash or potash, say one pound
of potash dissolved in two gallons of
water. This will kill the eggs or the
young worms. These bandages should
be i)ut on about the first of October,
and kept in proper efficiency until the
advent of severe winter weather, and
lenewed eai-ly in the spring, as soon as
the mild weather calls the moths from
tlieir winter quartei-s. With careful
attention to these details, this formi-
dable destroyer of our orchards can be
completely routed.

ENCOURAGING WORDS.

I like your little publication very
much ; it is by long odds the best of
its kind that has been published in
Canada for the last thirty years.
Everyone who has a garden ought to
subscribe for it. John Forsyth.

Barrie.

I have taken the Canadian Horti-
culturist for two years, and would not
now like to be without it. I think it
is a very cheap publication for $1 a
year, and the report of the Fruit
Growers' Association is included, which
is also very interesting and useful.
This and your plant distribution make
it a marvel of cheapness.

Caledon East. Rev. J. GoODMAN.

I think the last year of the Horti-
culturist has been the best year of its
existence. God bless the men of the
association in their labor of love in
spreading information throughout the
Dominion, the useful and the beauti-
ful, the fruits and the flowers. If the
loving Father has given us so much on
earth what must Heaven be with its
holiness and beauty.

Bobcaygeon. Thos. Gordon.

QUESTION DRAWER.

BEN DAVIS APPLE.

(1) Please inform me what is your
opinion of the Ben Davis as a mai-ket
apple. Does it meet the tastes of the
English people ? (2) Also please in-
form me which in your opinion is the
best winter apple for this section of
country. G. H.

Peterboro'.

Reply. — (1) We submitted the in-
quiry about the value of the Ben Davis
as a market apple to two gentlemen
who have had experience in shipping

54

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

apples, and received the following re-
plies : —

Dear Sir, — I have just read your
letter with respect to the Ben Davis
apple. T have not seen any quotations
except from New York, and there they
were higher than any other variety.
I sent my Ben Davis and Golden Rus-
sets to Montreal, where they were
bought and stored for spring shipment.
I got twenty five cents more per barrel
for the Ben Davis than for any other
variety. It is certainly one of the best
shipping apples we have, bat the tree
wants good warm soil, well drained, and
good cultivation. The fruit must be
thinned on the tree to produce good
samples, then they will bring more than
Golden Busset or Northern Spy.

P. 0. Dempsey.

Albury, P. E. Co., 23rd. Jan., 1886.

Dear Sir, — At present the Ben
Davis is an excellent apple to grow for
profit, as it bears well and ships admir-
ably, and takes well in the British mar-
ket. It is just a question if it will
hold its present place in these markets,
as they are becoming particular regard-
ing quality and Ben Davis is not num-
ber 1 in that respect. Upon the whole,
however, 1 think it will remain among
the shippers to England, although,
others will be in advance in price owing
to a better quality.

Yours very truly,

Alex. McD. Allan.
Goderich, Jan. 20, 1886.

(2) Probably no apple stands out so
much superior to all others as to de-
serve the distinguished position of the
" best winter apple. " If there be any
such apple,' we should expect to be told
that it is the Golden Busset. Will
our readers in the County of Peterboro'
please to write us and let us know

which of the winter apples grown by
them they consider on the whole to be
the best.

CANKER WORM.

Would you have the goodness to in-
form me as to the best method of getting
rid of that pest which we call down hei-e
the measuring worm, from its habit of
looping itself as it moves along. It lit-
erally bares the trees of every leaf and
appears to have established itself, as it
comes along every season with the ut-
most regularity. Please favor me with
your advice in this matter. I want a
method of wholesale destruction, for
their name is legion, and oblige,

Pictou, Nova Scotia. H. PrimroS'-:.

Beply. — See article on the Canker
Worm in this number.

WHEN TO SPRAY PLUM TREES.

What time of the year should plum
trees be sprinkled with Paris Green,
as mentioned by one of your correspon-
dents as being a preventive of the cur-
culiol T. A. M.

Parkhill.

Beply. — As soon as the fruit is set.
The curculio begins its work very early
in the season, just as soon as the young
plums appear.

LUCRETIA DEWBERRY.
How should the Lucretia Dewberry
be treated 1 It is something new to me.
Bowmanville. C. T.

Beply. — The dewberry is a trailing
blackberry, and may be allowed to trail
over the ground or upon a support of
some kind. Probably an inclined trellis
like that mentioned for grape vines
(see p. 284, December, 1885) would be
an excellent support.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

65

Is the low bank of a creek a good
place for cultivating the Lucretia Dew-
berry ] I have a creek running through
my garden and think if its banks were
covered with dewberries it might prove
more profitable than wild grass. The
wild dewbeiTies grow in our beaver
meadows. An answer in the Canadian
Horticulturist will oblige.

F. W. COATE.
Cape Elizabeth, Muskoka.

Reply. — The Lucretia, being com-
paratively a new variety of the dew-
berry, has not yet been grown in very
many localities, hence it is impossible
to speak from personal experience, or
from that of others. One would cer-
tainly conclude that it would thrive
where other varieties of the same
species grow naturally. Please to give
it a trial and report results for the
benefit of others.

CHIONANTHUS.

I have a fine lot of young seedling
Black Ash, about o feet high. Would I
succeed were I to graft the Chionan-
thus on a few, for it appears it is
hardier than at first supposed? I
thought Muskoka should try it.

Medora, Muskoka.

T. A. H.

Reply. — You can graft it on the
White Ash with better hope of success.

(1) Can the Catalpa be grafted?
If so, on what stock 1 My plant has
two side shoots, which I would like
to graft. I am going to try on sev-
*aal kinds of timber roots, and will
report if successful. (2) Please in-
orm me how to gi-ow the Mountain
Vsh from seed., viz., what process the
• ed has to go through. (3) The
English Buck Thorn seed. (4) The
Cedar Tree seed. (5) The Norway

and the White Spruce seed. (6) The
Balsam Fir Tree seed.
Appin. John McIntyre.

Reply. — It can be grafted on seed-
ling Catalpa stocks. (2) Wash the
pulp clean from the seed and sow in
sand. (3) Same as Mountain Ash,
(4) Sow in light sandy soil, and cover
lightly. (5) and (6) Sow in light
sandy soil, and screen from the sun.

SEEDLING OKANGE TREE.

Mr. Editor. — I have an Orange
Tree ; I planted the pips myself. The
tree now is eight years old ; a fine tree
it is, something over one inch thick in
the stem, and about three feet high,
and a fine bush at top. I have it in a
tub in the house ; in the summer I
stand it out doors, but it has never
bloomed yet. There are thorns upon
it over an inch long. Can you kindly
tell me the reason it has never blos-
somed. Is it because it needs grafting ]
I never noticed whether they grafted
their young Orange Trees south or not,
but it seems to me, if I remember
right, that the trees there would be in
full bearing at eight years old. Please
answer in your usual way, through
the Horticulturist, and oblige.
Yours respectfully,

T. G. Gaston.

16 Inchbury-st. South, Hamilton, Ont.

Reply. — Yes, it needs grafting.
Seedling Orange Trees, grown as they
must be grown in our climate, are
very slow in coming into bearing.

THE CLEMATIS.

I find we have the Clematis nicely
classed in the report of 1883. Now, to
make it more complete, will you name
or give a list of those Clematis that are
sweet-scented, other than Flammula.

Medora, Muskoka. T. A. H.

56

THE CAN APIAN HORTICULTURIST.

REPORTS ON PLANTS RECEIVED.

The little Deutzia is, I fear, no use
here, as it is killed to the ground every
winter. The Prentiss Grape looks to
me a poor grower. Fay's Currants
are growing. Black Raspberries all
died ; they arrived all dried up ; none
of them grew. This is all now, Mr.
Editor. Wishing you a prosperous
New Year.
Muskoka. T. A. H.

My Pear Trees have all done well,
except Clairgeau. I like Clapp's Fa-
vorite extremely well. My apple trees
are all doing well. My Grimes' Golden
Pippin fruited well, fruit best quality,
size small, slow grower. Ontario had
15 or 16 apples, size medium or large,
flavor good, comes in bearing early, in
three or four years after planting.
Swayzie Pomrae Grise had one specimen
last summer; looks like American
Golden Russet. Grapes have not done
well with me. Burnet kills down to
snow mark every winter. Moore's
Early is not a strong grower in my
grounds. My Saunders' Hybrid Rasp-
berry has done well, hardy and good.
I have a Avild one growing in a corner
of the fence on a 50-acre farm, some
80 or 90 rods from the house, similar
in every particular as far as I can see,
even to the color of the fruit. My
Hydrangea paniculata was destroyed.
My Catalpa has done well.

Appin. John McIntyre.

In making my report for the last
season of the things sent to me by the
Horticultural Society, I would mention
first the Grapes, the Worden and Pren-
tiss. They grew moderately, but have
borne no fruit yet. The Niagara Rasp-
berry froze to the snow last winter, so
did not bear much fruit. The other
fruits I have, most of them did well.
The Raspberries grew strong. The
Mammoth Cluster Black Cap did well.

and bore a good crop of fruit. The
Gregg was frozen down to the snow
last winter, and did very poorly.
Gooseberries did very well, and bore a
good crop. The Strawberries were
very fruitful, especially the Sliarpless.
The Bidwell was a failure. I have a
number of other kinds, of which I hope
to report favourably next season

Samuel Fear.
Brussels, Jan. 6th, 1886.

For the benefit of the Horticultural
family I will report : First, the Pren-
tiss is a failure, probably my own
fault, as I had just bought my place,
very much out of repair, and in my
haste to get small fruit growing I made
several mistakes. The Jessica is doing
well. I hope for fruit next fall. I
have also planted Brighton, Moore's
Early, Early Dawn, Clinton, Delaware,
Roger's 3, 4, 15, the inevitable
Champion and others, besides a chance
seedling that fruited this fall, which I
am suspicious will make a name by and
by. The Fay's Currants are doing
well, one I received from C. A. Green
in the spring of '84 fruited this year.
The Catalpa speciosa is fairly started,
22 inches high, strong and healthy.
My place is nicknamed Hurricane
Hill ; it gets the benefit of the breezes
from all directions, and the wind some-
times twists the bushes into withes.
The Russian Mulberry wintered with
slight injury, while my one Peach tree
was frozen to death before Christmas.
The Cuthberts came through perfect,
but I can't make a report worth a cent
until I get more growth. I am trying
to get a complete succession of small
fruits, from strawberries to grapes.
Truman Cooper.
Picton, Prince Edward Co., Ont.

The Catalpa set out last spring grew
very rapidly, and seems to be doing
nicely. Wil] it require any pruning

THE CANADIAN HOKTI0ULTDRI8T.

57

or trimming, and what is the proper
time ; also, best time for pruning
grapes 1 J. E. R.

[The Catalpa should be trained to a
single straight stem until it is about
six feet high, and then allowed to
V)ranch so as to form a head.

The early spring is the best time to
{•rune. If Grape vines are laid down
and covered in the fall, in order to pro-
tect them with some covering during
winter, it will be preferable to i)rune
in the fall just before laying the vines
down.]

The first plant that I received was
^loore's Early Grape, which made a
feeble growth and then died. The
next season I got the Worden, which
had some fine bunches of grapes this
season, but they were very bad for
dropping oflf as soon as ripe. Is that a
peculiarity of the Worden 1 [No.] I
next got a plant of the Prentiss, which
has made a fine strong growth this last
season. Last spring I got Fay's Pro-
lific Currant, and it has done very
well. So much for the premium plants.
I grow Concord, Wilder, Brighton,
Agawam, Pocklington, Martha, and
some Niagara seedlings. Of the Grape
vines, my Wilder, Agawam, Concord,
Worden, Brighton, and Pocklington
fruited this year, and I thought that
the Wilder, Brighton, Concord and
Worden were just splendid. I liked
them best in the order named. Another
year's experience may change my
opinion. I am also trying the Russian
Mulberry ; it has been planted three
years, and is about 7 feet high ; it was
about as thick as a wheat straw when
I got it, and root and all about 14
inches long. I got some seed of the
Catalpa speciosa last spring and planted
them ; they seem to be very easily
grown ; I have about forty of them ;
some of them grew about 14 inches

from the seed. You told us that you
would like to hear from members,
hence this scribble.

William Turnbull.
Brewster, P.O., Ont.

I received last year the Fay's Cur-
rant which gre^V* nicely, but of course
it is yet too early to say anything as to
final results.

Chatham. J. A. Walker.

The Fay's Currant that I got of the
Association made a good growth the
last season, and I think that it will
bear this. The Grape Yine that I
received the season before has not
made growth of wood to my expecta-
tion, but was alive and healthy in the
fall. With careful treatment it may
do well yet. I am well pleased with
the way the Journal is conducted, and
the useful information it contains.
Paris, Ont. JoHN R. FOLSETTER.

The Prentiss Grape Yine received
in the spring of '84 has done very well.
It is not so rapid a grower as the
Niagara. Senasqua is no good here ;
giving it the same care as others, it
does not make growth sufficient to be
classed with either Eldorado, Yergen-
nes, Martha, Delaware, Rogers No. 15,
Janesville, Moore's Early, or the two
first mentioned. I have one tree of
Yellow Transparent Apple planted in
the spring of '84, two years old when
planted ; it stood last winter without
even a bud being injured by frost. I
don't know the fruit, but if it is as
good as recommended, I would con-
sider it the best early apple for cold
countries. H. C. Reid.

Enterprise, Addington Co.

The Prentiss I had the spring before
last has made a fair growth, and is in
good shape for fruiting this year.

58

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Fay's Currant made five good canes
last season, and I am waiting to see
the fruit. E. Robinson.

London, Middlesex Oo.

I beg to state that we are situate on
high and cold land. The Grape Yine
received three years ago did not thrive
well, and last winter died. The three
papers of flower seeds did well, and
gave entire satisfaction. The Catalpa
received last spring is growing well at
present ; if it stands the winter will
let you know. Henry Hudson.

Feversham, Grey Co.

I only wish with many others that
the Canadian Horticulturist should be
enlarged, and the money wasted in
furnishing plants and trees be used for
that purpose. The only one of the
articles sent me is a small Apple Tree
which has never borne fruit, and a
bastard Raspberry, something between
a Black Cap and a Red Raspberry,
which yielded very little bad fruit, but
any amount of canes, which I have dug
up and burned. I certainly think a
better use can be made of the money
than squandering it in that way.

Palermo. H. M. SwiTZER.

The Fays' Currant Bush received
last spring has made a strong, healthy
growth. John Kaar.

Brownsville, Norfolk Co.

Dear Sir, — Although I have been
a subscriber to the Horticulturist for
several years, and consider it an excel-
lent investment for any Canadian who
has a garden, no matter how small, I
have never yet reported on the premium
plants received from you, and will,
with your permission, do so now.

Saunder^s Hybrid Raspberry, was, I
think, the first thing you sent me, and
I have often wondered that I read so
little about it, as I have found it an

excellent berry — quite hardy, prolific,
and of good size and flavor. The color
may be an objection with some, but
makes a pleasing variety when mixed
with red and white berries. Season,
middle of July to middle of August ;
main crop, about 1st August.

Wealthy Apple has done so well in
this neighborhood, that I set out 20
in a small orchard I planted in the
spring of 1884, about twenty miles,
north of the Ottawa River. They
stood last winter, which was a very
severe one, without showing any signs
of tenderness, and I consider them
hardier than the Fameuse and rather
a better keeper, but not quite equal in
flavor.

Worden Grape — Very good indeed,
ripens about the same time as Creve-
ling — is a strong grower, good bearer,
and quite hardy here.

Prentiss Grape — Was planted spring
of 18S4, has made tremendous growth
during last summer, and will bear this
year I expect.

Canada Baldwin — Planted 1884 ; is
doing well and is a vigorous grower,
having made at least twice the pro-
gress of a Russian apple (name un-
known), received from you at same
time.

Fay's Currant — Planted last May ;
made good growth, and will doubtless
be an acquisition.

I have also had from you a very
pretty little rose tree, which bears the
smallest white roses I have ever seen.
They are about the size of batchelor's
buttons. This, of course, is taken
indoors during winter.

My soil is a sandy loam, and is
liberally manured every year. The
climate is not so severe as in many
places to south and west of here, and
as we usually have a pretty liberal
covering of snow for the three or four
months of coldest weather, many small

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

59

fruits escape here that are winter-killed
in other localities. E. B. Meyer.
C6te St. Paul, Que., Jan. 1886.
BIGNONIA RADICANS.

I notice that Mr. S. H. Mackenzie
lias not been successful with Bignonia
radicans.

Our treatment of it here is to lay
down the canes in the fall, and give
them a slight covering of earth or
straw, the same as we do with grape
vines. Protected in this way, there is
no trouble in getting it to bloom every
year. E. B. M.

WHAT THE PEOPLE SAY.
CLEMATIS CULTURE.

BY THE HON. MRS. LAMBART.

As the current Horticultural jour-
nals of our day contain so many
enquiries concerning the cultivation of
these beautiful climbers — enquiries
that remain unanswered — I am tempted
to offer a few suggestions on the sub-
ject, whicli I do with confidence in
their correctness, as I have long grown
the flower extensively, and have now
in successful cultivation more than
thirty varieties of it.

As to the propagation, I have
searched in vain for information on
*he subject, and find the authorities

Inously silent. True, they can be
iHised from seed — so can roses — and
with about tlie same general result,
that is : "a perfect lottery what the
new j)lant will be " ; but, to propagate
any vanety truly, that is quite another
mattei-. That exhaustive and expen-
sive work by Jackman on " The
Clematis as a Garden Flower " says
" root grafting," but we amateurs will
thank him with little enthusiasm for
directions so utterly useless in any but
professional hands. Then there is
"layering" which is also not pmc-
ticable by the amateur, and, at best, is
but a difficult and uncertain operation.

The details of the work, and the a])-
paratns necessary to perform the })vo-
pagation by layering, are described and
illustrated by Prof. Clausen of the
Imperial School at Nikitr, in the Cri-
mea, in the "Revue Horticole," and
copied into the April number of
"Vick's Magazine" for 1882. It is
too formidable an undertaking as there
described, on page 114, for me ever to
have attempted it, and even now the
length of the useless directions deters
me even from copying the article.
But, if the enquirer is enthusiastic, he
can easily procure the details of the
work with the references I have here
given.

As to the cultivation of the Clematis,
the first and imperative requisite is
*' plenty of sun and air." Without
both of these it is utterly im])Ossible to
have any successful result. The earth
must be dug out at least two feet deep,
and at the bottom of the trench six
inches of drainage, and then filled in
with a mixture of sand and loam, but
the principal component must be old
manure from a cow stable ; — in fact
the soil in which the Clematis must be
grown in order to flourish should be
just what an Asparagus bed is made
of, and like it, must be heavily top-
dressed with old manure every year,
and a soft and spongy consistency of
the soil be maintained. The secret of
large flowers depends uj>on potash in
the soil, and to meet this want, Jack-
man, the great English Clematis grower,
has prepared a manure especially for
the purpose, but, as this is not to be
had in this country, an excellent sub-
stitute and wonderful results are ob-
tained by frequent waterings with a
weak lye made of wood ashes. It is
also of great use to mix powdered lime
or chalk with the soil when ])reparing
the Clematis bed. With this treat-
ment I have had an unlimited supply
of great white stars from the 10th of

60

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Jane until the 1st of November, aver-
aging 9 to 10 inches in diameter, the
consistency of wax, the tc^xture of
satin, and remaining for several weeks
in bloom, each flower, before falling
apart.

In the autumn the Jackmaiii and
Viticella varieties should be cut close
to the ground — the Lanuginosa varieties
left 9 inches long, and the perennial
wooded ones not pruned at all, but
carefully taken from the trellises, laid
on the ground, and covered (in this
climate of Ottawa) with old manure
to a depth of at least 12 inches. In
the spring this covering is to be raked
off, and the long wood tied to the trel-
lises, where it soon sends out young
flowering shoots which bloom about
the 10th of June, and are followed
shortly after by the other varieties,
which send up their blooming shoots
from the root every year, rapidly cover-
ing space with foliage and flowers. If
the colors are carefully chosen, a per-
fectly radiant combination of colors
may be had from June until frost.

As to varieties, I would advise
several white ones, for although all are
nearly alike in appearance, the season
of flowering is different, and if planted
together the same flower seems in per-
petual bloom. The same is true of the
red varieties — {not including the Cle-
matis coccinea, which does not har-
monize with the others.) My favorite
of all is the lovely lavender-colored
Mrs. Bateman, and the Blue Gem is
almost as fine. The Rubella, Yiticella,
Rubra Grandiflora, and Madam Grange,
are of a fine red or claret color, the
Jackmani, a radiant royal purple, but
a coarse loose flower when closely
examined, and the Velutina purpurea,
whicli is like Jackmani, except that it
is almost black and of a very velvety
surface.

If these suggestions are found of use
I will add a few more before the plant-

ing season opens, hoping to stimulate
the cultivation of what is so perfectly
within the possibilities in our climate,
and capable of results which enrapture
and surprise those who see them in
their beauty and profusion for the first
time.

January 22nd, 1886.

GIVE US YOUR EXPERIENCE.

{For the Canadian Horticultxirist.)

It is some time since that I, partly
in deference to the nod of the chief of
the Horticulturist's staff, and partly to
gratify the chronic caccethes scrihendi,
prepared a paper on the "Advantages
and Art of Fall Planting of Trees,"
&c., &c In the order, or disorder, of
events it was mislaid and could not be
found nor leisure had to prepare
another, the author not being blessed
with a brain as fertile as that Spanish
prodigy. Lope de Vega, who could
write a five-act play of Shakesperian
power before breakfast. So the public
have been permitted to sleep on in
their accustomed and sinful arboreal
apathy. Just a few days ago the
missing " copy " was found together
with the aforesaid " Nod " snugly em-
bowelled in its folds, like precious and
embalming spices. But no antiseptic
could prevent it from becoming un-
seasonable, a sort of post mortem affair,
for the Frost King had long since in-
vaded Flora's domain, striking down
first the lovliness which stood nearest
the "picket line" between autumn
and summer, and then with brumal
din, rush and clash of storm and tem-
pest, swept all before him. " But the
Nod. What became of the Nod ?" O !
that was an evergreen, fresh and
flourishing, and as potential as ever.
The Secretary has more than once ex-
plained that the trees and plants dis-
tributed among its members were so
distributed to ascertain their hardiness,
product! vness, profitableness, as adju-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

61

vants, to increase the comfort, refine-
ment, and happiness of every Canadian
home. In this sense it is a patriotic
task, but though patriotic it is not self-
sacriticing, for it is discharging a debt
')ntracted by accepting the gifts on
he condition of publishing the experi-
nce. It is not self-sacrificing because
it is one of those labors which carry
their rewards with them. Who has
not felt the fascination which holds the
mind in delightful captivity as it
watches the development of the useful
and beautiful in fruits and flowers 1 I
for one cheerfully obey the kindly be-
hest of the Association to report, but
firstly beg to wedge in a short para-
graph on

REPORTING.

The Association is not a speculation,
not a Credit Mobillier, an institution
of hawks to capture pigeons, that it
invites the marvellous — the report ad-
yiptandum vulyus. The Fruit Growers'
Association is none of these, but a
community of mutual teachers and
learners. It therefore wants facts in
the form of experiences, most of all,
plain, broad-footed, brawny-handed,
and proletarean, if you like, on the
one hand ; on the other, scientific, but
cautious ; aesthetic, but ever rational,
whilst exploring the realm of the
beautiful. Again, it solicits all the
facts affecting the experiment ; not a
one-sided array to parade a pet theory
or thing, but both sides. The witness
not in court may be the very one re-
quired to complete the chain of evi-
dence. The stereotyj:)ed expression,
"in my grounds" such a grape mil-
dewed, or such a pear blighted,
althougli a fact, and therefore of some
value, is not suflicient. We know,
heoretically and practically, that differ-
'uces of results are mainly duo to
"lifferences of treatment, climate, soil,
l>osition, each one of these facts adds
to the value of the other in a cumula-

tive ratio. The problem cannot be
solved except by the use of all the
factors. Yet how rarely are the factors
given. A simple statement of success
or failure, little more. One gratifying
excei)tion to this will be found in the
Horticulturist for December, 188-"),
under the caption " Grapes— a Re-
view." That review is admirable for
the fullness of data.

Let us glance at a few of the
agencies which more or less modify
results or quite baffle our eflforts in
plant culture. Climate, which may be
said to include locality, aspect, altitude,
protection, air draughts, vicinity to
swamps and small bodies of water. A
little body of water to tender plants
is what Pope says a defective education
is to the mind. ** A little learning is
a dangerous thing." So are swamps
and small bodies of water. Here, also,
will come in barometric pressure, per
cent, of cloudiness, sudden extremes.
These in summer, more especially,
afi*ect development and quality of fruit,
in autumn the ripening of the sap, and
consequently hardiness of the plant to
withstand the winter.

Then again the soil and drainage,
heavy or light, close or porous, argil-
laceous, calcareous or arenaceous, and
so on. I may almost say ad libiticm,
ad infinitum. There is scarcely a plant
known to horticulture that is not
partial to some certain soil and climatic
conditions, more or less difiering from
the wants of nearly every other plant.
There is scarcely a defect or difficulty
hinted at above that may not be sufli-
ciently mitigated or overcome for all
practical purposes by the art of the
skillful cultivator. The facts and ex-
periences which create that skill it is
the object of the Association through
its reports and through its organ, the
Horticulturist, to place in the posses-
sion of every Canadian who, however
luxuriously he may hQ—recubans sub

62

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

tegmine fagi — may add to that primi-
tive pleasure the still greater one of
*' sittinof under his own vine " and
apple tree, and snuffing the fragrance
of his own flowers, or yet, most gratify-
ing to some and acceptable to all, say
with lago :

" Go to, put money in thy purse."

Now for all this we must have each
other's experiences. The Horticulturist
can give generals, but the particulars,
the peculiarities, the idiosyncracies of
plants and places, can be obtained in
no way but by the members reporting
carefully, concisely, and fully.

Milton, Ont. S. P. MORSE.

THE CURRANT BORER.

Is there nothing that can be done to
fight the Currant Borer 1 Of late I
have been training my red currant
bushes on a plan I found in a book I
brought from England entitled Mul-
tum in Parvo Gardening, or £620
annual profit from an acre, by Samuel
Wood. His system was to get upright
rods as soon as possible, then top them,
and the laterals that grew during the
summer were to be cut back in the
fall to one or two eyes, the same as
many adopt with their grape vines,
and he (Mr. Wood) maintains that
this is the right pruning for the red
currant and that they will bear im-
mense crops.

On this plan I trained my bushes
last summer, but when I went to cut
the laterals in the fall I found the
borer had made three and four holes
in many of the rods, and as the only
remedy, even in Mr. Saunders' book on
insects, is to cut the wood away, I
did cut it away and spoiled all my
plans. Two bushes of Fay's I had to
cut almost to the ground.

Now, Mr. Editor, can you not sug-
gest a i-emedy, or perhaps some of your
subscribers may have a remedy which

they could give through your valuable
Horticulturist.

London, South. E. RoBlNSON.

Note by the Editor. — Unfortu-
nately we have never heard of any
other remedy than that of cutting
back the rods of the currant bushes
far enough to secure the worm, or
larva, which will be found in the pith,
and burning the cuttings and thereby
killing the larva that may be in them.
This is a very unsatisfactory proceed-
ing, and makes very slow headway
against the enemy. It is very much
like burning up one's currant bushes
in order to get rid of the borer. Can
any of our readers give us something
better 1 Has any one tried any other
method ?

GOOSEBERRIES.

T was much pleased to see the illus-
tration of the " Industry " gooseberry
in the December number. This is a
fruit of which I am fond, and I am
fully convinced tiiat if it received that
care and attention which it merits, it
would in suitable soil prove the most
profitable of our small fruits.

I have cultivated for the last twelve
years the following EnoUsh varieties,
viz. : Whitesmith, Ocean Wave, Red
Warrington, and Crown Bob. They
have yielded enormously, and have
never shown the slightest signs of any
mildew.

Last year T imported twenty-two
other English varieties, which I intend
testing, and will select such as are suit-
able and give satisfactory results.

My garden is a stitt' clay, rendered
friable by coal ashes and plenty of stable
manure. From my own exi)erience and
that of others who have cultivated the
English sorts in this neighborhood, I

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTURI8T.

63

am persuaded there is little fear of mil-
dew on a clay or clay-loam that has
l)een well drained, provided the plants
-r bushes are kept in a good healthy,
_a-owing condition, by being liberally
mulched with manure, and that care is
taken in digging or stirring the ground
:i round them not to injure the roots.
With kindest wishes for an increased
circulation for your valuable periodical.

A. Morton.
Brampton, 16th January, 1886.

RASPBERRIES- BEST MARKET
VARIETIES.

Souhegan and Tyler are now the
leading early Black Caps. They are
strong growers, and probably more pro-
ductive than the older early kinds.

Next comes the well known reliable
Mammoth Cluster for the medium sea-
son. The fruit is very good, though
not so large as some others.

Last and largest comes the Gregg.
The fruit is very large, firm and dry.
As a fruit cannot well be firm and dry,
and at the same time melting and juicy,
the quality of the Gregg is not '* best."
It fills the basket and the can, and does
not shrink much in drying. So long
as the consumers do not object to its
quality,, the growers need not do so.
Although the Gregg is a strong grower,
it forms very wetik tip plants, many of
which must be rejected. Good plants
of this variety cannot, therefore, be pro-
l)agated as cheaply as those of most
other Black Caps. The fniit of the
Gregg adheres to the stem so firmly
that the whole crop can be gathered in
a few pickings. Some one has intimated
that the Gregg is unsuited to a sandy
soil. Upon such a soil I grow berries
that astonish experienced fruit dealers.
Many persons do not recognize them as
Black Caps.

After growing many varieties of red
raspberries by the acre for some years,
I can only recommend the Cuthbert.

I have an acre and a half of this variety
in full bearing. I never lost any Cuth-
berts by winter-killing, but a portion
of my patch was " shortened in " pretty
severely last winter. Enough wood
was left to produce a full crop of berries.
The Cuthbert is a strong grower and
transplants remarkably well. It pro-
duces a large crop of large, firm fruit, of
a good flavor and good color. It takes
several weeks and many pickings to
gather all the fruit. It extends the
raspberry season, and for ten days at
the end has no competing red raspberry.
An early raspberry as good as the Cuth-
bert is called for.

The Highland Hardy is a small
grower and small bearer of small, soft
fruit.

The Hansell is worse in nearly all
respects.

The Marlboro' does not promise very
well in any respect, but we will know
it better after another year's trial.

The Brandywine, Turner, Clarke,
Philadelphia, Herstine, and others, are
mid-season berries.

The Brandywine is a dwarf grower,
hardy, and produces fair crops of very
bright, medium sized, firm fruit, of very
poor quality.

The Turner is a fine grower, and one
of the hardiest kinds. It gives two
pickings of nice looking, medium sized,
softish fruit, of excellent quality. The
later pickings give softer and smaller
fruit, and less of it.

The Clarke gives large, bright, soft
fruit, that produces prompt spontane-
ous jam. Sometimes the canes get dis-
couraged, and die just when the fruit
ought to ripen.

The Philadelphia has several good
points. It does not incline to sucker.
It yields immense crops of dark- colored
fruit of good flavor. It is good for
canning and for raspberry vinegar,
though it cannot successfully compete
with the brighter kinds in the market.

64

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

The remarks that apply to the Philadel-
phia apply to the Hybrids also.

For home use the Saunders and
Shaffer's Colossal ought not to be over-
looked.

The Saunders gives a very rich color
to vinegars made from it.

At the present time the Gregg black
cap and Cuthbert red raspberries stand
head and shoulders above their com-
petitors. The market grower who
plants mainly these two varieties, acts
wisely so far as we can now know from
the experience of the past. Ideal varie-
ties very much better than these exist
in many human heads. When they
manifest themselves in the "fruit," let
us all rejoice. E. Morden.

- Niagara Falls, South, Ont.

REPORT ON FRUIT IN LAMBTON
COUNTY.

{Continued from Page Ul.)

BY B. GOTT.

THE CHERRY.

This fine old fruit also is becoming
rather shy of profitable results in our
conditions and management. The bet-
ter sorts, as those of the old English
and other foreign kinds, with us will
always be scarce and in poor supply, as
there is a growing feeling that our
country is not suited to them ; and this
feeling is becoming very strongly rooted
in this county. The old Red Virginia
or Kentish Red, known here as the
old Red Sour cherry, is the only one
that we can grow with anything like a
decent success ; but if the Black Knot
attacks our trees as it does in some other
portions of the Province, then we are
totally done as to cherries. Plum and
pear conditions of soil and climate are
not suitable conditions for cherries.
They need a something that is not found
in our county, and consequently they
are not at home with us. The markets
and prices are good, if we could only
get the fruit. The birds are our best

consumers, but not the best paying cus-
tomers.

THE QUINCE.

This fine fruit is growing in popular-
ity, and there is now a demand for it
in our markets that was not known a
few years ago. T believe it to be one
of those fruits the demand for which
will very largely depend upon the cul-
ture and fine tastes of the people. I
saw some very fine samples brought
into the market this year, grown on
rather damp, loamy soils, where they
appear to do well. The sort cultivated
is mostly the Orange Quince, and the
prices are pretty good, but not suffi-
ciently so to warrant a very large cul-
ture.

THE PEACH.

Owing to the severity of our past
winter our crop of this very popular
fruit was totally destroyed. Our con-
ditions on the whole are not good for
the producing of peaches, although we
have, in years past, grown some large
crops of very fine fruit. But it is not
now with us as it once was, and as in
the case of plums, we have very largely
to regale ourselves with the thought of
past enjoyments. For the last four or
five years we have had no crop, and
our people in their faithlessness refuse
to plant any more trees. Last spring
one gentleman recklessly cut down a
fine promising orchard of peach trees as
cumberers of the ground, but I believe
he is sorry for it now. Of course it is
discouraging enough, but we must ever
hope for the best. The trees have done
remarkably well this year ; the growth
made and the fruit buds matured are
cheering, and well calculated to stimu-
late our hope for next year.

GRAPES.

This crop is exceedingly promising,
and is rapidly growing in popularity.
The plants are so hardy, so easily man-
aged, grow so rapidly, and produce so
abundantly, that our people plant them

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

65

with the greatest confidence. Then
.igain, the fruit in its improved forms
Ls one that everybody likes, from the
smallest child to the gray-haired grand-
father. It is so readily made up by the
family into savory dishes that every
housewife wants a supply, be it ever so
small. Almost any family can grow
them that has only a few square rods of
soil. Our conditions over this county
are remarkably favorable, and the pro-
duce, where the vines are properly cared
for, is very great. A good apple region
is a good grape region, yet grapes will
sometimes do well in regions where
apples will not. There are but few
difficulties in growing grapes, but few
rots or mildews but what are easily
controlled. And then the best of all
is, we have the power to protect the
plant and the crop from the severities
of our winter seasons, and so ensuring
our crop of fruit. This is done by lay-
ing down on the ground before severe
frost sets in, and although people are
sometimes afraid of this trouble, yet it
is very easily done. This season's crop
has been very large and remarkably
fine; almost all kinds doing well all
over the county. The most popular
variety here is still the old substantial
Concord, that has done more good ser-
vice for us in this country than any
other sort. This season we fruited
Worden's Seedling and Moore's Early,
though not much difference in them,
yet they are both very desirable sorts,
and should be largely planted for their
earliness, being about ten or fifteen
days before Concord this year. On
account of our cold and backward sea-
son all sorts were very late in ripening,
being nearly two weeks later than usual,
but still in due time they ripened up
very nice. Lady is a beautiful grape,
•nd Jessica is also promising, but in
ir opinion the Brighton is worthy of
^ cry extended culture as a popular
amateur fruit. The vine is hardy and

very prolific, and the fruit is possessed
of so many fine qualities that it is. diffi-
cult to surpass it. There are so many
excellent kinds, all possessing one or
more good points, that it is hard to say
just which is the best. Any of them
are good, if properly attended to, and
will amply repay the labor and pains
spent upon them. The crop being so
large this year our markets were" filled
to a surfeit, and the prices in conse-
quence went very low, but still on
account of the quantity the results to
the growers were very satisfactory, and
paid as well as any other fruit.

RASPBERRIES.

We are yet scarcely sensible of the
extent to which the culture of this fine
fruit may be carried. The fiine new
sorts, almost every year brought out,
serve very much to strengthen the in-
dustry, until it is no uncommon thing
to see acres of them in continuous cul-
ture. The ease with which the young
plants can be procured, the rapidity of
their growth, the ease of cultivation,
the quantity and beauty of the fruit,
and its ready reception in almost any
market, all tend to make the raspberry
an increasingly popular favorite amongst
all classes. Much of our county is by
nature well formed for extensive and
successful growth of this fruit. Many
acres have been grown in an unculti-
vated state, the fruit from which was
very beneficial to the early settlers, and
the remembrances of these gatherings
is yet pleasing. But as the advancing
farmer approaches these ''patches," they
immediately disappear, and the place
thereof is taken to grow other crops for
other uses. So we have to rely upon
the new plantations of improved kinds
for our daily supply. These are planted
out in the spring of the year in rows
six feet apart, and the plants three feet
in the rows, and cultivated as for corn,
and tlu^ crop, when in good bearing,
will run about 2,000 to 3,000 quarts

66

THE CANADIAN HOBTICULTURIST.

per acre. The kinds planted are vari-
ous and are divided by color of fruit,
as reds, blacks and whites ; of the reds
the Turner and Cuthbert are the best,
and are very popular. Mammoth Clus-
ter is best of the blacks. This season
the crop was large and prices ran down
pretty low, but still a good margin was
realized. On account of the greatly
increasing quantities used, the markets
will always be glad to receive even the
largest crops at very fair prices.

STRAWBERRIES.

Our county is found admirably adapt-
ed also for this princely fruit. They
are raised on our soils in greatest pro-
fusion, and in the highest style of size
and quality. One grower, near here,
had about six acres and 16,000 quarts
this year. His crop was one of the
finest strawberry sights witnessed in
the county, and realized him almost
"a fortune." The kinds grown are
various, all apparently doing well; but
the Manchester, James Yick and Daniel
Boone, are decidedly excellent, and in
their behavior leave nothing further to
be desired. The crop this year was
immense, both in quantity and quality,
and although it was very late before
the crop came in, yet, in the end, gave
the gi'eatest satisfaction to all concerned.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Many sorts of this old popular fruit
are grown and with very large success,
although this year, being so cool and
wet, they were much attacked by mil-
dew and rust. The crop was large and
tolerably fine, the demand in the mar-
kets good and prices fair. The kinds
mostly grown are Downing and Smith's
Improved, both good sorts.

CURRANTS.

This old and jDopular fruit is also
grown very largely in all its variations
of red, black and white. A better and
more generous culture is securing much

better results than formerly, and more
satisfaction is given. Of the reds, Raby
Castle and Cherry are good. Of blacks,
the Naples and Lee's Prolific are re-
commended. Of whites. White Dutch
and Grape are best, and all find a ready
market.

BLACKBERRIES.

The growth of these is something
amazing, and the crops, in favorable
seasons, immense and beautiful. It is
one of those fruits that are always
acceptable, and of which we can never
get enough. The product is pretty
good, and the market prices excellent.
Snyder and Kittatinny are best sorts,
and give the best returns.

NUTS.

The native nut crop this year is
generally very large over the county
and very fine. The best nuts for popu-
lar use are the Hickory, Walnut, and
Butternut, with Chestnuts and Beech-
nuts.
Arkona Nurseries.

APPLES, GRAPES, AND STRAW-
BERRIES.

We had a good crop of apples the
past season and got $1.25 per barrel
for them. Our late grapes were all
frozen.

I see there has been some discussion
as to whether the strawberry is best
grown in rows or hills. I used to
plant them in rows that were three
feet apart and the plants ten or twelve
inches apart in the row, and when the
rows got too wide I hoed the outsides
of them and in this way I have had
them as good as ever for nine or ten
years.

You deserve great credit for the
way you have got up the annual re-
port. Those who do not get it miss a
great treat for the savinc: of so little

money.

Annan, Co. Grey.

William Brown.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

67

GOOSEBERRY IMPROVEMENT.

Sir, — A good article by B. Gott, of
Arkona, in Rural Canadian moves me
to send to the organ of our fruit
growers a paper on the same subject.

The article alluded to deals with the
improved American gooseberries, and
siiys that no good results have followed
crossing with the English sorts.

Deep rich clay loam and much
trouble and care are needed in order to
secure reasonably long life.

I think, however, that our few and
middling garden kinds must have re-
sulted from crossing the native with
the English, but that the mother
selected was one of our swamp berries,
of low, weak, spreading habit ; fruit
smooth yet deficient in flavor, size, and
sweetness, whereas had the other wild
type been chosen for crossing or im-
provement we might not now have
had to complain that of all our fruits
the gooseberry is the poorest.

The taller sort of wild gooseberry is
very frequently prickly • or even spiny,
but is sometimes almost or quite
smooth, and the flavor very fine.

Last summer I found a bush bear-
ing smooth good sized fruit, sweeter
imd richer than any English kind I
have met with, save one or two.

Were our best tall -growing upland

itives crossed with suitable European

>rts we might expect what has not

ret been attained, plants adapted to

mr climate, fit for any soil, permanent,

3eding little care or training, averse

mildew, and bearing large crops of

jh-flavored, good-sized fruit.

From your remarks in Horticulturist

am pleased to know that Mr. Demp-
jy, Mr. Saunders, and others are

)ving in this direction, and that a
>w years may bring about a great re-
)rm in the fruit.

Our generally rough natives are so

:cellent for preserves that long ago in

the United States the fruit was named
the " Jam Berry," and if for no other
reason deserves to be saved from the
extinction which in case of so many
wild plants follows the clearing ofi" of
our woods.

As an instance of the permanence
and reliability of our upright growing
natives, I may state that when the
country was new, after trying many
English kinds and throwing them
away, I got into the practice continued
fitfully till the present time, of mark-
ing the better specimens in harvest
and lifting them in the fall, by which
means I obtained in a couple of seasons
a large plot of bushes four feet apart.

Without any care most have borne
fruit for more than 25 years, and some
plants are 6 to 8 feet high, so that one
can place a chair under and sit to
pluck or eat the fruit.

The native gooseberries are not
absolutely free from mildew, though it
is the exception, and not the rule as is
the case with the English sorts in
most situations.

Cuttings strike with much dijficulty,
but layers take readily and soon make
fine roots ; transplanting in the fall
never fails. They are continued by a
natural system of renewal. Almost
every year tall straight twigs grow
from the crown of the root, and in the
next season these form side branches,
which next year and for several years
bear fruit. Pruning merely consists
in reducing the number of these young
stems, and in removing old ones occa-
sionally.

The varieties are innumerable, as
each district has its peculiar sorts : —
Small, large, rough, smooth, sour,
sweet, green, red, in various shades,
rusty, purple, almost black, shining or
with a bloom.

While doing well under cultivation,
there is little or no improvement in
size or quality of fruit thereby, and

68

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

from seed of the largest and best I
have never obtained offspring worthy
of the parents.

Crossing and hybridizing might give
better results. J. Cuppage.

CRAB APPLES.

Mr. EditgRj-^TMs last two years
past you have been silent on our some-
what despised Grab Apple. Have you
no plea for them. They are among
apples our truest friends here in the
cold north. Can you not name five
or six good dessert kinds, and good
keepers. I feel that we are losing
time to neglect those valuable fruits.
Why not improve those that do so well
in the north, for, at most, all I know
of the Russians they are not of first
quality and not good keepers % Now,
Mr. Editor, are they too mean a fruit
for your notice ; have you nothing in
their favour 1 They have proved the
hardiest apples we have ; though hardy,
they want care and looking after. I
find all over the borers are at work,
and many wonder they die. I have
dressed my trees as per receipt in the
July number, 1885, and believe it will
answer admirably if done once or twice
each year. For grafting, I find it
advisable to take the cuttings off in
the fall and partly bury them, because
they are often so badly hurt by our
severe winters as to be doubtful to
grow when grafted, if cut in the
spring. I find this so, even with the
Duchess of Oldenburg ; last year I find
it is with me, as it was with J. P. Wil-
liams, in July number, 1885. It will
not grow well when top-grafted ; in fact,
I could never make a tree of the
Duchess when top-grafted. Now, dear
sir, is it the same with all the Rus-
sians *? Will the Yellow Transparent
do well when top-grafted % Can you
tell me this, as I do not wish to lose or
waste time %

Muskoka. T. A. H.

SOME NEW BERRIES.

(For the Canadian Horticulturist.)

Dear Mr. Editor, — With your per-
mission I would give the readers of
your excellent monthly a notice of
some of the new fruits that will be
eagerly sought for by some and made
little of by others this coming spring.
As your are aware, sir, the strawberry
is my favorite of the small fruits.
Hence it will be the first I notice.

The Jewell. It has been before the
public for some time and the only one
that has been sent out for testing in
different localities, and has given satis-
faction wherever sent. No lover of
the strawberry need be afraid to in-
vest in a few dozen at the price asked
for it. This variety is from Connecti-
cut.

It is reported of the Jewell that from
l-22d of an acre 687 quarts of berries
were picked besides what was picked
by visitors. It is supposed it would
yield 500 bushels per acre.

It is an old saying, sir, " when it
rains it pours."

2nd. The Belmont. Origin Massa-
chusetts. This variety, unlike the
former, has come like the lightning
flash, unannounced, and fruitmen are
led to ask when will this production of
new fruits end.

The following notice of the Belmont
I had from the introducer. He says
as a cropper we cannot say too much
in its favor. From scarcely a quarter
of an acre we realized the net sum of
$596 or $2,384 per acre. What does
my friend of Lakefield think of that,
for I presume neither of these men
followed the slip-shod plan of growing
the strawberry.

Then, sir, the next wonder comes
from Illinois. ButacKs No. 5. This
is only $5 per dozen, and if all that is
said about this " wonderful " (may be
it is the " Big Bob ") berry is only half
true, nothing I have yet grown can

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0ULTUBI8T.

69

compare with it for size, earliness, and
fruitfulness. I have grown almost
every variety introduced since 1872.

There are two other varieties that I
have gi'own, namely, May-King and
Ontario. May-King is early and On-
tario medium. I am satisfied whoever
gives them a fair trial will not regret
the outlay.

The next wonder is in the raspberry
line. It is the Earhart Everbearer,
black. This also comes from Illinois.
Well, Mr. Editor, I am dull in appre-
hending when the third season of
bearing of the Earhart begins.

The first two I can understand, and
knowing that you can see into these
mysteries better than most men, would
you please tell when the third term of
ripening the berry begins and ends.
In the fall of 1885 we had quite a
supply from the young canes of ShaflTers
till October.

The next great novelty is a black-
berry that has been through a gradation
of names such as " Topsy," " Uncle
Tom," now " Erie." The stock amounts
to 6,000 plants ; it has got into the
hands of ten men who have each a
share at $500 a share. These are all
prominent fruitmen, and know how to
handle the business.

My brother fruitmen, please go slow
on these two novelties till you know
more about them. J, L.

Granton, Jan. 26th. 1885.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Gooseberries are a very profitable
crop to grow for market. They suc-
ceed best on a good strong loam, and
will well repay good cultivation.

Unlike other small fruits, they are
ready to gather for market as soon as
they have nearly got their growth and
continue to get better until they are
fully ripe, thus giving several weeks
in which to gather and market the
crop.

The usual custom is to use them be-
fore they are ri})e for canning purposes,
and comparatively few ladies have ever
tried them when fully ripe for that
purpose.

To my taste there is just as much
difference between ripe and unripe
gooseberries as there is between ripe
and unripe peaches.

By using the light colored varieties
such as Smith's imp. and Downing
when fully ripe with white sugar, they
will make a very light green colored
fruit, which looks very nice either in
the cans or on the table, the juice
all forms into a jelly, and makes one of
the finest canned fruits we have.

VARIETIES.

English varieties are very subject to
mildew.

White Smith is the best I have seen
among those well tested in this country.
While the bushes are young, (if plant-
ed on clay loam and given good culti-
vation) they are quite free from mil-
dew. The fruit is very large, of a
greenish white color, good quality,
very productive, and a good strong
grower.

Crown Boh is a poor grower with
me, fruit very large dark red, quite
hairy, of good quality.

Industry. The fruit is quite similar
to Crown Bob in appearance, but a
little larger, and the bush is a good
strong grower and productive, but like
all other English gooseberries it will
mildew in many places, although it is
much less liable to mildew than Crown
Bob, and many other English varieties.

American Gooseberries are what wc
will have to look to for our standard
market sorts.

Smithes Improved is the best and
most profitable of any that I have
seen, it is large, light green, good
quality, hardy, a strong grower, and
very productive.

The only fault I have seen with it is

70

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

that it will crack if left to get a little
over ripe.

All things considered, I believe it
to be the most valuable gooseberry
that has been fully tested, for this
country, either for home use or market.

Downing, fruit large very good,
light green, a strong grower, not as
productive as Smith's Improved, nor
as hardy, mildews with me on sandy
loam, but not on clay loam. Not easy
to propagate from cuttings, requires to
be layered.

Houghton has been more largely
grown than all other varieties ; it is
small, red, very productive, and when
grown on young healthy bushes, on
good strong soil, and good cultivation,
it is of quite good size.

It is so hardy and productive that it
is still a very valuable sort for market.

W. W. HlLBORN.
Arkona, Jan. 30th, 1886.

WINTERKILLING OF THE ROOT.

Mr. Editor, — Allow me to add
something to the practical and sound
advice of our old and esteemed friend,
Mr. A. M. Smith, of St. Catharines,
given in November number of the
Horticulturist, on the subject of pre-
vention of root killing of fruit trees and
vines by exposure to extreme cold dur-
ing winter. It appears to me that if
Mr. Smith had first explained the rea-
son of the injury more definitely before
giving the preventive, his already able
article would have been still more effec-
tive in moving our fruit growers to
action in making use of his advice in
the matter. In our experience and
observation in the matter of grape root
killing, we have noticed that those
varieties, the roots of which are most
fleshy and less fibrous and wiry, are
more susceptible to injury in cases of
exposure to sudden freezing and thaw-
ing, from the very fact that the cell
structure is more easily bix)ken. Just

as we find the potato more easily des-
troyed than the apple by freezing and
thawing on account of the lack of tissue
or fibre in its cell structure, so we find
some varieties of fruits of all kinds
more subject to injury from the above
mentioned cause than others on account
of the difference in the cell structure of
the root. Of course the varied condi-
tions and situations and exposure, all
go to give different results and degrees
of damage. For instance, in grapes we
find the Niagara root very fleshy and
with very little fibre, so much so that
when we were ploughing to our vines
last fall great bundles of Niagara roots
would gather on the plough coulter,
and when taken and bent between the
fingers would snap off in pieces half
inch in length without any sign of fibre,
while some other varieties with tougher
and more wiry roots could scarce be
broken at all. Now it is quite gener-
ally known that when apples, potatoes,
or any other vegetable with such lack
of tissue or fibre are frozen, that if the
process of such freezing and thawing is
allowed to occur rapidly, then the cell
structure is sure to be much worse in-
jured than if allowed to freeze and thaw
more slowly. If this be true theory,
then our friend's advice is just the
remedy, or rather preventive, of the
injury such roots are subject to. And
according to the old adage, an ounce of
prevention is worth a pound of cure.
So fruit growers generally will find it
much to their advantage to protect such
iJender rooted varieties by covering the
roots to a distance of two or three feet
around the base or trunk of such trees
or vines with coarse manure, or by
sowing rye thickly about the first of
September, after first ploughing to them
(as our friend, Mr. Smith, has advised),
and thus prevent injury by retarding
the process of freezing and thawing.
For if the cell structure once becomes
broken, then the passage of the sap

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

71

must be obstructed, and consequently
the vine must die. In case of such
winters as the present one with us with
little or no snow, and more or less sud-
den and severe freezing, and just as
rapid thaws, any trees, wind-breaks or
obstructions to prevent snow from
blowing off are of little account, and
we must resort to covering our vines,
or be in danger of losing many of our
choice varieties. And at the same
time we find by experience on all heavy
lands other advantages from such cover-
ing, such as in the case of rye, as spoken
of above, when ploughed under in the
spring tends to keep the soil in an open
and porous condition, as well as to add
its fertilizing properties as a manure to
the soil. It also tends to keep the ripe
fruit, es[)ecially grapes, from becoming
dashed with mud in case of heavy
sJiowers in the fall. And when manure
is used it also gives the two first advan-
tages as the rye, and helps to lessen the
work of the first digging or hoeing in
the spring by keeping the soil from
baking. Deep planting is also another
remedy for grape root freezing, where it
can be done without being subject to
standing water in the soil. And, of
course, no tree or vine can be expected
to live and prosper in wet soil. If you
til ink the above of any use to your
ic^aders, use it, and if not, let the waste
l)asket take it.

I am, yours respectfully,

J. TWEDDLE.
Stoney Creek, Ont., Jan. 18, 1886.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Dear Sir, — When I purchased the
property on which I now reside I found
'|uite a number of what is known as
I'iUglish gooseberry bushes. I also
found I could get no fruit off them ;
Miildew tliey would in spite of sulphur,
ilted hay, etc. So two years ago I
iimipfMl :il)out a bushel of ashes from

the coal stove around one of said
bushes and was rewarded with a full
crop of fine berries from it. Last
winter I served half a dozen more
bushes the same with like results, and
this winter shall continue the practice.

GLADIOLUS.

A few years since I procured half a
dozen of the more costly and finer
kinds of Gladiolus, such as Africana,
B. B. Coutts, Cameleon, etc., but they
would not increase as the more com-
mon sorts, and after three years plant-
ing I just had the same quantity I
commenced with. So last spring I
cut them in two, with an eye in each
half. I found they bloomed just as
strong and I doubled my stock.

I have the best success with the fol-
lowing mode of culture. I may say
that my soil is sandy with gravel sub-
soil so that it is perfectly self-draining.
First, I prepare a sufficient quantity of
compost, fully one-half well rotted
manure, then dig a bed of required
size to accommodate what bulbs I
have, a foot deep, filling the same 8
inches with the compost and press
moderately firm, then set the bulbs on
top of the filling about 6 inches apart,
then cover the bulbs with 3 inches of
pure, clean sand, and fill the remaining
inch with some of the top soil dug out,
scatter the balance over the garden.
I have raised bulbs 5 inches in diame-
ter perfectly free and clear of blotches,
scabs, etc., with bloom to correspond.
I am, yours, J- S.

St. Thomas, Jan. 1886.

BURNET GRAPE— CORRECTION.

In the account given liy me of giapes
grown in Muskoka, in January num-
ber, 1886, i)age 9, I gave the wrong
name to the vine received from the
Fruit (Growers' Association, it should
have read Burnet^ not Moore's Earlv,

F. W. COATE. '

72-

THE CANADIAN HOETI0FLTURI8T.

BOOKS, &c.

Schedule of Prizes offered by the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society for
the year 1886 ; competition open to all.
Robert Manning, Sec, Boston, Mass.

Illustrated Catalogue of the Joseph
Harris Seed Company, Moreton Farm,
Rochester, N.Y. 1886. Flower and
vegetable seeds sent prepaid by mail.

The Canadian Breeder and Agricul-
tural Review is published weekly in the
stock and farming interests of Canada,
corner Church and Front Streets,
Toronto, at $2.00 a year.

Nellis' Floral and Garden Instructor,
1886, a descriptive catalogue of vege-
table and flower seeds for sale by the
A. C. Nellis Company, Canajoharie,
N.Y., profusely illustrated.

J. A. Simmers' Seed Catalogue and
Cultivators' Guide, 1886, Toronto, 147
King Street East, is very abundantly
illustrated, containing also a select list
of grape vines, roses, gladiolus, dahlias,
etc.

I'he Canadian Science Monthly, de-
voted to the interests of Canadian Nat-
uralists, and the popular study of the
natural sciences, is published by A. J.
Pines, Kentville, Nova Scotia, at 50
cents a year.

Peter Henderson d: Co's Manual of
Everything for the Garden, 1886. A
handsomely illustrated descriptive list
of flower and vegetable seeds, garden
and farm implements and flowering
plants. Nos. 35 and 37 Cortlandt
Street, New York.

Descriptive Catalogue and price list of
Sibley's tested seeds, 1886, Hiram Sib-
ley & Co. 179-183 East Main Street,
Rochester, N.Y., and 12-U North
Clark St. Chicago, Illinois. Contains
also a list of Summer flowering bulbs,
plants, roses, small fruits, implements,
etc.

W. W. Hilborn's Catalogue of small
fruits for spring of 1886, Arkona, Ont.
An unusually liberal offer ot* new and
choice grape-vines, raspberries, currants
and strawberries, together with the
Canadian Horticulturist for a year,
will be found on the fifteenth page of
this catalogue.

Third Annual Report of the Board of
Control of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station. This report is full
of interesting results of experiments in
feeding, in the germination of com-
mercial seeds, nomenclature of garden
vegetables, classification of peas, testing
varieties of potatoe, etc. etc.

Report of the Entomologist, James
Fletcher, Esq., Department of Agricul-
ture, Ottawa, Ont. Mr. Fletcher will
be gratified to receive communications
from all parts of the Dominion in ref-
erence to insects injuring crops of any
description, also small packets of insects
for identification, which may be sent
postage free if addressed to the Ent-
omologist of the Department of Agricul-
ture, Ottawa.

The Horticvltural Art Journal, pub-
lished by Mensing and Steelier, Roches-
ter, N.Y. every month, at $3.00 per
year, is devoted to disseminating a cor-
rect and faithful representation by
means of colored lithograph plates,
made from nature by skilful artists, of
new and meritorious productions of the
nursery, seed garden and green-house.
Each number will contain four colored
plates, accompanied by a careful des-
cription of the appearance, merits and
qualities of each subject. We trust
this new venture will meet with the
support which such an art journal most
richly deserves. The first number
contains very beautifully executed
plates of Marshall P. Wilder Rose,
Shipper's Pride Plum, Rancocas Rasp-
berry, and Niagara Grape.

PRINTED AT THK STEAM PRKSS BSTABLISHMENT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

m^

Shipper's Pride.

A plum of large size, handsome appearance; Tree hardy, healthy and productive-

THE

VOL. IX.]

APRIL, 1886.

[No. 4.

THE SHIPPER'S PRIDE.

give our readers an idea of the climate
in which it originated and the degree
of cold which it has there endured.

The original tree is said never to
have failed to yield a good crop since it
began to bear, while in some seasons
the crop has been so heavy that it be-
came necessary to prop up the branches
to prevent them from breaking down
beneath the load of fruit.

The plums are described as being of
large size, it being by no means un-
common to gather specimens measur-
ing two inches in diameter each way,
they being very nearly round. In
color they are of a very handsome dark
purple, as will be seen by reference to
the colored plate, for which we are in-
debted to the politeness of Mr. Ander-
son. The flesh adheres pai-tially to
the stone, is Arm in texture, yet juicy,
sweet and of good flavor. The fruit
keeps well, is an unusually good
shipper, whence the name, and is in
season from the first to the middle of
September.

The Rural New Yorker says of it
that it is " a large, dark purple, oval
plum, fine, juicy and sweet." The
Gardner's Monthly says, " a large,
round, dark purple plum, of excellent

We call the attention of our readers
to tliis new plum, because from what
we can learn concerning its claims to
the attention of fruit growers, it seems
to be remarkably suited to the needs of
those who are growing plums for mar-
ket. We are informed by Mr. H. S.
Anderson, of Union Springs, N.Y., a
gentleman in whose statements we
place the utmost confidence, that it
combines beauty of appearance, large
size, good flavor, sufficient firmness to
bear transportation well, and long-
keeping qualities, with great j)roduc-
tiveness. These are all important
points in a fruit for the market, but
especially size and beauty, for these
have much weight with the purchasing
public.

This plum, we are told, originated
near the shores of Lake Ontario in the
north-western part of the State of New
York, and the tree is sufficiently hardy
to endure, without the slightest injury,
the severest cold of that region. We
must confess that this is not a very
definite statement as to the place of its
origin, seeing that the lake is more
than a hundred miles in length between
the Niagara River and Sacket's Har-
bor ; it may, however, be sufficient to

74

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTURI8T.

quality." Messrs. Offenheiser & Son,
Commission Merchants of New York
city, say " that Shipper's Pride plums
sold at one dollar per peck basket when
we could not sell ordinary plums at
over fifty cents for same size baskets.
In our opinion they will compare very
favorably with other varieties of same
size, and are better keepers." The late
Charles Downing, whose opinion of a
fruit is held in high estimation, said of
it : ** They are large showy plums and
will no doubt sell well in the market.
Promises to be valuable for market
and canning." S. D. Willard, a very
successful and extensive grower o^
plums for market says, " I regard the
Shipper's Pride as one of the most
promising plums ripening at its season.
It is good, and so attractive that it
would seem it should have a decided
value as a market variety."

We can only add that the tree is a
strong, upright grower, and seems to
be possessed of a vigorous and healthy
constitution.

Delphinium, mixed colors. And if you
have not sent in your dollar for this
year's subscription, please do not fail
to do so at the same time.

TO OUR READERS.

If you have not already notified the
editor which of the articles offered to
you this spring you desire to have sent
you, please do so now, without further
delay. You have the privilege of se-
lecting whichever one you prefer of the
following articles: — 1. Three plants of
the Ontario Strawberry ; 2. A yearling
tree of the Russian Yellow Transparent
Apple ; 3. A plant of the Lucretia
Dewberry ; 4. A yearling vine of the
Early Victor Grape ; 5. Two plants of
the Marlboro' Raspberry ; 6. Three pa-
pers of flower seeds, viz., Gypsophila
paniculata, Aquilegia caerulea, and

QUESTION DRAWER.

NIAGARA GRAPE.
When is the Niagara Grape Yine to
be cheaper. J. D.

Reply. — You can obtain a two year
old vine of the Niagara grape,, with the
seal of the Company attached to it as a
guarantee of its genuineness, by sending
to this office the names of five new sub-
scribers to the Canadian Horticulturist
together with their five dollars. The
only cost to you will be the postage and
registration of the letter, five cents.
Is not that cheap enough %

REPORTING PLANTS RECEIVED.

Am I correct in saying that all sub-
scribers are invited to tell how the differ-
ent plants sent out by the Association
have succeeded ? Suppose all, suppose
one half gave their experience, you
could not insert one twentieth part and
many would be offended. But suppose
you had room for it all, what good ]
Mr. Barry and Mr. Thomas have writ-
ten valuable works, would they not
allow you to give us monthly a chapter
on the understanding you would adver-
tize the book? Excuse the liberty I
have taken. R. L.

Maitland.

Reply. — You are correct. The ob-
ject the association has in view in send-
ing out these plants is to obtain reports
of success or failure in the different
localities in which they are tried, thus
making the garden or orchard of each
member an experimental station. The

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

75

reports received will serve the purpose
of a guide to others who m*ay reside in
that section or in similar conditions of
climate, soil, etc. Messrs Barry and
Thomas do not tell us whetherthe Early
Victor Grape, for instance, will succeed
at Maitland, or if it succeeds in grow-
ing, whether it is a desirable variety to
grow there as compared with other
varieties. They do not tell us whether
the Yellow Transparent Apple will be
valuable in the county of Stormont or
endure without injury the winters in
Renfrew. As yet there has not been
any plethora of these reports ; in truth
members have not been careful to com-
ply with the conditions upon which
these plants have been distributed.
When they become too numerous for
publication in the Canadian Horticul-
turist they will find an appropriate place
in the Annual Report, so that no one
need be offended. If experimental sta-
tions scattered here and there through
a country are beneficial, why not in-
crease their number in the manner
attempted by the Fruit Growers'
Association 1

TREES FOR FENCE POSTS.
Dear Sir, — I should be much obliged
if you would recommend a fast growing
tree suitable for planting along a wire
fence, so as they could be used as posts
when grown.

Yours truly,

S. G. Russell.

Thorabury, Feb., 1886.

Reply. — There is nothing better than
le of the maples. There are two that
^ill answer well for this purpose, the
Silver Maple and the Ash-leaved Maple.

Both of these are rapid growing trees,
and if the shade from the tops is not
wanted the branches can be cut back
and the tops kept within any desired
limits. The poplars are fast growing
trees, but they are objectionable on
account of their propensity to throw up
suckers from the root. Neither of the
above mentioned maples throw up
suckers. The Silver Maple must not
be confounded with the Silver Poplar.
They are very different trees.

JAPAN QUINCE.
Mr. Editor, — Will you please answer
through the Horticulturist whether the
Japan Quince is sufficiently hardy to
give good satisfaction for hedges as far
north as Walkerton and oblige

A Subscriber.

[Will some of our readers residing at
or near Walkerton please to tell " a sub-
scriber " through the medium of this
magazine whether the Japan Quince, an
ornamental shrub yielding bright crim-
son flowers very early in the spring, is
perfectly hardy in that section. — Ed.
Can. Hort.]

GRAPES FOR GEORGIAN BAY.
Would you kindly name some of the
best varieties of Grapes which you think
would be adapted to this section of coun-
try. Within half a mile of the Geo-
gian Bay, opposite Collingwood.

H. C.

Reply. — Early Victor, Jessica, Lady,
Brighton, Massasoit, Moore's Early.

PLUM TREES.
Dear Sir, — I have a small piece of
land adjoining my barnyard where the
fowls will allow nothing to grow. It is

.T-6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

about large enough for to plant six plum
trees. Is it suitable for them, and what
kind would you recommend. The land
is a high dry clay.

Henry Deacon.
Belgrave, Feb., 15th., 1886.

Reply. — Plum trees will grow in
almost any well drained soil, thriving
best in a strong clay. Whether they
will grow in the piece of land adjoining
your barnyard will depend upon
whether it is continually soaked with
drainage from the yard, certainly the
scratching of the fowls will not prevent
the trees from growing. The Yellow
Egg, Lombard and Bradshaw are well
Jsinown and reliable varieties.

FLAT STONES FOR MULCHINC;
Please give your opinion of the use
of small flat stones placed over the roots
of newly planted trees, instead of litter
etc. as a mulching process. I have had
good success in the use of stones.
And oblige,
Toronto. J. S.

[Will those of our readers who have
tried mulching with flat stones please
to send us the results of their experience
for publication. Never having tried
them, we have no opinion to express, —
Ed. Can. Hort.]

HUBBARTON PIPPIN.
Mr. Editor. — Do you know an
apple the Hubbarton Pippin, a large
red striped apple, deep smooth cavity at
the blossom end, nearly as large as the
King, and twice or thrice as productive :
hardy, and a very strong grower. I
think of working this apple largely if
I can get scions on to my Snow apple
trees. It is generally shipped as the
Hubbardston Nonsuch, but is quite dis-

tinct, far better grower and hardier,
bringing a. better price. I had very
good success this year shipping to Lon-
don. Pussets cleared $2A'l all round,
P. Pippins $3.26 per barrel.

J. P. Williams.
Bloomfield P. E. Co.

Reply. — We think, from your des-
cription, that you refer to the Blenheim
Orange, Blenheim Pippin, Blooming
Orange. See Downing's first appendix
page three. Without seeing the fruit
it is impossible to speak positively.

What is the best thing to put with
a hard clay soil for flowers 1
Toronto. ARTHUR Hewitt.

Reply. — The very best thing is rot-
ted turf taken from an old pasture field
of sandy soil. The turf should be
stacked over summer and allowed to be-
come well rotted. Manure from the
cow-stable, composted with straw, or
cornstalks, so as to incorporate with it
considerable vegetable fibre, will be
found very valuable for clay soils.

Thorough drainage is essential to suc-
cess, without this there is nothing that
will make soil friable.

IS THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST
DETERIORATING ?

'* Some years ago I thought there
was no paper of its size so valuable as
the Canadian Horticulturist. Then
the Editor and a few men of experience
furnished the articles. Now all this
seems to be changed." R. L.

Note by the Editor. — We are grati-
fied always to receive the kindly criti-
cism of our readers, and publish the
above extract from our friend's letter in
the hope that others will be thereby en-

THR CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

77

couraged to express their opinions. We
had flatttered ouraelves that the change
had been for the better ; that by obtain-
ing the experience of different cultiva-
tors in different localities and using
different methods, we were making the
magazine more valuable to our readers.
Perhaps we are mistaken, but we
thought that as it is not given to any
one person to know everything, nor even
to three or four, so we were increasing
the amount of knowledge imparted, by
an increase in the number of those who
contributed of their personal experience
to its pages.

BARK LICE, ETC.

To THE Editor. — (I) I have lately
tried several different remedies recom-
mended to kill bark lice in apple trees.
The appearance of the lice remains the
same. How can I tell if they are dead
or alive] (2) The trunks of some of
my pear trees are considerably cracked,
what had I better do to them ] (3)
What, if any, injury does "ringing"
do to a fruit tree ] ( 4) In propagating
the grape vine will it do to take the
cuttings off the old vine in the spring
and planting them at once.

Toronto. R.

Reply. — (1) Usually the scale be-
comes of a light grey color, almost white,
when dead. If you will lift a few of
the scales with the point of your knife,
you will be able to ascertain whether
there is any living substance beneath.
If alive at this time of the year there
will be a mass of eggs under each scale,
which will hatch about the firet of June.

(2) Wash the pear trees with some
alkaline solution, such as soft soap di-

luted with washing soda dissolved in
water to the consistence of a thick paint.
(3) It will usually cause that part of
the tree or branch beyond the place
where the bark is removed to die pre-
maturely. (4) Yes it will do. But the
cuttings are more sure to grow, and to
make more vigorous growth if they are
taken off immediately after the leaves
fall in autumn.

PRUNING SHADE TREES.
Dear Sir, — Will you kindly inform
me through your valuable journal the
suitable or best time to prune shade trees,
more particularly maples and much
Yours respectfully,
Jno. Mulligan.
Port Hope.

oblige.

Reply. — If maples are pruned at all
severely in the spring the sap will flow
from the wounds, hence we prefer to
prune them in the fall, or else after the
leaves are about half grown.

Dear Sir, — I purpose raising onions
cabbages, tomatoes, &c., manuring with
ashes. ( I ) Will salt answer put on the
land with the ashes 1 Is there any
chemical objection to using the two at
or near the same time of application %
(2) Is there any chemical objection to
using salt and superphosphate ?

Jno. p. W.

Homing's Mills.

We sent the above inquiry to the
professor of agricultural chemistry in
Cornell University, and received the
following

reply :

(1) In some cases salt would be an advan-
tage used with woo<l ashes. When salt is
applied with ashes, it causes the potash to
penetrate deeply into the soil, and for deep
rooted crops it would be desirable, but ob-

78

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

jectionable for surface rooting crops. There
is no chemical objection to using them to-
gether. The salt gathers moisture, and in
this way facilitates the downward action of
the potash.

(2) No objection. The salt will act with
superphosphate similarly as with salt, and is
only objectionable when the crop roots near
the surface.

Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

REPORTS ON PLANTS RECEIVED.

When I wrote before I forgot t^
tell you about my Dahlia which I re-
ceived last spring. I broke it into
two sets and planted them late, yet I
had a most beautiful display of fine
flowers as any one would wish to see.
I would not take three times the price
of the Horticulturist for my flowers
alone.

My flowering shrub I got the spring
before last is doing well, but it has not
blossomed yet. My grape I got in
1883 is not doing very well yet, but I
think it is my own fault, as I planted
it alongside of a very strong vine, and
I think it is shaded too much.

A. C. McDonald.

Dunlop, Huron Co.

As you desire reports on premiums
received, and as you are aware of the
high opinion I have of the journal and
the efforts made by your society, I
beg to enclose you the following re-
port : The Burnet grape has grown
well with me, but unfortunately most
of the bunches have small seedless
grapes with a few proper ones in the
bunch. However I have concluded to
give it a chance in hope of its yet
succeeding. Moore's Early and Wor-
den have exceeded my anticipations,
and have fruited for this last two
years, and I am inclined to think are
about the best varieties for our north-
ern climate though I adopt the princi-
ple of laying them down and littering

as I don't think any grape vine un-
covered would stand the rigour of our
northern climate. The Ontario apple
is just where it ought to be up here
and is a decided acquisition to the
limited list of apple trees that will
stand our winters. As to pears the
Clapp is the only one that has yet given
me any satisfaction. The Hydrangea
paniculata will not, I fear, prove a
success. The one I got from you I
planted where it is entirely sheltered
by a cedar hedge on the north ; but it
won't flower. As I put in three others
I find it is not the fault of the plant,
so must ascribe it to the climate.
Barrie, Simcoe Co. J- R. C.

WHAT THE PEOPLE SAY.

PRUNING AND TRAINING THE
GRAPE.

Dear Sir, — Will you kindly publish
a simple system of pruning and training
the grape. Give us something practical,
that can be understood by amateurs.
The trouble with all you professionals
is that you always begin your instruc-
tions by assuming that the amateur
knows a great deal. Hundreds of people
try to grow a few grapes for home use,
who know nothing and care less about
the art of propagation. Begin your
instructions with the one and two year
old vines as they are received from the
nursery in the spring, and you will
much oblige many of your readers
besides.

'Yours very truly,

Geo. Sutherland.

Meaford, Ont.

We are much gratified that any of
our readers should thus specify the in-
formation they desire to receive. It
will ever be a source of pleasure to us
to endeavor, as far as in us lies, to sup-
ply the information. Now to the mat-

THB CANADIAN H0BTI0ULTDBI8T.

79

ter in hand.

i
^

-/^^

We will suppose that the
vines received from
the nurseryman
have been properly
planted in suitable
soil, and are ready
to stai-t into growth.
The first thing that
will require atten-
tion as the buds be-
gin to start will be
to make selection of
that one which pro-
mises to make a
vigorous growth,
giving the prefer-
ence, if there be
several, to the one
nearest the ground.
Rub off all the rest
and allow only this
one to grow. A
small stake, say a
strip of lath, should
be thrust into the
ground at each vine,
and the growing
cane carefully tied
to it as it advances.
This will be the
Pio. 1.— Vine at the close pruning and train-

of the first season. -^^^ f^^, ^^le first

summer. At the close of this season
the grape vine will have the appearance
shewn in Fig. 1.

After the leaves have fallen in the
lutumn untie the cane from its sup-

>rt, lay it upon the ground and cover
It lightly with earth. Or you may cut
it back to two good, plump buds, and

>ver the stump with a little mound of

ii-th.

SECOND SEASON.

In the spring, if the cane was not

ut back in the previous autumn, it

lould be cut back, leaving only two

)od buds near the ground. From

these buds train up two shoots, tying

them to the stake as they grow, pre-

cisely as during the first summer, only
that you have two canes now instead of
one, rubbing off all other buds that
may start into growth.

During this season you will make
preparations for putting up your trellis ;
a post at each end of the row of grape
vines, posts between at least two feet
in the ground and five feet above, and
set from sixteen to eighteen feet apart.
Three wires will be sufficient, the lowest
at eighteen inches from the ground, the
others eighteen inches apart, thus bring-
ing the upper wire about four and a
half feet from the ground. Number
twelve anneal-
ed galvanized
wire will be
found to be
strong enough
The end posts
should be well
braced on the
side towards
the vines so
that they will
not be pulled
over by the
wires. The
wires should
be fastened
tight at each
post by staples
driven tightly
over them into
the wood. In-
stead of wires
you can use
strips of wood
if more con-
venient. Mr.
Fuller, of your
place, recom-
mends a slant-
ing trellis in-
stead of an
upright, as
more suitable
in your climate ; and his plan is very

Fio. 2.

-Vine at the end of the
second season.

80

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

highly approved by some others who
have tried his method. You would do
well to call upon Mr. Fuller and see
his trellis. Mr. Alfred Wagar, of
Napaiiee, Lennox County, makes his
trellis eighteen inches from the ground
at the vines, sloping back to about three
feet from the ground at the top. Mr.
Fuller does not find it necessary to
cover his vines in winter which are
trained on the slanting trellis. We
have never tried any other than the
upright trellis.

At the end of the second season your
vine will have the appearance indicated
by Fig. 2.

In the fall you will again untie your
vines, and laying them on the ground
cover them with a little earth.

THIRD SEASON.

In the spring of the third season,
your trellis being ready, uncover your
canes, shorten them in to about three
feet in length, and stretch them in op-
posite directions upon your lowest wire
or bar, in the manner shewn in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. — Vine in. the spring of the third year with arms extended.

When the buds start allow only those
on the upper side, at a distance of about
eight inches apart, to grow, rubbing off
all others. You may find that the buds
nearest to the stock do not push vigor-
ously. This can be overcome by fasten-
ing the points of the arms to the ground

for a while, until the buds near the
stock have got well started. You will
tie these growing canes to your trellis
as they progress, and when they have
grown to the length of about five feet
you will pinch off the end. which gar-
deners call "stopping." These canes

Fio. ^. — Vine in the autumn of third year.

will bear fruit this year, and in the
autumn your vines will look something
like the one shewn at Fig. 4.

In the autumn of this year, after the
leaves have fallen, you may cut back to
one bud all the canes of this season's

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

81

gi'owth, except the one at the extremity
of the arm ; cut back this one to about
three feet in length, and having untied
your canes bend them down and cover
with earth, if you have used the upright
trellis. If you have adopted the slant-
ing trellis of Mr. Fuller, of Meaford,
you can, he says, safely allow them to
remain.

FOURTH SEASON.

In the spring stretch out horizontally
the two canes at the extremities of the
horizontal arms for a continuation of
that part of the vine, and allow the
buds on the upper side to grow in the
same manner as you did in the third
summer. Also train the shoot from
the one bud that you left at the base
of the upright canes, just as you did
the canes during the previous summer,
which, last fall, you cut back to the
one eye. You will now have six or
eight canes on each arm of your vine,
all bearing fruit. In the fall of this
year you may cut all these canes back
to one eye, or if you prefer the plan
which many cultivatoi-s adopt, you can
ut back to one eye each alternate cane,
lud cut the other canes to about three
feet in length. If you choose this
method you will not allow any fruit to
remain on the canes which grow from
the single eye, but grow the fruit on
the lateral branches which will start
tVom the canes left three feet long,
i'hen when the fruit is harvested and
the leaves have fallen you will cut back
the canes that have borne fruit to one
i)ud from the horizontal arm, and prune
the canes that you trained up without
fruit to a length of three feet to bear
fruit next year, thus alternating.

SUMMER PRUNING.

The only pruning admissible in sum-
mer is that which is done with the
thumb and finger, which consists in
stopping the lateral branches by pinch-
ing off the end of the lateral shoot when
it has developed three or four leaves

beyond the last bunch of fruit. Some-
times we pinch back the main cane
when it has reached the top of the
trellis in order to develop the parts
below more fully. Never strip off the
leaves to admit the sunlight upon the
fruit, but rather seek to preserve the
leaves in full vigor so that they may
shade and perfect the giapes. Without
a good supply of healthy foliage the
fruit will not ripen.

OVER BEARING.

In our great desire for an abundance
of fruit we are very apt to allow our
vines to carry too many clusters. It is
impossible to give definite instructions
on this point, as the quantity of fruit
that a vine will bring to maturity de-
pends upon the vigor of the vine. Our
fruit growers are not in danger of taking
off too many clusters. But it is a fact
that when the fruit is well thinned out
the grapes will ripen earlier, be of finer
size and of higher flavor. It is no un-
common thing to see a grape vine so
loaded that it can not biing any of its
fruit to maturity, while the grower con-
demns the variety as too late for his
climate, when the fault is purely hi^
own.

We trust these hints may prove help-
ful to our subscribers, and if any points
have not been made sufficiently plain,
we will esteem it as a favor, if our
amateur friends will direct their in-
quiries to the points upon which they
desire further information.

COVERING GRAPE VINES.

I cover my grape vines in the fall
with earth, and they turn out fresh in the
spring and start right off to grow. I
do not think that sti-aw is good to cover
vines in winter as it is liable to prove
a harbour for mice.

James Dougal.

Barrie, Simcoe Co.,

S2

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

LIQUID FOR PRESERVING FRUIT.

It is difficult for me to give you a
formula for liquid for preserving fruits.
I have experimented with some 13 or
14 different preparations, some are
hetter for one sort of fruit and some
better for others. A strong solution of
sulphurous acid T have found very use-
ful for light colored fruits which are
yellow when ripe.

Salicylic acid in the proportion of
about a drachm to the quart of fluid,
the fluid consisting of four parts of
water with one of alcohol, I have
found to be very good for dark colored
grapes. The red colors of apples and
pears I have found to be best preserved
as far as my experience has gone, by
using a mixture of three parts of gly-
cerine with five parts of water and dis-
solving in it Boroglyceride in the
proportion of two per cent. I have
used several other fluids, among which
some may prove better than this, but
they have not been tested long enough
to admit of my reaching any definite
conclusion.

The subject is a very complex one,
and needs much experimenting yet be-
fore entirely satisfactory conclusions
can be reached, and whether any treat-
ment will ensure the permanent re-
tention of the pinks and reds in fruits
with the difficulty of long continued ex-
posure to the bleaching influences of
light to contend with, is still surroun-
ded with much doubt.

Wm. ISaunders.
London, Ontario.

THE MARTHA GRAPE.

My Martha grape vines planted in
the spring of 1883, bore last fall, 1885,
for the first time. Fruit not large, but
very sweet, and a good keeper having
eaten the last of them, this month, Feb ,
1^^6. Yours truly,

Jos. WOON.

A PRETTY NATIVE SHRUB.

In speaking of our native ornamen-
tal trees, I have never noticed any ac-
count of a tree that grows on the mar-
gins of streams, and produces clusters
of black berries, or rather fruit, quite
sweet, with a flat seed in them. I
don't know the name of it, but I dare
say you can give me the information.
About two years ago I got two of them
growing in a swamp, on the Nottawa-
saga Kiver. I planted them on the
top of the hill in my place ; and to-day
I look on them as two of the hand-
somest trees or shrubs I have in the
spring. They are covered with large
clusters of white flowers, a peculiar
shade of green leaves and thick foliage, j
about seven feet high.

I look upon this shrub as one well
woi'thy a conspicuous place in any of
our ornamental grounds. Unfortu-
nately 1 have never found out any one
who can name it for me.

Barrie, Simcoe Co. J. R. CoTTER.

Can
name 1

any

of our readers give the

NO OFFENCE.

Dear Sir, — Allow me to say that I
believe all the readers of our Horticul-
turist heartily appreciate the efforts put
fort by yourself and other contributing
members, in disseminating invaluable
information in regard to the cultivation
of fruits, flowers, etc., but I do not
think it was ever intended that writers,
in their contributions, should make the
columns of our magazine a medium for
advertising something which they are
interested in selling.

An article giving accurate descrip-
tions, modes of cultivation etc., we all
admire, but it takes away more than
half of the admiration and interest if it
winds up with a " pufl*" for something
in which the writer is interested in
making sales. I submit this, believing

THK CANADIAN HOKTIOULTUKIdT.

83

it to be the sentiment of the majority
of our readers, and not from any ill-
feeling toward any individual.

J. H. WiSMER.

Pt. Elgin, Feb. 8th, 1886.

Note by the Editor. — Our friend
is quite right, and we trust correspon-
dents will accept the criticism.

.^UME INTERESTING LAWN TREES.

Dear Sir, — In sending my sixteenth
yearly subscription, I think I ought to
write a few words on what I have seen
and experienced in fruit and horticul-
ture. I see by the report of the Win-
ter Meeting that the third subject was
shade trees, &c. Had I been there, I
should have advocated four shade trees
that I have taken much interest in : —
The Tulip tree, Catalpa, Widben Pear,
and Monkey's Puzzle. The Maple is
the standard shade tree of America, but
we want a variety. We should not
like to cultivate only one flower be-
cause we thought it the best and pret-
tiest. In visiting England a few years
ago I saw long rows of our Maples
planted in Kew Park, near London.
When I first came to Canada, over
forty years ago, I saw several Tulip
trees in blossom. In visiting St. Louis,
ill the latter end of June, several years
;tgo, I saw a number of beautiful shade
trees in blossom. On inquiry, I was
told that they were Catalpa trees, but
Too tender for Canada. I hope the
\Mriety that has been sent out to the
members will prove hardy. It will be
a fine sight to see them in full blossom.
The Widben Pear is a tree that grows
wild in Buckingliamshire, in England.
1 1 has some appearance of the Mountain
Ash, and I should think it was a species

f it. It has bunches of berries like
the Mountain Ash, but they are sweet
and good enough to make preserves of.
The leaves are a good deal like a beech
leaf, only white underneath. It ap-

pears to be perfectly hardy. I have
seen two trees of them in Toronto ; one
in the Horticultural Gardens, which
came through last winter without the
least injury. I do not know its bota-
nical name. The Monkey's Puzzle, so
called from its sharp points all over
the tree, has scales on both trunk and
branches, like pine apples, so that a
monkey would require boots on to run
about it. In appearance, it is greatly
like the Austrian Pine. It is not iron
clad ; it suffers sometimes in England
in severe frosts ; it will grow in the
western j)art of Canada, and as far
north as Toronto. As a lawn tree, I
thought it was the finest in England.
It requires great pains in planting, and
not to be exposed too much.

EGLI^TON.

CHANGE OF NAME NEEDED.
When one is ordering trees or shrubs
from a nursery it is important that he
should be able to make himself clearly
understood ; therefore, it is essentially
necessary that there be but one common
name for each species, because more
leads to misunderstanding and disap-
pointment. For instance, I received
an order for six Syringas of sorts. I
kept ruminating in my mind for a time
as to what I had better send, but
knowing the gentleman from whom the
order came to be somewhat scientific,
I finally decided that he must be using
the technical name for *' Lilacs." So
I sent him six Lilacs, two of a sort,
with both technical and common names
attached. They were quickly returned
with a note stating that he did not
want " Lilacs," bnt " Syringas," com-
monly known as such ; so then I knew
he wanted Philadelphus, or Mock
Orange. With many, Syringa is still
the common name for Philadelphus ;
while the proper generic name for LiUc
is Syringa. Hence, in order to avoid
confusion, would it not be better to

84

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

have the matter settled once for all,
and either let the Philadelphus be
known by the common name of Mock
Orange, or have the generic name of
the Lilac changed to something else 1

Some nurserymen advertize the Sy-
ringa or Mock Orange, some the Mock
Orange (Syringa), others the Philadel-
phus (Mock Orange), or Philadelphus
(Syringa), and Syringa (Philadelphus);
while we rarely find the name Lilac
accompanied with its generic name,
Syringa ; yet if you send to some of the
best American nurseries for Syringas
you will certainly receive Lilacs.

Correspondent.

GOOSEBERRIES AND CURRANTS.

I notice discussions upon the above
fruits in the Annual Report. I would
like to give some of my experience.
My soil is called a sand, but is largely
made up of pulverized shale. We get
immense crops of Houghton gooseber-
ries, but rarely get beyond 5 or 6 cents
per basket for them. Last summer,
for the first time, they were scarcely
. saleable. As the anti-Scott wine and
beer advocates claim that the low price
of grapes was caused by the Scott Act,
we suppose that the Scott Act also
ruined the gooseberry trade. In times
of great glut we find that housewives
demand larger fruit, which involves
less labor. The quality of the Hough-
ton is better than that of the larger
varieties. Downing does well with
me, and sells more readily. Smith's
Improved mildews, and loses its leaves
by a species of blight, probably of fun-
goid origin. It started with the Smith's
in one patch, with me, about 3 years
since. From them it has apparently
struck the Downings and Houghtons,
though with diminished power.

When the fruit is about half grown,
the leaves which seem quite contented,
one day will be found green and fresh,
and upon the ground the next day.

They have struck, never again to return
to their old work.

Black currants, with us, are not pro-
fitable. The same may be said of
cherry and white grape currants. The
old Red Dutch is reliable, but for eleven
years past I have largely grown the
Raby Castle, which beats it in every
way. Its greatest merit is its power
to hold its black currant style of foliage
through the heat of summer. This
enables it to ripen its immense crop of
fruit perfectly, and to hold it securely
until the berry season is nearly past,
when it sells readily for good prices.

The plant is a very strong, rapid
grower, and takes the tree form quite
readily. The fruit is good, but not
much larger than the Red Dutch. The
bunches, when weather is favorable,
are very long.

As yet, I do not know what the
newer larger kinds can do.

The tree form has great advantages
in the cultivation and picking. As the
" tree " is short lived, we must plant
as often as once in every seven years.
This is a good plan, even where trees
are not indulged in.

E. MORDEN.
Niagara Falls South, Ont.

BIGNONIA RADICANS.

Mr. Editor, — One of your corre-
spondents, Mr. Mackenzie, of Dundas,
writes that the Bignonia radicans does
not flower, and is cut down every win-
ter. This should not occur at Dundas.
But if your correspondent will lay the
vines down in the fall, and cover them
with a light mulch, the result will, in
all probability, be different. A lady
friend of mine pursues this plan, and
under her judicious treatment the Big-
nonia flowers abundantly, even al-
though occasionally the thermometer
goes down to twenty-five degrees below
zero.

I may add that in this quarter grape

THE CANADIAN H0BTI0ULTUBI8T.

85

vines of all kinds require similar treat-
ment, save and except the Clinton,
which is able to endure extreme cold.
Durham, Grey (Jo. Yours, C.

ACCLIMATING PLANTS.

Can tender plants be made hardier
by any manner of treatment ? This
question is suggested by a remark I saw-
lately in some report (no matter where)
that a certain plant was yet too tender
for Ontario but it could be made hardy.
We know that animals and even human
beings can become inured to foreign cli-
mates, so that they will be no more
affected by climatic influences than the
aborigines, even if the transition be
from a warm to a colder climate, but in
no case do we find that the off-spring
of the foreigners can endure intense
cold with less protection than that of
the natives, who are quite as liable to
be frozen to death as they were cen-
turies ago. I have heard a great deal
aV>out the acclimatization of fruit and
ornamental trees and shrubs, yet I am
not aware of a single instance in which
any plant has become hardier, any more
than the potato or tomato, which are
just as tender now as when first intro-
duced.

I have been trying to acclimate many
half-hardy shrubs for the last thirty-two
years, and sometimes a succession of
moderate winters encouraged me to be-
lieve that I had met with partial suc-
cess, but the hard snap of frost would
come and kill all down to the snow
line, leaving me just where I began.
I find the fact to be, that a few degrees
difference in the intensity of the frost
decides the matter now with all half-
hardy plants, just as certainly as it did
when I fii-st commenced to experiment.
I know that the condition of the
young wood has something to do with
the enduringness of some shrubs as
well as trees. Under certain circum-
stances it ripens ea^ly and is hardened

up before the winter sets in, conse-
quently it will stand severer frost than
the young wood that has been growing
luxuriantly in rich moist land until late
in the fall. This is particularly notice-
able in' peach trees, which under the
same circumstances do not endure harder
frost than they did thirty years ago. The
same may be said of all the tender pears,
and of some kinds of apples. Indeed I do
not know of any tree, shrub or plant being
made hardier, however gradual the ex-
posure to the frost may have been.

A long experience has convinced me
that trying to make tender plants hardy
is only a waste of time and means, so I
have adopted the practice of protection.

In making this statement I do not
court controversy, yet I think this is a
subject well worthy of discussion by
the members of the Fruit Growers'
Association. I have no other motive
in view than that of trying to promote
the interests of the science.

I presume with you, located as you
are between the great lakes which have
such a powerful influence on the climate,
all the Deutzias and many of the half-
hardy spiraeas come through ordinary
severe winters with comparatively little
injury. Here however at the foot of
Lake Ontario it is different. Deutzias
if left standing in exposed places in-
variably get killed down to the snow
line, and as it is the last year's wood
that produces the best flowering stems,
we would get but a poor show of flowers
under such circumstances. So now I
lift the plants in the autumn and heel
them in with their tops laid on the
ground, so as to be conveniently covered
with tree leaves and evergreen bi-anches,
which sufliciently protects tliem until
there comes a fall of snow, which is the
best protection of all. By this means
I am enabled to lift my flowering shrubs
in spring, in quite as good condition as
they were laid down in the fall, and
am certain of a gorgeous display of

86

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUBIBT.

flowers, even from the very points of the
young shoots ; and be it observed this
is a convenient method of propagating
such shrubs because they are then easily
divided. I have found this by far the
most satisfactory mode here of growing
Deutzias, Altheas, Almonds, half-hardy
spiraeas, Treepeonias, Weigelas and Hy-
drangeas ; and I have no doubt that
under this treatment, the Viburnum
plicatum will give entire satisfaction.
Some will doubtless object to this
method as being laborious. I would
say in reply, I have found it to be by
far the most economical method of pro-
tectipn. Where plants have grown too
large for handling, I replace them by
smaller ones, and I with confidence re-
commend this practice to whom it may
concern. D. NicoL.

Oataraqui, near Kingston.

GRAPE VINE GROWING IN ALGOMA.

My experience in grape vine grow-
ing here has been varied ; good expec-
tations and sad disappointments. I
have been trying them here for eight
years. Varieties, Concord 6 plants,
Creveling 4 plants, Delaware 2 plants.
At first the Creveling made the best
show, growing freely and making great
show for fruit, but not setting well,
still ripening some very good bunches
of fine berries ; but after fruiting two
years the leaves began to get black
spots on them, then the berries ; the
spots increased in size till the berries
stopped growing and shrivelled with-
out ripening. Next year it was so bad
as to stop the wood growth, and what
was made never matured.

Last spring when the buds were near
bursting, I made a paint of sulphur,
clay, fresh cow- droppings and soft soap,
and brushed the canes all over with it.
I have seen something such used in
Scotland for vines under glass. The
gi*apes all but ripened, though it was
the shortest, coldest summer I have

seen here. My Concords have never
quite ripened well, and appear the ten-
derest of the lot. Two years ago my
vines were looking extra well in May
and starting a fine growth, but we had
a very hard frost on the 29th May
which scorched them completely. I
allowed them to stand ten days to see i
what they would do, but only a very %
few buds offered to stai*t ; so I rubbed
off all the buds and forced them to
start again from the root, when all of
them did well, except the two strongest
Concords, which were killed right out.
With me the Delaware has been the
healthiest, hardiest, freest fruiting of
the lot, ripening every season so as to
be good to eat. I have just got the
following sorts for trial, which I am
planting in a very much better situa-
tion, completely sheltered from the
north and west and a good slope to
the south-east, namely : Lady, Moore's
Early, Cottage, Champion, Worden,
Janesville, Martha, Perkins, Rogers^
Nos. 3, 4, 9, 15, and Brighton. My
first planting lies to the west, and is
exposed to the killing north-west winds^
which are very severe.

PLUMS.

I planted about sixteen sorts of
plums. After doing well for three
years they all were winter-killed but
two Imperial Gages and one Duane's
Purple. Several of them started above
the working, but all have again been,
completely killed, except one Lombard
(I had three at first). The Lombard
and Duane's Purple flowered last year,
and one of the Imperial Gages had
some fruit. The curculio is abundant
here on the wild plums, which are
plentiful ; the black knot is also very
plentiful on the wild cherries. This
winter has bo far been mild ; last win-
ter we often had the mercury frozen ;
usually we have from three to five feet
of snow. Daniel Dunn.

St. Joseph Island, Algoma.

THE OA.NA.DIAN HOBTIOOLTDBIST.

8T

STRAWBERRY NOTES.
Mr. Editor, — My few notes on the
strawberry at this time are for those
like myself who love this, the best (to
my mind) of all the small fruits, and
to those who are engaged in its culti-
vation aa a source of revenue I would
oflfer a few remarks.

The cultivation of this valuable fruit
is yearly increasing and with the vari-
eties best suited to the locality and
market the grower lives in, even if
l»y bringing only a moderate price he
may reap a fair recompense for his toil.
A well-kept strawberry bed is an orna-
ment to any garden, and a profitable
one, and the labor required to keep it
in order is a pleasant pastime.

Any ordinary soil will grow straw-
berries, only have it free from weeds
and as rich as you can afford to make
it, especially the surface. Last spring,
in raising plants for setting, I found
the roots running across the alleys six
teen inches apart ; no mulching, no
heaving, no root-breaking, owing to the
fact that the roots found what they
needed for plant-growth and fruit near
the surface. This bed was fertilized
with ashes from hardwood. Bone dust
and ashes are the best fertilizers for
the strawberry.

Some people advise planting the
strawberry in July, August, and Sep-
tember. I regard spring as the better
time ; the objections to fall setting ap-
ply more to market than garden cul-
ture. It is often said that in setting
plants in August we may secure half a
crop the next season. In our experi-
ence we have never succeeded in this.
The berries produced the following
year from fall-set plants have always
been few in number, and have gener-
ally averaged small in size. The plants
rarely become sufficiently rooted before
winter to yield any amount of fruit the
next season.

By setting tha plants in spring we

give them a whole year to prepare for
a crop. The soil will be in the best
condition, and the weeds are easily
kept under control: We cultivate the
plants one season and receive a bounti-
ful crop of fruit to repay the cost,
whereas if set in the fall we must cul-
tivate a year and a half before we re-
ceive a full crop.

The growing demand for small fruits
has more than kept pace with the pro-
duction, and large crops are now mar-
keted at satisfactory prices, where a
few years since a few quarts amply sup-
plied the want. I would say to all
engaged in growing small fruit, either
for home use or market, whatever
variety does best in your section hold
on to it till you find a better. At
the same time the quality of the straw-
berry depends mainly on the culti-
vation, on a rich soil, clean culture,,
and in not letting a weed appear.

In closing I will mention a few vari-
eties that do pretty well in all sections
of the country, viz. : Early — Crescent,
Old Ironclad, May King, and Parry.
The two last named are pretty new and
well worthy of trial. Medium — Cum-
berland, Triumph, Ontario, Daniel
Boon, Jewel, Manchester. Late —
Mount Vernon, Vineland, Cornelia,
Kentucky. These varieties, with a few
more I might mention, are the cream
of the strawberry family.

Granton. JoHN LITTLE.

BARK-LOUSE REMEDY.

Mr. D. Young in his Bark-louse
Remedy did not say how many bags
we put into a tree. Is it one to a
tree, or one to each branch ?

A. C. McDonald.

Dunlop, Huron Co.

[Will Mr. Young have the kindness
to reply to the above inquiry ] — Ed.
Can. Hort.]

88

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

FRUIT GROWING IN ONTARIO
COUNTY.

This is the sixth year I have sub-
scribed for the Horticulturist. It is of
inestimable value to me. I commenced
farming seven years ago under great
disadvantages, not having much expe-
rience in farming as well as horticul-
ture. With the help of the Horticul-
turist I have succeeded pretty well.
My farm was in such a poor state of
cultivation that I was compelled to
plant fruit trees of the small varieties
in very unsuitable places for their cul-
tivation. I set about one hundred and
forty apple trees, twenty pear trees, and
about the same number of plums. The
apple trees are all bearing more or less,
except the Spys. The pears have borne
since the third year from setting. The
Flemish Beauty is the most prolific of
a,ll, but it shows some signs of blight,
probably caused by its vigorous growth
and heavy bearing, requiring more
nourishment. One year ago last sum-
mer I gave them a heavy dressing of
wood ashes and copperas. Last year
they were quite recovered and bore
fruit. Plums last year bore a heavy
crop. I cannot speak too highly of the
Weaver. This variety I grafted on
wild plum stock, and in the fourth year
from grafting I picked half a bushel
from one tree, and a delicious plum
they are. My grapes bore a good crop
last year, third year from setting. Con-
cord and Worden are the best. I must
speak a good word for the Clinton. I
believe there is none more profitable
for wine. There were two old vines on
the farm, neglected and woven through
other. I trimmed them to the bare
stock, trellissed them eight or ten feet
high; they have borne a heavy crop
every year since, ripening as early as
Concord, and ripening every year. The
Brighton and Moore's Early that I re-
ceived from the Society have not fruit-
ed on account of being moved. The

Brighton is a vigorous grower. The
other articles I received from the So-
ciety all grew. My other varieties of
grapes are too young lo say much about.
Another year will enable me to speak
more fully of their merits. I cultivate
several varieties of red raspberries.
Highland Hardy and Cuthbert I like
best, the first named on account of its
earliness and firmness, which makes it
profitable as a shipper, while it ripens
as early as the wild varieties. Cuth-
bert is about ten days later, firm, sweet,
and of good flavor, and continues in
bearing until the blackberries are ripe,
of which I cultivate the Snyder and
Taylor. I esteem them very highly;
they are hardy and heavy croppers.
Of strawberries the Crescent Seedling
pleases me best, being early and long
continued in bearing. It stands the
winter better than the Wilson, and con-
tinues longer in bearing. The Black
Caps I do not take much stock in.
The Mammoth Cluster suits me best.
They do not pay in field culture. Plant-
ed close to a fence, with a little atten-
tion, they pay the best of any plan I
have adopted. As I have my small
fruits arranged, we have a succession
from the 10th of June until the end of
August. We use them as liberally as
we do potatoes. I have sold in the past
as many as would pay for cultivation.
I see no reason why every farmer can-
not cultivate enough for home use, and
not have wives and family hunting
wild berries, spending more time than
it would take to cultivate all they re-
quire and have a very superior article
besides. The prevailing excuse is. " I
do not know how to cultivate them;"
but that difficulty is easily overcome.
One dollar sent to D. W. Beadle, St.
Catharines, will get the Horticulturist
for one year and a copy of the Fruit
Growers' Report. In them you will
. find all instructions for the cultivation
of fruit, and many more useful hints.

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTDRI8T.

89

The investment is only the price of one
small turkey : try it, and you will never
regret the venture. J. B. Burk.

Brougham P. O., Ontario (-o.

PARIS GREEN FOR CABBAGE WORM.

Dkar Sir, — In my remarks in regard
to using Paris Green on Cabbage at
the Fruit Grower's Association, in
Stratford, I neglected to state very
clearly my plan of mixing and applying.

Lest any bad results might occur
through any misunderstanding, I beg
leave to state more clearly my experi-
ence on the subject. I put about two
tablespoonfuls of Paris (ireen to about
one-half bushel of Land Plaster, mixing
thoroughly. This quantity, if kept
dry, will be enough for 500 cabbage
(luring the growing season, dusting on
;i small quantity in the evening as
soon in the season as the worms begin
to appear, and continuing every week
or ten days till the cabbage have grown
full size. I would not put any on
cauliflowei-s after they begin to head
up, or on cabbage that are bui*sted or
open in the head. In this way I have
kej)t my cabViage free of worms, and
raised very heavy crops. I might
state also that after I had cut all the
good heads out in the fall, leaving the
useless ones and all the outside leaves,
with the intention of plowing them
down, some of my cattle got in and
eat all they could devour of them, and
none of them seemed to suffer in the
least from it. This was about four
weeks after I had stopped using the
Paris Green. We have used neai'ly
all tlie cabbage in our own family for
the past two seasons, with no bad
results.

If you think this experience would
be of any benefit, you can add it to
the report. Yours respectfully,

Dan 1 61 Dkmpsey.

Stratford, Out,

THE STRIPED SQUASH-BEETLE.

I wish to ask is there really any
known remedy for the striped bug,
excepting the old Indian remedy —
catch him, then you may kill him.
Heretofore I have not suffered materi-
ally from their ravages. I have gene-
rally planted a few squashes through
the cucumber and melon patches early
to give them their first meals, and to
give time and warning of their ap-
proach. This method has been all that
has been needed till the past summer
when they came suddenly, and in
swarms. Had I been away that day
they would not have left a hill stand-
ing. Some strong hills, in the short
time of two hours, were completely
riddled, having as many as eighty on
a single hill. I must have killed one
or two thousand the first half day.

After three days they were some-
what abated. I replanted the destroy-
ed hills, and then began trying reme-
dies. First was white hellebore sifted
on till the plants were covered ; second,
a table spoonful of carbolic acid to a
pail of water, applied with a brush,
drendiing three or four times in two
hours, then adding two tea spoonfuls
Paris green ; but all to no purj)ose.
Then a friend came along and told me
his remedy that had never failed,
namely, paper flags fastened to sticks
so as to wave just above the plants. I
asked him whether it must be the
Union Jack or the Stai-s and Stripes ;
he thought the < >ld Lion the best. How-
ever, the little scamps did not scare
worth a cent, but continued their work
if the flags did not brush them away.
Another remedy was an emulsion of
sweet milk, ten parts to one of coal oil.
One neighbor told me he applied tliis
when they i*aised in a swarm l>eforr
him. It was a failure with me, as I
wet many of their backs, but that did
not stoj) their dinnere. I aj)plied it
with a brush three times on a small

90

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

plot as fast as it would dry. As a last
resort I took clean Paris green and
sifted directly on the plant that was
being eaten. While the upper surface
was covered with the green they con-
tinued to eat away on the under surface
till destroyed, provided it kept dry and
without dew or rain. Some of the first
application was wet by a rain-fall and
the plants all destroyed. For the past
six years the only remedy I have found
is to hand-pick them early in the morn-
ing as soon as they appear, let the task
be ever so great.

J. P. Williams.
Bloomfield, P. Ed. Co.

GRAPES.

Dear Sir, — It has been stated in
the Horticulturist that those subscribers
receiving premium plants and vines
are expected to report success or other-
wise as their experience may be, and
give opinions in reference to merit in
various locations. I send you a little
experience I have had with those re-
ceived from the Association and other
sources.

I do not grow grapes largely for
market, but chiefly for private use as
table grapes (canning purposes), and
presents to friends. I have grown 33
varieties, and do gather them by the
bushel. As for the best varieties, the
Delaware has till lately, say two or
three yeare, held first place, but has
had to take a back seat. The Brighton
now stands pre-eminently victor. It
has steadily improved with age and
in the strength of the vine till this
year, as unfavorable as it has been
with us, they were all gathered before
the frost, and soon after the Champion.
I could pick bunches by the dozen of
J lb. weight, while a few turned the
scale at IJ lbs. I placed a number
of different^kinds of grapes in the fruit
room sepai-ately, and all other kinds
had but few customers while the

Brighton remained. Visitors and all
parties testing it pronounced it the
best out-door grape they ever saw.
Some were kept to try their keeping
qualities ; they remained good till near
J)ecember. Some were dried some-
thing like raisins, in a warm room.
They were meaty and pleasant, while
the Delaware and all others tested,
dried away to nothing but skins and
seeds. The Moore's Early was laden
well for a small vine, and colored but a
little behind Champion, which was very
poor, some fine clusters being left on
till frost came, but without any im-
provement as to quality ; neither do I
think it as good as. Champion for
cooking. The famed Prentiss, which
made such a stir among grape men
has, I think, got too near the North
Pole ; except it greatly improves with
age, it must be discarded and put down
as worthless. The Worden vine I
received was a poor, weakly plant,
scarcely made a live of it the first year,
and making but little growth the second
year, has made a very fine growth the
past year, and will give some specimens
in the near future. I have set 15
vines of the Jessica, and was much
taken with the quality of its fruit and
early fruiting. The first vine set out
the first year set three bunches, the
only vine that ever fruited with me
the first year. I left only one-half of
the first two bunches to ripen. I fear
the vine is quite tender, and will want
careful attention in our northern cli-
mate ; I hope, also, this will improve
with age and strength of vine. Early
Dawn fruit very like Clinton ; quite
tender, and sprightly, ripened very
fine this year, began to ripen in part
with Champion ; fruit keeps well.
Hartford Prolific does well with me ;
very seldom fails to ripen, bears heavily,
and is a good canning variety. I had
this year 110 bunches on one branch
of a vine, which occupied 15 feet each

THE CANADIAN HOBTI0DLTURI8T.

91

way of the trellis, and have discarded
many, such as the Adirondac, for which
I paid .f 5,00 for a small vine, Ontario,
Northern Muscadine, Isabella, Iona,Con-
cord, Creveling, Pocklington, Rogers'
15, 19, 22, 43; the 44 is the best,
though not yet tested by me.

I have the Niagara, Woodruff, Jef-
ferson, Lady Washington, Duchess?
Walter, Wilder, Brant, and Early Vic-
tor. The Duchess and Lady Washing-
ton both fruited and partially ripened ;
some berries of the Lady Washington
were very high flavored and fine. I
hope, in a favorable season, they will
delight us with their large and showy
clusters, as well as the popular Niagara.

PLUMS.

The Glass Seedling Plum is very
fine, all that was claimed for it ; a
good, hardy grower, and fine bearer ;
is not surpassed for canning, and has
but few equals.

Moore's Arctic and Curculio proof
tree has blossomed around me in several
places, while the larger and older tree
I have has not yet done so ; neither
have I seen any fruit of it in my neigh-
borhood, for the curculios destroyed
them all every time. It appears a
very tender tree ; I have grafted it on
others several times ; they have always
frozen in winter, besides common sorts,
as Washington, Princess, Peach, Egg,
Lombard, tfec, have come out all right.
My original tree is still sound, and I
hope to see the fruit this coming year.
I am trying the Shippers Pride — the
trees have done well so far ; will report
on them further on. The Russian
Apple received last spring has grown
fairly, but I do not think they are an
• xtra strong grower.

fay's red CURRANT,

of which we have such splendid draw-
ings in our paper, have surpiissed every
other currant in growth so far, except
the Raby Castle which, I think, will

fill the next place to it as far as yet
tested.

RASPBERRIES.

I only keep a few varieties, and have
held on to the old Red Antwerp for
30 yeai-s, and have been well pleased
with results. Laterly, I have planted
Cuthbert, Philadelphia, Reliance, Vic-
toria, Franconia, and several others.
I can't say that I find any surpassing
the old Antwerp ; the Cuthbert comes
nearest in quality and productiveness,
and stands second in our list. We
gathered by the pailful off a small plot
till we did not want any more, and
then gave pailfuls away. The apple
crop is our principal crop. Small
fruits call for so much time to market
that we cannot attend to it.

APPLES.

I am looking hopefully to the Rus-
sian family for something to turn up ;
some kind of winter fruit that will
save with the Golden Russet, and prove
as prolific and showy as the Olden-
hurgh, that will be a strong and vig-
orous grower to retop our 2nd and 3rd
class fruits. Very many kinds are
appearing to fail both in quality, quan-
tity, and the general appearance be-
coming nubby-spotted, worthless for
shipping— such as the Snow ; it is
played out, constitution gone, while
the tree may be made profitable by
retopping. The Swaar, Fall Pippin,
Yellow Pippin, Jeneting, Benoni, Yel-
low Harvest, and a lot of others too
numerous to mention, and the sooner
the Fruit Growei-s get into something
large and fine the better ! and what
shall it be? Have you, Mr. Editor,
ever seen or grown the famed Non-
pariel, of Nova Scotia ; I would like to
try it in Canada. If any of your
reader's can direct me where I can find
it, it will N3 esteemed a favor.
Yours truly,

J. P. Williams.

\)'2

THE CANADIAN HORT1CULTDRI8T.

GLOXINIAS AND GESNKRIAS.

Tliese beautiful plants are not very
common in Canada, nor do I suppose
they ever will become so in the same
degree as the Geranium and a few
other plants which can be grown with
a measure of success under very varied
conditions, and which T am pleased to
know can be seen in nearly every real
home in our country. I am quite
aware of the fact that neither Glox-
inias nor Gesnerias will ever become
such universal household necessities as
these plants I have just alluded to, but
there is no reason why they should be
so very rare and uncommon as they
are. Well grown, perfect specimens of
either are nearly as beautiful as it is
possible for anything in the floral king-
dom to be. And the Gloxinia in
particular, by its neat, compact form of
growth, freedom from insect pests, and
long continuance of bloom, has, with
the Gesneria, much to recommend it
for the conservatory. After several
failures I have had my efibrts to grow
these beautiful plants crowned with
perfect success. Last season my Glox-
inias were in bloom from May until
September, and sometimes a dozen and
a half of fine blooms on a single plant.

I will give a brief outline of the
treatment required (or what was suc-
cessful with me) in the culture of the
Gloxinia, and this will in the main
answer for both.

In the first place get bulbs (if you
can) which have been keept right ; that
is, which, while resting, have been
kept dry, or nearly so, and at a high
temperature. Pot in soil composed
largely of leaf mould or something
light and porous. Do not fill the pots
within an inch of the top, as later on
the plants may need filling in with
earth to make them firm. Cover the
bulbs about half an inch deep with
soil, and place the pots in a frame or
case in a warm pai-t of the conserva-

tory." It is best to have considerable
bottom heat at first. Water sparingly
till after growth commences. Do not,
if possible, at this stage, or at any
time wet the leaves or subject them to
bright sunlight, as either of these mis-
takes will destroy the velvety beauty
of the foliage. After the plants have
become well established, water can be
given freely. Keep an even but high
temperature and a humid atmosphere
until the plants commence to flower.
The temperature may then be lowered
as it lengthens the blooming season.
After bloom has ceased withhold water
and place the pots in a warm place to
rest the bulbs until again required.
The Gesneria requires the same treat-
ment with the exception that I find it
best to plant several bulbs of some
varieties in one large pot. A pot of
Gesneria zebrina, treated as advised^
will form a great bush nearly three
feet high, and at blooming time will be
spangled with from fifty to a hundred
bright red and orange colored flowers,
which, with the rich velvety purple
and green of the leaves beneath, makes
an object of lare beauty.

I think among Gloxinias that the
drooping kinds are the most beautiful,
although I know it is considered pro-
per to admire the erect kinds the most.
The erect Gloxinia is a somewhat late
introduction, and has been produced, I
believe, by the skill of the florist, and
is considered by some as a striking ex-
ample of the way in which art can
mend nature ; but I cannot help feel-
ing that much of the gj-ace and beauty
of a bell- shaped flower, such as this is,
is lost by turning it stifily upward at a
correct angle of just so many degrees.
I would advise no one to attempt the
culture of either of these plants if not
thoroughly in earnest about it, for an
ill-grown specimen of either is a poor
object, and bears about as much re-
semblance to a well-grown and ])erfect

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

93

one, as a dirty, unkempt arab waif
from the city's slums does to a bright,
clean, and tenderly cared-for little
child. Frederick Mitchell.

Innerkip, Jan. 27th, 1886.

GRAPES.

I have to apologize for not answer-
ing your card of the l-'th December re
Grapes. I have removed from Bramp-
ton. Your card was forwarded in due
course but it got mislaid.

A large variety of grapes are grown
around Brampton with success. My
own experience on clay soil was in
favor of Delaware, Massasoit, and
Clinton. Salem and Burnet mildewed
bad. Brighton looked well but had
not fruited. At the county fall fair I
have seen some splendid bunches of
Eumelan, Merrimack, and Wilder and
Concord. Yours truly,

Wm. Miller.
Oshawa, Jan. 15th, 1886.

STRAWBERRY GROWING.

Mr. Editor, — I have noticed in
some journals lately about large crops
of straw ben-ies. Now, as I am only a
novice in raising them I thought that
r would give you my (experience and
mode of cultivating them as it is the
tii-st time I have ever grown them.

In the latter part of August I
jtlanted one row each, 75 feet long, of
tlie following kinds : — Cumberland
Friumph, Miners, Windsor Chief, Park
Beauty, Vinoland, Jei-sey Queen, Charles
Downing and Sharpless, plants 1 foot
ai)art in rows 2}, feet apart. In the
fall when the plants were well estab-
lished [ manured heavily between the
if)ws with old rotted stable manure.
\fter finest I covered lightly with corn-
.^udks. In the following spring I cut
ofl' all blossoms and runners and kept
the ground well hoed and hand-weeded
tlir<)UL,di()ut. The next year I allowed

them to make narrow matted rows.
The result was 402 quart baskets sold
at 10 cents each, and 90 quarts used
in the family ; 1 6 berries of the Jersey
Queen, Sharpless, and Miners prolific,
tilled several baskets. [How many
baskets did you fill with sixteen ber-
ries?— Ed.] Do you consider this a
good yield 1

Youra truly, J. W M.

Toronto.

GOOSEBERRIES.
I would like to say a word respect-
ing the gooseberry figured in the De-
cember number (I88f»). I believe it
to be the old Crown Bob which I can
remember for more than thirty years,
and I suppose it was an old berry then.
I have grown it here in St. Thomas
for the last five yeai*s and I had berries
last year nearly as large and high
colored as shown in the picture. It
has never mildewed with me, but is
not a strong grower on my soil, though
very productive. 1 find the Downing
ahead of anything I have seen here
yet for flavor, size, productiveness, and
strong vigorous growth. I grow some
five or six varieties all under the same
conditions, get good crops every year,
and have never seen a particle of mil-
dew.

St. Thomaa. JoHN WhitHAM.

PARIS GREEN FOR CODLIN MOTH.
T tried Paris green and carbolic acid
on three apple trees with good results,
giving them three applications in three
weeks, the fii'st just as the blossoms
began to fall. One tree was the Grand
Sultan which had for the last four
years shed all the fruit but a very few
irregular specimens, the ground being
covered till near all had fallen. This
year they were smooth and glossy, the
limV)S almost breaking with fruit, and
not a dozen in all fell before ripe, the
whole crop b«»ing gathered at once. I

94

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

did not see half a dozen apples with
a sign of a worm upon them. The
proportions were half a teaspoonful of
Paris Green, and one tablespoonful of
Carbolic acid to about two-thirds of a
pail of water, and a little lime to save
the leaves. I used it on some plums
twice and the leaves began to die ; I
stopped its use, but did not save all
the plums.
Bloomfield. J. P. Williams.

STYKAX JAPONIC A.
Several years ago, a plant named
Styrax Japonica was introduced from
Japan, Plants were advertised and
sold for two years, since which time
only one firm has had the plant cata-
logued, so far as I am aware. The
reason for this is that the plants never
flowered, though they were represented
as bearing beautiful flowers. Many
complaints followed, and the propaga-
tion of the plant was consequently stop-
ped. Briefly, I wish to rescue the
Styrax Japonica from its undeserved
condemnation and place it where it
rightly belongs, among our fine orna-
mental shrubs. I had one of the first
plants sent out ; and though it did not
flower for several years, I kept on grow-
ing it for the sake of its fine form and
beautiful foliage. I have had my reward.
For two years past it has been covered
with its beautiful pendulous, bell-shaped
flowers, which are as white as pure
snow. The flowers are succeeded by
numerous white, oval berries nearly an
inch long, which hang suspended to the
branches till killed by frost. The
plant is beautiful in flower and in fruit,
and ornamental at all times. It is by
no means the only plant that will not
flower till it has a few years of age.
Any one who is willing to wait can not
fail to be pleased with this plant at its
maturity. Its propagation should be
resumed by somebody. — Rural New-
Yorker.

GRAPE VINES AT SARNIA.
Mr. Peter Wellington reports that
the Moore's Early and Worden were
both killed by summer frost, and that
the Concord, Clinton, and Delaware
are the principal varieties grown in
that part of the country.

BOOKS &c.

Native Grapes of the United States,
an exceedingly valuable and exhaustive
paper, read before the American Hor-
ticultural Society at its last meeting,
by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas.

The National Journal of Carp Cul-
ture is the only journal in the United
States devoted to the subject of carp
culture. It was established in 1885, is
issued monthly, at fifty cents a year.
Those interested in carp culture can
obtain a sample copy free by addressing
L. B. Logan, Akron, Ohio.

The Maryland Farmer, published
at Baltimore, Maryland, by Ezra Whit-
man, at $1.00 a year, is a monthly
magazine of 32 pages, devoted to agri-
culture, ably edited by a veteran agri-
culturist. It begins the year 1886 in
beautiful style, with new cover of hand-
some design, new type and superior
paper, giving it a very attractive ap-
pearance.

North East Europe Fruits are ex-
haustively treated, so far as our know-
ledge of them at present extends, in a
Bulletin of the Iowa Agricultural Col-
ledge just issued. It contains a revised
list of names, with notes on some of the
fruits, trees, and shrubs from Nort East
Europe on trial in the College grounds,
and which have been sent out for trial
during the past six years.

Vick's Floral Guide for 1886 comes
as usual in beautiful and attractive
garb. The cover is a most artistic thing
of itself, the interior a charming pic-
ture book, and the reading matter in-
teresting and instructive, such as the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

95

article on Roses, Keeping Fruit, Onions,
Mushroom growing, the Young Garden-
ers, &c. Send ten cents to James Vick,
Rochester, N.Y., for a copy, and if you
order seeds this will be credited on your
order.

The Gardeners' Monthly edited by
Thomas Meehan, and published by
Charles H. Marot, 814 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, at $2 a year, is a most
welcome visitor. It is always filled
with valuable information on horticul-
tural subjects, and the latest intelligence
of new and interesting plants, fruits, etc.
We advise our friends who want the
best horticultural publication in the
United States to send to the publisher
for a copy.

Alderis Library Magazine is a most
valuable eclectic monthly published by
John B. Alden, New York, at the low
price of $1.50 a year. The January
number contains Premier Gladstone's
celebrated article on the Dawn of
Creation and Worship, and the Fe-
bruary number T. H. Huxley's reply,
entitled The Interpretei-s of Genesis
and the Interpreters of Nature. In the
March number is an article by S.
Laing, on Mr. Gladstone as a theologian.
Other articles on a variety of interest-
ing and live topics of the day fill the
nearly one hundred pages of each
monthly issue. Single numbers can be
had for fifteen cents.

Portfolio of rare and beautiful flowers,
published by James Vick, seedsman,
Rochester, N. Y. is a most beautiful
and artistic production. The work con-
tains six large colored paintings of
natural size on fine heavy paper, twelve
by fourteen inches, executed with the
utmost fidelity to nature, and accom-
panied by descriptions and information
relative to the plants and the several
families to which they belong, corres-
ponding in elegance and interest with
Ie paintings themselves. The Port-
lio makes a rich ornament for the

parlour table, and will be highly prized
by every lover of the beautiful It may
be had by sending . two dollars to the
publisher.

A Literary curiosity is just issued by
John B. Alden, Publisher, New York,
at the low price of 50 cents. It is a
copy of a quaint poem which was pub-
lished nearly half a century before
Milton's Paradise Lost and it is thought
by some that Milton's immortal work
was inspired by this poem. Only two
copies of the original issue are known
to be in existence, one in the British
Museum, the other in the Bodleian
Library. It is entitled "The Glasse
of Time in the first and second Age,
Divinely handled by Thomas Peyton,
of Lincolnes Inne, Gent., 1620." The
present reprint preserves the quaint
spelling, capital letters and italics of
the original.

Poultry for Pleasure and Profit is
the title of a very neat little book of
48 pages by G. M. T. Johnson, Bing-
hampton, N.Y., in which the writer
treats of fowls under three heads : — 1st,
those whose chief merit is their beauty ;
2nd, those whose specialty is for eggs ;
and 3rd, those best calculated for mar-
ket, Chapters are also devoted to the
requisites for making the keeping of
poultry both pleasant and profitable,
how to house and yard them, how to
manage, feed, &c. The price of the
book is only 25 cents. If any of our
readers would like to have a copy we
will send one on receipt of name of one
new subscriber and one dollar. When
sending the name please to state that
you want this book.

British Orchards. — Last year there
were 194,723 acres of fruit orchards in
Great Britain. This year the area has in-
creased to 107,532 acres. Last year 52,975
acres were devoted to market gardens.
There are now 59,473 devoted to this pur-
I pose.

96

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

MY AIN COUNTREE.

I am far from my hame, an I'm weary often whiles
For the longed for hame,- -bringin' all my Father's

welcome smiles ;
I'll ne'er be fu content, until my een do see
The gowden gates o' heaven, and my ain countree.

The earth is fleck'd wi flowers, mony-tinted, fresh, and

gay.
The birdies warble blithely, for my Fatlier made them

sae ;
But these sights an* these souns, will as naething be

to me
When I hear the angels singing in my ain countree.

I've his gude word o' promise, that some gladsome

day, the King
To his ain royal palace, his banished hame will bring ;
Wi sere an wi heart runnin oure we shall see
" The King in his beauty," in our ain countree.

My sins have been mony, an my sorrows have been

sair.
But there they'll never vex me, nor be remembered

mair ;
His bluid has made nie white, his hand shall wipe

mine ee,
Wnen he brings me hame at last to my ain countree.

Like a bairn to its mither, a wee birdie to its nest,
I wad fain be gangin' noo unto my Saviour's breast ;
For he gathers in his bosom, witless, worthless lambs

like me.
An he carries them himsel to his ain countree.

He's faithfu that has promised; He'll surely come

again ;
Hell keep his tryst* wi me ; at what hour I dinna ken ;
But he bids me still to watch, an ready aye to be
To gang at any moment to my ain countree.

So I'm watchin' aye an singia' o' my hame as I wait
For the squndin o" his footsteps, this side the gowden

gate;
God gie his grace to ilk a ane wha listens noo to me.
That we may a' gang in gladness to our ain countree.

• Tryst— appointment.
—London Advertiser.

Keeping Gooseberries. — Dr. Hoskin^
of Vermont, says it is not generally known
that gooseberries can be perfectly pre-
served the year round in common bottles
with pure water. See that no broken or
crushed berries get into the bottle, but all
sound, perfect fruit ; then fill up with cold
spring or well water, ci>rk tight and set
away in a cool cellar. No sealing is ne-
cessary.

Keeping Grapes. — Fussing up grapes
with cotton, sawdust, paper, wax, and so

on, to keep them into the Winter, is all
nonsense. Let the grapes ripen perfectly,
and then carefully pick into shallow boxes,
or baskets, and without changing or dis-
turbing, keep them in the coolest place
yru can command. That's all there is of
it. The cooler the better, so they don't
freeze. — Wine and Fruit Crrower.

New Race of Pinks. — A French
nurseryman, M. Regnier, sends out a new
variety of Pink which originated with him
under the name of Alexandre Regnier.
" This Pink," he says, " forms the com-
mencement of an entirely new and inter-
esting race, the plant being robust and
very harcy. The flowers are numerously
produced, are borne on sturdy, upright
stems, and never burst." The flowers are
sulphur yellow, and the season of bloom-
ing is so long the variety is called a per-
petual bloomer. — Vick's Magazine.

Moore's Diamond Grape. — As tlie
above grape was noticed in your Magazine
last season, and we have one year's more
experience, I will say a little more about
it. Bunch large, berry above medium or
large. A most beautiful golden yellow,
and of the best quality. Vine perfectly
hardy and healthy. It rots, like nearly
all other grapes, but I don't care for that,
as it is worth sacking if every sack cost
two cents, instead of only one-quarter of
a cent. It is about as early as any grape
in my collection of sixty varieties. I look
upon it as one of the coming grapes. —
Samuel Miller, in Vick's Magazine.

White Plume Celery. — Our White
Plume Celery is turning out very desirable
in spite of remarks in these columns to
the contrary. We have two kinds, the
White Plume and the Improved White
Plijme, the latter of which is a trifle more
vigorous than the other, and gives a few
more stalks to the plant The outside
leaves are green or variegated ; the inside
leaves a cream-white. 'J he foliage looks
pretty in glasses or celery " boats," and
the stalks, though not quite so tender as
celery blanched in the usual way, and
perhaps not quite so mild or sweet, are
yet very palatable. It is now a question
whether this self -blanching celery is not
the best for early use. — Rural Neiv-
Yorker.

PRINTED AT THK STEAM PRESS KSTABLISHMKNT OF TIIK COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

The 6

ELMONT.

THE

VOL. IX.]

MAY, 1886.

[No. 5.

THE BELMONT

This new strawberry, an engraving
of which a})pears in this number in-
stead of our usual colored plate, was
raised by Messrs. Warren Heustis &
Son, Belmont, Mass., U.S.A. It has
been tested by them for four years, and
they say that they have found it to do
well on both heavy and light soils.
They also state that the plant is of such
vigorous growth that it can mature an
abundant crop of fruit, which can re-
main a long time on the vines with-
out injury ; they having realized from
10,700 square feet of ground, scarcely
a quarter of an acre, the net sum of

The originators describe the berry as
large, oblong in shape, crimson in color,
very solid and sweet, and of extra
flavor and quality ; also that it colors
evenly and perfectly, having no hard
or unripe spots, and is quite remarkable
as a cjirrier and keeper.

This plant is also said to produce
perfect blossoms, yielding an abundance
of pollen to fertilize the fruit ; and that
the blossoms open so late that they
escaped a frost which occurred at Bel-
mont on the thirtieth of May, 1884,
injuring seriously all other vaiieties.

The Fruit Committee of the Massa-

STKAWBERKY.

chusetts Horticultural Society in the
Report for 1883, state that the special
prize of ten dollars offered by the Hnn-
M. P. Wilder, for the four quarts of
the variety of finest form, color, and
quality, was awarded to this new seed-
ling, which in color and quality re-
sembles the Sharpless, but is much
better in form.

In the Report for 1884, this Com-
mittee states that they visited Mr.
Heustis' grounds on the 21st of June,
and found the vines to be of unusually
strong growth, and bearing an exceed-
ingly heavy crop of fruit ; that the
berries were of large size, good form
and color, quality very much like the
Sharpless, and that the firmness of the
flesh, and exceptionally good keeping
quality of the fruit, must make this a
desirable market variety.

Some of the dealers in fruits in Fa-
neuil Hall, Boston, Mass., say that the
fine flavor, aroma, and color, together
with its splendid keeping qualities,
make the Belmont by far the best they
handle, selling during the past two sea-
sons at least one-third higher than any
other berry of its season. The AnieH-
can Cultivator, published in Boston,
stated last July that the Belmont sold

98

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

in Quincy Market forty per cent, higher
than any other berry offered in the
week.

We are indebted to Messrs. Parker
& Wood, dealers in plants, seeds, agri-
cultural implements and machines, 49
North Market Street, Boston, Mass.,
U.S.A., for the electrotype of this re-
markable new strawberry, which was
engraved from a photograph. We were
not able to procure a colored plate for
our illustration, but in all other respects
this engraving will enable our readers
to form a correct idea of the appearance
of this new strawberry.

QUESTION DRAWER.

HOW TO GROW ONIONS.

Can you inform me in your next
number the best method for raising
good black seed Onions. I am so much
pleased with your magazine I would
not like to be without it.

Lakeside. Oxford Co. Sam. A. Cole.

Reply. — To grow good Onions it is
important that we select suitable soil
and have it properly prepared. The
best soil for Onions is a deep, rich,
loamy, mellow soil, on a dry bottom,
that is well underdrained either natur-
ally or artificially. The Onion will
not thrive in a wet, cold ground. A
sandy loam that is strong enough to
raise good crops of corn or potatoes^
will make an excellent ground for
Onions. In making your selection of
a place for growing them, give pre>
ference to one that has been previously
well fertilized and tilled with hoed
crops and kept clean — such as has
raised a fine crop of beets or carrots.

Prepare the ground by ploughing,
harrowing it thoroughly, breaking up
all lumps, and making it as fine and
light as possible. Manure it with fine,
thoroughly rotted barn-yard manure,
at the rate of twenty-five tons to the
acre, adding all the cleanings of the
pig-stye, poultry-house and earth-closet
that can be spared, and work these
into the surface with the harrow. If
you can procure them, sow the ground
with fine ground bones, at the rate of
a couple of tons to the acre, for Onions
being an exception to the general rule
of rotation in crops, you will find the
bones of great benefit for more than
one year. If you wish to grow enor-
mous specimens that will take the
prizes at our Agricultural Shows, you
will find nothing better than to dress
that part of your Onion field with a
barrel or two of well-rotted onions,
in addition to your other fertilizers.

The surface of the ground should
be finished off as nearly level as pos-
sible, and cleaned entirely of stones,
sticks, or rubbish. If you wish to
grow on a large scale sow the seed
with a machine made for the purpose,
which sows two rows at once, making
the drills, sowing the seed and covering
at one operation. If you only require
enough for home use, you can make j
the drills by hand about a foot or
fifteen inches apart, sowing the seed
thinly, say about an inch apart in the
drill. The drills should be very shal-
low, mere scratches into which to drop
the seed, and the covering is best done
with a light roller run over the ground
lengthwise of the drills.

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTURIBT.

99

In growing from seed it is important
to procure the best American grown
seed. European seed often fails to
form good, solid bulbs. 1^'our pounds
of fresh seed will be enough for an
acre sown with the machine, and if
sown in the garden by hand an ounce
will be enough for four hundred feet
of drill. Sow the seed just as early
as it is possible to get the ground in
good condition ; the earliest sown yield
the heaviest crop.

As soon as the plants can be seen,
the ground should be carefully hoed
between the rows, either with the
wheel hoe or by hand, and the weeds
thoroughly cleaned out. The hoeing
should be shallow, taking care not to
draw the earth up around the plants?
but to keep the ground level and clean^
As soon as the Onions are an inch or
two high they should be thinned out
to two inches apart in the row. They
may be allowed to grow at this dis-
tance for a time, and the young Onions
used for the table or sold, gradually
thinning out to four inches apart. In
field culture, or where there is no mar-
ket for these very young Onions, they
may be at once thinned out to four
inches apart.

Timely and thorough cultivation are
of great importance to the success of
this crop. If the weeds once get the
start they will materially injure the
i;rowth of the plants, if not entirely
ruin the crop ; hence, do not let the
weeds once get a start, but hoe even if
no weeds are visible.

In wet seasons Onions sometimes
grow thick-necked. To remedy this,

gently bend down the tops, late in
July, with the hoe handle, which
checks the growth of top and induces
the formation of better bulbs.

MEALY BUG.

Please tell me a cure for Mealy
Bugs which have got into my little
greenhouse and vinery, and seem hard
to conquer. A. D. Ferrier.

Fergus, Ont.

Eeply. — They are hard to conquer.
If you are troubled with them on plants
in pots, set the pots out of doors when
the weather is suitable, and then with
your force pump turn a strong stream
of water on the plants and wash them
off. Be thorough, and turn the stream
on while one remains. Repeat the
operation in about ten days and until
you conquer. The writer has been
successful by pursuing this plan vigor-
ously. But in your vinery you must
try another plan. Dissolve a pound of
potash in three gallons of water ; warm
it until it is of the temperature of
130°F., and wash your vines thoroughly
with the solution, and repeat the opera-
tion in a week or ten days. If you see
them making their appearance again,
and you should maintain a careful
lookout for them, repeat the washing.
If your grape vines are in a dormant
condition, you may make the solution
stronger by adding half a pound more
of potash.

FRUIT IN BRAUEBRIDGE, MUSKOKA.

The Canada Baldwin I got in 1884
did not take root. The Fay's Currant
in 1885 did well, and the flower seeds
gave us some most beautiful flowei*s.

100

THE CANADIAN BORTICULTURIPT.

My orchard of over six hundred fruit
trees, planted some every year since
'78, is doing first-class. I have over
forty dilTerent kinds of apples, about
seventy-five plum trees, some of them
bearing well, also Early Richmond
cherry. I believe I can grow any
apple tree here that can be grown in
Canada. If you could see them in
bloom in summer you would be sur-
prised. I have the best trees money
can get, and I care for them ; that is
the only secret of success. Straw-
berries and all small fruits do well ;
they cannot be beaten anywhere. I
do not believe I have lost a bud or an
inch of young wood this winter on any
of my trees. I have the Russian
Apricot, Quinces, Russian Mulberry,
Black Walnut, and Butternut; also
ten or twelve kinds of Grapes.

Thomas Collinson.

Please to tell us what kinds of
Grapes, and when they ripen. — Ed.
Can. Hort.

HEATING GREENHOUSES.

Please give your views on heating
greenhouses by steam. Which is best,
cheapest, and safest — hot water or
steam. Grainger & Duke,

Deer Park, Ont.

Reply. — Your Editor has not had
sufficient experience in the use of steam
for heating greenhouses to be able to
express a decided opinion. There
seems to be a conflict of opinion on
this subject among those best com-
petent to decide. The first cost of
boiler and piping for steam heating,
should be less than for heating by hot
water. The cost of fuel for maintain-
ing heat would be about the same in
either case. In large establishments

steam has the advantage of water in
the matter of the speed with which the
temperature can be increased upon a
sudden falling of the thermometer ou^
of doors. In a small greenhouse, where
the distance the water has to travel
is not great, this question of speed
becomes of less importance. In steam
heating the pipes will cool quickly the
moment steam ceases to be generated.
In hot water the circulation will con-
tinue as long as the water in the boiler
is warmer than that in the return
pipes. Steam heating will require
some watchfulness and judgment on
the part of the manager to see that all
is in perfect working order continually.
The conclusion on the whole is this, we
would heat a small private greenhouse
with hot water, as at present advised,
but a large commercial establishment,
if we were now starting one, with steam.

THE WINDSOR BEAN.

I shall be glad if you could, through
the magazine, give any hints as to
growing the broad or Windsor Bean.
I and others in my household are very
fond of it, but have not had much
success with it out here. New Zealand
Spinach too, which in England
found very profitable and nice, I am
unable as yet to get to grow. Perhaps
the seed of ihe latter may have been
at fault. A.

Jtamilton, Ont.

Reply. — Our soil being a sandy
loam we have always found some diffi-
culty with these beans, especially if
the season was hot and dry. They
flourish best in a rich clay loam, or
even a heavy clay soil that has been

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

101

well supplied with fertilizers. They
should be planted as early as possible
after the ground is in working order
in the spring. They may be planted
in drills about three feet apart, and
three inches apart in the drill. "When
the lower pods on the stalk are set,
pinch off the top to insure the filling
of the pods. We suggest that in order
to hasten their growth in the early
part of the season, so that they may
not suffer when the hot weather comes
on, you sprinkle a little nitrate of soda
on the ground just before a rain, on
each side of thti drill, after the plants
have appeared. You probably can
procure it from John A. Bruce & Co.,
Hamilton; if not, you can get it of
Brodie & Harvie, 10 Bleury Street,
Montreal, in a bag of about 280 lbs.,
at 3J cents per lb. You will find it a
very useful manure to use in the early
spring to hasten the growth of early
vegetables before the weather is warm
enough to supply nitrates from stable
manures.

You will probably find no difiiculty
with New Zealand Spinach in good
rich soil — preferably a light soil.

is a variety of Acer dasycarpum, and
grows freely when budded on seedlings
of the Silver Maple.

PROPAGATING CUT-LEAVED MAl'LE.

What is the mode of propagating the
cut-leaved maples described in the last
volume of the Canadian Horticidturist.
I have seen some of them growing
beautifully near Fredericton. N. B.

Sheffield Academy, Sunbury Co., N.B.

Reply. — Nurserymen propagate the
cut-leaved maples by budding them on
seedling maples of the same species.
For instance, Weir's Cut-leaved Maple

REPORTS ON PLANTS RECEIVED.

It seems to me useless to report on
plants sent out by the Association until
they have had time to mature, so that
we can give, not expectations, but
facts. I have acted on this principle.

In apples I got the Canada and the
Wealthy. Both have been winter
killed, and are sprouting from the
roots.

The Bartlett pear flourished well the
first two seasons, but died the third of
summer blight. I may sa^- I have
tried several kinds of pears, but all
died at the age of blossoming, when I
found the wood, trunk and branches
had rotted from the centre, leaving
only a very thin shell of green wood
immediately under the bark.

My Glass seedling plum is now a
large, beautiful, and apparently healthy
tree ; but it is a shy bearer. Two and
three years ago it had a thin crop of
blossoms, and only from 20 to 30 plums
each year. Last season it had a full
crop of blossoms, but not more than 60
or 70 plums.

The Diadem raspberry (sent out, I
believe, in mistake for some other
kind,) has done well with me. Last
year it continued bearing till the frost
came. The berry looks a little coarse
from the large size of the facets ; but
it is of large size, bright red colour,
juicy and well flavoured.

In gi-apes, Moore's Early, received in
1882, has grown well. It bore a few
in 1884, and a fair crop in 1885.
Bunches and ben*ies about the same
size as Champion, ripens about the
same time, and is slightly better in
quality. Worden, received in 1883,
bore last season. It closely resembles
Moore's, but is a little better in quajity

102

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

and a shade later in ripening. The
Burnet has proved a fair grower, not
too rampant, a moderate bearer, bunches
and berry resembling the Isabella, but
not quite so large, and liable to be in-
terspersed with a few small, seedless
berries. Its time of ripening is about
the same as the Concord, and when
fully ripe its flavour is delicious. The
Prentiss, received in 1884, grew well
that season, but was found dead next
spring.

These are all received from the As-
sociation that I have to report on. I
would only add that it is useless to
plant grapes here that do not ripen
with or before the Concord. They
have all to be covered in winter.

If the correspondents of your excel-
lent journal would be a little more
particular in indicating their locality,
it would add much to the usefulness of
their experiences. For my own part,
I have spent a good deal of money,
time and labor in experimenting with
apples, plums and grapes highly recom-
mended in south-western Ontario,
which are utterly worthless here.

HoBERT Lees.

Wildwood, near Ottawa City.

THE WEIGELA.

Referring to a note in your February
number, the Weigela has grown and
blossomed with me six or seven years
without winter protection. R. Lees.

Wildwood, near Ottawa City.

The Horticulturist is a very welcome
visitor here, and is always improving.

THE BURNET GRAPE, ETC.

As Mr. S. P. Morse gives some very
good advice to the readers of your pa-
per to send their experiences, also
their successes and failures in all the
different branches of horticulture, I
will try in my humble way to contri-
bute my mite, in the hope that others
m^y do the same.

The Burnet grape has only had a
few grapes on it once, as it kills down
badly, but I shifted it to a more shel-
tered place last year, so I am in hopes
it will do a little better. Moore's
Early has not done very well, although
it has not had a very good chance The
Ontario apple has done very well, and
I am well pleased with the fruit. The
original tree has been in bearing three
years; besides, several grafts which I
put on a Talman Sweet have been
bearing two or three years. Fay's Pro-
lific currant made good growth last
season. The currant borer is pretty
bad here, having killed a good many of
our plants. We have had no reason to
complain of the productiveness of most
of the old varieties of currants, of
which we have the common red and
white, white grape and red cherry,
which we think is very sour. We also
have the Black Naples currant, which
did middling so long as it got good
care. Gooseberries do splendidly here
when properly attended to, and the
worms kept off with hellebore. Hough-
ton's seedling has been very productive.
We have two or three English varie-
ties ; also the Downing, which does
very well. Peaches are a failure, ex-
cept on very dry land, and sheltered.
The common early cherry does very
well, but if we want to get many we
will have to grow enough for the birds
and ourselves too. Samuel Carr.

Sarnia.

APPLES, PLUMS, GRALES, ETC.

I have never yet sent you any report
of my plants received from the Associ-
ation, but will endeavour to do so now.
My first were a Wagner apple and Mc-
Laughlin plum. Through neglect the
apple died last year, the boi-er having
girdled it just at the collar, and being
engaged in other work I neglected it.
The plum is yet alive, and I esteem it
very highly. I have some Wagners

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

103

grafted, and they are splendid apples.
I have some in my cellar to-day (March
1 1th), and they are keeping good. The
Ontario apple is doing well now, but it
is subject to dead spots on the bark.
The Salem grape was dead when I got
it, but I have one that I bought for
Salem that in the last ten years has
never borne a good bunch of fruit, and
I have now cut it down. The Saunders
raspberry has done splendidly, and I
haye never yet seen a raspberry carry
such an immense crop of fruit as mine
did last year ; they were the wonder of
all who saw them. The Worden grape
was doing well, but I had a man in my
garden, a new importation, and he
thought it was a very thrifty weed, and
the hoe put an end to its existence.
The Downing gooseberry does well
here, but is not quite as prolific as the
Smith's Improved. The Prentiss grape
I got two years ago is making a splen-
did vine, and I look for fruit this year.
The Wealthy apple is also doing well.
The dahlias I got last year made a
splendid root, and I shall hope for
flowers this year.

I will just add that the pears I got
some years ago have all died by blight,
and so have many others that I have
planted, so I have given up in despair.
Fruit here last year was a good crop.

George Ottaway.
Barrie, Simcoe Co.

RASPBERRIES, &C.

For three years I have been a sub-
scriber to the Horticulturist, and have
learned to prize it highly. Some of
the papers piiblished during the past
year about strawberries, grapes, rasp-
berries, etc., are alone worth many
times the price of the magazine. The
lleport also contains an invaluable
fund of information. While I espe-
< ially prize articles written by our vet-
eran fruit growers, such as Little,
Robinson, Smith, Spotten, Hilborn,

Beall and youi-self, yet I am almost
as much delighted and profited by the
information given to and by our ama-
teur horticulturists.

In the spring of 1883 I received the
Hansell raspberry. It made a good
growth, and has fruited the past two
seasons. It passed through the winter
of 1885 very well ; killed back a littlfc,
but not enough to hurt. In fruiting
I find it a week later than the Turner,
about the same size, but light coloured,
making it difficult to know when it is
fully ripe ; besides, it is covered with
a light bloom resembling a mildew,
which spoils the aj)pearance. I also
find the flavor very poor. I don't like
it and can't recommend it. The Tur-
ner, Herstine and Cuthbert are very
much superior, and cover the season
from early till late among the red to
my satisfaction.

I should like to say a word in favour
of Shafier's Colossal, which I consider
the best canning berry grown. Com-
bining to a remarkable degree the
habit of growth of both red and black,
it also unites the qualities of those
kinds in the fruit, and for size is
equalled only by the Red Antwerp.
The maroon colour of the berry is its
weakest point before canning, but
afterwards it gives the fruit a very
rich, deep colour. Another excellent
feature is that it never throws up
suckers, but propagates from the tips
like the black. Every one who saw
the yield upon my bushes last season
was astonished. To all your readers
who want a profitable raspberry for
home use, I would say, try Shaffer's ;
you can't help but like it.

In 1884 I received the Prentiss
grape. It is making a fair growth.
In 1885 I received the Hardy Catalpa
and a Russian apple tree. My Catalpa
made a wonderful growth, but as it
was still growing and putting out new
leaves when winter came, I fear it will

104

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

kill back considerably. The apple tree
grew about five inches, and promises to
do well.

Your correspondents in the March
number give a somewhat flattering tes-
timony regarding the Ben Davis apple,
but any one who has once bought them
for his own use will not be apt to do
so again. They are too much like balls
of sole leather, tough and tasteless. As
long as buyers are guided by appear-
ance instead of quality they will buy
Ben Davis, but no longer ; still it may
pay the grower for a few years longer.
E,. B. Thornton.

Orono, Durham Co.

WHAT THE PEOPLE SAY.
STRAWBERRIES FOR THE FAMILY.

BY T. C. ROBINSON, OWEN SOUND.

The requirements of a family fruit
are very different from those essential
to a market variety. The firmness
which implies safe transportation long
distances is entirely unnecessary in a
berry that is to be eaten directly from
the vine, or that appears on the table
within an hour after the little fingers
have scared it from its leafy hiding-
place. And although size and beauty
are very desirable, they do not rank
essential, as in the samples on the
huckster's stands, which are successes
or failures mainly according to the de-
gree of anticipation excited in the great
public by their appearance.

The qualities, then, to be sought in
a fruit for the household are :

1st. Quantity.

2nd. Quality.

3rd. Size.

4th. Beauty.

5th. Earliness in one and lateness
in another, so as to cover the entire
season.

Some persons, where there are not
many children, would put quality first
and quantity fourth; but probably

most people would rate u family fruit
according to the foregoing scale of
values.

According to this estimate, after
years of careful testing, I consider the
following varieties of special value for
family use :

Crescent. — I put this first because of
its earliness. It is the hardiest in
plant that I am acquainted with, and
the crop is simply enormous. With
me it usually gives two pickings in ad-
vance of Wilson, and two after Wilson
is done, and it gives equal pickings with
Wilson all through the Wilson's sea-
son. It will bear on any soil where
the Wilson will, and many soils where
Wilson will not, and the berries are as
large, more handsome, not as rich, but
sweeter, and the blossoms will stand
frosts which kill the Wilson's blos-
soms. Finally, it seems quite as good
as Wilson when cooked; hence for
home use I consider it leaves no room
whatever for the grand old Wilson in
the family garden.

About a week after the Crescent
comes in we begin to pick ripe berries
from the

Bidwell. — With me this is the best
family berry that I have well tested.
Year after year it comes to the front
with its immense loads of beautiful
fruit. The berries are much sweeter
and larger than Wilson or Crescent,
and I find the crop larger also when
runners are kept off*. The plant is
about the largest and healthiest that I
know of. Set in moderately rich soil,
1 6 inches apart in the rows, and rows '
30 inches apart, and runners kept off"
so that no young plant can take root,
the rich, tall, luxuriant foliage will
cover nearly the whole surface of the
ground. Many of the berries thus
grown will measure from two inclies to
two-and-a-half inches in length, the
shape being long conical.

Seneca Queen ripens about the same

THE CANADIAN H0ETI0ULTUEI8T.

105

time as Bid well, lasts nearly as long,
and tastes about as good. It does not
bear quite so wefl as Bidwell with me,
but I find that it does better than Bid-
well with some of my friends. In
truth it seems to be adapted to a wider
range of soils than Bidwell ; so that if
a person had rich, moist soil, about half
sand and half clay, I would recommend
Bidwell first, but if his soil happened
to be very light sand, or stiff clay, or
very loose and gravelly, I would say
Seneca Queen. In appearance, both of
plant and berry, these varieties are
very unlike, the Bid well's leaves
spreading out wide, especially the first
year, and the fruit being long and
pointed, while the leaves of the Seneca
Queen stand very erect, and the large,
flattened fruit ripens all over at once,
with nothing of the white tip so often
seen in the Bidwell. On equally good
soil I think the berries of Seneca Queen
average rather larger than Bidwell or
even Sharpless, and the colour is pecu-
liarly attractive.

Towards the end of the strawberry
season we find in its prime the royal

Sharpless. — It cannot compare in
productiveness with any of the others
just described ; but it is so large and
delicious and late, that no collection
would seem complete without it. I
have not seen any other variety yet
which will give so large specimens. I
weighed one from my grounds that
went an ounce and a half, and I have
no doubt that larger berries could easily
be raised. The plant is very large and
healthy, and with plenty of manure and
runners cut off, it will give fine crops.
Manchester ripens about with Sharp-
less. Some specimens are nearly as
large as the largest Sharpless, and the
average was larger with me last sum-
mer. The berry is remarkably smooth,
uniform and handsome, the crop fully
as large, I think, as Bidwell — larger
than that of any other I have men-

tioned— and the quality about as good
as Bidwell or Sharpless. This fine
variety should never be left out ; but
as the blossoms are imperfect it should
have every fifth row planted with
Sharpless or some other late flowering
and perfect-blossomed kind, or many of
the blossoms will fail to produce fruit.

Most of these varieties are excellent
for market — especially for a near mar-
ket— but as I have aimed to speak of
varieties for home use, I have passed
by the market value in describing each.

There are other varieties, such as
Parry, Early Canada, Atlantic, etc.,
that are coming rapidly to the front in
value for home use.

But with these four varieties — say
100 plants of each — a family of five
could be supplied with delicious straw-
berries through the tii-st four weeks of
the time when fruit is most needed,
with some to preserve for winter.

Any good nurseryman should supply
the plants for three or four dollars — a
moderate cost for such a luxury — for
an equal amount of fruit from the gro-
cer's would cost $10 at least, and not
taste half as good.

THE DOUBLE POPPY.
The best plant at present known for
consolidating, by the interlacing of its
roots, the loose soil of a newly made
embankment is, according to M. Cam-
bier, of the French Railway Service,
the Double Poppy. While the usual
grasses and clovers need several months
for the development of their compara-
tively feeble roots, the Double Poppy
germinates in a few days, and in two
weeks grows enough to give protection
to the slope, while at the end of three
or four months, the roots, which are
ten or twelve inches long, are found to
have interlaced so as to retain the
earth far more firmly than those of any
grass or gmin. Though the plant is an
annual, it sows itself after the first

106

THE CANADIAN H0ETICDLTURI8T.

year, and with a little care the bank is
always in good condition.

Eoyston Park, Feb. 24. NATURE.

POTATOE CULTURE.

Potatoes may be grown in any kind
of soil, but to grow them of good qual-
ity requires land of a sandy nature,
well drained. To grow them for early
market plant the sets in a hot-bed close
together about ten days before setting
them out in the field, so that they may
have a growth of an inch or so in
length. Some start them in boxes or
barrels in a kitchen or warm room, but
that is only for small quantities. Have
the land ploughed the fall before, and
in the spring work it well with the
grubber or pulverizing harrow. Make
the drills thirty inches apart. Closer
than that you will not have enough of
earth to fill them up properly, and
there will be more small ones and a
great many sun-burnt growing out of
the ground. Put one-seventh cart load
of rotten manure to a drill of three
acres in length. Plant the sets care-
fully therein, about ten inches apart,
covering them gently with a few inches
of earth with the hand or feet, taking
care not to break off the sprouts ; then
apply about fifteen pounds of fertilizer
(containing a good percentage of potash )
to each drill, scattering it over the sets.
The sets being slightly covered with
earth protects them from the fertilizer,
as it is concentrated, and might injure
the sprouts. Finish covering with the
plough. By using this fertilizer I have
had potatoes fit for market ten days
before those where I used no fertilizer.
In a few days the potatoes will be
through the ground. Keep the weeds
down by the use of the hoe and culti-
vator. When the plants are long
enough they may be moulded up with
the plough. By this means of cultiva-
tion we have had potatoes on our mar-

ket by the end of June, bringing from
two to four dollars per bushel.

For general crop plough in the man-
iire in the fall, about twenty-five one-
horse loads to the acre, for manure in
the drill, especially cow manure, tends
to grow scabby potatoes. Draw drills
as for early potatoes, and use fertilizer
also. Never let the drills be drawn a
long time before planting and covering,
for if the drills remain a day or two in
the hot sun the potatoes will get scald-
ed and never come up. It is a good
thing to pass the roller over the drills ;
it keeps the land moist. When the
potatoes are on the point of coming up,
harrow the drills down with the saddle
harrow or a Scotch harrow turned up-
side down. To kill the weeds use the
hoe and cultivator, &c., the same as for
early potatoes. We have grown 450
bushels to the acre cultivated in this
way. For early potatoes I like the
Early Vermont the best. It was a
week earlier than the Beauty of He-
bron and Early Rose. The Hebron is
a popular market variety, but rots
easier than the other two. I raised
200 bushels of Early Maine from 7J
bushels of seed. They resemble the
Early Vermont. I have not tested
them for earliness together. Old pas-
ture land and clover ploughed in will
give the largest yield of potatoes.
Change your seed every year, if possi-
ble from land different from your own.

M. G.

THE NEW DUTIES ON BERRIES.

By the change recently made in the
tariff of customs on berries, the duties
on a crate containing 54 baskets is con-
siderably increased. The old duty was
two cents on a basket, which was $1.08.
on the crate. The duty is now four
cents per pound, weight of package to
be included. A crate containing 54
baskets will weigh from 90 to 100 lbs.,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

107

which will make the duty from $3.60 to
$4 on each crate.

HOW TO PRESERVE FRUIT FROM
DECAY.

At a meeting of the Montreal Horti-
cultural Society, held in February last,
Mr. J. Fraser Torrance read a paper,
which is published in the Family Her-
ald and Weekly Star, in which he gives
an account of some very interesting ex-
periments in the matter of keeping
grapes and apples in a fresh state, by
packing them in cases so that they shall
be entirely surrounded with infusorial
earth.

We may state, by way of explana-
tion, that infusorial earth is composed
of an innumerable quantity of very mi-
nute shells. A cubic inch will contain
more than a million of these tiny shells,
and as each of these holds within its
cavity a particle of imprisoned air, it
follows that a body of this infusorial
earth, although not exceeding an inch
in thickness, becomes an excellent non-
conductor. For this reason it is ex-
tensively used as a covering for steam
pipes to i)revent the loss of heat.

Mr. Torrance conceives that the con-
ditions essential to the preservation of
vegetable substances from decay are the
maintenance of an uniform degree both
of temperature and moisture ; that it is
of quite secondary importance what
that degree, either of temperature or
moisture may be, so long as it be main-
tained without change.

Acting upon this theory, he has con-
structed a double packing case, so made
that there shall be a space of not less
than one inch between the outer and
inner case on all six sides, which space
is packed full of infusorial earth. The
fruit is tirst wrapped in manilla paper
and j)acked in the inner case, the inter-
stices between the fruit filled with infu-
sorial earth as the packing proceeds.
When the case is tilled the surface is

covered with the earth, so that the lid
may close firmly on the contents, suffi-
cient to prevent any movement of the
fruit in handling the case. This lid is
then covered with the earth until the
outer case is full, when the lid of that
is closod and securely fastened. By this
means there can no change take place
in the air immediately surrounding the
fruit, and consequently there can be no
evaporation of its juices; while the tem-
perature, by reason of the non-conduct-
ing character of the infusorial earth, is
also maintained without change.

Mr. Torrance also states that this
earth is absolutely tasteless, and in con-
firmation exhibited to the meeting ap-
ples that had been packed for four
months in direct contact ^\ ith the earth,
and yet retained fully their character-
istic flavor as when first plucked from
the tree. Further than this, Mr. Chas.
Gibb, of Abbottsford, Que., had packed
some fresh butter directly in this earth
for ten days, and on testing it could not
detect the slightest change in flavor.
About the end of September last Mr.
Torrance sent to Mr. and Mrs. Jack, of
Chateauguay Basin, some of these pack-
ing cases, together with a supply of the
earth, in which they packed a variety
of grapes, Agawam, Concord, Delaware,
Duchess, Eumelan, and Niagara, also
some Alexander and Fameuse apples.
By chance the cases containing this
fruit were left in an open shed until the
frost had become so severe that the mer-
cury fell to zero, but the fruit was un-
injured, and Mr. Torrance exhibited to
the meeting some of these grapes and
apples in a perfectly sound and fresh
condition.

The size of case recommended by Mr.
Torrance is one not exceeding in ca-
pacity a bushel and a half, ten of which
would be equal to one ton measurement.
For small or delicate fruits he substi-
tutes four trays for the interior case,
placed one above the other, and held

108

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

securely in the centre of the exterior
case by cleats.

The cost of case and packing material
he states to be as follows : the double
case, forty-five cents; the infusorial
earth, laid down in Montreal in bags or
one hundred pounds costing one dollar
and a half per bag, each bag being suf-
ficent for three cases, would cost fifty
cents, and a quire of large manilla paper
at a dollar and a half a ream would
cost seven and a half cents, thus mak-
ing the total cost one dollar and two
and a half cents per case.

He thinks that this system of pre-
serving fruit in a fresh state promises
to be of value to the fruit grower who
wishes to keep extra choice fruit for the
holiday trade and market it in the cities
and towns in severe frosty weather,
inasmuch as there will be no danger
of it being injured by the frost during
transportation. For such purpose the
cases could be used an indefinite num-
ber of times, year after year. Further,
that it promises to be of great value for
the export of choice fruit of such a
quality that the price to be obtained
would be sufficient to pay for the pack-
age as well as the freight and charges
and leave a satisfactory margin of pro-
fit, such as would be the case with
tomatoes, nutmeg-melons, peaches, and
very choice pears. Inasmuch as these
cases can be stowed in the hold of the
vessel without fear of injury to the
fruit, they can be shipped at lower rates
for freight than fruit in ventilated
cases, which must always be carried
between decks. Also it may be that
something can be obtained for the empty
packing cases in England, where such
articles are always in demand, and like-
wise that the infusorial earth could be
sold for somewhat near the cost, as it is
quoted in the British markets at from
about twenty to thirty dollars per ton.

In conclusion, Mr. Torrance calls at-
tention to the facilities herein presented

for the safe shipment of our choice and
even perishable fruits next summer to
the Colonial Exhibition, whereby a
complete succession can be kept up dur-
ing the fruit season, and the fruit arrive
in a perfectly fresh condition ; and as
the fruit can be kept in these cases for
a considerable time without fear of de-
cay, it can be allowed to remain stored
in the cases until wanted to be placed
on exhibition.

It is certainly to be hoped that the
gentlemen having the colonial fruit ex-
hibition in charge will make a thorough
investigation of this matter, and fully
test the value of this method of preserv-
ing and transporting fruit in the fresh
state. Should it prove to be what Mr.
Torrance expects, it will open up such
a market for some of our finer fruits and
vegetables as will give a new impulse to
their cultivation, and so increase the
volume of our transatlantic trade.

PARIS GREEN FOR CUROULIO.

By permission of Wm, Boy, Esq.,
Royston Park, Owen Sound, to whom
the letter was addressed, we publish
the following communication : —

My Dear Sir, — In conversation on
the train with Senator Plumb, he told
me that the past two years he has
successfully raised the most delicate
and finest fiavored fruit, when for
fifteen years before they have been
destroyed by curculio, and moths, and
other insects.

He explains the reason by appli-
cation of Paris Green to the trees in
the following manner : — Plums ; after
the blossom falls and fruit appears, he
mixes, say a dessert spoonful of Paris
Green in a good full pail of water, and
with a large garden syringe squirts the
water on the fruit, leaves and branches
of the trees. This he repeats at in-
tervals of four or five days or more,
according to the nature of the weather,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

109

for three or four times. He. says the
curculio will not go near the Paris
Green, and consequently the fruit will
be saved from the insect.

The same treatment will save the'
most delicate apples from being pierced
by insects that destroy so many of
them, and other fruit in the same
manner.

And then after the insect season is
past, there is plenty of time for rain to
wash all the Paris Green off the fruit.
The quantity is so small that in any
case it would do no harm, as one
dessert spoonful will do several trees.

I thought the experiment was worth
knowing. With kindest wishes, I
have the honor to be,

Yours faithfuUy, B. Allen.

THE CULTIVATION OF HOPS.

Dear Sir, — Will you please let me
know through your valuable Horticul-
turist something on the plantingand cul-
tivation of hops] I have a piece of
very heavy clay land, sloping towards
the west. Would it be suitable for
hops ] How are they propagated ?
What will it cost per acre for plants ]
How are they set out and trained 1,
What kind of manure is best] The
soil is strong.

Yours etc.,

W. H. Hodges.

Ops, March, 4th., 1886.

LOCATION.

In the selection of a site for the hop-
yard it is very important that one be
chosen where there is a free circulation
of air and full exposure to the sun.
Low and damp locations are to be
avoided, for the reason that the hop-vine
is subject to be attacked by a vegetable
fungus known as tJie mould, which
flourishes in wet seasons and damp
locations. Dryness checks the growth
of this fungus, hence the importance of
a free circulation of air and sunlight.

SOIL.

As the roots of the hop- vine are
liable to suffer from drought it is im-
portant that there be a good depth of
soil, and that it be abundantly supplied
with vegetable matter. Hence in pre-
paring the ground, it should be deeply
andthorougly sub-soil ploughed. Again,
the hop plant is very sensitive to super-
abundance of water in the ground, so
that in soils not naturally underdrained
it will be necessary to thoroughly
underdrain the hop-yard. Stronir, rich
land, having a very considerable depth
of soil and thoroughly drained, is an
essential requisite to success.

PLANTING.

The usual distance in this country
is seven feet apart each way, which
gives 888 hills to the acre. One strong
healthy plant is sufficient to each hill,
but planters usually set two or three to
guard against failures from any cause.
The roots should be spread out, covered
with fine mould, ])ressed fijmly about
them. In England the hills are raised,
but in our climate level culture is the
rule. As the hop is dioecious it is
necessary to have a number of male
plants distributed through the plant-
ation Some planters say that half a
dozen to the acre is sufficient, others
set three times that number. The best
plants are those that have been bedded
in the previous spring and made a
season's growth.

CULTIVATION.

The hops will require to be su})plied
with poles, two to the hill, tapered to a
point at the bottom, and about twenty
feet in length. These can be thrust
into holes made with a crowbar a foot
apart and with the tops inclined from
each other. Two shoots may be trained
to each pole, fastening them with woollen
yarn as they require, because of its
elasticity. The ground will requii-e to
bo kept perfectly clean and mellow with

no

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

cultivator and hoe during all the grow-
ing season. The hop-vine is an exhaus-
tive feeder, requiring to be abundantly
supplied with potash, lime, and sul-
phuric and phoshoric acids. Gypsum,
(sulphate of lime,) Quick-lime, and
hard-wood ashes should be spread on
the surface and harrowed or cultivated
in. Superphosphate at the rate of a
hundred pounds to the acre has been
used in England with beneficial effect,
when the plants required to be stimu-
lated into rapid growth. Barnyard
manure must be supplied with liberal
hand, and the higher the stock are fed
the better will be the manure.

It is of the utmost importance that
every operation connected with the cul-
tivation of hops be performed promptly
at the proper time, from the time of
setting the poles until the crop is har-
vested.

PROPAGATION.

Plants are raised by cutting off the
shoots of the preceding year and plant-
ing them early in the spring in beds of
rich soil, where they are kept clean and
well cultivated during the summer.

COST OF PLANTS.

We are not able to answer this part
of the inquiry, and request any of our
readers who have had experience on
this point to communicate it through
the columns of the Canadian Horticul-
turist. Those who have sets to sell
might do wf'll to advertize them.

FRUIT AT OWEN SOUND.

The fruit crop in the immediate vi-
cinity of Owen Sound was in some
respects very good the past season, and
in others almost a total failure. Apples,
pears and plums were either a very
small crop or no crop, while straw-
berries, raspberries, and currants were
very good. Gooseberries were not so
abundant. But we have had perhaps
the best crop of grapes that has been

grown here for some years. We very
seldom fail to raise good crops of the
early varieties of grapes here. The
four kinds that seem to be favourites
here are Moore's Early and Worden for
the best two blacks, and Lindley and
Brighton for red. We have not fruited
anything in the green grape line that has
proved a success yet.

Thomas Brownlie.

Note by the Editor. — Will Mr.
Brownlie do our readers the favor to
inform them, through the Canadian
Horticulturist, what varieties of white
or green grapes have been tried at Owen
Sound, so that those who reside in that
vicinity may be saved the dissappoint-
ment and expense consequent upon
planting varieties known by trial not to
succeed.

SHAKKSPEARE AND BERRIES.

FRUIT AND SHADE.

" The strawberry grows underneath the nettle,
And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best,
Neighbored by fruit of baser quality."

Shakespeare, Henry V., 1. 1. 60.

This circumstance so graphically no-
ted by the great dramatist as being
true in his day, has also been noticed
by moderns as still remarkably true in
isolated cases. But this will not by
any means do for a principle of action.
The practical facts underlying succesful
fruit culture in any times, either ancient
or modern, are not exactly in accord
with this statement.

Neither would it be either wise or
prudent to attempt to verify the deep
truthfulness of these statements by
planting choice Daniel Boons, Man-
chesters, or James Vicks, or even Jewels
in the midst of untilled negligence, or
of rampant choking nettles. Neither
is it found in modern practice that the
finest results are obtained by thrusting
in a plant here and there, even of the

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTUKI8T.

ill

best strains, amongst a numerous and
choking progeny of baser sorts.

THE WORLD MOVES

and berry growing and successful fruit
culture is also found in practice to be
moving with it, and that onward.

The only sure and praiseworthy
course is to plant only the best samples
of the best sorts of fruit plants, and
give them the best attention and the
best open air culture possible. Allow
no intruding or overshading plants to
occupy even the neighboring soil, or
trespass upon the fertility of the
ground, or to deprive them of that life-
giving and colour inspiring sunshine
that all living things are found to
need. It will be found by this treat-
ment that not only will the " whole-
some berries thrive and ripen best,"
but they will be in the highest state of
))Ossible perfection. Oh, to think of
fields and acres of these ! Why, it
seems the sight never dazzled the eyes
of our great teacher, nor the thought
ever glanced across his imagination.
Although

THE STRAWBERRY

will perhaps bear a moderate amount
of shade, and do better than any of
our other domestic fruits, yet it is
found that for best results in product,
plenty of room for the plants, good
cultivation, and plenty of fresh air and
sunshine are absolutely necessary. Let
these remarks apply in all their force
to tl)ose who are

ECONOMIZING TOO CLOSELY

ill their management of these fine
fruits. To those who, to save space,
plant their grounds with the larger
lud more spreading fruit trees, and in
iiiongst these plant smaller fruits, as
^'ra])es, gooseberries, currants, etc., and
111 amongst these again, just to fill up
you know, thrust in a few choice straw-
l»erries, or a starting of newest and
I "est raspberries. This practice, though

it may be economical of ground, is not

by any means profitable, and the

planter will be the loser by the attempt.

Arkona, March 10, 1886. B. GoTT.

WHITE GRAPES AT CLAKENCEVILLE,
QUEBEC.

In compliance with your request, I
will give your readers last season's re-
sults in grape culture here, but as the
popular mind is at present directed
towards white varieties, my notes must
be confined alone to the latest introduc-
tions in these.

Duchess has fruited here for three
years, and its value could not be fairly
estimated till last season, when it
turned out highly satisfactory, and pro-
duced as fine fruit as was ever sent to
Canada by its introducer, Mr. Cay wood,
for exhibition. Very few new grapes
now produced are any better than those
we have long had in cultivation, and
only tend to swell our list beyond due
proportions ; but Duchess has come to
fill a place for a fair-sized grape of su-
perior quality and showy appearance.

Masons SeeAling will be ])erhaps new
to all your readers. Its parentage is
Concord, to which it bears resemblance
in vigor, wealth of foliage and produc-
tiveness ; is fully as large in berry, su-
perior in quality, ripens earlier, comes
into bearing earlier, and seems to be
destined to soon take the place of Mar-
tha. It hails from Mascontal, Illinois,
and if it continues to do as well will be
a decided acquisition.

Mr. Rickett's new discoveries in
white varieties places his name fore-
most as a benefactor in fruit culture.
His El Dorado, while equal to Concord,
one of its parents, in vigor, does not
partake of the feeble foliage of Allen's
Hybrid, its other parent, but imparts
its high quality to the fruit. The berry
is large, with a beautiful bloom, ripens
early, and thus far is very promising.

112

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTUEI8T.

His Lady Washington, a similar cross,
runs to the other extreme as to time of
ripening. Where frost holds off into
October it may ripen, and its mammoth
clusters can only be produced by proper
care. His Naomi in foliage shows the
weakness of its Muscat parentage late
in the season, and its fruit is retarded
in ripening thereby. In anticipation
of this it is necessary to thin it out,
with this calculation, early in the sea-
son. It is a long jointed strong grower,
and for fine double-shouldered, compact,
large clusters of most beautiful color it
transcends any out-door grape that I
know of. His Golden Gem ripens early,
but its berry is as yet quite too small
to be of much value. This may be
remedied in a measure by liberal thin-
ning out of clusters. It is very pro-
ductive, in habit short-jointed, with
delicate small leaf. Without further
trial it would be unfair to decide against
a grape Mr. Ricketts recommends, and
it may yet prove a valuable variety. I
have fruited a grape he calls Undine,
which looks at present favorable, being
of large berry, but late; also his No.
346, a long, tapering bunch, of small
berry, probably a cross with a Vitis
-i:Estivalis species, which may improve
after a time. Erapire State has not
fruited here yet. There is good evi-
dence to lead us to view this grape as
the crowning success of Mr. Ricketts'
labors. Early in September last we
were favored with specimens of its fruit
from its present proprietors, Pratt
Bros,, of Rochester, N.Y., though T
first saw it in Boston in lb^81 at the
exhibition and session of the American
Pomological Society. Its vigor and
health of foliage are remarkable, and the
fruit is as fine as it is showy. Though
this variety has been placed before the
public with modest pretensions, it may
in time be found " the grape for the
million."

Peter Wyley gives promise of being a

popular variety, is a strong grower,
with healthy foliage, medium berry and
bunch, very fine in quality, and early
here.

Pocklington did better this season,
and fruited as early as Concord, im-
proved in size and quality over pre-
vious years. Much of the prejudice
against it has arisen through its intro-
ducers at first sending out feeble vines
propagated from unsuitable wood.
Though not showing mildew, its foliage
here is enfeebled by extremes of tem-
perature late in summer.

Prentiss still bears heavily, and is a
good market variety. Its foliage is
also affected by atmospheric extremes.
With all such varieties the cultivator,
early in the season, should leave only
the quantity of fruit on the vine which
the leaf can reasonably ripen.

Grein's Golden again bore very large
fruit, bunches small and berries loose.
It still drops from the stem when ripe.
It may, however, recover from that se-
rious failing as vine gets older; ripens
with Concord.

Romell's white grapes have so far
been disappointing. Faith is the best,
but still small in berry and late. His
July, though very early, drops badly as
soon as ripe. Amber I dug up after a
fair trial as too late. If Romell's Su-
perior does not improve it will share
the same fate next fall from this cause.

Minor's Seedlings, Belinda, Antoi-
nette and Carlotta, have fruited here for
three years — the first quite early and a
good cropper ; the second a few days
late]' but better in quality; the last has
proved late and a shy bearer. We have
in the old standard Lady a grape as
large as either of these, of better qual-
ity, and much earlier, though it takes
more time for the vine to arrive at a
good bearing condition.

Purity, a Delaware cross by G. W.
Campbell, of Ohio, is a small grape,
which compensates for this in exceed-

THE CANADIAN HORTI0ULTUR18T.

113

ingly fine quality, is less vigorous and
productive here than Delaware, but
without exaggeration a finer grape in
flavor. A vine of it should he in
every collection.

Still hold Lady and Martha as good
profitable varieties ; Allen's Hybrid,
Sweetwater, and Dr. Underhill's Cro-
ton for tine quality of fruit, though un-
reliable some seasons. Empire State,
Centennial, Jessica, Hayes' Golden
Drop, and Niagara have not fruited.

Noah, Elvira, Irving, Astrachan, Eva,
Rebecca and Perkins I have discarded
and dug up.

Some years since, from the remark-
able adaptability of this section for fruit
culture, I made a venture with several
early foreign vinery varieties to test for
out-door culture, but one by one de-
parted, leaving only White Sweetwater
and Earlv Auvergne Frontignan. The
latter, with good nursing and bagging
its elegant bunches, gave good results
and a rich, spicy berry, resembling the
imported Malaga.

Yours truly,

Wm. Mead Pattison.

Clarenceville, Que.

REPORT ON TREES, SEEDS, &c.,

RECEIVED FROM IHE F. O. ASS'n FOR TRIAL.

They have nearly all j)roved desirable,
ome indispensable, some I would not
jM-obably have had but for my connec-
tion with the Society, and would not
be without for many times the price of
membership.

The McLaughlin plum, Cla[)p's Fa-
vorite and Beurre d'Anjou j>eai-s,
< Crime's Golden apple. Downing goose-
'hutv, Saunders' Hybrid raspberry, are
1 1 fruits of high, or highest, merit in
their respective classes.

The Glass plum grows well, is a fine
fruit, but unproductive, seems much
l)etter on limestone soils.

The Red raspl)eii-y is well flavored,
but the acini, or fruit grains, crumble

at the touch, and it out-suckers the
whole State of Indiana.

I have lost some two or three kinds
by accident, and others I have not
had long enough to report satisfactorily
upon.

The Hydrangea, thoroughly hardy,
is one of the indispensables, reinforcing
the floral ranks at the right time to
})revent a break or halt in the pageant
of beauty and grandeur, as it marches
athwart the calendar up to when
" Stern winter shuts the scene."
I think that thorough, even severe,
pruning out all weak wood much im-
proves the size and richness of the
panicles, especially of the later bloom-
ing, which otherwise are liable to fall
off, somewhat, in these qualities.

Fansies. — I must not omit the Pan-
sies. The seed grew well, the flowers,
exquisite, and so large, — considering
the stnun, two inches, full, over banner
and keel, and the wings, — and replete
with expression. There are some varie-
ties that lack this pensi character-
istic and its charm, wanting which it
scarcely deserves the name of pansy.
The white and yellow, though pretty
enough as flowera. are wanting in that
wonderful look which moves one to ask,

'• Of what may that flower be thioking ?"

I have never seen a really good picture
of the pansy. The artists do not seem
to catch the spirit of the fairy dream,
woven into and pervading the form and
color. I venture to predict that if ever
the pansy loses its popularity, it will be
through the " new variety " men flood-
ing the market with their speechless,
soulless, idiotic looking pets under the
name of |>ansies. I saved seed from
some of the l)est, and the children were
quite equal to the parents. They ob-
served the fifth commandment, which
was very proper in a flOwer capable of
thinking, and therefore morally res-
l)onsible.

My Asters were not good. A large

114

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

willow, with its unwelcome roots and
shade, was too near.

A word here with respect to the
policy of sending out trees for trial.
My personal experience is that when
the recipient tastes the delicate fruits,
and contemplates the beauty of the
flowers, he feels the cords of affiliation
drawing strongly, may I not add, ten-
derly. At all events, they address him
in the name of the Association in the
most eloquent language of progress and
refinement. Nevertheless, the sugges-
tion of H. M. Switzer, Esq. , of Palermo,
is worthy of consideration ; perhaps both
enterprises are possible. But of this,
in its proper time and place.

You may expect me to say something
of the hardiness of varieties. Hardiness
is largely a matter of the condition of
the tree at the time of trial.

AN EXPERIMENT.

Six years ago I selected a young
native plum, about six feet high, vigor-
ous, and standing on a clay bank, facing
south-east. Sometime after it had com-
pleted its season's growth, the last of
August, I mulched it heavily, kept it
moist, and succeeded in starting new
growth, I kept it at that till frost.
Well, the winter killed that hardiest of
trees, and killed nothing else that I
had, not the tenderest.

AN OBSERVATION.

In 1884, just as the leaves of trees
were about one-third grown, there came,
at the last of May, a severe frost, accom-
panied by a wintry wind from the
north-west for two days. Within a
week I observed the leaves on the
Black Ash all withering on high and
low land alike. The trees never rallied.
Our Black Ash are all killed, yet the
Black Ash is a hardy tree. Why then
was it killed 1 Because it was in just
that condition which made it as suscep-
tible to frost as a tropical plant. Some
other foresters suffered slightly, and

some fruit trees considerably, at the
same time.

This locality is not one to test the
property of hardiness. Although in-
land, north-west of Lake Ontario about
a dozen miles, and about eighteen north
of Hamilton city, yet nearly everything
that thrives there can be grown fairly
well here. I have peach trees seedlings
thirty-two years old. The arctic winter
of 1884 and 1885 thinned them out.
Some survived and bore here and there
a peach, in spite of the 64° of frost they
had endured. This unusual hardiness
is due to position and soil. The coun-
try lies high and rolling, occasionally
rolling up into the picturesque. Nature,
when she made our mountain, decided
that it should be unique. To prevent
the building of any more just such
mountains, after laying down the strata
of shale, gray band and limestone, com-
posted the surplus debris, detritus and
lithic chips, fragments of slate and
granite, and a large percentage of clay,
underdraining, and occasionally top
coursing, with sand and gravel. Then
gashed and scored her work every-
where with gully and gorge of all
imaginable depths, through which flow
numerous streamlets limpid and trouty.
Thus she has supplied herself with a
comprehensive laboratory, filter, cruci-
ble and alembic, all in one. She is
prepared to welcome almost every kind
of tree and plant, and give each his
proper food "in due season." What
with steady and not fitful growth, per-
fect drainage, and well ripened wood,
our trees attain the utmost healthiness
and hardiness possible to the genus,
species or variety. I have never seen
a case of mildew on the grape. No
pear blight that went further than to
discolor the leaves. I have never lost
a branch, so doubt it being true pear
blight. The Black Knot never attacked
our plum and cherry till it had ravaged
the sand and calcareous soils adjacent.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

115

Then it stole in by way of the San-
Culottes, the degenerate "Fence Corner"
varieties. After thus establishing it-
self, it, like the cholera, seized what-
ever was nearest of the higher classes.

Though we have such comparative
immunity from diseases, the insects
sufficiently reinforce them to bring us
down to average in regard to quantity.

The Tent caterpillar came, did much
mischief, but is rarely seen now. The
fall web and canker worm are here, but
not yet troublesome. The curculio dis-
figures some of the thin-skinned apples,
and is equal to the whole crop of plum
and cherry. Thorough jarring saves
the fruit. I have not tried poisons.

The codlin moth sometimes, and of
some varieties, takes, with the owner,
about "share and share alike." If the
Yankees sent the moth here to secure
a supply of champagne cider apples,
they succeeded. Car-loads are yearly
sold them. Those who have turned
their orchards into sheep and swine
pastures have nearly driven out the
moth, while the pork and mutton seem
none the worse for the mixed diet.

S. P. Morse.

Oakville, Halton Co.

HOW rO PRUNE THE CURRANT AND
GOOSEBERRY FOR PROFIT.
The method I use in pruning the
currant, and which will apply to the
gooseberry as well, differs in one respect
from the usual advice given in the
columns of the horticultural journals
of the day, viz.: that of cutting back
' lie new growth of the terminal branches
I Wont one half, which will give all the
lollowing advantages over the old sys-
tem of pruning, which was simply to
cut out old UvSeless wood, and thin out
that which remained.

THESK ADVANTAGES ARE :

1st. Strong, healthy growth at the
top of the bush, where we want it, and

not in an increased number of suckers
or sprouts at the bottom.

2nd. Rank foliage, that will remain
all season to protect the fruit from sun
scalding, and also prolonging the pick-
ing and marketing season.

3rd. Larger fruit and longer bunches,
for the reason that all the short bunched
smalj currants are produced at or near
the terminal buds, and these being
pruned off, leave only the best to be
developed, and as it is a well known
fact that the production of seed is the
cause of exhaustion of the plant, there-
fore small currants produce just as
much seed as large, and these being
pruned off, relieve the bush of its great-
est burden or cause of exhaustion.

4th. Eegular bearing, for a strong,
healthy bush is always able to bear its
load of fruit, because, with this mode
of pruning and its advantages, the bush
grows stronger every year, and with
these come

5th. Other advantages, such as very
large bushes with fruit further from the
ground, and consequently not liable to
get splashed with dirt, and being able
to grow very large plants less plants
are required to the acre, and will do
best planted not less than 5x5 feet,
or 6 X 6 feet, when horse cultivation
can be used both ways, and thus save
a great deal of hand labor.

6th. By this mode of pruning, all
the medium sized varieties may be
made to produce almost as large fruit
as the cherry curi'ant.

7th. C^urrant plantations will last 20
years or more, because the vitality and
vigor are always kept up.

And while I could name other ad-
vantages for this method of pruning, I
have only to say that I have tried it
on an acre of different varieties, and
othei-s have tried the same, and we
have all had results more satisfactory
than was anticipated. I believe that

116

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

with this mode of pruning, currant
culture can be made to give as good a
profit for the capital invested as any
other fruit now orrown for market.

Stoney Creek.

J. TWEDDLE.

FRUIT GROWING AT AXE LAKE.

Fruit culture is only in its infancy
here, we are struggling against- the
forest as yet. Small fruits, wild varie-
ties, and what few that have been
planted of improved kinds do well. I
am intending to try some small fruits
this spring. There would be a great
opening here for the sale of apple trees,
provided they would not winter kill.
John (.lapton.

Axe Lake, Monteitli. Muskoka.

THE CANKER WORM.

Dear Sir, — I think from your des-
cription of the habits of this pest there
should be no difficulty in fighting it
successfully by barring the passage of
the moth up the tree, and this can be
most conveniently and successfully
secured by tying loosely with a single
stout cord a width, of say four inches,
of cotton batting around the trunk of
the tree.

I have, at any rate, found this effec-
tive in preventing caterpillars ascending
my trees. The wool entangles them so
that they can make no progress, and I
presume the moth could not crawl over
it either. The wool requires to be
examined occasionally, especially on the
lower side for larvae, but it is the most
convenient method of protecting trees
from " crawlers " that I know.

H. Primrose.

Pictou, Nova Scotia.

SCALE INSECTS.

Enclosed is "sample" of a supposed
coccus, very injurious in my green-
house and orchard house. These speci-
mens were taken from a weeping ash in

my garden, where it is very abundant;
also in orchard house on grape vines
and peach trees, and in greenhouse on
Marechall Neil and Gloire de Dijon
Rose trees. Henry Youle Hind.
Windsor, Nova Scotia.

Note by the Editor — Alkaline
washes are the most efficient remedies
for these scale insects. A pound of
potash dissolved in three gallons of
water, and applied either by spraying
the tree or by washing the trunk and
limbs thoroughly, will kill these insects.
It is better to apply it warm, if possi-
ble, say at a temperature of 130° F.
When the young insects are running
about, add to the above solution flour
of sulphur, at the rate of half a pound
to each gallon. For descriptions and
drawings of many of these scale insects,
and of their natural enemies, and arti-
ficial remedies, see Saunders' Insects
injurious to fruits, i)ages 390 to 423.

BLACK SPOTS ON THE APPLE.

It is now generally understood that
the black spots on certain varieties of
our once {)opular varieties of the apple
are of fungus growth, which, however,
have not as yet assumed the form of an
epidemic, but only confined to those
that have been long in cultivation, such
as Fameuse, Early Harvest, Swaar, &c.,
whilst those of more recent introduction
seem to be entirely exempt.

The reason appears to be obvious,
the varieties alluded to have passed the
meridian of the period of existence
nature has assigned them, their loss of
vitality in order to produce healthy fruit
make them fit subjects for the attacks
of these parasites.

A seedling apple tree in this country
rarely exceeds in life more than a cen-
tury, consequently only admits of arti-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

117

ficial perpetuation of the original for
hut a very limited time, say about half
that period. The scions, whether taken
from the oriojinal or from a grafted tree,
it makes no difference in so far as
general longevity is concerned, they
being only sections of the original,
nature not permitting any further ex-
tension of life.

In Euro])e the apple tree from seed
will live much longer, soil and climate,
particularly the latter, being different ;
hence the reason why the period of
raising grafted trees is more lengthened.

In connection with the apple I may
refer you to the peach. All your old
;ind esteemed varieties are succumbing
to the same influences, and are dying
off with the yellows.

I observe that quite a number of our j
hitherto abundant bearing apple trees,
even although apparently healthy and i
in prime of life, are beginning to show
a sparcity of fruit in comparison to
blossoms, such as Pomme Grise, Kib-
ston Pippin, Gravenstein, <fec., which
are as yet exempt from spotting, never-
theless they are old varieties in culti-
vation and have become enfeebled.

The varieties alluded to should be
phinted with caution, and limited in
number, because in the ordinary course
of nature they will soon become extinct,
riie production of new varieties should
by all means be encouraged, not trust-
ing altogether to natural fertilization.
\ great deal can be done now in this
lore enlightened age by artificial means,
lid thus produce a[)ples of a superior
jiiaracter to those whicli are showing
evidences of extinction.

The success that has been attained
in the strawberry by artificial fertiliza-
tion is really wonderful, and that, too,
within the last decade, a thing unpre-
♦Mlented in the era of strawberry
ulture.

In corroboration of what I have
stated about the apple, may very well

be illustrated by the potato, the period
for its artificial perpetuation by section
of tubers only extends to some ten
years — the period that nature has as-
signed it. After a few years of pro-
ductiveness it ceases to bo so, becomes
scabby (a fungus growth), and finally
the rot, another variety of fungus, and
then the variety becomes extinct, con-
sequently, as a matter of necessity, it
becomes imperative to keep up a con-
tinuous supply direct from seeds.
Yours truly,

Simon Roy.

SAUx\DERS HYBRID RASPBERRY.

Mr. Saunders' Black Cap No. 53,
distributed in 1880 by the Society, is a
treasure to us : the fruit is rather small,
and of a dull purple coloi", but so very
productive, we can gather three pints
from this one plant, enough to make a
pudding, two or three times each season,
besides stray pickings as the childien
pass by. I find it throv\ s up suckers
occasionally like the red raspberry, and
I have thus secured six (!xtra plants.
The canes are so strong they seem to
have no chance to bend sufficiently to
reach the ground and glow from the
tips as usual. It is quite hardy and
has no thorns. x.

Cobourg, Ont.

GOOSKBERRIES.

Some six years ago I purchased three
Crownbob and three Downing Goose-
berries, and they have thriven very
well, and not a speck of mildew. From
long experience I may state that the
only manure I apply to Gooseberries is
good clean house ashes from wood, and
I think that keeps off mildew. I first
got a hint of that from the old Am.
Agriculturist, and I had very good red
Gooseberries. British, and they didn't
mildew either. A. D. Ferbier.

Fergus, Wellington County.

118

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE OATALPA.

I am afraid the "Catalpa" will not be
found hardy enough for many parts of
this Province. I have had one here
(Cobourg) for twelve years, it grew to
be five or six inches in diameter, form-
ing a handsome tree, but the young
shoots were often winter killed, and the
beautiful blossoms did not even attempt
to form any seed pods, as if they were
only pistillates. Two years ago more
than half of the top died and had to be
cut off. A friend, who saw it in this
mutilated condition last summer, told
me of one he had in his grounds near
Chicago, 111., one twice as large as mine,
that had been killed last winter.

My "Ailanthus" is also too tender
for this climate, growing too fast to
ripen the new shoots, which are thus
killed by the frost. It never blossoms
either. It has had leaves, the mid rib
of which measured fifty-four inches.

Oobourg, Ont. X.

Note by the Editor. — Your tree
was not the Catalpa speciosa, which is
more hardy than C. bignonoides.

JAPAN QUINCE.

Mr. Editor, — As it appears to me
no one ever answers any questions put
in the Horticulturist not replied to by
yourself, allow me to answer : 1st to
" A Subscriber." The Japan Quince
is nearly hardy at Ottawa. I have
seen it both in flower and fruit. It is
one of our handsomest shrubs and
should be more commonly cultivated.
It would be a nice thing to send out
for test by the '' F. G. Ass." As a
hedge plant, I do not see what object
would be gained by planting it, as it
only grows two or three feet high. As
a single plant it is very beautiful ; its
habit is rather spreading than upright.

PLUM TREES IN HEN YARDS.

No. 2. Plum trees grown in hen
yards are usually very productive ; the
hen manure highly enriches the soil.
The birds will not allow any sod to
grow in their yards, so that the roots
of the trees are not dried up by the
absorption of the grass roots, besides
which, the hens are a terror to any
curculio which come in their way.
Birds should be kept which do not
fly, such as Dark and Light Bramahs,
Plymouth Rocks, &c.

NANNIBERRY.

3rd. The common name for the
shrub spoken of by Mr. Cotter, Barrie,
is the Nanniberry. I think it is one
of the Viburnum family. After frost,
the berries which hang in bunches, are
sweet, juicy, and pleasant. I fancy it
could be much improved by cultivation.
If Mr. Cotter will furnish me with
some of the flowers in spring, I will be
glad to give him the botanical name.

PLUMS FOR ALGOMA.

4th. I would strongly advise Mr. D.
Dunn, of St. Joseph's Island, Algoma,
to procure Pond's Seedling plum, and
the Glass Seedling, especially the for-
mer ; it is the hardiest cultivated plum
we have and is of large size, red, turn-
ing to purple on one side when fully
ripe. Unfortunately, it is rather a shy
bearer.

PARIS GREEN ON CABBAGE.

5th. The application of Paris Green
to cabbage and cauliflower for the
destruction of the larva of the Pieris
rapise is, to say the least of it, a highly
dangerous experiment. A gentleman
of this city was very badly poisoned
by eating vegetables on which it had
been used, perhaps incautiously ; he
did not recover his health for months
afterwards. The use of such active
poisons as Paris Green should not be
recommended, or used, on any plant of
which anything but the root is eaten.
P. E. BUCKE.

THE CANADIAN HOBTIOtLTtJElSt.

119

SAUNDERS' HYBRID RASPBERRY.

Dear Sir, — Having fruited Saun-
ders' Hybrid Raspberry for three years
or more, I can say that it does splen-
didly with me. My soil is a clay Joani.
The Raspberry should have a place in
every garden. Luke Bishop.

St. Thomas, Ont.

BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED.
Green's Fruit Grower, devoted to the
fruit farm, garden and nursery, Charles
A. Green, Editor, is an eight page
quarterly journal, published at Roc-
hester, N. Y. at fifty cents a year.
Sample copy will be sent to all appli-
cants addressing Green's Fruit Grower,
Rochester, N. Y.

THE SALOME APPLE.

The Salome apple seems to be grow-
ing in favor in Illinois, being very
hardy, productive, and a long keeper.
The apple is of very good quality, size
only medium, color from a light to a
dark red or nearly so. Bears well an-
nually, but more heavily alternate
years. Keeps well until May or even
June. The Western Rural says in the
issue of June 13th, that samples re-
ceived at that ofl5ce from Mr. A.
Bryant, were then as sound as bullets,
and gave evidence of being good
keepers. — Farm and Garden.

HARDIEST KNOWN GOOD PLUMS.

Mrs. A. P. of New Hampshire, after
saying that Moore's Arctic has not pro-
ven hardy, asks is there a hardier plum
known of good quality.

On the grounds of the Agricultural
(Jollege near Moscow, and later at Ka-
zcn, and through Central Russia, we

saw trees laden with red, yellow, blue
and dark purple plums, of really excel-
lent quality. These cultivated varieties
seem to have originated from the ap-
parently indigenous, low, round-topped
bushes which we found on the edges of
the timber belts along the Volga and
other streams of East Russia. In leaf,
bud and texture of fruit, these indige-
nous forms resemble the Prunus spinosa
of Siberia. We saw thousands of these
bushes laden with blue fruit with a rich
bloom, which were not more than three
feet in height.

The cultivated varieties make low,
bushy, round-topped trees not over ten
feet high. We imported small trees
from Moscow of red, yellow and dark-
blue varieties, which we have sent out
as Nos. I, 2 and 3. The Russian names
received are long and to us unmeaning.
The specimens have not fruited as yet,
but the foliage endures perfectly our
hot, dry Summer ; wood ripens up per-
fectly in Autumn, and has not colored
in the least during the past test Win-
ters in Iowa, Minnesota, or North Da-
kota.

The question as to their final value
does not hinge on their hardiness, or
the quality of their fruit ; but on their
habits of bearing with us, and their
relative exemption from the attacks of
the curculio. As they blossom late,
and the fruit develops rapidly, they will
be apt, like our native De Soto, Wolf
Plum, Rollingstone, etc., to measurably
escape the curculio on account of their
succulence during the period of their
rapid development.

We are also testing a large blue plum,
called *' Moldavka " in Central Russia,
with six other sorts from Aral. They
are all as hardy as our wild plums ; all
bear fine fruit in their native country,
and all have the habit of late bloom-
ing and rapid development of fruit.
— PaoF. J. L. BuDD.

20

THK OANAntAN FtORTICULTtJRIST.

MY FLOWERS.

(For the Canadian Horticulturist).

My garden treasures have gone to rest,
With a snowy mantle o'er their breast ;
The first th;it drooped her drowsy head
Was my English rose, of ruby red ;
Then foUoved her sister, pearl white,
My darling little "Jacobite."

And " London Pride " fell to the dust,
As " Weeping Willow" said she must ;
Her dying words were, "None so i)retty ;"
This vanity excited pity
From " Daisy" and "Violet," modest dears,
They bowed their heads to hide their tears.

Winking Marigolds closed their eyes.
And gazed no longer on the skies ;
"Sweet William" sighed and looked around.
His " Columbine " lay on the ground ;
And such a change came o'er Miss Moss,
She grew so sallow, sear, and cross.

My Scottish Thistle, proudly waving.
Every storm Jtnd tempest braving ;
He cares not tho' Old Boreas rages.
As Scotia's sons will do for ages ;
My loyal heart so longs to press it.
But, " Nemo me impune laeessit."

My blooming " Primrose," you shall rest
With me, within my sanctum nest ;
Precious gift, from dear wee " Flo,"
Precious flo vver, I love you so.
Almost above all things terrestrial,
My lovely, sweet, "mild-eyed celestial."

Ah, me ! I well nigh had forgot
My golden-eyed Forget-me-not !
Say, little elf. shall we e'er meet
Again, beside this garden seat.
Sweet treasured flowers, since we did part.
Deep winter lies within my heart.
Montreal. Grandma Gowan.

VERY EAELY APPLES FOR THE
NOllTH.

The Yellow Transparent has a num-
ber of rivals among the Russian apples
as to earliness of season, size and qual-
ity of fruit, and hardiness of tree.
August 6th my table showed fine
specimens, about equally mature, of
Yellow Transparent, Charlottenhaler,
Transparent Juicy, Kremer's Green,
Blushed Calviile, Breskovka and Repka
Sweet. These vary but little in season,
and all would pass in the East or
South for first-class dessert fruits of
their season, which is in advance of
that of the R(3d Astrachan and even of

the Tetofsky. At this time I wish to
call attention to the two last named,
as they are less known and seem to
have special merit.

Breskovka was imported from the
grounds of the Agricultural Institute
at Moscow in 1880. Root-grafted
trees are already in bearing, and have
proven quite as hardy in the North as
Duchess. Tt has been sent out for
trial as No. 152 m. The tree is a nice
upright grower, with firm, thick foliage.
The fruit in size, color and general
appearance, is much like Grimes'
Golden ; but the basin is wrinkled
more, like that of Tetofsky. In firm-
ness and weight the fruit reminds me of
the Swaar ; yet the flesh is peculiarly
juicy and tender, this year slightly in
advance of the Yellow Transparent.
With further tests, on varied soils, it
may show some defect of tree or fruit ;
but at present it seems to lead the very
early dessert apples.

Repka Sweet. At the west we
have specially needed an early sweet
apple of good quality for dessert use.
This seems to meet our wants fully, as
it is completely ripe on August 6th, in
this late season. It is an early bearer,
and the fruit is of fair size, handsome,
and really of good quality for table use.
In shape, ridging and color, it is much
like Benoni ; but the scarlet striping is
deeper, and covered, next the sun, with
bloom. While it will not be popidar
as a market fruit, it will apparently
fill a gap in our Western and Northern
list. Its native home is is Kazan,
Russia; hence it should endure the
extreme climate of Northern Dakota.
If No. 466 (Repka Kislaja) of the list
sent out by the Department of Agri-
culture, is true to name, it is probably
identical with Repka Sweet, yet,
singularly enough, the Department
translation reads " Sour Turnip." — J.
L. BuDD i/fc Rural New-Yorker.

PRINTKK AT lUK STKAM PRESS KhTABMSHMENT OK THE COPP, CCABK COMPANY (UMITEP),

/

(

%

.^ifi

LARGE yvvONTMORENCY.

PAINTED FOR THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE

VOL. IX.]

JUNE, 1886.

[No. 6.

LARGE MONTMORETNOT OHERRT

Why is it that our markets are so
poorly supplied with cherries at the
time when this fruit is in season. In

any of our larger towns we will find
the market usually well furnished with
other fruits, berries of all kinds are to
be had in almost unlimited quantities,
and there is usually no lack of pears,
plums and grapes. But the demand
for good, ripe cherries is far in excess
of the supply.

Probably one reason of this paucity
of cherries is to be found in the fact
that the attention of fruit growers has
not been turned to the production of
this fruit. Our horticultural papers
have not been filled with glowing
accounts of the " millions in it " that
have been given of many other fruits ;
and another reason may be found in the
fact that the growing of cherries for
market is surrounded with some difficul-
ties which require caretul attention to
overcome. Our fine sweet Bigarreau
and Heart cherries are very apt to rot
on the tree just as they are becoming
ri|)e enough to use, so that the cron is
lost, or else gathered and sent to market
in so unripe a condition that the fruit
does not meet with a read^ sale. And

again the birds are very fond of cherries,
and sometimes help themselves so boun-
tifully as to leave but little to the owner.
But the difficulties in the way of grow-
ing cherries for market are not insuper-
able, and we believe there is a satisfac-
tory margin of profit to be realized by
the fruit grower who will bring good
judgment, and attention to bear upon
the business.

We have in what is known as the
Duke and Morello class of cherries a
number of fine varieties which are
eminently suitable for planting in our
climate. The trees are hardy and
healthy, and seldom fail to bear an abun-
dant crop. The fruit is not apt to rot
on the tree and if properly gathered
and handled not apt to spoil after being
gathered. Very few persons gather
cherries in the proper manner. They
should always be gathered by seperating
the fruit stems from the tree, not by
seperating the stems from the fruit. If
gathered in this manner and sent to
market either, as we do strawberries,
in quart boxes, or in ten quart baskets,
they would not soon spoil after being
gathered. For all culinary purposes
and for canning and drying this class of
cherries is very highly esteemed, most

122

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

persons prefering them for these pur-
to the sweeter cherries.

The Early Richmond is probably the
best known of this class, this and the
Mayduke have been in cultivation in
this country for a long time. Our
colored plate is a fine illustration of a
variety not so well known, but which
is worthy of attention by all cultivators
of this beautiful fruit. It is both large
and of handsome appearance, as will be
seen by reference to our illustration, it
is also juicy and rich, and when fully
ripe of a very agreeable acid flavor.
These three varieties. Early Richmond,
Mayduke and Large Montmorency,
together with the Royal Duke, Reine
Hortense and Empress Eugenie make a
collection of half a dozen sorts of great
excellence, that can be commended for
planting anywhere within the limits of
our cherry region.

A CANADIAN SEEDLING OF THE
JAPAN QUINCE.

We have received from Mr. James
Stewart, of Saltford, Huron Co., some
blooms of a seedling raised by him from
the Japan Quince, which are quite dis-
tinct from any variety that we have
ever seen or heard of before. The
flowers are not uniform in color, some
being nearly all white, others white
shaded with pink, others marked with
crimson. The bush must present a
beautiful appearance when in full bloom.

THE ROUGH OSMODERMA.

(Osmoderma ScabraJ

We received some time ago from
Mr. C. Julian, of Presque Isle, an in-
sect, with the request that we would
give the name and habits. On exami-
nation it proved to be the female of

Osmoderma scabra. In the larval state
this insect feeds on decaying wood of
the apple and cherry, and in the imago
state feeds at night on the sap which
may exude from any wound of the
bark. The injury done by this insect,
if any, is of a very trifling character.

THE SUMMER MEETING

Of the Fruit Growers' Association of
Ontario, will be held on Wednesday,
July 7th, 1886, in the Council Chamber,
at Lindsay, Ont., commencing at ten
o'clock in the forenoon and continuing
through the day and evening. An
adjourned meeting will be held on the
following day, Thursday, July 8th, at
Bobcaygeon, commencing at two o'clock
in the afternoon. The Directors will
meet at the Benson House, Lindsay, on
Tuesday evening, July 6th, at eight

o'clock. D. W. Beadle,

Secretary.

THE NONPAREIL APPLE.

We have received a letter from Mr.
Charles E. Brown of Nova Scotia in
which he says that he notices in the
Canadian Horticulturist an inquiry for
scions of the Nonpariel apple, inspired
no doubt by an article going the lounds
of the papers which is an extract from
an after dinner speech of the Hon. J.
W. Longley at a meeting of the Nova
Scotia Fruit Growers' Association, and.
says that if the inquirer will apply to
Mr. C. R. H. Starr, Secretary. N. S.
Fr. Grs. Association, Port Williams,
King's Co. N. S. he will be pleased to
send them to him.

Mr. Brown adds that he has no trees
of the Nonpareil ; cut down the last in
disgust, they being in his soil and clim-
ate teri'ibly subject to canker, and the
fruit would not grow there at all ; nor
does he esteem the apple in the least, it

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

123

will keep well, 'out as for quality it is
worthless. It might be better in On-
tario than in Nova Scotia, just as most
kinds are. However it was as an ex-
port apple that the Nonpariel was com-
mended, Mr. Brown continues, and that
is all right ; one will hardly find a dozen
really good judges of quality among
one's own friends in the best fruit
countries, how can we expect to find
them among millions.

CACTUS FRUIT.
We have received from J. P. Cock-
burn, of Gravenlinrst, a sample of fruit
which he described in his letter as a
new fruit of Muskoka production, that
had been just one year in coming to its
present ripe condition. He says, "I
have not tested any but presume they
are good to eat, at least it has the frag-
rance of a ripe pineapple. Is it com-
mon ] I have never seen it before. The
flowers dry on the end of the fruit and
remain there until it is ripe."

We replied that we had never seen
the fruit before, but presumed it to be
the fruit of some species of cactus, and
requested him to tell us what si)ecies it
was. In answer he sent to us another
sample of the fruit with the flower ad-
liering and the whole yet growing from
a piece of the parent cactus plant. In
his letter accompanying the second spe-
cimen he says, " I do not know the spe-
<'ific name, it is generally known, I
l)elieve, as the Sword Cactus ; but I am
of the opinion that this is not the cor-
rect name. I am told that they are very
-ood to eat and considered a great boon
to the weary traveller in some parts of
.Mexico and southern Texas."

The piece of the plant to which the
fruit was adhering greatly resembles
one of the Ei)iphylluuis. The fruit is
ibout an inch long, somewhat fig-shaped,
tf a deep red color, which color con-
tinues through the pul[), the fragrance
souiewhat like that of the pine apple,

and the taste like a podophyllum, May
Apple.

THE ANNUAL MEETING

Of the Association of Nurserymen,
Florists and Seedsmen is to be held in
the buildings of the Department of Agri-
culture at Washington, District of Col-
umbia, U.S.A. on the 16th of June next,
continuing three days. Any informa-
tion concerning programme of proceed-
ings, hotel and railroad arrangements
can be obtained by writing to the Sec-
retary, D. Wilmot Scott, Galena, Illi-
nois, XJ- S. A.

THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY

Is offering special prizes for Hybrid
Perpetual Roses at the coming Rose
Show, June 22 and 23rd., 1866. A
prize of $30 is offered for the best 24
Roses, named ; $25 for the best 18 ; and
$15 for the best 12, all named.

QUESTION DRAWER.

MEMBERSHIP IN' FRUIT GROWERS'
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO.
Dear Sir, — I am well pleased with
the Canadian Horticulturist. Could
you let me know the conditions of
membership in the Fruit Growers*
Association of Ontario, also the rights
and privileges of a member. An
answer in the Horticulturist or other-
wise will oblige,

Yours truly,

J. K. Darling.

Reply. — Every subscriber to the
Canadian Horticulturist becomes en-
titled to membership in the Fruit
Growers' Association, the rights and
privileges of which are : Ist. To re-
ceive a copy of the Annual Report.
2nd. To receive such article from the

124

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

list of trees, plants or seeds offered for
trial by the Association as may be pre-
ferred. 3rd. To attend all meetings of
the Association, and vote thereat upon
the election of Officers or other busi-
ness. 4 th. To contribute of his experi-
ence in the growing of fruit, flowers, or
vegetables, through the columns of the
Canadian Horticulturist, for the benefit
of fellow-workers.

TREES AND SHRUBS FOR TJIE LAWN.

Which ornamental trees and shrubs
are most effective on the lawn 1

1. Planted singly.

2. Planted in groups.
Innerkip.

M. H. M.

Peply. — Much depends on the size
of the lawn. Maples, Cut-leaved Birch,
Maiden Hair Tree, Purple and other
Beeches, Catalpa Speciosa, Horse Chest-
nut, &c., make handsome specimen
trees planted singly, so do the Ever-
greens. If the lawn be large, they may
be grouped, planting the Beeches,
Birches, Maples, &c., in separate groups.
The shrubs look best in groups, j)lant-
ing the Viburnums in one group, the
Weigelas in another, and so on.

ARBORVIT^: PYRAMIDALIS.

Please to let me know through the
columns of the Canadian Horticulturist,
whether the Arborvitse pyramidalis is
hardy. Geo. Crawford.

Copleston, Lambton Co.

Peply. — We presume that it is per-
fectly hardy. We have never heard
that this variety is any less hardy than
the typical form, which grows far to
the northward. Will those who have

grown it in our colder sections please
to give their experience.

LONDON PURPLE— BARK LICE.

( I . ) Please say in your next if Lon-
don Purple answers as well as Paris
Green for Apple, Plum and Peach
trees.

(2.) And what is the best remedy for
Bark Licel j^.

Toronto, 18th April.

Reply. — (1.) London Purple being
of very variable strength is not as safe
to use as pure Paris Green.

(2.) Strong alkaline solutions. Lye
from wood ashes, or potash, one pound
dissolved in two gallons of water.

GRAPE VINES. ]

Allow me to ask the following ques-
tions :

1. Is it desirable to remove the loose
bark from grape vines in the spring
when putting them up %

2. Will growing lettuce or other
small things around the roots, and thus
shading the ground until the berry is
formed and partly grown, be an advan-
tage?

Yours truly,

W. C. Adams, Y.M.C.
Toronto, 6th May, 1886.

Peply. — 1. In the vinery — under
glass — it is desirable to remove every- '
thing that will harbor insects. It is
not so important in the vineyard.

2. We can see no advantage what-
ever in shading the ground at any
time ; would prefer that it should re-
ceive the sun's rays without hindrance.

PERPETUAL ROSES.
Dear Sir, — I havea variety of hybrid
Perpetual Poses that has bloomed in
Conservatory during winter, and I want

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

125

them to flower again next winter. Now
should they be ))lantecl out in spring
with ball, or should earth be shook off
from the roots, and should they be cut
back when planted out ]

Geo. Bond.
Prince Albert, Ontario Co.

Reply.— r- You will do well to shake
the earth out, prune both roots and
branches, the roots moderately, plant
in good strong soil, and cut off during
summer all flower buds that appear.

SPRUCE TREES.
Dear Sir, — Can you tell me what is
wrong with my Spruce trees. I enclose
a diseased twig. It will cover the
whole tree in two or three years, and
then the tree dies. What is the
remedy? John Sailes.

Little Britain, April 6th, 1886.

Reply. — We are not able to say
positively what is wrong with your
Spruce trees. The twigs sent to us
look as though they had been preyed
upon by some parasite, such as goes
under the general name of mildew^
We suspect that there is something
wrong with the soil in which they are
trying to grow. Lime rubbish we have
found to be very prejudicial to most
Evergreens.

INSECTS ON A PLUM TREE.

Dear Sir, — T have a Plum tree in
my garden known by the name of the
Weaver Plum Tree. Last September
I noticed that many small black ants
were on its branches, afterwards a small
worm, about three-quarters of an inch
long, of black color, having light streaks
on its sides, were observed on the leaves
und caused them to wither. I applied
a solution of Paris Green to them, but,

perhaps, it was too strong, for all the
leaves withered and fell from the tree
shortly afterwards, but it killed the
worms. I was afraid the application
would kill the tree, but now the tree
seems healthy and budding fi-eely, with
many blossom buds on it. The ants
are also on it, and a small dark grub,
or the larvae of some grub, are in large
numbers clustered around the stems of
the blossom buds. A few of which I
have enclosed in a small vial in a tin
box for your inspection, which I send
to your address through the Post Office.
Will you be pleased to let me know
what they are, and the best remedy to
prevent them destroying the fruit or
the tree. Any information you can
give me on the subject will be esteemed
a great favor, and

I remain, yours truly,

W. F. Ross.

Woodstock, April 30, 1886.

Reply. — The insects found on the
buds were the black aphis. The ants
were numerous because they feed on
the sweet liquid exuded by the aphis.
Syringing the tree with strong tobacco
water will rid it of the aphides.

PLUM AND PEAR TREES.

I have a Plum tree named Smith's
Orleans, it has been planted about eight
years, and borne fruit for two or three
years. Last season the bark began to
split and part from the trunk of the
tree. It has now got about two-thirds
round the tree and about three feet up
from the ground quite clear of bark.
I bound cow manure on last season,
thought that might help it, but it was
no use. Can you give any remedy for
this sort of thing. The fruit all drop-
ped off last season when about half
grown. I dont expect to save this tree,
but may save othei*s if there is any cure
for them.

126

THE CANAPIAN HORTICDI/rURIST.

I have spent a good deal of money
buying Pear trees, and have only two
living now, one Yicar of Winkfield and
one Sheldon. They would live and
thrive well for three or four years, and
just when blossoming out would die.
My soil is a sandy loam, which does
not seem to suit Pear culture. One of
the Pear trees living is growing on clay
taken out of the foundation of the house
when I built it, and bears a good crop
every year.

By answering the abov€ in the. next
number of Horticulturist, you will much
oblige yours,

J. Lawless.

Reply. — The Plum tree is suffering
from some cause, probably the soil is
too wet, and therefore cold. What is
the condition of the subsoil into which
the roots have penetrated? If that
be very cold and usually saturated with
water, it will account for the death of
your Plum tree.

It is very evident that your sandy
soil does not agree with Pear trees.
You had better get some clay and make
a border of it, into which you can plant
Pear trees with some hope of their
yielding fruit.

OYSTER-SHELL BARK LICE.

Can you please answer the following
questions :

Enclosed you will find a piece of bark
taken from one of my Apple trees.
What is the insect attached to the bark,
and what can I do to kill them? I
have washed my trees with soft soap,
and just water enough to make it
spread, is that any good ?

J. Lawless.

Reply. — The insects are bark lice,
Soft soap will kill them.

STRIKING DAHLIA CUTTINGS.

How do you strike Dahlia cuttings

in the spring and summer?

Grainger k Duke.
Deer Park.

Reply. — We place the dry tubers in
moist soil with sufficient warmth to
start the eyes into growth. When the
shoots have attained to a couple of
inches in length we cut them off, insert
them in a shallow box of pure sand and
put them on a gentle bottom heat. As
soon as they have struck root they are
potted off into thumb pots. Sometimes
we put the cuttings into thumb pots
having a large proportion of clean sand
mixed with the soil that is in them,
and place the pots on bottom heat.

SALTED FISH AS MANURE.

What use can we make of a large
quantity of salt herrings which have
got stale? Would they make good
manure for grapes ? How can we pre-
pare them so as to get the best results
from them ?

Grainger & Duke.

Deer Park.

Reply. — If you have an asparagus
bed spread the fish, brine, and salt on
the bed between the rows of plants and
dig them in sufficientl}'' deep to cover
the fish completely so that no odor will
escape from them. If you have not
such a bed of asparagus, the fish can be
composted with stable manure in alter-
nate layers, and the heap covered with
soil until the fish are absorbed into the
compost. Use the same as any com-
post wherever wanted, in the grape
border or elsewhere. If the proportion

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

127

of fish is very large, it will be a very-
strong fertilizer and should be used
accordingly.

HEN^DERSON STRAWBERRY.
Do you know anything about the
new strawberry " Henderson V

Grainger & Duke.
Deer Park.

Reply. — We have not yet fruited
the " Henderson." Through the kind-
ness of Mr. John Little, of Granton,
Ont., we have been put in possession of
some plants of this variety, and as soon
as they shall have fruited we will give
our opinion of its merits.

If Mr. Little has fruited this straw-
berry, will he please to favor our readers
with his estimate of its qualities.

PEAR BLIGHT.
Is pure or raw linseed oil the best
for pear blight 1 R.

Toronto.

Reply. — The raw oil, if pure, may
be safely applied, but we need more
experiment to establish its efficacy as a
remedy for pear blight.

A WORD FOR OUR CORRESPONDENTS.

We frequently receive inquiries cou-
pled with the request that we will
answer them in the very next number
of the Canadian Horticulturist. Some
of the inquiries that are answered in
this number came to us in a letter bear-
ing date April 27th, yet requesting us
to answer them in the May number.
This was simply asking an impossibility.
The May number goes to press not
later than the 20th of April, and in
order that this can be done it is neces-
sary that the copy be in the printer's
hands by the 10th, which gives only

ten days for setting up, sending the
proof to us, returning it to the printer,
correcting and putting in page form,
sending again to us. for final revision,
returning to printer and making last
correction. All communications must
reach your Editor's hands not later than
the tenth day of the month previous to
the month of issue.

CORRESPONDENCE.

REPORT ON PLANTS RECEIVED.

Dear Sir, — I herewith send you a
report of the plants I have received
from year to year : — In 1883 I got the
Worden Grape. It has made slow
growth, but looks well this spring ; it
has not fruited yet. In 1884 I got the
Prentiss Gra])e. It is twice the size of
the Worden, seems quite hardy and I
think will fruit this year. In 1885 I
got Fay's Prolific Currant. It has made
good growth, but will not fruit this
year. Last week I received the Marl-
boro' Raspberry. I am afraid they will
not live : were very dry when received,
appeared to have been too long in the
mail bag. My location is on a northern
slope, five miles north of Lake Ontario,
north-east of Cobourg. I lay my vines
down in the fall, and cover them with
earth, and in the spring they come out
nice and fresh. J. Lawless.

Baltimore, May Uth, 1885

MULCHING WITH FLAT STONES.

Mh. Editor, — I will give " J. S."
my experience with flat stones for
mulching : I find them superior to
any other mulching for newly planted
evergreens and deciduous trees and
shrubs. I made the change to them
three years ago, and my yearly use of
them since has proved to me their
superiority. I use small pieces for
small trees, and larger ones for larger
trees. I do not put them so close to-

128

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULIURIST.

gether as to exclude air. There is
another advantage in using stones :
they steady the tree while forming
new roots. Yours, &c.,

M. O. H.
Cowansville, April 12, 1886.

VIBURNUM DENTATUM.
Dear Sir, — The native shrub refer-
red to on page 82 of your April No.,
must be a Yiburnum — probably den-
tatum, a fine shrub.

Yours respectfully,

P. Barry.
Rochester, N. Y., April 6th.

CURRANT BORER.

Sir, — In leply to your correspon-
dent's enquiry in reference to the " Cur-
rant Borer," I may say that when
residing in Japan, I found a worm of
this nature a deadly enemy to many
fruit trees, and especially to apple trees,
cherry trees, and other fruit trees not
indigenous. The only ways of stopping
its ravages, were to watch for the first
symptom of its being at work, and then
insert a fine elastic wire into its hole,
pushing it up and down ; or to take a
glass syringe with a fine point, and
pump kerosine or other like liquid into
the hole. I do not know if the borer
of this country is the same as that of
Japan : The latter is a white maggot,
which works its way by a small hole
into the stem or branch of the tree or
shrub, and hollows out a circular chan-
nel up the branch, of perhaps two or
three feet length. A little heap of what
looks like sawdust lies at the foot of
the tree, as the sign of his deadly lab-
our— deadly, for the tree soon suc-
cumbs, if not attended to.

The climate of Japan (excepting the
north) of course difiers exceedingly from
this, but perhaps this experience may
be useful. Yours faithfully,

A. J. Wilkin.
Pine Creek, Calgary, Ap. 16, '86.

GRAPES AND STRAWBERRIES.

As yet I can say nothing definite of
the value of the premiums received.
It was necessary to move Moore's and
Worden a year after planting, so that
I am so far unable to sit under my own
vine without danger from sunstroke.
In my garden the soil is sandy, and
rather poor. There is a full east and
south exposure, with a shelter belt on
the north and north-west. In such a
situation Prentiss made a poor growth
and failed to ripen half of that, while
Moore's, Worden, Pocklington and
Brighton ripened to the tips. Fay's
Prolific is a vigorous grower.

In August, 1884, I purchased some
potted plants of Bidwell, Manchester,
Sharpless, Seneca Queen, Early Can-
ada, Jersey Queen, Triple Crown,
Shirts, and James Vick. They were
planted in rows in very rich soil, in-
clined to sand, runners cut, and a light
covering of straw thrown over the bed
after the first freeze up. Last season
Manchester and Seneca Queen bore
heavy crops of very large, handsome
berries ; Early Canada and James Vick
produced a large number of berries, so
small that it required a great deal of
patience to pick them. The others are
valueless with me.

J. McN. Malcolm.
Norval, Halton Co.

BARK LICE REMEDY.
Mk. Editor, — When I used the
Bark Louse Remedy, I mentioned to
you, my trees were but three or four
years old. One bag in the fork of the
tree was then sufiicient, and I think
one bag so placed would work into the
sap generally and be sufficient for any
sized tree, yet I have put it on a fe^v
large trees and used from two to four
bags to a tree, with the view of mak-
ing it more surely effectual, and placed
the bags so that the wash made by the
rains on the ingredients would come in

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

129

contact with the trunk and trunk ends
of as many main branches as possible.
Yours truly,

D. Young.
Adolphustown, P. E Co.

Note by the Editor. — Does our
correspondent suppose that the ingre-
dients of the composition used by him
are taken up through the bark into the
circulation, and that the sap is thereby
rendered poisonous, so that the young
lice are killed by feeding on it 1

STRIPED MELON BUG.
I noticed in the April number of the
Horticulcurist that J. P. Williams, of
Bloomfield had considerable trouble in
getting rid of the striped squash beetle ;
if it is the same as the squash bug my
remedy would be to i)ut some fresh cow
dung into a pail, put on some water,
stir it up, and sprinkle the vines and
plants with the mixture ; the beetles
will seldom wait for a second dose.

NONPAREIL APPLE.

J. P. Williams enquires for the famed
Nonpariel of Nova Scotia. I have
some grafts of the above-named apple
now growing, and in another year may
have some to take off.

Edw'd C. Scarlett.
Conway, Lennox Co.

GRAPEVINE TRELLIS.
Mr. Editor, — I cannot help expres-
iiig my gratitude to the party writing
that article on grape culture. I find
that others have trouble with their
trellises as well as myself, but I have
experimented until I have got a trellis
that I can recommend to any of your
loaders who may require them. It is
this : put in your posts two feet in the
ground, fifteen feet apart, five feet
high, and then instead of a wire, get
small cedar poles, then four inches
from the top bore a two-inch auger

hole and in them fit your poles between
the posts ; that serves for the top wire,
then put in two wires below the poles,
then the end posts cannot pull to-
gether, which has been all my trouble.
The wirt-s must go through the centres
of the posts, by boring holes through
them. This trellis will stand any
amount of pressure, for the wire can
be strained as tight as necessary with-
out any bracing.

Yours,

A. C. McDonald.
Dunlop, Huron Co., Ont.

AMBER QUEEN GRAPE.

The Amber Queen came through the
winter without any other protection
than the snow, in an exposed position,
where it had been foi gotten. Of course
it was lying on the ground.

J. P. COCKBURN.
Gravenhurst, Muskoka.

THE JAPAN QUINCE.

In reply to the enquiry of " Sub-
scriber," Walkerton, I would say that
the Japan Quince has proved itself per-
fectly hardy here. Even in the winter
of 1884-5, the severest known to the
oldest settlers, when nearly every
Baldwin Apple tree in the neighbour-
hood suffered, the Japan Quince came
through uninjured. With my experi-
ence I can confidently recommend it
for hardiness, while fur beauty, when
in bloom, it excells all other deciduous
shrubs. J. H. WiSMER.

Port Elgin.

STRIPED MELON BUG AND HYD-
RANGEA PANICULATA.

I notice in the Horticulticrist for
April an enquiry for a remedy for the
the ravages of the striped squash bug.
I have used saltpetre for yeai*s, with
the best results. Dissolve a tablespoon-
ful of saltpetre in a patent {)ail of
water and soak the ground around each

130

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

vine with the fluid, using about a pint
to a hill. Do this after sundown, as
the bugs descend into the soil about
that time for the night, and they will
not be in a condition to come up again
next morning. A second or third ap-
plication may be necessary where the
bugs are very numerous. The saltpetre
will not injure the plants.

Another correspondent in the same
issue fears that Hydrangea paniculata
will not prove a success at Barrie.
Unless I am greatly mistaken I saw a
very fine plant at Allandale Railway
Station in August, 1883, that had evi-
dently bloomed profusely, for the dead
trusses were still upon the plant.

Permit me to express the gratifica-
tion I feel upon the arrival of the
Horticulturist each month. I consider
it invaluable to all who cultivate fruit
or flowers, whether for pleasure or
profit, particularly so to Canadian hor-
ticulturists.

Yours faithfully,

William Kay.

Chesley, Bruce County.

STRIPED BUGS.

If Mr. J. P. Williams, who had so
much trouble fighting the striped bugs
last season, will take inch lumber 8
inches wide, cut in pieces 14 inches
long, nail four of these together, and
over the top fasten mosquito netting,
he will have nice, handy, bottomless
boxes that he can place over each
squash, melon or cucumber hill that
he may desire to plant, and he will
have the most effectual remedy against
striped bugs yet discovered. If the
ground should be uneven, pull the
earth against the sides of the boxes to
prevent the bugs from getting in under-
neath. Put these boxes or frames over
the hills as soon as planted as they
answer the double purpose of protect-
ing the young plants against striped
bugs and late night frosts. They can

be left on till the squash plants crowd
hard against the netting and the melons
and cucumbers have made six or eight
leaves. By that time they can be
safely removed in ordinary seasons, as
most of the bugs will have disappeared,
and the few that may remain, in ex-
ceptional seasons, will not be able to
harm the plants much when they
have attained the size indicated. The
frames, if well nailed together when
first made, will last nearly a lifetime ;
the netting will need to be replaced
every three or four years.

As soon as their services are no
longer required in the garden or field
they should be stored away in some
outbuilding.

Where very large plantations of
squashes or cucumbers are made this
method is not feasible, but where the
amount does not exceed the fourth of
an acre, this is the cheapest and most
thorough way of disposing of the
striped bug. For melons and cucumbers
the pieces can be cut twelve instead of
fourteen inches long. I think this an-
swers Mr. Williams' question, " Is
there really any known remedy for the
striped bug?" in the affirmative.

H. L. Janzen.

Berlin.

FRUITS IN NORTH SIMCOE.
As you invite the members of the
Fruit Growers' Association to give
their experience in fruit growing, in
their respective localities, through the
columns of the Horticulturist, a few
items from the northern part of On-
tario may not be out of place. With
respect to a])ples, the past year has
given evidence of the necessity of plant-
ing only the very hardy kinds. Of
course the winter of 1884-5 was an
exceptional one. But it played sad
havoc with the apple orchards in this
county ; hundreds and thousands of
trees were frozen to death. It was

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

131

quite a common sight last summer to
see numbers of trees in every orchard
with yellow leaves and scathed trunks,
as if they had been scorched by fire.
As to the cause there is a difference of
opinion. Some think it was the rain
that fell about Christmas, followed by
severe arctic weather. Others that it
was the premature warm spell we had
in spring that started the sap too soon,
and then froze and burst the bark.
Perhaps both are partly right. The
three varieties that stood the best were :
1st, Duchess ; 2nd, Talman Sweet ;
and 3rd, Golden Russet. I agree with
Mr. Williams, who wrote in the April
number that he is looking to the Rus-
sian Family for something to turn up
to replace the kinds we have now;
and if we can get among the Russian
fruits an apple as fine as showy and
as hardy as the Duchess and that will
keep to spring, that would be the apple
for North Simcoe.

WITH REGARD TO SMALL FRUITS.

The last year seemed very favourable
for grapes and berries, notwithstanding
the severity of the preceding winter.
But this may be explained by the fact
that grapes are mostly put down and
covered, and then the snow lay very
deep and so protected the small fruits.
Strawberries were a splendid crop, and
the same may be said of raspberries.
The Cuthbert is my favourite red, and
the Gregg the best black cap. All the
varieties of grapes that I have, ripened
well — Champion, Concord, Moore's
Early, Vergennes, Early Victor, Pren-
tiss, Rogers' No. 3, 15, and 17, Wor-
den and Brighton. Last fall was ex-
ceptionally free from early frosts. We
can bring all those varieties of grapes
through the winter all right by cover-
ing them ; the vines grow well through
the summer, and if we can only get
them ripe before the early fall frosts
catch them, we can grow a very fine
sample of fruit.

Everyone as far as I can learn in
this district is highly pleased with the
premiums sent out by the Association.
The Catalpas sent last spring all grew
splendid, also the Dahlias and Fay's
Currants. 1 have not heard of a plant
that failed. I only wish that more in
this county would join the F. G. A.
If tliey would subscribe to the Ilorti-
cidturist, and not give so much ta
Yankee tree agents for worthless trash
that never lives to produce fruit, they
would be vastly benefited. I am highly
pleased with our little journal ; it is
getting better every month. Every
farmer, every gardener, and every man
or woman who takes an interest in
fruit or flowers should take the Horti-
culturist. G. C. C.
Vespra, April.

FRAGRANT CLIMBING ROSE.
How can I tell you anything about
roses without " carrying coals lo New-
castle 1 " Yet you say so positively in
the report of the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation that you do not know of an'i/
fragrant climbing rose, that I want to
tell you of one that thrives here, al-
though it viight not in Canada. A
friend of mine here, Mrs. Hentzley, haa
one that covers her verandah, and is
fast running over the roof of her two-
storey house. It has a delightful odor,,
very similar to that of the tea roses,
and it has the same glossy leaves. It
is evergreen, and with the thermometer
at four degrees below zero, as we had
it one night in January, it was not
hurt at all. She calls it the Banksia.
Some people here call it Lady Banks.
It is a profuse bloomer, and had some
blossoms late in the autumn. It is a
very pale yellow, and the open rose is
not specially pretty, but the buds are
beautiful. Mra. Hentzley is trying to
start some cuttings for me, but finds it
hard to make them grow. I feel as if
I were very officious in offering you

132

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

this little bit of information, but I do
it because of what you said to the Fruit
Growers. Nellie Cooke Peters.
Dallas, Texas, U. S. A.

Note by the Editor. — We are
under obligations to our fair correspon-
dent for so pleasantly reminding us
that such comprehensive expressions as
were used by us on the occasion to
which she refers are apt to be mislead-
ing. We were speaking to a Canadian
audience, and had in mind at the time,
and should have so stated, such climb-
ing roses as can be grown in the 0})en
air in the climate of Canada. There
are many fragrant climbing roses, but
they are largely climbing tea roses,
such as Gloire de Dijon, or Noisettes,
as Marechal Niel. The Banksia roses,
both the yellow and white, are tender
in this climate. The climbing roses
that can be grown in any considerable
portion of Canada in the open air are
of the Prairie rose class, Rosa rubifolia,
the best of which are the Baltimore
Belle and Queen of Prairies, but all
the roses of this class are scentless, so
far as they have come under our obser-
vation. Doubtless at Dallas, Texas,
Gloire de Dijon and Marechal Niel
could be grown in the open air. We
saw a splendid specimen of Marechal
Niel in Doctor Kenworthy's garden,
at Jacksonville, Florida, covering a
space of 30 by 40 feet.

BIGNONIA RADICANS.
This plant, which is alluded to in
the present month's number, is cer-
tainly worthy of a place in every garden
and grounds. Care as to protection
during winter is necessary. The great-

est trouble to contend with is its spread-
ing propensity, as it would soon mono-
polize the flower border. The best way
to manage it is to put it into a tub of
sufficient size, cedar wood being the
best, then plunge into the earth almost
to the surface. S. R.

Berlin.

PARIS GREEN FOR CABBAGE
LEAVES.

It appears from an article under this
heading in the last number of the Cana-
dian Horticulturist that Mr. D. Demp-
sey had something to say at the meeting
of the F. G. A. in Stratford with re-
gard to using Paris Green against the
ravages of the so-called cabbage worm.
Howevtir effectual and safe the applica-
tion of Paris Green to cabbage may
prove, in the hands of expeiienced and
careful men, I for one would unhesitat-
ingly and utterly condemn this practice
as altogether too dangerous to be recom-
mended to the general gardening com-
munity. The use of it on a vegetable
where the leafy part, on which the i
Paris Green must be sprinkled, is con-
sumed, especially since Mr. Dempsey
recommends the sprinkling to be con-
tinued until the cabbages are full grown, \
is exceedingly dangerous. I grow from
8,000 to 10,000 cabbages yearly, and
find but very little annoyance from the
cabbage worm. I attribute this freedom
from their ravages to the fact that I
invariably plant nearly all of this
quantity in one solid block. If for any
reason I find myself obliged to plant a
few hundred heads by themselves, and
especially if near the shelter of fences,
buildings or orchard, or where the air
cannot circulate freely, they are sure
to be doomed to destruction through
the ravages of the cabbage worm.

My advice to all that grow, say from
twenty-five to a few hundred heads of
cabbage, is to select that portion of
their garden that is most exposed to

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

133

the free circulation of the air. If you
have no such plot at your disposal, but
are hedged in on every side, as very
many gardens are, by buildings, high
fences or orchards, and your calling is
such that you cannot find the necessary
time to hand pick the worms, sooner
than resort to such a dangerous remedy
as Paris Green, do not attempt to grow
cabbages, but buy them on the market
of parties you know are not obliged to
resort to its use in their cultivation,
and devote your time and ground to
the growing of other vegetables or
small fruits.

1 have had occasion within the last
ten years to try many of the remedies
recommended for the destruction of the
cabbage worm, but the only one I ever
found effectual and at the same time
practical (aside from hand picking) was
to take water when about at the boil-
ing poin,t and pour it over the cabbages
with an ordinary sprinkling can.

H. L. Janzen.

Berlin, Ont.

THE MOCCASIN FLOWER.

With reference to some of our native
herbaceous |)lants and shrubs, alluded
to by Mr. Goldie in the January num-
ber, I would beg to state that the
Cypripedium spectabile, or as it is
called, the Moccasin Flower, one of
our most charming flowers, is difficult
to transplant into dry, exposed ground,
it being a swamp orchid. I tried it
twice, but failed in both cases, the first
sj)ecimen I bought, and the second I
discovered, and notwithstanding having
brought along a quantity of muck to
j»lant it in, I failed to get any satisfac-
tory results. The only way to treat it
successfully is to plant near the edge of
;i [)ond, or creek which may be on or
running through pleasure grounds par-
tially shaded.

The Lobelia cardinalis, or Cardinal
Flower, intense scarlet, is more easily

handled. I found some fine specimens
of this plant growing in a dried up
black ash swail, and it will grow satis-
factorily when planted in a soil of a
similar character.

The Hepaticas and Sanguinarias are
easily grown in any common garden
soil. S. R.

Berlin.

WATER LILIES, &c.

Parties who have a small pond near
to their premises should not omit to
procure some w^ater lilies (although not
lilies really, still they are known best
under that name). They are easily
transplanted. I have seen them grow-
ing in abundance in the township of
North Dumfries, and a few of our
Ranunculus might be transplanted on
the edges. Our native lily will bear
transplanting very well. Some of our
native shrubs must not be forgotten,
such as the Comptonia asplenifolia
(sweet scented fern), for its fragrance,
and the Potentilla suffructicosa, for its
pretty yellow blossoms. Both are
easily removed. S. E..

Berlin.

THE WEIGELA ROSEA.

This charming shrub is grown here
without winter protection, at least on
my grounds, but in localities where it
is exposed and partially winter killed,
it would be as well to give it protection
during winter, either by covering with
evergreen boughs, or what is just as
good, a piece of packing sheet, or such
like, taking care to bend the canes
gently and fastening with hooked pegs.

This shrub is a native of China, and
was introduced into Europe by Weigel,
a Russian botanist, hence its name.
There are many varieties now in culti-
vation evidently seedlings of the origi-
nal Rosea, all of which are no doubt
equally as hardy. The var. Variegata,

134

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

illustrated and described in the Feb-
ruary number of the Horticidturist, is
•certainly an acquisition, and no person
having a taste for gardening should be
without at least one specimen on his
grounds. The Weigela is of easy pro-
pagation from cuttings.

In protecting the Weigela, you may
at same time apply the same modus
operandi to the Japan Quince {Cydonia
Japonica), and instead of having a few
scattering blossoms at the base of the
rshrub, you will have a magnificent
£oral blaze. g j^

Berlin.

THE CANKER WORM.

Your article on this subject is very
opportune. Although this pest or
rather insect epidemic has not reached
this locality, that I have heard of.
Some parties seem to think it has, but
I think it is a mistake. Possibly it is
the fall web worm they allude to. None
are on my premises yet, but I suppose
it is only a question of time. However,
it is as well to be on the lookout, fore-
warned is forearmed.

The poor horticulturist has many
troubles to contend with, but must
content himself with this, the only
satisfaction, that there is not much
danger of his brains becoming inert.

Berlin. S. K.

THE CURRANT BORER.

This pest, to a considerable extent,
can be controlled. The eojg from which
the grub is hatched is usually de})Osited
towards the tip of the young shoot or
sucker from the base of the bush, first
being very ingeniously girdled in order
to reach soft liber or pith ; and just as
soon as you will see the end of the twig
lean out and wilt, then is your time to
head the grub oflf by cutting back, say
ubout an inch of che new wood, below
where it was girdled. If allowed, it

will soon work its way downward, eat
its way through, and get transposed to a
winged beetle, ready to engage in the
same profession that its parents did
previousl3^

I could not for a long time under-
stand why so many currant suckers
were wilting at the tips ; finally I saw
the insect in the act of girdling a rose
sucker, but being rather smart for me,
escaped. It appeared to be about
three-fourths of an inch in length,
with brownish scale wing coverings,
and fly shaped. No doubt entomolo-
gists know it. Simon Roy.

Berlin.

PANSIES.
To have pansies for early spring
bloom, and all summer as well, I sow
the seed in August. When seedlincrs
are up nicely I prick out and pot in
verbena-size pots (one plant in a pot).
I then thrust the pots into earth in
my cold frame up to the rim, cover
with glass, and water when required.
By the time of first frost they will be
beautiful large plants, and some of
them in flower. When severe cold sets
in I cover the glass with some old
boards to protect the glass, then cover
with old vines and leaves. It is best
to elevate your cold frame a few inches
to keep dry. I also keep in such
frames carnation cuttings, and other
plants that will not stand our long,
severe winters very well. In early
spring I uncover the frame to the
glass, and in two weeks time their
saucy faces will be peering up at you.
When the weather becomes somewhat
settled I take them out, tip them out
of the pot and put them into the bor-
der. Be cautious about manuring with
strong manure ; a good dressing of leaf
mould I have always found sufiicient ;
put a little salt on the surface to retain
moisture, for pansies require plenty of
moisture. In dry, hot weather the

THE CANADIAN HORl'IOULTDRIST.

135

watering should be done late in the even-
ing, after the earth has cooled ; if they
are watered while the ground is hot
they will throw out strong, straggling
shoots and often die.

Walter S. Gamsby.
Orono, Ont.

Note by the Editor. — With this
communication we received from Mr.
Gamsby a most magnificent collection
of pansy blooms of unusual size. We
took the trouble to measure the largest
and found it to be fully 2 J by 2 inches.
Many of the others were but a little
less. Mr. Gamsby does not tell us
where he obtained his seed. There is
quite a difference as to size in the
several strains that are grown by
florists, which, combined with Mr.
Gamsby's excellent treatment, may ac-
count for their great size.

JAPAN QUINCE AND WEIGELA.

I may say that the Japan Quince
and the variegated Weigela needs pro-
tection during winter here.

George Bond.
Prince Albert, Ontario Co.

STRIPED MELON BUG.

Dear Sir, — In the Horticulturist
for this month there is a remedy recom-
mended for the three-striped Yellow
Squash and Melon Bug, which remedy
is a very troublesome one. For many
years past I have always planted to-
mato plants near my melons, and as
soon as the scent of the tomato gets
strong, which it soon does, it banishes
the bug at once. This is a certain
remedy and gives no trouble. I have
never known it to fail.

Toronto.

Yours truly,

W. W. R.

CATALPA SPECIOSA.

The Catalpa is hardy here and comes
out in good condition, better than the
Russian Mulberry, which is sure to
indicate the snow line when developing
the buds in spring, all buds above the
snow being at least four days later in
coming out.

J. R Cockburn.
Gravenhurst, Muskoka.

BARK LICE ON APPLK TREES.

As you published the remedy for
bark lice I assume that you do not dis-
credit it. Its action, I imagine, is
purely as an external wash, and not
that it is absorbed and carried with the
sap through the ramifications of the
branches. C. E. B.

MEETING OF THE MICHIGAN HOR-
TICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The annual June meeting of the
Michigan State Horticultural Society
will convene at North Lansing, on the
evening of June 15th, and continue for
three sessions on the following day.
The exercises will be unusually inter-
esting, and a novelty will be intro-
duced in the way of short essays and
addresses upon special topics by classes
from the Agricultural College, under
the direction of Dr. Real, Prof Cook,
and Prof Railey.

The meeting is arranged to follow
closely the semi-centennial celebration
at Lansing, so as to take advantage of
the greatly reduced railroad rates, and
give an opportunity to take in both
entertainments at one visit.

For further particulars address

Chas. W. Garfield,
Grand Rapids, Michigan. Secretary.

136

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE POTATO ROT,— ITS CAUSE AND

REMEDIES.

By J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., Professor of Natural His-
tory at the Ontario Agricultural College.

The use of the microscope in the fields
of scientific research has revealed much
that is of importance to man. Many
forms of disease, about whose origin
little was known, have had much light
shed upon them since this instrument
was employed in their study, both
among animals and plants. We find
now that man is constantly lashed by
invisible foes — some attacking himself
and others the food which he eats.
During the past summer and fall a
striking example of this occurred in the .
prevalence of the so-called " potato rot,"
which has proved a great loss through-
out the Province and in many parts of
the United States. In the bulletin
issued in November from the Bureau
of Industries, we learn that the " rot "
prevailed through the whole southern
belt of the Province. In many cases
one-half to three-fourths of the crop
was destroyed, and in some it was not
worth digging. With such disaster
around us, the questions are naturally
suggested. What is the cause of the
*' rot ? " and. What remedies can be
adopted *?

Cause. — This disease has received a
great deal of attention from botanists
since the days when it became a scourge
in Ireland and other parts of the British
Isles, and it is now conceded to be the
result of a minute fungus called Phyto-
phthora infestans. This attacks all
parts of the plant — leaf, stem and
tubers. By those ignorant of the life
history of this tiny i)arasitic plant little
attention is paid to its appearance on
the tops, and no alarm is experienced
until the potatoes are affected. But
being very contagious, its presence on
the leaves should become a serious mat-
ter, especially when we remember that
it spreads with great rapidity. It is

usually indicated by the tops presenting
a blotched, brownish, spotted, dead ap-
pearance. A close examination of the
potatoes showing this will discover in-
numerable slender stems growing up
out of the surface of the leaves and
stems of the affected plants. These
branch and swell out at the ends into
pear-shaped minute bodies (spores),
which are produced by millions. When
ripe they separate from the stem and
being exceedingly light pass into the
atmosphere, where they are wafted
about, many of them finally reaching
the ground or settling upon plants.
Under favourable conditions of mois-
ture and heat the contents of a micro-
scopic spore may push out a long minute
tube, which can penetrate into any part
of the potato plant and give rise to the
fungus ; or may separate into several
distinct portions (swarm spores) which
burst through the spore-wall and become
the source of the parasitic plant. The
mature plant which lives in the tops
and tubers is very minute, and can be
seen only by the aid of the microscope.
It consists of many colourless, branch-
ing, thread-like structures. These pene-
trate the tissues of the potato and feed
upon the juices, so that it soon weakens
and begins to waste away. From the
thread-like structures tiny stalks arise,
assuming beautiful plant like forms and
bearing upon their branches the spores
already referred to. They live but a
short time, but the thread-like structure
is perennial and hardy, and from frag-
ments of it new fungi may arise. It
is said by some that another kind of
spore is produced which can winter, and
thus give rise to the organism in another
season. These are the so-called resting
spores, apparently for the purpose of
keeping the species over certain periods,
while the spores already considered are
produced rapidly so as to hasten the
spread of the fungus under favourable
conditions. This minute microscopic

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

137

plant is certainly a low form of vege-
table life, inca})able of manufacturing
food from the mineral kingdom, but
fastening upon other plants and feeding
upon their juices. A wet season sup-
plies conditions well adapted for its
development, and hence we find the
** rot " associated with such weather.
Thei'e is no doubt that many spores are
always more or less present, buh they
are prevented from being a source of
trouble because the weather is not suited
for their growth.

Remedies. — The " rot " usually ap-
pears about the first two weeks in
August, and if the weather is favourable
its spread is very rapid, for as soon as
the thread-like structure which arises
from the spore is developed it imme-
diately becomes spore-bearing. Hence
the importance of examining the plants
for the appearance of the brownish
spots that indicate the presence of the
fungus.

1. As soon as discovered, dig the
potatoes. Delay will allow it to spread
to the stems, and thence to the tubei*s.
If it reaches these and damp weather
comes. " rot " will certainly appear.

"2. After digging, the potatoes should
be put in a cool, dry place, thus sur-
rounding them with conditions un-
favourable for the growth of the fungus,
if any happens to be upon them.

3. Growing early varieties is worthy
of consideration, so that they may
mature before the sejison arrives when
this parasite is likely to afiect the crop.

4. All potato stalks in affected lands
'lould be gathered and burned, so as
) destroy the millions of spores which

may be upon them.

5. Use none but good seed. If at
ill aff(ected, reject them; and plant in
well-drained land. If the potatoes to
be used for seed have been taken from
« (hilars wliere affected ones were kept,
tliey are likely to have tlie microscopic
spores on tliem an<l escaj>e uotico. It

would be best to get seed from un-
affected districts.

6. It is scarcely necessary to remark
that it would be injudicious to plant
potatoes in the same field the following
year after a visitation of the *'rot," in-
asmuch as the ground may retain the
germs of the disease.

7. Avoid planting upon heavy clay
soil, but prefer a light and dry sotl.
This presents the fewest conditions suit-
able for the growth of the fungus.

The nature of our climate is not so
favourable for the development of this
injurious fungus as that of Britain ;
yet as we are sometimes visited by it,
and although scarcely viewed as a
scourge, it is well that we should re-
member its nature and habits and
always be ready to guard against failure
if it appears. As last summer was
favourable for its propagation, great
care should be exercised in the selection
of seed this spring.

The above paper was prepared by
Mr. Panton at the request of the
Ontario Department of Agriculture,
and deserves the careful consideration
of all cultivators of the potato.

SMALL FRUITS.

(Read htfore the East Lamhton Farmen' Institute, at
Watjord, by W. W. Hilborn, of ArkonaJ

There are no fruits which can be so
extensively and profitably grown in
Ontario as the small fruits, and none
that give such quick returns. No crop
on the farm is

MORE PROFITABLE.

While I would not advise every farmer
to go into growing small fruits for
market, I would very earnestly recom-
mend all to grow enough for their own
use There is no other way in which
you can liave the Siime satisfaction as
to grow them — not in a small enclosure,
where all the work has to be done by

138

THE OA.NADIAN HOETICULTDRI8T-

hand, but out where you have plenty
of room to do most of the work with
horse and cultivator. There is no other
crop on the farm that will pay as well
as a good collection of strawberries, rasp-
berries, currants, blackberries, goose-
berries and gi'apes, if they receive
reasonable care. There are many places
where it would pay well for farmers
to go into small fruit growing for mar-
ket. Every neighborhood should have
at least one person engaged in small
fruit growing for market ; but to be
successful, those engaged in it for profit
must have

A LIKING FOR THB BUSINESS,

and be willing to work, not only with
their hands, but with their brains.
There are many farmers that have
small farms, with perhaps two or three
sons, for whom they would like to buy
more land, but do not find it an easy
matter to do so, as land is high in price
in all good localities, and times are dull.
If such farmers would go into small
fruit growing they would not require
more land, and would find it more pro-
fitable, that is, if gone into intelligently.
Some will say, " The supply will soon
be greater than the demand." Why
not be afraid to grow wheat for the
same reason 1 There is not the slightest
doubt but that it will pay as long as
people continue to have a taste for
fruit.

THE PAST SEASON WAS A FAVORABLE ONE

for strawberries, and the supply was
equal to the demand in most parts of
the country, especially in large towns
and cities. Small country places and
farmers in many places did not get a
full supply even last year, when the
largest crop was gathered that has ever
been grown in this country. I sold five
hundred bushels from five acres, grown
with just good ordinary field culture.
After deducting expenses for picking,
boxes, marketing, etc., they give a net
return of

FULLY ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS PER ACRE.

The supply did not equal one-half the
demand for raspberries, currants, goose-
berries, and blackberries, and is not
likely to fully equal the demand for
many years. .

At the present time I think it is
very doubtful if there is any other line
of our great agricultural industries of
Ontario that will give a greater return
for the outlay required than small fruit
growing. Do not for one moment sup-
pose that you can go right into the
business on a large scale and make a
fortune in two or three years without
any knowledge of the business. The
only sure way to succeed is to begin on
a small scale, and as you gain practical
knowledge of varieties, manner of cul-
tivation, marketing, etc., you can en-
large your plantations and do so intel-
ligently. There is great competition in
all branches of trade, but those who are
not afraid to work, both with their
hands and brains, need not fear com-
petition.

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT POINTS

in growing small fruits for market is to
try always to have them put up in
nice packages and well filled with good
fruit, and always sell the fruit for just
what it is — never put the large berries
on top of the box and the small ones
in the bottom. Another very impor-
tant matter is to plant well-tested varie-
ties, and plant some of all the small
fruits — strawberries, raspberries, goose-
berries, currants, blackberries, and
grapes. Plant several kinds of each,
so that you can extend your supply of
fruit over as long a period as possible,
which gives you a greater length of
time in which to market. You can
also market at a much cheaper rate, as
you do not require so many boxes,
crates, etc.; you also have time to do
more of the work yourself, thus re-
ducing expenses. Having a regular

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

139

supply will help to find you a market,
as all dealers like to buy from those
who can give them the most regular
supply, and for the greatest length of
time. I will give a

LIST OF THE MOST PROFITABLE SORTS

for market, so far as tested in this
county. Fii*st on the list is

Strawberries. — For first early, plant
Old Iron Clad ; next early, Crescent
Seedling; for medium, Wilson and
Daniel Boone ; for late, Manchester
and Atlantic.

Red Raspberries. — Turner, for early;
Cuthbert, for late. Shaffer's Colossal
is a very dark red or purple ; it is the
most productive and best for canning,
and none more hardy.

Black Raspberries. — For early, Tyler
and Souhegan ; for medium, Mam-
moth Cluster ; for late, Gregg.

Red Currants. — Victoria, Raby
Castle and Fay's Prolific.

White Currants. — None better than
White Grape.

Black Currants. — Lee's Prolific and
Naples.

Gooseberries. — Smith's Improved and
Downing.

Blackberries. — Snyder.

Grapes. — Concord, Worden, Moore's
Early, Delaware, Rogers' No, 9 (Lind-
ley), and Brighton.

The above are all well-tested varie-
ties, and will

ADAPT THEMSELVES TO ALMOST ANY SOIL,

and where they will not succeed it
would be useless to look for any that
will pay. There are some of the new
grapes that show such decided merit
that I will give the names of a few,
although I do not like to say much
about new varieties in a paper of this
kind. Ulster Prolific I believe to be
one of the most promising new red
grapes I have seen for this country.
Kmpire State and Niagara are both
very fine white grapes, and well worthy
of a place in every collection.

BAGGING GRAPES.

{From the Philadelphia Weekly Press).

The following replies to inquiries as
to the results of using bags upon grape
clusters this season, the difference be-
tween fruit thus treated and that left
uncovered, the influence of the bags
upon early ripening, flavor, bloom,
soundness, etc., will be found instruc-
tive.

IN NEW JERSEY.

I bagged some of all varieties and
most of some varieties, the smaller
clusters being unbagged. Of the Mar-
tha, Niagara, and some others, the
exposed cluster was invariably worth-
less, while those in bags were perfect
in every respect. Not every cluster
bagged, however, was perfect. Some
would have a berry or two affected,
others more. Occasionally one was
found entirely destroyed. That bags
are a great protection is abundantly
proven in ray experience. I wish I
could affirm or believe it was absolute.
The quality of the grapes bagged is not
in the least impaired. The appearance
is improved, the bloom is perfection
and the general appearance of the clus-
ters more attractive to the eye than
are those grown outside. I think the
ripening is generally retarded a few
days, but it is none the less perfect.
My experience summed up is this :
That by bagging I am sure of securing
a reasonable amount of fine fruit ; with-
out it the result is extremely proble-
matical. To put it more plainly, on
my grounds, as far as the choice varieties
are concerned, bagging constitutes just
the diffei-ence between success and fai-
lure. If I want to be sure of fine
clusters of so common a variety as
Concord I bag them. — E. Williams.

IN CONNECTICUT.

My first experience in bagging grapes
was on a very limited scale four years
ago, with very little faith that there
could be any good in it. However, to

140

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

test the matter carefully, soon as the
fruit was well set in early Summer, I
put a few bags on each vine of every
variety in our experimental vineyard,
leaving bunches unbagged side by side
with the bagged ones, and the results
in the Fall were such as to encourage
me to repeat the experiment the next
year on a larger scale, and for the ]>ast
two seasons we have bagged all our
best grapes and shall continue to do so
in the futui-e, for by so doing we get
more perfect bunches, berries of larger
size, ripening more perfectly, and a
more perfect bloom than the unbagged
fruit. As to quality, four years' test
has failed to show me that it is either
improved or injured by the bagging.
Mildew has been very prevalent this
season, and on some varieties we should
not have had a single perfect bunch
had it not been for the bags. They
also serve as a protection against frost.
We have had several hard frosts, and
yet every day now we are enjoying
many of our best varieties fresh from
the vine, and in a perfection of fresh-
ness that we have never seen at this
season in grapes not so treated. So
much in favor- of and nothing against
the system, except the very light ex-
pense of the bags and pins, and the
labor of putting them on. I believe it
will pay well to bag the fruit in a
market vineyard, and I know that for
family iise the satisfaction of having so
much better appearing fruit more than
compensates for the slight expense. —
J. H. Hale.

IN ILLINOIS.

Last year I bagged a few clusters of
Concord and Diana grapes as an ex-
periment. It proved so satisfactory
that I this year bagged most of my
Champion, Concord, Diana, Brighton
and Lady grapes. All those bagged
ripened evenly, were free from specks
and blemishes, and wei-e covered with
;V beautiful bloom, but in the midst of

nearly every cluster a species of small
spider had spun a dense web, which
had to be removed before they were
presental^le.

About two-thirds of those left un-
bagged were punctured or wholly des-
troyed by gi-asshoppers, which were
very numerous and very destructive
this year. I could see no difference in
the time of ripening between those
bagged and those not. We used quite
a lot for dessert, and I noticed that the
bagged were always selecte^l for that
pur|)ose ; and though the red and white
varieties were somewhat lighter in
color than those exposed, the general
opinion of the family was that they
were better flavored — more "spark-
ling." Bagging made no difference in
the color of the black grapes ; they
were simply black and covered with a
heavy bloom. — Fred. Grundy.

IN NEW YORK.

We have for several years past prac-
ticed covering clusters of grapes with
small paper bags. We usually place
these bags on the grapes when about
half grown, fastening them with a pin,
having first drawn the top of the bag
about the stem closely, and having slit
the lower corner of the bag with a
knife to let out any water that might
gather in the bag during a rain. Our
object in bagging grapes is to preserve
specimens of the different varieties in
the best possible condition. In locali-
ties where rot is prevalent bags are
used for the purpose of preventing rot
with good results. The grapes reach a
higher perfection of color and quality
in the bags than without. The bloom,
which is a prominent feature in the
grape, is undisturbed in the bags, and
is ap])arently more noticeable when
tlius protected. The only specimens of
Lady Washington grapes we have ever
succeeded in ripening on our farm,
were those enclosed in paper bags, as it
has been proven too late for this

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

141

locality. It is surprising to learn how
many grapes may be bagged in a day
by a skillful person, who is quick
motioned. The expense, however, is
worth considering, and will prevent
the practice becoming general, except
to i)revent rot, and to prevent the
depredations of birds and fowls, and
damage by frost. If one has only a
few vines in the garden, it is an easy
matter to make them secure against
rot and other serious dangers by bag-
ging them, and tlie expense is hardly
worth mentioning in such cases. —
Charles A. Green.

MAMMOTH SQUASH.

In W. Atlee Burpee tk Co.'s Farm
Annual for 1886, Philadelphia, the
credit is awarded to Mr. Charles
Hewitt, of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia,
of having grown the largest squash on
record, 292 lbs., exhibited at the Do-
minion Exhibition in St. John in 1883,
and in 1885, in competition with the
United States, of having won first and
second prizes, $25.00 and $10.00, for
mammoth squash with 262 lbs. and
223 lbs., and lirst of $25.00 with 206^
11)S. for mammoth pumpkin.

Thinking it a matter of interest to
learn Mr. Hewitt's methods, since
whatever will grow mammoth will also
grow table squash, I wrote to him re-
cently for his processes in detail, with
permission to publish, which he kindly
gave as follows : —

" Soil, a clay loam, with some sand
and chip manure, not too coai-se, a
sheltered, southerly aspect. Prej)are
the ground in the fall, by digging a
liole 5 feet by 5 feet 1 foot deep, in
which put a bucket of tish offal, with
iialf bucket of night soil ; replace the
soil. About 20th April put two seeds
ill a 4-inch pot and ])lace in a window
or hot bed ; when in four leaves re-
move the weakest by cutting it off;
[>ulling up may disturb the roots of the

otlier. Take a sash 3 ft. square, make
a frame to fit with four ])ieces of
boards, dig out the hole made in the
fall the full size ; in this put a large
barrow load of horse manure, mixing
it with the soil removed, form a mound
or hill, on which place your frame and
sash ; in the centre put some garden
soil, \n which set your plant, with
care not to disturb the roots in remov-
ing from the pot.

Water when dry with li{i[uid manure,
not strong, and not touching the leaves ;
give air as needed. When danger of
frost is past, and the vine fills the
frame, remove the frame, pick oft* bugs,
let the vines run and encourage them
to root in adjoining ground, which
should be heavily manured with stable
manure, mixed with fish offal, lobster
factory offal, if convenient.

Let the vine cover the space of 10 or
12 feet. When fruit forms, allow all
to get as large as cocoanuts. select the
most healthy ; if from the main vine,
so much the better, not too close to the
stock, as they feed from the root joints ;
at the same time pinch off the tip ends
of the vines and laterals, keep pinching
off as soon as other laterals form, and
all fruit as soon as formed, allowing
only the one to remain ; the concen-
trated nutriment immediately takes
effect, and in twenty-four hours you
will be surprised to find your squash
growing so rapidly.

When very dry, water once a week
with liquid manure, made from cow
dung, or from the draining of the
manure heap, not too strong ; dilute
with soft v\ ater and avoid touching a
leaf. Just before a rain, strew some
su])erphosphate around the plant, and
along the vines, and cover lightly with
soil. Stirring the soil frequently is
better than water, as the ground is aj)t
to V>ake.

Pegging down the vines secui*ely
would be a useful ])recaution where

fc

142

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

there is any risk of disturbance from
wind."

The above gives Mr. Hewitt's " How
to grow mammoth squash " nearly in
his own words, and but slightly con-
densed.— Charles E. Brown, in Yar-
mouth Herald.

BLACKBERRY NOTES.

Among the blackberries, the Snyder
holds it own as the hardiest. It is very
prolific, but the berries are not large.
The Taylor is also quit^ hardy, though
less so than the Snyder. The berries
are larger. The Early Harvest seems
to be the earliest of standard black-
berries— but there is a doubt as to its
hardiness. The berries are small and
jet black ; the drupes small and uni-
form. The Wilson Junior is a large
berry of fair quality and productive.
Whether it is hardier than its parent,
the Wilson Senior, remains to be ascer-
tained. The Wachusett is nearly free
of thorns. The quality is good ; size
medium ; but the plants are very pro-
ductive. Stone's Hardy is with us en-
tirely hardy ; the berries of medium
size. The canes are large and some-
what dwarf, but they do not bear fruit
very abundantly.

The Western Triumph is spoken of
in some catalogues as a new variety ;
but we have had it many years. It is
very hardy, but unproductive at the
Rural Grounds.

Crystal White is a white blackberry
of good quality, but not hardy. The
Minnewaska is not introduced. It is
immensely prolific; the berries are
about the size of the Kittatinny, but
not so sweet. Its hardiness is yet to
*be determined.

The Lucretia Dewberry is as early
as the Early Harvest. The berries
are large and, when full ripe, of good
quality. It runs over the ground or
may be trained to a stake or trellis.
It is quite hardy. — Rural New Yorker.

THE LARGEST GRAPE VINE.

Though the largest Grape vine in the
world is claimed to be at Hampton
Court, England (a vinifera variety),
and another is claimed by Santa Bar-
bara, Cal. (a Mission Grape vine), yet
I believe the farm of Jesse Tarlton,
seven miles from Lexington, Ky., has
the best right to the honor of possessing
the largest Grape vine, at least in size
of body. I measured it at six feet from
the ground and found it 66 inches in
circumference. It is of the cordifolia
(Frost or Winter Grape) species, and is
probably 200 or more years old. It is
supported by an Elm nearly three feet
in diameter, which it entirely covers,
and shows vigorous growth in many
branches, though partly dead on one
side near the ground, caused by ex-
posure to the sun and trampling of
stock.

A vine of the same species, reported
in newspapers of Fla. a few years ago,
having a circumference of 69 inches,
has always been regarded by botanists
as a '"fish story," so Kentucky must
now bear the palm till good authority
from elsewhere shows a circumference
of body over 66 inches, six feet or more
from the ground. — T. V. MuNSON, in
Am. Garden.

FREESIA.
The Freesia refracta alba is one of
the most desirable of recently introduc- j
ed bulbs, and is very certain to become ;
a favorite among all classes. It was in-
troduced here years ago by, I think,
Mr. Hovey of Boston, but was soon lost,
so that it may in a sense be called a re-
cent introduction. The Freesia is a
small bulb, easily grown, and bears
white flowers of the most delicious fra-
grance. The flowers last a long time,
even after being cut. It may be forced
early in the hot-house, but will come
into bloom in January and February in
the ordinary green-house temperature.

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUBI8T.

143

Better still, it will grow well and bloom
freely in the sitting-room, if placed near
the window and not kept too hot. It
is a nice little bulb for all our country
cousins. Put five or six bulbs in a
five -inch pot. A little freezing will not
hurt it when grown in a low tempera-
ture. There are two species on sale, F.
refracta alba and F. Leichtlinii, between
which there is only a trifling difference
in color, the latter having a little more
yellow in the throat. Both are fragrant,
but F. refracta alba is much the better
plant, and, with me, has bloomed earlier
than F. Leichtlinii. Flowering bulbs
may be obtained from the seed in a
single year, if sown early and carefully
grown ; that is to say, seed sown early
in the Spring will bloom the following
Winter, but not all of them. — Rural
New-Yorker.

BOOK NOTICES.

The Michigan Horticulturist for
May, is full of valuable papers. Pub-
lished by W. H. Burr Publishing Co.,
Detroit, Mich., at $1.00 a year.

The Forestry Report of the Kan-
sas State Horticultural Society for
1885, is full of useful information that
is worthy of the careful consideration
of our people and government. The
paper on the use and abuse of our forests
is full of eminently practicable sugges-
tions. It contains, also, a list of forest
trees, deciduous and evergreen, recom-
mended for that State.

The Horticultural Art Journal
for May is embellished with four colored
lithographs. As a handsome work for
the library table it is without a peer
among American horticultural publica-
tions, and we trust that it is meeting
with the support it deserves. It is
perhaps very diflScult to catch the ex-
act shade of color of the purple filbert,
in this case the artist certainly can not
be accused of having made the foliage
more beautiful than in nature.

Alden's Library Magazine. — This
popular Magazine^ which, beginning
with the month of May, was trans-
formed from an octavo monthly into a
handy, small quarto weekly, has taken
other steps in the line of progress. No.
4 of the weekly issue appears in new
and larger type, and also with the ad-
dition of a handsome cover. In its
new appearance it becomes one of the
most attractive magazines in the field,
while it is beyond rivalry in economy
of cost, $1.50 per year. From the
amount and quality of the matter it
presents it is commonly considered even
superior to the great four-dollar month-
lies. You can get a specimen copy free
upon application to the publisher, John
B. Alden, 393 Pearl St., New York.

Canon Farrar's New Book. — A few
weeks ago, when Canon Farrar was
in this country, tens of thousands of
people paid as much as one dollar each
to hear a single lecture delivered by
him, and were well pleased with what
they got for their money. Several of
the most important of those lectures
and addresses, with other papers, are
now published by John B. Alden, of
New York, and can now be had in a
very handsome cloth-bound volume, for
the price of 40 cents. Some of the
lectures are also published separately
in his Elzevir Library, in which form
the lecture on Dante sells for 3 cents ;
on Temperance, 2 cents ; on Ideals of
Nations, 2 cents; Thoughts on America,
3 cents. The millions of intelligent
people who admire Canon Farrar, and
who were not able to hear him lecture,
will be delighted to find his brilliant,
scholarly, and eloquent thoughts placed'
in this handsome form within their
reach. The publisher's illustrated cata-
logue, 1 32 pages, is sent to any address
on receipt of 4 cents ; or condensed
catalogue free. John B. Alden, Pub-
lisher, 393 Pearl St,. N«w York.

144

THE CANADIAN BORTICtJLTtRlST.

MY NEIGHBOURS GARDEN.

Up to the border of my small domain

My neighbour's garden stretches wide and sweet ;
His roses toss against ray window-pane ;

His jasmine wreathes my porch and doorway seat.

My threshold every May is cari)eted

With pale pink petals from his peach-tree blown ;
His tallest lilac lifts its plumy head

Up to the casement where I sit alone.

Waking, I hear, as dawns the morning light.
My neighbour busy in his bordered walks.

Noting the added beauties born of night,
Pulling the weeds among his flower- stalks.

From early March, when the brave crocus comes.
Edging the beds with lines of blue and gold,

Till the consoling, kind chrysanthemums
Contend against December's cruel cold.

My neighbour toils with wise and patient hand,
Scarce pausing in his work for sun or shower,

Evolving gradually from mould and sand
The germ, the leaf, the perfect bud and flower.

A rare magican he— whose touch transmutes—
Helped by the sprites which rule the airs and dews —

Dry dormant seeds and dark unlovely roots
To graceful shapes and richest scents and hues.

His garden teems with glad and brilliant lives ;

There wheel and dive the gauzy dragon-flies.
Bees gather tribute for their distant hives ;

And grey moths flutter as the daylight dies.

Sparrows and wrens sing songs which need no words ;

And over flower-cups scarce more bright than they,
Green-winged and scarlet-throated humming birds

Hang, tranced with sweet, then whirr and dan
away.

From branch to branch, beneath my watching eyes.
His net a black and golden spider weaves ;

And scores of many-colored butterflies
Waltz in and out among the dancing leaves.

My neighbour in their midst — thrice favoured one I- -
Delves, plants, trains, weeds, and waters patiently.

Studies the alchemy of rain and sun.
And works his floral miracles for me.

For me ! not one enjoys this Paradise

As I, within my overlooking room :
It is not seen even by the owner's eyes

At once, the whole wide stretch of growth and bloom.

With sight and mind absorbed he little thinks
How all his garden's sweetness drifts to me—

How his rich lilies and his spicy pinks
Send incense up to me continually.

Yet still he labours faithfully and long

My loneliness to l)righten and beguile.
Asking for all this fragrance, bloom and song,

Not even the small repayment of a smile.

Unconscious friend, who thus enrichest me,
Long may thy darlings thrive, untouched by blight,

Un plagued by worm or frost ! and may there be
No serpent in thine Eden of delight !

And ye whose spirits faint with weariness.
Count not you work unvalued and tinkown :

Cheered by your toil, some silent soul may bless
The hand which strives not for itself alone.

Elizabeth Akbrs Allen

How TO Make Alcoholic Plastic. —
Melt 10 parts of white rosin with one part
of beeswax. When thoroughly melted,
remove the dish from the stove, and cool
until the alcohol will not smoke, then pour
in alcohol— continuously stirring — until
the mixture, when cool, is of about the
consistency of molasses in cool weather.
We do not measure the alcohol, but pour
in very slowly until the stirring cools the
mass. For use in the graft-room it does
not need warming. For use in the open
air, we place the dish on the top of a lan-
tern-like arrangement with a kerosene
lamp under it, regulating its consistency
by turning the wick up and down. If
covered with a white rag, we do not find
this plastic to melt in the sun to more
serious extent than the common grafting
wax. I will add that during the past four
years we have met severe losses in grafting
with wax softened with linseed oil — Prai-
rie Farmer.

Grape Notes. — Lady Washington is
too late ; Jeff(drson is also late though of
of the first quality. It is worthy of trial
where the seasons are longer than at the
Rural Grounds. Vergennes is also a red-
dish grape, of fair quality, that keeps well.
Eldorado is of superb quality and v^r}
early — but it is not a grape that will sj
ceed everywhere. Moore's Early is fiv^
best early market grape. Eaton, will make
its mark as an early black. The Niagara
holds its high reputation for fruitfulness
and healthiness. It is probably the bt ^t
market white grape known at present.
Jessica is a very early white grape of some
promise. F. B. Hayes (white) is ha^ ly
and of good quality for a purely native
grape. Ulster Co. Prolific, (let us caU it
Ulster) and Poughkeepsie Red, are in every
way premising. Pocklington is inferior to
several white grapes of recent origin. The
Woodruff Red disappoints us. It is a 1 w^c
showj'^, red grape, but foxy. — Rural v'< f
Yorker.

PBINTBP AT THR ST£AM PRESS KSTABLTSHMRNT OF THE COPP, CLABK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORON'J

PECIMENS OF LACTI

P

^■i^-m^ ''^^

j^'a.M.

r.- i'§^.m0 J-

Anhalonium fissurata.

Mamillaria pectinata

Cereus colubrinis.

Echinocereus pectinatus.

THE

VOL. IX.]

JULY, 1886.

[No. 7.

THE CACTUS.

A much needed service has been
rendered to cultivators of the cactus
by Mr. A. Blanc, of Philadelphia,
Penn., U.S.A., in the publication of
his catalogue of cactus plants, wherein
is not only a full description of many
valuable varieties, accompanied in many
instances with eniiravinofs ffivinc; the
appearance of the plants and of their
flowers, but also hints as to their culti-
vation, in which full directions are
given concerning the soil to be used,
the temperature required, and the
various details needing attention to
.secure success. Accompanying this
neat little work was a letter from Mr.
Blanc oflfering us the use of such of
the cuts as we might wish, for the pur-
pose of giving our readers a better ap-
preciation of the appearance of some of
these very curious and interesting
[dants, than can possibly be given by
uny verbal description. We have
availed ourselves of this very kind
offer, and present our readers in this
number with a plate containing four
<lifferent species.

To those who wish to grow plants in
the house, the cactus family offers
many varieties that will thrive in the
<lry and heated atmosj^here of a room,

where most other plants suffer and
often perish. Besides, they are very
patient of neglect. You may forget to
water them for a month, and they will
not show proper resentment by droop-
ing and dying, but patiently wait for
your return to thoughtfulness. They
do not object to sunlight, nay the hot-
ter and fiercer its rays fall upon them
the better they thrive ; so that if you
can give them a shelf at the window,
and heat enough to keep out frost in
winter, with water when they are grow-
ing and blooming, they will almost take
care of themselves the rest of the time.
The soil which they require is any
good loam well mixed with sand, so
that it shall be porous, and thoroughly
drained. If the bottom of the pot be
filled half way to the top with bits of
broken pots, so much the better. Dur-
ing the winter they will need but very
little water. Mr. Blanc says if the
whole tissue of the plants seems to be
plump and full, no water is needed ;
but, if there be the slightest approach
to laxness, or a dulness in the surface
color, then water should be given. In
the spring and early summer when the
plants are growing rapidly, they will
require water twice or thrice a week.

U6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

In our plate will be found one species
taken from each of four different genera,
which may be considered as types,
shewing the style of growth and of the
flowers of each of these genera. And
yet, so varied are the forms in each
genus, that no one species will give
any adequate idea of the numerous
changes in appearance which are
wrought out in nature, while retaining
the same structural habit. Were we
persuaded that any considerable num-
ber of our readers are interested in this
department of Flora's domain, instead
of only presenting them with an en-
graving of one species from each genus,
we would devote several numbers of
the Horticulturist to the illustration of
these curious plants, giving a number
of species from one genus on each
plate.

The Mamillarias, which in our plate
is represented by mamillaria pectinata,
is an exceedingly interesting genus.
Many species, says Mr. Blanc, resemble
exquisite pieces of mechanism finished
with the greatest minuteness and ac-
curacy. Others would seem to have
undergone a kind of crystallization, the
whole surface being frosted over with
star-like spiculse arranged with geome-
trical precision, while yet others appear
as if covered with finest gossamer. The
spines of M. fulvispina are ivory white
at the base, turning to purple towards
the point, and regularly curved towards
the top of the plant. M. senilis has
such delicate spines that it resembles a
ball of raw cotton. The flowers of M.
pectinata as will be seen from the
engraving are large, being nearly three

inches in diameter when fully expanded.
The exterior sepals are of a reddish
green, the interior sepals yellow, with
a dark midrib ; the petals of a beautiful
sulphur yellow. M. pusilla has yel-
lowish white flowers, with a red stripe
through the centre of each petal. The
flowei-s of M. Rhodantha are bright
rose, and those of M. Wrightii are
bright purple. It is impossible in the
brief space at our command to give
anything like an exhaustive description
of the many species that are included
in this genus, but enough has been
said to shew that there is a great
variety in the appearance of the plants
and the color of the flowers.

In the genus called Anhalonium, vre
have some most curious forms. Per-
haps the most interesting of them all is
the one known as Anhalonium fissu-
rata, an excellent representation of
which will be found in our plate, so
good, indeed, that farther description
is unnecessary.

We have selected one of the so-
called Torch Cactus to represent the
genus Cereus, a genus that includes
some of the most wonderful and som
of the most beautiful of the Cactus
tribe. This genus embraces two dis-
tinct groups of species ; the one group
grows erect, with rigid stems, some of
them attaining a height of from forty
to sixty feet ; the other group has
slender, trailing stems. In the latter
group is found the celebrated night-
blooming Cereus, of most delicious per-
fume, yet as evanescent as it is beauti-
ful, fading before the morning.

The genus Echinocereus is repre-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

U7

sented in our plate by E. pectinatus,
which Mr. Blanc says is decidedly one
of the very best for blooming that can
possibly be obtained. Strong plants
often bear twelve to fifteen flowers,
:ind open four or five at a time. The
flowers are large, often measuring three
and a-half inches across, and are of a
beautiful bright purplish pink, and
very fragrant. Next in freedom of
blooming is Echinocereus coespitosus
which bears large purple flowers ; some
varieties bear yellow flowers, and others
dark rose and shining crimson.

We hope to be able in some future
number to give our readers further
notes of this curious family of plants ;
meanwhile, anyone can procure a copy
of Mr. Blanc's " Hints on Cacti," by
(Uiclosing to him the trifling sum of
fifteen cents, addressing him at 314
N'orth Eleventh Street, Philadelphia.

THE SUMMER MEETING

of the Fruit Growers' Association of
Ontario will be held in the Town Hall,
Lindsay, on Wednesday, July 7th,
1886, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, con-
tinuing through the day and evening.

An adjounaed meeting will be held
at Bobcaygeon on Thursday, the 8th
of July, at one o'clock. The members
will leave Lindsay at eight o'clock on
Thursday morning, by boat, pausing at
Sturgeon Point to inspect the vineyard
of Mr. John Knowlson, and airive at
Robcaygeon in time for dinner at noon.
The meeting will continue until three
o'clock. Members can then return by

fast boat to Lindsay in time to take
the evening trains east and west.

Members intending to be present
can have rooms secured for them by
writing to Mr. Thos. Beall, Lindsay,
informing him of their wishes.

Members travelling by rail will
please purchase round-trip tickets when
leaving home.

The Directors will meet at eight
o'clock on Tuesday evening, July 6th,
at the Benson House.

The following subjects are proposed
for discussion : —

SUBJECTS FOR CONSIDERATION.

1. Strawberries.— Time for planting. Hills

or matted rows. Varieties for diflferent
soils. Name four of the most desirable
varieties suitable for this locality ; for
market.

2. Pears. — Name four varieties suitable for

cultivation here. What is the best
mode of cultivation ?

3. Plums. — Can plums be profitably grown

here? What varieties? What insect
pests are they hable to ? What are the
remedies ?

4. Apples.— Why are there so many failures

in our apple orchards ? The right time
to prune apple trees. Should orchards
be cultivated after the trees commence
to bear fruit ? Are wind-breaks neces-
sary ? Aspects of orchards. Name
ten varieties that can be profitably
grown for market purposes here.

5. Hoses. — Name twelve varieties suitable

for general cultivation. Kind of soil
most suitable. Insect enemies. Reme-
dies.

6. Tulips. — Method of cultivation. Should

the bulbs be taken out of the ground
during the summer ? At what time ?

7. Grapes. — What varieties may be profit-

ably grown in this county ? The hardi-

148

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

est sorts. Method of planting and
trellising. Comparative standing of
white, red. and black sorts. How
protected during the winter. The
proper season for pruning.
8. Hedges. — Is the common native Spruce
suitable ? Black Spruce and Norway
Spruce compared. Proper time to
plant. How far apart. When to
prune.

DOUGALL'S SEEDLING GOOSE-
BERRIES.

The Rural New-Yorker says that
these have not proven mildew proof
in the RuraVs grounds.

REMEDY FOR MILDEW.
Put one pound of sulphur and one
pound of lime in two gallons of water,
boil down to one gallon ; of this put
one wineglassful into five gallons of
water and syringe the plants therewith
twice a week.

REMEDY FOR GRAPEVINE MILDEW.

Prof. Piley, writing to the Rural
New Yorker, gives the following
remedy for the downy mildew which
usually appears on the under side of
the leaves in the form of small patches
of white down. Dissolve a pound of
sulphate of copper in a gallon of water.
In another vessel put two ))ounds of
unslaked lime and pour over it a quart
of water. After the lime is slacked
add the solution of sulphate of copper
and make the lime into a thin bluish
paste, by mixing thoroughly. This
mixture is to be sprinkled lightly on
the leaves with a small broom, but not
on the fruit. This downy mildew is
most abundant in wet weather, and is
known to botanists as Peronospora
viticola.

THE SALOME APPLE.
Professor Budd is reported to have
said, at the last meeting of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, of this apple :
" It is a very nice keeper, and good
grower, and would geiierally be called
hardy, though not as hardy as Fameuse,
but more so than Ben Davis. It is of
good quality ; keeps well with ordinary
care ; rather small in size ; season, in
Iowa, January to March ; about as
hardy as Pewaukee which is more
tender than Wealthy ; better than Ben
Davis, but smaller."

TO PREVENT GREEN-FLY IN THE
ROSE HOUSE.

Spread a layer of tobacco stems two
inches deep and ten inches wide the
full length of the greenhouse and give
them a dash of water when you are i
watering. The slight fumes constantly j
arising from the tobacco will keep the
green-fly entirely in subjection. — Chas.
Henderson, before the Florists' Conven-
tion.

QUESTION DRAWER.

GRAPES IN PERTH COUNTY.

Can you please inform me (1) what
kind of Grape Vines would grow best
here (Perth Co). Our soil is loamy,
and trees and vegetables do well. I
have a Grape Vine, but it does not do
very well on account of the frost.
Also (2) which is the easiest and best
method of producing new vines from a
branch of a vine. (3). Should the soil
be rich for grapes. (4). At what time
of the year should a person plant
branches for a new vine. Strawberries
seem to do well here ; also gooseberries
and currants. We have two plums
which are Yellow Gages ; the frost
has not hurt them yet, and we expect

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

149

to have a lot of fruit from them this
year.

Thanking you for so much space in
your vahiable paper,

I remain, yours respectfully,
Kirkton, Ont. J. B. Sparling.

Replies. — (1) Early Victor, Moore's
Early, Linden, and Worden, of the
black varieties ; Lady and Jessica of
the white ; Massasoit and Brighton of
the red.

(2) The easiest and best method for
most amateurs is by layering.

(3) Grape Vines require rich soil
and generous feeding if they are to
yield fine fruit. However, they can
be overfed as well as other things.

(4) The spring of the year is the
best time to layer. Lay down a cane
of last year's growth. If you wish to
try cuttings, plant them in the spring,
but take the cuttings from the vine in
the fall.

CORRESPONDENCE.

REPORTS OF PLANTS RECEIVED.

My repoi-t of plants received since I
last wrote. I think the Hydrangea was
the last noticed, which unfortunately
lied. I believe the Moore's Early
<;Ji*ape was the next, and then the Wor-
den. They both lived, but have not
made niucli growth. Next, the Pren-
tiss, did not much more than keep
alive, but unfortunately my sheej) were
let in during my absence and ate off
the first shoot it made when quite
voung, and this winter has finished it.
I found it lifted clear out of the ground
vith the frost in the spring. 1 planted
' oncords the same year as the Worden.
L'hey have done splendid, nearly all
fruited, and all in the same row ; but

one end was wet and cold. I did not
know it then. I knew it was good
land, and I happened to plant those
three varieties on the cold end. Last
year I got the Catalpa; it has done
well and is living. I hope the Dew-
berry will do with me ; I received it all
right. The Burnet Grape, got some
years since, never did anything, seemed
all the time sickly, and at last it died.
My Ontario apple is a fine tree and is
full of blossom just now. There is a
great show of blossom ; trees and
shrubs of all sorts are covered.

This winter has been rather mild ;
in fact the winters are never very
severe in this section. I find the
Deutzia crenata is not at all injured
this year, but generally the top of
shoots gets killed if not protected ; and
the Bignonia radicans I see growing
up a brick wall is not in the least
afiected.

In looking over the March number
of the Horticulturist (I think they are
getting better and better), among the
many flattering testimonials, reports
and questions, there is one solitary
grnmbler, all the others speak very
favourably of the premiums receivec^.
I find this miserable raspberry (the
Saunders) that I have, an enormous
bearer ; a purple berry, rather soft and
sour, but the quantity make up for the
quality. I think, Mr. Editor, that
forty-nine out of fifty would not want
the change that })arty suggested, because
the reports and plants we get are each
often worth the price of the subscription
to any interested in fruit-growing, be-
sides the valuable magazine. In your
reply to S. G. Russell in the April
number you state that the Silver
Maple does not throw up suckers. I
find it the worst tree I know that way ;
it is worse than the common poplar.
A subscriber (Walkerton), asks about
the Japan Quince It is one of the
hardiest shrubs grown in this section.

150

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

As regards R. L.'s question, my opinion
is that the Horticulturist was never
better, in fact it is improving all the
time. I think your answer to George
Sutherland, of Meaford, on the cultiva-
tion of the grape, is one of the best
and simplest articles T ever read.

I found that the whey of milk, as re-
commended by Mr. Mclntyre about
two years since, a good remedy for the
codlin moth, as I caught thousands, and
hundreds of the small click beetles, be-
sides a number of large moths. I
found the first Tent caterpillars on the
22nd April ; they are not very numer-
ous this season.

Walter Hick.

Goderich, Ont., 22nd May, 1886.

Note by the Editor. — Will Mr.
Hick have the kindness to send to the
office of the Canadian Horticulturist
a few of the leaves of this Silver Maple
that throws up suckers. He can place
four or five between the folds of some
soft paper and send them by mail at
one cent for four ounces. We are very
curious to see what kind of Silver
Maple he has. We have been familiar
with the Silver Maple for some half
century, and do not remember to have
seen any suckers thrown up by that
tree.

PROSPECTS OF FKUIT AROUND
BERLIX.

The coming season promises to be a
fairly abundant one. Fruit trees, such
as pears and apples, show well developed
fruit buds. Biennial bearers, which
carried little or no fruit, such as Golden
Russet, Alexander, Duchess, and Red
Astrachan, having had a year's rest.
The same remarks may be applied to i
currants.

Now, if the season turns out as I

anticipate, having had a steady, cold
winter, I expect that the early summer
frosts will be light, and not do serious
damage.

I have understood from some of my
neighbours who are in the strawberry
line, that the plants wintered well, and
with but few upheavals. Simon Roy.

Berlin, April, 1886.

SOME HARDY PLUMS, AND OTHER
FRUITS.

Having purchased a home of my
own in that part of the City of Ottawa
known as " Sandy Hill," I at once, in
opposition to existing theories as to
soil, climate, &c., planted in my garden
several varieties of that best of fruits —
the plum. I was partly induced to
follow this course, from the fact that
the former owner, some eight years
before, had planted one tree — Pond's ^
Seedling — which appeared to be healthy, i
and which I was informed had in for-
mer years borne some fine fruit. I
have since added to my collection, and
now have twelve varieties, some of
which have fruited, and ten of which
are now white with blossom, viz. :
Huling's Superb, Pond's Seedling, Im-
perial Gage, Yellow Gage, Smith's
Orleans, Coe's Golden Drop, Purple
Gage, Weaver, a seedling Blue, and our j
common wild variety. All of these \
appear to be hardy, except the Golden j
Drop. One thrifty tree of this variety '
succumbed to the cold of '83-'84, and
another, which last autumn gave great
promise, has but a few blossoms. I
would not advise anyone to plant it so
far north. The Pond's Seedling is a
good plum for this section of country.
While not ranking with the best in
quality, it is so large, and the tree so
hardy, that it must ever prove attrac-
tive. With me it has proved to be a
free bearer, having had three full crops
in four years, and for two of which I
had to prop up the limbs to prevent

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

151

them from breaking clown with their
load of fruit. In the spring of 1883 I
grafted a young native tree with this
variety, and last season picked there-
from nearly half a bushel of beautiful
plums, many of which would not have
suffered by comparison with those I
saw at the Industrial and Provincial
Exhibitions. I would strongly recom-
mend this variety to all who may wish
to grow fine fruit in spite of Jack
Frost.

The Weaver is doubtless a near rela-
tive of our common wild plum, being
as hardy, equally as prolific, and com-
mences to bear quite as young. A
small tree of this variety planted in
April, 1882, bore its first crop last
summer — somewhat over a peck of
choice plums — which were delicious
eaten from the hand. None of this
variety were canned so that I am un-
able to speak of its cooking qualities,
but I see no reason to regard it with
suspicion in this respect. It must
prove a profitable market plum as soon
>is buyers learn to distinguish it from
the ordinary wild variety, to which it
bears a striking resemblance. I also
grow a blue plum, (a seedling) which
for canning purposes is not excelled
Ijy any with which I am acquainted.
It is a regular bearer, and quite hardy.
The Imperial Gage, Huling's Superb,
Smith's Orleans, and the German Prune
also appear to thrive. The Lombard,
which we are so often urged by tree
pedlars to try has not proved hardy,
<lying back to snow line each season.
To those in the East about to plant I
would recommend Pond's Seedling for
size and beauty, the Weaver for i)rofit,
and the Imperial Gage or Huling's
Superb for quality. I cannot under-
stand why the people of Eastern On-
tario should grow those astringent
little red plums, which are two-thirds
pit, one-fourth skin, with just enough
nutriment between to support a cur-

culio during the earlier stages of its
existence, when such varieties as I
have mentioned above might be grown
with little more care, and but a trifling
additional expense.

GRAPES.

The excellence of the grapes grown
in this section is well known to the
horticulturists of the Dominion, and
while the quantity produced, especially
of the earlier varieties, does not equal
the demand, causing us to import from
points farther west, the day is not far
distant when all this will be changed,
and the fruit of the vines now being
planted in the Ottawa Yalley will not
only monopolize the home market, but
largely assist in supplying the require-
ments of a great and growing North-
west. Nearly all the earlier varieties
are being cultivated. Such a diversity
of opinion exists respecting the merits
of the various kinds, that one can
scarcely decide which is the best for
general cultivation. Yery much de-
pends upon the soil, culture, &c. Then
tastes, like doctors, differ, and when
this is the case each must judge for
himself. While on the whole I prefer
the Concord, there are many who think
the Brighton and some of the Roger's
should occupy the first place. Any
kind ripening after the Concord would
be almost worthless to us here. I am
cultivating over thirty varieties, many
of which come into bearing for the
fii-st time this year, and about whicli I
shall have something to say in a future
article.

The Russian Mulberry, about which
so much has been said and written,
fruited (?) with me for the firet time
last season — that is, if the tiny berry
is worthy of the ajjpellation. It was
too small to see without the aid of a
magnifying glass, and as sour as a
Champion grape iu August. The tree
was planted three years since, and was
then about the size of a lead pencil.

152

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

It grew so rapidly that my garden was
in danger of being wholly shaded by
its branches. To avoid this I have
just removed it to its proper place —
the lawn. For a man blessed with
only an ordinary city lot, and who is
desirous of utilizing the major portion
for a garden, the Russian Mulberry is
not the tree he wants. But on the
lawn it will give every satisfaction.
It can be sheared to any desired shape.
It will grow from a cutting almost as
freely as a currant bush. It will grow
faster than any other tree that I know
except the " Balm of Gilead." It con-
tinues to grow until stopped by the
frosts of October or November, con-
sequently the tips winter-kill, but it
makes up any loss so sustained by
growing at the average rate of an inch
in three days during the following
summer.
Ottawa City. P. G. Keys.

BLIGHT ON THE PEAR TREE AND
ITS PROBABLE CAUSE.

Various causes have from time to
time been assigned to pear tree blight,
some asserting that it is caused by a
stroke of lightning, being led to this
opinion from the sudden wilted appear-
ance of the tree ; others again hold
with tenacity to the opinion that it is
caused by a fungus, from the fact that
«uch is frequently seen on the surface
of the bark of affected trees; others
again suppose it is caused by perfora-
tions of some insect which poisons the
liber, hence its spreading upwards,
while others nearer the point assert
that it is caused by an open winter
with alternate freezing and thawing.

Blight is without doubt caused by
the action of the frost, but not, how-
ever, in winter, but in early summer.
It is in the latter part of spring or in
early summer that the damage is done,
the ascent or flow of the sap being

injured by frost, the cellular tissue and
capillary conduits of the sap are rup-
tured immediately under the epider-
mis, which is usually thin, on such
parts of the tree so affected ; thus the
sap becomes fermented, followed by de-
composition and imparting a species of
blood-poisoning to the limb. Other
effects of a similar character may likely
occur in the descent of the sap in the
fall, it being overtaken by an early
frost. Winter pears are very subject
to this calamity in certain seasons, and
some summer pears, which apparently
had finished the descent of the sap,
will, upon warm weather late in the
fall, start another flow of spp, which is
almost certain death to the tree.
Against these two latter calamities I
cannot advise any precaution. The
first or blight proper may be averted
by judicious management, either by the
selection of elevated sites retentive of
winter frosts in the ground, thus check-
ing a premature fiow of the sap until
all danger of late spring frosts are over,
or when low or flat sites are selected,
with soil of a porous character, mulch-
ing is absolutely necessary for the same
purpose.

I was on a visit to Hamilton some
ten years ago, or perhaps more, and
visited our old friend the Rev. Robert
Burnet, and as a matter of course I was
called into the garden to view his pear
trees, in which he took much pleasure.
I felt cheap when comparing his trees
with ours in Waterloo County. Tlie
thrifty appearance and fine-looking fruit
made me wish that I had a similar
site. I then went over to Mr. Hol-
ton's, at the east end, and saw Mr.
Springer's apparently fine dwarf pear
orchard, which, of course, I very much
admired. The following season I
visited the same places and saw that
the destroying angel had passed over,
such was the complete character of the
calamity. Partial destruction fre-

TlIK CANADIAN HOKTICCLTURIST.

153:

quently takes place and gives rise to
the doubtful opinion that some varie-
ties are blight-proof.

Waterloo County, or at least the
greater part of it, is the most (or nearly
so) elevated county in Ontario, and
geologically is in the line of the glacial
drift, hilly and broken, and contains a
mixture of almost all soils, composed
in part of boulder, clay, sand, gravel
and alluvial soil strongly impregnated
with calcareous matter, and from its
elevated position we are more exempt
from injuries caused by blight than any
other county in Ontario, simply from
the fiict that the frost is carried off by
the slightest breeze of wind and de-
posit<xl in more depressed places. We
liere have generally a fair crop of fruit
annually. Last year it was in excess
and was almost a drug on the market ;
every grocery store was fully supplied
with mostly Flemish Beauty and Bart-
let, which are the popular varieties
gi'own here. Some inferior goods were
sold by the farmers (rather than to take
them home again) at about the same
price as apples, thus realizing the
wishes of the border Scotchman who
carried a banner in one of Gladstone's
processions inscribed, " Down with the
Peel's," and when interrogated by a
bystander why he did so, and being
asked if the peei*s had done him any
harm, wittily replied, *' Naethin at a'
mon, but we maun hae them doon tae
the same price wi ar[)els, that's a',''
peers being the doric pronounciation
'»• pears.
I am very doubtful if pear-growing
ill be generally successful throughout
'iitario and those parts of the States
lying contiguous thereto, which are
siibjt'ct to late spring oi early summer

fVosfs.

TliL' j)(!ar-tree is much more sensitive
1) external influences than the apple,
nd consequently requires more care in ]
^ cultivation. It must be borne in '

mind that the pear which we have in
cultivation is indigenous to Asia Minor
and Persia and cultivated varieties
thereof, or rather seeds thereof, were
at first introduced by the Roman con-
querors of these countries into Italy.

Ontario climate cannot at all be com-
pared to the fine, equable climate of
the countries alluded to, so we must
quietly submit to circumstances and
endeavour to make the best of it.

You will observe that pears worked
on the Quince are more subject to
blight than those worked on the free
stock. The reason of this is that the
Quince, Vjeing indigenous to the Levant,
will force into the pear a premature
flow of sap, thus rendering the tree
more liable to injury. Various nos-
trums have been advised from time to
time as specifics, such as sulphate of
iron, iron filings and chips, and even
inserting sulphur into the stem of the
tree — all of no avail. I once read an
article by a writer on the pear strongly
recommending the placing of iron filings
around the base of the tree as far as
the roots extended as a specific against
blight, giving as authority an instance
of what he saw in front of a black-
smiths shop at Yincennes, Illinois,
which had been liberally supplied with
the debris of the shop, thrown out, no
doubt, during the winter, when in fact
it had nothing at all to do with it save
in retaining the frost later in the sea-
son ; no doubt the unsightly mass
would be cleared off in spring if only
for appearance sake.

Having worked a number of pear
trees for my own use at standard
height upon rough wildlings, all appear
to do well and are bearing fruit. They
have as yet exhibited very little or no
blight and have the advantage of a
hardier stem than those which are
grown from buds or grafts worked low
down. Foreign or imported stocks are
not likely as a rule to conduce to the

154

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

DEUTZIA CRENATA.

The Deutzia crenata received two
years ago is not hardy enough to stand
the winter without being covered. A
year ago I put a barrel over it, putting
in straw around it, it came through all
right; last winter I thought I would
try it by only putting some straw around
it, but it froze down to the ground.
W. Walt AM.

Waupoos, P. Ed. Co., Ont.

healthy base of a tree worked on any
such system. Seeds from our own
grown trees are preferable. There is
plenty of natural fruit growing through-
out the country adapted for this pur-
pose ; such seedlings will at least have
one or more degrees of acclimatization
in their favor.

As a rule you will find that pear
trees of American origin are much bet-
ter adapted to our climate than the
generality of the soft- wooded foreigners
are, and are likely to supersede them
in the future. Simon Roy.

Berlin, April, 1886.

THE CURRANT BORER. !

In March number of the Horticul-
turist, I see Mr. E. Robinson, of Lon-
don South, asks a question respecting
the Currant Borer. Some years ago I
was troubled with this pest. I cut off
all canes affected and burnt them. I
also dug or loosened the soil around
the bushes with the garden fork for
about two feet all round, in the spring
of the year, and let in my hens. You
would have thought they would have
scratched the plants out of the ground ;
but they made a total clearing of the
borer, so that I was not troubled with
them for years after, and always had
heavy crops afterwards. I attributed
it to the hens hunting and eating up
the larvae buried in the soil.

Walter Hick.
Goderich, Ont.

DRY EARTH STORAGE.

BY P. E. BUCKE, OTTAWA.

Few of us are unacquainted with the
mode of storing the white grapes re-
ceived from Spain and Portugal in
cork dust or chips. The grape itself
has no particular merits in the way of
flavor, but it has a thick skin, and is
known as one of the fleshy varieties ;
it is therefore easily preserved. This
grape is especially esteemed as a re-
freshing article of diet in winter, when
close warm rooms are crowded with
parched humanity. Could this grape
be replaced by almost any of our own
during the same season, and in the
same profusion, its place would never
be missed. Happily we believe we
are on the track of a means which
points to the end sought for. A Mr.
Eraser Torrance, late of Montreal, has,
it is understood, made a wonderful
discovery as to a new substance for
packing fruit. The article, like the
cork dust, is both porous and dry.
The substance alluded to is infusorial
earth, and is composed of shells of a
very minute microscopic animal which
inhabits the water and liquids of various
kinds. The shell is so small that
thousands can be lifted on the point of
a knife, and if placed upon the hand
and rubbed with the finger, are so
minute as to enter the pores of the
skin. Yet each atom, as it were, is a
shell formed of silica. It is claimed, and
from the experiments which have been
made and investigated by some of the
most eminent men in this line in Canada
it seems justly that fruit packed in this
earth is kept at an uniform temperature,
neither heat nor cold will readily pass
through it. The air spaces in the shell
act in a somewhat, similar manner as
the double windows on our houses in
winter. It is well known that the
dead air space keeps the heat from
passing out or the cold from coming in.
Considerable experiments were made

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

155

last autum by Messi*s. R. Jack & Sons,
Chateauguay Basin, near Montreal,
who packed quite a number of varieties
of grapes and apples. The cases con-
taining them were inadvertently left
out in a shed until the thermometer
had fallen well below zero ; however,
when the box was opened the fruits
were all in good order, the frost having
failed to penetrate to them. The earth
is perfectly inodorous, and imparts no
taste of any kind to the most delicate
substance.

Mr. Chas. Gibb, of Abbotsford, sub-
jected it to the severest test that could
1)6 applied by packing some butter in
it. It is well known that fresh butter
is an absorbent, and is readily tainted
by being placed in contact with any
foreign matter. Even if it is put in a
place where bad smells are detected, it
immediately flavors the fresh article.
After ten days the butter was taken
out, and no trace of taste or smell
could be discovered. Apples, or any
fruit that can be readily wiped may be
packed directly in the earth, but such
fruits as grapes, currants, strawberries,
peaches, <fec., may be placed in paper
bags, which should be packed in shal-
low trays in the earth.

Mr, J. F. Torrance has taken out a
])atent for his boxes, but the earth can
be procured in Montreal at $1.50 per
100 lbs., by the bag. We gather from
the Montreal Star that boxes holding
•'0 lbs., of earth can be procured of
Messrs. Esplin, (Montreal), for 45c.
ich. If such men as Professor Sterry
1 1 unt, Chas. Gibb, Robert Jack, and a
liost of other-s can be relied on, we
must take it for granted that, so far as
sted, it is a marked success.

HYDRANGEA PANICULATA.

The Hydrangea Paniculata came out
nil right this spring with a little straw
around tlie roots. W. W.

Waupoos, P. Ed. Co., Ont.

CHERRY TREES AT YARMOUTH, N.S.

I tried Starr's Prolific Cherry many
years ago, grafting two or three young
stocks with it. The trees made a
strong growth and attained consider-
able size, but failed to fruit, as do all
varieties tested here now, from what
cause I am at a loss to know. The
trees grow well, blossom abundantly
and set fruit, but before half-grown all
drop off. I tried special top dressing,
manure, sand, tfec, <fec., but at last gave
it up and sawed off trees eighteen
inches through.

In the earlier history of the county
cherry trees succeeded, but nowhere in
the county now. In some parts of the
Province cherries do well, but it is
mostly in very warm localities, and
there may be some exceptional condi-
tions of soil.

C. E. Brown.
Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.

PARIS GREEN.

It must be borne in mind that Paris
Green is composed of two active dan-
gerous poisons, viz. : Arsenic and Oxide
of Copper, known chemically as Arsenite
of Copper, and its use as an insecticide
must be made with extreme caution
and by a very careful person. It is
certainly sure death to potatoe bugs and
every bug.

In so far as its use to potatoes is
concerned, it may be applied with im-
punity, as it will only reach the surface
of the ground ; but its use for other
vegetables, and fruit-bearing trees and
shrubs I would not advocate. As ap-
plied to cabbages it is extremely danger-
ous, and instances have occurred of per-
sons being poisoned by it, at least they
have imagined so.

Its use even on plum trees as a cur-
culio remedy is at best a risk, even
although washed off the fruit by rains
it is not altogether cleared off the limbs,
some of it will stick on without doubt.

156

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Rather risk having all the fruit des-
troyed by insects than that one human
life should be endangered.

White hellebore being a weak vege-
table poison, answers a good purpose
for rose slugs and currant caterpillars,
and can be used with more safety, as
it would require a large quantity of it
to produce any dangerous results.

On two occasions 1 used a solution
of bitter aloes on plum trees, with very
favorable results in banishing the cur-
culio ; but such was its cathartic re-
sults to myself and others around that
I was obliged to abandon its use, and
adopted the safer plan of jarring and
shaking the trees. Now I can save all
trouble in this matter. I have only a
few trees left out of thirty varieties
which I prided myself on cultivating.

The plum trees around Berlin are
verging on extinction, and I hope they
will carry black knot and curculio with
them. Simon Eoy.

Berlin, April, 1886.

EXPERIENCE WITH PARIS GREEN
FOR INSECTS.

Mr. Editor, — I duly received the
Early Victor grape and have carefully
planted it. It is a fine little specimen
and is now showing two vigorous shoots.
I hope my experience with it will be
more satisfactory than it has been with
my other vines hitherto.

I have read the Report of the Fruit
Growers' Association for 1885 with
very great pleasure and, I trust, also
with some profit. I was particularly
struck with the experiences of the Pre-
sident, Messrs. McD. Allen, Hickling,
Beall and othei's with Paris green on
various kinds of fruit trees ; so, a few
days ago, having made the discovery
that the currant worm, though exceed-
ingly diminutive, had already began its
ravages, I, in accordance with the ex-
perience above referred to, forthwith
mixed "a teaspoonful of Paris green

with a patent pailful of water," and
syringed nearly every fruit tree I had^
and since then I have not been able to
detect the smallest sign of either goose-
berry or currant worm, or any other
grub which infests fruit trees ; but, un-
fortunately, two or three days after-
wards I saw something wrong with my
gooseberry bushes ; towards the lower
part of the stem the leaves began ta
droop, then to shrivel, then to turn
brown, just as though a sharp frost had
struck them. We had not had any
frost, so I feared that Paris green was
the matter with them. I was loth to
attribute the change to that, but other
trees which had also been syringed with
the mixture began to exhibit similar
symptoms, until I could no longer resist
the evidence before me that Paris green^
and naught else, was the cause of the
trouble, for the blight was invariably
in the direction in which the stream
from the syringe was applied, and the
parts beyond, being protected by the
foliage had always escaped injury. The
damage done is considerable, though, if
what I now see is the extent of it, it
wont be serious, and I send you my
experience that it may appear in the
Horticulturist and may be useful to
others.

My own impression is that the " tea-
spoonful" — a somewhat indefinite quan-
tity— which I applied, is too large a
dose, possibly two douches of half that
quantity would have been in the end
as efficacious and much less injurious to
the plant ; at any rate, I purpose to fol-
low this course in future.

I may further add that the trees in-
jured are, proportionally, in this order :
gooseberries, black raspberries and
pears ; plums, apples, red raspberries,
blackberries and currants, red and
white, do not appear to be affected at
all Yours truly,

J. L. Thompson.
Glen Cottage, Toronto, 18th May, 1886.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

157

MONKEY'S PUZZLE AND OTHER
TREES.

Some of tlie ornamental trees refer-
red to in Eglinton's communication, in
-a late issue of the Horticulturist, may
not be generally known here under the
name given by him, such as Widben
Pear and Monkey's Puzzle; but accord-
ing to the description given, the first is
the Pyrus arise, commonly known by
the name of White Beam Tree, the
name Widben being likely a corruption
of the latter. The tree, as Darwin
would say, is the connecting link be-
tween th(^ apple and pear. The second,
the ^Monkey's Puzzle, is, as far as recol-
lection carries me, the Arancaria im-
l)ricata, which I have occasionall}^ seen
growing in very favorable localities in
►Scotland. It is not at all likely that
Eglinton refers to the Gleditchia tri-
Hcanthus, or Honey Locust. This tree
is indigenous to America, and must be
well known to him under its common
name.

The first is not indigenous to Britain,
although apparently so ; and the second
is a sub-tropical (or nearly so) tree ; and
neither may be generally suitable for
our climate.

The other tree, or large shrul), refer-
ii3d to in T. B. Cotter's communication,
is, no doubt, from the description given
))y him, the Amelanchier Canadensis,
or June Beruy ; very common here
around beaver meadows. When in
l»lossom, it Is very showy, and I should
.say very desirable, in a shrubbery. The
flowers are in racemes, like the wild
bhick cheiTy. Simon Roy.

Berlin, Ont.

WEIGELA ROSEA.

The Weigela passed the winter safely,
with only a little straw thrown over
the roots.

W. W.

Waupoos, I'. Ed. Co., Ont.

THE BOUSSOCK PEAR.

In an orchard of 400 pear trees, I
have about twenty Bussock, purchased
some fifteen years ago, and now I Ve-
gret that I did not plant a greater
number of them ; for the reason that
the tree is a regular bearer, the fruit
excellent, and fine in appearance.
Another advantage is, the slug does not
prey upon the leaf of the tree as it does
upon that of the Bartlett and some
other varieties. In order to reach the
full excellence of the Boussock, it
should be picked fully ten days before
ripening on the tree, because if left on
the tree to ripen the fruit becomes
puckery and sour, and because of this
peculiarity many have denounced the
Boussock as worthless. — Joseph Lan-
NiN, in Michigan Farmer.

THE "BLEEDING" OF APPLE TREES.

BY T. H. HOSKINS, M.D.

A recent writer says he has trimmed
apple trees every month in the year,
and has come to the conclusion that
from May 25th to June 25tli is the
best time, because a wound made in
the full flow of the sap will begin to
heal immediately. He adds that March
and April are the two poorest months
to i)rune, because there will be a liquid
"forming" (query, flowing"?") out of
the wound, which will kill the bark
underneath the limb. Another writer
insists that March is the best of all
months to prune, because the sap is not
then in motion, and the wound will
dry before the sap starts, and that then
the process of healing will go on most
favourably, while anything but very
light pruning in June will greatly
weaken and sometimes kill tlie trees.
Still another writer says, shortly and
emphatically, " Prune when your knife
is sharp," without regard to season.
All these writere are orchardists of ex-
perience. Is there,, then, no proper
time to prune, or no way of intelli-

158

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

gently reconciling the seemingly con-
tradictory views of these practical men 1

WHY APPLE TREES BLEED.

A widening accumulation of facts
does, in all disputed questions, tend to-
wards the reconciliation of conflicting
opinions. In the thirteen years that I
lived in Kentucky I never saw an
apple tree " bleed," that is to say, I
never saw a flow of disorganized and
blackening sap from the stump of a
severed limb. In the first years of my
orcharding in Northern Vermont, this
so-called bleeding exhibited itself in
nearly every case where a limb of any
size was removed, no matter at what
season the operation was performed.
It was the most discouraging of my ex-
periences at that time, and I could not
understand it, or find a remedy for it.

About fifteen years ago, at a session
of our State Board of Agriculture in
the Champlain Yalley, where this ques-
tion of pruning and subsequent bleed-
ing was discussed by many orchardists
of that orchard country, one of the
speakers dropped the casual remark
that he had never known an apple tree
that was not " black-hearted " to bleed,
no matter at what season it was
pruned. That thought was much more
fruitful to me than my orchard had
been up to that time, for all my trees
were black-hearted, except the Siberians
and Russians, which I at once remem-
bered never bled, no matter when they
were pruned. And at the same time
I remembered that apple trees are
never black-hearted in Kentucky.

THE CAUSE OF BLACK-HEARTEDNESS.

The state of black -heartedness in the
apple tree is unquestionably the result
of excessive winter's cold. In New
England a large proportion of the most
popular apples are grown upon trees
that are more or less black-hearted.
The Baldwin is always black-hearted
in Maine, New Hampshire and Ver-

mont, and frequently so in the three
southern New England States. Along
its northern limit it can only be grown
when top-grafted on some hardier stock.
With me a Baldwin tree or graft has
never lived long enough to bear an apple.
Now if it be true that only black-
hearted trees bleed, then the experi-
ence of orchardists must vary according
to whether they are growing more
tender or more hardy sorts When I
began, though I planted the hardiest
known of New England sorts, yet al-
most all my trees became black-hearted
in a few years. Now that nearly all
of that class of trees have been up-
rooted from my orchard, and replaced
by the " iron-clads," I see almost no
bleeding, and when I do see it I know
the cause. I do grow a few sorts that
suffer some in this way (such as Fa-
meuse), because of the excellence of
their fruit. The Fameuse is with me
about as hardy as the Baldwin in the
upper Champlain Valley, and though
the trees are short lived in both cases,
they are planted because of the merits
of the fruit.

WHEN TO PRUNE.

In my experience it makes no differ-
ence at what season a black-hearted
tree is pruned, as regards the subse-
quent flow of disorganized sap, pro-
vided the limb severed is so large that
the stump will not quite or nearly heal
over in one season. This flow takes
place during the whole growing season,
and injures (often kills) the bark over
which it runs. A tender tree, subject
to black-heart, should be pruned very
sparingly. Branches not too large to
heal over in one season may be taken
off, and the best time to do this is in
June, as the sap is then too thick to
flow freely. But heavi/ pruning in
June is a severe shock to the tree,
even to the hardiest kinds, and almost
surely fatal to any tender sort. Fall
and winter pruning is also injuHous to

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

159

lender sorts, as the bark around the
wound will be killed for some distance,
and there is little hope that it will ever
afterwards heal. But any of the varie-
ties that never become black-hearted
may be i)runed " whenever your knife
is sharp," remembering this, that June
pruning is a shock more or less severe,
according to the amount of wood re-
moved. " Prune in summer for fruit,"
is an old and correct rule, for the very
reason that the sliock of summer prun-
ing (like anything that weakens the
tree) tends to cause the formation of
fruit buds. The effect is much like
that of root pruning, and both must be
practised with moderation and judg-
ment.— The Examiner.

THE ANIS APPLE.

In the summer of 18^2 after wander-
ing for days through the old orchards
of the Province of Kazan, Kussia — over
one thousand miles inland and on the
;")7th parallel of north latitude — we ex-
j)ressed the opinion in home letters !
that the Anis family of the apple could
endure lower temperature in a snowless
region than any other really good j
variety of apples in the world.

The report then made, and the com-
ments of Mr. Gibb and myself in more i
recent bulletins on northern fruits,
iiave created an urgent demand for
trees, both north and south.

As some of the varieties have now
fruited on the College Farm and at
other points in the state, and the com-
])arative hardiness of the trees has been
tested as far north and west as Bismarck,
Dakota, and Western Manitoba, we can
now determine very nearly the correct-
ness of our conclusions, when studying
the family in its natal home.

1. The habit of the pink Anis, blue
Anis, and mottled Anis — the three best
varieties — will not please our nursery-
men, as root grafts three years old are
low, bushy shrubs, rather than trees

such as purchasers like best. Although
it comes into bearing when very small
it finally becomes in orchard a neat
round- topped tree of the size of a full
grown Tetofsky.

2. The fruit is oblate, basin very full
and wrinkled, with considerable color
and bloom. In size it comes nearly or
quite up to the Fameuse. In texture
it is firmer than the latter, but the flesh
is equally white. Mr. Gibb, who is
very critical as to quality of fruits,
says, "It is really a dessert apple of
fine quality."

3. The season varies with latitude
and amount of summer heat. At Ames
it is not later than Fameuse, but if
picked early it will keep better on
account of its thicker skin and firmer
flesh. In North Iowa it should keep
until mid-winter with good treatment,
and in North Dakota it should keep
until May.

In like manner in Russia it is a fall
apple in the black soil sections where
dent corn ripens, and a prime winter
apple four hundred miles further north.

4. While the tree succeeds well
wherever tried as yet, it is quite evident
that it will prove most valuable at the
far north, where the fruit will keep
through winter. — J. L. Budd, in Stu-
dents^ Farm Journal.

THE GLADIOLUS.
There are few flowers more conspicu-
ous than a well grouped bed of the
gladiolus. Stately in growth, free of
flowering, distinct in color, with a great
variety of shades, no flower garden of
any pretentions can be said to be com-
plete without them. It belongs to a
class of flowers that have changed
greatly in the hands of the hybridizer
and careful cultivator, and to the
French, it may be said, we are the most
indebted for the great advnnce made in
this flower. In the olden time but few
kinds were known, gandavensis being

160

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

•one, and from which many of the pre-
sent kind have sprung.

The colors comprise the most brilliant
of orange, scarlet, and vermilion tints
upon yellow and orange grounds, in-
cluding many shades, from white and
rosy blush, and salmon rose tints, to a
salmon and nankin; from blush white,
with purplish throat and marginal
streaks of pink, to light rosy salmon
grounds with flakes of deep carmine.
'Their period of flowering may readily
be extended from July to September,
by planting at separate times, from
March or April to June. The earliest
planted, however, should be the only
ones from which the stock of bulbs are
raised, as, although it does not materially
affect the flowering by a late planting,
it does not give time to perfect a large
healthy bulb.

Ordinarily the simple increase of the
bulb will be from two to three fold,
which except in cases of great scarcity
of them or new varieties, will answer
all purposes, and such increase is strong
enough to flower the next year. But
in case of new varieties or a desire to
get a large stock of any kind, the small
bulblets found at the bottom of the
bulb on taking up in the fall, are care-
fully preserved, and the next spring
sowed in drills like unto seed, two or
three inches apart and a foot in the
rows, where during summer they will
have made bulbs from the size of a
hazel to that of a hickory nut.

A few of these will flower the fol-
lowing summer and all the succeeding
one by this method. A stock can be
very rapidly increased with some kinds ;
however, it will often happen that the
choicest or best variety is a poor crop-
per of the bulblets. New varieties are
the result of seed crossed with dis-
similar kinds. Where the frost is not
too severe or when snow keeps the
frost from going deep in the soil, many
of the kinds will often winter out of

doors, but to secure the finest stalks
and individual flowers they should be
taken up in the fall, as soon as the
frosts have destroyed the foliage, dried
off so that the bulb frees readily from
the stem, packed away in a moderately
dry drawer or bag — kept from freezing,
and planted again the ensuing spring.
If left out of doois, of course the bulbs,
by the natural increase, get crowded
for room and a struggle for existence
takes place, and a quantity of medium
flowers is the result, instead of a stately
stalk with very large individual flowers
of the clearest and most distinct color.
We have known them quite success-
fully grown as green house plants,
mainly, however, for cut flowers. They
may be had this way in early winter
by retarding the planting of the old
bulbs until July, or in late winter, by
the planting of the tall ripened bulbs
before Christmas. — Edgar Sanders, in
Prairie Farmer.

EXPERIMENTS WITH PARIS GREEX
AND LONDON PURPLE IN THE

APPLE ORCHARD.
Prof. S. A. Forbes read an interest-
ing paper at a meeting of the Illinois
State Horticultural Society, detailing
some experiments made with Paris
Green in the ratio of one and one half
ounces to four gallons, London purple
in half that quantity, and lime in in-
definite amount. It should be noted
that, owing to the scarcity of apples
and the abundance of apple insects, the
season was most unfavorable to the
success of the remedies.

All the trees were thoroughly sprayed
eight times between June 9th and
September 3rd, the Paris green being
applied when the apples were the size
of small currants, and the lime and
London purple four days later. The
fallen apples were gathered six times
from July 16th onward, and those
remaining were picked as they ripened ;

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

161

all of them, both picked and fallen,
16,529 in number, were examined in-
dividually for insect injuries, and those
due to the codlin moth and curculios
were separately noted.

The examination of 2,418 apples
from trees sprayed with Paris green,
and of 2,964 others from trees not so
sprayed, showed that 21 per cent, of
the poisoned apples were infested with
the codlin moth, and 69 per cent of
those not poisoned, while 22 per cent,
of the i)oisoned lot had been infested
by the curculio, and 20 per cent, of
those not sprayed. Thus, treatment
with Paris green had been entirely
ineffective for the curculio, but had
saved something more than two-thirds
of the apples, and it should be remem-
bered that the Paris green not only
protects the apples, but, by destroying
the insects, lessens the amount of future
injury. Analysis of a])ples one week
after spraying with Paris green, a
lieavy storm intervening, gave abun-
dant evidence that this insecticide could
not safely be a{)plied for some weeks
preceding the harvesting of the fruit.

The comparison of 1,205 apples from
a single tree sprayed with London
purple, and 2,036 from a tree not so
treated, showed that 49 per cent, of
the former were affected by the codlin
moth, and 59 of the latter. Also that '
•-3 per cent, of the first lot of apples
had been invaded by curculios, and
1*3.6 per cent of the second lot. The
I^ondon purple thus saved about one-
sixth of the apples which would have
been sacrificed to the codlin moth, and
was without effect on the curculios.
< Comparing these results with those of
tlie Paris green experiment, it must bp
r<;mem))ered that the spmying with
London i)uri)le began four days later
than with Paris green, and that only
half the amount was used, though both
were applied to the limit of serious
damage to the foliage.

From a tree treated with lime, 1,706
apples, as compared with 1,825 apples
from a check tree,, show that 54 per
cent, of the former contained the apple
worm, and 50 per cent, of the latter,
thus indicating the uselessness of this
substance against the codlin moth.
The curculios were entirely unaffected,
and it may be fairly concluded from
these experiments that it is useless to
attempt to combat the plum curculio
in the apple orchard by insecticide
applications to the fruit.

As bands for traps serve only to
captiire the apple worm after it has
done its mischief, and hence interpose
only a general })rotection, and are liable
to be rendered ineffectual by the neg-
lect of one's neighbors, the use of Paris
green will serve at least as a valuable
addition to remedial measures. Since
it may be safely applied only to the
Spring brood, it is best to use both
bands and insecticides, each measure
supplying the deficiencies of the other.
Final Conclusion. — Attending only
to the picked apples, and condensing
our statement of results to the last
extreme, we may say that under the
most unfavorable circumstances Paris
green will save to ripening, at a pro-
bable expense of ten cents per tree,
seven-tenths of the ap|)les which must
otherwise be conceded to the codlin
moth, that Tjondon purple will appar-
ently save about one-fifth of them, and
lime will save none. Furthermore,
all these applications are without effect
on the curculios in the apple orchard.

THINNING FRUIT.

When plant<^d in good soil, good
thrifty fruits will nearly always over-
load themselves, and in order to secure
the best, smoothest and largest fruit,
considerable thinning must be done ;
this is especially the case with grapes
and tree fruits.

162

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTUKIST.

Choice apples, peaches, pears, quinces ;
in fact, the best of all kinds of fruit
command the best prices and always
sell. Oft times the market becomes
glutted with poor fruits, and the prices
realized are really below what it costs
to produce them and sometimes they
cannot be sold at any price, while at
the same time the choicest and best are
selling at a profitable price.

Too many fall into the error of think-
ing that by thinning they lessen the
quantity so much that they prefer to
let the fruit all remain. This is a mis-
take, as well as to think that by thin-
ning they lessen the profit on the fruit.
When a tree is heavily loaded, the fruit
must necessarily be small and this will
lessen the quantity ; then the fruit
being small will sell for a less price,
and really cost more to sell, and you
lose rather than make by not thinning.
Then in addition, when a tree or vine
is allowed to overload and mature the
fruit it is a strain upon the vitality of
the tree. Judiciously thinning fruit
always pays ; but it requires consider-
able courage when the trees are laden
with young fruit to go over and pull off
and throw away a considerable portion
of the fruit. To one who has never
tried it, at first it would seem like a
waste ; yet it has been tested sufficiently
to prove its value.

The work of course should be done
early, as soon after the fruit has set as
possible. The longer the fruit grows
after setting, the more waste of vitality
of the tree, that should go to the ether
fruit that is left upon the tree to ma-
ture. It should be done as evenly as
possible all over the tree, thin so as to
give each specimen left as much room
as possible. Close crowding makes
ill-shaped fruit. If you have never been
in the habit of thinning try a few trees
first to see the effect, and in a majority
af cases you w^ll conclude that it is

beneficial. — N. J. Shepherd, in Michi-
gan Horticulturist.

THE SHIAWASSEE BEAUTY.

PROF. A. J. COOK.

The other night at tea, as we were
all commenting on the delicious apple
sauce, Mrs. Cook remarked that every
family in the land ought to have one
Shiawassee Beauty apple-tree. The
sauce is of a beautiful pink color, and
has a peculiar and delicate flavor that
renders it a universal favorite. We are
often asked what is it that gives the
sauce the delicious flavor, and our reply
that it is Nature's own flavoring stored
up in the fruit, is often met with a very
incredulous look.

This excellent apple is doubtless a
seedling from the Fameuse or Snow,
which it much resembles. The form
and color, both of skin and pulp, are
quite like the same in the Snow. It is
larger, however, than the Snow, and
keeps much longer. We have kept it
well into January — is much fairer, as
the tendency to scab and deformity, so
peculiar to the Snow, is entirely absent
in this. But the greatest difference is
in its spicy flavor. While the Snow is
pleasingly tart, it is remarkably taste-
less. The Shiawassee Beauty, on the
other hand, is one of the most marked
or radical in this respect and its flavor
is as delicious as peculiar. I have yet
to find the person who does not esteem
it highly. The tree is vigorous and
spreading. Of several trees set out in
my garden here in 1876, among which
is a Duchess of Oldenburg and a Red
Astrachan, none has made so large and
fine a growth as this. It is not only
vigorous, but it is very hardy. On my
farm in the Shiawassee County, Mich.,
I have trees of this variety that have
remained vigorous and hearty all
through the several hard Winters of
the last 1 5 years. It is a very persis-
tent bearer, equal to the Duchess of

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

163

Oldenburg. My tree, set out in 1876,
has borne every year for five years, and
tills year was a marvel of" beauty, as it
hung full of most beautiful apples, just
such as I exhibited from it at Grand
Rapids. I repeat the ^^ gude wife's"
words : " Every family ought to have
one." — Rural New Yorker.

NEW PLANTS.

Among the new plants — new to me
— which I have grown this year, there
are two which I have found to be valu-
able acquisitions. The one is the
Dahlia Glare of the Garden, and the
other the bulb Milla biflora. These, of
course, are not hardy, but are easily

I cared for during the winter season.
Of the first, I have one planted out
upon the lawn, which for nearly two

j months past has been continually cov-
ered with its brilliant flowers, never
loss than fifty and frequently over a
hundred at a time. It has so little the
appearance of a Dahlia that it has V>e-
come almost a daily occurrence to have

i passers-by stop and enquire the name
of the plant. The most vivid descrip-
tion of it was given the other day by
one of a number of little girls passing
!)y, who cried out, " Oh, look at that
< 'hristmas tree, in there, upon the
Ljijuss." It is one of the Cactus Dahlia
type.

Milla biflora has given, for a month
past, an abundance of pure white, waxy,
star-shaped flowei-s, an inch and a half
iu diameter and highly fragrant as the
ilay closes. As a cut flower, for room
decoration, it is particularly valuable,
from the fact that it remains perfect
for nearly or quite a week after having
l»(;en cut. My bulbs were started in
small pots in a cold-frame, and after-
wards transferred to the open ground,
l)ut I presume the same treatment as
rcHjuired for the Gladiolus would an-
swer for it. — Vick's Magazuie.

A GLUTTED MARKET.

'* This country around Keuka Lake,"
said Captain Smith Fairchild, who com-
mands the little steamer Urbana, " is
now one of the greatest grape growing
regions in the world. The vineyards
cover thousands and thousands of acres,
clear from the edge of the lake up to the
summit of the hills on every side of it.
We ship thousands of tons of all kinds
of grapes to the New York market
every season, to say nothing of the tons
and tons that we mash up into the best
wine on the American Continent. But
I can remember the first grapes that
went from here to New York, and,
although there wasn't more than 300
pounds of 'em, they glutted the market.
That's a fact.

" Stanley Fairchild, my father, was
a cabinet-maker, and Uncle Billy Hast-
ings lived up on the hill yonder. No-
body had ever thought of raising grapes
as a business, but Uncle Billy had some
of the finest grape arboi-s that ever
tempted a youngster. One fall his
vines were so overloaded with grapes
that he didn't know what to do with
'em. An idea struck him that it would
be a good thing to ship a lot of 'em to
New York. This was in 1847. There
was no way to ship 'em except by lake
and canal, and Uncle Billy thought the
best way to do it was to pack the grapes
in a barrel with cedar shavings. He
brought a big cedar block to my father's
shop, and told him to have it converted
into shavings. I was a chunk of a boy
then, and father set me to work with a
plane to demolish that block. That
put mo down on the grape business at
once, and I made a solemn wish that
the steamboat or the canal-boat would
sink that carried Uncle Billy's grapes,
so that the business would end right
there. I saw nothing bright in a future
that had nothing in store for me but the
making of cedar shavings. Well, I
knoek(Hl that block into curly bits in

m

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the course of a day or so, and Uncle
Billy packed them in with a barrel of
the nicest grapes that ever made boy's
mouth water. They got to New York
all right, and made a good sale. Uncle
was delighted, and, like all speculators,
wasn't satisfied. Nothing would do
but he must send off another barrel, and
he rolled another cedar block to my
father's shop, and I was set to work to
knock the spots out of it.

"If this industry keeps growing, I
said to myself, " this part of the coun-
tary don't hold me."

*' I peeled the second block down to
nothing, though, and Uncle shipped his
his second barrel of grapes to New
York. Time went along, and one day
Uncle got a letter from the party he
had sent the grapes to. My father
asked him how the business looked.

" Well," said he, '' I made thirteen
shilling clear on my first barrel, but my
second one bust the market. It woti't
do to put too many grapes in the New
York market at once."

"I went out behind the shop and
howled for joy over the failure of the
grape growing industry. But that
pioneer shipment of Uncle Billy's set
people to thinking, and now the New
York market can't get enough of Ham-
mondsport grapes. — iV. W. Sun.

KING HUMBERT TOMATO.

I have been much interested in this
variety, because it seems to offer a new
type of fruit. So far as I know, this is
the first strictly two-celled red Toma-
to that has been sufl&cieTitly large for
table use. The two-celled Tomatoes
are invarably smooth, and are usually
earlier than the many-celled varieties,
facts that should not be forgotten by the
growers of new varieties of this vege-
table.

The plant of the King Humbert is
very vigorous and productive. The

fruit is oval, slightly flattened longi-
tudinally, and thickish towards the
blossom end ; very smooth ; with neither
cavity or basin, bright scarlet, about
one-and-three-fourths inches in longest
diameter, and two-and-a-half inches
through the axis ; borne in clusters of
from five to nine. The flesh is remark-
ably thick and firm ; so firm indeed, that
fruits picked and placed in a dry room
will shrivel like an Apple before decay-
inor — " Elm " in American Garde7i.

RASPBERRY NOTES.

Shaffer's Colossal still maintains a
high place among the newer raspberries.
Its color is all there is against it, and
that is a mere prejudice. Superb has
never pleased us. It bears for a long
time large berries, with large drupes
that part or " crumble " too easily. It
is not for market at all. The Marlboro'
holds its place well. The berries are
of the largest — firm, of a fair color and
fair flavor. The variety seems quite
hardy and strong. The Rancocas is
very early, very firm and of medium
quality. The plants are bushy and
hardy. It ripens more berries in the
early season than the Hansell. The
Hansell is a less vigorous grower, less
fruitful, though it ripens Jew berries
the first of any red raspberry we have
tested. Crimson Beauty is praised by
some and not by others. It seems
the flowers are imperfect and that the
plants should be set among those of
other varieties to insure perfect fruit.
The berries ripen early and are of good
quality. The Rural finds this the same
as the Imperial, if we may judge the
latter by plants sent us by Secretary
Holnian, of Missouri. The Cuthbert
still holds its place as the best late red ;
the Caroline as the best very hardy yel-
low. The Montclair is an improved
Philadelphia. It has never been ad-
vertised much and is not perhaps fully

tflE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

165

appreciated. Lost Rubies has proven
a failure, or nearly so.

The Gregg, among, blackcaps, is, at
the Rural Grounds, not hardy. The
berries are of the largest ; quality poor
It is late. The Ohio Blackcap gives
the strongest and tallest canes of any.
It is quite hardy. Berries rather small.
This is far from new, but it is not well
known. — Rural New-Yorker.

[Note. — It is somewhat surprising
that the Gregg should not prove to be
hardy at the Rural New-Yorker experi-
ment grounds, when here, in the County
of Lincoln, so much further north, it is
only occasionally injured in exception-
ally trying winters. ~Ed. Can. Hort.]

BAllONESS ROTHSCHILD AND MABEL
MORRISON.

Among the many beautiful Hybrid
Perpetual Roses, one which has played
a conspicuous part for the last eighteen
years is Baroness Rothschild, which
was raised in France, in 1867. It is a
large, full and well made flower, cupped
form, and usually very symmetrical.
The color is a soft rose, or light pink.
It is a free bloomer, a vigorous grower,
and one of the hardiest of the Perpet-
uals. It is an excellent autumn
bloomer, and is highly prized as an ex-
hibition variety. Its one lack is a de-
ficiency of odor. The foliage of this
flower stands iip close around it, giving
it a fine setting. The fine form and
color, and the other good qualities of
this variety should secure it a place in
• very good collection of hardy Roses.
I>aroness Rothschild is distinguished
by the number of other fine sorts it has
given rise to as sports. One of these,
Mabel Morrison, has the characteristics
of growth and constitution of its par-
< nt, varingonly by its color. It is one
of the most desirable of the white, or so

called white, Hybrid Perpetuals. The
flowers are beautiful in form, semi-
double, cup shaped, usually a creamy
white on first expanding, and then
changing to a delicately tinted shade of
rose, and in either aspect admirable in
the highest degree. In the close sett-
ing of the foliage around the flower,
Mabel Morrison even surpasses its par-
ent, and this habit is an attiaction of
great value. It originated in England
in 1878, and has not yet become known
as widely as it deserves ; one cause of
this is probably because it does not grow
freely from cuttings, and many profes-
sional rose growers in this country pro-
pagate in no other way. Some how-
ever, increase it, as well as several
other varieties, by budding on strong-
growing stocks, and in this way it
makes a very satisfactory plant, if pro-
perly cared for. — Vick's Magazine.

LAWN GRASSES.

As to the grasses best adapted to
soils and situations, it may first be said
that a wet soil is hardly to be consid-
ered as a fit situation for a lawn ; never-
theless there are places where a wet
condition of the soil cannot well be
avoided, and for such the best grasses
are Poa trivialis, or Rough-stalk
Meadow Grass, Alopecurus pratensis,
or Meadow Foxtail, and Agrostis vul-
garis, or Red-top. For average good
soil I have had the best results from a
seeding in about equal proportions, of
Poa pratensis, or Kentucky Blue Grass,
Festuca duriuscula^ or Hard Fescue,
Agrostis canina, or Creeping Bent,
Cynosurus cristatu^, or Crested Dog-
tail, and tlie Pacey Dwarf Rye Gi-ass.
The two last named are especially ad-
apted to light, dry soils, as they are
deep rooted and very fibrous, and will
continue green in the dryest of weather,
even when the Kentucky Blue is ap-
parently dead.

It is a iirt'iit mistake to stint the

166

THE CANADIAN aOETIOULTtJElST.

seed when making a lawn. Three or
four bushels to the acre should be laid
on, and fairly covered before rolling
down. The small graniverous birds,
especially the sparrows, will be sure to
eat all the seed left on the surface. —
American Garden.

GOLDEN QUKEN RASPBERRY.
The Golden Queen may be termed an
albino of the Cuthbert or Queen of the
Market, but whether a seedling or a
so-called " sport " I am unable to state,
as it was discovered growing in a patch
of twelve acres of that variety in the
summer of 1882, on my farm in Camden
County, New Jersey. I was at once
forcibly impressed with its merit from
its vigorous growth, large size and
beauty — on picking a few of the berries
and tasting them, it is putting it mildly
to say I was delighted. Since the day
it was found 1 have employed every
means of testing the variety with the
object of determining fully its charac-
ter ; and from my experience with it I
think it may be fittingly described as a
variety of six cardinal virtues, viz.: 1.
In flavor it rivals (some have pro-
nounced it superior to) that venerable
and highest in quality of all raspberries,
the *' Brinckle's Orange." 2. In beauty
it transcends all other raspberries I have
ever seen, being of a rich, bright creamy-
yellow, imparting to it a most appetizing
effect, both in the crate and upon the
table. 3. In size it challenges the large
Cuthbert. 4. In vigor it fully equals
its parent — the canes attaining the
dimensions of the Cuthbert or Queen,
noted for its strong growth — and resists
heat and drought even better. 5. In
productiveness it excels the prolific
Cuthbert. 6. In hardiness it has no
superior. The past unprecedently severe
winter several rows of it stood wholly
unprotected at one side of a large field
of the Cuthbert, all of which were so
badly killed by the cold that I was

compelled to mow them all to the
ground, yet not a branch of the Golden
Queen was injured. In addition to the
foregoing, which is of less interest to
the grower for the family supply, but
of paramount importance to the grower
for market, the berry is so firm that
when pressed out of shape, it will, when
turned out of the basket, resume its
true form and not loose any of its juice,
or, as is termed by fruitmen, " will not
bleed ;" also, if allowed to become over-
ripe on the bush, it will not, as is usually
the case with raspberries, drop to the
ground as soon as the bush is disturbed,
but retains a firm hold upon the stem.
" What are its faults ?" some one will
ask. It would indeed be a novel fruit
without any. And it doubtless possesses
some. Yet I must say they have yet
to be manifested, unless it would be
desirable to have it ripen earlier. Its
season is that of its parent. — Ezra
Stokes, in Orchard and Garden.

THE LONGFIELD APPLE.
Prof. Budd : " There is one variety
of Russian apples which has been
fruited almost across the continent,
which has exhibited many desirable
peculiarities for places where something
hardier than Fameuse is needed. The
name, as nearly as I can give it to you
in English, is " Longfield." The Rus-
sian name is " Longerfeldskoe.'' Dur-
ing the last three years it has been
loaded with fruit with me, making an
annual growth of 12 to 14 inches while
thus bearing. It is longer than the
Jonathan, about the weight of an ordi-
nary Missouri Janet ; yellow, with a
blush nearly equal to that on Maiden's
Blush ; keeps through the winter at the
north. It has been extensively tried,
and I think it should now have more
general notice. The quality is quite as
good as that of Fameuse, which it re-
sembles in texture. I do not, however,
consider it among the hardiest of Rus-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

167

sian apples, but it is hardier than the
Fameuse. — Rural New Yorker^s Report
of the American Pomological Society.

WITH DRAIN

I5LANCHING CELERY
TILE.

BY FRED. GRUNDY.

The experience of another season
lias served to confirm my faith in this
practice. It is certainly superioh to
the laborious banking process when in-
telligently managed.

Celery intended for early use should
be set in trenches about three inches
leep, which should be kept open in all
subsequent cultivation of the ground.
When ready for blanching, all the
small outside stalks are removed, be-
cause they are of no value whatever,
leaving but three or four stalks around
the heart. Three or four-inch tile are
then set over the plants, and the earth
banked up Jigainst them about eight
inches Ingh. This banking must be
done to prevent the tile from becoming
too hot in the sun, which they will do
to the great injury of the confined
plants. Later on, when the weather
becomes cooler, banking with earth is
not required. The celery blanches per-
fectly inside the tile, and comes out
clean, white and crisp.

Our family is small, and a few stalks
are all we require for a meal. To get
them I lift the tile, break off as many
as needed, in the same manner as
rhubarb stalks are broken, replace the
tile and the plant continues to grow
•ind supply fresh, nutty stalks, until
tlie ground freezes. Fifty good plants
set in rich soil give us a full supply of
this delicious vegetable, from the time
it tastes good until Christmas. At the
beginning of freezing weather the
plants are taken up with some roots
and earth adhering, set in a long, nar-
row box, containing about four inches
of sand, and placed in the cellar.

I find Golden Heart Dwarf and

Crimson Dwarf the most suitable va-
rieties for this section, and I grow
them exclusively. . I use them with
tile one foot long for bleaching. For
the tall varieties of celery, tile eighteen
or twenty inches long can be procured.
— Philadelphia Weekly Press.

MEALY BUG.

We have tried various emulsions of
kerosene oil for this pest, but with in-
diff'erent results. Alcohol, which is
the basis of most insecticides for mealy
bug, will do the work, but it is too
ex})ensive for general use. The im-
ported preparation known as " Fir-tree
oil " is by far the best and most econ-
omical remedy we have yet tried. It
kills the bug and its eggs, and does no
practical injury to the plants. In
using tlie fir-tree oil or similar insecti-
cide, it is better, when practicable, to
dip the plants in the preparation. In
my experience one dipping is as good
as ten syringings, and much more
economical, A common error in the
use of all insecticides is the want of
persistence in their use. It is much
better to use a weak application of any
insecticide frequently than a stronger
dose of it at less frequent periods. For
example, we have always found it more
effective and safe to fumigate with to-
bacco smoke our house twice a week
lightly, rather than once a week and
more heavily. — (^has. Henderson, in
the Country Gentleman.

AUTUMNAL COLORED FOLIAGE.

All the gaylussacias and vacciniums
(huckleberries, cranberries, etc.,) turn
so brilliantly that for this reason alone
they are worth a place in ornamental
plantings. V. corymhosum (swamp
blueberry) is sometimes ten feet high
and six or eight feet in diameter. It is
attractive in flower. The fruit is
beautiful and tastes better than it

168

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

looks. Its habit fits it admirably for
the formation of specimen plants, and
in autumn it is fairly refulgent with
glowing crimson. When it is remem-
bered that this shrub is of the easiest
cultivation, is it not strange that no
one plants it? Will the time ever
come when American planters will
break loose from traditions of Old
World gardens, and use the plants
adapted to the American climate and
American surroundings 1 — Philadelphia
Weekly Press.

PLANTING BULBS FOR SUCCESSION
OF BLOOM.

In planting my Dutch Bulbs I re-
peated a plan for successive cropping of
flowers in the spring, on two small beds
that in the past has usually pleased me
greatly. These beds are only two feet
across and lie conspicuously on each
side of the front walk near to the steps.
I set out Crocuses, Hyacinths and
Parrot Tulips all in the same beds.

My way of planting was as follows :
First, I dug up the soil well, mixing in
some manure during the process, and
after shaping up the top ti-amped it
rather firmly. Then I dug out each
bed exactly five inches below the sur-
face. On this bottom fifteen bulbs each
of Single Hyacinths and Parrot Tulips
were set, and covered with a layer of
two inches of soil. This new surface
was for the Crocuses, and on it I placed
six dozen imported bulbs, dividing the
spaces between them uniformly.

Early next Spring there will be sheets
of Oocus flowers over these beds. These
will soon be followed by Hyacinth, and
later yet will come along the Parrots.

After the Tulips are done, the same
beds are planted with summer flowers,
thus securing to me an almost perpetual
period of bloom from March until Octo-
ber.— Popular Gardening.

JAPAN ANEMONE.

These plants are herbaceous peren-
nials, with numerous radical leaves, and
sending up leafy flowering stems a foot
to three feet in height; these flower
stems branch several times, each branch
having a leaf at its base, and terminated
by a flower. They are wonderfully
hardy plants standing unprotected in
the lowest temperature known in the
Northern States, or from twenty to
thirty degrees below zero, Fahrenheit.
To produce the finest effects in the gar-
den these plants should be set in masses,
the two colors near each other, supported
by a background of leafy shrubs.

As cut flowers for vases they are valu-
able, and they also serve an excellent
purpose, when potted, in furnishing the
greenhouse with flowers in the autumn
months, when there are few other flow-
ers to enliven it. The plants are easily
increased by division of the roots. —
Vick^s Magazine.

THE JEWELL STRAWBERRY.

We have found this to possess more
points of merit than any other we have .
ever tested, if we may judge by the
experience of two seasons. The plants ]
are very vigorous and free from disease. i
The berries begin to ripen June 12. |
The average size is large from the
beginning until the end of the season- —
the form broadly conical, often flattened
or widened at the top. The largest
berries with us measured four inches
in circumference. The color is a bright
red, and the quality is very good,
though not best. They are firm enough
to ship to a distance. Its great claim
to superiority rests in the vigor of the
plants, the uniformly large size of the
berries, and its productiveness, in which
latter respect it is thought to stand
first among all known varieties of straw-
berries.— Rural New Yorker.

PRINTED AT THK STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

Mensin? & StecKer

RTiQjE^ J rvL T T Q a/A'm wrii rrri

THE

VOL. IX.]

AUGUST, 1886.

[No. 8.

SOME INSECT EISTEMIES OF THE KOSE.

So many inquiries have been made
recently for some efficient and avail-
able means of combating the common,
yet at the same time very injurious
insects that prey upon the rose, that
we have thought it might be acceptable
to our readers if we should devote some
space to the consideration of the habits,
appearance and ravages of these insects,
at the same time orivinor such su^i^ores-
tions as we may be able to offer for
their destruction.

The Rose Slug has been very abund-
ant for several years, and judging from
the pertinacity it manifests in the work
of destroying the foliage of our roses
year after year, we have little to hope
for in the way of relief from the labors
of its natural enemies. This insect is
one of the Sawflies, is known to Ento-
mologists by the name of Selandria
rosoe, and is described by Harris as a
small fly of a deep and shining black
color, the body of which is in the male
a little more than three twentieths of
an inch long, and in the female about
one-fifth of an inch, while the wings
expand about two-fifths of an inch.
They come out of the ground during
the month of June, at various times,
not all at once. The females do not

fly much, but may be found during the
day resting on the rose leaves, and
when touched they draw up their legs
and fall to the ground. When about
to lay their eggs they turn a little on
one side, unsheath their saws, and
thrust them obliquely into the skin of
the leaf, depositing in each incision a
single egg. The eggs hatch in from
ten days to a fortnight, so that the
young slugs can usually be found on
the leates about the twentieth of June.
These have a round head with a black
dot on each side of it, and eleven pairs
of short legs. The upper surface of the
body is green, paler on the sides, yel-
lowish underneath, and the whole is
soft, with a transparent, jelly-like ap-
pearance.

These slugs eat the upper surface of
the leaves, leaving the veins and skin ;
thus cjivinw the leaves a skeletonized
appearance. When they are numerous,
which has been the case now for several
years, there will not be a green leaf
remaining, and the whole rose-garden
will look as if scorched by fire. When
these slugs have attained their full
growth they drop to the ground, bur-
row into the earth to the depth of an
inch or so, form little cells in which

170

THE CANADIAN HUKIlCLLTURIST.

they pass the pupa stage, emerging
again in the fly form to repeat their
work of destruction.

In the summer of 1840, the Mas-
sachusetts Horticultural Society offered
a premium of one hundred dollars for
the most successful mode of destroying
these slugs. Whale oil soap, in the
proportion of two pounds of soap to
fifteen gallons of water, sprinkled over
the rose trees so as to wet the upper
surface of the leaves as often as the
slugs make their appearance, will be
found effectual. The writer, however,
prefers to use white hellebore, for the
reason that a supply of this must needs
be at hand to combat the Gooseberry
Sawfly, and is equally destructive to
this one when applied in the same
manner. In using the hellebore it
will be found advantageous to dissolve
a little alum in the water, wliich will
have the effect of making the hellebore
adhere to the leaves. It is very im-
portant that the rose-grower be on the
watch for this insect, and apply the
hellebore or the whale-oil soap as soon
as the slugs appear, for they work with
great rapidity. Mr. Harris says that
a second brood makes its appearance in
August. We have not noticed this to
be the case here, and we think that if
the brood that works in the latter part
of June and the beginning of July is
thoroughly treated in the manner above
mentioned, there will be nothing to fear
from the August brood.

The Rose Leaf Hopper is a most pro-
voking little pest, as agile as a flea, and
as numerous as ever was the flea in
Tiberias, where it is said that the king

of the fleas holds his court. And a
cunning little fellow is he too, for when
he sees you approaching from one direc-
tion he will hastily dodge off* in the
opposite, and if you press him too close
he will take to himself wings and fly.
Entomologists call this insect Tettigonia
rosce. When it first appears it has no
wings, is a small white creature, to be
found on the underside of the rose
leaves, with its proboscis thrust into
the leaf, from which it is sucking the
juice or sap. As they grow they cast
their skins, which may be found adher-
ing to the underside of the leaf, until
arriving at maturity they are also sup-
plied with wings. In the autumn they
secrete tliemselves among fallen leaves
or other rubbish, pass the winter in a
dormant state, appear again the follow-
ing summer, lay their eggs and perish.
If they would only die before they laid
their eggs ; but then, they won't.

The remedies that have been found
most eflicacious are whale-oil soap, as
recommended for the rose-slug, and
tobacco-water. But in order that these
may destroy the leaf hoppers, they
should be applied when the insects are
young. The gardener should be on the
watch for them about the middle of
June, this season they were abundant
as early as the tenth of June. If
allowed to grow they become at each
successive moult more tough skinned,
and less sensitive to the effects of the
tobacco or the whale-oil soap. Poisons
do not reach them, inasmuch as they
do not feed on the substance of the leaf,
but subsist by sucking out the juices,
and in this way causing the leaf to turn

THE CANADIAN H0BTICDLTDRI8T.

171

of a sickly whitish hue. It is only by
the contact of the liquid with their
bodies that they can be destroyed, hence
it is necessary that it be thrown with
a garden syringe upon the underside of
the leaves. The late Geo. B. Ellwanger,
in his most excellent treatise on the
rose, says that he has found syringing
the rose plants with pure water so as
to wet the underside of the leaves, and
then dusting on powdered white helle-
bore, will destroy or disperse them.
We are at a loss to understand the rea-
son of this, unless it be that, like some
other creatures we wot of, they have a
great aversion to pure cold water. The
hellebore would not be likely to harm
them. In preparing the tobacco-water
some care must be used not to make
the decoction so strong as to injure the
leaves of the rose trees. If applied as
soon as the young leaf hoppers appear,
it need not be very strong of the
tobacco. Senator Plumb, of Niagara,
uses a light frame covered with cotton
of sufficiont size to enclose the rose bed,
under which he burns tobacco slowly,
so as to smoke out this troublesome
leaf hopper and all other pests of every
kind that prey upon the leaves.

The Green-fly or Aphis is sometimes
very troublesome even upon rose bushes
in the open air. They have been ex-
ceedingly abundant during the present
summer. We presume that our readers
are all familiar with this little green
plant louse, which gives birth to living
young lice, which in turn give birth to
othei's, which thus go on multiplying
in more than geometrical ratio all
through the season. In the autumn

males are produced, and after pairing
the females lay eggs, which remain over
winter, and on the return of spring
hatch only females. The natural enemy
of these plant lice are the Lady-birds,
which in the larva and imago state feed
upon them. But they are not always
on hand with suflficient promptitude,-
hence we are obliged to have recourse
to tobacco-water or a solution of whale'
oil soap to get rid of them. An occa'
sional sprinkling with either will usually
suffice to keep them in check.

The Rose Beetle, fortunately is not
very generally diffused over the country.
It seldom appears upon plants growing
in clay soil, but seems to prefer light
sandy soils. When they do appear it
is usually in swarms, about the time
the roses are in bloom, feeding not only
upon the leaves, but also upon the
flowers. The name given to this beetle
by Entomologists is Afacrodactylus
suhspinosus. It is a little more than a
third of an inch in length, with long
sprawling legs, and the joints of the
feet armed with long claws. The
general color is a yellowish grey. After
they have been feeding about a month
the males perish and the females enter
the ground, lay their eggs, about thirty
in number, which hatch in about three
weeks, and feed upon such roots as they
can find. Late in the autumn the
larvae descend to a considerable depth,
it is supposed to be beyond reach of
frost, but return towards the surface in
the spring, and forming a little cell
pass into the pupa state, from which,
in June, the perfect beetle, or imago,
emerges into the open air.

172

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTCRI8T.

The best method of destroying them
is that of gathering them by hand in
the cool of the morning, at which time
they are very sluggish, and putting
them to death. Tobacco -water and
whale-oil soap are of no avail in this
contest, nor even white hellebore.
Paris-green will kill them, but there
may be danger in the use of this power-
ful poison in the rose-garden to those
whom we would be most unwilling to
harm.

These are some of the insect enemies
of the rose, the most common in this
climate and the most widely diffused.
We trust our readers will be able to
recognize them by the description given,
and be able by the use of the means
suggested, greatly to counteract their
ravages.

LOUIS VAN HOUTTE ROSE.

We present our readers in this num-
ber with a colored illustration of what
is considered by experienced E-osarians
to be the finest crimson rose yet pro.
duced.

It was raised by Lacharme from seed
of Charles Lefebvre, and sent out in*
1869. It is usually of medium size,
semi-globular in form, and highly per-
fumed. It is a very free bloomer.
The plant is not quite as hardy in our
climate as we might wish, but well re-
pays the care needed to protect it from
the severity of our winters.

EARLY TOMATOES.
Mr. Frank Evans picked the first
ripe tomato in his garden, on the 5th
July. — Orillia Packet.

TORONTO INDUSTRIAL FAIR.
We have received a copy of the Prize
List for the next Industrial Fair, to be
held at Toronto from the 6th to the
18th September. The book is very
tastily gotten up, and contains cuts of
different breeds of animals for which
prizes are ofiered, and also views of the
City of Toronto and its public buildings.
Any of our readers desiring a copy can
obtain the same by dropping a post
card to Mr. Hill, the Secretary, at
Toronto.

QUESTION DRAWER.

BARREN GRAPE VINES.
Dear Sir, — I have three grape vines
come from the seeds in my garden :
strong, healthy, in their third year.
Two of them threw out some blossoms
last year, and this year are quite full,
but on each time the blossoms all fall
ofi", leaving no fruit. They break much
earlier than any other kind in my
garden ; and if fruited would, through
being earlier and abundant, be very
acceptable. The other gives no evi-
dence of fruit. Can you give me any
information relative thereto % I would
like to hear from you, or from any of
tlie readers of the Canadian Horticul-
turist, whether I may look for grapes
from them. The bunches, — that is, in
blossom, — shape like the Concord.
Yours truly,

H. M. SWITZER.

Palermo, 21st June, 1886.

Reply. — It is quite possible that th<
flowers are only pollen bearmg, being
without ovary and jDistil. In other
words, only male organs are present in
the flowers, and therefore no fruit will
ever form. A neisrhbor had some seed-

1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

173

ling grape vines which for several years
bloomed most profusely, shewing large
and most magnificently formed clusters?
but no fruit appeared. Happening to be
in his garden one season when they
were in bloom, the writer was shewn
these beautiful clusters, and asked if he
could tell why they failed to set fruit.
An examination of the flowers revealed
the fact that there were no fruit bearing
organs present, that the ovary and pis-
til were not developed, hence that it
was impossible that fruit should ever
be borne by these plants.

SLUG SHOT AS AN INSECTICIDE, &c.

Dear Sir, — (1.) Have you had any
experience with slug shot as an insecti-
cide for apples and plums ; and is it as
harmless as represented, and as effec-
tive as Paris green 1 (2) Will the
Muscat Hamburgh Grape ripen in a
cold grapery 1 ( 3) Also i)lease say how
toad stools can be exterminated.

R.

Toronto, 23rd June, 1886.

Reply. — (1.) We recently saw a
report from a State Analyst to the effect
that its usefulness as an insecticide was
due to the arsenic therein. We have
never used it. (2) In some seasons,
but seldom full flavored. (3) Apply
quick lime freely.

THE ROSE LEAF HOPPER.

Dear Sir, — Have no cure for the
little white insect that infests the rose
bushes. I have tried everything, but
so far without success. Could you
refer me to any remedy : my roses are
being killed out rapidly by the insects.

I am delighted with your Canadian
Horticulturist. If, perhaps, had I at-

tended to its contents a little more
carefully, I would not now be asking
for information to. destroy the lice on
the rose tree leaf.

Sincerely yours,

J. Hamer Greenwood.
Whitby, Ont.

Reply. — Please see article in this
number on some insect enemies of the
rose.

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.
Is there any remedy for the maggot
in the roots of cabbage plants early in
spring 1 It does great havoc here.
What would a cure be worth 1

Wm. Fleming.
Owen Sound, June 30th, 1886.

Reply. — This maggot is the larva of
a fly resembling somewhat the common
house fly, and is known to entomolo-
gists as Anthomyia brassicse. It is
often very destructive to young cabbage
plants, sometimes ruining the crop.
Peter Henderson says that it is never
troublesome in soils abounding in shell
lime. If that be the case, it may be
that a heavy dressing of lime from lime-
stone would prove efficacious. English
authorities advise the careful pulling
up of all plants affected, and burning
them so as to destroy the maggots in
the plants, and the free use of quick
lime applied to the spot whence they
were taken to destroy any that might
be in the ground. The writer has
planted cabbage on the same piece of
ground for several yeai-s in succession.
In the two first seasons the fly was
very troublesome. A dressing of wood
ashes, and an abundant supply of stable

174

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

manure, have been the only applica-
tions made to the soil, and this year
there has been no appearance of the
fly. The probability is that the natural
enemies of this insect have increased
in sufficient numbers to keep it in
check.

BLACK-KNOT.

1 . Can the black-knot on the cherry
tree be cured ?

2. Are there any varieties not sub-
ject to black-knot 1

W. T. White.
Eglington.

Reply. — 1. We doubt if black- knot
on either cherry or plum trees has been
cured. The only remedy at present
known is amputation as often as it
appears.

2. We do not know whether there
are any varieties that are exempt. We
have not been troubled with black-knot
on cherry trees, hence have not had any
opportunity to see whether any varie-
ties escape. Will our readers who have
had experience on this point please to
answer this question.

CURRANTS.

I send some currant leaves that have
insects on them, and are turned red
wherever these insects get on the leaves.
What is the best remedy to use to des-
troy them and save the currants 1
Yours truly,

W. C. Adams.

Reply. — They are green fly. Give
the currant bushes a syringing on the
under side of the leaves with tobacco -
water twice a week until you get rid of
them.

CELERY.

Dear Sir, — Kindly answer in next
issue of Horticulturist the following
questions : —

1. Do you think it necessary to have
celery blanched before being stored for
late winter use 1

2. Would you describe a cheap root
house for storing celery which you
think would answer for this cold part
of Ontario.

3. Would a root house made some-
thing about as follows answer : Ground
excavated two feet below surface, then
board two feet above, then on a frame
six feet high twelve foot boards meet
and slant down sides with windows, all
of which is banked and covered with
manure.

4. Describe the most approved
method of keeping cabbage until late
in spring, either in root house or out-
side.

By answering the above questions
you will confer a great favor upon
Yours truly,

H. W. Campbell.
Penetanguishene, Ont., June 8th, 1886.

Reply. — 1. It is not necessary that
it should be blanched when stored. It
will blanch afterwards.

2 & 3. Any house that will exclude
frost and admit of ventilation when
needed, and in which you can plant the
celery close together and get at it as
required, will do.

4. The usual method of keeping cab-
bage over winter outside, is that of a
trench wide enough to hold two heads
of cabbage abreast, placed in the trench
with the roots up, and covered with
earth in the form of a ridge. We have
not had any experience of storing them
in a cellar or root house, but in that
case would plant the roots in the earth.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

175

SMALL FRUITS.

Kindly inform me in next issue if
convenient : —

1. Should I cut away the old wood
from raspberry and blackberry bushes
as soon as fruiting is over to enable the
young wood to ripen.

2. Is it true that the first plant from
strawberry runners will not bear fruit,
and that the second must be allowed to
grow for that purpose. I wish to grow
some potted plants for setting out early,
so they may get a good hold before
winter.

3. I enclose you a leaf from a black
currant buslj. I have had a very pro-
mising crop of fruit almost totally des-
troyed by the pests which you will
notice on the under side of the leaf, the
leaves shrivel up, and then the fruit
naturally follows suit. I have used a
mixture of hellebore and sulphur, two
parts sulphur to one of hellebore in a
strong solution, but my bushes seemed
to be woi-se after it. My crop for this
year is gone, but can you tell me how
to fight them another time. I have
been told that a strong solution of soap,
with a handful of salt to each gallon of
water, is good, but I am afraid the salt
may kill the bush. This is my first
year in fruit raising, which may account
for my ignorance on the above ques-
tions.

Yours, &c.,

C. H. Dunning.

Reply. — 1. It is a good practice to
cut out the old canes when the fruit
has been all gathered.

2. We have no faith in that state-
ment, but would take the first strong
plant. Try it for yourself, and report
to the Canadian Horticulturist next
summer.

3. Your insects are aphides or green
flies. Syringe with tobacco- water. The

hellebore will be of no use, they can
not eat it.

BLACK APHIS— LADY BIRD.

Dear Sir, — With this letter I send
you, by parcel post, a package contain-
ing specimens of insects taken from a
cherry tree and a black currant bush.
Those from the cherry tree, small brown
insects, have but lately appeared and
are doing great damage. Would the
kerosene emulsion be of any use against
them] As for the insects from the
black currants, I could not tell whether
they were injurious or not, as the
bushes had been badly injured by the
green flies, before I observed them.

If they are injurious, please tell me
of some remedy, and also one for the
green fly. If this is too late for the
July number of Horticulturist, please
answer by mail. I have enclosed stamp
for answer.

I remain, yours obediently,

John S. Warren.

Brooklyn, Ont., P.O. Box 5.

Note by the Editor. — The insects
on the cherry leaves are the black
aphis. They are unusually abundant
this season over a very large extent of
country. The remedy is an applica-
tion of tobacco water with a garden
syringe upon the underside of the
leaves. Steep some tobacco in water
until the liquid is of the color of strong
cofiee, and apply it abundantly every
three or four days until the insects are
killed. Those insects on the black
currant leaves are the larvse of one of
the Lady-birds which feed on the green
fly. Do not do them any harm, they
are your friends ; they are fattening on
the green fly that has been so abun-
dant on the leaves of your black cur-
rants this season.

176

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

GLASS PLUM.
The Glass Seedling Plum which I
received from the Association was eaten
down to the stump two seasons in suc-
cession, and afterwards made a strong
growth of about four feet and was the
only plum tree which stood the winter
of 1880-81 with me out of about 104 of
different varieties ; it has since made
a good growth, but has not yet borne
any fruit. The Prentiss Grape and Fay
Currant have both made a good growth

London, Ont. ^' ^1^^'

INSECTICIDES.

Dear Sir, — I send you a paper con-
taining an article on an insecticide
called " Buhach." My reason for send-
ing it is, that I had not before seen any
reference to it in any of our horticul-
tural publications. And if there is any
better way of getting rid of insect
pests than we now know of it would be
an advantage to find it out. The insect
pests seem to be unusually bad this
3^ear. The hellebore is effectual for
the currant worm, but seems to have
no effect on rose bushes. My neighbor,
Mrs. Wade, says the aphis on her rose
bushes seem to gi-ow fat on it. The
latter are very bad on my rose bushes,
as well as the little white insect that
lodges on the under side of the leaf.
Latterly, I have been trying a weak
solution of Paris Green and carbolic
acid, but not long enough to know the
result.

There is an insect powder sold by the
druggists here at 10 cents per ounce
(on enquiry, I was told a pound of it
would cost me $1), that is produced
from same species of plant that is re-
ferred to in the article above mentioned.
The druggist showed the description of
it in the U. S. Dispensator}^, where it
is called Pyrethrum anacylis, grown on

Mediterranean Coast of Europe, &c.
That grown in California is called Py-
rethrum cinnerariafolium. It would be
interesting to us outsiders to have this
mentioned and discussed at some of the
meetings of the F. G. A. I humbly
suggest, and that is all I assume to do
in thus bringing the matter to your
notice.

I have been spraying my plum trees
with Paris Green and carbolic acid.
A teaspoonful of former and about t^vo
tablespoons of the latter (the carboKc
acid is somewhere between the crude
and refined ), mixed in a pail of water,
and sprayed on with a large syringe.
I have only, on examination so far as
I could reach, been able to find but one
plum on each of three trees with the
mark of the curculio on it. One of my
trees is the Glass Plum, got from the
Association some years ago. It is now
a fine tree, some fifteen feet or so high,
and spreading in proportion. It is
loaded with fruit this year. It had not
borne any the previous two years, but
had a heavy crop in 1883; perhaps I
allowed it then to bear too heavily.
The fruit was very fine.

The frost nipped the young leaf buds
of my Catalpa this spring, but it is now
throwing out vigorous shoots. My
dewberry, got this spring, is also shoot-
ing out nicely. Yours respectfully,

Wm. Dickson.

Parkhill, June 12th, 1886.

Note by the Editor. — The Green
fly can be subdued by frequent syring-
ings with tobacco water, say twice a
week, until they disappear. White
hellebore, buhach, Paris Green, and
such like poisons, will have no effect
on green fly, in as much as they can
not be eaten by them, but the external
application of tobacco water will kill
them.

fHK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

177

THE ABELE OR SILVER POPLAR—
NOT THE SILVER MAPLE.

Dear Sir, — As requested, I forward
a few leaves of the silver maple grown
here. The first I knew planted was in
front of the central school, it made
enormous growth, a great spreading
tree, and on account of the silvery ap-
pearance of the under side of the leaves
and the glossy surface of the upper side
it became a great favourite, but after a
few yeai-s people found it a great
nuisance, because it suckered so much.
Those at the school are all destroyed.
There was several trees of it also planted
on the court house square (so-called),
but I see they are trying to get rid of
them also. We have the silver poplar
as well.

W. Hick.

Goderich, 8th July, 1886.

We are under obligations to Mr.
Hick for his kindness in complying
with our request that he would send us
some leaves of the tree known in his
vicinity as the silver maple, but which
had the bad habit of throwing up suck-
ers from the roots. It is very much to
be regi-etted that this poplar, for it is
one of the varieties of the poplar known
as Abele and Silver Poplar, should
have come to be called silver maple.
It is not a maple at all, of any variety.
The silver maple, known to botanists
as Acer das/ycarpum, is a very fast
growing tree, much used for road-side
I)lanting, the leaves of which are blight
green above and silvery white beneath,
but not coated with such a thick cover-
ing of white, downy material, too heavy
to be called pubescence, as is found in j
this poplar. They are also more deeply i
cut and sharper pointed than those of \
the poj)lar. We were greatly surprised, ,

on reading Mr. Hick's previous com--
munication, that the silver maple should
be accused of throwing up suckers, and
felt confident that there must be some
mistake. We trust that he will do
what he can to correct the impression
that seems to have got abroad that this,
poplar is the silver maple. It is toa
bad that so useful a tree, one so hardy,
so vigorous, so easily transplanted, so
free from the fault of suckering, should
have been confounded with the silver
poplar.

The silver poplar wdiich Mr. Hick
mentions above as being also grown in
his section, is doubtless another variety
of silver poplar, possibly that knowiL
to botanists as F. canescens.

BEES AS HELPERS IN THE ORCHARD.

I would like to hear or read a dis-
cussion on the subject of whether an
apiary, kept in the immediate vicinity
of an orchard or fruit garden, produced
any perceptible difference in the yield
of fruit, in comparison to any other
orchard or fruit garden not being in
close proximity to where honey bees
are kept, but having other equal natu-
ral advantages.

This question may appear to be ridi-
culous on the face of it, but I should
think that it is important to ascertain.

We have much yet to learn of the
secrets of nature, and what we have
attained to is like a drop in the bucket,
or the first step in the ladder.

The relations of the various king-
doms of nature to each other are but
imperfectly understood. Goethe, the
German poet, relative to the dawn of
light entering into the human mind,
illustmtes it by the figure of a young
man, with open book in hand, exclaims,
as he sees the rising sun j)artially

178

THE CANADIAN H0RTICCLTUBI8T.

obscured by a passing cloud, " Licht
maher licht yets" (Light, more light

yet). _

This is precisely what we want as
horticulturists.

Yours truly,
Berlin, Ont. SlMON EoY.

[Will some of our readers please
give the results of their observations. —
Ed. Can. Hort.]

A SCENTED CLIMBING ROSE.

Perhaps you will think me a critic,
but I beg to differ from you in your
statement in June Number Horticul-
turist, page 132, where you state that
all of the Prairie Roses are scentless.
The Baltimore Belle, one of those you
named, has a lovely perfume. If I
thought it would retain its scent I
would send you some of them, as they
■are now in full bloom and beauty.

W. Hick.

Goderich, Ont.

We have been into the garden and
gathered some roses of the Baltimore
Belle. There is more perfume than we
thought it had, and certainly it can not
be called scentless.

FRUIT PROSPECTS NEAR GODERICH.

When I sent you my last I stated
that we had a great show of blossom,
but we had frost at the time the apple
trees were in bloom, and I find the
apple crop is very light, caused no doubt
by the frost. The small fruits, as straw-
berries, raspberries, gooseberries and
•currants, are very plentiful, and a lot
of cherries; but, dear me, the cherry
birds or waxwing is swarming almost,
so that it has been a job to get a few
•cherries to eat, and the Robins take
their share too. From what I see the
plums are not suffering so much from

the little turk this season as usual.
We have had hot dry weather for some
time, so that the land is much in want
of rain.

Yours truly,

W. Hick.
Goderich, Ont.

ROSES— TWELVE GOOD VARIETIES,
SOIL, INSECT ENEMIES, ETC.

Finding it impossible for me to attend
the meeting of the Fruit Growers' As-
sociation in Lindsay, I will, here at
home, make a few notes on NTo. 5 in
the list of subjects for consideration.
The subject given is, '' Roses. — Name
twelve varieties suitable for general
cultivation, kind of soil most suitable,
insect enemies, remedies." I presume
the term " general cultivation " refers
to out-door cultivation. The more ex-
perience I have with roses the more care-
ful I become in passing judgment as to
which are really the best. Three weeks
ago everybody who came into my gar-
den pronounced Baron de Bonstetten
and Jean Liabaud to be the most beau-
tiful of any, but the dry heat of the
present time has sadly marred the
beauty of these rich fleeting flowers, and
less pretentious roses (which at the
former time no one had a word of
praise for), as General Washington,
Annie Wood, Countess de Serenye,
Francois Michelon, and other good
stand-bys are now the noticed and ad-
mired ones. And I find that occasion-
ally some of our best roses will not, for
some cause or other, come up to their
proper standard of excellence through-
out a whole season. I would not like,
therefore, to say, when such is the case,
and when there is so many good roses
to choose from, that the selection below
is the very best that can be made, but
it is a good one, and as good a one as
I can think of just now. The list is, —
Louis Yan Houtte, Baron de Bonstet-
ten, General Jacqueminot, Alfred Col-

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

179

omb, Annie Wood, Anne de Dieabach,
Francois Michel on, Paul Neyron, Vic-
tor Yerdier, La France, Madam Noman,
and Coquette des Alps.

Some of these, I know, have faults,
and quite serious ones, as Louis Van
Houtte, Paul Neyron, Victor Verdier,
La France and Madam Noman are all
quite tender, and then again Louis Van
Houtte and Madam Noman are also
very poor growers, and Victor Verdier
is scentless, and General Jacqueminot
is not full, but all of these roses with
the failings I have mentioned, have also
other wonderful points of excellence of
such a nature that they could hardly
be dispensed with in a garden in which
only a dozen kinds of roses are grown.
These are all old well tried kinds and
in the order given pretty well cover the
range of colors from very dark to
white.

Now, as to soil. In the first place
have it so drained, naturally or arti-
fically, that water will not stand for
any period of time, at any season, even
at the depth of the lowest root, as
standing water will invariably kill the
roots of roses, I think that the reason
so many roses put in such an apparently
sickly existence and produce such poor
flowers is that the deep roots which are
the life of the plant have all been killed
in the winter preceding, by standing
water. Rose beds are generally so
small that it is better to go to the
trouble to prepare them properly in
the first place. The best way to make
a rose bed is (after temporarily remov-
ing the surface to afterwards replace it
again on the top) to dig out the sub-
soil, removing it to the depth of eighteen
inches or two feet, and then fill up with
sods and a little manure. Sod cut on
good loamy soil is the best if it can be
had. Care should be taken that it does
not contain any larva of the May beetle.
This can be avoided by cutting the sod
before the frost is fully out in the

spring. Although on heavy soils this
cutting while the soil is wet (as it must
be at that early season), tends some-
what to make the ground hard, I
have found that filling with green sod
and planting at once produces just as
good results, as if the sod is already
rotted, if there is sufficient friable soil
on top to plant the young plants in.

As to insect enemies, I may say that
I have never used anything but whale
oil soap-suds and tobacco water applied
with a syringe. These are, either of
them, sure death to the thrip, and very
aggravating if not quite death to the
green fly. The thrip must receive its
quietus at once when it makes its
appearance, or else t\ie plant is weak-
ened and stunted and falls an easy prey
to everything else that comes along.
This season I have just syringed my
bushes twice and now everybody asks.
How do you keep your bushes so clear
of insects ? I reply that I don't do
much but do it at the right time.

The rose thrip comes out of the bark
of the rose early in spring, and when
they make a move (which they do all
at once), the rose shoots will look, when
they are coming through the bark, as
if covered with small white thorns.*
At thi^ time and for a week or two
following is the time to thoroughly
syringe the bushes. Most of the other
rose pests deposit their eggs on the
leaves about this time and soon after
this, and my theory is that operating
thoroughly at this time I not only
destroy the thrip, but that the distaste-
ful odor of the remedies used, prevent
other insects from depositing their eggs
in such numbers as they otherwise
would.

Another reason for beginning early
is that no one (even if it would destroy
the insects as well) wants to be firing
soap-suds and tobacco water into his
roses when in full bloom. I would just

♦ NOTB.— This will be quite new to our Entomologists.

180

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

say here at the close, to any who would
like to have roses and who are deterred
from growing them on account of these
insect bug-bears, that if you have
already fought the Colorado Beetle with
any measure of success, and if you will
promise to take the same interest in
your roses that you have already done
in your potatoes you need have no fear
of the result. F. Mitchell.

Innerkip, July 8th.

BID WELL STKAWBERRY.

Dear Sir, — I have a Bidwell straw-
berry in my garden measuring six and
one-half inches in circumference. Is
that not very good for a Bidwell ?

Yours truly,' Dr. A. Harkness.

Lancaster, June 28, 1886.

THE GREGG RASPBERRY AT PETER-
BOROUGH.

Dear Sir, — deferring to your note
in the July Horticulturist in reference
to the Gregg black cap, I may say that
after I have gathered what little fruit
my Gregg's will bear this year, I shall
dig them out. Though well sheltered
and on well drained land they have
winter-killed every season for four
years, so as scarcely to yield anything.
It is not more than a second quality
berry anyway. Yours truly,

G. M. Roger.

SOME HARDY SHRUBS.

Dear Sir, — The dewberry is now
doing finely and so is the Fay's Prolific
Currant plant that I got last year ;
1885 being my first year a subscriber to
the Canadian Horticulturist. I like
the Horticulturist very well and es-
pecially the Annual Report of F. G. A.
of O. I have some plants that I think
will prove hardy in most parts of
Western Ontario. Daphne Cneorum
comes out in spring completely covered
with its sweet scented flowers and gives

a few in right along until the fall when
it is again covered with flowers. The
Variegated Weigela also does well and
holds its colour good. The Double
White Deutzia requires a slight pro-
tection, but it well repays a little
extra care. The Yucca plant stands
the cold very good and the Hydrangea
paniculata grandiflora is quite hardy
and a very rapid grower, but the Rose
is my favorite. I have not a great
many varieties yet ; about twenty dif-
ferent varieties and some good seedlings.

J. M. W.
Fernhill, Middlesex Co.

THE PEWAUKEE APPLE.

It is, as I am informed, claimed for
this variety of apple that it is a seedling
of the Russian apple Duchess of Olden-
burg, having its characteristics as to
hardihood, being dubbed an iron- clad,
and its bearing qualities, with the addi-
tional recommendation that it is a win-
ter fruit.

Now, with regard to its two first
qualities, I will not dispute, but to the
latter I object upon a scientific rea-
son, and that, too, most decidedly, as
inconsistent with the laws of nature
which are the laws of order and never
deviate.

It is well-known by botanists that
the Duchess of Oldenburg is a develop-
ment of the wild crab, a variety indi-
genous to central Russia and ripens its
fruit towards the close of the season in
that country and would therefore be in
our climate nothing else than a late
summer variety, and its succeeding
progeny precisely the same ; this also
being the case with all varieties from
that country, and, as a rule, all are sum-
mer fruit and cannot possibly be other-
wise. To produce a winter variety
from any variety of Russian apple
would require a special suspension of
the laws of nature and this does not
often occur in this degenerate age.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

181

Our winter apples have emanated
from an entirely distinct variety of
Pyrus Mains or crab apple, indigen-
ous to Asia Minor, the season in that
country being longer would naturally
make in our climate a winter fruit
and their successive progeny the same.
The principal reason why winter apple
trees are as yet tender in tbis country
even after centuries of acclimatization
they yet hold fast to the original condi-
tions under which they emanated.

Our fall ap})les have no doubt their
origin from the natural wild crab of
western Europe, another distinct var-
iety, and subject to the same natural
influences and geographical conditions
as the preceding, and are better fitted
for our climate than the winter. I can
easily understand that a late fall apple
may emanate from the fertilization of
any of the Russian apples with winter
varieties as producing a medium or late
fall fruit, but not a distinct winter
fruit.

I will not go the length in stating
that the party who put the Pewaukee
under the auspices of the Duchess of
Oldenburg as a winter fruit did this
knowingly, but he is undoubtedly mis-
taken. I am yours truly,

Simon Roy.

ORCHIDS.
Sir, — I am glad you are giving some
attention to that beautiful class of the
Orchid family, the Cypripediiim. I
think if florists gave as much attention
to these as to some less beautiful foreign
plants, they could be made to overcome
any difficulty of culture that may at pre-
sent exist, not that they could be made
more beautiful for they are all that could
be desired in that direction, its season of
bloom might be extended, and if it were
j)08sible for you to have a coloured plate
prepared of these lovely flowers for the
front of the Horticulturist it would do
much to awaken an interest in that

direction. I give my experience with
some of these plants which is encourag-
ing to myself at least, and I hope it
may be so to others. I see a reference
to these plants under the caption of
Moccasin Flower in the June number,
page 133. in which they are said to be
difficult of culture. I took one from
its native bed in a tamarac and cedar
swamp, Oakland Township, Brant Co.,
with a piece of sod adhering to it con-
taining ferns and other plants, this was
Cypripedium spectabile, the large white
and purple lady slipper. I planted it
in a shady spot in the garden in rich
soil ; I stuck a few cedar boughs around
it and watered it the first season, allow-
ing the ferns to grow around it as be-
fore and kept the ground around well
hoed. I kept a look out for them to
make their appearance next spring when
I discovered a small plant two weeks
earlier come out of the clump whose
roots had been heretofore unno-
ticed in the sod, this proved to be
Cypripedium parviflorum, the fragrant
yellow slipper plant. I at once made
another search in said swamp and found
them in full bloom, this was about the
end of May whilst the Cypripedium
spectable had only sent up long shoots,
it blooms June 22nd. I also found
Cypripedium acaule, the pink or stem-
less lady slipper, this on higher land,
more shady, black leaf mould, I planted
them the same as before and they in-
creased in size and beauty, and drew
fourth exclamations of praise from those
who saw them for three yeai-s, except
the pink one, which disappeared and
never came up in the spring. Last fall
I took up a plant of each and packed
them with my Dahlias and other
plants and brought them to the State
of Delaware, and after being in the
case for over two weeks I set them out
hurriedly, intending to have them
moved to a more suitable location,
but they remained and bloomed

182

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

nicely nearly a month earlier in the
open ground in dry sand without water
or shade, they were shorter in the
stems and the flowers got a little burnt
with the sun. I am trying another of
the pink ones, Cypripedium acaule,
which I found here in the woods. I
lost the cardinal flower, which I grew
about the same length of time, in mov-
ing. I intend giving them a suitable
location this fall but they seem to stand
as much hardship as mo^t plants taken
up when in bloom, but their great
beauty amply repays for any little
trouble. I have planted a number of
the diSerent honeysuckles found here,
and the magnolias that have been in
bloom for more than a month.

Samuel Hunter.
Hartly, Delaware, U.S., June 22, 1886.

GOLDEN QUEEN RASPBERRY.

Mr. Lovett writes as follows con-
cerning this new raspberry : —

Dear Sir, — Wish you could come
and see Golden Queen Raspberry, now
ripening. It goes way ahead of all
things raspberry that I have seen.
Larger than Shafier's Colossal ; as pro-
ductive, and almost, or quite, as strong
a grower. As beautiful as a May
morning, and the flavor simply grand.
Think it will keep in good shape for
nearly a week yet.

Yours truly,

Jno. T. Lovett.

This raspberry was found in a twelve
acre block of Cuthbert in 1882. Mr.
Lovett says that in flavor it rivals the
high quality of Brinckle's Orange ; that
the color is a bright, creamy yellow ;
in size equal to the Cuthbert, and like-
wise in vigor of plant and productive-
ness, and that in hardiness it has no
superior. It ripens at the same time
as the Cuthbert.

THE PLUM CURCULIO.

BY B. GOTT.

The following item will serve to show
the character of much of the teaching
given by superficial experimenters : —

''There is no use in trying to poison
the curculio by spraying plum trees^
with water containing Paris green or
London purple. The little pest, which
makes its crescent-shaped incisions in
the plum, does not do it by eating in,
but only stings the fruit. As it never
eats in its perfect form, no poison can
afiect it. But if sheets are spread under
the trees and the latter jarred, the cur-
culio will drop ofi" and can be easily
caught and destroyed."

It may be true that there can be but
very little urged against the practice of
jarriiig the trees to capture the plum
curculio, save that people, as a general
thing, will not do it so as to be success-
ful. In the first place they do not
understand the time to jar, and so much
of the mischief is done before they are
aware that anything is the matter with
their plums. Again, they will not
practice jarring sufficiently frequent to
save their plums. They may perhaps
try this jarring once or twice sometime
during the early stages of the fruit, and
when the last plum has fallen off" they
are taken with a sudden fit of wonder
at the mysterious providence that has
not left them a tasting sample, notwith-
standing their great eflfort to save them.
Jarring, to be really serviceable, must
be commenced as early as the truit is
set, and be closely followed up every
day, or even twice a day, for at least
three or four weeks, or as long as
another curculio can be captured. This
involves work, but nothing less than
this is the price of plums.

To say that there is no use in spray-
ing the trees with Paris green is not,
according to my experience this sum-
mer, strictly true. I concluded to try
it to find out how it would work. The

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

183

curculios, just after the blossoms were
nicely off, were busily working in great
numbers, and with a doggish persever-
ance. We got our spraying pump, and
in a pail of water placed about a small
tablespoonful of Paris green, and by
rapid motion with a stick mixed the
powder completely into the water, and
proceeded to force the mixture on to
the leaves and the fruit in liberal quan-
tities, until the trees were pretty well
besprinkled and bedewed in every part.
The result was the insects were at once
deterred in their work of biting the
plums and laying their eggs in them.
It seemed to stop them almost imme-
diately. The philosophy of this may
be apparent from the following con-
siderations : — First, it is clear that the
curculios do eat or bite the plums, and
so may get some of the poisons applied
into their systems while at work pro-
viding positions for egg-laying under
the lip formed by their mandibles or
pinchei-s. But secondly, it may be
possible, and quite probable, that that
indescribable something which we call
instinct in insects, and which sufficiently
guides them to the selection of those
positions wliich will be safe and sup-
porting to their young, and which also
leads them to avoid those positions or
influences which might be dangerous or
deathly to their young, operated upon
them at that moment and caused them
either to leave the place at once or to
stop their work of egg-laying in that
position for tlie present. To make the
thing comparatively sure we again ap-
plied another dose in about two weeks
from the first, and the result is, we think
we have the crop safe, and the gi'eat
majority of the plums are now growing
nicely and appearing very promising.
The danger of poisoning from the use
of plums so treated is entirely obviated
by the frequent rains between the sea.
son of treatment and the time of using.
Arkona, Ont.

REPORTS ON PLANTS RECEIVED.

Dear Sir, — You will think perhaps
that it is for want of interest in the
Fruit Growers' Association that I have
not acknowledged receipt of premiums,
&c., but such is not the case, I value
too highly your publication not to
appreciate it, and I am too fond of fruit
growing and horticulture not to appre-
ciate your endeavours to place in the
members' hands the newest and most
reliable species of fruit and the choicest
of shrubs and flowers. But to my re-
port.

The Fay's Prolific I received last
season made a magnificent growth and
this year has a good sample of fruit and
I am greatly pleased with it, and think
it is the finest red currant I have ever
fruited. The Lucretia Dewberry has
not yet shown life, but the one which
I got from an agent has thrown a few
sprouts and I think it is all right, as
also the Leib cherry and Schuyler Gage
plum which have both shown good
signs of vigor.

I have two shrubs in my front garden
which I purchased years ago and had
them flower successfully in Elora and
on my removal to this place about five
years ago I brought them with me and
one, the Deutzia Crenata, had one
spike of flowers last season and although
it has more on this season it does not
seem to be vigorous. The other, Wigela
rosea, has never bloomed yet although
it appears healthy, of course they suffer
more or less from frost, and the climate
of this country is not suitable, and as
I have never seen it reported on from
this section I would like information on
the subject as it is a desirable shrub. I
wish to ask also if the Hydrangea pani-
culata grandiflora is hardy enough for
this locality, if so, give particulars as to
time to set out, tkc, and oblige.

Now that I have made a start I will
try and liave a talk with you more fre-
quently to help promote the interests

184

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

of the Horticulturist and the society of
which I feel proud of being a member.
Wishing you every success.

I am yours truly,

J. Gordon.
Flesherton, Co. Grey, June 8, 1886.

Note. — We believe that Hydrangea
paniculata grandiflora is hardy enough
to endure your climate. Plant it in
the spring.

Although I have been a member of
the F. G. A. for some six or seven
years, I have not yet sent my experi-
ence of i)lants received ; partly because
•owing to removals I have lost track of
some of the plants. The Wealthy
apple and Moore's grape, I believe,
have done well. The Worden and
Prentiss vines are both dead, owing, I
think, partly to insufficient protection,
and partly because the place I am living
on was new, unbroken ground, and the
soil was not in fit condition. The Pay's
Prolific currant, received last year, was
broken when I got it ; it rallied for a
time, but is now dead. The Yellow
Transparent apple, received this year,
is doing well. I put out a few more
Fay's Prolific last year, at the same
time, and side by side with the premium
one. They are all doing well, and some
•of them bearing. I am very pleased
with the size of the currants ; they are
very large, and fine bunches. I also
set out a few Raby Castle ; these are
also doing well, but the fruit is not so
large as Fay's. At the same time, I
planted a few Houghton Seedling goose-
berries ; tljey are growing well, and
bearing good sized fruit. Two of the
Large Golden Prolific, the new wild
gooseberry which has been puffed so,
and for which I paid one dollar a bush,
■are nowhere as yet ; they are alive, but I
keep very stunted, and bore a few poor
miserable berries, which nearly all
<iropped ofi"; one Houghton is worth

half-a-dozen of them. I planted six or
seven Catalpa speciosa two years ago ;
they are doing pretty well, but the
first winter the young wood was killed
to the snow, and last winter some of
them were, but not all. Your corres-
pondent, "E,. L.", on page 76, April
number, complains of the present sys-
tem of conducting the Horticulturist,
the columns being open to all to give
their experience in the various branches
of horticulture. I must say I cannot
agree with him. I think this feature
is one of the most valuable in connec-
tion with the Association. I believe
I can gather more useful information
regarding what to i)lant, from corres-
pondents living in Simcoe county or
Muskoka, than you, sir, could give me
from St. Catharines. With best wishes
for the future success of the Association,
Yours truly,

J. J. K
Penetanguishene, Simcoe Co.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FRT^IT AND
VEGETABLE GROWERS ASSOCIA-
TION OF THE UNITED STATES.

The Fruit and Vegetable Growers
Association of the United States met
at the Neil House, Columbus, Ohio,
June 17, 1886. The meeting was one
of unusual interest. The various papers
read all embodied deep thought and re-
search. The most interesting discus-
sions were on the value and use of
fruits, and regarding the best methods
of preparing fruit for market and pre-
serving it for family use. The opinion
seemed prevalent that evaporated fruit
was bound to obtain and hold the
highest position in public favor. Not
only is evaporated fruit superior in
appearance, in flavor, in healthfulness
and in keeping properties, but it com-
mands a much higher i)rice ; ordinary
dried apples are worth from two to two
and a half cents per pound, evaporated
apples from eight to ten cents. Com-

THE CANADIAN HOBTI0ULTDRI8T.

185

mon dried peaches are worth from three
to five cents, evaporated from eighteen
to twenty-two cents. Ezra Arnold, the
Illinois fruit grower, presented drawings
and specifications of a cheap evaporator
made and used by himself with which
he has had better success than with
the more expensive dry houses and
evaporators. He evaporated apples in
two hours, strawberries in three hours,
peaches in two hours, cherries in two
houi-s, corn in two houi-s, and all kinds
of fruits proportionately quick. The
evaporator is a marvel of simplicity and
excellence, and can be made by any one
at a very trifling cost. By its use mil-
l lions of dollars can be saved the pro-
ducer and consumer each year. There
are thousands of families that dry large
quantities of fruit annually in the old
fashioned slow way, and sell it at the
old fashioned low price, when they could
with but little expense make an eva-
poi'ator and evapoi*ate five times as
much fruit and sell it for five times as
much per pound. There are thousands
of families in the cities that can at
times, when the market is glutted, buy
fruit for less than the cost of production,
and with an evaporator can prepare in
a few days sufficient fruit for a year's
consumption, and at one- tenth the usual
expenditure. Mr. Arnold said he did
not intend to make or sell evaporators,
and would consign to the Association
liis right and title to hLs evaporators,
provided the Association would procure
cuts to illustrate the different parts
and distribute gratuitously among the
farmers, fruit raisers and consumers of
the United Sttites complete illustrated
•lirections for making and using this
evaporator. On motion Mr. Arnold's
1 (reposition was accepted, and the fol-
lowing resolution adopted :

Resolved, That the Secretary of the
Fruit and Vegetable Growers Associa-
tion be authorized to inform the people
through the leading newspapers in each

State, that illustrated directions for
making and using Arnold's fruit eva-
porator can be obtained by addressing
our Secretary, W. Orlando Smith, P.O.
Box 104, Alliance, Ohio; enclosing
stamps for return postage, and that the
Secretary draw on the Treasurer for the
necessary amount to defray expense of
wood cuts, printing, etc. On motion a
vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Arnold
for his valuable gift to the Association.
— W. Orlando Smith, Secretary.

Since receiving the foregoing we learn
from the Country Gevtleman that the
whole affair is a swindle. This is what
the Country Gentleman saj s : —

A Curious Plan of Swindling. — Some
little time ago we received, in common we
suppose with most of our contemporaries,
the following note, under the letter head
of the ' ' Fruit and Vegetable Growers'
Association of the United States," bearing
a long list of officers and directors :

Alliance, Ohio, Juue 19, 1886.
Mr. Editor, — I enclose a notice of the proceedings
of the Fruit and Vegetable Growers' Association of the
United States at Columbus, Ohio, June 17, 188G.
Please publish it, and make such comments as you
may deem proper to impress the importance of this
subject on the minds of the x>eople. Truly yours,
W. Orlando Smith, Secretary.

Knowing of no such association, and
observing the suspicious character of the
so-called proceedings, we gave the subject
no further attention. But one of the
editors of the Evening Times of tliis city
had the curiosity to apply for further in-
formation, and we give below his state-
ment of the result in slightly condensed
form :

Enclosed was a fac simile newspaper
proof, purporting to be a report of a
meeting of the above named association
at the above time and place. The whole
" proceedings " consisted of evaporated
apples. *' Ezra Arnold, the Illinois fruit-
grower," presented a drawing and specifi-
cations '' of a cheap evaporator made and
used by himself, with which he has had
better success than with the most expen-
sive dry-house and evaporators," &c., &c..
He generously *' assigned his right and
title " in the evaporator to the association,

8€{

THE CANADIAN HORTICTJLTUEIST.

" provided that they would distribute
gratuitously among the farmers and fruit-
raisers of the United States, complete
illustrated directions for making the evap-
orator. ' ' The ' ' valuable gift.' ' was accept-
ed with thanks, and it was resolved that
the public be informed through the news-
papers, that for enclosed stamps the above
W. Orlando would send the before-men-
tioned plans and specifications, f ree-gratis-
for-nothing. We wrote to W. Orlando
and enclosed a stamp. In return, we re-
ceived a small printed circular containing
" specifications and diagrams of the Arnold
evaporator." which the circular said " will
enable you to intelligently make and use
it : and the probable cost will be from $12
to $15 for a machine of 40 pounds capa-
city." The specifications, on the principle
of similia similibus curantur, would work
miracles in the Utica asylum. But fortu-
nately there was a way out indicated by
the "■ nigger in de meal." This was an-
other circular by W. Orlando, saying :

'* Since our meeting and i)ublicatiou of the specifi-
cations and diagram of the Arnold evaporator, there has
been laid before our committee an evaporator made at
Newark, O., made by the Common Sense Evaporator
Co., which we find iij)ou tliorough examination, far
superior to the Arnold, because it will evaporate
quicker, do it better, and only costs $7 delivered to
your nearest R. R. station, all expenses paid, which is
only about half the cost to make the Arnold."

Thank you Mr Orlando, we think we
will not invest to-day^^ We will stick to
the old-fashioned dried apples until De-
cember, when if we happen to be at the
Southern Hotel in St. Louis, at ten o'clock
in the morning, we will look in and see if
there are any greenhorns there who have
tried the " Common Sense," Meanwhile
we commend Mr. W. Orlando to the at-
tention of the Post-Office Department.

PEARS AND BLOSSOMS AT THE SAME
TIME.

Mr. F. Kean's garden contains a nat-
ural curiosity, in the shape of a pear
tree on which can be seen at the present
time, on one side peai-s fully formed
larger than eggs, and on the otlier side
blossoms still in full bloom. It is not a
graft, either. — Orillia Packet.

are we aware that the fact that it is or
is not a graft has anything to do with
the performance. — Ed. Can. Hort.]

[This is not a very uncommon proceed-
ing on the part of some pear trees, nor

THE CODLIN MOTH AND BARK
LOUSK.

CoDLiN Moth [Garpocaijsa poinonel-
la, Linn.) — This insect, though so well
known as a larva — the '' apple worm "
is not familiar even to our wisest fruit
growers in its mature or moth state.

In May, about two weeks after the
blossoms appear, the female moth com-
mences to lay eggs in the calyx of the
blossoms. These soon hatch, when the
minute larva eats into the apple and
feeds upon the pulp about the core,
filling the space with its fecal filth.

Some good observers argue that a
single larva feeds in several apples.
While it is hard to prove that this may
not be true, I am sure that it is not
always the case, and from my observa-
tions and experiments I have been led
to believe that it was exceptional if
ever true. One wormy apple placed
with several others in a box has always
remained the only one injured.

This spring moths continued to come
from cellar or apple house till July. I
have taken such moths July 4th on the
screen of my cellar window. The
whitish larvae attain their full growth
in about four weeks. This period will
be lengthened by cold and shortened by
heat. When mature the larva leaves
the apple, which may have fallen to
the ground, and seeks a secluded place
in which to spin its cocoon and pupate.
The pupa or chrysalis is much like
those of other moths. The pupai
of the June and July larvte are found
in the cocoons soon after the latter are
formed, while those of the autumn
larva3 do not pupate till spring, but
pass the winter as larva3 in the cocoons.
The eggs of tHe second brood are J aid
in July, AugiBBtand September. "Ehe:

THB CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

187

larvae feed in autumn and often till
mid-winter, while as just stated they
do not pupate till spring.

REMEDIES.

As this is by far the most injurious
pest of the apple, it should be widely
known that we have a satisfactory
remedy.

The old method of bandaging failed
signally, as it required careful attention
right in the busy season, at intervals
of from ten to fifteen days. This was
neglected and so the method was a
failure. A better method was that of
pasturing hogs in the orchard, which
would eat the wormy apples, as soon as
they fell, and thus save the fruit, and
kill the insects. This remedy was im-
perfect, as many larvae left the apples
before they fell from the tree, and so of
course escaped. To render this prac-
tice effectual, the orchardist must fell
the wormy apples to the ground, before
the worms leave them. As the mound
of filth at the calyx end — which as the
apple grows will hang down — shows
which apples are wormy, it is not very
dificult, with a forked stick, to remove
all wormy fruit. This not only makes
the hog remedy quite perfect, but also
thins the fruit, which insures much
finer apples.

Another so-called remedy which finds
space in the papers each year, is to
attract these moths to liquids, either
sour or sweet, which are placed in ves-
sels suspended in the fruit trees. It is
said that sour milk and sweetened
water will lure scores of these moths
and drown them. This remedy, like
that of attracting these moths by fires
in which they will be burned, is entire-
ly worthless. / have tried both repeat-
'"■^ly, and tolth not a shadow 0/ success.

SPRAYING WITH THE AKSKNITES.

By far the best remedy for this cod-
liu moth, is to use either London Pur-
ple or Paris Green. The remedy is not
only very efficient, but is also easy of

application, and not expensive. I have
now tried this thoroughly for six years,
and in each and every case have been
more than pleased with its excellence.
Enterprising fruit growers of New
York, Michigan, and other States have
also tried it and are as loud in its
praise as I am. Indeed, I know of no
one who has tried it in vain.

I have found London Purple just as
effective as Paris Green, and as it is
cheaper, and rather easier to mix in
the water, is to be preferred. White
arsenic will serve as well, but from its
color it is apt to be mistaken for some
other substance, and may thus in the
hands of the careless do great harm,
and perhaps even destroy human life.

I mix the powder one pound to fifty
gallons of water. It is best to wet the
powder thoroughly and make a paste
before putting it into the vessel of
water, that it may all mix, and not
form lumps. For a few trees we may
use a pail, and Whiteman's Fountain
Pump, always keeping the liquid well
stirred. One common pail of the liquid
will suflice for the largest tree. A tea-
spoonful of the poiaori, is enough for a
pailful of water. For a large orchard,
common barrels should be used, and
drawn in waggon. I prefer to have
the barrels stand on end, with a close
movable float, with two holes through
it, one for the pipe or hose from the
pump and the other for a stirrer. If
very large orchards are to be treated a
good force pump should be fastened to
the barrel. In western New York the
han<lle of the pump is attached to the
waggon wheel, so that no hand power is
required other than to drive the team
and manage the pipe which carries the
spray. The spi-ay may be caused by a
fine perforated nozzle or a cyclone noz-
zle. The finer it is the less lifpiid will
be required. Tlie important thing is to
scatter the sprat/ on all the fruit, and
get just iis little on as possible. The

188

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTURISf.

larva is killed by eating the poison, and
we find that the faintest trace suffices
for the purpose. Again, the poison
should be applied early, by the time
the fruit is the size of a small pea. I
have found one such application to
work wonders. There is no doubt but
that the first application, followed
by one or two others at intervals of
two or three weeks, would be more
thorough, yet I have found one applica-
tion, made early, so effective, that I
have wondered whether it is best or
necessary to make more than one appli-
cation. I do think, however, that it
must be early. In May and June the
calyx of the apple is up, and so the
poison is retained sufficiently long to
kill most all of the insects.

One more count in favor of this treat-
ment, is the further good we receive by
killing the several phytophagous larvae
that attack the foliage of the apple at
this early period when defoliation is so
harmful. Thus the terrible canker-
worm, the several destructive leaf rol-
lers which even eat out the very buds,
and that old pest, the tent caterpillar,
are all made to bite the sod. Very
likely, too, the plum gouger which so
deforms the apple in Wisconsin may
also find in this remedy its death war-
rant.

The dinger from this practice I have
proved to be nothing at all. The micro-
scope and chemical analysis have both
shown that all the poison has been re-
moved long before we wish to eat the
fruit. The wind no less than the rain
helps to effect this removal, as I have
shown by putting the poison on plants
sheltered from all rains. Of course we
should not turn stock into an orchard
till a heavy rain has washed the poison
fVom all herbage under the trees.

I am entirely positive that a know-
ledge and practice of this remedy
throughout our country will save hun-
dreds of thousands of dollars to our

fruit growers. It will serve to give us
the fair, perfect apples known to our
fathers, but which have become lament-
ably scarce in our modern orchards.

THE APPLE TREE BARK OR SCALE LOUSE.

In many parts of our State the" Apple
Scale or bark louse is very common and
destructive. This is often called the
Oyster Shell Bark Louse and is known
in science as Mytilaspis pomoruin,
BoucM.

Under the scales, from late summer
till the following June, will be found
scores of small white eggs, which re-
semble white powder, unless magnified.
Early in June these eggs hatch, and
the minute yellowish lice will be seen
scattered about the trunk and brandies
of the tree. Soon they insert their
beaks into the bark, sometimes into the
skin of the fruit, and commence to suck
the sap or juice. They now grow
rapidly, and secrete a waxy, fibrous
substance, which forms the growing
scale, which will be fully developed by
August, when the many white eggs
will again be laid under the protecting
scale, where, unless eaten by some para-
site or mite, etc., will remain in safety
till the coming June.

It seems strange that these small,
almost microscopic, insects can do so
much injury, as they often entirely
destroy large, vigorous trees. Yet when
we consider their numbers — almost
millions, which almost cover the bark
of the tree, it does not seem so strange.
The scales of the male lice are rarely
seen. They are found on both sides
of the leaves, and are more symmetri-
cal than the female scales. The males
have two wings.

REMEDIES.

Parasites, Mites, and Lady Beetles
all prey upon these fell destroyers, but
though efficient aids, they are not al-
ways enough to exterminate the lice,
and then the trees fall victims to these

TflE CANADIAN HOETICFLTURlBT.

18^

ruthless suckers. I have seen trees in
all parts of our State thus enfeebled or
destroyed.

The old remedy, soft soap, or a strong
solution of the same, will surely van-
quish this enemy if it is applied in
early June, and again three weeks later.
I have proved the efficacy of this treat-
ment over and over again. The trees
at once put on new vigor, and in a
short time only dead lice could be found.
To apply this specific I know of no bet-
ter way than to use a cloth and scrub
by hand. To be sure we can, if dainty,
use a brush like a shoe brush, but I
like to go at it with a good cloth, when,
with sleeves rolled up, I make pretty
sure that no louse escapes.

For the past few years I have changed
the substance by adding crude carbolic
acid, which T think improves it, especi-
ally if but one application is to be
made ; and we know that at this busy
season the second application is apt to
be neglected.

I heat to the boiling point one quart
of soft soap to two gallons of water,
and while still hot thoroughly stir in
one pint of crude carbolic acid. This
may be applied as before. This carbolic
acid mixture retains its virtue, I think,
longer than does the soap alone, and so
is especially desirable when but one ap-
plication is to be made, as described
above.

Like the ai-senites, so this carbolic
acid and soap mixture is of triple value.
Not only does it kill the dreaded lice
but it also keeps off the borers, which
are also serious pests in the orchards.
I have demonstrated beyond question
that these enemies are surely kept away
by the same treatment, applied at the
same time for which we use it to ward
off the scale lice. No wonder, then,
that our trees put on such new life and
vigor after this annual scrubbing.

In each of these remedies, then, not
simply two but sevei-al birds are killed

by the self same stone. It is to be
hoped that many of our fruit growers
will throw it, and thus secure fairer
fruit. — A. J. Cook : Bulletin of the
Entomological Department, Agricultural
College, Michigan, U.S.A.

NOTES ON LATTER-DAY STRAW-
BERRIES.

Prince of Berries does not ripen
evenly, and, though of good quality,
will not be the berry for the million.
Parry, its child, is earlier, larger, ripens
more evenly, and is more prolific,
though not so good in quality. Parker
Earle, though the foliage is variegated,
bears large berries and many of them.
It is firm and of good quality. Lida
offered this Spring at the modest price
of $1 each plant, is a rich, dark crimson
in color, of fine shape, ovate-conical,
generally pointed at the tip. It is of
fair quality. It is a berry of some
promise, if we may judge from spring-
set plants. Jewell, what shall we say
of this 1 In size of berry, in evenness
of ripening, in keeping up the size dur-
ing the season, in shape, in productive-
ness, in vigor of plant it is all that could
be desired. Could we add to its quality
and a trifle to its firmness, it would be
perfect. May King disappoints us as
to earliness. But the plants are vigor-
ous and productive, the berry of good
quality, shapely and firm. It resembles
the Crescent, but is larger. The Hen-
derson is at the Rural Grounds, a dis-
appointment. The plants are variable,
some being quite strong, others feeble.
They are not, at all events productive
as grown with us. The berries mature
as if protesting against ill-treatment,
being variable in size and shape. But
the quality is superb — in fact it is the
best berry for one of its si»? that we
know of. Were we to grow seedlings
with the view of |)roducing a perfect
berry, we should strike for the quality

19a

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST.

of the Henderson combined with the
other merits of the Jewell.

Bonanza is uniq ue. Of all harlequin-
shaped berries, this takes the prize.
The plants are marvels of vigor, the
berries often of remarkable size, but no
two alike, except as to a swan-like neck,
a characteristic of all. The berries are
furrowed, coxcomed, winged, upside-
down, wrinkled, round, square, paralle-
logramatic, rhomboidal, and every other
shape we have ever seen in a strawberry,
except a regular heart shape. The
plants are quite fruitful, the berries of
good quality but generally hollow and
mushy in the middle. Iron-clad is this
year the earliest berry we have. The
plants are thrifty and healthy. The
berries are of medium size, about the
shape of Crescent, firm and of good
quality. We know of no better berry
that is as early. Amateur is a variety
with pronounced virtues and pronounc-
ed failings. The quality is better than
that of Jewell. It is almost as produc-
tive, but the berries average smaller
and softer. The plants are as vigorous
as need be, but the leaves so o'ertop
the berries, borne on slender peduncles,
that the berries ripen, as it were, in a
dense shade. The foliage of Connecti-
cut Queen burns — the berries shrivel.
Vineland Seedling is of little promise.
Wonderful is of fair quality, medium-
early, bright red, quite firm, variable in
shape and size. Plants vigorous, but
not remarkably productive. Queen of
the Peninsula bears rather small ber-
ries, and is not worthy of introductioii.
Dimondale, also, had better be confined
to the originator's grounds. Gardener's
Colossal seems worthy of future trial.
The berries are of fine shape, firm and
good. Bubach No, 5 is promising.
The berries average very large, bright
red in color, variable in shape, firm and
of fair quality. Iroquois we nuist not
speak of yet. Bomba resembles Lida,
but is not so prolific. Later in the sea-

son we shall again refer to the above
berries, and to many others being tried
this season for the first. Illustrations
will accompany the best of them. — Ru-
ral New-Yorker.

BONES DISSOLVED WITH ASHES.

In dissolving bones with ashes, there
are several things to be considered
to prove successful. The ashes must
be good ; those of oak and hickory I
find the best. Some say that wood
grown on low land will not make soap,
consequently will not dissolve bones.
As I have always burned wood from
ofi" ridge land, I cannot answer for
this. The ashes must be kept moist,
just so they will not drain. They
should be kept from freezing. If
suffered to freeze, the process ceases.
The smaller the bones, the quicker they
will dissolve.

This is the way I have managed my
bones for the last two years. As fast
as ashes can be had, they are put in
barrels, the bottom is covered with
about six inches deep in ashes, then a
layer of bones, then a layer of ashes,
then a layer of bones, and so on, until
nearly full, and then finished with a
layer of ashes. I use two-thirds ashes
to one of bone. The ashes are kept wet
all the time with soap-suds or chamber
lye. When one vessel is filled, I then
put in another until I have all the bones
used. If I still have ashes, they are
barrelled away until near spring, then
they are put in a hopper as if used in
making soap. When I wish to use the
bones, and I find them not sufficiently
dissolved, I put ashes and bones in a
large kettle ; the ashes in the hopper
are leached and the lye put on the
bones and ashes, and the whole mass
boiled until the bones are entirely con-
sumed. The mass is now in a doughy
state ; this is mixed with loam enough to
make it dry as wanted. It is now ready
for use.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

191

When lye is not to be had, this mass
is boiled with water, but it is not so
good and takes longer to dissolve the
bones.

I have heard it said that caustic lime
would dissolve bones as well as wood-
ashes, but I have not tried it, and can-
not speak from experience. — Farm and
Garden.

THE ROBINSON PLUM.
The Kobinson plum is one of the
most promising of the new varieties.
It was first introduced to public notice
six years ago, when Dr. J. H. Robinson,
in a paper read before the Putnam
County Horticultural Society, described
the variety, highly praising its merits.
It was named after Dr. Robinson by
this society. . . J. W. Ragan, in his
report to Indiana Horticultural Society,
1881, says : "The Robinson bore one-
third crop of good smooth plums, 12
trees yielding more than 25 bushels.
Fruit slightly oblong, nearly round,
with an indistinct suture; color, a
pretty marbled red on a yellowish
ground ; flesh, when fairly ripe, very
fine, almost sweet ; juicy ; when cooked
it is one of the best (having almost no
trace of that bitter astringency of some
of the Chickasaw varieties), and very
rich. This is from experience. A fine
canning plum ; seed very small. . . On
the 19th of August, 1884, we went to
Putnam county to see this plum in
bearing, and there, on a Mr. Johnson's
place, saw two hundred trees, which he
planted two years ago, now six to eight
feet high, and loaded with the finest
fruit. Mr. Coleman, of same place,
planted eleven small trees four years
ago, now about two inches in diameter,
»'ight feet high, and the limbs weighted
to the ground and breaking with their
load of fruit. Never saw such loads of
fruit on small trees before ; average
moi-e than one bushel to the tree. One
tree which Mr. Coleman failed to prop

and tie up was completely ruined
(broken to pieces). On single limbs
one foot in length twenty-eight plums
were counted, and where there were
spurs the number was largely increased.
The tree is a good grower and is per-
fectly hardy." — Prairie Farmer.

^

A SMALL OUT-DOOR FERNERY.

There are but very few small gardens
in the cities or in the rural districts
where an opportunity does not exist for
the making of a pretty hardy fernery.
The north end of the dwelling house or
barn may be turned to good account.
If the surroundings prevent the use of
such locations, a space behind the
bushes, between them and the boundary
fence will be found useful. Send a
tiny, winding walk by one of the larger
bushes into one of these neglected spots,
and let the walk emerge at another
convenient point. In selecting the
position protection must be afforded
from cold, blustering wind, and shade
suflUcient to break the direct burning
rays of the sun. The free growing and
larger species of Ferns will grow in any
fresh turfy soil, with an admixture of
sandstone grit and small stones. All
silly or elaborate attempts at rockery
making are unnecessary ; all that is re-
quired is a rich sandy loam well mixed
with the materials mentioned above.
When they commence to grow after
planting, daily sprinklings with tepid
water are beneficial, adding, as they do,
considerably to the freshness, health and
beauty of the young fronds. — Vick's
Magazine.

EXPERIMENTAL FRUIT GROWING.

The Abbotsford Fruit Growers* As-
sociation has lately made a distribution
of 13 trees to each of its membei-s to
test their value on different soils. There
were 315 apple trees of 52 varieties,
including several long keeping Russian

192

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

apples, and 12 German late winter
apples. Some were received from the
Iowa State Agriculture College, others
from Germany ; also varieties imported
by the United States Department of
Agriculture, and odd varieties not
obtained before.

Of pears, 63 trees of nine varieties,
half of which were of the celebrated
Bessemianka pear. Plums, 18 trees of
three varieties. Cherries, 116 trees of
18 varieties, mostly dwarf forms of the
Griotte or purple-fleshed Morello type.
Some of these trees or bushes, not over
three feet high, bore last year, and their
blossom promises another crop soon.

This is not the first work of the kind
done by the Abbotsford Association.
Promising fruits are obtained and placed
in the hands of the members as soon as
possible. There are now growing at
Abbotsford 97 varieties of the newer
Russian and German apples ; 59 varie-
ties of Russian, Polish and German
pears. A few Russian and many Ger-
man plums, and promising North- West
native plums, and 39 varieties of Ger-
man and Russian cherries.

Such work must tell in time.

RASPBERRIES.

I have for several years been testing
as to the hardiness and productiveness
of raspberries. I would place them in
the following order : Tyler, Doolittle,
Ohio, and Gregg. The Tyler is very
hardy and productive. The Ohio fol-
lows in good time, somewhat later, and
it is a large yielder. The Gregg, the
latest of all, and liable to be winter-
killed, is only profitable on good upland
and in protected situations. Of the red,
the Philadelphia and Turner are perfctly
hardy and yield a crop every year.
The Cuthbert froze back to within two
feet of the ground. It is a fine berry,
but not as hardy as I would like. The

Marlboro' wintered better. Shaffer's for
six years has proved very hardy and
productive. I have not lost a bush
from any cause. Insects and blight,
that affect black raspberries, do not
trouble it. This is enough like a black-
cap to be classed as such and to take
their place, as it is gradually doing
with those who know its worth. Were
I to confine myself to one berry it would
be this. There are no suckers which
with many varieties of the reds, are as
troublesome as weeds. — Rural New-
Yorker.

PROLON^GING THE SEASON OF THE
WINTER NELIS.

AN IMPORTANT SUGGESTION.

In '82 I put cions of Winter Nelis
into four pear trees that had been in
bearing about 10 years. Three were
Flemish Beauties, the fourth a Blood-
good. Last October I gathered about
three pecks of fine Winter Nelis pears
from the Bloodgood, and about a baiTel
from the Flemish Beauties. There was
no perceptible difference in size or fair-
ness, but those gathered from the Blood-
good were green, while the others were
yellow-brown. The two sorts were kept
separate. The Flemish Beauty Winter
Nelis all ripened before the end of
December. The Bloodgood Winter
Nelis kept through January. In other
words, the season of this delicious pear
was prolonged a full month. In the
grafting about one-third of each tree
was changed. I had previously noticed
that in a list of 25 varieties, the Flemish
Beauty was the first to stop growtli and
drop its leaves, while the Bloodgood
continues growing and holds its leaves
very late. My experience, unless ex-
ceptional, points to an easy way of pro-
longing the seasons of choice late pears,
and possibly of earlier ones. — A. D.
Morse, in Rural New-Yorker.

PRINTED AT THR STEAM PRESS BSTABLISHMKNT Or THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

Specimens of Cacti

Ecliiiiocactiis liorizoi^tl^aloiiius.

n^an^illaria decipiei^s.

% gum ^^'"^-M

r1

mmmrnw^'

y 1

ti-aV

EpipiiyiiuDi iruqcaiuiQ.

THE

VOL. IX.]

SEPTEMBER, 1886.

[No. 9.

SOME INTERESTII^G SPECIES OF CACTUS,

In a former number we called atten-
tion to the Cactus tribe as presenting
some very remarkable forms of plant
growth, such as were full of interest to
every lover of nature, and at the same
time yielding flowers, in many instances
exceedingly beautiful in form and color-
ing, and often of most delightful per-
fume.

In this number our readers will be
pleased to see a few more examples
drawn from nature and engraved by
Mr. Blanc, of Philadelphia, who has
given much attention to the study and
cultivation of this unique family.

Mamillaria decipiens — He has found
to be veiy easy of cultivation, enduring
rough usage, and yielding in abundance
its very large yellow flowers, which last
for several days.

Echinocactua horizonthalonius — Is a
beautiful species found growing in
strong soil at the summit of hills. The
flowers are funnel shaped, of a purplish
pink color, the sepals being tipped with
a darker shade of purple, producing a
very pretty effect. The stamens are
very numerous, and the contrast be-
\veen the yellow anthers and the white
iilaments which support them gives a
very pleasing appearance to the flowers.

^

This variety is also very easy to grow
and is one of the finest of this genus.

Epij)hyllum truncatum — Is probably
more frequently met with as a window
plant than any other variety of Cactus.
The plants of this genus are of a free^
quick growth, hence they sooli attain td
a considerable size ; being profuse flower-
ing, and the flowers marked by many
rich and bright shades of color, they are
attractive objects for a considei-able
length of time.

Mr. Blanc gives the following direct-
tions for their cultivation. '• The best
'• system is to employ a small proportion
" of manure, say one fourth of the bulk
" of the soil, and to give what further
" assistance may be needed either in a
" liquid state or as a top dressing. The
" Pereskia, upon which Epiphyillums
" are usually grafted, is a strong root-
" ing, and quick growing plant, absorb-
" ing moisture and nutriment from the
" soil very rapidly ; therefore when it
" is beaiing a large head of Epiphyllum
" the assistance afforded should be of a
^* most liberal character, and it is only
" by such means that the finest and
" most abundant flowers can be pro-
" duced. After flowering, the soil may
" be allowed to become partially dry

194

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

for a few weeks, only giving a little
water to prevent the branches from
becoming flaccid. As growth is re-
sumed the water supply may be in-
creased, and with occasional syringings
progress will be rapid in a suitable
temperature. As much depends upon
a thorough maturation of the growth,
the plants must at all times have a
position fully exposed to the sun, as
they never need shading, and with pro-
per attention to ventilation to avoid
rendering the growth weak, good re-
results may be confidently expected."

THE ANNUAL MEETING.

The annual meeting of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario will
be held in the Council Chamber in the
city of Toronto on Tuesday evening,
the 14th of September, 1886, at eight
o'clock p.m. The President will de-
liver his annual address, and the officers
for the ensuing year will be elected.
The Directors will meet as above, at
7 p.m. sharp, as business of importance
is to be transacted. Full attendance
requested.

QUESTION DRAWER.

EUONYMUS.

Dear Sir, — I herewith send you
some leaves of a shrub which I have
growing in my garden w ith the request
that you give the name through the
columns of the Horticulturist.

The shrub in question was a present
from Mr. Wm. McArthur, of Dungan-
non, Ont., about a year ago, and was
potted when received.

During last fall and winter it made
no growth whatever, and in the spring
I transferred it to the garden, and it
has grown amazingly this summer.

Mr. McArthur believes the shrub to
be a species of " Japonica." It does not,
however, resemble in the least any

specimens of " Japonica " which have
yet come under my notice.

Please state whether the shrub is
sufficiently hardy to remain in the
garden throughout winter.

Robert Harrison.
Ashfield, Co. Huron, July 22, 1886.

Reply. — They are leaves of an ever-
green shrub, not hardy in our climate,
introduced from Japan. It is known
as " Euonymus Japonicus variegatus,"
the variegated Japanese Euonymus. It
will not be likely to survive the winter
if left in the garden.

THE DEVONSHIRE CUERANT.

Dear Sir, — I send you to-day a
specimen of a new Hybrid Currant,
which I name " The Devonshire," it
having originated in Devonshire, Eng-
land.

It is a cross between the Black and
the Red Currant. In England, where
the Black Currant was more or less
subject to mildew, this did not mildew.
It is claimed for it :

1. To have the black currant flavor
and " medicinal qualities."

2. To have the same freedom from
" currant-worms."

3. To be much sweeter and milder.
A fair test of " No. 3," would be to

taste it along with the Black.

I am bringing forward two or three
hundred cuttings, and hope the ''Devon-
shire" may be considered an acquisition
by those who fancy the " Black Currant
taste" in fruit. I am yours,

W. W. Smith.

Note. — We received the currants by
post. The foliage resembles that of the
Black Currant in its odor. The
bunches of fruit are short, no longer
than those of the ordinary black cur-
rants. The berries are hardly as large
as the average of Black Naples, and of

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

195

a peculiar dull reddish-brown color.
We suspect that the fruit could not
have been quite ripe, for in flavor they
were more acid and less mild than Lee's
Black gathered for comparison.

CRANBERRY CULTURE.
Can you give me the system of Cran-
berry culture and the conditions neces-
sary to success? Can they be raised
from the seed, or would it be better to
set out the plants 1 Do you know any
place where cultivated plants can be
obtained at a reasonable figure ]
Yours trulj'',

S. Cornell.
Thedford, August 4th, 1886.

Reply. — The paper on Cranberries,
by Vice-President Allan, which will be
found in this number, will answer your
inquiries as to cultivation. It would
probably be a slow process to raise them
from seed, cuttings are usually em-
ployed. We do not know who has
them for sale.

PRUNING GRAPE VINES.

Dear Sir, — I read with much plea-
sure your very minute and interesting
instructions relative to the growing of
grape vines by amateurs in the April
Number of the Canadian Horticulturist,
and am, I trust, profiting by them.

I would like you to give me your
advice on this matter. Some of my
v'ines are making excellent growth —
an improvement on my previous ex-
perience— and, besides making long
shoots, are throwing out vigorous
laterals. Now, I wish you to tell me
how I am to treat these. Let them
grow, or cut them off? If this latter,
how will the bearing bud for the fol-
lowing year be affected ?

Kindly say in your next Number,
and oblige, Yours truly,

I J. L. Thompson.

Toronto, 29th July, 1886.

Reply. — You might pinch off the
ends of the laterals with advantage.
This will tend to strengthen the buds
at the base. All severe summer prun-
insf is to be avoided.

DANDELIONS IN THE LAWN.

Sir, — Can you inform me through
your journal how I can improve ray
lawn, it has become full of dandelion.
Your attention will oblige much.
Yours respectfully,

S. Begg.
Innerkip, Ont., 4th August, 1886.

Reply. — The only way known to us
to get rid of them is that of cutting
them so far below the crown that the
roots will not sprout again, and ra-
moving the portion thus cut off. We
remember to have seen some laborers
doing this on the lawn of an eminent
horticulturist in Rochester, N.Y., some
years ago, and feel sure that if there
had been any better method known to
him, he would have employed that
method.

CORRESPONDENCE.

HARDINESS OF WEIGELA ROSEA.

In the February Number of your
valuable journal you ask for more in-
formation regarding the hardiness of
the " Weigelas." I have a " Weigela "
which has for eight years occupied a
north-western exposure (perhaps as cold
a situation as is to be found in the
County of Huron), and it thrives ad-
mirably without any protection what-
ever, has never been damaged by frost,
and is each year the admiration of all
who see it, on account of the density
and beauty of both foliage and bloom.
It is the " Rosea " variety.
Yours respectfully,

Robert Harrison.

Ashfield, Co. Huron, July 22, 1886.

196

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTUKI8T.

THE PEWAUKEE APPLE— SOME
OOREEOTIONS.

I always look over the pages of the
Horticulturist with much interest. In
looking over the August Number just
at hand, I have stopped to read and re-
read the funny note of Mr. Simon Hoy,
under the heading " Pewaukee Apple."
At first I thought it a burlesque on the
writings of sidewalk horticulturists, but
on second reading he seems really in
earnest. Permit me to correct some of
his statements.

1. What we know as the Siberian
crab is not indigenous to Kussia in
Europe.

2. The indigenous crab of Central
Europe is a forest tree of considerable
size, and on the timber borders where
it spreads out apple tree fashion, it
produces great crops of true winter
apples of much better quality for cul-
inary use than our native wild crab.

3. There is no evidence that the
Borovinca tribe of the aj^ple to which
the Duchess belongs sprang from the
native crab of Russia or of Siberia, but
there is much evidence favoring the
idea that it was introduced from the
north-west Provinces of China.

4. If Mr. Roy will visit Saratov on
the Volga this fall, he may see orchards
containing from ten to twenty thousand
trees, nearly all of which produce real
Simon pure winter apples, which are
sent in immense quantities to Moscow
on the north-west, and to Perm and
other points on the north-east.

5. The summer heat over a large
portion of the black soil section of Cen-
tral Russia is high enough, and the
season long enough, to ripen dent corn,
melons and tomatoes.

6. Our common winter apples, which
have proven tender over a large part of
the west and north, did not originate
from an Asiatic crab, but from the in-
digenous wild crab of west Europe.

7. Mr. G. P. Peffer, the originator
of the Pewaukee apple, is one of the
most careful and truthful of our western
horticulturists, and his statements as to
the origin of the Pewaukee, Clark's
orange, etc., may be safely taken with-
out discount. J. L. B.

NEW EOSES.

Of the new roses which have been
sent out the past two or three seasons
there are a few which created such a
furore on their appearance, or were
heralded by such a special flourish of
trumpets, that their names are now
household words among all who take
an interest in roses, even including
those who cannot count these famous
plants among their possessions, or where
the famed beauty of their blooms has
never yet been seen.

As I have now bloomed (with one
or two exceptions) all mentioned below,
(comprising all the most noted of newly
introduced roses), and have also seen
most of them in bloom in other places,
and under other conditions, and have
thus gained a little practical experience
on the matter of w^iich I speak, I
thought perhaps it would not be out of
place to say a few words to rose-lovers
on this head through the columns of
the Horticulturist.

I know that descriptions of all these
roses can be found in the leading rose-
growers' catalogues, but the descrip-
tions are necessarily so brief that there
is no room for faults, and there appears
often to be such a cheerful and com-
mendable desire to look on the best
side of things that we sometimes fail
to get a correct estimate from this
source alone.

White Baroness, introduced to the
rose-world three or four years ago by
Paul is a rose with the same stiff grow-
ing habit as Baroness Rothschild. It
is a slow, poor grower, and like most

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

197

roses of this type, is scentless. It is
almost white, and is one of the most
symetrically formed and most beauti-
ful roses that has ever been sent out.

Merveille de Lyon, sent out about
the same time by a French grower, is
another rose of the same type — scent-
less, or nearly so, and a poor grower
also. The blooms are larger than
White Baroness, and of a somewhat
flatter form, and of a deeper shade of
color. It is a very beautiful rose.

Queen of Queens, sent out about the
same time by Paul, will, I think, prove
to be a very valuable rose. It is a
good free grower, with large, finely-
shaped blush-colored blooms. The only
fault it has is that it is without per-
fume, or nearly so. I predict that this
rose will yet be considered a standard
variety. This and the other varieties
mentioned above are classed as Hybrid
Perpetuals.

Sunset (a Tea rose sent out by Peter
Henderson), the next in order, was
sent out a year or two later. With
me it has proved to be a poor grower,
and very variable and uncertain in size
and color. It occasionally glows in
rich tints almost equal to the colored
plates which were sent out of it, but
more often it is a very washed-out, weak,
nondescript sort of a color in no way
suggestive of its high sounding name,
in no way resembling the glorious sky
or cloud painting of a real sunset. I
cannot claim to have been successful in
the cultivation of this rose. I am not
quite sure yet whether the fault is with
myself or with the rose.

William Francis Bennett, sent out
about a year ago, a Hybrid Tea, and
raised, I think, by Bennett, came out
with a greater flourish of trumpets than
any other of these new roses, and has so
far (among amateurs at least) given the
least satisfaction. Most persons after
purchasing a new rose at a high price
expect at its blooming to find it some-

what larger, more perfectly formed,
and more double, perhaps, than any rose
that they have before seen. Although
this rose is of good size it is very
loosely formed, and has so few petals
as scarcely to be called semi-double
even. Its good points are that it is of
a good red color, is very fragrant, and
in the bud and half-opened state is very
handsome. I do not think it will do
so well outdoors as La France and
some other Hybrid Teas.

American Beauty, a Hybrid Per-
petual, came out next in order. Al-
though not a rose of the very highest
style of finish, it possesses a number of
good points. It is of a very deep rose
color, or carmine (not crimson, as some
of the florists' catalogues have it), of
good size, very fragrant, a very free
blooming rose, and the plant is a vigor-
ous grower. With all these good
things in its favor, it will no doubt yet
take its place in the list of good stan-
dard varieties.

The last introduced Hybrid Per-
petual Rose of particular note is Her
Majesty. This is claimed by the intro-
ducer to be the largest rose yet raised.
It has not yet bloomed with me, and
all I can say of it from personal obser-
vation is that it is the stoutest growing
rose that I have even yet seen. It is
somewhat of the type of Baroness
Rothschild, but with thicker and larger
shoots, and stouter thorns, and more
glaucous foliage than that variety.
Those who have seen it in bloom in-
form me that the flower is as large as
Paul Neyron, and of a more delicate
and better shade of color. If so it will
prove a gi'eat acquisition.

These are the most noted of the new
roses of the past few seasons with the
exception of the Marshall P. Wilder,
which came out a few years ago and is
now pretty well known. It is enough
to say of it, that although considerably
like Alfred Colomb, it has proved itself

198

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

to be a thoroughly good rose and well
worthy of a place in any collection.
Frederick Mitchell.

Innerkip, Aug. 7, 1886.

• THE THRIP OR BEETLE HOPPER.

Dear Editor, — In my communica-
tion on roses, published in the August
number of our magazine, you note that
my remarks on the Thrip and its place
of advent in the spring is not in accord
with accepted Entomological teaching.
In making the statement I did, that
the Thrip came out of the bark of the
rose, I did not do so in any way in a
spirit of controversy or criticism, or
\ with the idea that I was starting any
new theory, but merely stated what I
believed, and still cannot help but be-
lieve, to be a fact. All that I can say
is that the rose-shoots for some days in
the spring are as I described them to
be; the Thrip standing out on some
very thickly at right angles to the bark
and in all stages of forwardness. This
any one can, if they take the trouble,
verify for themselves at the proper sea-
son. I have also taken up roses that
have passed the summer in the open
air, and potted them in entirely fresh
earth, and placed them under glass
when the Thrip has made its appear-
ance in the winter in just the same
manner as it does on the outdoor plants
in the spring. In all statements that
I have ever made in the Horticulturist
I have tried to be very guarded and
state nothing but what I knew to be
facts. I trust that it will prove that
I have not made a lapse in this case.
In reply to a question from me, Mr.
Webster, of Hamilton, one of our lead-
ing rose-growers and an enthusiast in
rose culture, writes as follows: — "As
regards winter quarters of the Rose
Thrip, it is in the larvse form and in
the bark of the rose. They can be
seen working out with the naked eye,

but much easier with a glass. I know
this to be a fact as I have seen it, and
I have no doubt but that many others
have done so too."

I have also written an eminent Ento-
mologist on the matter and when he
replies I will, if he permits me, send
you his opinion.

F. Mitchell.

Innerkip, Aug. 7th, 1886.

FRESH STRAWBERRY NOTES.

BY T. C, ROBINSON, OWEN SOUND.

Parry — This has proved moderately
productive of exceedingly handsome
large fruit. With hill cultivation
doubtless the fruit would be very large,
but all the young plants were not re-
moved and the weeds got in, so that I
cannot say much more about this fa-
mous variety except that it seems to
require clean cultivation with runners
cut. The quality is inferior to that of
Jersey Queen and of Prince of Berries,

Woodruff — Is abundantly productive,
even in weedy matted rows, of large
rich -looking fruit; of good quality.
But the berries are a little soft for
market, and the shape is irregular.

Dollar — Is a large and very hand-
some berry, of excellent quality, and
firmer, I think, than any other straw-
berry I have seen, but it does not bear
well with me.

Sucker State — Grown in matted rows,
gives a great abundance of good-sized,
uniform, and otherwise handsome fruit,
of good quality. I think this variety
well worthy of a better name and fur-
ther attention.

Daisy (Miller) — This is a miserable
weed on my grounds. The berries are
few, small and sour.

May King — I had hoped a great deal
from this variety. It joroved about as
early as its parent the Cresent, the ber-
ries rather firmer, of good size, very
smooth and handsome, and the quality

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

199

really delicious for a market sort. It
is abundantly productive too, — but the
berries mildewed. Only one sort on my
grounds suffered similarly ; this was the
Early Canada, which mildewed abomin-
ably to the great detriment of its crop.
One patch thereof was near the May
King, and may have caused the disease
in the latter. I certainly hope the May
King, in another season and in a better
situation than the hot slope where
I have it, will be all right, for it is
otherwise so fine ; but the facts must go
as they are.

Parker Earle — Is another splendid
sort with just one " bvt " among its
characteristics. The foliage is varie-
gated, and last year this variegation
assumed such a straw-colored tint as to
present the aspect of disease. But it
was supposed this might be the result
of so extreme a change of climate, (it
is a seedling from Texas). This hypo-
thesis appears plausible, for this year
the plants, though still yellowish here
and there, do not appear to suffer ma-
terially in fruiting. In the matted
row they have yielded an abundance of
large good-flavored berries, which are,
without exception, the most attractive
I have ever seen. The color is of the
richest rose ; the shape very regular ;
conical ; slightly elongated ; the surface
smooth like satin, that glistens as if
varnished. If this variety becomes
fully acclimatized it must create a stir,
as, in addition to its good qualities just
stated it is a remarkably vigorous
grower.

Cornelia — Is not vigorous enough on
my light sandy loam. The fruit is fine
but the plants want clay loam and
plenty of manure, with clean cultiva-
tion. I cannot recommend it for gen-
eral culture.

Mrs. Garfield — A good grower, and
productive of large scarlet fruit of
modemtely firm texture and fair quality.

It might be in great request for market
plantings if we had not the more pro-
ductive Crescent.

Atlantic — On rich clay loam, with
clean culture, this variety is very pro-
ductive of good-flavored long berries
which are firm, very handsome, large
to very large in size, and very late.
On light poor land the plants make
royal attemps to bear well, but they do
not seem able to stand the strain of pro-
ducing berries of such excellence with-
out the strong land and clean culture
which I have indicated. Still I consi-
der it valuable.

Lacon — " Here's your Lemonade in
chunks !" In dry weather and on poor
land this sort runs more to acid than
any other kind I know of. Not the
slow watery sour of a just-red Crescent
that would make you lean against the
fence and wish for a low place to climb,
but a rich fierce acid that pitches you
over the fence and chases you to the
house for the sugar bowl. In vigor of
growth and great productiveness the
Lacon, perhaps, cannot be beaten, and
the berry though not very smooth, is fine
and large. As a market sort, in seasons
varying from moderately moist to im-
modercitely wet, it will be found, I
believe of great value, as it is then
sweet and rich. But persons who want
a sweet berry always, may take warn-
ing from a little exaggeration, and plant
something else.

Prince of Berries — Is not productive
with me. Evidently it must have rich
soil and good culture. But it is the
sweetest and most delicious strawben'y
I have ever tasted. The berries are
large, smooth, firm and handsome.

Fairy — Many people would like this
better than the preceding, because
though not quite so sweet it is of rich
flavour. The berries are of a creamy
white in the shade ; but in the sunshine
they turn pink. The plants are both

200

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

vigorous and productive. The older
varieties I purpose describing in a later
issue.

SLUG SHOT.
The Horticulturist for August has
just been received, and after perusal I
find a great many inquiries carefully
answered. One, however, in regard to
Slug Shot does not seem clear. I
would therefore beg to request you to
publish, for the benefit of the fruit and
rose growing public, the fact that from
repeated experiments on the trial
grounds of J. A. Simmers, situated on
Yonge street. Slug Shot has done very
serviceable work on all kinds of fruit
and rose plants, and has proved itself
to be just the thing for the general
public. It is cheap, therefore within
the reach of all growers, and not only
does it act as an insect exterminator,
but also as a fertilizer, as it leaves the
plants in a healtliy condition, which is
frequently not the case witli other more
expensive insecticides. You will agree
with me that the public must first hear
of successful experiments before being
convinced, and a visit to the grounds
of J. A. S. will prove what I assert.
Yours very truly,
Anton Simmers,

Firm of J. A. Simmers.

CANADIAN FRUITS AT THE EXHIBI-
TION.

Sir, — The Canadian fruit, preserved
in about 1,000 glass jars, continues to
be one of the chief attractions of the
Exhibition, notwithstanding many of
the specimens have lost their natural
colors.

This Exhibition cannot fail to be of
gi*eat benefit to Canadian fruit growers,
as well as all other classes, and no
efibrts should be spared to supplement
this collection with fresh fruits at the
earliest possible date.

All reports agree that the apple crop

this season in Great Britain and on
the Continent will be under the aver-
age, excepting in Spain and Hungary,
where large crops are reported.

Efibrts are being made to extend the
markets for Canadian apples directly
to all the principal cities of Great
Britain and on the Continent where it
seems practicable.

I hope to be able to report very
shortly upon the prospect of success in
this direction, as well as in the matter
of cold chambers for fruit shipments in
Canadian steamers.

Yours very truly,

C. R. H. Starr,
Canadian Fruit Department.
London, S.W., July 28, 1886.

NOTES ON STRAWBERRIES.

First to ripen was Early Canada,
where it will succeed it is the best very
early sort, it blooms so early and its
blossoms are so much exposed that it
is quite often injured by early spring
frosts except in favorable seasons,
hence it is not safe to plant it very
extensively for market. In many
localities it does not succeed well.

Crescent Seedling is next to ripen.
All things considered, this is the most
profitable market berry I have grown,
although the fruit is not of first quality
it is so early and productive. The fruit
colors on all sides at once, so that all
ripe berries can easily be gathered, and
it carries its size well to the end of the
season. •

Daniel Boone is well worthy of a
more extended trial, fruit is of large
even size, bright red, good quality and
productive.

Wilson appears to require better
treatment than it did years ago, to
make it profitable. It appears to be
deteriorating, although when given
extra good cultivation on rich soil, it is
still one of the best market sorts. It
yields such a large crop of fruit that

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTURI8T.

201

will stand shipping better than any of
the the newer sorts, except, perhaps,
Atlantic.

Mancliester is a very fine sort, it is
so large, regular in form, good quality
and very productive. It gives us such
fine fruit late in the season when earlier
varieties begin to run small. It has
one fault, the foliage blights so badly
that it is sometimes very seriously in-
jured. I have not noticed that ten-
dency to blight in new plantations, but
the second season, after planting, the
crop is often a failure in many locali-
ties.

Capt. Jack is still one of the best late
market berries I have, when grown on
clay loam ; does not do so well on sand
loam.

Atlantic, fruit of large size, dark-red,
good quality, very productive and more
firm than any other berry I have seen.
The foliage is not as healthy as I would
like ; it blights somewhat on sand
loam, does better on clay loam, and is
worthy of a more extended trial.

Prince of Berries still takes the lead
for quality, but does not produce
enough fruit to ever become a market
sort. Every grower should have a few
of them to know what first quality is,
in the strawberry. I have fruited
quite a number of newer sorts this
season.

Jewell appears to be altogether the
most promising. It is a very strong
plant, foliage, thus far, very healthy,
fruit very large, of very bright scarlet
color and wonderfully productive ; al-
though the quality is not the best, I
believe it will become a standard market
sort.

May King, a seedling of Crescent,
with perfect blossom, fruit about same
form of Crescent ; a little larger, some-
what lighter in color, with a white
bloom, which does not add to its ap-
pearance, quite productive ; * a good
amateur sort.

Parry has not done much with me ;
the plant appears to be tender, does
not stand our winters as well as most
sorts ; unproductive.

Woodruff, a variety from Michigan
that has very healthy foliage and pro-
duces a large crop of very firm, bright
red fruit of large size, well worthy of a
more extended trial. It is said to be
taking the place of Wilson, in Michi-
gan.

Wonderful, from Connecticut. If it
is not the old Windsor Chief, it is so
near like it that I cannot detect any
difference either in plant, blossom or
fruit.

Jumho and Cumberland Triumph are
also alike good for the amateur. Many
of the new varieties have not ripened
enough fruit this season so that I can-
not form any opinion as to their merits.
Among the most promising are Ontario,
Bubach, Belmont, Lida and Garretson.

W. W. HiLBORN.

Arkona, Ont.

ANOTHER NEW GOOSEBERRY.

We have received by express from
Mr. J. H. Williams, Goderich, Ont., a
sample of the fruit of a gooseberry
which he says is a chance seedling
raised by him, has been fruited for the
last six years, and seems to be quite
free from mildew. He states that " it
" is not a very rapid grower, but stands
" very erect with strong short-jointed
" wood, and has less thorns than any
" that I have seen. When ripe the
" berries are a beautiful amber color. I
" have the Downing, Smith and Hough-
" ton, but think more of this seedling
" than of either of them. I would like
" to have your opinion of them."

The fruit received was not quite as
large as the Downing, but larger than
the Houghton, of a light green color,
with a yellow tinge, and round in form.
The flavour was much like that of the
Downing. It is not an easy matter to

202

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

form an opinion upon the merits of a
fruit from seeing a sample in this way.
It may have merits that do not strike one
on so short an acquaintance. What we
want now is a goosebery that is larger
than the Downing, richer in quality,
and free from mildew in general cul-
tivation.

THE "OTTAWA" GOOSEBERRY.

We are indebted to Mr. P. E. Bucke,
of Ottawa, for the opportunity of seeing
and tasting this new seedling goose-
berry, raised by him. The branches
were well laden with fruit, though some
of the berries had dropped off during
their transit by mail. The fruit is of a
light green color, oval in form, not
varying much in size, which is not much
more than that of the Smith's Improved.
The fruit was nearly ripe, sweet and
pleasant.

Mr. Bucke has given the history of
its origin in the report of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario for
1885 as follows : —

" To show what may be done by any
individual having a little patience, I
will relate a little of my own ex-
perience. Some years ago I planted a
Whitesmith and a Houghton so close
together that the branches interlocked.
I gathered some of the finest berries
from the Honghton, and having rubbed
them in dry sand to separate the seed,
sowed them in a bottomless box in the
garden. I was rewarded next spring by
a nice little crop of seedlings. I pulled
up any that did not come up to my idea
of leaf or growth, reserving about one
dozen plants ; when these came into
bearing T destroyed all but one ; this is
a fine bearer, and has a large berry.
Last year I set out a number of layers
from the parent, and think I have a
good thing in gooseberries. The fruit
is larger than Downing's or Smith's, of
an oval shape and quite smooth ; it has

never ripened yet; having only one
bush the berries have been all pulled
for canning. I call it the " Ottawa,"
and if on further trial it sustains its
reputation, I will send it round to my
friends for trial."

TESTIMONIAL TO THE ORIGINATOR
OF THE CONCORD GRAPE.

By the kindness of the venerable
President of the American Pomological
Society, the Hon. M. P. Wilder, we
have received a copy of the Massachu-
setts Ploughman, of the 17th July,
giving a full account of a gathering of
the leading horticulturists of Boston
and vicinity, held on the 26th of June
last, for the purpose of expressing their
appreciation of the labors of Mr. E. W.
Bull, of Concord, Mass., in the cause
of grape culture, and especially as the
originator of the now widely cultivated
Concord grape.

President Wilder presided on this
delightful occasion, and inaugurated the
proceedings with the following intro-
ductory address : —

'' Gentlemen, — I have the honor of
occupying this chair by the courtesy of
my friend Mr. Hovey, by whose invi-
tation we are here assembled.

" I am most happy to be here, and \
the more so because we are here to do |
justice to an old friend and associate
who has done much to promote the
happiness of our people by the culti-
vation of the vine, and which we desire
to recognize on this occasion by some
substantial token, too long delayed, of
our appreciation of his meritorious ser-
vices in the production of the renowned
Concoid grape.

" To say that the Concord grape
surpasses hundreds of other varieties
which have been originated since it
made its appearance, would perhaps be
considered extravagant ; but it may be
said that no other grape during its thirty

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

2oa

years of existence has been so exten-
sively cultivated and generally approved
of in New England and many other
States. When we reflect on the bless-
ings which this grape has conferred on
our country, supplying by its abund-
ance the poor as well as rich, how it
has cooled the fevered lip and parched
tongue, and added to the comforts and
luxuries of our tables, we surely should
remember with gratitude the hand that
gave it to us. I therefore rejoice that
Mr. Hovey in his wisdom has brought
us together to recognize this fact, that
we may thus publicly testify to its pro-
ducer our sense of gratitude for this
benefaction to our countiy.

" And now, my dear old friend, per-
mit me in my own behalf and in behalf
of these other friends, to assure you of
the deep interest we feel in your future
welfare. May the remainder of your
days be crowned with health and hap-
piness, and when you shall have done
pruning and training of the gi'ape on i
earth, may you and we meet again in
the Vineyard of the Lord, and gather
fruit from that Vine of which if a man
partake he shall never die.

•' ' Where life fills the wine cup and love makes it clear,
Where Gilead's balm in its freshness shall flow
O'er the wounds which the pruning knife gave us
below.' "

Mr. C, M. Hovey reviewed the his-
tory of grape culture in this country,
showing that up to the time of the in-
troduction of the Concord grape, there
was no variety in cultivation that could
be relied upon to ripen its finiit in our
iioi-thern latitudes; and concluded his
remarks by presenting to Mr. Bull the
testimonial that had been provided.

To this Mr. Bull responded in fitting
terms, and gave the following account
of the origin of the Concord grape : —

"You ask me how I got the Con-
cord 1

" At the foot of a wooded hill with
a south aspect, a wooded soil and shel-

ter from all winds coming from the
north of east and of west, the hill coming
down to the road at Hawthorne's
" Wayside " on the west and to the
same road about 1500 feet east of the
"Wayside," forming an amphitheatre
of which the road formed the chord —
all the conditions favorable to the grape
being present, I expected to grow grapes
to perfection without difficulty, but this
hope was doomed to disappointment ;
the late and early frosts incident to the
valley of the Concord made it impossi-
ble to ripen any grape then in cultiva-
tion.

" The thought occurred to me*that it
might be possible to improve the native
grape by reproduction from seed, and I
looked about for the best grape which
met the necessary conditions of hardi-
ness, vigorous growth, size of berry and
bunch, early ripening, and, with these .
conditions, as good flavor as the wild
grape afibrds. At the foot of the hill
before mentioned, a woodland path,
leading to the river, debouched into the
open space, and there I found an acci-
dental seedling, which in 1843 bore its
fii'st crop. It was very full of fruit,
handsome and sweet, and the whole
crop — dead ripe — had fallen to the
ground before August went out. Here
was my opportunity. I planted these
grapes at once and got many vines,
most of them hareh and wild, but one
of them bore a single bunch wliich I
found ripe on the 10th of September,
1849, six years from the sowing of the
seed. This was the Concord. When
I found that I had attained such a
gratifying success at a leap, so to speak,
I resolved to continue my efforts in the
hope of establishing the vineyard in
Massachusetts, which had been found
impossible up to that time. In this I
have succeeded, and in establishing a
strain of seedlings giving new grapes
to the country almost yearly. The
marvellous success of the Concord, its.

204

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

adaptability to all soils and climates
where grapes can be grown, its patient
endurance of neglect, its wonderful fer-
tility in ordinary soils, and its habit of
giving to the country seedlings of value,
justifies and explains the general accept-
ance, and foreshadows the time when
we shall have, of our own stock, grapes
equal to those of Europe."

SLUG SHOT.
In reply to an enquiry as to the
character and efficiency of Slug Shot
we publish the following bulletin : —

N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station,
Geneva, N. Y., Mar. 18, 1886.

Nearly two years ago a sample of
Hammond's Slug Shot, an insecticide
of some repute, was sent to the Station
for examination as to its poisonous
properties, the claim having been made
that it was perfectly harmless to all
animals except insects and consequently
<jould be used with impunity on all
fruits and vegetables.

This insecticide is in the form of a
fi.ne powder having a pinkish color and
an odor resembling coal tar. The color
and the odor, together with the strong
reactions given in tests for lime and
arsenic gave the impression that the
substance was a mixture of gas-lime
and London purple, and a statement to
this effect was made at the time. This
was not intended to be a positive
statement of its composition, and was
made simply because it afforded a
plan sable explanation of its appearance
and odor, and also suggested a cheap
source for the arsenic which it con-
tained. It was not considered neces-
sary to proceed further with the exami-
nation after dangerous quantities of
arsenic had been discovered.

This explanation is rendered neces-
sary by the fact that the appearance of
the above statement as to the probable
composition of the Slug Shot in the

late report of the Station was followed
by an affidavit from the manufacturer
to the effect that at no time had either
London purple or gas-lime entered into
its composition.

A recent circular issued by the
maker reaffirms the statement that
'' Slug Shot " is a combination * *
not harmful to either man, beast or
fowl, but probably the most effective
and economical article in use for the
destruction of the various insects that
prey upon cultivated vegetation." The
printed directions upon each package
also state that " It contains poison
thoroughly diffused through natural
and chemical fertilizers and is perfectly
safe in its use no matter how bounti-
fully applied." This same impression,
as to the harmless properties of this
insecticide, is conveyed by the affidavit
mentioned above. This claim, on ac-
count of the strong reaction for arsenic
which had been found, was considered
misleading and liable to result in seri-
ous accidents if not corrected, and a
further examination was undertaken
for the purpose of determining the
quantity and if possible the source of
the arsenic.

A few tests showed that the main
portion of the substance was gypsum,
and determinations of water, sulphuric
acid, and lime were made which fully
confirmed this.

A microscopical examination showed
a reddish coloring matter, and numer-
ous green particles insoluble in water
suggested Paris green as the probable
source of the poison. To confirm this
opinion a test for copper was made
which showed its presence in consider-
able quantity. In order to obtain a
clue to the quantity of Paris green
which the copper represented, the
color imparted to a solution of am-
monia by a given weight of Slug Shot
was compared to that produced in the
same strength of ammonia by Paris

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

205:

green. This comparison showed that
one part of Paris green was equivalent
to about one hundred parts of Shig
Shot. A determination of arsenious
acid in the same sample (No. 1 ) which
was received two years ago, gave 0.54
per cent.

On Feb. 4, 1886, when the investi-
gation had reached this point, two
more samples of Slug Shot (Nos. 2 and
3) were received from the manufacturer.
Externally the packages were the same,
except that No. 3 was put up to be
sold by Joseph Breck & Sons, Boston,
Mass. The general appearance of the
substance in both these packages was
quite similar to No. 1, although the
color was slightly darker and the odor
somewhat diflferent; a more careful
examination, however, showed that
they were different in composition.
No. 1 was quite free from organic mat-
ter, while both Nos. 2 and 3 contained
a considerable quantity of fine organic
powder which it would be dijQ&cult to
lully identify, but when it is digested
in water for some time and gently
warmed, the odor is very suggestive of
tobacco. This was the same in both
No. 2 and No. 3. The organic matter
which these samples contained so modi-
fied the color produced by ammonia
that no definite idea of the amount of
Paris green used could be obtained by
direct comparison as with No. I ; the
color was, however, much deeper,
showing that they contained more than
that.

A determination of arsenious acid in
No. 2 gave 1.02 per cent., and in No.
3, 0.76 per cent. Paris green as ob-
tained in the market is not a very con-
stant composition, but the above figures
indicate that No. 1 contained about
one per cent.. No. 2 two per cent., and
No. 3 one and one-half per cent.
These quantities are larger than neces-
Sdiy for an efficient insecticide. Ex-
periments at the Station have shown

that one part of Paris green to 100 or
150 parts of land plaster is ample for
the destruction of the potato beetle.

The quantity of arsenic found in
these samples is certainly sufficient to
demand especial care in its use at all
times and to warrant the recommenda-
tion of its discontinuance upon cabbage
and all other vegetables and fruit
where it is possible for a portion of the
poison to be retained until it reaches
the table. When it is considered that
one grain of arsenious acid is a danger-
ous dose, and that a tablespoon full of
any of the above samples would contain
more than this quantity, the necessity
for caution in its use will be evident to.
all.

E. Lewis Sturtevant,

Director.

SMALL FRUIT NOTES.

The season has been quite favorable
for the strawberry. The Horticultural
Exhibition was the best for 50 years.
Among strawberries the Belmont car-
ried off the Silver Cup, although it had
powerful competiters in the Sharpless
and Jewell. The Prince (of Berries)
took the first prize for a new variety,
and the Parry the second, but there
was a silver medal also given to the
Gold, which is larger, higher-flavored
and handsome. It was raised by P. M.
Augur & Sons. Among the new varie-
ties was the Dorchester, which, although
exhibited in a general collection, at-
tracted special notice for its size and
beauty, and as a very late, handsome
kind, the Omega received a fii'st-class
certificate of merit. Jewell fully justi-
fies the high commendation it has
received, and Sharpless is more popular
than any other kind. Ellwanger &
Barry conferred a great blessing on the
world when they introduced it.

In regard to raspberries, the Carman
is the earliest cap variety I possess. It
is sweet and veri/ goody a valuable.

206

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

acquisition. The Ohio comes in next,
and is hardy and productive. The
Marlboro is early and prolific, ripening
its crop gradually, and when fully ripe,
of good quality, good size, and firm
enough for traveling to distant market ;
but to obtain these advantages the
suckers must be constantly kept down.
It is the most vigorous and robust of
all raspberries. My favorite is the
Souchetti, which I introduced 30 years
^go. This and the Franconia lead in
the prize taking. Cuthbert is good, but
no improvement over the Franconia.
The Crystal of Caywood, a new white,
is vigorous and prolific, handsome and
firm, promises well for market. — Mar-
shall P. Wilder, in Rural New
Yorker,

STRAWBERRY NOTES.

The first strawberries this season
-were Alpha, on June 1st. This has
now, for several years, shown itself to be
the earliest really valuable strawberry
Avith me. Early Canada may some-
times be a day earlier ; but Alpha is
larger, more productive and of finer
flavor; while the hardiness and vigor of
the latter are all that need be desired.
Metcalf and Crystal City may, per-
chance, be a day or even two earlier; but
their lack of size, and extreme unpro-
ductiveness have ruled them out, and I
abandoned them several years since.

Alpha, Maggie, Bright Ida and
Arnold's Pride, which ripen success-
ively in the order named, are seedlings
(in the second generation) of the late
Charles Arnold of Ontario, from a cross
of Wilson upon the foreign variety, Dr.
Nicaise; and are again, this season, as
for several years past, surprising me
with their fine size, fair quality and
great productiveness. Jewell, Parry and
Cornelia are fruiting heavily ; but I
doubt if either of these — even the
Jewell — can be said to excel the former
in vigor or productiveness.

Howell, a new variety of the history
of which I am ignorant, ripened along
with Crescent, on the second day after
Alpha, and were soon followed by
Philadelphia, Nicanor, Duchess, Dun-
can, Maggie, Bid well and many others
about in the above order.

The Alpha, last season, ripened its
first fruit on June 13th ; or about two
weeks later than this year. Parry
showed its first ripe fruit this season
on June 11th. The plant shows a
moderate degree of vigor, and is more
than maintaining its last season's repu-
tation for productiveness, as well as for
the size, beauty and high quality of
the fruit. — T. T. Lyon, in Rural New-
Yorker.

THE "CONN" GOOSEBERRY.

We have received from Mr. P. E.
Bucke, of Ottawa, a branch of this
Gooseberry, to which a goodly sup})ly
of fruit was no doubt attached when it
started on its journey, but which had
nearly all become detached when it
came to hand. The berries vary very
much in size and form. Some of them
are of an elongated form, nearly oval ;
others are round. The longest was a
trifle over an inch in length, and mea-
sured two and a quarter inches in cir-
cumference at the largest part. The
color was a bright green, but as the
fruit was not perfectly ripe it may be
that the color becomes lighter at ma-
turity. Of the flavour it is impossible
to speak, owing to the unripe state of
the fruit.

The following account of this berry,
given by Mr. Bucke, is taken from the
report of the Fruit Growei*s' Associa-
tion for 1885, page 53 : —

" Last, but not least, comes a beny
which I found in the possession of
John Conn, Esq., J. P., of Kemptville,
Ontario. This is decidedly the best
gooseberry of which I have any per-
sonal knowledge. On strict enquiry of

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

207

Mr. Conn, he could give me no infor-
mation as to its origin ; he thought it
a Whitesmith. Having doubted this I
obtained some berries from him last
summer and compared them with the
Whitesmiths grown by a member of
our Association in Ottawa, but there
was scarcely any resemblance. It has
the appearance of being some English
variety, from its size, but bears much
heavier crops than either Downing,
or Smith's, and is nearly twice the
size. Wood stocky and upright in
gi'owth. I immediately secured some
thirty layers and set them out last
autumn. These will not give any fruit
of much consequence for two years, as
layers should be set out for one or two
yeai-s in nursery rows before they
make good stock. Should this beiTy
prove as free from mildew elsewhere
as it has with Mr. Conn, it will cer-
tainly prove a most valuable acquisi-
tion to our fruit list. Failing any name
for it, I have with Mr. Conn's consent
called it the ' Conn,' and trust that
name will be adopted until its true
jmrentage is discovered. Mr. Conn in-
forms me that all the American varie-
ties he has grown (Houghton, Downing
and Smith's) have mildewed more or
less, but this one never."

ANOTHER NEW GOOSEBERRY.

Mr. J. M. Ogle, of Washington
Territory, has a new variety of goose-
berry, which he has named the Puy-
allup Mammoth Gooseberry, and which
bids fair to become a popular candidate
for public favor. It is said to be
hardier and less liable to mold than
any other known. Mr. Ogle says that
he has this new gooseberry growing be-
side the English varieties. Crown Bob,
Whitesmith and Champion, and that
while the Puyallup Mammoth was
wholly free from the diseases of the
three English varieties, the Crown Bob

and Whitesmith had prematurely
dropped most of their fruit and the
Champion had not escaped.

We do not admire the name which
Mr. Ogle has given to the gooseberry,
and hope he will read the recommenda-
tion of the American Pomological So-
ciety and at least drop the word
" mammoth."

THE KOELREUTERIA PANICULATA.

The Koelreuteria has the merit of
blooming when few other trees are in
flower. In late July the large yellow
panicles open at the extremities of all
the branches, giving the tree an ap-
pearance quite unlike that of any
other. The foliage, too, is good, and I
have never seen it preyed upon by any
insects. One drawback to the tree is
the dead flower stems which remain on
the tree for a year after the fruit —
which is quite ornamental — has fallen.
— Philadelphia Press.

Note. — A tree in a neighbour's
grounds is now in full bloom (August
12th) and is a very showy object.

REFORM IN NAMES OF FRUIT.

The President of the American Po-
mological Society thus expresses the
object which he seeks to attain in
simplifying the names of fruits : — We
want to repress all royal titles, such as
emperor, king, or prince ; all political
titles such as president or governor ;
all military titles, such as general,
colonel or captain ; all indelicate names,
like Hog-Pen, Sheepnose and Big Bob ;
all ostentatious names, such as Excel-
sior, Ne Plus Ultra or Stump the
World, and all long names, like Doy-
enne Oris d'Hiver Nouveau or Twenty-
fifth Anniversary of Leopold the Fii-st.
In the future we desii-e to use but one

k

208

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTURI8T.

word for the name of a fruit, as with
the Baldwin Apple, the Bartlett Pear,
the Concord Grape, and other renowned
fruits which will be perpetually known
by appropriate and easily remembered
names.

THE HICKORY AND BLACK WALNUT.

Talk about timber devastation ! If
our readers want to see what it looks
like, let them follow us to any of the
mountain ranges of the great Alleghany
mountain system, wherever these ranges
are within reasonable distance from the
railroads, notably to the Blue Eidge,
which divides the Great valley from
Eastern Virginia. Here whole forests
of white oak are cut down, merely for
the sake of the bark, which is to be sold
to the tanneries ; and the noble hickory
and the majestic black walnut are fall-
ing under the stroke of the axe. The
oak timber is sometimes worked up in-
to railroad ties, more generally, how-
ever, left on the ground unused. Hick-
ory and Black walnut logs are shipped
to northern manufacturing towns.

So the timber gradually grows less ;
the mountain slopes and even the very
ridges are getting denuded of their
original growth ; and after a while the
ornament of these forests, the hickory
and the walnut, once so numerous, will
be no more. They are getting scarce
already in the reigons intersected by
railroads.

The present price of black walnut
lumber, even without the sure prospect
of rapid and material advance, is such
as to insure very large profits in the
cultivation of this tree for its timber.

The same may be said of the hickory.
Whether the fruit may be of much
account or not, the timber alone will
pay large dividends.

Why the American farmer, especially
in the South and West, with large
tracts of cheap land, does not take hold
of so good a chance, we are unable to

understand, unless it is because he does
not look beyond the immediate future,
and rather take six per cent, interest
one year from date than six hundred
in ten years.

The establishment of a black walnut
forest is an extremely simple thing.
The nuts are easily obtainable almost
anywhere in any quantities, and may
be planted like corn. Seedlings are for
sale by nurserymen at very reasonable
figures, and may be planted like any
ordinary orchard, only rather close, say
eight feet a part each way. In either
method you can accomplish your object,
without great trouble or expense.
Much cultivation is not needed. The
trees will soon take care of themselves,
and grow into money right along, big
money, too. Why not do it, you who-
can 1 — Orchard and Garden.

BUHACH.

We take the following extract on:
the manufacture and use of this insecti-
cide from the N'ew York Examiner^
merely premising that the plant from
which it is made is a variety of Pyreth-
rum, the P. cinerariaefolium, : —

Buhach powder is made by pulveriz-
ing the flower-heads of the plants. The
flowers, which look much like daisies,
are gathered before they are quite open,
and should be dried under cover, as the
heat of the sun seems to injure them.
So does the heat of stoves, or other
artificial heat. After drying, if only a.
small quantity is to be pulverized, the
flower heads can be put into a mortar,
and covered with a piece of leather,
through which the pestle can pass.
After pulverizing, the powder should be
sifted through a fine sieve, and then, if
not wanted for immediate use, put up
in an air-tight glass fruit jar.

Buhach is usually used in the evening
or in the early morning, because the
dew on the leaves will make the powder

THE CANADIAN HOBriCULTDBIST.

209

stick to the little insects and kill tliem.
The powder should not be used on rainy
(lays, for it will wash off from the leaves,
and do no good. The insufflator, a little
invention for hohling in the hand and
throwing the powder, is tlie best ar-
rangement for applying buhach. The
powder never injures the leaves of
plants. It can be applied mixed with
water. Professor Riley says that in a
mixture where only 1-200 of a pound
was used to the gallon of water the sol-
ution proved fatal to caterpillars. The
water mixture is the most economical
way of using buhach on plants, al-
though, in order to prevent the too
rapid evaporation of the mixture, add
I some glycerine, about half a gallon of
crude glycerine being added to forty
gallons of water. This mixture kills
both the red spider and the scale insect,
pests that in former yeai*s have been
fought against with lye, and remained
uuconqiiered even when the lye was
•strong enough to crack the bark and
injure the trees.

The use of buhach in liquid solution
in this country dates from 18S0, when
the United States Entomological Com-
mision difjcovered that it could be so
used, and the Government Entomolo-
gist, in his report for 1881-82, says that
" the finer the spray in which the fluid
is applied the more economical is its use,
and the greater the chance of reaching
;very insect on the plant."

Professor Cook, of Lansing, Mich.,
has killed cabbage-worms with a mix-
ture of one pound of buhach with 200
gallons of water, and he also states that
lie has applied buhach mixed with flour
and also with water, and h;us found both
methods efficient in destroying the larvai
and images of the Colorado potato-beetle.

Professor Hilgard, of the University
of California, says that ho has been sur-

Kiised at the eflect produced on the
airy tent-caterpillar by water that con-
iined a mixture of one i)Ound of i)ow-

der to fifty gallons of water. Although
the tent caterpillars paid no attention
to the [jowder when blown upon them
from the bellows, when they received a
sprinkle of the diluted extract, they
died very soon. Professor Hilgard has
recommended the use of the extract in
greenhouses and conservatories, on ac-
count of its harmlessness to plants.

Professor Riley states that there is
nothing known to him that so quickly
kills the cotton-worm as buhach.

Professor Eisen, in an address before
the California State Viticultural Con-
vention, held in San Francisco nearly
three years ago, recommended the nse
of the buhach solution for spraying
grape-vines, about forty gallons of sol-
ution being used for an acre of vines.
One pound of buhach mixed with thirty
of sulphur, and allowed to stand six
hours before using, he recommended as
a sure remedy for vine-hoppers.

QUALITY VERSUS QUANTITY.

In a few remarks last month I sug-
gested the securing of quality of fruit,
as one good step towards the realization
of better prices for our horticultural
products. Our markets are most al-
ways su})plied with an excess of inferior
articles, the prices for which, even
though in excess of their actual value,
act as a bar to sjiles of articles in the
same line of a better grade.

This, I think, will apply to any
article of trade in any branch of in-
dustry, and fruits are no exception.

The manufacturer of a strictly first-
class article of dairy butter has enough
of the inferior grades of the genuine
article to compote with, to say nothing
of the diabolic counterfeits in the shape
of oleomargarine, butterine, etc. The
merchant who endeavors to handle only
first-chiss goods, has "Jews " and
" cheap John " dealei-s in inferior
grades of goods to contend with, and

210

THE CANADIAN HORTICDLTURIBT.

cheapness with the masses is synony-
mous with low prices. With our fruits
the lowest in price is often the dearest
to purchase. Is it not so in other
things 1

A case or two in point by way of
illustration. The Ives grape is one of
the first to appear in our markets,
coming with or followed closely by the
Champion. The reason of this is, it
colors early and looks well weeks be-
fore it is fit to eat. Some growers at
Hammonton and Vineland send for-
ward their whole crop of Ives before
commencing their Concords, and I am
sorry to say the vendors often sell
them for Concords, though the latter
are the earliest. Ih an interview with
a German grape-grower at Yineland
last winter, he put it in this way :
"Those peepleswho sell Ives so early
spile the whole bizness, the Ives be so
sour peeples who buys 'em got no more
appetite for grapes, and the whole mar-
ket be spiled."

That is just what's the matter ; they
break the market with their sour, un-
ripe and inferior stuff, that purchasers
are afraid to buy, and regard a really
good article with suspicion.

Last fall the grape market was, as
usual, pretty well demoralized, and as
a consequence, I felt a little concern as
to the resulting income from my small
crop.

I kept holding off as well as I could,
hoping the receipts would diminish and
prices stiffen a little, but no improve-
ment seemed apparent, so one day I
filled a sample basket and went to New
York, to see for myself. Calling on a
commission merchant, I enquired what
first-class No. 1 Niagaras were bring-
ing] Twelve cents was the highest
mark and from that down ! I re-
marked that I was sorry to hear that
as my crop was smaller than usual, and
I hoped to do better than that. Ni-
agaras, he said, had not been first rats.

not sweet, and it was hard to get
twelve cents.

" Well," said I, " 1 suppose I will
have to take what I can get, even if I
am not satisfied. I have brought a
sample basket of my fruit, that you
may see how it compares with that in
the market."

On removing the cover, the merchant
exclaimed, •' Oh "i I was not talking
about such stock as that, I meant the
best State stock. I have not seen any-
thing as fine as those this season. Such
fruit as that ought to bring fifteen
cents readily." I felt relieved. 1 told
him the sample was a fair one, and he
could turn it out and find the bottom
as good as the middle or top. I left
the sample for him to show his custo-
mers what they might expect, and re-
turned.

In a day or two I received a note
from him stating that his customers,
while admitting the fruit to be very
fine, that fifteen cents was as much as
they were willing to give on account of
the abundance of Aimer ia grapes in
the maiket and the low prices they
brought. While he would like to
handle the fruit, he did not. wish to
create undue expectations.

When I got to gathering the crop I
took a small load in to the city, and
left them with the merchant, merely
saying, " do the best you can."

I due time, the returns came, sixteen
cents per pound.

Why? Simply because the quality
was No. 1, and they wore honestly put
up. Another party did as well or bet-
ter. Does it pay 1

A merchant sent me an order for
some Concords, saying he would give
me five cents per pound for them. I
filled his order and in a few days I re-
ceived a note from him to this effect,
" The Concords were fine large clusters,
will allow you six cents for them ; they
arc worth it, send me some more."

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

211

Witli Concords abundant at four
cents, quality alone must have the
credit of this advance. Does it pay 1

I frequently hear people talk of the
profits of growing Concords at two and
one-half cents per pound, and their
satisfaction at such prices, but when T
reach that condition of mind I shall be
more of a lunatic than I am now. I
would rather go out to work at a dollar
a day, turn tramp, or go to the alms-
house by a more direct route.

With the present condition of our
markets and the business, I am con-
vinced, from iny own expei-ience, that
the most important factor in securing
profits, or even satisfactory prices, for
our agricultural and horticultural pro-
ducts is in improving the quality, even
if the quantity is diminished. Better
fruit and less of it.

I think it was Webster who said,
there was " plenty of room at the top."

Will it not pay more of our fruit-
growers to try and get there 1 — E. Wil-
liams, in Michifjan Horticulturist.

VARIETIES OF RASPBERRIES TO
EAT,

I feel some embarrassment in writ-
ing upon what is so clearly a matter of
taste, knowing that that subtle sense
vanes so much in individuals that it
would be audacious for any one to set
up his own as a standard.

I may be under an illusion but am
impressed that 1 used when a boy, rov-
ing over fields and woods, to occasion-
ally strike a stool of black rasj)berries,
growing in just enough shade, with
roots feeding in just the right kind of
compost, that produced berries of the
most delicate and exquisite flavor of any
I ever ate. In fact, as I have since
tested new varieties of raspberries, the
memory of the flavor of those I used to
eat, strung on a timothy stalk, would
obtrude and become a stjindard of com-
parison.

The Mammoth Cluster was a favor-
ite of mine for eating, not so much,
perhaps, because of its high flavor as
for its freedom from seeds. A berry
with pulp crowded full of seeds is not
very pleasant eating of however high
flavor.

Seneca is another high -flavored
black-cap, but, for some reason, has
failed to push its way into popular
favor, perhaps because it had no one
particularly interested in pushing it.

Of the black-caps now grown exten-
sively for market or evaporating, none,
I think, are of very high quality.
Gregg is one of the poorest; Ohio is a
little better but not of high quality,
and the same may be said of Tyler. I
think Ho})kins may prove better than
any of the three. A new variety, not
yet much disseminated, " Reyes," is
the sweetest black-cap I ever tasted.

Passing on to the reds, among the
best in flavor are Knevett's Giant and
Herstine, and I think they are well
worthy the attention of the amateur,
although not perfectly hardy. Among
hardy sorts, Clarke, Turner and Cuth-
bert are of good quality. I think
Marlboro will rank pretty high in
quality. Excelling all in delicate
flavor, yellow berry, Brinckle's Orange,
will repay considerable eflbrt for its
production.

For the table, well mixed with
sugar, I know of non(5 that please me
more than Shaffer, although of inferior
flavor, eaten out of hand. — P. C. Rey-
nolds, ill Michigan Horticulturist.

CANADA'S FRUIT EXPORT.

The trade tables sliow a steady
growth in Canada's exports of fruits
during recent years. The declared
value is now over half a million dol-
lars, and. although this is but a small
sum, it doubtless has a marked eflfect
on the home prices. — Montreal Witness.

212

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

CRANBERRIES.

BY A. MC D. ALLAN, GODBRICH.

Up and down throughout the Prov-
ince there are hundreds of acres of
swampy lands that at present are of
little or no practical value to the owners,
and yet possibly a large area of this
swampy land could be utilized for the
purpose of cultivating cranberries.
This subject stands prominently among
our neglected industries in this Prov-
ince, probably from the fact that so
little is known about the various points
of cultivation and care necessary in
order to secure a crop at once profitable
and regular. Consumers heretofore
have been satisfied with the supply
reaped yearly from wild beds in far
northerly sections, or imported from the
neighbouring republic. But now that
the demand is rapidly increasing, and
will certainly continue to increase,
those who have pieces of waste land
suitable for cranberry culture may
feel interested in a few particulars on
the subject.

There appears to be several Varieties
of this fruit in European countries, and
in some of these countries the cran-
berry stands among the most reliable
and valuable crops for home market
and export. But although it is largely
grown throughout Europe, our Ameri-
can cranberry being lai-ger and of a
much better quality, finds a ready mar-
ket across the ocean at much higher
prices than the native . berry. By the
British market reports, I find that the
demand in that country for the Ameri-
can cranberry has rapidly increased
during the past few years, and prices
are steadily on the rise, the supply be-
ing short of the demand.

The first requisite is to secure a piece
of land that can be flooded during the
winter season, but it must be so situated
that the water can easily be drawn ofi*
in spring when wanted. The plot
should be sufficiently underdrained or

ditched to avoid holding water stagnant
near the surface, as this would induce
disease and the breeding of insect
enemies.

In preparing the soil care should be
taken at the outset to have it free from
grass and weeds, although I have seen
plots along the sea coast in Maine where,
in the course of three or four years, the
vines made so close a matting that grass
was choked. But like other crops, so
in this it will pay to begin with clean
cultivation. The plot should be nearly
level, so that when flooding there will
be an even cover over the whole surface.
Lands with peat or muck bottoms are
usually considered best. If a regular
sod is formed, especially of the coare-e
strong-rooted swamp grass, it should be
removed at a season of the year when
the water is low, and in place of this
sod a complete cover of fine sand about
two inches in depth should be spread
over the entire plot. Clay bottom soils
should be avoided. Peat or decayed
vegetable soil, with a mixture of sand
will do, although, if at all possible it is
preferable to have a complete top cover
of pure sand. The winter is a good
time to apply the sand, as there is
usually more time for such work at that
season, and besides, the expense is gen-
erally less for hauling then. If there is
danger of grass or weetl roots in the
soil, the sand should be laitl four inches
deep over the surface, otherwise half
that quantity will be sufiicient.

It is not necessary to obtain rooted
plants for setting out, as the cranberry
grows freely from cuttings. Some
growers make small cuttings, broadcast
them over the plot and roll or j)ress
them over the soil, while others advo-
cate planting in rows. If the soil is
clean, broadcasting tlie cuttings is })rob-
ably best, as the vines cover the surface
sooner and thus prevent the growth of
grass and weeds. When they are
planted in rows there is usually too

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

213

much space left for cultivation the first
two years, and this space allows the
scorching sun to beat so directly upon
the young vines that they are often
weakened. Under favourable circum-
stances, if plants are placed two or even
three feet apart they will completely
cover the ground in about two years.
The spring is the best time to set the
plants or cuttings.

Usually the j)lot should be flooded
about the first of December, and the
water drawn off gradually the following
spring from the first to the middle of
May. After the ])lants or cuttings are
set the water should be kept near the
surface and gradually drawn off as they
strike and grow.

If a stream runs through the marsh
so much the better, as in dry weather
in midsummer, when there is any
appearance of insect enemies, the flood-
gates can be closed and the plot thor-
oughly saturated for a cou})le of days so
as to destroy these enemies, while at
the same time supplying needed mois-
ture to the plants.

Sulphate of iron is an excellent top
dressing for ci'anberries but it must be
used sparingly. If dissolved in water
a liberal sprinkling will be sufticient.

There are several vari(!ties grown,
but I think the favourites are the
OheiTy and the Bugle, although the
foinier is rej)orted as being tender in
])arts of the State of Maine. As a rule,
a full crop need not be expected until
the foui-th year, although a small crop
is often reaped the second year from
))lanting.

TIk; yield \;;ri 'S Ironi (me to two
hundred bushels per acre. Ljirge grow-
ers reap the crop witli rakes s[)ecially
adapted for the purpose, but hand-
) ticking is preferable, as the berries are
not injured, and hence keep much better
in transit and bring a higher figure in
the market.

As soon ;is the crop is picked and

barrelled, it should be sent to market if
the grower wants to make the best
value out of his crop year after year, as
by keeping, the shrinkage will more
than counterbalance any possible advan-
tage in awaiting a rise in the market.

HOW TO MANAGE THE CUTWORM.

Professor C. V. Riley believes that
the onion crop can be grown success-
fully, even in a marked cutworm season,
by adopting the followiiii;- nioasures : —
As a preventive treat tlie land early in
spring with a mixture of lime and ashes,
preferably wood ashes. This mixture
should be lightly spread over the land
after ])loughing and harrowed in. If,
after the seed is sown and the plants
begin to come up, the worms appear and
threaten damage, employ the poisoned
ball system, which, in brief, consists in
placing along the rows, at a distance of
fifteen or twenty feet a])art, small
bunches of fresh cut i^r.iss or other
green })lant; cab]);ii;(' loaves uiiswci- ,i
good purpose. These bunches of gi-ass
or green plant should be })reviously
sprinkled with Paris green or London
j)urple. Shoidd the worms still apf»ear
in great numbers by migrations from
surrounding fields, sprinkle the ground
at night, while the worms are at vork,
with a dilute einulsiou of kerosene. A
Goshen growci lia tr^i /i i)ure kerosene
for killing tlu' wonn,^, simply blaokon-
ing, not killiiii;-, tlic onion lijis. Tlio
free use of pure korosene may injure
the i>lants, honce an emulsion is recom-
mended as safiu- and cheaper. Tli<'
kerosene is emulsified with soap or milk
in order that it may readily dilute with
watei-. Thero is little doubt but that
by spraying .••!■ tlif lidds at ni^lit
with this mixiiiii- tlw woi-ms can l>r
destroyed by wIioIcsmJ.'. h s1i.mij,| l.c

used "x.^f (1 M;;hiy at i-hc; points iu

the the worms are first

notic.u Hi >\.UK, and from which they

2i4

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

spread to surrounding points. — Mon-
treal Witness.

MOORE'S EARLY GRAPE.
Prof. Budd said : "I consider it very
promising in Iowa now ; it seems to
be hardier than Concord, it has a bet-
ter leaf. Moore's Early has the best
foliage. It is earlier even than the
Worden I think." Mr, Lyman : I
have fruited it now two years, and it
has proven quite satisfactory ; wood and
foliage good ; an abundant bearer ; fruit
large ; ripens early ; shall plant largely
of it." Mr. Plumb, Wisconsin: "I
fully indorse what Prof. Budd has said
of Moore's Early. I think very highly
of it, and consider it the best and most
promising grape we have out there. It
ripens nearly a week ahead of the Wor-
den." Mr. Rogers : " Moore's stands
well in New Jersey." Mr. Scott : " I
have to report some rot on my grounds."
Mr. Munson said : " It does not rot in
Texas ; it is very early, black, firm,
medium to large, quality good to very
good ; makes a red wine." Mr. Harri-
son, Ohio, reported no rot. Mr. Green :
" I can also speak ver}'- highly of it ;
ripens before the Worden." Mr. Man-
ning : " I was at Mr. Moore's place the
other day and saw more than 40 tons
of grapes in his vineyard. He has 660
vines which must have nearly three
tons of fruit on them. The vines are
allowed to run wild, no pruning having
been attempted. Moore's ripens three
weeks before the Concord." — Rural
New-Yorker.

REMEDIES FOR CABBAGE WORM.
T have not failed for forty- two years
in freeing my cabbages of worms. I
was at the house of a lady in Kentucky
who had the finest cabbages I had seen
that year. I asked her how she man-
aged to keep them free of worms. She
told me by sprinkling them with flour,
shorts, or shij^stufF. As soon as I got

home, I had mine well plowed, and the
next morning I put a large tables[)oon-
ful of coarse flour, or middlings, on
each head, while the dew was on ; the
dew made it wet. and the worms began
to crawl and roll over on the wet flour.
The more they struggled, the more
paste they gathered ; they would soon
fall on the fresh plowed earth, which,
being wet, would stick to them, and
clog their feet and legs, so that they
could not get into the ground. Those
that could not get ofl*, died on the heads.
The paste prevents all eggs from hatch-
ing.

This has been one of the most diffi-
cult seasons I recollect to keep the
worms from destroying cabbages. Two
plowings, and twice going over and
applying the flour, saved mine, while
most of the neighbors lost theirs. It
may be necessary to apply it oftener, if
hard rains come and wash out the flour.
Bye or buckwheat, unbolted, is as good
as fine flour ; the paste is what does
the work. — W. G., Lexington, Ky.,
in Country Gentleman.

SMALL FRUITS ON THE FARM.

To stock a small garden with the
best varieties requires only a few dollars
outlay, and the skill necessaiy to keep
them in good condition is within the
reach of any one who is interested in
the matter. We generally see a few
scrubby and neglected currant bushes
in the grass along the garden fence, but
not in one garden in a dozen do we see
much more in the line of small fruits.
That men are fond of these fruits is
proved by the avidity with which they
dis})0se of them when [)laced before
them in the shape of pie, shortcake, or
eaten with sug^r or cream. They seem
to forget, or overlook the fact, that the
season of enjoying these luxuries need
not be confined to summer. Canned
fruits are nearly as good during the
winter, if properlj put up, as when

THE OAKADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

215

fresh, and the expense and trouble of
putting them up is not great. More
money is usually spent for prunes and
other dried fruit during the winter in
families where fruit is not put up, than
it would cost to purchase jars and sugar
to i)repare a supply at home. The
women will take care of the fruit if
. they only have it to take care of, and
will be glad to have the chance to do
so. Should more fruit be produced
than the family can consume, it will
meet with a ready sale at the nearest
\ illage, and usually bring the grower
l)etter returns than if sent to the over-
stocked markets of a large city. Sell
none but the surplus. — Arnerican Ayri-
iltuf'ist.

ADAM'S NEEDLE— (TMcm Jilamentosa).
Among tall growing perennial flowers
the yucca Jilamentosa is consjjicuous.
In rich soils the stocks stand six
or seven feet high, carrying hundreds
of cream-colored, drooping, lily-shaped
flowers. They are especially beautiful
in moonlight, when they appear snow
white and no imperfections can be seen.
A group of them standing before a
background of dark foliage is most
effective. — Philadelphia Press.

FLOWERING DOGWOOD.
This small native tree (Cornus flor-
i^la), grows from twelve to thirty feet
high, and the flowers appearing in
spring before the leaves have expanded,
it becomes a conspicuous object in the
margins of woods where it grows, the
showy white flowers beini? often three
or three and a half inches in diameter.
What appears to be the petals are really
the corolla-like involucres, the flowei-s
themselves being in a sUiall head within.
They last long for spring blooming,
often more than two weeks, and later
in the sea.son the berries are an orna-
' I lent. The foliage turns to a deep red
ill autumn. The flowering dogwood is

valuable, as immediately following in
bloom that of the magnolias, and is
eminently worthy of a phice in orna-
mental grounds. — Country Gentleman.

BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED.

Prooeedings of the thirty-third annual
meeting of the Kentucky Horticultural
Society. A neat pamphlet of some
eighty pages, full of horticultural in-
formation of special value to residents
of that State, yet containing many sug-
gestions very worthy of the attention
of those who cultivate fruit in Ontario.
One of the papers, entitled "Some
things needful in Kentucky horticul-
ture," especially that part of it which
treats of '* a higher order of culture
among those who make it a business,"
contains suggestions that might well
be put in practice by cultivators in any
latitude.

Report of the North Carolina State
Horticultural Society, 1885. S. Otter
Wilson, Secretary, Vineyard, Wake
Co., N.C.

Transactions of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society for the year 1885,
Part II. The report of the committee
on gardens is especially interesting.

The Canadian Bee Journal is pub-
lished weekly by Jones, Macphei-son <fe
Co., Boeton, Ont., at one dollar a year.
It is now in its second volume, which
has been increased from sixteen to
twenty pages. Those who are interested
in bee-keeping in Ontario will find this
weekly a very helpful visitor.

MiNNEWASKA BLACKBERRY. — This HOW

blackberry, not yet disseminated, I be-
lieve, has again emerged from the winter
alive to the tips, hero in the Hudson River
Valley. This feature of hardiness has
long been the pressing need of blackberry
growers at the North. If with the except-
ional productiveness, good size and cpiality
so far evinced by the Minnewjiska it shall
continue to combine iron-clatl vigor, it will
be a valuable acquisition. — H. H. in
Rural New- Yorker.

216

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE SCENT OF A FLOWER.
Jane C. Simpson, in the Quiver.
The scent of a flower is a wonderful thing !
It plays round the heart like the zephyrs of spring ;
So subtle, so soft, so resistless its power.
No monarchy rules like the scent of a flower.

Some odors so blend with past happier years
They move us like melodies breathing thro' tears ;
For they bring back the faces and forms that arc cold,
And walks in the woods 'mid sunsets of gold.

*******
'• Consider the lilies." Lord grant us to be
By the lield and tlie gardeu brought nearer to Thee ;
To read m sweet blossoms Thy goodness and power,
And an infinite love in the scent of a flower.

Experience with Huckleberries in
Connecticut. — About three years ago I
transplanted eiglit huckleberry plants,
which had attracted attention on account
of their size of fruit, and they were given
a home corresponding as near as possible
with the old. They began to die, however,
one after another, until the last one per-
ished last fall. In my opinion there is but
one way to conquer this fruit, which is by
raising seedlings from those that have
taken most kindly to cultivation. — S. T.
Bradley, in Orchard and Garden.

Low Rrspberry Bushks. — Mr. W. R.

Sprague gives the readers of the Ohio
Farmer some good advice as to the proper
length of berry canes : "I have too often
neglected," he says, *' to stop the growth
of raspberry canes at the proper height.
The canes almost always require cutting
off when other work is pressing. This year
I have cut the growth when from a foot to
two feet. It was necessary to go over the
plantation of two .and a half acres twice,
from the fact that a portion of the new
growth is backward. I have found that
with mo a low bush will give more satis-
factory results than a high bush.

Another New Strawberry. — I believe
the coming berry has come, and far ex-
ceeds the ex|)ectation of the most sanguine,
and those berries that have held the first
place so long will gracefully step down and
out, to make way for so worthy a success-
or. The Jessie — named for one of Mr.

Loudon's daughters — is of a deep, rich
color, attractive in form, a Jumbo in size,
(we picked specimens which measured 9^
inches in circumference). In flavour it is
a delicious pine apple ; it is firm without
being hard, thus rendering it a desireable
berry for shipment or for the table.
Specimens before me compare with our
Cresents as our Cresents compare with the
wild berries. We have had many new
varieties of berries, which promised well,
but did not prove satisfactory when tried
away from localities where they were
originated, but the Jessie promises to
thrive and flourish everywhere, Mr Lou-
don having given it thorough tests in a
great variety of soils. — Y. H. C. in St.
Paul Farmer.

Management op Early Fruits. — Early
apples and pears will now be ripening and
should be gathered for home use or for
market. In the eastern States, in local-
ities near a market, early apples pay bet-
ter than late varieties, as the grower has
Mot to compete with the Western fruit
growers. These are only profitable when
they can be sent to a near market, while
the late fruit can be transported a long
distance without injury. Early apples,
of showy kinds, should be carefully se-
lected, and sent to market in neat packages ;
half barrels, lined with white paper, are
the most attractive package, though, on
account of their cheapness, bushel and half
bushel crates are used by many. The
fruit should be matured — i. e. , full-grown
when gathered, but should not have had
time to mellow. When an apple or pear
is mature, it readily parts from the tree ;
when lifted to a horizontal position the
stem of tlie fruit will break away from the
twig to wliich it is attached, leaving a clean,
well defined scar. With fruit, maturity is
a distinct stage, and ripeness, or mellow-
ness another. Early fruit generally, if
picked when mature, will be ripe and
mellow by the time it reaches the con-
sumer. Fruit picked thus, and ripened
off of the tree, is vastly better in flavour,
juiciness and texture than if allowed to
remain on the tree until ''dead ripe" —
American Agriculturist.

PRINTBD AT THR 8TKA.M PRESS KSTABLISHMBNT OF THE COPP, CIJIEK COMPANY (UMITKD), TOHONTO.

The Ontai^io Strawberf\y

He GreATi

Ontario.'

THE

VOL. IX.]

OCTOBER, 1886.

[No. 10.

THE ONTARIO STRAWBERKY.

This new variety was given last
spring by the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion to those of its members who chose
to receive it for trial. It is too soon
as yet for them to report upon its be-
havior in their several localities, with
the various treatment and in the variety
of soils and circumstances under which
it will be tested, but believing that it
would be interesting to all growers of
the strawberry to learn how it had suc-
ceeded in Mr. Little's hands during the
past season, we now give the substance
of his reply to our inquiries.

Of its origin nothing positive is
known. Mr. Johnston, of Shortsville,
N.Y., bought the stock, a few plants,
some five years ago, named and dis-
seminated it. As a cropper it has
proved to be a larger bearer with Mr.
Little " than a number of the new and
greatly admired sorts in the specimen

► beds." This, it must be confessed, is
somewhat vague. It would have been
more definite had its productiveness
been compared with some of our well
known sorts, such as Wilson, Sharpless,

I or Crescent. The blossoms are perfect,
by which is meant that the stamens
and anthers are well developed so that
there is an abundance of pollen pro-
_ ' „.._ _ _._.„

duced to fertilize the seed vessels and
so cause the fruit to set, without being
obliged to plant some other variety
yielding pollen sufficient to ensure fer-
tilization.

The berries are larger than those of
the Manchester, taking the season
throughout, while some of the berries
are larger than any of those borne by
any other variety in Mr. Little's
grounds, and Mr. Little has a very
large number of varieties. In form
they are " slightly elongated and rib-
bed, but never mis-shapen, somewhat
resembling Cumberland Triumph." In
color they are " not so bright as Man-
chester, but better than Cumberland
Triumph," and in texture they are
" firmer than Manchester."

The quality of the fruit is designated
as " very good, sprightly, the very best
for family use." Here again it is to be
regretted that we have not some com-
parison with other varieties with the
qualities of which we are familiar, yet
the expression "very best for family
use " would seem to indicate high
quality.

The plant, Mr. Little says, is "one
of the very best here, it is entirely free
from burning in the sun, and from all

218

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

diseases, standing up strong and stocky,
as if well able to do its great work of
producing the very largest berries."

The Fruit Growers' Association ex-
pects that every one who received plants
of the Ontario last spring will report
through the Canadian Horticulturist,
after they have fruited it, how far they
find it to accord with the results given
by Mr. Little.

NOTICE.

All communications and correspon-
dence in connection with this journal
are henceforth to be addressed

L. WOOLVERTON, M.A.,
Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist,
GRIMSBY, ONT.

THE HARDINESS OF BLACKBERRIES.

We learn from replies given to the
Minnesota Farmer by fruit growers in
Minnesota, Dakota and Wisconsin, that
none of the Blackberries known to cul-
tivators are hardy in that region, that
unless they are protected in winter they
are never profitable, not even those
esteemed the most hardy with us, such
as Snyder, Taylor or Stone's Hardy can
be relied upon without protection. One
gentleman who had tried to grow black-
berries without protection says that he
raised two crops of Kittatinny in ten
years, and one of Snyder in three years.
Most of those who had succeeded in
raising crops of fruit recommended re-
moving the earth from one side of the
stalks, bending them over and covering
with earth sufficient to hold the stalks
in place, and doing this late in the sea-
son so as not not to injure the buds by
too much moisture before the ground
freezes. They also advise mulching the
surface with manure. When protected
in this way the Wilson and Lawton
yield large crops.

QUESTION DRAWER.

THE GREEN GRAPE VINE SPHINX
AND ITS PARASITE.

Dear Sir, — With this I mail a cater-
pillar I found on a grape vine this even-
ing covered with what appeared to be
eggs. Never having met with one be-
fore, I send it that you may give us
information concerning it, and as to
what those eggs (?) are, how they came
there, and for what purpose, and what
will they produce, friend or foe to grape
vine. I hope this will be in time for
the October Number.

Yours truly, G. HalteN.

OakviUe, 7th Sept., 1886.

Reply. — The caterpillar is known as
the Green Grape Vine Sphinx, Darapsa
Migron. You will find a full descrip-
tion of it in "Insects Injurious to
Fruits," by Wm. Saunders, President
of the Entomological Society of Ontario,
a book that ought to be in the library
of every fruit grower. It is a very com-
mon insect, and the most destructive
grape-leaf eater we have. The little
white oval substance covering the body
of the caterpillar, which look like eggs,
are the cocoons of a small two- winged
parasite, a species of Ichneumon. This
Ichneumon punctures the skin of the
caterpillar, and lays its eggs in these
punctures. From these eggs the larva,
or worms, are hatched. These feed on
the caterpillar, and, when full grown,
eat through the skin and spin them-
selves up within these little white
cocoons, from which, in a few days, the
little Ichneumon flies emerge, soon
ready to lay eggs in other like cater-
pillars. The catterpillar that has thus

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

219

been made a feeding-gi-ound for these
parasites soon after becomes shrivelled
and dies.

PROPAGATING GRAPE VINES.

I have been trying to propagate
grape vines from cuttings by instruc-
tions given in the October Number of
the Horticulturist for 1884, but they
did not root. Is there any other method
by which I might get them to roof?
The cuttings were taken off in the fall,
kept in the cellar till spring and then
set out. Yours truly,

W. J. Porter.

Kemptville, Sept. 6, 1886.

Reply. — ^Yes, there is another me-
thod, namely, by layering. Bend down
in the spring a shoot of the previous
summer's growth, and cover with earth
sufficiently deep to keep the part that
is covered always moist. Leave the end
of the shoot to project out of the ground.
When the leaves drop in the fall you
find that the layer has sent out roots.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE WINDSOR BEAN.
I have grown the Windsor Broad
Bean on several occasions on my
grounds, but with only partial success,
barely the value in return paid for the
seed. At first I attributed the cause to
our hot summers, by producing abortive
blossoms, which were abundant enough.
On another occasion, with the usual re-
sult, I attributed the failure to the
black aphis, which appeared on the tips
of the stalk. Again, I tried pinching
back and poisoning the aphis, but with
only similar results. However, this
past season I was more observant, and
found but very few insects, save the
aphis, approach the blossoms, our native
wild bees preferring the blossoms of

the clovers instead. The humming
bird T often observed attacking the
blossoms, and to it I attribute the few
pods we find on the stems. This bean
is botanically distinct from the China
variety, which is a self-fertilizer. The
Windsor variety is not, and depends
upon the aid of insects. Our humble-
bee cannot reach the nectaries of the
blossoms ; its probocis is not long
enough. The same with our common
honey bee, hence avoiding the blos-
soms. The European humble-bee is
much larger, and better fitted for this
purpose. The blossoms of other legu-
minous plants require insect aid in
fertilization, as in the case of the red
clover in New Zealand, which does not
produce seed there. Acting upon the
advice of scientists, the European
humble-bee has been imported there,
but the results which followed I have
not been able to ascertain.

Yours truly,
Berlin. SiMON RoY.

NEW STRAWBERRIES.

BT JOHN LITTLB, GRANTON, ONT.

Mr. Editor, — With your permission
I will tell you and the readers of the
Horticulturist about some of my new
friends, the last arrivals of the straw-
berry family.

They are not like some of the human
family — you can say what you like
about them and they will not tear your
character to pieces, and if you will give
them their needed supply it is wonder-
ful the manifold return, though a silent
one, they will give you for the atten-
tion given them.

I will be brief at this time, just
mentioning their names in the order of
their merit, as they have done here
this season. The first are Ontario,
Jewel, Gola, Deeve, Acorn, this last
not fruited; these are Mr. P. M.
Augur's seedlings. Next, a seedling
from Ohio — shown at the June meeting

220

THE CANADIAN HORTI0UJ.TURI8T.

at Columbus — named Mrs. Cleveland.
Summit, a new seedling of Matthew-
Crawford's ; I have fruited it for three
years; sixteen berries this season
weighed one pound; no plants for sale.
From T. T. Lyon Nos. 3, 5, 9, worthy
of testing in Canada ; Howell, as early
as the Crescent and as large as Manches-
ter; Emerald and Bancroft, the former
early and the latter the latest of the
late. These are only a few out of a
number I give my full attention to with
my raspberries.

BEES IN THE ORCHARD.

Mr. Editor, — I notice a question
asked in the Canadian Horticulturist
headed, " Bees as Helpers in the Or-
chard." Now, sir, I have been keeping
bees for twenty-four years — never been
without them during that time. I also
am a fruit-grower on a small scale. I
have my bee yard located among my
fruit trees. My pear trees are in my
bee yard. I am never troubled with
blight, and I grow the finest samples of
pears I ever saw grown in the county
of Lambton. I grow several sorts,
such as Clapp's Favourite, Flemish
Beauty, Bartlett, Sheldon, White
Doyenne and Louise Bonne de Jersey.
I have been in the habit of showing
fruit at the agricultural fairs, and when
I gather fruit to show I always find the
finest samples in my bee yard.

There are a great many persons in-
terested in keeping bees in the neighbor-
hood of Arkona, and I have heard the
remark made by apple buyers that they
can buy handsomer samples of apples
here than in any other part of Ontario.

The Value of the Honey Bee in
Agriculture. — Honey and wax have
ever been two most useful articles in
domestic economy, and from the earliest
times the honey bee has been the com-
panion of man. What an addition to a
farmer's house is a beehive nestling
among the fruit trees, with its hundreds

of busy inhabitants, some settling about
the door or flying lightly above the
roof, others darting off in quest of new
supplies of food, and still others return-
ing on labouring wings laden down with
their baskets filled with crude pollen.
What a scene of industry and system
is bee life ! The grand use in nature of
the bee is the securing to the farmer or
fruit-raiser a good crop and the per-
manence of the best varities of fruit.
Gardeners have always known that bees
fertilize squash, melons, cucumbers and
flowers conveying the pollen from one
plant to another, thus insuring, not
only the complete fertilization of the
seed by the pollen, and so improving
the fruit, but actually causing the pro-
duction of more squashes, melons and
cucumbers by causing certain flowers to
set that otherwise would have dropped
to the ground sterile and useless. This
has been proved by fertilizing the
flowers by hand, a very large, indeed
an unnaturally abundant crop being
thus obtained.

It has been noticed by a few, though
the many have not appreciated the fact,
that fruit trees are more productive
when a swarm of bees is placed among
them ; for when the bees have been re-
moved by disease, or other means, the
fruit crop has diminished. It is no
longer a doubt that bees aid in the
fertilization of flowers, thus preventing
the occurrence of sterile flowers, and
by more thoroughly fertilizing flowers
already perfect render the production of
sound and well developed fruit more
sure.

Many botanists think if it were not
for bees and other insects, such as cer-
tain two-winged flies, moths, wasps,
etc., many plants would not fruit at
at all. What is the use in nature of
honey? The best observer will tell
you that it is secreted by the plant for
the very purpose of attracting bees to
the flowers, otherwise it is of no use to

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

'221

the flower or fruifc. Of more import-
ance, however, is the improved manage-
ment of our fruit trees. Here the in-
terest of the horticulturist and the bee-
keeper combine and run parallel. A
judicious pruning of our fruit trees will
cause them to blossom nioi-e freely and
yield honey more plentifully.

From these facts we learn the value
of the honey bee to agriculture. Blot
them out and we must go almost
entirely without fruit and vegetables,
besides being a source of profit for
their honey and wax. The bee actually
brings to our doors loads of fruit and
vegetables and other products of the
farm.

My pear trees and grape vines were
so laden with fruit last year as to lead
me to make the remark that we would
not have many next year. But I find
I was under a mistake. They are so
laden with fruit that I will be obliged
to prop my pear trees to keep them
from breaking down, and a handsomer
sample of fruit you never saw. I am
certain if fruit growers would intro-
duce a few hives of bees among their
fruit trees their fruit would be much
improved.

Yours truly,
Arkona, Ont. George Ott.

REPORT OF FRUIT CROP IN BERLIN.

In small fruits, such as strawberries,
currants, and raspberries, the supply
from local sources in the immediate
neighborhood has been fully equal to
the demand, and fair remunerative
prices have been realized. The almost
total annihilation of the common sour
cherry has given an impetus to this
class of fruit as a substitute for pre-
serving purposes.

In plums, the crop will be good, of
such varieties as have passed through
the fiery ordeal of epidemic, and I think
that those varieties which have escaped
will be planted again, having learned a

lesson of wisdom from experience, viz.,
that purer and healthier varieties must
be depended on.

Early apples of the Russian type are
very al9undant ; and, although of only
recent introduction, will in course of
time become popular, especially in towns
and cities near by ; but being summer
fruits, they will not bear distant trans-
portation.

Our common fall apples are compara-
tively a failure, and very little cider
will be made. The cold wave which
passed over during the time of blossom-
ing, and which was succeeded by three
nights of only slight frost, did material
damage.

Winter apples, of the more valuable
class, will be scarce ; the only excep-
tions I notice are the Baldwins and the
Golden Russets, which carry their full
quota. Northern Spies are sparse, and
Rhode Island Greenings are compara-
tively few. In pears, the crop will be fully
up to the average. Summer varieties,
such as the Doyenne d' Ete and Rost-
tiezer, bear heavily ; and later varie-
ties, such as Ananas d* Ete, Bartlett,
Belle Lucrative, Clapp's Favorite, and
Louise Bonne, caiTy their full bearable
crop.

The geographical position of this
(Waterloo) county not being favorable
for the general culture of grapes and
peaches, I have nothing to report on
them. Yours truly,

Simon Roy.

Berlin, 17th April, 1886.

P.S. — I may state, in connection
with the pear, that I have seen no
blight on the trees this season. — S. R.

RUSSIAN APPLES.

We Canadians are not likely to take
much stock in either Russian politics
or in Russian civilization, as we imagine
they are "not up with the times," but
we must certainly accord to Russia the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

credit of having ultimated a race of
apples precisely suitable to our climate
— being of a similar character — and we
are always liberal to give credit to
whom credit is due. Russian apples
are of comparatively recent introduction
(thanks to the United States Bureau of
Agriculture).

I have now in my collection six
varieties, viz.: — Red Astrakhan,* Alex-
ander, Duchess of Oldenburg, Tetofski,
Grand Sultan and White Transparent,
all of . which are very satisfactory —
hardy, healthy, prolific and abundant
biennial beaiers.

The Alexander takes well in the
market from its large size and fine ap-
pearance. The Tetofski, although of
recent introduction, takes well, and is
highly prized for its fine flavor for
culinary purposes, especially in making
jelly, at least the ladies, who are the
best judges in these matters, say so,
thinking they are superior to the ordin-
ary Czar for that purpose. The Duchess
of Oldenburg is not behind, and, al-
though rather acid, is nevei-theless
highly appreciated. Sugar is cheap
(thanks to our Government). Mallic
acid and sacharine form a fine healthy
combination — all acid fruits being bet-
ter fitted for preserves than sweet ones.
The White Transparent, which the Fruit
Growers' Association has very judi-
ciously disseminated, will certainly be
an acquisition, and will be a strong
rival to some of the others of the same
genera. The Grand Sultan I cannot
say much of, having only a few speci-
mens on the tree. Yours truly,

Simon Roy.

Berhn, Aug. 17, 1886.

* The Red Astrakhan, although called a Russian
variety, was introduced into Britain in 1818 from
Sweden, and may have no scientific or botanical
connection with the Central Russian variety Pyrus
Malus, The habit of the tree and the distinct char-
acter of the fruit being different would naturally
Slace the origin of that apple to that locality, as no
oubt all our other summer apples have their origin
from the same place.

RASPBERRY NOTES.

BY T. C. ROBINSON, OWEN SOUND.

First to ripen this year came the
Hansell. I consider it very valuable
for market purposes. Like Highland
Hardy it is not a vigorous grower, and
in taste as well as appearance it resem-
bles the common wild raspberry. Hence
I do not expect it to be popular in the
garden of the amateur. But the berry
is of good size with me, as thick as
Cuthbert, but not so long. The color
is most beautiful. It tastes almost as
good as Turner, and is very firm. The
plant gives a good crop with fair manur-
ing and cultivation, seems uncommonly
hardy, and it is the earliest raspberry
I have tested. I know of no other
variety that comes up to this grade of
excellence for early market, and have
rooted out Highland Hardy in its favor.

Turner comes in less than a week
after Hansell, and is preferable for
home use for its sweetness, extra hardi-
ness, and ability to thrive under neg-
lect. But I doubt if it bears any more
than Hansell, and the berries are far
softer, unfitting it for a distant market.
The canes are generally smooth, and
very large and strong.

Superb is rejected here for poor color,
poor quality and tendency to crumble.

Crimson Beauty is a nasty weed
which I can scarcely speak of with
patience. Soft, small, sour and unpro-
ductive. Few fence corner wild rasps
but excel it.

Cuthbert stands easily as the king of
the raspberry family on my grounds.
Large, tine colored, firm, delicious and
productive, it will be hard to beat. If
it were only as hardy as Turner, I
would expect nothing better in the
next decade, but it is hardy enough to
stand the most of our Owen Sound
winters. It is quite late in season of
ripening.

Marlboro' has borne a little fruit on
one year plants. It does not seem aa

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

223

early as Hansell, and the berries do
not taste as good as Cuthbert. But
they are large and firm, and most peo-
ple would smack lips over them. The
plant seems hardy also, but I am eager
to hear from some Canadian who has
tested it further.

Shafer's Colossal (call it ''Shaffer'')
has persistently worked its way to the
position of a standard variety, and I
predict it will stay there. I know I
have no room for " Philadelphia," or
any of the Philadelphia class, while I
have Shaffer, for the berries are large,
look as well, taste better, and the bush
grows and bears I believe some fifty
per cent. more. I think a plantation
of Shaffer will, with ordinary treatment,
yield double the crop of even the pro-
ductive Cuthbert, and the plants seem
of the very hardiest.

Franconia does not succeed well on
my sandy loam, but I have seen it
growing on the grounds of our worthy
Reeve, Jno. Chisholm, Esq., yielding
as large a crop as the best Philadelphia
or Shaffer would with ordinary treat-
ment. Mr. Chisholm gives his Fran-
conia no winter protection, but his
garden is well protected by houses,
trees and high board fences. His soil
is clay, and he keeps it full of manure.

Caroline still impresses me as of
great value for family use, on account
of its great productiveness, beauty and
hardiness. The berries are of the color
of Brinkle's Orange, and of good size,
and I think it comes next to Shaffer in
productiveness. Unfortunately the
plants are not so healthy, suffering
rather more from ''curl leaf" than any
other variety I have seen.

Hancocas appears to me just like
Hansell, only not so good, smaller and
softer.

Goklen Queen has borne me some
very fine fruit, enough to judge of the
appearance and taste of the berry. It
seems to me about the shape, size, and

color of Brinkle's Orange, but the
quality is not so good, tasting very like
its parent Cuthbert. It seems fully as
firm as Cuthbert, and the foliage is
very like that noble variety also, but
the cane is greener in color. It seems
a grand grower, and is altogether very
promising.

Black Caps I must leave for a future
communication.

AN ACRE OF MUSHROOMS.
On a vacant plot of building land in
the immediate neighborhood of the
Harrow road, and within four miles of
Charing Cross, is produced, annually,
what is probably the most valuable
crop grown in the open air and without
the aid of glass, on any one acre of
English soil. The space occupied is,
indeed, rather more than an acre, the
rent being just XI 2 a year, but the
space devoted to mushrooms and man-
ure is under an acre, and the uninitiated
will be astonished to learn that from
this small plot has been gathered in the
last 12 months about 12,000 pounds'
weight of mushrooms, all of which have
been sold at Co vent Garden at a price
varying according to the season, but
averaging 10^^. a pound for the whole
year. Now, the value of 12,000 pounds
at 20 cents per pound is just $2,400.
We have, therefore, the amazing cir-
cumstance that an acre of our metro-
politan area has produced a richer
garden crop than the coziest corner of
Kent, or the most favored nook on
Lord Sudeley's jam farm in Gloucester-
shire. For instance, a crop of 30 cwt
per acre of hops is so great as to be of
rare occurence. The average price ob-
tained for hops is now about $15 per
cwt. It is obvious, therefore, that the
sum obtained for the produce of our
London acre of mushrooms is more than
five times as great as what would be
obtained, in a particularly good year,
for a firet-rate crop of hops. The fol-

224

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

lowing are exceptional prices that have
been realized per statute acre for other
fruits and vegetables in recent years : —

"Very early potatoes |500

Onions 960

Early lettuces 500

Plums 500

Gooseberries 500

Strawberries 750

Black currants 840

Filberts 1,000

It will be observed that onions and
filberts head the list, but the produce
of an acre of mushrooms is worth more
than double that of either onions or
filberts. — Pall Mall Gazette.

THE SMOKE TKEE.

Bless this dear old plant ! If we
were constrained to part with all our
shrubs but one, we should hold on to
the Smoke tree. It is easy as one
looks at it from a little distance to fancy
it a cloud tinted with the faintest rose
and the faintest green blended together,
or a mass of smoke such as may issue
from a combination of colored fire-
works. There is no shrub like it while
in bloom. The delicate, downy inflor-
escence is not due to tlie flowers, which
are quite inconspicuous, but to the
feathery pedicels that elongate and so
diff'use themselves as to conceal the
leaves, while because of their delicacy
we see only softly-blending colors that
might well indeed be smoke or a cloud.

We have seen specimens of this little
tree 20 feet in diameter — a mass of
light, mossy green and purple or rose.
Later, all this becomes gray, and its
beauty is gone, though the later growth
of leaves takes its place in a measure.
One likes old-fashioned things that
bring to mind the old homestead or the
familiar country gardens of early days,
and the Smoke tree, though among the
choicest collections of plants of more re-
cent times, seems like an old and tried
friend among aristocratic strangers.

It has been said that this little tree.

so distinct from all others, so oddly
beautiful to those who see it for the
first time, rejoices in a dry, warm soil.
It is true. But it also thrives in
heavy, moist soils. We have it in both
positions, and it seems to prefer the
latter. Its botanical name is Rhus
cotinus, and is known familiarly as the
Purple Fringe, Wig tree, and Venetian
sumach, as well as the Smoke tree. —
Rural New-Yorker.

FARMERS' ORCHARDS.

Read before the Farmers' Institute, by T. Beall,
Esq., Lindsay.

While this south riding of Victoria
is not supposed by its inhabitants to be
generally favorable to the production
of fruit, it is known that samples are
often shown at our county exhibitions,
and at the Mariposa fall shows, which
would take first prizes at our provincial
exhibitions. This is especially true of
apples.

The prize lists of our county exhibi-
tions show that these exhibits are not
confined to any one locality, but are
produced throughout the whole riding,
from the southern, western and northern
parts of Mariposa, the sou thern, northern
and central portions of Ops, and in
Verulam, along the southern shores of
Sturgeon lake. It must not, however,
be understood that apples can be pro-
fitably grown on every farm, although
there are but few farms whereon suffi-
cient soil may not be found to produce
at least enough fruit for the family use.

The causes for the prevailing opinion
that apples cannot be profitably grown
here, notwithstanding the beautiful
samples that are every year exhibited
at our fairs, are not difficult to find, and
indeed may all be summed up by one
expression — lack of knowledge — as may
be witnessed in too many orchards
throughout the country, and proven by
almost every act of the would be grower,
from the time the trees are being con-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIrtT.

225

tracted for with the tree pedler until
the last tree is dead.

In order that this statement may be
better understood, I will endeavor to
show what kind of knowledge is neces-
sary to secure success. But first let me
impress upon your minds this one
fundamental fact, which becomes ap-
parent to any one who has eyes to see
and ears to hear. That the climate in
this riding is eminently suitable to the
health, growth and development of all
the hardy varieties of apples. Let this
fact be accepted, then the causes of
failure will be much easier understood.

To the person about to plant an
orchard, the first question for decision
should be : Is the fruit I purpose
growing intended for the use only of
my own family; or am I going into
the business of fruit growing as a com-
mercial enterprise, i.e., growing fruit
for market^ Let this question be well
considered, and it will be seen that
farmers' orchards generally are either
too large or too small. Too large for
the use of their family, and too small
to deserve the necessary attention for
profitable marketing. When a little
more fruit is grown than the family
requires, the balance is often wasted.
Being too small to pay for marketing
at the proper time, cattle, sheep and
pigs are allowed to help themselves,
and if a i)ortion of the overphis be
taken to market, the fruit is often in
such bad condition that less — some-
times one-half less — than the proper
marketing value is all that can be
realized for it. I have seen two lots of
apples of the same variety offered for
sale on the same day in this town, one
of which was sold at once at 80 cents
i)er bushel ; the other was with diffi-
culty sold at 50 cents per bag. The
lot which brought 80 cents per bushel
had been carefully hand picked, placed
in baskets and taken to market in a
good spring waggon. The other lot

had been shaken from the trees, thrown
into bags like so many potatoes, and
then taken to town in a lumber waggon.
Those at 80 cents paid a handsome pro-
fit, while the lot at 50 cents per bag-
were — not quite so profitable ; the
grower of which said he could not afford
the time to handle these apples, as he-
was, at that time, too busy with fann
work. That man's orchard was too
large. The farmer who plants more
fruit trees than is necessary for an
abundant supply for his family, unless
he be well versed in practical pomology,
and is prepared to give the necessary-
time and attention to his orchard, will
certainly find it, in most cases, an
unprofitable speculation. Profitable
orcharding is the result of judicious
selection of varieties, intelligent culti-
vation and treatment, and timely and
ample provision made for handling and
marketing the fruit.

A few years ago, at a summer meet-
ing of the Fruit Growers' Association
of Ontario, during a season when sum-
mer apples had been a poor crop gener-
ally, and therefore had brought large
prices, one gentleman stated that he
had only about a half crop, yet he had
sent several hundred barrels to Mon-
treal, which brought him about $5.00
per barrel. That man's orchard is not
too large, although it contains about
300 acres. Another man stated that
he, too, had sent a few barrels of the
same variety to Montreal a week or
two later, and had received less than
$2.00 per barrel. That man's orchard,
although but a few acres in extent, was
probably too large for him. The next
question will naturally be : What
varieties are you to plant 1 Now, don't
go to nurserymen's catalogues for an
answer to that question. Neither
should you allow the ubiquitous tree-
pedler to have one word to say on the
subject, because as a rule these gentry
know less about the matter than you

226

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTUEI8T.

do yourselves. But, go to your nearest
neighbors who have orchards, consult
with them, and you will soon ascertain
what varieties will suit your locality
best, and just here let me add in large
type : Don't get too many varieties.
If you have decided to plant your
orchard for your family's use only, two
or three trees each of such varieties as
may furnish you with a constant supply
of fruit of the best quality from the be-
ginning of August until the end of the
following May, is all that is required ;
but, if for market purposes, then three
or four varieties is all you should at-
tempt to grow, let } our orchard be ever
so large ; and these varieties should be
selected, not for the quality of the fruit,
but for its market value when ready
for sale. Many of the poorest apples
in quality are the most profitable to the
grower.

Having determined on the varieties
you intend planting, the next question
in order will be : How to procure the
trees. Well, the best way to get your
trees is to send your order to some re-
liable nurseryman, and tell him to send
the choicest trees he has of the varieties
named ; and depend upon it, you will
get in this way the best possible value
for your money.

Next ; as to planting : Have the
ground into which the trees are to be
planted, in the highest state of cul-
tivation. See that the planting is
properly done. The soil neither too
wet or too dry, but mellow and friable.
Make the holes large enough so that
every root may be fully extended, and
deep enough, so that the tree may stand
a little deeper in the soil than it stood
in the nursery. Work the mellow
soil around and between the roots with
your fingers. When the hole is filled
up level, tramp the earth down until it
is firm ; then cover the trodden earth
with rich, loose soil to the depth of two
or three inches.

Cultivation and after treatment : —
Corn is perhaps the best crop to grow
in an orchard the first year, as it im-
poverishes the soil but little, and its
tall growth shelters the stems of the
young trees from the hot sun j ust when
shelter is most needed. Root crops of
any kind may be grown for the succeed-
ing five or six years. Allow no weeds
or grass to grow during this time under
or around the trees ; then no fear of
girdling by mice need be entertained.
All pruning during this time may be
done with the finger and thumb ; a
small knife may occasionly be required.
The operator should know the habits
and peculiarities of growth of each
variety he is working, and allow no
shoot to grow where a limb may not
be in future years. Have the trunks
and limbs as far up as possible ; wash
once or twice each summer with an al-
kaline wash, and thereby greatly assist
in increasing the health and vigor of
the trees. This treatment also tends
greatly towards keeping insect enemies
in check. When the trees commence
to bear and the effects of the Codlin
moth feared, the tops of the trees
should be sprayed with water in which
Paris green has been mixed. This
must be done when the blossoms are
mature and just ready to fall, to be
effectual. It will not do to say I am
too busy with my seeding and will at-
tend to the orchard in a day or two.
To-day is the time ; to-morrow may be
too late. When the orchard is in good
bearing condition all cropping should
cease and grass may be grown which
may be eaten by pigs or sheep or it
may be mowed occasionally but never
removed without supplying its equiva-
lent in manure, in addition to a heavy
top dressing of good manure every year
The land when first reclaimed from the
forest contains a bountiful accumula-
tion of all that is necessary for the pro-
duction of our various crops, but every

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

237

crop taken from the land makes the soil
poorer to that extent. The honest man
will therefore return to the soil every
year an equivalent for the crop removed.

GOOSEBERRIES.

The Rural New-Yorker reports as
follows : —

Triumph was received from George
Achelis, of Westchester, Chester Co.,
Pa. It is a large beriy, certainly ; but
it so mildews this season that a longer
trial is necessary to make a report in
other particulars.

Cayuga and Ircdustry, the former
from H. S. Anderson, Union Springs,
N. Y., the latter from Ellwanger &
Barry, Rochester, N. Y., have not as
yet fruited.

Orange is from H. M. Engle of
Marietta, Pa. "It is," he writes,
" probably a seedling of the Houghton."
This berry is with us of real value. It
is one of the earliest to ripen, if not the
earliest. It is of medium size, sweet
and tender. The color is a dull yellow.
Plant thrifty.

Imported Variety from H. Sumner,
Polo, 111. He imported it 10 years ago
from England. The berries average of
fair size. Some mildew and some do
not. A longer trial is needed.

Dougal No 10, mildews badly.

Dougal No. 3, berries from medium
to large — scarcely any mildew. Green
when ripe. Ripens with Porter.
Quality medium.

Dougah No. 2. Frmit of medium
size and high quality, hairy. Color
light green shaded with purple.

The Editor of the Canadian ITor-
ticulturist fruited the Industry this year
and was much pleased with the size and
quality of the fruit ; when cooked the
fruit was inviting to the eye, much
more so than that of the green varieties,
and of a rich and agreeable flavour. It
has not yet suffered from mildew.

FOOD-HABITS OF BIRDS.

It is well known that certain birds
are directly destructive to farm crops,
causing a loss of many thousands of
dollars each year, and that others are
highly beneficial, preying upon mice
and insects which are injurious to vege-
tation ; but the extent and significance
of these effects and their bearing on
practical agriculture is little under-
stood. Moreover, great difference of
opinion exists, particularly among farm-
ers, as to whether certain well-known
species are on the whole beneficial or
injurious ; and many kinds which are
really of great practical value are killed
whenever opportunity offers. For ex-
ample, hawks and owls are almost uni-
versally regarded as detrimental, while
as a matter of fact most of them never
touch poultry, but feed largely, and
some almost exclusively, on mice and
grasshoppers.

The wholesale slaughter of small
birds has been known to be followed by
serious increase of noxious insects ; and
invasions of insects which threatened
to devastate large tracts of country have
been cut nearly short by the timely ser-
vices of some of our native birds.

In view of the above facts, and many
others which might be cited, it is clear
that a comprehensive, systematic in-
vestigation of the inter-relation of birds
and agriculture should prove of value to
farmers and horticulturists. Such an
investigation has been undertaken by
the newly-established Division of
Economic Ornithology of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and the assistance
and co-operation of persons interested is
earnestly solicited.

The food of all birds consists either
of animal matter or vegetable matter or
both, and its consumption must be ser-
viceable or pi*ejudicial to the interests
of mankind. Therefoi-e, according to
the food they eat, all birds may be
classed under one or two headings —

228

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTURIST.

beneficial and injurious. Many species
are both beneficial and injurious, and it
is impossible to assign them to either
category until the percentages of their
food- elements have been positively de-
termined and the sum of the good bal-
anced against the sum of the evil.

In a very large proportion of our
small birds the food varies considerably
with the season, sometimes changing
from vegetable to animal, or from in-
jurious to beneficial. Furthermore,
many birds feed their young upon sub-
stances which the adults rarely or never
eat ; and the young on leaving the nest
sometimes greedily devour things which
are discarded as they grow older. Hence
it becomes necessary to ascertain the
food of each species at diflferent times of
the year and at different ages.

Information is desired on all ques-
tions relating to this inquiry, and
special attention is invited to the fol-
lowing : —

1. Has the common crow been observed
to catch young chickens or to steal eggs ?

2. Has it been observed to eat corn or
other cereals in the field ? If so, how
long after planting, and how extensive
was the injury done 1

3. Has the crow been observed to feed
upon injurious insects ? If so, what kinds
of insects were thus destroyed, and to what
extent ?

4. Has the crow blackbird or grakle
been observed to carry off" the young of
the robin or of other small birds, or to
destroy their eggs ?

5. When breeding near the house, has
it been observed to drive off small birds
(such as robins, bluebirds, &c.) which had
previously made their abode on the
premises?

6. Has it been observed to eat corn or
other cereals in the field? If so, how long
after planting, and how extensive was the
injury done?

7. Has the crow blackbird been observed
to feed upon in j urioiis insects ? If so, what
kinds of insects were thus destroyed, and
to what extent?

8. What birds have been observed to

feed upon or otherwise injure buds or
foliage, and what plants or trees have been
so injured ?

9. What birds have been observed to
feed extensively upon fruit ? What kind
or kinds of fruit have been most injured
by each species, and how extensive have
been the losses thus sustained ?

10. The bobolink (rice-bird or May-bird
of the Southern States) congregates in
vast flocks during its migrations and com-
mits extensive depredations in certain
parts of the South. The division will be
glad to receive detailed accounts of these
depredations from persons living in the
affected districts, to whom a special cir-
cular will be sent on application.

11. What birds are considered to be in-
jurious to grain crops, and what kinds are
regarded as beneficial ? On what facts are
these opinions based ?

12 . What birds have been observed to
feed upon injurious insects, and upon
what kind or kinds does each bird feed ?

13. Do blackbirds (other than the crow
blackbirds already mentioned) commit
serious depredations in your vicinity? If
so, which of the several species of black-
birds are concerned, and what crops are
affected?

14. Has any kind of bird been observed
to feed upon the honey-bee? If so, what
species, and how extensive has been the
injury done ?

When possible, the exact date should
be given of all occurrences reported.

Persons willing to aid in the collec-
tion of birds' stomachs will be fur-
nished with the necessary blanks and
instructions.

Special circulars on the English spar-
row, and on the economic relations of
mammals, will be furnished on applica-
tion.— C. Hart Merriam, in Country
Gentleman.

A NEW ORNAMENTAL TREE.
The Japan Lilac, Syringa Japonica,
has been raised from seed at the Har-
vard Arboretum, at Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts. The seeds were planted in
the spring of 1877, and some of the
trees raised from them bloomed for the

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0ULTURI8T.

229

first time last summer. These trees
have already attained a height of fif-
teen feet or sixteen feet, with a straight,
clean stem covered with thin, smooth,
light-colored red bark, similar to that
of a thrifty young cherry tree. The
leaves are five or six inches in length,
accuminate, wedge-shaped at the base,
coriaceous. The flowers are small and
white, and are borne in immense pan-
icles, eighteen inches to two feet in
length and three-fourths as broad. These
panicles are borne in profusion, and the
flowers open during the first week in
July and remain in bloom a long time.
The tree is considered perfectly hardy
here, and grows rapidly. What height
it will attain is not certainly known.
It promises to be a splendid ornamental
tree for this country. The time of its
blooming is later than that of most
other trees and shrubs, and this feature
gives it additional value. — Vick^s Maga-
zine.

THE DUCHESS OF OLDENBURG
APPLE.

Were we writing for the orchardist,
as distinct from the people, there would
be little need of referring to this excel-
lent Apple here, as its merits are
widely known to the regular fruit
gi'owers. But a kind that is so univer-
sally esteemed by orchardists every-
where, and especially in the North and
West, should be better known by the
average amateur.

A leading merit of this fine Apple is
its great hardiness - sufficiently ac-
counted for by the fact that it is a
Ivussian variety. Added to this, the
;rf'e is a strong grower, forming a

undish spreading head, and it is an
xcellent bearer. What would strike
most people as a good characteristic of
the tree, is, that it requires but little
pruning; at any time — much less than
I lie average of orchard trees.

The fruit is from medium to large

size, of a handsome, regular form, and
is streaked, the ground color being yel-
low, with red streaks. The flesh, while
not of the highest quality, is sufficiently
pleasing to the taste to insure a ready
sale for the fruit in market. It is a
fine cooking apple. The flesh is a hand-
some yellowish white, juicy, slightly
sub-acid. There is a faint blue bloom
diffiised over the fruit.

The subject of our article is an early
autumn fruit, being at its best in Sep-
tember. Possessing, as it does, such a
number of good points, it should find a
place in the lists of all who set out
apples in the northern belts of this fruit.
In moderate proportion, it would rarely
if ever disappoint the grower. — Popular
Gardening.

GERANIUMS FOR WINTER BLOOM-
ING.

We notice every year advice to ama-
teur florists to use only young plants of
geraniums for winter blooming. We
have tried both young and old plants,
and are in favor of old plants every
time. A young plant — meaning by
that a plant started in the spring — will
not have many branches for the first
year, consequently it will not have
much blossoming surface. It may
bloom well, but if many flowers are
wanted you must depend on old, well-
branched plants for them. Some plants
will not bloom well after a certain age
is passed, but the geranium will bloom
for years, and as long as plants keep in
a healthy condition I would not throw
them aside for young ones, unless they
become too large for the space allowed
them. We have plants six and seven
years old, and they give us a profusion
of flowers every winter. One such plant
is worth a dozen small ones.

In spring we })ut them out on the
veranda and cut them back well ; indeed,
we cut ofl* at least two thirds of their
branches, trimming them into as sym-

230

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0ULTUBI8T.

metrical a shape as possible. In a
short time half a dozen new branches
will start for every one cut off, and by
fall we have compact, bushy plants,
well furnished with blossoming points.
We keep all buds picked off during the
summer and do not encourage a vigor-
ous growth. The aim is to keep them
as nearly dormant as possible, and in
order to accomplish this we give only
enough water to keep the soil moist.
A slow, healthy growth will result. In
fall, before taking them into the house,
we repot them, using a compost made
of garden mould, well-rotted manure and
sand. The light-colored varieties seem
to be the freest bloomers in winter. —
American Agriculturist.

PEOPLE WHO LIVE IX TREES.

In thinly populated districts of South-
ern and Central Africa, where lions,
leopards and hyenas abound, the natives
live in huts like gigantic bee-hives,
firmly fixed among the large branches
of the Baobab tree. On the approach
of night they ascend to their huts by
means of rude ladders, while the lions
roar about their camp-fires until the
approach of day drives them to their
lairs.

As many as thirty families have been
found to occupy a single tree. In many
instances natives who till the ground
at any great distance from their tribe
build these huts for nightly accommo-
dation. In travelling through the
country one frequently sees these trees
alive with baboons and other kinds of
the monkey tribe, busy in collecting the
fruit and indulging in ceaseless gam-
bols and chatter ; for this reason it is
commonly called the monkey-bread tree.
When the tree is not occupied as a
habitation, the hollow trunk serves
the natives as a sepulchre for executed
criminals — the law of the people deny-
ing them the right of burial — inside of
which the bodies dry up, and to a great

extent resemble mummies. To a Euro-
pean this tree is a marvel. Comingacross
one inhabited by monkeys, it is ex-
tremely dangerous to shoot any unless
one is with a party, for if any are
wounded the whole colony take up the
battle, and more than once I found that
a retreat in short order was necessary.
— Capt. Pinto, in American Agricul-
turist.

THE HUCKLEBERRY.

When Bartholomew Gosnold, in 1602,
discovered wild grapes growing in great
abundance in the swamps and low
grounds on a little islet near the New
England coast, he gave to it the name
of Martin's Vineyard, no doubt believ-
ing that he had found the home of the
wild grapes of the New World. But
that little islet, now known as "No-
man's Land," nor the larger island,
which bears the name of Martha's Vine-
yard, are considered favorable locations
for vineyards, although the wild grapes
do grow all along the New England
coast, and in swamps and low grounds
throughout these United States. While
it is true that the wild grapes of North
America are found more abundantly
in swamj)s and low grounds than on
high and dry soils, still no vineyardist
would think of planting a vineyard in
a swamp, because long experience has
shown that high, dry and well-drained
soils are far preferrable for such pur-
poses than those that are low and wet.

There is another very valuable native
fruit, about which the same erroneous
ideas exist that were for a long time
held in regard to the indigenous grapes ;
it is our swamp high-bush huckleberry,
or blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosumj.
It is found growing wild in the same
localities and under the same conditions
as the wild grape, not only in swamps,
but also on high and dry soils. Because
the plants are more abundant in swamps
than on hills and in dry soils does not

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEI8T.

231

prove that under cultivation low, wet
soils would be the best. From my own
experience with this species of the
huckleberry, I would not choose low,
wet soils in which to plant it for fruit,
but in a sandy, or, at least, well -drained
one. The plants thrive best in peat and
the almost pure vegetable deposits of
the swamps ; also in the light, sandy
soils, and even high up in the hills of
New Jei-sey and adjoining States, in
light, sandy soils, in which the running
blackberries and five-finger plant have
to struggle to obtain nutriment from
the sterile soil. A plant that will grow
and thrive — bearing a heavy crop of
fruit in moderately favorable seasons —
in such soils will certainly thrive under
good cultivation, provided the soil is
not a heavy, unctuous clay. I have had
no experience in cultivating the huckle-
berry on clay soils; but in sand, or
sandy loam, they may be grown almost
as readily as currants or gooseberries.

The plants can be had in abundance
from the open fields and swamps, and
usually they can be lifted with good
roots, and then by cutting away the older
stems — leaving the younger and more
thrifty — there is no difficulty whatever
in making them live. The past spring
I had occasion to move some plants of
the high-bush huckleberry that were set
out eighteen years ago. They were dug
up, and with saw and hand-axe the
stools were divided up and replanted,
and all have lived and are now growing
finely and even bearing fruit. I have
dug up wild plants for my own use and
for several of my correspondents and
friends almost every season for the past
twenty years or longer, and have not
as yet discovered that the huckleberries
of any of the species are at all difficult
to make grow or thrive under cultiva-
tion. They may all be propagated by
layers or seed ; but the latter is a slow
process, as the plants make little pro-
gress for the first few years, and we may

save a decade or two by taking up the
wild plants.

As there are several distinct natural
varieties of the high-bush species, as
well as of other species, it is well to
mark the plants to be taken up when
in leaf or fruit. The genuine or true
Vaccinium corymboaum bears quite
large, round berries, covered with a
blue bloom ; but there is a variety with
oval fruit, jet black, without bloom,
and another with globular berries also-
destitute of bloom. Of the dwarf, early
blueberry ( V. Pennsylvaidcum), com-
mon to high, dry and rather sterile
soils, there are also several distinct
natural varieties, one of which is an
albino, the fruit being pure white and
fully as transparent as the white grape
currant.

In cultivating any of the huckle-
berries on sandy soils it is advantageous
to keep them well mulched, thereby in-
suring an abundance of moisture at the
roots, as well as preventing any baking
and overheating of the surface soil.
Under proper care and in rich soils the
plants will grow far more rapidly and
yield larger crops of fruit than when
left to grow uncared for, as in their
native habitats. — A. S. Fuller, in
American Agriculturist.

HOW TO APPLY PARIS GREEN.

Not long ago I saw on Long Island
what was to me a new way of applying
Paris geeen. A farmer was riding a
two-horse machine through his potato
field, dropping the poison on four rows
at a time and as fast as his team could
walk. This work is usually performed
by hand at great disadvantage. The
poison is mixed with water and applied
to a single row, of course — slow and
heavy work. The poison is no doubt
as effective when diluted with water as
when mixed with dry powder. But
the latter is most covenient, and I pre-
for cheap flour to plaster because it is

232

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

lighter. Each hill needs but a small
quantity, and, of course, the mixing
should be thoroughly done. In default
of the horse machine the quickest
method T know of is this : Get coarse
cloth that will allow the mixture to sift
through easily and make some bags of
convenient size. Have a deposit of the
mixture at each end of the rows and in
the middle if they are long. Take a bag
in each hand and shake it over the rows
as fast as you can conveniently walk and
the work will be done in half the usual
time. — Philadelphia Weekly Press.

A NEW ENEMY TO THE APPLE
TREE.

We have received several specimens
of a minute beetle from U. L, Mowrey,
Providence Co., R. I., which he found
boring into and through branches of his
apple trees, It appears to be a hitherto
unknown enemy of the apple, at least,
we find no mention of its habits or food
in entomological works. Its scientific
name is Xylehorus obesus, and it was
first described by the late Dr. John L,
LeConte, in the *' Transactions of the
American Entomological Society," for
1868. Dr. Le Conte reported that this
species had been found in Virginia,
Massachusetts and Canada. The beetles
are about one-eighth of an inch long,
and rather stout, cylindrical, blackish-
brown, aud clothed with long, soft,
erect, pale colored hairs. Its antennae
are of a reddish brown, and the head,
convex, coarsely, but not densely punc-
tured. It is closely allied to the Pear
Scolytus {Scolytus pyri of Peck), des-
cribed in Harris' " Insects Injurious to
Vegetation," but diflfers from it by its
stouter form, and by the absence of the
small, acute tubercles on the sloping tip
of the elytra or wing- covers. This in-
sect is likely to become a dangerous
enemy of the apple and nearly related
trees, and it would be well for
orchardists throughout the country to

be on the lookout for this pest, and all
infested branches and twigs should be
carefully cut off and burned, in order
to destroy both larvae and the mature
insects. — American Agriculturist.

A DOZEN LILIES.

For a dozen good hardy varieties
and species I would name the follow-
ing, but will add that there are others
equally desirable : —

Lilium auratum (Gold-striped or
banded. — Flowers are very large, some-
times twelve inches broad ; petals spot-
ted with chocolate purple, and a broad
gold-colored stripe down the centre of
each petal. There are several varieties
with a red stripe in place of the gold or
yellow.

L. lanci/olium album. — Pure white,
not so large as the former, but showy.

L. lancijolium roseum. — Form and
size of the last, but of a pale rose color
spotted with purple.

L. longi/eorum. — Flowers trumpet-
shaped, six to eight inches long, pure
white and very fragrant. Variety
Harrisi has recently become very popu-
lar for forcing in winter.

L. browni. — A variety of species in-
termediate between longijeorum and
auratum, with somewhat trumpet-
shaped flowers, white within and choc-
olate color without.

L. chalcedonicum. — Brilliant scarlet.
The petals are so much reflexed that the
flowers appear like a round scarlet
ball.

L. Leichtlinii. — A beautiful Japan-
ese lily, growing two or three feet high,
with long slender alternate leaves. The
flowers are of a bright golden yellow,
spotted with small oblong blotches of
maroon brown.

L. candidum. — The common white
lilv of the gardens : and, although one
of the oldest in cultivation, it is worthy
of a place in every collection.

THE CANADIAN HOBTI0ULTDRI8T.

233

L. tigrinum Jl. pi. — Very similar to
the common tiger lily, but the flowers
are double and more enduring than the
single form.

L. superhum. — The common wild lily
of our Northern States, but deserves a
place in every garden on account of its
stately growth and showy flowers.

L. Philadelphicum. — Another native
species, seldom cultivated in this country,
but highly valued abroad Flowers bell-
shaped and of a reddish orange. A low
growing species, seldom more than two
feet high.

L. nigrum. — A black lily of Kamt-
schatka. This is no doubt closely allied
to our Superb lily, but the flowers are
of a very dark purple color. — A. S.
Fuller, in Orchard and Garden.

THE FLORIST'S TULIP.
The tulip is perhaps one of the most
precious of flowers in the estimation of
the florist, because of the extraordinary
transformations through which it passes,
as well as on account of its possession of
other qualities of a not less fascinating
character. One singular peculiarity of
the Tulip is the extraordinary change
which takes place when the seedling
breeder " breaks," or, in other words,
assumes its proper and permanent char-
acter. That a flower which, on its first
blooming, from the seed, and probably
for a series of years afterward, should
(to take the case of a fine Bybloemen)
present but one dull slate color with a
circle of white at the base ; that this
flower, so unattractive in its appearance,
should all at once, without any apparent
cause, completely alter its nature ; that
the dull slate color should disappear
entirely, giving place to a delicate
feathering of rich pui-ple or violet, while
the pure white, which was confined to
a narrow circle at the base, should spread
all over and become the ground color of
the petal ; and that the latter and true
character should be maintained during

the whole of the after existence of the
plant, is surely so remarkable a fact in
vegetable physiology as to deserve at the
hands of the scientific and practical
botanist the closest investigation.

Many persons, though well acquaint-
ed with flowers, are unaware of the
changes through which the seedling
Tulip passes. It is four or five years
before it flowers, then it takes on the
self-colored or breeder form ; but in the
breeder state it is easy to class it with
the Bizarres, Roses or Byblcemens, ac-
cording as it may belong to either of
these three divisions. Then, at the ex-
piration of sometin\es one or two years
up to six or seven yeai*s, it breaks into
its true character, and becomes what is
termed "rectified." "Why the Tulip
should be an exception to the universal
law observed in seedling flowers, and
have an almost exceptionally inter-
mediate state, passeth knowledge. The
practical florist asks of the botanist the
why and wherefore of this, and no reply
is forthcoming.

It is said that in the whole range
and history of plants there is no ana-
logy to this phenomenon. — Vick't Magoc-
zine.

RELATION OF STOCK TO SCION.

My attention to this matter of what
may be called "graft crossing," was
awakened a great many years ago, when
I was a boy, about the year 1 838. I
was then extremely fond of the Sops-of-
Wine Apple, known also as Bell's Early.
My grandfather had a large orchard,
but no Sops-of- Wines, and at my urgent
request he grafted scions of that variety
into branches on half a dozen trees for
my benefit. I watched these scions
anxiously for fruit, and in three or four
years they all bore. But I was greatly
disappointed to find that this fruit,
though externally appearing to be Sops-
of-Wine, was hard, green-fleshed, and
miserable to eat. There was but one

234

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

exception, and that was upon a Pound
Sweet tree the others being upon Rus-
sets. This Pound Sweet graft bore very
large, handsome and excellent Sops-of-
Wines, but the rest were worthless.

Some thirteen years ago, I was speak-
ing of this to the late Albert Noyes, of
Bangor, Maine, who said he had had
many similar experiences, especially in
getting extra sized fruit for exhibition
by grafting upon Alexander, all varie-
ties seeming to grow larger and hand-
somer when so worked. But this size
was got at the expense of quality.

A more curious matter still is, that
by grafting " in and in " upon the same
tree the change produced can be much
intensified. By ''in and in " grafting,
I mean grafting a scion upon the limb
of a tree, then next year taking a scion
from the graft and grafting it into the
same tree ; next year take a scion from
the second graft and insert it in the
same tree. This may be repeated
again and again, the result being that
you will have all grades between the
original fruit of the graft and the origi-
nal fruit of the stock. To be quite
successful there must be difference
enough between the stock and first scion
to start a change. But by " in-and-in "
grafting the effect is often so marked
from one year's graft to the next, and
so on, as to make a positive demonstra-
tion of the actuality of this which I call
" graft crossing."

R. Dibble, of Brantford, Conn., was
the man who, in June, 1873, first called
my attention to this method of inten-
sification of the graft cross by grafting
in and in. He wrote : " About forty
years ago, my father had a large and
thrifty apple tree that bore exceedingly
sour fruit. I helped him graft a part
of it from a very sweet apple standing
near. The second year we grafted
another part from the scions set the
previous year. The third year we
grafted the rest of the tree from the

second setting. These grafts produced
three different kinds of fruit, all differ-
ing from each of the original stocks.
The first strongly resembled the sweet
apple, but were only moderately sweet.
The second were slightly striped, like
the sour apple, and neither sweet nor
sour, while the third were clearly
striped, and a moderately sour apple."
Mr. Dibble, adds, " No man can graft
a Rhode Island Greening on a sweet
apple stock and another from the same
on a sour stock, and have the same
fruit in appearence and taste as the
original from each tree. To say the
least, I have never been able to do it.
I have a number of them, but no two
are alike." — T. H. Hoskins, in Vicks's
Magazine.

THE EEIE BLACKBERRY.

In the multiplication of varieties, the
blackberry has not kept pace with the
raspberry and strawberry ; yet the last
five or six years have witnessed the
addition of some very valuable new
sorts to a list which was, and is still, by
no means very large. Among these
kinds two deserve special mention : the
Early Harvest, particularly for its ex-
treme earliness, which gives it sole con-
trol of the markets far in advance of
all other sorts, and Wilson Junior for
its size and productiveness. Inter-
mediate between these two, in regard
to its season of ripening, stands the
" Erie," named thus by Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder in consideration of its place
of origination, which is near Lake Erie,
in northern Ohio.

We have good reason to believe that
the Erie is the "coming blackberry,"
and will give to the fruit grower what
has been looked for so long in vain— a
variety with the iron-clad cane of the
Snyder and the large fruit of the Law-
ton or Kittatinny. At Monmouth it
has passed the last two winters without
protection entirely unharmed, while all

THE CANADIAN HOETK3ULTURI8T.

235

other varieties, with the exception ot
Taylor's Prolific and Snyder, were more
or less injured. In northern Ohio it
has stood the test of 25 degrees below
zero, coming out sound and full of life
force to the very tip.

In vigour of growth the canes excel
even the Snyder and Kittatinny. In
size it equals the Lawton. The colour
of its fruit is jet black and the quality
excellent. But a very peculiar and
valuable feature of the berry is its round
form, which makes it seem still larger
than it really is, and lends to a dish of
the fruit a most attractive and appetiz-
ing appearance. There is little doubt
that it must become a favourite in the
markets.

The Erie has not yet been introduced
to the general public, but will probably
be ofl'ered for sale the coming fall. —
Orchard and Garden.

A NEW MOLE-TRAP.

Whoever has a garden surrounded
as mine, by old sod pastures, wherein
the unfortunate proprietor has attempted
for many a year to grow the bulbous
plants over which the heart yearns with
exceeding great desire — as dear to the
heart as pleasant to the eye — will under-
stand the feelings with which I saw,
year after year, my first tulips, hya-
cinths and crocuses destroyed ruthlessly'
by moles.

Only by planting in deep, bottomless
boxes or crockery were they at all safe.
But these, after a time, would rot and
crack with continued rains and freez-
ing, and again was I left without pro-
tection.

Not only did my bulbs suffer, but my
finest roses and lilies were ploughed
under and rendered sick and useless,
sometimes before I could discover the
invasion. My newly-planted sweet
corn, when just above the ground, would
be left to stand green enough for a day
or two, but grainless underneath, until

soul and spirit were vexed and wroth
over continuous planting. I bought a
large, old-fashioned, wooden mole-trap
of a farmer, home-made and clumsy,
which did me no service, since I could
not get the thing to work properly, and
in the meantime the work of destruc-
tion still went on. I used to sit out
hours sometimes, under an umbrella,
watching for those blind rascals at work,
and when I caught one his brains paid
the penalty. I had tried field corn
soaked in poison and put in the drain,
but it was untouched. Then I wrote
to a dealer, making arrangements for
one of his famous mole-traps, when, lo,
in desperation in the meantime, I again
placed grains of corn soaked in a strong
solution of arsenic in the runways, and
succeeded. It seems that the mole has
a sweet tooth in his head and prefers
sweet corn to the more common field
grains I had at first used.

I submit the preceding for the benefit
of any who may, like myself, have a
common cause of complaint. It has
proved, since I first tried it, again and
again successful in destroying them.
The corn should be soaked over night
in the poison, then placed in the run-
ways.— H. K., in Vick^s Magazine.

CURRANTS FOR HEALTH.
I shall not lay stress on the old, well-
known uses to which this fruit is put,
but I do think its value is but half ap-
preciated. People rush around in July
in search of health ; let me recommend
the currant cure. If any one is languid,
depressed in spirits, inclined to head-
aches, and generally " out of sorts," let
him finish his breakfast daily for a
month with a dish of freshly-picked cur-
rants. He will soon almost doubt his
own identity, and may even think that
he is becoming a good man. He will
be more gallant to his wife, kinder to
his children, friendlier to his neighbors,
and more open-handed to every good

236

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

cause. "Work will soon seem play, and
play fun. In brief, the truth of the
ancient pun will be verified, that '' the
power to live a good life depends largely
upon the liver." Out upon the nonsense
of taking medicine and nostrums during
the currant season ! Let it be taught
at the theological seminaries that the
currant is " a means of grace." It is a
corrective, and that is what average hu-
manity most needs. — E. P. Koe, in
Harper's Magazine.

WHAT ARE LENTILS?
The stores and markets of large cities
offer a number of articles of food to
meet the wants of their European cus-
tomers, which are hardly known to,
much less eaten by Americans in gen-
eral. Among these articles is the Len-
til, concerning which we have occasional
inquiries. Lentils are the seeds of a
plant of the Pea Family, the native
country of which is not known with
certainty. It was probably one of the
first plants brought under cultivation,
and is not now known in a truly wild
state. The plant is mentioned in the
books under the botanical names of
Ervum Lens, and Lens esculenta, the
latter being the name adopted by the
best authorities. The plant is a slender
annual, seldom over a foot and a half
high ; it has compound leaves, which
are terminated by a tendril. The small,
blue flowers grow two or three together
at the end of a long stalk, and are
succeeded by pods, containing from one
to three seeds. The seeds are circular,
with two convex surfaces ; the optical
glass having this form is called a len^^
from the ancient Latin name for the
Lentil. In color, the seeds usually are
gray or drab, but this sometimes varies
to brown, and there is a black variety.
Lentils are raised in all warm countries,
where they form an important article
of food. In cultivation, a poor soil is
preferred, as upon rich lands but few

seeds and a heavy crop of foliage are
produced. The various works upon
foods rank Lentils among the most
highly nutritious alimentary substances.
Many years ago, there was introduced
a food for invalids, with the high-sound-
ing name of " Revalenta Arabica." It
was found to be Lentil Meal, flavored
with cocoa and other substances, and
for a time was exceedingly popular.
The common method of preparing them
for food is to cook the seeds in soup or
broth, until soft. In India, lentils are
often added to rice, making a most
nutritious diet. The lentils offered in
our stores are imported, but there is no
difficulty in raising them here, should
there be a sufficient demand to warrant
it. — Dr. George TnuRBERm American
Agricultv/rist.

SOME OF THE NEWER PELAR-
GONIUMS.

Easily grown, beautiful and fragrant,
it is no wonder that pelargoniums are
favorites with the majority of flower
lovers.

Annie Atkins is one of the most
prominent of the newer varieties ; it is
very robust in habit, with fine, healthy,
branching foliage, flower and trusses
are very large, pearly-white tinged with
pink. A desirable variety, for in-door
culture especially.

Evangeline is another fine white
variety, especially desirable for bedding;
it is rather dwarfish in habit ; the
flowers are very large and pure white.

Harriet Thorpe is one of the best of
modern introductions ; its color and
shading are so delicate that it seems
almost so much out of place among its
stronger-looking mates as would a La
France rose among a lot of hollyhocks.
Yet the variety is by no means tender.
In color it is of the most delicate blush
shaded with whitish pink ; the edges of
each are lined with a narrow edge of
deep pink ; the trusses are large and

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

237

well shaped. It is sti-ongly branched
and very comjmct in growth. The
foliage is very fine and healthy.

Progression must not be omitted from
the list of the fine varieties, for it is as
near an approach to a yellow pelargonium
as has yet been introduced. It is of a
soft chrome-yellow shade, flower and
trusses of good size and shape.

Excelsior is a noble variety, and one
which we can highly recoramencK It
bears remarkably large flowers of pure
scarlet, almost perfect in form ; the
habit of the flower is branching and
compact.

The varieties named, while by no
means all of the newer kinds, may at
least be considered equal to any, and
will repay trial. They are all double
and of fine, healthy foliage. We can
strongly commend them to our readers,
and trust that many window gardens
this winter will contain at least some
of the kinds we have named, — Ameri-
can Garden.

SQUANTUM SUGAR CORN.
I should like to speak a good word for
the Squantum Sugar Corn. Among the
many novelties thatare continually being
introduced so many are worthless that
often a good thing is catalogued for sev-
eral years perhaps before its merits are
generally known to the public. How
much of a novelty the Squantum Corn
is I cannot say, but it is not planted to
any great extent in this section that I
know of, and I notice that it is not gen-
erally catalogued by seedsmen, or, if it
is, it does not appear under this name.
I have planted this corn now for several
years, and no other is acceptable on my
table while it is in l)earing. If it has
any faults I have never discovered them.
It is what I suppose would be called a
second early, coming in after the Early
Minnesota. The ears are about the same
in size as tlie latter — perhaps a trifle
larger — well filled with eight to twelve

straight rows of pearly- white grains. It
is exceedingly productive, bearing three
and often four ears, on a stalk, and re-
markably sweet; in fact, the flavor is
wherein it principally excels. Whatmore
a person wants I cannot see, and I know
of nothing more delicious than a dish of
this corn fresh from the garden. Some
may prefer the larger ears of the Ever-
green, Egyptian and Mammoth, but
they are more fond of distending their
jaws than I am. As long as corn is
sold by the hundred, however, I suppose
the larger eared, late varieties will gain
the preference in the market, although,
for my part, if I had to buy my corn, I
would rather have the smaller ears of
the Squantum, even at the same price
per hundred. I have sent some of this
corn to the grocers on several occasions
each season, and it is the same old story
every time — the customer sends back
word that he wants some more of that
kind of corn, and one even went so far
as to say that he would have no other.
It seems to me that if our farmers
would pay more attention to quality
sometimes and less to quantity it would
pay them, at least in certain markets. —
Wm. Hewitt, in Rural New-Yorker.

THE SPRINGFIELD BLACKCAP.

This new black raspberry is as yet
but little known outside of Springfield,
Mass. , where it originated. The old bush
was found, neglected, on J. W. Adams'
place some years ago, and was rooted
up and given away as of but little value.
The variety was propagated, however,
and later attention was called to it so
strongly that others secured plants and
have since propagated it as fast as poa-
sible. It is thornless, and by some has
been considered identical with the old
Davidson Thornless, but the character-
istics of the variety belie this opinion.
It is an exceedingly vigorous grower,
hardy, a prolific bearer, and, being
practically thornless, is easily picked

238

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

clean. The fruit is of good quality, but
its great point is its early ripening.
The Springfield Blackcap was ripe, on
the farm of W. L. Chandler, on June
21, and three days later was in the
market. Coming just at the close of
the strawberry season, the fruit com-
mands good prices and a quick sale,
while ten days or two weeks later the red
raspberries come in, and the market for
blacks decrease. The Springfield is
being quite largely grown by the few
nurserymen who have been able to
secure it, and promises to be a decided
acquisition. — Farm and Home.

THE CLEMATIS IN FRUIT.
Several species of Clematis, after
being ornamental in flower, again be-
come so in fruit. After the flower
falls, it is succeeded by a cluster of
what ,are commonly called seeds, but
they are little seed vessels, each con-
taining a single seed. Each seed vessel
is terminated by a sort of tail, an inch
or more long, which, in some species,
is plumed with long, whitish hairs, as
seen in the Travelers' Joy (Clematis
vitalba), of England. Our native Tra-
velers' Joy (C. Virginiana) excels this
both in the size of its clusters of flowers
and fruit, and in that of the individual
fruits, as well as in their plnmed char-
acter. This native species is very abun-
dant, and climbs quite high. In sum-
mer, its clusters of white flowers are
hung upon the shrubs of thickets, and
are suspended from the branches of
trees. In autumn, the flowers are re-
placed by clusters of fruits, which are
so downy as to be even more conspicu-
ous than they. When in fruit, this
Clematis is often called " Old Man's
Beard." The heavy-smelling Clematis
(C. graveolens ), from Thibet, is a ram-
pant grower, and its solitary flowers,
of a greenish-yellow color, are not at all
showy. The ornamental character of
this plant commences after the flowers

have disappeared. We have a vine of
this which covers the, end of a shed ;
during the past autumn it has borne
such an abundance of large, plumed
fruit-clusters, as to quite hide, not only
the shed, but the foliage of the vine.
This species is well worth growing for
its beauty in autumn. We have, at
times, advocated the planting of shrubs
that have bright berries, for the sake
of their autumnal effect ; we may add
to the shrubs several of the showy-
fruited species of Clematis. — Dr. Geo.
Thurber, in ATnerican Agriculturist.

EARHART EVERBEARING RASP-
BERRY.

The so-called everbearing raspberries
have so uniformly proved shy bearers,
and some neverbearers, that people have
almost come to the conclusion that such
a thing as an everbearing berry does
not exist. Nor do we think that the
Earhart is truly an everbearer; but
that it produces one very full crop, and
at least two others of almost equal
abundance, there is no reasonable doubt.

Its first crop, which is claimed to be
as abundant as that of any berry grown,
is on the old wood, or that grown the
previous year. It ripens about one
week earlier than Mammoth Cluster, is
of good size and of a bright shiny black
— very handsome. Its later fruit is
borne on wood of the current season's
growth, and it really ripens two good
after crops — one in August and the
other in September, although it has
more or less ripe fruit at all times after
the middle of August. The leaves are
extremely wrinkled or corrugated, and
of such distinct shades of green as to be
very ornamental.

This berry is an accidental seedling, ^
found growing wild about 16 years ago 1
by Mr. Earhart, in an open grove on
his farm in the eastern part of Mason
County, 111. When found, in August J
or September, it was full of ripe berries. *

THE CANADIAN HOETIOULTURI8T.

239

Mr. E. broke off the canes and carried
them to the house ; but when subse-
quent search was made for the vine, it
could not be found, and for two years
it was forgotten. When it was again
found in the Fall, loaded with fruit, it
was transplanted the succeeding Spring
to the garden, where, it is claimed, the
original bush is still growing. — Rural
New- Yorker.

STRIPED BUGS.
We have never known this pest so
troublesome on squashes and other vines
as they have been this season, and we have
never before exterminated them with so
little difficulty. We inspected our vines
one morning and found them literally
covered with bugs. On our approach
they arose in swarms. We at once
applied Paris green in solution, very
weak ; the next morning the only evi-
dence of bugs was the dead that lay
thickly around, and not a live one have
we seen since. — Ladies^ Floral Cabinet.

[We are surprised that our con-
temporary should speak of Paris green
in solution ; in our experience it is not
dissolved. Then very weak is exceed-
ingly indefinite, conveying but a dim
idea of the proportion of Paris green
used, say, in a gallon of water. To be
of value to others we need to to have cor-
rect and definite statements.]

MYOSOTIDIUM NOBILE.
This striking herbaceous plant, intro-
duced from the Chatham Islands, New
Zealand, about thirty years ago, is
worthy of extended cultivation. Several
strong plants of it were shown by E. G.
Loder, Esq., Floore, Weedon, at the
meeting of the Royal Horticultural So-
ciety this year, creating much interest.
To many persons it appeared to be quite
a new plant, although so long intro-
duced. The flowers are of a light blue
color, with a broad margin of white,

and show a tendency common to most
members of the order, namely, to ex-
pand with a purplish tinge, and then
gradually fade to blue, pink or white, as
the case may be. The purple tint in
this instance is confined to the five spots
at the base, and alternating with the
five lobes of the corolla. The great
petioles are of much consistency and
substance, the upper surface of the huge
cordate glabrous leaves is light green,
and the under surface is coated with a
softish pubescence — characters found in
some species of myosotis. — Gardeners^
Chronicle.

MILDEW.

We hear many complaints of mildew
this season, and as we think we have
an infallible remedy, will give it as it
may be beneficial to others. It is an
old idea improved upon, or at least we
think so, as we have had better success
when the last ingredient has been
added.

Take one pound sulphur, one pound
slacked lime, three fourths of an ounce
of carbolic acid, in two gallons of water
and boil down to one gallon. Cork
well, and set away for use. Use a 2J-
inch pot full of the mixture to five gal-
lons of water, and spray foliage well.
Keep the ventilators down two or three
hours after applications, as the fumes
will be retained better . We use this
preparation twice a week, not only as
cure but as a preventive. — H. M.
Wheeler, in American Florist.

PRUNUS TRIBOLA.
This beautiful shrub cannot be planted
too freely. It is quite hardy, a vigorous
grower, and blooms abundantly. It is
one of the earliest shrubs to flower, and
brings spring to us in her freshest gar-
ments. The flowers closely resemble
those of the Flowering Almond. With
a Spruce or Arbor Vitte or some other
evergreen for a background, it appears

240

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

to the best advantage, but it is a good
shrub in almost any position, and either
grouped with others or standing alone.
It is an erect, handsome grower. —
Vick^s Magazine for September.

BOOKS, &c., RECEIVED.

Transactions and reports of the Fruit
Growers' and International Show So-
ciety of Nova Scotia. Our brethren in
Nova Scotia are earnest workers and
intelligent students of economic pom-
ology, as this very interesting report
fully testifies. The paper on the ra-
tionale of manuring and pruning an
apple orchard, by Henry Youle Hind,
M.A., is one of the most suggestive
articles that has appeared in a long
time, and deserves the careful con-
sideration of every orchardist. Mr.
Kimball thinks that plum growing in
Nova Scotia is more remunerative than
orange growing in Florida.

Adelaide Jubilee, International Ex-
hibition, South Australia, 1887, giving
the classification, system of awards,
regulations for exhibitors, &c. This
exhibition is held in commemoration of
the Semi-centennial of South Australia's
colonial existence.

Report on Agricultural Colleges and
Experimental Farm Stations, with sug-
gestions relating to experimental agri-
culture in Canada, by Prof. William
Saunders, F.R.S.C. A most exhaustive
report of some eighty pages, containing
a brief account of the agricultural col-
leges and experimental stations of the
United States, of agricultural education
and experimental work in Canada, of
agricultural colleges, experimental sta-
tions and schools of horticulture and
forestry in England, France, Germany,
Belgium and other countries. It is to
be hoped that the suggestions made by
Prof. Saunders will receive the atten-
tion which their importance demands,
and not be allowed to lie unheeded.

Fertilizers ; where the materials come
from, where to get them in the cheapest
form, and how to compound them, by
J. J. H. Gregory, A.M. This is one
of the best essays on the subject of
manure that has appeared for some time.
It treats of potash, wood ashes, coal
ashes, bones, superphosphate, &c. , mak-
ing our own fertilizers, where to obtain
fertilizing material at lowest cost, &c.,
&c. Every farmer and horticulturist
would be greatly benefited by a care-
ful study of this pamplet of some 115
pages. We presume that copies can be
had by addressing Mr. Gregory at
Marblehead, Massachusetts, U. S. A.
We do not know the price.

The Library Magazine, monthly part,
September, 1886, published by John
B. Alden, :593 Pearl street, New York,
is filled with selections from reviews'
and magazines of the ablest papers on
topics of interest.

Report of the Montreal Horticultural
Society and Fruit Growers' Association
of the Province of Quebec, E. J. Max-
well, Secretary. The paper on Hardy
Fruits in Wurtemburg, by Chas. Gibb,
Abbotsford, P.Q., and the Resume of
Out-Door of Grape Culture in the
Province of Quebec, by Wm. Mead
Pattison, Clarenceville, P.Q., are ex-
ceedingly interesting. The paper by
Mr. Auguste Dufruis, of L'Islet, on
Plum Culture, together with that by
Chas. Gibb on Plums for Cold Climates,
give information of much value to resi-
dents in the colder parts of Ontario.

Report of the Entomologist, James
Fletcher, F.R.S.C, 1885, is full of
valuable instruction with regard to our
noxious insects. But a broad-bladed
knife is too tedious an instrument
wherewith to combat the onion maggot
where they are grown by the acre, and
we trust that Mr. Fletcher will yet be
able to discover some more expeditious
method of combating this foe.

PRINTKD AT THK STEAM PRESS RSTABLISHMF.NT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

Ua.rge 2^s CUTHBERT 2k\]^ rrioreproauctive,
[Rivals in qu^.lityBRINCKLE'S0KANGEi\qaofiroq-cla3
l7a.r3ir]e5S,ofgre2de5i bed^uty 2^q'3 siroj^gestgrowtl^

mmm

ARMSTRONG ScCO.LirM.BOSTON.

THE

Itttflft

VOL. IX.]

NOVEMBER, 1886.

[No. 11.

^£tD JfmttB.

THE GOLDEN QUEEN.

We are so often deceived in estimat-
ing the value of new fruits that we
hesitate to say much about them until
we have tested them well on our own
grounds, or else have seen them grown
on those of our neighbors.

The Marlboro', for instance, which
was so highly puffed some time ago, is
now set down by many as not bearing
out its good reputation, especially after
the first two or three seasons ; and a
similiar tale might be told of many
other new varieties.

But all the evidence, thus far, seems
to indicate that the Golden Queen rasp-
berry is to be a very strong claimant
for popular favour. Already some
notices of it have appeared in this
journal, so that many of our readers
are already partially familiar with its
claims upon their notice.

The Golden Queen originated on the
farm of Mr. E. Stokes, of Camden, N. J.
He found it growing in a twelve-acre
block of Cuthberts, and thinks it either
a sport or a seedling of that variety.
It resembles the Cuthbert in so many
ways, that its relationship seems well
attested. It is like the latter in size of

berry, in vigor of canes, and in produc-
tiveness ; but differs in color, being a
beautiful yellow. Mr. Stokes says that
in color and flavour it resembles the
famous Brinckles Orange.

This latter been for a long time at
the head of the list of light colored
raspberries, being everything that
could be desired in point of flavour ; but
in these days, when raspberries sell at
such low prices, this variety does not
produce enough quarts to the acre to
satisfy us.

The Catharine is the best bearer yet
tested of this class, and it was this
season laden down on our grounds with
the most attractive looking fruit. But
alas ! one berry was enough to satisfy
even the children. It lacks altogether
in point of flavour, being most insipid.
Besides this it has another fault, for it
is too soft to ship any distance.

In this latter respect also the Golden
Queen is claimed to be quite equal to
its parent the Cuthbert, which is such
an admirable shipping berry. Mr,
Theo. F. Baker, President of the N. J.
Horticultural Society says : — " The
fruit is very firm and carries well, from
my experience with a pint which I
kept three days, after carrying over
seventy-five miles, in good condition."

242

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

It is also claimed for this variety
that it carries the palm for hardiness
also. Mr. J. T. Lovett of Little Silver.
N. Y. who is introducing this berry
says : " I have never known it to be
injured in the slightest by cold." Now
with us in Canada every thing hinges
upon this last point, and we are not
willing to take the experience of New
Jersey fruit growers as a guide to us
in this respect. It is claimed to be
hardier than the Cuthbert, and it will
need to be, to satisfy us, for the Cuth-
bert is found to be too tender in many
places.

To be able to speak confidently we
must test it for ourselves, and we hope
many of our readers will give it a trial,
and report whether it really has any
faults; for so far it has been claimed to
be faultless.

The Annual Meeting of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario was
held at St. Lawrence Hall, Toronto, on
Tuesday evening, 11th September.
President Saunders read his annual
address, which was received with the
closest attention by all present. It
was a matter of deep regret to every
one that it should contain a final state-
ment that it would be impossible for
him to serve another year owing to the
pressure of other engagements.

Still we are happy in being able to
say that he has allowed himself to be
elected as a director, representing Agri-
cultural Division No. 1 1 ; and the As-
sociation will therefore still continue
to receive the benefit of his wise counsel
and varied stores of scientific know-
ledge.

The President for the new year is
Mr. Alex. McD. Allan, of Goderich,
Ont., a gentleman who has been long
and favorably known in connection
with our Association, and who has
honorably filled the position of vice-
president during the past year.

Mr. Wm. Saunders says of him : —
" He has an excellent knowledge of
Canadian fruits, and has been one of
the most extensive shippers of Cana-
dian apples and plums for many years
past. He has long been looked upon
in our meetings for discussion as one of
our most reliable authorities on fruits.
He has served as chairman of the Com-
mittee on New Fruits for several years,
and as such has presented the Associa-
tion with several excellent reports,"

The Vice-President is Mr. W. E.
Wellington, of Toronto, who has been
been for some years a prominent mem-
ber of the Association. His intimate
acquaintance with the details of his
own business is of much service at our
meetings; and his eminent success
proves that he is possessed of the very
highest qualifications for his position
as a member of the Executive Com-
mittee.

The Board of Directors for the
new year consists of the following
persons, the figures showing which agri-
cultural division they represent : — 1,
John Croil, Aultsville; 2, A. A.
"Wright, Renfrew; 3, R. J. Dunlop,
Kingston ; 4, P. C. Dempsey, Trenton ;
5, Thos. Beall, Lindsay; 6, Col. J.
Magill, Oshawa ; 7, Murray Pettit,
Winona ; 8, A. M. Smith, St. Catha-
rines ; 9, Fred. Mitchell, Innerkip ;
10, J. A. Morton, Wingham ; 11, Wm.
Saunders, London; 12, W. W. Hil-
born, Arkona ; 1 3, Charles Hickling,
Barrie.

These gentlemen, being elected by
vote of the Association and not by any
ring or clique, it is evident that any

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

243

man from any of these divisions, who
is interested in the gi-owth of fruits or
flowers, and shows that he has practical
knowledge of the same, has before him
the possibility of ofiice in the Associa-
tion, and of influence in the conduct of
its meetings.

/'The Secretary appreciates the
honor and confidence reposed in him in
his a[)pointment to such an important
and responsible a post as that which
includes, not only the secretary- trea-
surership of the Association, but also
the editorship of the Canadian Horti-
culturist. _^ — — ' '

This latter department of the work
he takes up with some hesitation, be-
cause he has to succeed a gentleman of
such acknowledged ability and wide
culture, and one who has so ably con-
ducted this journal during the nine
years of its publication.

We have no doubt that we express
the feelings of every reader of this
magazine, when we say that Dr. D, W.
Beadle's retirement from the editor-
ship is a matter of the greatest regret
and disappointment. We are happy
to say, however, that he has most
kindly promised us the favor of his
valuable assistance at any time, an
ofier of which we shall not be slow to
avail ourselves.

Members of the F. G. Association,
and readers generally, please show us
your favor both by contributing items
of interest, and by securing long lists
of new subscribers. Enlargements and
many improvements depend upon a
large circulation. This magazine is not
published in the interest, or for the
pecuniary advantage, of any individual.
The revenue above the legitimate ex-
penses is devoted to the interests of
the whole membership. We only
await the necessary means in order to
carry out the many plans in contem-
plation for increasing the attractiveness,

as well as the usefulness, of " The
Canadian Horticulturist."

PRIZE FRUIT.

The Prize Fruit at the Toronto
Fair certainly made a fine display in
every department, excepting that of
peaches, in which it was necessarily a
lamentable failure. Even the favoured
Niagara district, from which almost
the only specimens came, had very little
to show, and with that little easily car-
ried off* the prizes.

Some very fine specimens of the Lord
Palmerston peach was shown from To-
ronto, but they were grown under glass
at Sir D. McPhei-son's, North Toronto.
One of them weighed nearly ten ounces,
and the total weight of eight was four
pounds and two ounces. This peach
is mentioned in Meehan's Gardener's
Monthly, December, 1873, as being
then a new seedling raised by Lord
Rivers, which was remarkably well
adapted for house culture. Mention is
there made of one grown in a twelve-
inch pot in a greenhouse in England
that measured twelve and a quarter
inches in circumference.

Tfie show of Grapes was capital, and
it may be interesting to some of our
readers to know to what varieties the
first prizes were awarded by the judges.
For twelve varieties (open air) the fol-
lowing is the list, viz. : — Rogers 3, 4, 1 9,
43, 44, Sweet Water, August Giant,
lona, Allen's Hybrid, Prentiss, Dela-
ware and Hartford Prolific. They were
grown by S. Burner, Hamilton. The
same gentleman also took the first prize
on the six varieties with Rogers' 3, 30,
43, 44, Prentiss and Allen's Hybrid.

Mr. A. M. Smith showed some mag-
nificent samples of the famous Niagara,
which attracted much notice.

The displaij of Plums waa very fine,
especially of the Pond's Seedling, an
excellent English plum and one of the

244

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

most showy varieties known. The
prize for the best six varieties, green or
yellow, was taken by the following list,
viz.: — Yellow Egg, Washington, Gen.
eral Hand, Goes' Golden Drop, Imperial
Gage, McLaughlin ; Mr. J. K. Gordon,
Whitby, being the exhibitor. For best
six, red or blue, Mr. Alex. Glass, St.
Catharines, carried off the first prize
with Pond's Seedling, Victoria, Duanes'
Purple, Glass, Columbia and Bradshaw.

The first prize five varieties of
Pears were Sheldon, Beurre Diel, Flem-
ish Beauty, Bartlett and Duchess ; and
the ten varieties included the following
in addition, viz. : — Winter Nelis, Louise,
Beurre Clairgeau, Beurre D'Anjou and
Clapp's Favourite. The prize winner
was Wm. Anderson, of Hamilton.

In Apples the following were the
first prize ten varieties, and they were
exhibited by Mr. S. Peck, of Albury : —
Alexander, Duchess, Wealthy, Bald-
win, Ribston, N. Spy, A. Gold. Kusset,
King, S. Pomme Grise, Ben Davis.

The Fruit Exhibit at Hamilton
Fair was certainly very excellent. The
Hamiltonians claim that it surpassed
that in Toronto. We will draw no
comparisons, only remarking that it
ought to do so, for it has one of the
finest fruit districts in the world quite
near at hand.

In the heautijul display of Grapes
we noticed that Mr. S. Burner took the
first prize for ten varieties, on the same
kinds as he did in Toronto, while that
for the six varieties was taken by Mr.
W. H. Spira, of Stoney Creek, with
(white) Lady Washington and Niagara,
(red) Brighton and Delaware, (black)
Worden and Concord. Some of Mr.
Spira's Niagara's were certainly very
fine. There was one bunch among
them the weight of which was estimated
at one pound.

The first prize six varieties 0/ Plums
were Jefferson, Gen. Hand, Pond's

Seedling, Duanes' Purple, Lombard
and Prince Englebert. For a dessert
plum the Imperial Gage took the first
prize, and for cooking the Fellenburgh
or Italian Prune.

The show of Peaches was, of course,
very small, indeed only eighteen plates
were shown, by three exhibitors. The
first prize for the best collection was
taken by Mr. Gage Miller, of Yirgil.

The show of Pears was most excellent.
Such immense specimens of Bartlett,
Souvenir de Congres and Beurre Clair-
geau are not often seen. Mr. Stipe,
one of the directors, said a large part of
this fruit exhibit would be forwarded to
the Colonial Exhibition in England,
and it certainly will reflect credit upon
Canada.

The South Renfrew Fair, like
others throughout the country this
year, seems to have been an unusual
success. It is interesting to notice
that even as far north as Renfrew, the
Fruit Department was a leading feature.

The display of Apples was larger than
ever, and consisted of such varieties
as Duchess of Oldenburgh, Wealthy,
Magog Red Streak, Tetofsky, Fameuse,
Alexander, Peach, Yellow Transparent
and the Siberian Crabs.

The show of Grapes was, of course,
small, and consisted of Concord, Cham-
pion, Agawam and Brighton. We are
pleased to notice that a good many
prizes were won by our Director for
Division No. 2, Mr. A. A. Wright.

AMONG OUR NEIGHBORS.

We notice in the Ohio Farmer that
the Seventh Annual Meeting of the
American Horticultural Society was
held early in September, in the city of
Cleveland. Mr. Parker Earle, a fa-
mous Illinois fruit grower, is the Pre-
sident, and Mr. W. H. Ragan, of In-
diana, the Secretary.

The small attendance of about forty

p

THE CANADIAN HOBnOULTURIST.

245

was attributed by the President to the
refusal of the railways to grant any
concessions on fares, and also to the
fact that many fruit growers were at
this time attending State and other
fairs.

We give one or two extracts from
the proceedings.

Grape Culture. — A paper was read
from Geo. Husmann, of Napa, Cal.,
■ upon grape culture in that State. He
says the wines of California are now
competing with the best wines of the
world, and its brandies compare with
the best French cogniac, and its raisins
with London layers. He believed grape
growing would be profitable in that
State as long as good grape lands could
be had at ^50 to $100 per acre, and
brought into bearing at $100 more per
acre. It would then produce five tons
per acre, worth $20 a ton, and expense
of cultivation need not exceed $12 to
$20. He believed production would
be doubled in ten years, and the wine
yield this year would reach 20,000,000
gallons.

This paper was followed by remarks
on the condition of grape culture in
various States. Mr. Cushman, of Ohio,
spoke highly of the Concord. F. C.
Miller thought the Worden superior to
Concord of which it was a seedling.
Mr. Hubbard, of New York, com-
mended it, and it was favorably report-
ed upon by eastern growers generally.
He had visited Mr. Worden in Oswego,
N.Y., seen the original vine that had
borne 110 pounds each year for three
years past. All reports said that it
clung to the stem. It was larger,
handsomer and more attractive than
Concord, and ripened a week to ten
days earlier. Purchasers would pro-
nounce it a filst-class Concord. The
grape crop this year was very fine, and
there was no rot.

Mr. Hollister, of Missouri, said the
cro]) was short in that State, the fruit

rotting badly. He condemned the
picking and selling of early grapes, be-
fore ripe. Purchasers would buy one
basket and wanted no more of the sour
things. It injured the business.

Mr. Albaugh, of Montgomery Co.,0.,
stated that Mr. Cramer, of his county,
had sown oats between the rows of
vines and it entirely prevented the rot.
This had been tested several years.
The oats was plowed under when full
grown.

Mr. Miller, of Ohio, used sulphate of
iron, one year, as a disinfectant, when
grapes were rotting badly, and to his
surprise it prevented rot. He used one
to three pounds around each vine, and
applied early in July, or in June.
Others near him had tested it with like
result.

Mr. Kizo Te Mari, of Japan, was
present and was called upon. He re-
presented his government at the New
Orleans exposition, and has ever since
been travelling in this country in the
interests of Japan horticulture. He
spoke English with difficulty, but all
could understand him. He said Japan
was adopting American methods, and
had introduced many American grapes.
They never had any wine in Japan
until the country was opened to the
traffic of the world. The Chinese grew
grapes and made wine, but Japan did
not. Now she was pushing aliead in
this as well as other things. They
were great vegetable eaters, and he
would read a paper on growing vege-
tables during the meeting. Mr. Kizo
Te Mari was vigorously applauded.

President Earle's Address. — In
the evening Mayor Gardner welcomed
the society to Cleveland, in a brief and
approi)riate address, which was re-
sponded to by President Earle in a
graceful manner. He then followed
with his annual address, which was an
able and comprehensive review of the
rise and progress of horticulture in this

246

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

country and its present condition. He
traced the marvellous growth of horti-
culture in Ohio, from the days of
Johnny Appleseed down to the present,
and paid a high tribute to that ro-
mantic pioneer of fruit culture. The
nursery-men of Ohio should erect a
monument to his memory. "It was
not many years ago," he said, *' when
all the peaches used in that wonderful
fruit market of Chicago were grown in
one orchard. Now the orchards of
many States are required to furnish
the hundieds of carloads that daily
pour into Chicago." President Earle
suggested the need of a pomological
bureau under governmental charge and
of experimental stations. Central Rus-
sia has been building up a race of fruit
almost under the arctic circle that has
for hundreds of years withstood the
hard winters and arid summers. An
investigation of these fruits with a view
to their introduction in the interior of
the United States should be made.
The complaint of over-production in
fruit growing is not so much due to
over-production as imperfect distribu-
tion. Apples in New York and Michi-
gan last fall seemed too plentiful, but
many a family out of range of the apple
districts went unsupplied.

He spoke at some length on the rapid
destruction of our forests, and the bad
results that have followed in producing
extremes of climate, of drouth and
flood, frost and heat. Ohio, in 1853,
had 45 per cent, of her surface covered
with timber; in 1884, but 17 percent.
No wonder the Ohio valley was visited
annually by destructive floods, and that
the climate had changed for the worse.
It seemed that the State was making
rapid strides toward the Agricultural
condition of Arabia, and Ohio stands
for America. " I quail before the inex-
orable penalties which nature has in
store for all States and peoples who
will ruthlessly destroy so glorious a

heritage of forest as the American
people once possessed. Without forests
no successful agriculture is possible
and no high civilization can be main-
tained."

The address was spoken of in the
highest terms by several members, and
a committee appointed to take action
in regard to it. It should be given the
widest possible distribution.

Fine Duchess Pears. — At the re-
cent exhibition of fruits in this city,
during the meeting of the American
Horticultural Society, N. Ohmer ex-
hibited one of the finest plates of
Duchess pears we have ever seen. The
largest weighed nearly 1 J pounds, and
five others were but little lighter. The
large pear he presented to Miss Ragan,
daughter of the secretary, for which he
has our thanks. Mr. Ohmer marketed
nearly 1,300 bushels of pears this year.

Best Time to Gather Apples. —
At the recent meeting of the Mont-
gomery County Farmers' Club, Mr.
Way mire said he had the best fruit he
ever raised. Apples have been falling,
and he has been picking to keep them
from falling. In August he picked
green samples of many varieties, except
Maiden's Blush and Fall Pippin ; laid
them away in the dark, and from the
fact that they have ripened and mel-
lowed up finely he is beginning to be-
lieve in early picking, and let the apples
ripen themselves.

Mr. Turner wanted to know the best
time to pick apples — came to the meet-
ing to make this inquiry. His apples
were falling freely. One or two varie-
ties will fall from the trees if he waits
till October.

Mr. Ohmer replied that thirty years'
experience in growing fruits taught
him that if you want apples to keep, it
is best to pick them when they begin
to fall, even if that be as early as the
first of August, unless the fruit is
wormy. The fact that apples are fall-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUBI&T.

247

ing is evidence that they have ceased
to grow. Two years ago apples picked
in September kept until March. As a
rule never put apples in the cellar
when first picked, but leave them in
the orchard in barrels or in heaps cov-
ered over with straw, but not enough
to heat them ; leave them there until
November, then barrel and put in the
cellar, or the barn floor or anywhere
else. This year he has been blessed
with a good crop of fruits of all kinds ;
pears in the greatest abundance, especi-
ally Duchess, Bartletts and Lawrence,
and has sold 1,244 bushels of Bartletts
alone, at good prices ; never saw such
crops of fruit. Apples are falling off
more than ever before, and earlier, but
are much more wormy than usual.

[We have made it a rule for years to
begin gathering our winter apples as
early as the 20th Sept., notwithstanding
the fact that most of our neighbors do
not begin until about two weeks later.
All we need to wait for is to get the
full color, which is so great an attrac-
tion of our Canadian apples for export.
We usually pick our Greenings first,
because they ripen so early, and our
Spies last, for the bright sunny days of
October give them such a beautiful
rich, purplish-red color. — Ed. Horticul-
turist.]

The Belleflower Apple. — Mr.
Waymire referred to having saved his
Belleflower apple trees, although at
one time he had gone to the orchard to
cut them down. The trees looked so
well, and the idea that it would take
ten or fifteen years before others would
grow to bearing if planted in their
places, caused him to hesitate before
destroying them. So he dug around
the roots and applied manure to about
four of them, and these four bore fruit
the next season, while apples fell off
the trees not so treated.

John Bradford said that the Belle-
flowers were more profit to him than

any other kind of apple, if properly
fertilized. Had eight trees that yield-
ed 35 to 40 barrels of Belleflowers each
year for three years, and sold readily
at advanced prices ; and this year have
a good crop, as can be seen by speci-
mens which he exhibited.

Mr. Waymire said that Belleflowers
required more nourishment than other
trees. The tops droop and shade the
trees so that nothing will grow under
them, and they must be fed. His bear
so heavily as to require propping up.
Other farmers have tried his plan, and
their orchards are doing well.

[We in Canada have pretty well dis-
carded the Belleflower as being a very
uncertain cropper, and because it bears
so much second-class fruit. It also re-
quires the most careful handling. — Ed.
Horticulturist. \

Spraying Fruit Trees. — In answer
to the question — how often is it neces-
sary to spray, and what to spray with ]
Mr. Ohmer said : We spray with pois-
oned water made with London purple,
arsenic or Paris green ; one pound of
purple to 140 or 150 gallons of water,
thoroughly stirred. 'Tis best to make
a paste of the purple, then mix it in a
barrel and spray it on the fruit just as
the trees are going out of bloom, tho-
roughly wetting the trees, and give
them another dose after that- The
codling moth is the insect that does
the most harm to your apples. It
comes out of cellars just as the trees
are going into bloom, dei)osits the egg
from which the little worm begins to
work around seeking a soft place in
the apple. The spray that you have
applied settles in the blossom end of
the apple, the worm eats it and dies,
and if your work has been well done
the first crop of the pests have been
destroyed, and there are no more to in-
jure the apple. The curculio is dif-
ferent, depositing in a lip on the side
I of the fruit where it does its work ; its

248

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

business is to lay eggs and die. The
poison can be made too strong, and had
better be too weak than of strength to
kill the plants. A pound of Paris
green should be dissolved in 200 gal-
lons of water. — Ohio Farmer.

Question gratDtr.

This department is intended as an open one to every
reader of the '■'Horticulturist" to send in either
questions or answers. Often a reader will be able to
answer a question which has been left unanswered,
or only partially answered by us. For convenience
of reference the questions will henceforth be num-
bered, and any one replying or referring to any
question will please msntion the number of it.

1. Huckleberries. — Can they he
profitably cultivated ? If so, where can
a supply of hushes be obtained, and
which varieties would you recommend ?

D. C. L.

See article by A. S. Fuller, on p.
230 of this vol. Mr. T. C. Robertson,
Owen Sound, says : "I do not know
where they can be had. My conviction,
from experience of reliable parties pub-
lished in the Rural New Yorker, and
elsewhere, is that they will not grow
in ordinary garden soil so as to be pro-
ductive." It is said that Prof. Bailey,
of the Michigan Agricultural College,
has devoted an acre to the experiment
of improving the wild species of huckle-
berries, and we may hope for some
useful information from him in course
of time.

Mr. John Little, Gran ton, writes
that Mr. J. T. Lovett, Little Silver,
N. J., offers two varieties, the Bell and
the Cherry, at 50 cents per hundred.

2. Grafting Grapes. — What is the
best time and mode 1 D. C. L.

Propagators differ as to the best time
for cleft grafting the grape vine, but
probably it may be done with best
success in spring, just before the buds
begin to swell. Any one familiar with
the ordinary method of top grafting

the apple tree, will have little trouble.
The vine is cut off three or four inches
below the surface of the ground, split
with a grafting chisel, and held open
with a wedge until the scion is fitted
to its place. The scion need not be
over six inches long, and should have a
wedge shaped end, smoothly cut, to fit
the cleft in such a manner that when it
is allowed to close, the bark of the old
and new wood will be in close union.
Use no grafting wax ; but, if necessary,
tie the cleft with a string, and then
heap the earth carefully about the graft,
leaving but one bud of the scion above
the surface (see cut).

CLEFT GRAFT OF GRAPE.

Or, if the stump is old and knotty,
you may splice graft a smaller branch.
Do this at a distance of two or three

GRAFTED CANE OF GRAPE.

feet from the stump, and then lay the
grafted branch down carefully, fasten it
in place with a peg, and cover the graft

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTURI5T.

249

with earth, pressing it down firmly.
Leave one bud above ground, and when
you see signs of growth, rub off all
others between the branch and the
main stump (see cut).

Perhaps some of our experienced gar-
denei*s or vineyardists will give their
methods.

3. Pruning Peach Trees. — When is
the best time to cut back the new growth ?

D. C. L.
Our plan is to prune out the dead
wood, and cut back the leading shoots
of the new wood in March or April.

4. Breaking Down of Currant
Bushes. — How can I prevent the break-
ing of the stalks of my cherry currant
bushes, by strong winds, without stak-
ing ?—D. C. L., St. Thomas.

Clip back one-half of the new growth
every spring, and you will have no
trouble. Examine and see if the broken
stalks are infested with the currant
borer. If so, cut them away and burn
them.

5. Cutting back Grape Vines. —
In the April number of tJie " Horticul-
turist " you recommend cutting back one
year old vines this fall to within two
buds of the ground. If I do this, the
stump will be too short to reach the first
wire of the trellis, eighteen inches from
the ground ? H. E.

You need not necessarily save the
two lowest buds ; you can save two
buds at whatever height you wish, and
then nib off all the others, and so se-
cure the growth of only two upright
shoots, to serve afterwards as laterals.
Some vineyardists use four or five wires,
especially for this renewal system of
training, and put the bottom one within
eight or ten inches of the ground, for
the support of the two main laterals.

6. Best Apples for Napanee. —
Please name the best apples for this
section to cover the whole season ; also

the best and most productive winter
apple of good quality that would thrive
here. Woidd the Walbridge do? I do
not 7vant to wait for the Northern Spy.
The thermometer registered 36° below
zero here last winter. H. E.

We recommend (summer) Yellow
Transparent, (autumn) Duchess of Old-
enburg, and (winter) Alexander, Weal-
thy, and American Golden Russet. The
Walbridge is only partially tested as
yet, but it is said to be an iron-clad,
and to be productive, of good quality,
and an excellent keeper, but not suffi-
ciently showy for market.

7. Fruit Dryer. — Will you or some
one of your readers tell me how to make
a fruit dryer to be used on a cook stove ?

H. E.

8. Grape Cuttings. — Will cuttings
from one year old grape vines make
healthy vines ? H. E.

Yes, if wood is well ripened, thougli
perhaps not so vigorous as larger wood.
A. M. Smith.

JfruitB.

DO BEES HARM THE GRAPES ?

An interesting experiment has been
made at the new station at Aurora, 111.,
in solution of the question whether bees
injure fruits or not. The following
account of it is from the Farm and
Home :

Two colonies of hybrids and one of
Italians were placed in a bee-proof
house with fruit of all kinds and in all
stages of growth arranged, so that the
sun could strike it. The bees were
given no food or drink, and a high and
dry temperature was maintained. The
bees inspected the fruit and took advan-
tage of every opening at the stem or
crack in the epidermis or puncture
made by insects which lay their eggs in

ii60

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTURI8T.

the skin of the fruit. When the skin
was broken or removed they would lap
and suck the juices exposed, but would
not attack the skin, even of the ten-
derest grapes. If the grapes were
cracked the bees would suck the juices
from the exposed segments until they
came to the film separating the broken
and exposed segments from those un-
broken, beyond which they appeared
unable to penetrate. After a 30 days'
test, another colony of Italians and 20
more difierent varieties of grapes in all
stages of ripeness were introduced, the
conditions natural to a severe drouth
were produced, and the test continued
for 25 days longer. The bees showed
no more capacity or disposition to offer
violence to one variety of grapes than
another. No more attention was given
the thin-skinned varieties than the
thick-skinned. As long as the skin re-
mained whole, they did not harm the
grapes. When the skins were broken
by violence, the juices exposed were
appropriated.

SEEDLING PEAR.

Mr. W. C.Reid,of Enterprise, County
of Addington, has sent me a couple of
pears grown at Newcastle, as a sample
of a seedling, with the request that I
would report on it through the Horti-
culturist.

They were small pears, about three
inches in length and six in circumfer-
once at the largest place, pyriform, yel-
lowish-green, stem about two inches
long, slightly curved. The flesh was
fine grained, gritty at the core, juicy
and sweet, without any marked flavor.
Your obedient servant,

1). W. Beadle.

time not one of these trees had borne
any fruit, except the four year planted
ones a few straggling pears. In the
fall of the year this man wheeled from
his foundry two or three birrow loads
of iron filinofs, and dug into the soil
about each tree a pailful of the filings.
The following year the four year, the
three year and the two year trees all
bare fruit, and have continued to bear
every year since. The proprietor of
those trees makes no pretentions as a
horticulturist, but he succeeds in grow-
ing larger crops and taking the prizes
away from many of us that do. I
examined his trees a week or two ago,
and found them looking unusually
thrifty and bearing heavily. Had the
iron filings anything to do with it 1
Kespectfully,

T. H. Race.
Mitchell, Perth Co., Sept. 20th, 1886.

[The use of iron filings about pear
trees is not new. In our Reports you
will find some discussions on the sub-
ject. I think the evidence on the
whole is in favor of their use as im-
proving the health and vigor of the
trees. — Wm. Saunders.] See also
Reply by Prof. Panton on p. 257 of
this volume.

IRON FILINGS FOR PEAR TREES.

Sir, — There is in this town a man

who six years ago had several pear

trees. Some four, some three, and

others two years planted. Up to that

THE SHIAWASSEE BEAUTY.

Not nearly enough attention has been
given in the East to that fine Michigan
seedling of the Fameuse which bears
this name. It has borne with me for
two seasons, and the terribly severe
test winter of 1884-85 has shown that
it is, if anything, hardier than its parent.
Its great merit is that it is a non-
spotting Fameuse. In many seasons
from one-third to one-half of the crop of
Fameuse is rendered unmarketable by
the black fungus sjjots which disguise,
dwarf and deform its fruit. From this
grave defect the Shiawassee Beauty is
free.

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTDRI8T.

251

Though plainly of the Fameuse type,
the Shiawasse Beauty is not exactly like
it in form, color or markings, nor is the
young wood exactly similar. Compared
with Fameuse, Shiawassee is larger,
flatter and more angular. The striping
of the fruit of some Fameuse trees,
which has given that type in Canada
the distintive name of Fameuse Barree
(Striped Fameuse), is never seen in the
Shiawassee. Its resemblance in color-
ing and dotting is, however,
very close to the Fameuse
Rouge, the more common type.
Stem and cavity, calyx and
basin are similar in the two.
The young wood of the Shia-
wassee is darker, with smaller
and more numerous white dots;
the leaves are undistinguisha-
ble. Shiawassee is called the
better keeper. The main dis-
tinctions between them are the
larger size, flattening and an-
gularity, non-spotting and non-
striping of the Shiawassee. In
quality the two are very close,
the Shiawassee in no respect inferior.
On account of its non-spotting, it should
ertainly replace its parent in all com-
mercial orchards at least. In the colder
sections it slould be top-grafted on an
ironclad — preferably on Tetofsky. — Dr.
HosKiNS, in the Examiner.

making the cellar which has given
the doctor the most perfect results. An
engraving of the same is also shown.
It should be added that the objects had
in view were to keep the fruit dry and
cool, yet free from frost.

Two rooms, each large enough to con-
tain all the fruits of the farm, are needed
— an outer and an inner. A cellar
should be dug in the south side of a
hill large enough for the inner room.

DR. NICHOL'S FRUIT CELLAR.

Dr. Nichols of the Journal of
Chemistry has been conducting some
careful experiments in preserving fresh
fruits over winter in cellars of different
construction. It is so clear to anyone
that fruit stored through the winter,
to come out fresh and sound in the
spring, will command a price several
fold greater than the same would bring
in the fall that the matter becomes a
very important one to the fruit grower.
Following is a condensed statement for

DR. NICnOLS S HILL-SIDE :^RUIT CELLAR.

The outer room should be exposed to
the air wholly in front, and on the sides
far enough to accommodate two win-
dows, as shown in the engraving.

Build of brick or stone, carrying the
walls to the height of eight feet. If
stone is used, — it may be rough and be
put up by any farmer, — it must be
pointed with mortar A tliick wall,
with a door, should seperate the two
rooms. In the engraving the walls are
shown by dotted lines.

The roof should come near the ground
in the rear ; be carefully constructed
and supported by timbers ; be lined
with tarred paper, strongly secured and
painted with tar or pitch. There should
be a ceiling — rough boards will do —
and a space one and a half or two feet
deep between it and the roof, to be
filled with dry straw, hay or sawdust.

252

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

The fruit should be kept in the outer
room until freezing weather, and then
be removed to the well protected inner
one.

The outer room should be ventilated
through its windows; the inner, by
opening both doors — but only in cold,
dry weather, as warm air introduced
would condense and give out moisture.
There must be special care about ad-
mitting warm air in the spring. —
From Popular Gardening {with cut).

EXPORTING APPLES.

The demand for American apples in
Great Britain has increased of late years
to such an extent that for the season
beginning August, 1885, and ending
May, 1886, the total shipments to the
three principal ports, Liverpool, London
and Glasgow, aggregated 862,000 bar-
rels. The magnitude of the business
has attracted the attention of many
who have no means of ascertaining the
requirements for its proper transaction,
and numerous inquiries have been ad-
dressed to us for this information.
These facts induce us to believe that
instructions as to the proper coui'se to
pursued will be welcome to a large num-
ber of people throughout the apple-
growing districts.

Marking. — The shipping mark must
be put on the head of the barrel, and it
is a matter of small importance what
that mark is. A plain stencil is far the
best — the plainer the better, but ship-
pers who send often must remember not
to use their brand except for the best
parcels. If they wish to send fruit that
is not up to their standard it is better
to vary their mark, as a reputation for
good packing is easily established by any
shipper, but may be destroyed entirely
if the same brand is used on a barrel
of inferior fruit. Some brands of fruit
hardly need to be shown at the sales, so
well has their reputation become estab-
lished.

All exported apples are sold at auc-
tion as soon as landed. The total ex-
pense of shipping, without commission,
is about $1.00 per barrel. The only
commission charged is 5 per cent.

Some shippers send all kinds and
think that is the best plan ; the trip
across is now made in such a short time
that apples keep very well if they are
sound when shipped and not over-ripe.
— Circular of S. G. Houghton d' Go.,
Liverpool.

KEEPING BARTLETT PEARS.

A writer in the Rural New-Yorker
says : — " I save my Bartlett pears so
that they make fine eating two months
(1 Ed. Horticulturist) after those of my
neighbors have gone. T take a stout box
and line it with paper, almost any kind
will answer. The bottom is covered
an inch deep with wheat bran. The
pears are carefully picked, wrapped
separately in thin paper and packed
deeply in the bran until the bottom is
covered. Then this layer is covered
with bran to the depth of an inch, and
another layer of pears is placed in
the same way. This is continued until
the box is full, when the cover is tacked
on, and the box set away in a cool, dry
place. The fruit will retain its fine
flavour and color."

Of course nearly every fruit grower
knows that the best time to market his
Bartletts is either very early or very
late in the season. The only trouble
is how to keep them in good condition
without the expensive convenience of a
fruit house.

Noticing the miserably bad specimens
of this fruit exposed for sale in Toronto
this year towards the end of the Bart-
lett season, we tried a somewhat similar
experiment to the one described above.
We carefully packed away all the finest
samples we had left in peach baskets
between layers of dry sawdust. After

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

253

two or three weeks we began using and
shipping them, and found they were in
great demand. Plump, rich, and juicy,
without any ugly dark blemishes, they
sold in the market like " hot cakes ;"
and the children, who are first class
judges of good fruit, were always begg-
ing for " sawdust pears."

We doubt very much whether Bart-
letts could be kept two months in this
way. We found them ripening within
a fortnight, but their excellent con-
dition alone was a sufficient reward.

SMALL FRUITS AROUND ARKONA.

Once again it becomes my pleasing
duty to be able to report a very favor-
able season, and an abundant and en-
couraging crop of handsome and well-
formed samples in most of the lines of
our varied annual fruit.

THE STRAWBERRY CROP,

though injured very considerably by
the early frosts of the season, was yet
a rather pleasing crop, though by no
means an abundant one, and in some
soils was almost destroyed altogether.
Yet, under favorable conditions and
locations, on well-drained, high, and
warm soils, and under good culture,
the yield of tolerably good fruit was
very pleasing. But, compared with last
year, it was indeed very poor. It is
but little or no use to attempt this
delicious crop on low, heavy, undrained
lands, for, if frost should come over us
before ripening, which is very apt to be
the case more and more lately, it is
quite sure to catch them, and at once,
in a night, to destroy or hazzard the
prospect of fruit in such tempting
places. If success be desirable in any
line of fruit growing, it will be found
better to carefully select the location
known to be most favorable to the
wants and absolute necessities of the
fruit so as to be sure to get it in all its
perfection and beauty. It is, doubtless.

better to plant strawberry plants for
success on high, dry, warm, loamy,
well drained soils, and keep them under
the very best care and culture. At one
time during the season of marketing a
short glut occurred in this fruit, and
the saleable price ran down to a point
scarcely keeping up with the cost of
production, but things like this must
always be in a great and growing
country. The sorts in cultivation are
the Wilson's Albany, Crescent Seed-
ling, Daniel Boone, Manchester, and
the Jewell, the beautiful new berry of
Mr. Augur's. The last three of those
are something astonishing, and fully
enough to produce a smile on the most
austere. Immediately upon the straw-
berries being done, and almost before,

THE RASPBERRY CROP

was ready to handle, July 3rd. The
tone of the market on the whole was
very good considering the general de-
pression in most lines of business, and
prices on the whole were good. It is
felt, however, that as more and more
people go into the growing of raspber-
ries for the market the prices must
inevitably go down, unless room can be
provided for the increasing crop in can-
ning or fruit drying factories. The
Turner and the Cuthbert among the
reds, and the Mammoth Cluster among
the blacks are still very popular and
many of them are being annually plant-
ed. Among the newer blacks the Sou-
hegan and the Taylor have proved
themselves of most decided merit, quite
early, fine size, beautiful color and
flavor, and very productive, and carry
well to market. Brinckle's Orange is
the finest and most valuable yellow
sort. These fine raspberries will pay
and give abundant satisfaction for any
amount of care and labor that may be
given them. The best soil for the
growth of red raspberries is a rich,
warn], well-drained, sandy loam soil,

254

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

deeply worked ; and for the black rasp-
berry a fine, well cultivated, dry, clay
loam soil. It is quite a question how
to prevent the crop from suffering so
much from drouth, but some locations
are better adapted to its successful
growth than are others. These must
be selected. Before the raspberry was
fairly done

THE BLACKBERRY CROP

was in upon us in all its beautiful
grandeur. I think I have never seen
any berry crop so abundant and per-
fectly beautiful as was this crop this
season. The conditions for the success-
ful production of the crop were fulfilled,
and the result was a charming crop all
over the county. Even wild roots,
where there were any, were heavily
loaded with fine fruit. Any good strong
soil is suitable for the growth of this
fruit, but it is very impatient of drouth.
The sorts most grown are Snyder and
Kittattinny, and these are very good
indeed.

THE CHERRY CROP.

This popular fruit, though a great
favorite with our people, is not in its
production anything approaching a suc-
cess in the county. Neither our con-
dition of climate nor of soils seems at
all favorable to its healthfulness and
growth to maturity. The young trees
apparently do well enough in the first
periods of their growth and seem to
thrive admirably for a time, but just as
they are expected to come into fruitful-
ness they begin to decay, and finally
wither away, either through the attacks
of fungoid parasites or the severity of
the winters. This has of late been the
case with all the better and more
valuable European varieties we have
yet tried. The Old Virginia red cherry,
being the only one that will produce
plentiful crops of fruit, is planted very
largely almost on every farm. This
sort this year was very fruitful in most

localities, and the crop consequently
was unusually large. The fruit was
very fine in its beauty and perfection,
and was placed upon the market so as
almost to glut it, and at very low prices
by the i>ailful.

THE GOOSEBERRY CROP.

The crop of this growingly popular
fruit was this season very fine indeed,
and remarkably large. I think T never
saw so many gooseberries before put
into our local markets, and, of course,
the prices ran very low. The soils of
our county are well adapted to their
most perfect growth and development,
and the time is not far distant when we
can have our gooseberries shows as in
England the old.

THE CURRANT CROP.

Like the preceding, this crop of
popular fruit for the heated summer
time was very large. We can grow
them in highest perfection, and that in
many colors and varieties. The best
black are Black Naples and Lee's Pro-
lific. The best whites are the White .
Grape and the White Dutch, and the
best reds are Bed Dutch, Fay's Prolific
or Cherry, and Raby Castle. These fine
sorts all do well, and this year were very
fine, clear and perfect.

THE GRAPE CROP.

The cold and severe frosts of early
spring tended very much to the injury
of this valuable and delicious crop in
this county. In many places the leaves
were severely cut and the joining-point
branches blasted. Otherwise the indi-
cations are becoming apparent that
many favored locations of our county
may eventually become very highly
noted for the growth and high perfec-
tion of their grapes. In vineyards
planted in favorable localities, on high,
warm, well-drained soils, the crop of
handsome^ well-formed and perfect fruit,
is something to astonish one not ac-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

255

quainted with it, and is now advancing
to a high state of excellence and matu-
rity. The best locations for vineplant-
ing are, undoubtedly, hi<i[h, well-drained,
rolling soils, gently sloping to the south.
If these soils are a rich wash, or are
made rich, and good and warm, they
will be every way suitable for the best
developmentof the plant, and the highest
perfection of the fruit, but it must be
free from all encumbering shade, and
well exposed to the sun, and our fruit
this season on such soil is perfectly
clean and handsome, quite free from
mildew and all other defects, and in
great quantities and variety. We have
the Amber, lirighton, and Delaware in
highest perfections, the Golden Pock-
lington, Jessica, Lady, Moore's Early,
Worden, besides Concords, Champions,
and Wilder, or Koger's No. 4, Hart-
ford, Prolific, (fee, in great profusion.
All these fine grapes appear to do
equally well on properly selected loca-
tions. Were it not for the timely cut-
ting in the spring, and consequently
reduction of the crop, the market pros-
pects would have been very dull indeed,
and even now the prospects are that
the prices may run down very low on
account of the general stagnation in
business and the consequent scarcity of
money.

THE MULBERRY.

Already some of the kind known as
Russian Mulberry have begun to show
fruit in considerable quantities. Al
though not very large in size it is very
fine and relishable in quality, and may
eventually become quite general and
Rerviceable to our people, who are very
fond of an early fruit for pies and tarts,

&C.

THE CRANBERRY,

although indigenous to the county in
the low grounds, esi)ecially around Lake
Bur well, is not yet very largely pro-
duced amongst us, and solely for the

want of proper attention. So far as I
know there is not a successful cran-
berry marah in the county, and con-
sequently not much of the fruit is
shipped, but, on the contrary, those in
use are imported from American and
other growei-s. The nut crop is not
good this season. — B. Gott in Globe.

^t^ttnhks.

OUR GARDEN.

BT JOHM CROIL, AULT8VILLE, ONT.

Another season gone, in so far as
garden opeiations are concerned, sug-
gests the enquiry, how has it difiisred
from former ones 1 " Have we spent
our money for that which is not bread,
or our labor for that which satisfieth
not," or has honest toil been rewarded
by fair returns 1 The weather on the
whole has been favorable, with few
scorching days, and a large proportion
of cool, pleasant ones, the former and
the latter rain given us in due season,
we look back on it as a most enjoyable
season. Every thing grew luxuriantly,
the weeds especially ; good gardener
he who could at any time of the season
boast of having them kept in subjec-
tion, but if the weeds grew fast so did
the crops. Being very much of the
bird at home tribe, the reader will
pardon our egotism, when we speak
only of our ain kail yard (our editor
must borrow friend Beadle's Scotch
Dictionary), we take it for granted,
other things being equal, our garden is
a sample of many around.

We generally go sparingly into
novelties, having from experience
learned that it generally requii-es tens
of these to reap units of improvements,
but having purchased from Messrs. A.
C. Nellis & Co. an assortment of vege-
table and flower seeds, we felt bound
to try them. These seeds were sent

256

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

US at exceedingly low prices, were all
good, and many of them valuable. I
will only speak of kinds new or nearly
so.

Celery. — We tried Nellis' Self-
Blanching, but could not see it to be
better than Henderson's White Plumer.
Both of them are early and excellent,
easily grown and very ornamental for
the table, but as they keep good only
till about Christmas they do not super-
sede the later varieties.

Cabbage. — Nellis' Mohawk, early
market, is all that the catalogue claims,
being early, with large solid heads,
the best early cabbage we have tried.
For fall, and even winter use, we have
found none better than Henderson's
Early Sumaier; although ripening
early, it keeps long without bursting,
heads very evenly, and in weight
equals most of the late varieties.

Cauliflower. — Nellis' New Sea
Foam, said to be ahead of all other
kinds, did not go ahead at all with us,
but I must confess neither did other
kinds tried, so we must not condemn
the Sea Foam.

Corn. — Black Sweet Mexican, al-
though highly recommended, and said
to be the most sugary corn of all, is of
too swarthy a complexion to grace the
table ; the color is decidedly against it,
and it is too late in ripening in cold
sections; the taste, too, we think in-
ferior to Crosby's Early sugar corn and
Moore's Early — great favorites with us.

Lettuce. — The Deacon, very good ;
but we still claim to have a better, and
the best of them all, in our own old
variety described in our last year's re-
port.

Beet. — New Eclipse ; we don't find
any better than the old Egyptian beet.

Onions. — New Golden Queen grew
to an immense size, but was liardly
matured before heavy frost set it. The
large Red Weathei-sfield and Danver's

Yellow seem to be second to none yet.
We have always had a large proportion
of thick necks. Mr. Beadle, in his
excellent book on gardening, attributes
this to wet seasons. With us it has
been a general thing. This summer I
visited the grounds of a friend, a mar-
ket gardener near Montreal. He had
upwards of an acre as fine a crop as
the ground would carry. They were
nearly free from thick necks, except
one ridge on one side of the field, and
they were all thick necks. They were
all sowed at the same time, with the
same seed, manured and cultivated
alike, on soil seemingly the same.
Query, how came the difference 1 He
could assign no cause.

Peas — Rural New Yorker. — The
earliest variety we have tried, large,
well-filled pods, fine flavor ; think it
would be a profitable field pea ; height
two feet. For general use we still
claim preference for Bliss' American
wonder, a perfect dwarf, very prolific,
early, and in flavor among the best.

Tomatoes. Fulton's Market ripened
first, but with us it was roughly
shaped, and rotted badly; otherwise
it was in every respect good. New
Cardinal, about a week later, comes up
well to the catalogue description, ripens
early, smooth, a good keeper and ship-
per. The Mayflower we consider as
good as either of the above.

(Concluded in next number.)

THE WINDSOR BEAN.

Sir, — In your issue for October Mr.
Simon Boy says he is only partially
successful in growing it. I have grown
it for a good many years — fifteen or
sixteen — nine times out of ten with
success ; but my theory is that it can-
not stand the hot sun, so 1 plant it
within two feet of a high, close board
fence, and on the north side of it — the
fence runs east and west, — so that dur-

J

THE CANADIAN H0BTI0ULTDBI8T.

257

ing the extreme heat of the day it
stands in the shade. I have planted
it for years on the same piece of land, a
heavy clay loam, well manured.

Yours truly, Wm. KoUGH.

(Srienttfo.

PLANT LOUSE ON SPRUCE.

Sir, — By referring to page 1 25 (June
Number) of the current volume it will
be seen that I received from Mr. John
Sailles some spruce twigs which seemed
to be effected by some parasite. Being
desirous of ascertaining the true nature
of the trouble, I sent the specimens to
Prof. Comstock, of Cornell University,
who replied that the twigs had been in-
fested with some insect that had then
passed into the pupa state, and that
when the imago appeared he would re-
port thereon. I wrote to Mr. Sailles
and obtained some fresh twigs, which
were also sent to Prof. Comstock, who
has favored me with the following reply.
Your obedient servant,

D. W. Beadle.

St. Catharines, Oct. 11, 1886.

My Dear Mr. Beadle, — Your let-
ter of the 9th inst. was received during
my absence from Ithaca. This morning
is the first chance I have had to study
the plant louse on spruce. I think it
is Adelges ahieticoleiis. But there is no
good description of this species. See
Packard's Guide, tig. 520 (p. 523), and
Bulletin No. 7 of the United States
Entomological Commission, p. 234.

As to remedies, try solution of soap,
quarter pound to one gallon of water.
It would be well to try the kerosene
emulsions recommended by Riley in
his re])orts. But be careful in the ap-
plication of these, lest the kerosene
injure the trees.

Very sincerely yours,

J. H. Comstock.

Ithaca, N. ¥., 22nd Sept., 1886.
2

THE RUSSIAN MULBERRY.

Dear Sir, — I herewith enclose you
two leaves of the Jlussian Mulberry,
which are taken from trees growing on
my grounds. This variety is dioecious.
The leaves are cordate, one, you will
observe, is only serrated, which is the
female, or pistillate, tree beaiing fruit ;
the lobed, or oak-leaved, is from the
male or staujinate tree, blossoming pro-
fusely, but not fruit-bearing.

Seedlings, therefore, planted singly
cannot be relied on.

Of course, the practised eye of the
botanist will soon detect this.

I am, yours truly,

Simon Roy.
Berlin, 22nd Sept., 1886.

IRON FILINCxS ABOUT PEAR TREES.

Sir, — Regarding the use of iron
filings in promoting the fruitfulness of
pear trees, I would hesitate to give all
the credit to their use in the case re-
ferred to. The presence of iron is
necessary to the production of chloro-
phyll, one of the most important com-
pounds in the leaf.

This is the chief agent at work in the
decomposition of carbonic acid, an im-
portant source of food for plants, by
su))plying carbon which enters largely
into their structure. The green color
of leaves is owing to the presence of
chlorophyll. Plants that grow in soil
containing no iron do not become green,
and the production of this constituent
ceases, and the plants perish.

The analyses of the ash of plants
shows iron, but the quantity is small
compared with other ingredients, such
as potash, etc., and thus though very
impoi*tant, still the quantity requii-ed
is not much and usually found in soils.
However if the soil where the trees re-
ferred to was deficient in iron, no doubt
a ready response would be given in a
more vigorous and productive tree ;

258

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

but I am inclined to think that the
great improvement was due to some-
thing else than iron filings. The sub-
ject is worth investigation, and if re-
peated experiments show a decided gain
in productiveness in trees, then there
will be no denying the facts.
Yours respectfully,

P. HoYES Panton,

Prof. Nat. History and Oeology.
Agricultural College, Guelph,
13th Oct., 1886.

Jfl0tD«r0.

TEN HOUSE PLANTS FOR THE
WINTER.

The chief requisites of success in the
winter care of house plants are sun-
shine, moisture, uniform temperature
and cleanliness. It is not wise for the
cultivator to be too ambitious; one can-
not produce all the effect of a varied
conservatory in one window, and any
attempt to do so will result in disastrous
failure. When I say moisture is an in-
dispensable requisite to success, I do
not mean that the soil should be water-
logged, nor should the pot stand in a
saucer of water, unless it is an aquatic
plant. I mean that the atmosphere
should be moist, and here we encounter
the greatest of all difficulties in the
culture of house plants. Both stove
and furnace produce a dry heat, and
this is more or less trying to all plants.
Where possible, it is well to stand a
pan of water over the stove or furnace ;
the evaporation is very serviceable. If
this cannot be done, the only plan is to
water frequently, but discreetly. Gas
is also very trying to plants ; even
where there are no perceptible fumes
the light frequently causes the flowers
and buds to droj) off. When we are
arranging for the comfort of our floral
pets it is well to recollect that we our-
selves require sunlight as much as they,

and it is hardly wise to entirely block
up the only sunny window in a room
during the dark winter days. A stand
or window -box is always preferable to
the numerous shelves we so often see
shutting out every ray of sunlight. For
these reasons plants noticeable for fine
foliage rather than for flowers may be
specially recommended, since they re-
quire less sunshine.

We must give first place for beauty
and ease of culture to Ardisia crenulata,
a plant little known among amateur
growers, though becoming popular as
its virtues are becoming known. It is
a sturdy-growing, shrub-like plant, with
shining, ovate, dark-green leaves. In
August or September it bears small,
inconspicuous, greenish-white flowers.
These are followed by bunches of berries,
which, as they mature, turn bright red,
resembling, in size and appearance, the
Mountain Ash. These berries last the
entire season, keeping their beauty, in
fact, until a succeeding crop is ripe, so
the plant is never without them. The
effect is really beautiful, so bright and
Christmasy. The plant does well in
an ordinary living-room, with regular
watering, but it must not be water-
logged or stand in water. The leaves
may be sponged once a week, and it
will keep its brightness in a northern
window where there is little or no sun.
This plant is a charming decoration for
the dinner table ; in fact, it is infinitely
desirable in every way.

The Climbing Asparagus (Asparagus
tenuissimus) is not yet very familiar, but
it is a charming thing and may be highly
commended as a window climber. No-
thing short of a hard frost or the absence
of water for two or three weeks will dis-
courage it. It climbs and twines like
smilax ; but the foliage is fine and
feathery, like common asparagus, only
more so. It does well in a room heated
by a stove, does not harbour insects,
and, in short, is a botanical paragon.

THE CANADIAN BORTICULTURIST.

259

Another more familiar climber is the
old-fashioned German Ivy, so called by
the rule of contrary, I suppose, for it is
not an ivy, and does not hail from Ger-
many. However, it is a rapid grower
of very pretty habit, and is usually of
more easy culture than ivy proper.

All lovers of house plants are familiar
with the large-leaved Begonia Rex. Its
robust habit and handsome vari-colored,
metallic leaves justly make it a favorite.
Like the palm, it is an excellent thing
for city houses where there is little
sunshine. Of course, if grown in a
gloomy locality it will only flower
weakly, and will not be as richly col-
ored as when in good sunlight, but it
will do better than most plants and is
attractive under any circumstances.

Another member of its family. Beg-
onia rubra, is equally desirable, being
the most attractive of the plain-leaved
varieties. The long leaves are a bright,
shining green : the large flowers, pro-
fusely produced, are a brilliant red. It
is a very free grower, easily propagated
and if sponged or syringed in addition
to the ordinary watering, is very cleanly
in its habits.

Most growei-s of house plants are
familiar with the ordinary abutilons,
sometimes called bell-flower, but very
few grow the trailing variety, A Me-
sopotamicum. It is a charming- little
thing, throwing out long, trailing
branches. The leaves are smaller and
more pointed than those of the ordinary
variety, beautifully variegated with
gold ; the little bell-shaped, dark-red
flower has a besom-like clapper of black
stamens. It is as easy to grow as others
of its class, but it requires a good sun
to bring out the variegation of the
leaves.

For those desirous of profusely flower-
ing house plants nothing is better than
the Chinese primrose. It can be kept
continually in bloom from November
till May, and the blossoms form a

wliole gamut of color, from pure white
to deepest crimson. They are of easy
culture, requiring little attention save
in watering. They must not grow
actually dry, though here, as every-
where else, the cultivator must be
warned against over-saturating the pots.
A great advantage of the primrose is
that it is very rarely infested by green-
fly, or similiar pests. Under the same
circumstances as the Chinese primrose,
we may grow its modest little yellow-
flowered English cousin, though a living
room is rather too warm for it. The
frail English flower, however, is always
rather spindling under our alien skies.

( Jy clamens are good house plants,
and may be readily grown, flowering
profusely. It is well to notice in pur-
chasing however, that one should get
plants of good constitution ; many
growers seem to have a very sickly
strain, with worn out vitality. In the
very beginning of September plants
should be repotted, shaking all the old
earth ofl*, and giving new soil ; the
crown of the bulb should be left un-
covered.

For those having rooms rather cool
than otherwise, violets are charming,
but it is useless to attempt them in a
very warm place. They will flower pro-
fusely during the winter at a tempera-
ture of from 45° to 50°, and their
beauty and fragrance make them most
desirable. Of single varieties the Czar
is very fine ; it is large, dark purple,
and very fragrant. The Neapolittin is
the best double variety. With all
house plants frequent sponging or syr-
inging of the leaves may be advised as
a preventive of red spider and similar
pests. But it is well to reiterate that
in every case one must water with
brains ; no amount of printed instruc-
tions is equal to a little personal dis-
cretion in this case. Discretion, en-
thusiasm, and energy are the three
graces of horticulture, and they cannot

260

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

fail to bring success either to profes-
sional or amateur. — E. L. Toplin, in
Rural New- Yorker.

PRIMULA OBCONICA.

This pretty perpetual-blooming prim-
rose is a native of the Tchang Valley,
China, and was collected by Charles
Maries for Messrs. Yeitch, of London,
some four or five years ago. It has
many good points which make it at
once a friend of the florist, and, when
more generally known, it will undoubt-
edly be grown extensively. The heads
of bloom can be cut with a long stem
bearing sixteen to twenty flowers, each
about an inch in diameter, which will
last two weeks or more after being cut,
and travel well. The color of the
flowers is pure white, sometimes chang-
ing to lilac, and where several plants
are grown you might imagine there
were two or three varieties. I have
seen plants at the Cambridge (Mass.)
botanic garden with over lOU spikes of
bloom at one time. Mr. Manda propa-
gates it by division of the roots in the
same manner as the double primrose.
It thrives well in a cool green-house
under clear glass in winter. The flow-
ers should be kept picked off* from June
to September, as the plant will bloom
and thrive better the following win-
ter.— American Florist.

It will be noticed that Primula Cash-
meriana is among the premiums for
1887.— Ed.

HOW TO POT A PLANT.

Who does not know howl may be
asked. We venture to say that a mat-
ter weighing as lightly as this often
does with growers is very often the one
point between future success and failure
in plant culture.

The engraving almost shows how
without further explanation. A cbief
point is drainage. This, so far as under-

drainage is concerned, is clearly set
forth in the cut. There is first some-
thing like an inch of broken pot-shreds.

coarse soil
■""moss

PoTSHERDS

POTTING — THE PLACING OF THE MATERIALS.

carefully laid, for shedding water.
Then — and a very important part —
comes a strata of moss or sphagnum to
keep the earth above from settling into
the drainage below. A clogged drain
is of no use. Above this comes the
soil, seeing that coarse parts, such as
roll down the sides of the heap, go to
the bottom as shown in the cut.

Besides such underdrainage, there is
clear gain in a similar direction, by
having the sides of the pots clean and
porous, the dealers in painted pots to
the contrary notwithstanding. For
plants to do their best there needs to
be not only porousness, for the escape
of water, for the admission of air to
the roots. A painted or dirty pot or a
a wooden box or cask in a large mea-
sure obstructs the admission of air from
the sides.

The larger the pot the more needful
is underdrainage, and the less needful
is side porousness. Hence pots smaller
than three inches across scarcely need
the former, while receptacles larger

THK CANADIAN HOBTICULTDKIBT.

261

than one foot across can pretty well
dispense with side porousness. Tight
boxes, therefore, answer better for large
plants than for small ones.

The Potting Stick, is of use in doing
a good job of potting, for firming the
soil about the roots. It may be whit-
tled from a lath, and should be about
six inches long. — From Popular Gar-
dening (with cut).

GRANDMOTHER'S HOLLYHOCKS.

Hollyhocks by the garden wall,
Quaint old-fashioned flowers ;
White and crimson, yellow and pink,
Grandmother loves you best, I think.
Of any in her bowers.

Stately and tall, yet graceful, too.

Swaying with the breezes ;
Grandmother loves and cares for you
Out in the pearly morning dew,

And plucks you when she pleases.

Roses and peonoies royal red.

Glowing in summer weather.
Have drooped and died near by your side.
While you are standing in your pride.

Clustering close together.

Grandmother's flowers, old and true —

Hollyhocks by the wall-
Sweeter to her than pansies blue.
Dearer to her than orchids new.

She loves you best of all.
Farm and Home.

THE WINDOW GARDEN.

BEGIN EARLY.

Success in window gardening, as in
other kinds of gardening, depends in a
great measure upon beginning at the
pro[)er time, and with the proper ma-
terials. If one waits until cold weather,
and then purchases [)lants at a green-
house, he makes a bad beginning. The
plants had already been in a much
higher temperature than that of the
window, and the change to a cooler
place, and to a much drier atmosphere,
gives them a check, from which they
do not recover in a long time, and
some remain in an unliealthy condition
all winter. Some depend \x\ion plants

taken up from the borders and potted,
to furnish the window. These are apt
to delay taking them up until the cool
nights have checked their growth, and
when they are taken to a warm room
the change is too sudden, and the plants
rarely do well. If they are to be taken
up from the open ground and potted,
it should be done so early that they
may recover from the shock of removal,
and become established in the pots be-
fore cool weather makes it necessary to
take them into the house. — American
Agriculturist.

GRAPES AS FOOD AND MEDICINE.

The quantity of grapes, says Dr.
Irving 0. Cross, of Washington, D.C.,
that one may eat with impunity is
something astonishing. Persons at
European Grape Cure Institutes con-
sume from 3 to 6 Kilos (6 to 12 lbs.)
daily. Grapes constitute a perfect nu-
triment, which includes in remarkable
proportions the nitrogenous Albume-
noid and Respiratory principals indis-
pensable to a good alimentation. Ac-
cording to the analysis of a French
chemist, a striking analogy exists be-
tween the juice of the grape and human
milk. This chemist finds in 100 parts
of each substance as follows :

Milk. Grape.
Albumenoid and nitrogenous matter ..14 17

Sugar, Gum, etc 11 0 16 0

Mineral Substance, Water, etc.

Some of the affections which the
grape may be used for, as a respirative
medicinal agent of great value are those
arising from troubles in the digestive
functions, diseases of the liver and
spleen, female derangements, catarrh of
the air passages, and that state of general
exhaustion that keeps up all troubles of
the respiratory aparatus. The doctor
also says : " Over worked j)ersons may

262

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

derive from the vegetable milk of the
luscious, but inoffensive •' grape,' a
rational means to re-establish the phy-
siological conditions of clear thoughts
and correct expressions.

Modes of Preserving Grapes in
THEIR Original State. — 1. Takesound,
ripe grapes, in baskets or boxes from
three to six inches deep, set in a cool
place to sweat, for one or two days,
then line the baskets with paper and
place in layer of grapes (removing all
unsound ones), then a layer of paper,
and so on until basket is filled, then
cover closely with paper and keep in a
dry place with temperature as near
thirty-five or forty degrees Fah. as pos-
sible. Grapes thus put up will keep
sound and fresh from two to six months.
Even temperature is desirable.

2, Take grapes, set by to sweat as in
No. 1, then take sand and wash until
water runs off clear, dry thoroughly in
sun or oven, line box or basket with
paper, then put one-half inch of sand,
then a layer of grapes (each bunch
wrapped in manilla paper), then layer
sand, and so proceed until filled. Broken
or unsound fruit never to be used. This
process has kept the grape fresh to the
following June.

Unfermented Wine. — 1. Take
sound, ripe grapes from the stems,
cover with water, heat slowly until
thoroughly cooked, drain through flan-
nel, do not squeeze or crush the grapes.
Use one pound of white sugar to gallon
of juice, heat again until hot, but not
boiling. Seal up same as fruit, keep
in a dark place. When wanted for
use, add two-thirds water, and sweeten
to suit the taste.

2. Take six pounds grapes, mash
well, add half gallon water, let stand
in an earthen jar for three days, then
run off the liquid which is at the bot-
tom, being careful not to disturb the
skins and seeds that have risen to the
surface, — or, strain through fine sieve

or cheese cloth. Add one pound sugar
to each quart of juice, bring to the
boil, and while at that temperature,
can in self-sealing jars. Age improves
flavor without fermentation.

Grape Jelly. — Take under ripe
grapes, mash, boil three minutes, strain
through flannel bag. To every pound
of juice add one pound sugar, let come
to boil, skim, boil one minute, and run
into moulds.

Grape Kelish : to he used with fowl.
— Take ten pounds under ripe grapes
(if well ripened add one box gelatine),
boil five minutes, strain, add one pound
sugar to one pound fruit juice, also one
teaspoon each cinnamon, cloves, and
allspice, boil five minutes, strain into
moulds.

Grape Catsup or Sauce. — Take one
quart grape juice, one teacup sugar, one
small teaspoon salt, one large heaping
tablespoon ground cinnamon, one table-
spoon even full ground allspice, one
large teaspoonful ground cloves ; boil
slowly for twenty minutes, and seal, if
for future use. Will keep for a long
time open. Can be thinned with vine-
gar to suit taste when used. — Very
much liked.

Canned Grapes. — Take ripe grapes,
separate seeds from pulp, boil pulp
three minutes, strain through leno or
cheese cloth to take out seeds, add skins
after boiling them twenty minutes, add
one-quarter to one-half pound sugar
(to suit taste) to one pound fiuit, let
dissolve, then boil one minute — not
longer, as boiling too long destroys the
aroma.

Caution. — In preserving the juice,
or canning grapes, avoid boiling beyond
the specified time, as further boiling
carries off* the flavor and aroma of the
juice ; also changes and destroys the
chemical and food properties of the
sugar used.

[The above paper was prepared by
E. D. Smith, and published by the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

263

Niagara District Grape Growers' As-
sociation.— Ed.]

^tBrdlaneouB,

AUTUMN.

BY GRANDMA QOWAN, MONTREAL.

( Written for the Canadian Horticulturist. )

Autumn has come with her fairy waml,
And touch'd the trees, the fields and
liowers ;

Peace reigns supreme all o'er the land,
And glorious foliage fills our Ijowers.

Trees standing still to greet the sun,
With weight of fruit are bended low,

Whisp'ring their summer's work is done ;
And dew-kiss'd grapes luxuriant glow.

Plenty has come, in golden showers,
Down from a loving hand divine

To these ungrateful hearts of ours,
80 prone to murmur and repine.

Here in this sylvan solitude,

All radiant with autumnal dyes,

I praise the " Giver of All Good,"

With tremulous voice and tear-dimm'd
eyes.

Forfend ! when angel reapers come
To garner in the golden sheaves.

That I, now in my setting sun,

Have naught to give but withered leaves.

The weeds we have with us always.
This statement is indeed near the truth,
tliere being some marked exceptions in
the cases of a veiy few very clean cul-
tivators of the land. Professor Lazen-
by, of the Ohio Experimental Station,
Columbus, Ohio, has gone to great
pains to show why weeds are so per-
sistent in their presence ; this by count-
ing and closely estimating on the seeds
of some of the more common ones. As
to results, he found on one plant of the
everywhere abundant Shepherd's Purse
(Capsella Bursa pastor Is ) 77,500 seeds;
on a rank Burdock (Lappa major)
400,328 seeds; on a large Wild Parsnij),
19,000, and many other kinds were
nearly as numerous as those of the ones
named. — Pop. Gardening.

Not in Bloom. — He (at the horti-
cultural show) — "This is a Tobacco
Plant, my dear" Slie — "Indeed! how
very interesting ! But I don't see any
cigars on it." — Harper's Bazaar.

To Protect Shade Trees from
Stock. — Take a stiff board six or eight
feet long and set it up against tlie tree;
then, beginning at the top, wind barbed
wire very loosely around both tree and
edging, fastening to the latter at inter-
vals of two or three inches, and fasten
sevei-al short pieces of edging inside the
upper and lower coils to keep the wire
from wearing the bark. — Farm arul
Home.

I HAVE found that air-slacked lime
sowed over the foliage of Kittatinny
blackberries just before blossoming has
(or something has) completely cured
them of the rust that threatened to de-
stroy the plantation. Have any of
your readers had like experience? —
W. P. Gorsa, in Farm and Home.

Lady — "Have you given the gold-
fish fresh water, as I told you, Maria?"
Maria — " No, ma'am ; and why should
I ? Sure, they haven't drunk what they
have yet !"

Apples for London. — C. S. Nixon,
Montreal, Forwarding Agent for Simon
Jacobs (fc Co., writes : — " Have just
been advised by our Halifax correspon-
dent that the steamers left that port on
Saturday, 9th Oct., with about eleven
thousand barrels Nova Scotian apples
for London."

A Fine Quince Tree. — Mr. D. Ker-
man. President of the Grimsby Fruit
Growers' Association, has a beautifnl
quince tree in liis garden. Just now
(Oct. 1) it is loaded with immense
orange quinces, probably enough to fill
a barrel. It grows in such a uniform
sha])e that it is an ornament to his
grounds, and not like the neglected
scrubs we so often see. Mr. Kerman
cultivates it well, and digs in a dress-

2(54

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTURI8T.

ing of manure every spring. This much
in favor of high cultivation for the
quince. — Ed.

Many-flowered Sunflower. — We
have in our garden a sunflower on which
we counted, about Oct. 1, ninety-six
fine flowers ! — Ed.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

Siinmer^s Descriptive Catalogue of
Flowering Bulbs. — This pamphlet is
neatly got up and well illustrated. It
contains a description of the more pro-
minent dutch flowering bulbs, kept for
sale by J. A. Simmers, 1 47 King Street
East, Toronto.

The Canadian Live Stock Journal,
published at Hamilton, Ont., by the
Stock Journal Publishing Co., is a neatly
got up monthly magazine of 36 pages,
devoted to the interest of farmers who
make a business of growing live stock.
It is ably conducted and deserves to
succeed. Exhibition number just re-
ceived.

Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, 1886,
Ellwanger & Barrey, Rochester. This
catalogue deserves notice, aside entirely
from its business value, as containing
reliable descriptions of all the more
prominent fruits, large and small, ex-
cepting strawberries. It is embellished
with a handsome colored plate of the
Industry Gooseberry.

The Farmer's Advocate, edited by
Mr. Wm. Weld, London, Ont., is most
ably conducted in the interests of
Canadian farmers. We are glad to
notice in the October number some
account of the annual meeting of the
Fruit Growers' Association at T(.)ronto
and a most cordial mention of this jour-
nal. We do not know of any monthly
magazine that is so popular among
Canadian farmers as the Farmer's Ad-
vocate

NOTICES.

SUBSCRIBE NOW.
Now IS THE TIME to Send your sub-
scription to The Canadian Horticul-
turist. New subscribers sending in
one dollar for 1887 now may have
November and December numbers for

1886 free ! Choose your premium for

1887 and name it when you send in
your subscription, then there can be
no mistake.

The premiums are : ( 1 ) Tree of
Vladimer Cherry, ("2) Dahlia, (3) Two
Plants Hilborn Raspberry, (i) A One-
year old Niagara Grape Vine, (5) A
New Single-flowered Geranium, (6)
Three Packages of Flower Seeds — Pri-
mula Cashmeriana.

All subscribers will receive in addi-
tion to the premium the Report of the
Meeting of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion of Ontario, which is full of the
most valuable information to Canadian
Fruit Growers.

Agents wanted in every town. Write
for terms. Sample copies free.

Members of local associations in
clubs of not less than ten at special
rates.

Address,

L. WOOLVERON,

Grimsby, Ont.

N. B.— The premiums for 1887 will
be distributed in April or May next.

THE MICHIGAN HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

A letter frojn C. Garfield, secretary,
says : — " The annual meeting of our
society will occur at Grand Rapids,
beginning Tuesday morning, November
30, and continuing through Wednes-
day and Thursday, December I and 2.
President Willits, of the State Agri-
cultural College, will deliver an ad-
dress on the second evening, and other
prominent gentlemen from abroad will
assist in the exercises."

PRINTBD AT THK STKAM PRESS KSTABMSHMKNT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (lIMITKD), TORONTO.

The e3.rliesl:l^<rge Vez^r. Tl?e Izxrgest e^^rly Pe'b.r
-:|f The most be2.utiful of ^Tl Pez^rs . -^1^

THE

VOL. IX.]

DECEMBER, 1886.

[No. 12.

^£tD Jjruttfi.

THE LAWSON PEAR

The Lawson Pear is another of those
new fruits which have not yet been
tested in Canada ; but, if it has all
the excellences claimed for it by its

propagators, it will be the leading mar-
ket pear of its season.

The great objection to all our early
pears that ripen before the Clapp's
Favorite and the Bartlett is their small
size.

The Roatiezer is perhaps the best in
quality for dessert of all our tested
early summer pears. In flavor, it is
equalled only by the famous Seckel,
which was at one time so popular as an
autumn dessert pear. When the Ros-
tiezer is well known among consumers
it is eagerly sought for ; but when
placed in a new market it is very un-
salable, on account of its small size and
poor color.

. The Oslands Summer is a very good
old pear, ripening early in August
and a little before the Rostiezer. It is
larger than the latter, and takes on a
better color, being of a clear yellow
with a warm cheek, but not quite equal
to it in flavor. In our grounds it has

been quite subject to blight and not
very productive; while the Rostiezer,
on the other hand, seems be to be com-
paratively free from blight, and is an
abundant bearer.

The Margaret is a new summer pear,
of medium size, and very highly com-
mended as the finest of its season,
which is about the last of August. We
are testing it, and hope to report later
concerning it.

The Tyson, an old and well estab-
lished pear, is j ust now receiving many
enconiums among our exchanges, but
we do not value it very highly. It cer-
tainly is a fine grower. We have some
trees twenty-five years planted, which
are about thirty feet high and bear
heavy crops annually, but the fruit
though a good size, has a poor color,
and it comes too near the Bartlett sea-
son to command a high price.

We have thus briefly spoken of the
best of our early summer pears to show
that there is room for one of good size,
good quality and beautiful color.

Now all these excellences are claimed
for the Lawson. The color is said to be
a most beautiful crimson on a bright
yellow ground, and the time of ripening
about the 1st of August. It is also
claimed to be an annual bearer.

266

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

It derives its name from Mr. John
Lawson, of Ulster County, N.Y., who
formerly owned the farm on which the
original tree still stands. The tree is
thought to be about 100 years of age,
and has never been known to blight.

The pear is certainly desirable, pro-
vided it bears out all these character-
istics and is sufficiently hardy for our
Canadian climate.

THE EARHAET EVER-BEARING
RASPBERRY.

The Rural New-Yorker of 23rd Oct.
gives this raspberry a good puff. It
claims for it the following 'points of ex-
cellence, (1) hardiness, ('2) thrift, (3)
productiveness, (4) better quality than
the Gregg.

But the great point, in which it is
claimed to excel them all, is its wonder-
ful second crops on wood of the current
year's growth. The main crop ripens
about the last of June, and the second
crop commences to ripen about August
1 5th and continues for about six weeks.
On one cane over 500 berries were
counted on the 16th September last, and
altogethar it is made out to be a won-
derful acquisition to the garden, giving
a continuance of fruit for the table all
summer long.

Now we always read statements in
the Rural with the greatest confidence,
because it gives its opinions, as we also
aim to do, without fear or favor. But
we should require the experience of
more than one season to establish our
confidence in the wonderful everbear-
ing qualities of the Earhart.

Whv, only a few days ago we read

of a gardener in Wingham, Ont., pick-
ing a fine lot of second crop raspberries
in his garden about the 16 th October;
they were literally loaded with fruit and
not Earharts either. The fact is, this
is an unusual season for second crops.
A neighbor of ours, Mr. Snyder, has
plenty of second crop strawberries now
(Nov. 12) on his plants; and another
Mr. Sardis Smith, has an apple tree
with a second crop of apples, of fair
size and ripe.

This peculiar phenomenon extends
to England also, for we read in the
London Standard 11th Oct. "the ex-
traordinary mildness of the weather in
Dorset has produced some curious
phenomena. Strawberries in full bloom
are very common in the south, and at
Dorchester may be seen apple trees in
abundant blossom."

Back Volumes of "The Canadian Horticul-
turist."— Many of our readers will be
pleased to learn that we can still supply
back volumes. We have Vols. I., II.,
III., IV., VI., VII. and VIII. on hand.
They contain vast stores of useful in-
formation for Canadian fruit growers.
Any of these volumes complete, with
the accompanying Report, will be sent,
post paid, to any address on receipt of
75 cts., or, without Report, for 60 cts.

Correspondents will please make all
articles as brief and pointed as pos-
sible. Nobody has time, in this busy
Nineteenth Century, to read very long
articles; besides, when they are very
long they are sure to be dry. Let

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0ULTUKI8T.

267

" Little and Often " be the motto of our
contributors, and let us have a bright,
cheery journal, full of practical hints
just adapted to our country, and a
welcome visitor to every home.

Thanks. — We thank our many friends
for the kind complimentary words con-
cerning the November Number of The
Canadian Horticulturist. We hope
the appreciation will show itself in a
practical way, by doubling our subscrip-
tion list.

A New Contributor. — We are fortunate
in having the promise of a series of
articles on flowering bulbs, with illus-
trations, from Mr. Hermann Simmers,
of the firm of Messrs. J. A. Simmers &
Co., Toronto. The first appears in this
number, with cut of Easter Lily.

All Subscriptions, new and old, are now
due. Please renew at once, that we
may know how many colored plates we
shall need for our January Number.
The address labels will indicate whether
paid or unpaid, and be satisfactory
receipts, we hope, for the money^

Annual Premium. — We receive a good
many subscriptions without any accom-
panying choice of a premium for the
spring of 1887. The choice must be
made now that we may provide a suf-
ficient number of trees, plants and vines
for all subscribers.

A Seedling Plum.— Mr. W. H. Wylie,
of Carlton Place, Ont., writes that he
has a seedling red plum which has been
cultivated by the family for fifty yeans.
It is excellent in quality, a great bearer,
and curculio proof. He will exhibit it
at some future meeting of the F. G. A.
of Ontario.

Display of Fruits and Flowers at Meetings of
Fruit Growers. — At the last meeting at
Cleveland, Ohio, premiums were offered
for displays of fruits and flowers, and in
consequence the hall was made most at-
tractive. Local florists covered the
stage with plants in bloom and decorated
the room with floral ornaments. Among
these was a floral parasol, lined with
red flowers and covered with white ones
nicely fringed, and resting on a base of
ferns. May we not learn a lesson from
this for increasing the attractions of
our meetings 1

Ladies at the Evening Sessions. — We
notice that at the Winter Meeting of
the Main State Pomological Society,
several ladies were present in the even-
ing, and some read essays on floral
subjects, to which an evening Session
was purposely devoted.

At the meeting of the Michigan
Pomological Society meeting on the
30th ult., it was the design to have two
or three evening lectures by eminent
horticulturists to interest the general
public, and thus to widen the influence
of the Society-
Bagging Grapes. — President Earle said
at the close of a discussion on grapes at
Cleveland, that he had found bagging
grapes a means of protection from rot.
The cost was not a half cent a pound.
Deep Planting of Grapes. — Mr. J. J.
Harrison spoke on this subject at the
Ohio Horticultural Society as follows ;
" Three or four years ago we lost thou-
sands of grape vines. Those vineyards
where the Concord was planted deeply
survived, while those that were planted
shallow died. With us it is considered

268

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

essential to plant deeply." We, on the
other hand, think there is quite as great
need of caution not to plant too deeply,
especially in heavy soil. What is the
experience of other vineyardists in
Canada 1

Wanted. — January, February and May
numbers of the Canadian Horticulturist
for 1886. Nine numbers of the year
1885 will be given in exchange for these
three ; or three numbers of 1 885 for
any one of them. Each number for
1885 contains a colored plate.

A valuable paper has come to hand from
Mr. P. E. Bucke, of Ottawa, on " Suit-
able Trees for the Lawn," which will
appear in the January number.

Able Contributors. — Among other gentle-
men, who will contribute to these pages
during the year 1887, we have pleasure
in mentioning the names of the follow-
ing, viz. :— D. W. Beadle, W. E. Wel-
lington, A. M. Smith, W. W. Hilborn,
John Little, Hermann Simmers, ?. E.
Bucke, A. A. Wright and F. Mitchell.
With such a staff of able contributors
an era of unprecedented prosperity is
before this journal, and of enlarged use-
fulness for the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion of Ontario.

^Vit&iioxi ^ratoer.

This department is intended as an open one to every
reader of the ^^Horticulturist" to send in either
questions or answers. Often a reader will be able to
answer a question which has been left unanswered,
or only partially answered by us. For convenience
•of reference the questions will henceforth be num-
bered, and any one replying or referring to any
question will please mention the number of it.

9. The Influence of Stock on Graft. — With
us Grimes' Golden is below medium
size. At our County Exhibition in
October among the dozens of Grimes'
Golden shown, was one dozen twice as

large as some of the others. I asked
the exhibitor, " How do you grow them
so large V " By top grafting on the
Holley," was the reply. The Holley is
a Nova Scotia seedling, a very large
apple. What do you think of this ?
C. E. Brown, Yarmouth, N. S.

Neither the scientific study of the
growth of the tree, nor the experience
of our most reliable pomologists, favors
the idea that the stock has any power
to change the identity of the fruit grown
upon the scion. It may have some in-
fluence upon habits of growth in certain
ways. Thus grafting a standard pear
upon the slow growing quince dwarfs its
growth, and by hindering the free re-
turn of the sap causes it to be the more
directed to the development of the
fruit ; so that in certain cases, as with
the Duchess, the fruit is larger and
finer thus dwarfed. A tender tree
may also be made hardy by grafting it
upon a hardy stock ; thus the peach
will sometimes succeed upon the plum
stock where it would otherwise fail.
But it is not at all probable that the
Grimes Golden would grow larger upon
the Holley stock, simply because the
Holley stock bore a large-sized fruit.
See, however, article by Dr. Hoskins,
p. 233.

Mr. A. M. Smith says : " The influ-
ence of stock on scion is an old ques-
tion, and one on which there is a dif-
ference of opiniou. I think the quality
of the fruit depends more on the vigor
of the stock and the cultivation it re-
ceives and the soil than it does on any
special variety on which it may be
grafted." See Report N. S. A., p. 34.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

269

10. The Most Able Pomologist. — Do you
know of any one who is familiar
enough vrith varieties of apples groum
under different conditions to he able to
identify them ? C. E. Brown.

There is no man living equal in
this respect to the late lamented Chas.
Downing. Probably Mr. P. C. Barry,
of Rochester, N. Y., is the most able
pomologist of the present time.

11. Greenhouse and heating. — For a green-
house how far the depth in ground,
what width generally, what glass and
size is best to use, and what is the latest
heater ? r. N. Jamesoii, Whitby, Ont.

REPLY BY DR. BEADLE.

I must confess to being not a little
puzzled over this questions which yon
have sent to me for answer. The pro-
per answer hinges greatly upon the use
which Mr. Jameson wishes to make of
the structure, but of which he has not
given the slightest hint. I will take ic
for granted however that he wishes to
propagate plants, and reply accordingly.

If the soil will admit of it he may
have the walls all in the ground, rising
above the surface just enouge to admit
of a few inches projection of the roof
so as to throw off the water. Such a
house can be heated much more econom-
ically than where the walls are above
the surface. In many soils it is im-
possible to go so deep because of water
in the ground.

The interior width is most convenient
when made at ten feet, allowing two
feet for the walk and four feet for each
of the tables.

I have used Chance's thick sheet
glass, eight by ten inches and found it

perfectly satisfactory ; but if hail storms
are frequent at Whitby, it would be
better to use an extra thick quality.

The latest heater is steam. I have
not tried steam and cannot therefore
give an opinion upon the merits of
steam heating from personal experience.
My greenhouses are heated with hot
water, but I have only a small range
of glass as compared with many florists,
especially in the United States. Our
horticultural periodicals have published
a good deal of late on the question of
steam versus hot water heating. From
my reading on the subject I am inclin-
ed to the opinion that for heating a
large establishment, especially in a cli-
mate subject to very great and sudden
changes of temperature, steam will
prove to be the safest, because a sudden
and extreme lowering of the thermom-
eter can be more speedily counteracted
in every one of the houses and in every
part of each house by steam than by
hot water.

This matter of heating is largely a
question of the extent of surface to be
heated. A properly built flue will be
the most economical method of heating
a small area, where hard firing will not
at any time be needed. The danger of
setting the structure on fire, of cracking
the flue so as to allow gases to escape
from the burning fuel into the house,
and of having one end of the house too
hot and the other too cold, is always
present when a flue is relied upon to
heat any considerable amount of glass

12. Grapes and Small Fruits tor Orillia. —
In your December Number please give
me the names oj four or five grapes, a

270

THE OA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

strawberry, and at least three raspberries
that would succeed at Orillia.

John S. Warren.

Among the black grapes try Cham-
pion, Moore's Early and Worden ; the
first is poor in quality but very hardy,
For red try Brighton or Lindley, and
for white, Niagara or Empire State.

Perhaps the best strawberry for gen-
eral purposes to plant at Orillia would
be the Crescent Seedling.

In raspberries try the Turner for red,
the Hilborn or Ohio for black. Th6
yellow raspberries are not so hardy.
(See article on Golden Queen on p. 241.)

13. Rust on the Strawberry Leaves. — Are
you familiar with the rust on the
strawberry ; and is it that which affects
enclosed leaves. 1 C. E. Brown.

We have so little rust on the straw-
berry at Grimsby that we referred to
Mr. Hilborn for his experience. He
writes : " I have had strawberry leaves
affected with rust the same as samples
you sent every season since I began
their culture, but have met with no
serious results. The Manchester is
perhaps more affected than any other
sort ; sometimes the crop of fruit will
be somewhat less on plants that have
been planted two or more years, but
have not found any injury to the first
crop gi'own on any of my plantations.
More than one-half, of a hundred varie-
ties I have grown, have shown more or
less of that rust. Among those most
affected are Manchester, Wilson,
Windsor Chief, Atlantic, Arnold's
Pride, Bright Ida, Lacon, Cornelia,
Daniel Boone, Prince of Berries, Mrs.
Garfield, and many others."

14. Pruning Currants and Gooseberry bushes
for fruit. — When should this be done, and
what is the best method. j. p. w.

Currant and gooseberry bushes may
be pruned in either fall or spring. If
in the fall it should be done before
severe weather comes on, and if in
spring, very early before the buds begin
to swell.

In pruning the currant our practice
is to cut back a portion of the new
growth, say one half This causes the
stems to grow stocky, and to throw out
a good many side branches for fruit
bearing. Besides this, the old wood,
needs thinning out. Half a dozen
stems to each bush are enough to leave.

With the gooseberry pretty liberal
pruning is also necessary ; not perhaps
shortening in as with the currant, but
thinning out freely both old and new
wood ; remembering always that the
fruit is borne upon the latter.

15. Making cuttings of Currant and Goose-
berry bushes. — When should this be done ?
Will cuttings of Jive inches long grow as
readily as those fifteen inches long ?
Should they be planted in the spring or
fall ? J. P. W.

The best time, both for making and
planting the cuttings would perhaps be
in October ; but even in that case they
would be better mulched with some
coarse strawy manure when winter sets
in. If made early in December they
should be packed away in sand or saw-
dust until spring, and then planted
early. Cuttings of about one foot in
length are surest to grow, if planted
deeply, leaving only two or three buds
above gi'ound; but we have seldom

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

271

failed in our own experience, with cut-
tings five or six inches in length. We
usually cut them at the time of our
spring pruning in March and bury them
in sand for a few weeks. Very few fail
to grow, and any novice should succeed.

16. Grape cuttings. — Should grape cut-
tings from fall pruning be planted now,
and packed in sand until spring ?

J. P. W.
It will be safer to pack them in sand
in the celler, or bury them in dry sandy
loam out doors, and plant them in
spring.

17. Manure for Currant and Gooseberry
bushes. — Would sulphate of iron or hone
dust mixed with ashes he the most econ-
omic manure for currants and goose-
berry bushes in bearing, inoney value
being equal.

J. P. W., Homings Mills, Ont.

18. Ardisia Crenulata. — In the November
Number you rejer to A. Crenulata as a
desirable house plant. Local florists do
not know it, will you kindly inform me
where it can be got.

C. H. Dunning, Toronto, Ont,
We think it cannot be purchased
nearer than New York City at present.
We asked Mr. Jas. Vick about it and
he says " We do not grow it, and do
not think is can be purchased in Roch-
ester." Mr. E. S. Carman of Jiural
New- Yorker, writes " You can get the
Ardisia of Peter Henderson (k Co., New
York, or of John Saul, Washington."

REPLIES TO PREVIOUS QUESTIONS.

1. Huckleberries. — Mr. Lovett, Little
Silver, N. J., writes : " Please cor-
rect the error on page 248. I have
the Bell and Cherry Cranberries, but

no Huckleberries. My many attempts
to grow this fruit have in all cases re-
sulted, the same as with your corres-
pondent from Owen Sound, in failure."

Mr. W. A. Dempsey, son of Mr. P.
C. Dempsey, of Trenton, Ont., says :
" Wild Huckleberry plants can be got
in quantity here at cost of labour dig-
ging them, say 50c. per 100 or |4 per
1,000, There are a great many pails
picked off my place each season. I
like what is called the Bill-berry better,
only that it mildews. The bushes are
much larger ; I have seen them about
8 feet high."

7. Fruit Dryer. — In order to answer
this question, we wi-ote to the Ameri-

V. 3. COOK STOVE DBIKR.

can Manufacturing Co., Waynesboro,
Penn., asking for a cut of their U

272

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

S. Cook Stove Drier. Through the
kindness of this firm we present our
readers with the accompanying il-
lustration, which may be interest-
ing to many Canadian readers. The
weight is only about twenty-five J
pounds, so that it may be easily
handled by the servant or mistress.
The trays are of galvanised wire
cloth, and therefore will not rust or
discolor the fruit. The price is $7.

J[lotD£r0.

THE BELL FLOWERS.

" With drooping bells of purest blue,
Thou didst attract my childish view."

There are only three species of
the Campanula family common in
our Canadian woods, viz., the Hare-
bell, or Blue Bell of Scotland (C. rotundifolia),
found on rocky, shaded banks; the Tall Bellflower
(C. Americana), the stem of which grows from
three to six feet high, with blue flowers also ; and
the Marsh or Rough-Leaved Bellflower (C. apa-
rinoides , with lavender flowers, which is of a
climbing habit.

But there are besides these, in various parts of
the world, nearly 300 known species. Many of
these are cultivated in flower gardens, and may
be seen described in the catalogues of our leading
florists and nurserymen. Some are annuals, some
are perennials, like the Harebell above men-
tioned, and some are biennials and die after the
second year, as the Canterbury Bell (C. Media)
and the Peach-Leaved Harebell (C. persicifolia).

To this last class belongs also the Climbing
Bellflower (C rapunculoides), which is so well
shown by the cut kindly loaned us by the Popular
Gardening Co.

The name Campanula is a diminutive of the Ita-
lian campana, a bell, from the shape of its corolla.

CLIMBING BELL-FLOWER.

THE CANADIAN HORTI0ULTUEI8T.

273

WINTER FLOWERING BULBS.

BY HERMANN SIMMERS, TORONTO.

THE EASTER LILY.

Among the varieties most suited for
indoor culture, we may class the Easter
Lily (Lilium longiflorum, Harrisii).
This variety, on account of its easy
culture, has of late years been given a
prominent place by all amateurs ; but
there may be some readers of the Hor-
Hculturist who are not aware of its re-
markably easy culture, and who would
give it a trial if they only had some
thoroughly explicit directions. We will
endeavour to give some directions based
upon a thorough practical experience in
the cultivation of the Easter Lily.

Take a sufficient quantity of good
rich loam to fill an ordinary pint pot

THE EASTER LILY.

about three-quarters full, add the re-
maining quarter, of ordinary sand, in
order to prevent the earth from souring;

then place the bulb in the centre of the
pot, care being taken not to press the
earth under the bulb at all, so that the
roots of the bulb will have easy growth.
Press the earth firmly around the bulb,
after which water thoroughly ; then
place the pot in a totally dark portion
of a moderately warm cellar, tempera-
ture not to be lower than 40°, or in a
box, which would require to be covered.
Watering the pot would be necessary
about once a week, or, if the mould is
moderately damp, it could be left for
about ten days.

After treating the balb in this form
for about eight weeks, itcould bebrought
to the light, care being used not to bring
it to the light suddenly, or else the stem
will be forced too quickly, and not be
able to hold the large truss of white
flowers which would appear in about
five weeks after the above treatment.

We might add that it is necessary to
water it at regular intervals, at the
same time that the other plants in the
house, or conservatory, are watered ;
but not too much at a time, as the
bulb is liable to rot with too much
watering.

If, at times, the bulb does not show
as quick a growth as is desirable, an
application of some prepared plant food
may be given it, when the diflference
will at once be noted.

The directions, as given above, may
appear somewhat lengthy to the readers
of the Horticulturist, but the actual
cultivation of the Easter Lily will not
be found greater trouble than that of
other plants in genei-al.

Toronto, 8th Nov., 1886.

2 74

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE HOLLYHOCK.

BY M. W. M., OWEN SOUND, ONT.

Upon a dry and withered stalk

There sat, in bright array,
The last of all the Hollyhocks,

To bloom alone and die.

To bloom alone, when none were left

Of all the floral band ;
And not a voice of summer bird

Was heard throughout the land.

And so, methought, we sometimes see
One far from friends removed.

While yet they might have lent their aid.
And in affliction soothed.

And, like the flowers, we all shall fade.

In winter's tomb be laid.
Yet we in Christ shall rise again,

In youthful bloom re-made.
Written for Canadian Horticulturist.

Jfruit0.

TIMELY HINTS.

Manure the Orchard. — Now is the time,
when other work is closing up, to show
kindness to the fruit trees. The trees
have just exerted themselves in behalf
of their owner, and now deserve their
reward. Indeed, unless a* top dressing
of compost, or of wood ashes, is given
them every year or so, they will be re-
venged by producing small, spotted, un-
salable fruit.

Cleaning up all rubbish about the trees
is also work for this season. Bits of
corn stalks, straw, or brush about young
trees, will encourage the depredations
of the mice throughout the winter.
These should be carefully cleared away,
and a mound of fine earth packed closely
about the trunk. Nothing will more
eflfectually save the trees from the de-

predations of mice than this. Thousands
of trees are annually destroyed in
Canada every winter, in time of deep
snow, through neglect of this simple
precaution.

The old fashioned rail fence is an abomi-
nation about an orchard or garden. It
accumulates tremendous banks of snow,
and every tree within twenty feet of
such a fence is a temptation to this
despicable foe, the field mouse. The
wire fence, properly built, is the best
for an orchard. Once we agreed with
a suggestion in the American Agricul-
turist that the wire should be fastened
on rows of trees planted in line to take
the place of posts ; but experience has
taught us that this does not pay. As
the tree grows, the wire is bent out
about the staple, and breaks frequently,
thus proving a constant nuisance. Good
cedar posts are best of all supports for
a wire fence. They may be set fifteen
feet apart, if well braced here and there.

Keeping Winter Apples. — We frequently
see it stated that apples will keep their
fresh crisp state far better if pitted like
potatoes, than if kept in the cellar. It
is said that in Kentucky whole barrels
of apples are frequently stored in pits
in this way. A trench is dug one foot
deep, a layer of straw put in the bot-
tom, and the barrels laid in end to end ;
then a thick covering of alternate layers
of straw and earth is made, sufficient to
keep out the frost, and to shed the rain.

Apples so kept are said to come out
wonderfully fresh and crisp, and to
keep much longer than by the usual
method. Perhaps some of our readers
would like to experiment, and find out

THB CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

275

whether the plan would succeed in our
more rigorous climate.

Grape Cuttings. — Most propagators ad-
vise making grape cuttings in the au.
tumn, and burying them until the
spring, so that the cut surface may heal ;
or early in December, and packing them
away in sand in the root cellar. No
doubt this is the best time, but we
usually have complete success with cut-
tings from wood pruned in March. We
bury them as soon as the frost is out,
and leave them two or three weeks.
Scarcely any fail to grow.

Cuttings need to be about six inches
long, and include two buds : those with
one bud seldom succeed, except in a
green house, or hot bed.

RASPBERRIES FOR MARKET.

BY W. W. niLBORN, ARKONA,

To grow the Blackcap raspberry for
market I plant them in rows eight feet
apart and three feet apart in the row.

If the soil is as rich as it should be
for Blackcaps, this will not be too great
a distance.

When they get to be full grown
plants there will only be space enough
left between the rows to gather the
fruit and work around the plants.

When the new growth of the first
year reaches twelve or fifteen inches in
height, pinch it back ; the second year
after planting, allow it to grow about
two feet high before pinching back-
There is more danger of letting them
get too high before pinching back, than
tliere is in heading back too soon.

By keeping the plants down low the
wind does not break them down so much

and they will produce a larger crop of
fruit.

Give them good cultivation early in
in the season, stirring the soil often,
and do not wait until the weeds spring
up and force you to cultivate them.
By moving the soil often, you promote
growth, and weeds have no chance to
get a start.

Cut out all old wood as soon as the
crop of fruit has been gathered. Cul-
tivate and plough the land, throwing
the soil toward the plants.

By stopping cultivation early, the
new wood or canes will ripen up well
before winter comes on, thus enabling
them to stand lower temperature with-
out injury.

They will require nothing more un-
til spring, when the bushes will need
pruning back.

They should be well cultivated as
early in spring as the soil will per-
mit, and the cultivator kept going
through them often, (once a week is
none too often) until the fruit begins
to color. Where mulch of either coarse
manure or straw can be procured it
should be placed around the bushes,
on the land that cannot be reached by
the cultivator, immediately after culti-
vating out the first time in spring. This
will help to keep down weeds and re-
tain moisture.

VARIETIES TO PLANT.

In recommending varieties to plant
for market, I will only speak of those
that have been well tested in many
parts of the country, and say nothing
about the new varieties, some of which
are very promising.

276

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Tyler and Souhegan are the best for
an early crop, Mammoth Cluster for
medium, and Gregg for late. The Gregg
is a very large and productive berry,
but it is not quite hardy in some
localities.

Shaffer's is the best cap variety, all
things taken into consideration, with
which I am acquainted for canning pur-
poses. It is a purple berry, and if left
to get a little over-ripe it turns brown,
which will materially lessen its sale in
any market where it is not known.

RED OR SUCKERING VARIETIES.

These should be grown in about the
same way as the cap varieties, but the
rows should be only six feet apart.
Do not, on any account, neglect to cul-
tivate them as early in the spring as
the soil will permit. Suckers form
almost without number on their roots
in the fall, and come almost to the sur-
face of the soil (sometimes even show-
ing above), and they begin to grow
very early in the spring, and almost
before you know it the gi-ound will be
covered with young plants, which take
the substance away from the bearing
ones. They should be cut off as weeds ;
and, if not allowed to grow in the fore
part of the season, they will give very
little trouble later.

Hansell is the earliest. It is not
large, and it resembles the wild rasp-
berries in its habits of growth, and it is
not the best in quality. Yet, with all its
faults, I believe it is the best early mar-
ket red raspberry we have. It requires
rich soil. Turner is not quite as early,
but good in quality ; it is larger and the

hardiest of them all. It is not firm
enough to ship to a distant market.

Cuthbert is the largest, latest and
best market berry where it does not
kill too much back with the winter.

OUR GARDEN AND ORCHARD.

BY JOHN CROtL, AULTSVILLE.

(Concluded.)
GRAPES.

With an assortment of fifteen kinds
we have the same tale to tell. A large
crop, beautiful bunches, but only about
one-quarter of them reaching maturity.
No vine is worth planting in our cold
North that does not ripen its fruit by
the middle of September. The Cham-
pion, of course, always does — bette?' it
than none, — the Hartford and Dela-
ware generally. Moore's Early and
Worden ripened well with us this year,
and are a decided improvement on any
we have had. All Rogers' Hybrids we
have tried are too late in ripening —
beautiful, many of them. Salem, Wilder,
Agawam, Brighton and Massasoit,
heavily laden and beautiful. All the
more tantilizing to have them all de-
stroyed by frost when just on the eve
of ripening.

STRAWBERRIES.

We had seven kinds on three quarters
of an acre. In future we will confine
ourselves to the Wilson, Crescent and
Early Canada. The latter for its only
recommendation has earliness. It is a
poor berry, and is liable to be destroyed
by frost when in blossom. Our plants
wintered well, and promised a good re-
turn j but we are far from boasting of
the same, I'll venture to boast, how-
ever, of my friend Mr. Beall's crop —
too modest he to boast of his own. He

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

277

had 1,600 quarts on one-eighth of an
acre — ^jiist what I had on three-quarters
of an acre, i.e., mine six times told.

BLACK SPOT ON THE APPLE.

For many years this disease has been
going on from bad to worse, till now
our orchard hardly deserves the name.

Mr. E. P. Powell, of Clinton, the
writer of a sensible letter on apples
which appeared in the New York
Independent of 23rd Sept., says : —

" If anything can be more gratifying
*' than to "see a row of these lovely
*•' apj)les in October it must be outside
"of the apple orchard. The fruit is
''superb in quality as well as beauti-
"ful."

So said I ten yeai-s ago, but a dif-
ferent tale we have to tell to-day. Our
once noble Fameuse seems to be played
out. Spotted is no name for mine.
Shrivelled up and black nearly all over,
it is a cumberer of the ground and en-
tirely worthless. In 1877 I gathered
from two trees seventeen barrels of
apples as beautiful as Mr. Powell de-
scribes, and sold them for $51. My
200 trees will come short of yielding
me such an amount this year. The St.
Lawrence and Mcintosh Red are not
much better. The Tolman Sweet, which
till this year escaped, is badly spotted.
I am sorry to say even the Wealthy is
spotted, although not to the same ex-
tent as the above kinds. The American
Golden Russet is about the only healthy
tree I have. They are entirely free
from the spot, and bore heavily.

My own orchard and a few adjoining
are more affected by the disea.se than
any I know of, but the following re-

ports, which I received in answer to
enquiries concerning the progress of the
disease from parties in different sections,
show the disease to be general :

Toronto. — Messrs. Stone <fe Welling-
ton say : The s})ot on the Fameuse is
worse this year than usual, and the fruit
is much smaller. Our Wealthy apples
at the nursery are not spotted at all.

Lindsay. — Thomas Beall : My Fa-
meuse is much worse than ever before.
I may possibly be able to see one-half
of them, but I think I could not find
one per cent, clear. The St. Lawrence
are equally unsalable, caused by crack-
ing. The Wealthy injured, but not to
the same extent. Alexander both spot-
ted and cracked.

Iroquois. — Dr. Harkness : The Fa-
meuse are badly spotted ; quite free in
1885. Have only a few Tolman ; they
are not spotted enough to injure them
seriously. My Wealthy are not bear-
"^g y^t, ; a neighbor had a few almost
free from spots, a beautiful apple.

Montreal. — James Morgan, jun. : Fa-
meuse apples are badly spotted in this
section, especially on old trees. Weal-
thy, I think, are all right. Any that
I have seen are clean and large, and I
think will supersede the Fameuse in
time.

Village des Culnaies, Co. V Islet, P.
of Q. — Auguste Dupuis : Our Fameuse
are less spotted this year than last.
Some native varieties are greatly spot-
ted. Farmers whom I met at the hor-
ticultural county fairs complained bit_
terly of the great damage to their apples.
They say that the spots are caused by
the dampness of the temperature in

278

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

July, and the mists which cover the
sand. We are near the St. Lawrence,
which is twenty-four miles wide here ;
mists occur often when the breeze comes
from the east.

Windsor, JV. S. — I expected a report
from Professor Hind, but it has not
yet come to hand. From a friend,
however, who visited him this sunmier,
I learn that the disease is bad in that
locality. He (the professor) says its
iron the trees want, and claims to have
found a cure by its application, of which
we will report when we hear from him.
Meantime, we are safe in trying the
experiment.

WINTER PROTECTION OF GRAPES.

In reading the RuraVs report of the
meeting of the A. H. Society we notice
that Mr. Geo. Campbell, a veteran
grape culturist, spoke thus on this sub-
ject: "I advise winter protection for
all vines. In mild winters they are
improved, and in severe ones they are
saved by it. I have long been con-
vinced that winter protection is often
the turning point between the brightest
success and a complete failure. Nothing
pays better. Injury from cold leaves
the vine more susceptible to mildew
and disease. In a general way, I
advise growing the best kinds. These
with the additional care can be readily
grown, and they bring good prices,
while others are a drug in the market."

Mr. Green said : " All have room
for a grape-vine, No man with a house
is without room for a grape-vine. There
is no cheaper food for farmers, or their
help, than grapes." Mr. Ohmer ;
** Grapes should be grown by every-

body. (Applause.) I find great ad-
vantage in winter covering. I have 1 7
varieties, and lay them all down in
winter." Mr. Campbell : '' Grapes
upon walls often escape the effects of
cold and disease when others do not."
Mr. Ford also believed in wall training
and winter protection. " I grow grapes
on three sides of every building 1 have.
I never saw rot or mildew on vines
near a building. I intend to plant
along a high board fence and build a
shed to extend partly over the vines."
Mr. Vandemann said : " The north
side of a building is the place to put
any tender thing ; it will succeed there
when it will not on the south side,
where the evaporating influences are
greater. In nature we find that all
tender plants grow on the northern hill
slopes, none on the southern slopes."
Several members spoke of the advan-
tages in training grapes on walls and
buildings, also on trees. Mr. Pierce :
" Grapes will not grow in Ohio on the
north side of houses."

[We may add that some of the finest
vineyards in the Niagara District of
Ontario have a northern exposure, with
the Niagara Escarpment on the south
side of them. — Ed.]

PRUNING GRAPE VINES.
The Floral Instructor says : '' The
best time to prune grape vines is as
soon after the leaves have fallen as pos-
sible. If left until spring it is apt to
be too late before it is attended to, and
there is always some loss of vigor in
vines encumbered during several months
with a large mass of useless wood."

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUBI8T.

279

[There are no doubt some advantages
in pruning grape vines on fine days in
the fall or early winter before severe
cold has come. March in Canada is a
very unpleasant month for the work ;
and if cut in April there is much loss
.of strength in "bleeding." But we
much question the loss of vigor from
the cause mentioned by our exchange. —
Ed.]

THE GOLDEN QUEEN.

Mr. W. W. Hilborn, of Arkona, O.,
writes as follows concerning the Golden
Queen Raspberry, and we are glad that
some one in Canada is giving ^it a fair
trial, so that we know for a certainty
whether it is adapted to our climate.
Mr. Hilborn says : —

"The Golden Queen has not been
gi'own in Canada long enough to know
how it will stand our winters. I planted
two hundred of them last spring. They
grew well, and bore quite a quantity of
very fine fi-uit, about the size of the
Cuthbert, and the nearest approach to
Brinckle's Orange in quality of any
yellow raspberry I have seen.

" They resemble Cuthbert in habit of
growth, leaf and cane, except that they
are lighter in color. Should they prove
to be hardy they will, no doubt, be the
best yellow raspberry we have."

NONSENSE.

(A humorous letter from Mr. D. W. Beadle.)

Mr. Editor, — Do you not think it
desirable that our horticultural papers
should place their funny paragraphs in
a column having an indicative heading,
such as " FACETiiE," or something of the
kind, and not scatter them promiscu-

ously through the paper in such a
manner that the unwary reader might
mistake the paragraph for downright
earnest 1 It is certainly allowable in
an agricultural or even horticultural
periodical to print nonsense occasion-
ally, for you know

' ' A Httle nonsense now and then
Is relished by the wisest men,"

yet, unless properly headed, it may
sometimes become misleading. For in-
stance, I read the other day, in a very
popular gardening paper, that we should
" instead of selling old cast-iron at half-
a-cent per pound, put small pieces near
the roots of grapes, currants, goose-
berries, and fruit trees ; it is very bene-
ficial." As a bit of facetiousness, this
is all very well, but as a piece of prac-
tical utility it is sheer nonsense. It is
hardly possible to find a soil in which
there is not already a super-abundance
of iron, so far as that mineral is re-
quired by vegetation ; and the planting
of small pieces of cast iron near the
roots of trees is a veritable " carrying
of coals to Newcastle."

Again, in the same paper, we find
the inquiry, " What can be done to
prevent the ravages of the currant
borer?" answered as follows : "Scatter
salt, say a teaspoonful, close around
each bush two or three times through
the season." This surely must be in-
tended for a huge joke. It is a forcible
reminder of the advice so often given
to the small boy who is trying to catch
a bird, namely, to "put salt on his
tail." Yet this answer is printed in
such a manner that the unsuspecting
reader might be entirely misled by the

280

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

arrant nonsense ; and surely this is not
justifiable.

It is not often that persons who are
troubled with currant borers are familiar
with the habits of the little pest, and,
supposing this advice to have been given
seriously by some one who knows, they
may waste their time and patience sow-
ing salt on the ground, close around
each bush, two or three times through
the season. It is very doubtful if it
were sown directly on the backs, or ap-
plied to the tails, of the borers that
it would cause them the least incon-
venience, but sown on the ground, as
close to each bush as possible, it most
certainly would never come in contact
with or even very near them, and could
not by any possibility affect them in
the least.

Once more. In the same number we
are told, in answer to an inquiry, that
the Schumaker Peach " is a free-stone
and ripens about with Crawford's
Early." Probably this is not intended
as a joke, but is merely a specimen of
the knowledge of the person who penned
the answer. Now, the Schumaker Peach
is not a free-stone, but is one of the
semi-clinging stones, such as the Alex-
ander, Amsden, Early Canada, and all
that class, and ripens nearly a month
before the Crawford's Early.

Nor is this all. The paper answers
another enquirer and tells him that
seeds of Walnut, Ash, Catalpa and Box
Alder, i.e., Negundo Aceroides, "must
be planted in the fall or else mixed with
earth and put out to freeze through the
winter, and planted in early' spring."
This is just another bit of nonsense,

quite misleading if taken in earnest.
There is no more need of freezing any
of these seeds than there is of roastinsr
them. In the case of the Walnut, it is
important that the seeds or nuts be not
allowed to dry, hence they should be
mixed with moist earth and kept moist
until planted, but they will grow just
as well if kept in that condition in the
cellar as if they are " put out to freeze."
The Ash, Catalpa and Box Alder seeds
ujay be kept in a paper in your drawer
all winter and sown in the spring with
just as much certainty of growing as if
they were mixed with earth and put
out to freeze.

Having grown all these from the
seed and found them to germinate
freely when treated in this manner, it
seems unkind to advise a novice to take
so much unnecessary trouble.

St. Catharines, Nov., 1886.

A NOVA SCOTIA LETTER.
The last few mails have brought us
several kind letters from Nova Scotia
showing how wide spread is the in-
terest taken in our Canadian Horticul-
turist. Among these letters is one from
a very old friend of our Association
Mr. Charles E. Brown, of Yarmouth,
from which we make one or two ex-
tracts. Speaking of the

SHIAWASSEE BEAUTY

he says : — " It is surprising what a num-
ber of valuable varieties of apples are
accredited to the Fameuse as a parent.
Of sixty-four kinds sent me from Michi-
gan, the Shiawassee Beauty, a seedling
of the Fameuse, appeared to me the
most beautiful. The color is a lovely

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

281

shade of carmine, unlike any other
apple I ever saw. The tree is said to
be hardy, and the fruit to keep longer
than the Fameuse, and to be free fi'om
from spots and blemishes."

It is a most startling fact to apple
growers to find how universally preva-
lent is that scourge of the orchard, the

FUNGUS SPOT ON THE APPLE.

We find from Mr. Brown's letter
that not even the salubrious sea breezes
can ward oflf this plague. He says : —
" The crop of apples in this Province
is very large this season, and in most
kinds of high quality, with good color
and size. Of late years, certain kinds,
the Yellow Bellefleur for instance,
formerly always exempt from spots,
have become so much disfigured that
they are worthless for export ; the Fam-
euse is another of these and going out
of use in the best fruit counties. At
an exhibition in Digby County last
week, I saw one collection of some
twenty-five kinds, nearly all of which
were more or less spotted, the apples
were also small in size for the kinds.
In this case I came to the conclusion
that the trees were old, unpruned and
neglected, and that the fungus disease
was communicated to all kinds alike
because unthrifty. It would be a wise
man however who could give an ex-
haustive statement of the cause of, and
remedy for, these fungus spots. I have
the Early Harvest and the Fameuse in
good soil and well pruned, the former
utterly worthless, the latter will give
me a small proportion of its crop in fair,
clear fruit, but the great part will be
spotted. Full exposure to sun and air

is essential to clear fruit, and perhaps
severe pruning would be in many cases
the sole remedy needed "

Let us hope that the late discoveries
in science concerning these low forms
of plant life, may give some basis upon
which our scientific students of horticul-
ture may solve these mysteries and pro-
vide us with a remedy. (See editorial
under '^Scientific.'") This spot is
spreading in Ontario from one kind to
another. Beginning with the Fall Pip-
pin and the Fameuse it has extended
to the Rambo, Greening, Spitzenberg,
Early Harvest, and even the Northern
Spy. It utterly unfits an apple for fo-
reign shipment, indeed a spotted apple
can hardly be sold at home.

HONOURABLE APPOINTMENT OF
MR. WILLIAM SAUNDERS,

FORMER PRESIDENT OF THE JRUIT GROWERS'
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO.

Our readei*s will all be pleased to
read the following letter to the London
Free Press from an Ottawa correspon-
dent : —

"Prof. Wm. Saunders, of London,
Ont., has just been appointed Director
of the Experimental Farm Stations of
the Dominion, and will assume the
duties of his important ofiSce at once.
His jurisdiction will extend over the
stations in all parts of the Provinces,
under the direction of Hon. Mr. Carling,
Minister of Agriculture. He was en-
gaged last fall in visiting institutions
of a similar character in the United
States, and prepai'ed an exhaustive re-
port on his observations. That report
was laid before Parliament at its last
session, and not only there, but from

282

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the press of America and Great Britain,
received the highest commendations for
its comprehensiveness and general ex-
cellence. Since that Mr. Saunders has
visited England in charge of the Cana-
dian fruit display at the Colonial and
Indian Exhibition, and since his return
has undertaken several experiments, at
the instance of the Minister of Agri-
culture, in the shipment of early varie-
ties of apples and other fruits and
vegetables in refrigerators. In these
undertakings his efforts were crowned
with the success which generally fol-
lows intelligence and well directed
efforts. Mr. Saunders, in fact, is a
gentleman singularly well qualified for
the position to which Mr. Carling has
appointed him. He was for years
President of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association — a position which he held
by reason of his superior knowledge of
all that appertains to the cultivation of
fruit. He is recognized as one of the
leading chemists of the Dominion, and
was at one time one of the chief oflScers
of the American Society for the Pro-
motion of Science. He has been for
years the leading entomologist of the
Dominion, and to that branch of natural
science has made many valuable literary
contributions. He is a member of the
Executive Board in charge of the Pro-
vincial Agricultural College at Guelph —
a position which shows in some degree
the extent to which his knowledge of
scientific agriculture is recognized by
the Ontario Government. He has, to
an extent more generally perhaps than
any other man in the Dominion, con-
ducted delicate experiments of an agri-

cultural character, and in assuming the
directorship of the new farm stations
will be following in the groove to which
his efforts and education have for years
tended. He also combines with rare
executive ability the faculty of intelli-
gently communicating his ideas to
others. Just such a man was wanted.
Mr. Saunders is at present visiting the
Maritime Provinces for the purpose of
reporting on a site for the Central Ex-
perimental Farm Station for the three
Lower Provinces. It is also probable
that he will visit Manitoba, the North -
West and British Columbia at an early
date, or in the spring, for the purpose
of selecting sites for the stations in
those Provinces. In the meantime
work is going on briskly on the Central
Farm here, and the introductory opera-
tions have begun in earnest. Mr.
Saunders' home will in future be in
Ottawa, although he may not leave
London for some months to come.

FRUITS IN MANITOBA.

It is interesting to notice in the
Manitoba Crop Bulletin of 15th Octo-
ber, sent us by Mr. Acton Burrows,
what a number of fruits grow wild in
that country.

There are very few cultivated fruits
except raspberries, currants, goose-
berries and strawberries ; these succeed
well, especially the currants and goose-
berries: but the varieties of plums,
crab apples and cherries, which we grow
in Ontario, are for the most part a
failure in Manitoba.

It is especially worthy of observation,
however, that there are wild varieties

THE CANADIAN H0BTICDLTUBI8T.

283

of many fruits indigenous to the soil,
and suited to the climate; and that
these grow there in considerable abund-
ance. Wild plums are reported from
84 townships, wild cherries from 104,
wild grapes from 11, blueberries from
40, cranberries from 136, and June
berries from 3.

Now here is a field for the enter-
prising and scientific horticulturists in
the North- West. Here is a chance for
them to take those hardy bushes and
vines, placed there for them by a kind
Providence, and by high cultivation,
and by hybridizing, to succeed in pro-
ducing varieties of great excellence that
will at the same time endure the
climate.

We have even more confidence in
this course for our cousins in the North-
West than in Russian importations.

A NEW FRUIT PICKER.

A good many tools have been in-
vented to lessen the arduous labor of
climbing up and down trees in gather-
ing fruit. However, for the general
work of gathering our heavy crops of
apples and pears, we do not think any
instrument can equal that old-fashioned
one invented, about six thousand years
ago, for gathering the fruit in the Gar-
den of Eden. A man, with 'his two
hands is about the best and most reli-
able of all instruments yet invented.

But there are cases in which one of
these tools may be used to great advan-
tage and save much|labor. For instance,
in gathering choice specimens of fruit
for exhibition, such a tool is almost in-
dispensable. And, where the fiiiit is
somewhat scattered upon the tree, the

use of an apple picker would save much
climbing, and moving of a heavy ladder.

Again, in case of early apples and
peaches, which must be picked as they
ripen or get their color, where a great
amount of climbing is made necessary
and consequent injury to the tree, to-
gether with the knocking off of much
green fruit, some such tool would save
many times its cost in a single season
to the professional fruit grower.

Most of the fruit pickers, that have
been invented have a linen bag, with a
mouth of wire so arranged as to catch
the apple by the stem, or having a cover
to open and close by means of a small
iron rod running down the handle.
Such kinds are veiy convenient for
gathering single specimens ; but, as one
hand is required to pull the iron rod, it
is evident that to gather much fruit in
the bag at one time would be very tire-
some. Another objection to the bag,

A A /^ ]fi\ ^^ ^"^ opinion, is
ir\ M r\fl1 the danger of bruis-

IfMlll'JilW

ing the fruit against
the limbs in work-
ing the picker.

The cut shows a
new fruit picker,
just invented by
Mr. Walter Bur-
gess, Parkdale, Ont.
Having tried it in
poiNBKR FRDiT picKBR. Qyr qwu orchard,

we note the following advantages which
it has : —

(1) It is so aiTunged that it wilt
catcli the apple or pear on any side by
the stem, and bring it off with the
slightest twist of the pole.

iiyiT

T

284

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

(2) The receptacle being made of tin
and not of cloth, there is no danger
of the most delicate specimens being
bruised against the limbs.

(3) The picker being used in an up-
right position with both hands, about a
dozen apples can be picked at a time
without difficulty.

Of course, it is tiresome to use any-
such tool for steady and long continued
work, but we think the Burgess Fruit
Picker has merits which render it
worthy of this notice.

CANADIAN FRUIT AT SOUTH
KENSINGTON.

One of the most comprehensive dis-
plays of Canadian fruit ever made in
Europe is now on view in the conser-
vatory of the Colonial and Indian Ex-
hibition. Contributions are made by
every province of Canada, from Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick to Quebec
and Ontario, and even by Manitoba
and British Columbia, the greater part
of the exhibits having been collected,
under the direction of the Canadian
Government, by Prof. Wm. Saunders,
of the Western University, London,
Ontario. From Ontario and Quebec
excellent specimens are shown of the
varieties of apples mostly shipped to
British markets, and the body, texture
and flavor of these must command gen-
eral admiration. The pears are specially
noteworthy for size and color ; while an
excellent display of vegetables, and even
Canadian out-door grapes, is made. The
Nova Scotian display comprises some
fifty varieties. The British Columbia
and Manitoba varieties are also in-
teresting, as coming from parts of the

Dominion but little known in England
for their fruit growing capabilities. It
is, moreover, important to note that the
shipment of many of the early soft
varieties of fruits now shown was made
from Canada in refrigerators, and the
perfect condition in which they arrived
is considered to fully establish the value
of this means of transit. — Farmers^
Gazette, England.

(Smntiftc,

MICROBES, FERMENTS AND MOULDS.

This is the title of a new book just
published by Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co.,
London, Eng. It is written by E. L.
Truessart, a Frenchman, and is designed
to bring this interesting department of
microscopic study, which has been so
successfully pursued by M. Pasteur,
within the reach of the general public.

The book is an interesting one to
fruit growers, because by means of the
principles there revealed, no doubt many
of the puzzling questions concerning
blight, yellows, mildew, rust, &c., will
be solved.

The word microbe simply means a
small living being, without defining
whether it is a plant or an animal ; and
indeed scientists cannot agree in which
kingdom to place it. Anyway, it is
parasitic, deriving its nourishment from
other plants or animals, and is either the
cause or the accompaniment of very
serious diseases. The word bacteria has
been employed synonymously with mi-
crobe, but it properly refers to only one
variety of these organisms.

It almost makes one shudder to be

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

told what multitudes of these infinitesi-
mal creatures there are about us ; and
it is some comfort to know that they
are too small for our natural vision, and
that we need the most powerful lenses
in order to see them properly.

Neither is it pleasant to be told that
many of our diseases are due to the
presence of these microbes in the blood,
as intermittent and typhoid fevers,
smallpox, measles, leprosy, erysipelas,
(fee. ; or that there are kinds which in-
fest the human teeth, causing decay,
and the scalp of the head, causing bald-
ness, and the saliva, causing madness.
Other kinds, again, are useful, as, for
instance, those causing fermentation in
wine or in yeast.

But it is the chapter on Parasitic
fungi that most interests the fruit
grower. There we are told that the
grape vine is attacked by at least one
hundred different kinds of these minute
organisms.

Among them is the Oidium or White
disease imported into England and
France from America, and which has
nearly destroyed the vineyards of
Madeira.

Another is the mildew^ only too well
known among us, and to which the
technical name Peronospora Viticola
has been given. This also was imported
into Europe from America. There are,
it seems, both summer and winter spores
of the mildew, which are the means of
its dissemination. The white filaments,
or hyphae, bear numerous summer
spores which are diffused through the
air ; while the withered leaf which falls
in the autumn contains the winter ones.

These latter are oospores, or Qgg spores,
and will germinate the following spring.

Therefore it is evidently wise to des-
troy the leaves in the autumn, and with
them these oospores ; and in the sum-
mer the vines should be early dusted
with sulphur, from which sulphurous
acid is gradually set free to the total des-
truction of the summer spores.

Sulphate of iron mixed with lime,
and dusted on is also effective in burn-
ing up this minute form of vegetable
life. It should be mixed in the pro-
portion of four parts sulphate of iron
to twenty parts of lime.

^ebitto.

We will gladly give our candid opinion of any hooks,
magazines or catalogues received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but will not insert cut and dried reading
notices in favrjr of any publication whatever.

REPORTS OF OTHER SOCIETIES.

Montreal Horticultural Society, E. J. Max-
well. Secretary, Montreal P.O. — The
Eleventh Annual Report of this society
has just come to hand. It includes the
report of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion of Quebec for the year 1885, and
is of great value. It is about double the
sizeof their report for 1884, and contains
ably written papers upon such subjects
as "Grape C/ulture in Quebec," ''Win-
dow Gardening," " Ornamental Trees,"
Garden Roses," "Apple Culture," "How
to Grow and Flower Chrysanthemums,"
&LC. It also contains reports of local
societies.

About fifty copies have been kindly
sent to this oflBce for the benefit of the
Fruit Growei-s' Association of Ontario.

286

THE CANAOIAN H0RTICULTUKI8T.

Transactions of the Maine State Pomological
Society, B. L. Boardman, Secretary. —
This report contains a series of essays
contributed by able horticulturists and
florists on quite a variety of subjects,
including the following : — " Making
Coleus Beds," ''Small Fruits in Maine,"
" Trapping the Codlin Moth," "Picking
and Shipping Apples." The report of
discussions at the meetings forms but a
small part of the book.

Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society for the year 1886, Part I.,
. Robert Manning Secretary. — This con-
tains essays and addresses of a very high
order of merit. Among other subjects
we notice : '* A Trip to the Tropics,"
*' Promising Fruits," " Forestry," '* Glad-
ioli," "Plants for Out-door Culture,"
"Vegetable Growing," "Orchid Cul-
ture," "Homestead Landscapes," "Em-
bellishment of Cemeteries," and "Ripen-
ing and Preservation of Fruit."

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS.

L'Agriculteur Canadien is a new monthly
illustrated journal, published by H. A.
Chaput, 1,623 Rue Notre Dame, Mont-
real, at $1 per annum. It is written
in French, and is devoted to the interests
of farmers and fruit growers.

The Southern Cultivator and Dixie Farmer,
published at Atlanta, Georgia, comes
out in an improved dress and contains
an immense amount of reading matter
just suited to Southern farmers and
fruit growers, and well worth the $1.50
subscription price.

The Sugar Beet is published at Philadel-
phia, and devoted to the cultivation of
that vegetable and the process of manu-
facturing beet root sugar.

Home Life is a new illustrated monthly
magazine, published in New York City.
The first number is certainly got up in
excellent taste and finely illustrated.

Popular Gardening, advertised in this
Number, is certainly a very interesting
journal for gardeners. It now incorpor-
ates in itself The Floral World (Chi-
cago), Purdy's Fruit Recorder (Roches-
ter), The Garden Review (Windsor,
N. Y.)

CATALOGUES.

Winona Nursery, Smith & Vanduzer,
Winona, Ont., Price List of fruit trees,
grape vines and small fruits.

Lovett's Guide to Fruit Culture, Spring,
1886, is got up tastefully and finely
illustrated. It is a pamphlet that is
interesting and valuable aside from its
business relationship.

Lovett's Illustrated Catalogue of Trees and
Plants, Autumn, 1886, issued by J. T.
Lovett, Little Silver, N. J.

^BZB oi Jfruite

Feeding Apples to Cows. — Owing to the
tendency of cows to over-eat when they
can get food which they like, and to
which they are unaccustomed, the
Live Stock Journal thinks that prob-
ably there is nothing more danger-
ous for them to help themselves to than
apples, yet they readily become accus-
tomed to them, so that they can be as
safely trusted in an orchard as a sheep or
horse. They should be fed moderately
at first, and the quantity be gradually
increased till, at length, they learn to
measure the quantity their stomachs
can manage.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

287

Give the horses half a peck of ripe apples
every day; they will do them more
good than a bucketful of medicine. —
Rural N. Yorker.

Apples for the Sick. — Dr. Whitman, of
Beaufort, S. C, says: — "I find good,
ripe, fresh apples one of the very best
articles of diet where the patient wants
a little something to eat, and only a
little. I presume there is more fault
in the manner of giving them than in
the article itself, where faulty digestion
results. If the attendant will pare the
apple, and then scrape it with a spoon
or common case knife, and give the soft
pulp of a fresh apple, it will hurt no
one. To the contrary, the stomach will
frequently retain it, and the patient
enjoy it, when nothing else can be taken.
I have used the pulp of ripe apples for
a relish in fevei*s, when nothing else
would seem to satisfy the patient's
craving, and would not like to have to
discard it, on the score of indigestibility. [
Great chunks of half ripe apples are
good for no one, but the scraped pulp
of a good apple will harm no one."

Tin canned goods, when opened, should
be immediately transferred to glass or
earthenware receptacles. Recent in-
vestigations show that cases of poison-
ing from eating canned goods have arisen
from the acid of the canned food attack-
ing the solder of the tins, and sometimes
from decomposition accelerated by an
electiical action between the solder and
the iron of the tin. Never leave canned
fiuits, meats, or fish in opened tin cans.
— The Independent, Grimsby.

Apples vs. Roots. — Nothing else will so
help the flowing milk of the cows just

now as a pailful of ripe apples chopped
into slices and sprinkled with the meal.
It pays as well to. grow apples for the
stock — if not better — as to grow roots
in the field.— /?. N. Y.

As whole acres of Pei-sian roses are re-
quired to make one priceless ounce of
the pure attar, so the soul's balm is the
slow product of a long course of right
living and thinking, every separate
thought and act contributing its own
minute but precious particles of sweet-
ness to the rich result. — Rural New-
Yorker,

A Warning. — Mr. Benjamin Bower, a
resident of Pleasantville, N. J., sprinkled
Paris-green on his grape-vines. The
wind blew some of it in the face of
Miss Allie Bower, his twenty- year-old
daughter. She inhaled it unconsciously,
and soon after became violently ill. A
physician, who was summoned imme-
diately, could do nothing for her, and
she died in a few days.

Apple Trees live to a good old age and
bear fruit to the last. One in Mercer
County, Kentucky, said to be ninety
years of age, has borne fruit every year
for sixty yeara. Five feet from the
ground it measures round the trunk
ten feet nine inches. We have several
in our orchard at Grimsby approaching
one hundred years of age, and still in
bearing. They were fine young trees,
already planted out as an oi-chard, when
Mr. Dennis Woolverton came here in
1798.— Ed.

288

THE CANADIAN H0BTI0DLTURI8T.

^oticzB.

THE WINTER MEETING.

The winter meeting of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario will
be held at Chatham on the Second
Wednesday and Thursday of February,
1887.

A good time and an enthusiastic
meeting is expected.

Members should lay aside fine speci-
mens of fruit to bring along, and con-
tributions of plants and floral decora-
tions are always in order.

Further particulars will be given in
January Number.

''THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST " FOR

1887.
We hope to make the volume for
1887 more fully illustrated than any
previous one. The beautiful colored
plates will be continued, and a large
number of cuts used to illustrate the
subjects treated of. No horticultural
paper in the world can be so useful
to Canadian fruit growers, because it
contains information just adapted to
Canada.

THE PREMIUMS FOR 1887.

We ofier every Canadian subscriber
for 1887 a choice between : ( 1 ) Niagara
Grapevine, (2) Tree Vladimir Cherry,
(3) Two Plants Hilborn Raspberry, (4)
A New Single Flowered Geranium, (5)
Dahlia, (6) Three Packages of Flower
Seeds — Primula Cashmeriana, and two
other kinds. Please name your choice
when you send your subscrii)tion. They
will be distributed in April or May
next.

THE REPORT.

The Keport of the Meetings held by
the Fruit Growers' Association of Ont.
during the present year is full of inter-
esting subjects for fruit growers and
gardeners. The discussions being taken
down verbatim by a short-hand reporter
doubles their value over the old way of
reporting these meetings. This valuable
Keport will be sent free to every sub-
scriber to the Canadian Horticulturist
for 1887.

SPECIAL CLUB RATES TO LOCAL ASSOCIA-
TIONS.

Members of local associations in clubs
of not less than ten can have the Cana-
dian Horticulturist at a reduced rate,
and at the same time become members
of the Fruit Growers' Association of
Ontario. We want to cultivate sym-
pathy between it and the local societies.
We shall be glad to incorporate in the
Annual Report any interesting reports
or papers from local associations, and to
publish items of interest from them in
our Horticulturist.

Will secretaries of local associations
please send us notices of their meetings^
so that, when possible, we may be in
attendance.

AGENTS.

We would like some friend in every
town to show samples of The Canadian
Horticulturist, and take names of sub-
scribers. We will send free samples
for this purpose to any one who will
write for them, and pay a commission
on new subscriptions obtained by any
one acting as Agent. Address all
communications,

L. WooLVERTON, Griuisbi/, Ont.

INDEX

Page

Abele 177

Abutilon Mesopotamicum 259

Acclimating Plants 85

Adam's Needle 215

AmericaB Beauty Rose 197

Amateur Strawberry 24

Amber Queen Grape 129

Among Our Neighbors 244

Anis Apple 159

Annual Meeting 194, 242, 288^

Annual Report 28$^

Aphis 175, 257

Apple, Anis 159

Apple, Belleflower 247

Apple, Ben Davis 53

Apple, Duchess of Oldenberg 229

Apple, I.ongfield 166

Apple, Peewaukee 180

Apple, Shiawassee Beauty 162

Apple Tree, A New Enemy 232

Apple Trees, Age of 287

Apples, Black Spot on 276, 281

Apples, Age of 287

Apples for Napanee 249

Apples, Feeding to Cows . 287

Apples, Feeding to Horses 287

Apples, Gathering 247

Apples, Keeping 274

Apples, Russian 221

Arbor Vitae Pyramidalis 1 24

Ardisia Crenulata 258, 271

Ash-leaved Maple 6

Atlantic Strawberry 199, 201

Autumn Foliage ... 167

Autumn 263

Back Volumes 266

Bagging Grapes 139, 267

Bark Lice 77, 124, 126, 128, 135, 186

Baroness Rothschild Rose 165

Bartlett Pears, Keeping 252

Bean, Windsor 100, 219, 256

Beans, Best 219

Beautiful Snow 24

Beebe's Golden Prolific 17

Beets, Best 19, 256

Bees in the Orchard 170, 220

Bees and Grapes 249

Begonia Rex 259

Begonia Rubra 259

BeU Flowers 272

Pa

Belleflower Apple 247

Belmont Strawberry 69, 97, 201

Ben Davis Apple 53

Bignonia Radicans 3, 84, 132

Bidwell Strawberry 180

Birds, Food Habits of 227

Blackberries, Hardiness of 218

Blackberry, Erie 234

Blackberry, Minnewaska 215

Blackberry Notes 142

Black Knot 174

Blackcap, Springfield 237

Black Walnut 208

Bleeding of Apple Trees 1 58

Bogus Proceedings 184

Bones and Ashes 190

Boussock Pear . . 157

Brandy wine Raspberry 63

Brighton Grape 90

Bug, Striped 239

Buhach 208

Bulbs for Succession 168

Bulbs, Winter Flowering 273

Burnet Grape 71, 102

Butach's No. 5 68

Cabbage Worm 89, 132, 173, 214

Cactus 145, 193

Cactus Fruit 123

Calla Lily, Spotted 24

Canadian Horticulturist Premiums 2 •>8

Canadian Fruit at South Kensington .

200, 284

Canada's Fruit Export 211

Canker Worm 50, 54, 116, 134

Canned Goods, Tin 287

Catalpa 55, 118, 135

Carrots, Best 19

Capt. Jack Strawberry 201

Caroline Raspberry 17, 222

Cauliflower 19, 256

Celery, White Plume 9(>

Cherries 41

Cherries for the North- West 2(>

Cherries at Yarmouth 155

Chionanthus 55

Chinese Primrose 259

Clearing Up 274

Clarke Raspberry 63

Clematis 55, 59, 23S

Climbing Asparagus 258

^00

INDEX.

Page

Climbing Honeysuckle 48

Climbing Eose, Fragrant 131, 178

CodlinMoth 5, 94, 186

Contributors, Able 267, 268

Concord Grape, Originator 202

Corn, Squantum Sugar 237

Corn, Sweet 20, 256

Correspondents, A Word for 127, 266

Crab Apples 68

Cranberry Culture 195, 212

•Crescent Seedling Strawberry 200

Crimson Beauty 222

Crown Bob 69

Cucumbers 20

Curculio, Paris Green for 102

Curculio . . 182

Currants 84

Currants, Pruning 113, 249, 270

Currants, Manure for 271

Currants for Health 235

Currant Growing at the North 11

Currant Leaves 174

Currant Borer 62, 128, 134, 154

Currant, Devonshire 194

Currant- Leaved Maple 101

Cuthbert 17, 63, 222

Cuttings, Grape 249, 271, 275

Cuttings, Currant and Gooseberry 270

Cyclamens 259

Dahlia Cuttings 122

Daisy Strawberry 198

Daniel Boone 200

Dandelions 195

Deacon Lettuce 22

Deutzia, Double White 180

Deutzia, Crenate 154

Devonshire Currant 194

Dewberry, Lucretia : 54

Dog Wood, Flowering 215 j

Dollar Strawberry 198 |

Dougall's Seedling Gooseberries 198 j

Downing Gooseberry 70

Dry Earth Storage 154

Dryer, Fruit** 249

Duchess of Oldenburg 229

Duchess Pear 246

Duchess Grape Ill

Early Apples for the North 129

Earhart Everbearing 69, 238, 266

Early Canada. 200

Early Fruits 216

Earle's, President, Address 246

Easter Lily 273

Empire State Grape 112

Encouraging Words 53

Erie Blackberry 69

Eronymous 194

Experience, Give 60

Export, Canada's Fruit.

Page
211, 252

Fair, Bracebridge 12

Fair, Hamilton 244

Fair, South Simcoe 13

Fair, South Renfrew 244

Fair, Toronto 172, 243

Fairy Strawberry 199

Farmers' Orchards 224

Fay's Currant 91

Fence Posts, Trees for 75

Fernery, Out-Door 191

Flower, Scent of a 216

Flower Seeds, Report on 32

Foliage, Colored 167

Food Habits of Birds 227

Franconia Raspberry 222

Freesia 142

Fruits at Axe Lake 116

Fruits Around Arkona 253

Fruits Around Berlin 150, 221

Fruits in Eastern Ontario 33

Fruits in Grey 66

Fruits About Goderich 178

Fruits in Lambton 39, 64

Fruits in Manitoba 282

Fruits in Muskoka 99

Fruits in North Simcoe 130

Fruits in Simcoe 102

Fruits in Ontario County 88

Fruits in Owen Sound 110

Fruits at South Kensington 284

Fruit Farm, Extensive 46

Fruits, Early 216

Fruit Dryer 249, 271

Fruit Cellar 251

Fruit Picker 283

Fruit, Prize 243

Fruit Growing, Experimental 191

Fruit Nomenclature 207

Fruit Trees, Spraying ... 247

Garden, Summer in the 19

Garden Our 255, 276

Garden, Window 261

Gathering Apples 246

Geraniums for Winter Blooming 229

Geraniums, Wintering 22

Gesnerias 92

Glass Plum 175

Gladiolus, The 27, 70, 159

Gloxinias 92

Glutted Market 163

Gold 205

Golden Queen 166, 182, 241, 222, 279

Golden Gem 112

Gooseberries 38, 62, 67, 69, 70, 84, 93,

96, 117, 227

Gooseberry, Conn 206

Gooseberry, Dougall's Seeding 148

INDEX.

291

Page

Gooseberry, Industry 41

Gooseberry, New 201, 207

Gooseberry, Ottawa 202

Gooseberry Vines, Pruning 113, 270

Grapes 90, 93, 124, 128

Grapes, Bagging 139, 267

Grapes as Food and Medicine 261

Grape, Burnet 71

Grapes, Failure of 33

Grapes, Keeping 96

Grape, Moore's Karly 47

Grapes, Most Desirable 9, 11

Grapes, New 201, 207

Grape, Niagara 74

Grapes, Red 13

Grapes, Mildew on 148

Grape, Martha 82

Grape, xVloore's Diamond 96

Grapes in Algoma 86

Grapes at Brussels 38

Grapes at CoUingwood 32

Grapes, White, at Clarence ville, P. Q. . Ill

Grapes in Eastern Ontario 33

Grapes around Georgian Bay 75

Grapes in Lambton 35

Grapes in Muskoka 9

Grapes in Perth County 148

Grapes in Orillia 270

Grapes near Sarnia 94

Grapes, Report on 17

Grape Vines, Barren 172

Grape Vines, Covering 81

Grape Vine Culture 245

Grape Vine Cuttings 249

Grape Vines, Cutting back ... 249

Grape Vines, Grafting 248, 249

Grape Vines, Deep Planting of 267

Grape Vine, Largest 142

Grape Vines, Pruning and Training ... 78,

195, 278

Grape Vines, Propagating 219

Grape Vine Sphinx 218

Grape Vine, Winter Protection 278

Grape Vine, Worms on Root of 50

Grandmother's Hollyhocks 261

Green Fly 148, 171

Greenhouses, Heating of 100, 269

Gregg 16, 63, 180

Hansen 17, 63, 222

Her Majesty Rose 197

Hickory 208

Hilbom Raspberry 6

Highland Hardy 63

Hollyhocks 274

Hops, Cultivation of 109

Hopkins Raspberry 16

Horticultural Disappointments 37

Horticultural Society, Michigan . . 136, 264

Houghton's Seedling 70

Paok

Hubbardton Pippin 76

Huckleberry, Ihe 216, 230, 248, 271

Hydrangea paniculata 129, 155

Industry 41, 69

Insecticides 176

Iron Filings 250, 258

Japan Quince 75, 115, 118

Japan Quince, Canadian Seedling 122

Japan Anemone 168

Jessica 90

Jewel 166, 201

Jumbo 201

Keeping Fruit 96, 252, 274

Keeping Grapes 262

Keeping Apples 274

Koelreuteria Paniculata 207

Ladies at Meetings 267

Lady Washington . . 112

Lawson Pear 265

Lawn Trees, Some Interesting ; . . 83

Lawn Grasses 165

Lacon Strawberry 199

Lentils 236

Lettuce 20, 22, 256

Lilies, A Dozen 232

London Purple 124

Longfield 166

Lucretia Dewberry 54

Mabel Morrison 165

Manitoba Fruits 282

Manchester 201

Mammoth Cluster 16

Marlboro' 17, 63, 222

Martha 82

Maple, Cut- Leaved 101

Manure, Salted Fish as 126

Market, Glutted 163

Mason's Seedling Ill

May King 198, 201

Members F. G, A., Privileges of 123

Merveille de Lyon 197

Mealy Bug 99, 167

Melon Bug 129, 135

Microbes, Ferments and Moulds 284

Mildew, Remedy for 148, 239

Minnewaska Blackberry 215

Moccasin Flower 133

Mole Trap, A New 235

Montmorency Cherry v. . . . 121

Monkey's Puzzle 157

Moore's Early 47, 90, 214

Moore's Diamond 95

Mrs. Garfield 199

Mulberry, Russian 257

Mulch, Stones for 76, 127

292

INDEX.

Page

Mushrooms, An Acre of 223

My Ain Countree 96

My Flowers 120

My Neighbor's Garden 144

Myosotis Nobile 239

Name, Change of 83

Names of Fruit, Reforms in 207

New Berries 68, 189, 219

New Plants 162

Nonsense 279

Nonpariel Apple 122

No Offence 82

Notices , 264

Nurseryman's Meeting 123

Nuts 7

Nova Scotia Letter 280

Officers F. G. A. of Ontario : 242

Onions, Best 20, 256

Onions, How to Grow 98

Ontario Strawberry 217

Orchards, Farmers' 224

Orchard, Our 276

Orchids 133, 181

Orange Quince 38

Orange Seedling 55

Ornamental Tree, A New 228

Osmoderma, The Rough 122

Out-Door Fruit 4

Paris Green 89, 94, 108, 132

155, 156, 160, 231

Pansies . 113, 134

Palmerston Peach 243

Parry Strawberry 198, 201

Parker Earle Strawberry 199

Peach Trees, Pruning 249

Peach, Richmond 23

Peas, Best 20, 256

Peewaukee Apple 180, 196

Pears and Blight 31, 38, 127, 152

Pears 41, 186

Pear, Duchess 246

Pear, Seedling 250

Perle de Jardins 49

People Who Live in Trees 230

Pelargoniums, Some New 236

Pinks, New Race of 96

Plants, How to Pot 260

Plums 125

Plums, Shippers' Pride 73

Plums, Robinson 191

Plums, Hardy 119, 150

Plums, Insects on 125

Plums, Glass 176

Plum Trees, Spraying 54

Plum Curculio 182

Poppy, Double 105

Potato Culture 106

Paqb

Potato Rot 136

Preserving Fruit, Liquid for 82

Preserve Fruit, How to 107, 262

Prentiss 90, 112

Purity 112

Primula Obconica 260

Primula Sinensis 259

Prince of Berries 199, 201

Prize Fruit 243

Pocklington 112

Pomologist, Most Able 269

Philadelphia 63

Picker, Fruit 283

Quality vs. Quantity 209

Queen of Queens 197

Quince, The 1

Quince, The Orange 38, 263

Rail Fences 274

Rancocas 223

Raspberries 16, 191, 164, 222

Raspberry Growing at Owen Sound. ... 30

Raspberry, Golden Queen 166, 241

Raspberry, Gregg 180

Raspberry, Earhart 238

Raspberry, Saunders 117, 119

Raspberries in Durham 103

Raspberries for Market 63, 275

Raspberries, Varieties to Eat 211

Raspberry, Low 216

Reine Marie Henriette 24

Reports on Trees, Plants, &c. . . 42, 56, 74

101, 102, 103, 113, 127, 149, 183, 184, 264

Review ... . 44, 72, 94, 143, 240, 215, 285

Rhubarb 20

Richmond Peach 23

Reports of Other Societies 285, 286

Robinson Plum 191

Root Killing of Fruit Trees 70

Rose, Baroness Rothschild 165

Rose, Beetle 171

Rose, Experience with 15

Rose, Insect Enemies 169

Rose, Leaf Hopper 170

Rose, Louis Van Houtte . . . 172

Rose, Perpetual 124

Rose, Perle de Jardins 49

Rose, Show 123

Rose, Reine Marie Henriette 24

Rose, Slug 169

Rose, Twelve Varieties 178

Roses, New 196

Russian Apples 221

Russian Mulberry 257

Rust on Strawberry Leaves 270

Saunders, Wm., Appointment of 281

Saunders' Hybrid Raspberry 117, 119

Salome Apple 119, 148

INDEX.

293

Scale Insects

Scent on a Flower

Scion and Stock, Relations between

234,

162, 250,

Shakespeare and Berries .
Shiawassee Beauty Apple

Shippers Pride Plum

Shrubs, Hardy

Shrubs, Pretty Native

Shaffer 17,

Silver Poplar

Slug .Shot as an Insecticide . 173, 200,

Small Fruits 34, 137, 175, 205,

Smith's Improved

Smoke Tree

Snow Drop

Spots on the Apple 116, 276,

Spruce Trees 125,

Springfield Blackcap ...

Spraying Fruit Trees
Strawberry Notes . .

87, 128, 189,

198,
206,

Strawberry Growing

Strawberry Amateur

Strawberries, Experiments with

Strawberries for the Family ...

Strawberry, New 216,

Strawberry, Belmont

Strawberry, Bidwell

Strawberry, Henderson

Strawberry, Jewel

Strawberry, Ontario

Summer in the Garden

Summer Meeting 122,

Sucker State

Sunflower

Sunset Rose

Superb

Squantum Sugar Corn

116
216

268
110
280

73
180

82
222
177
204
214

69
224

47
281
257
237
247
200
276

93

24

41
104
219

97
180
127
168
217

19
147
198
264
197
222
237

Pagk

Squash Beetle 89

Styrax Japonica 94

Striped Bugs 130

Squash, Mammoth 141

Thanks 267

Thinning Fruit 161

Timely Hints 274

Tomatoes, Best 20, 256

Tomatoes, Early 172

Tomato, King Humbert 164

Too Much Advice 11

Trees for Fence Posts 75

Trees and Shrubs for Lawn 124

Trumpet Flower 3, 84, 132

Tulip, A Florist's 2.33

Turnip, The 20, 198

Turner 17, 63, 222

Tyler 16

Water Lilies 133

Warning, A 287

Weeds, Seeds of 263

Weigela 102, 115, 133, 157, 195

Weigela, Variegated- Leaved 20, 180

White Baroness 196

White Fringe 4

Whitesmith 69

Window Garden 261

Windsor Bean 100, 219, 256

Winter Meeting 6, 26, 288

Winter Nelis ... 192

Wine, Unf ermented 262

William Francis Bennett 197

Wilson 200

Wonderful 201

Woodruff .Strawberry 198, 201

Yucca Filamentosa 215

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OCT 1 3 t965