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METROPOLITAN

TORONTO

LIBRARY

r.

/

THE

Canaiiian lliiitTi('i!i;n;i:isT

ri r.i.iNin.1' i;\ riii

FkUiT ( iR< )\\ i-;rs' Association' oi" On'iari

M( >.

VOLUME XV,

Jzdilor I.iMs \V(»oi A i:u'i(t\. M..\.

I'l I'.LisiiKii Ai I'liUiiN T.i. Onii I. M (;l:lM■i^;^, Ont.
lSc)2

//6/<^«A

INDKX 'r<'> \oi

The Canadian HoKiiCULTURiST.

:«;{

AlxMit (.rn(H)« ......

Acreage Devoted to en<h of thr vari'mi.

kinilB of fruit •''''

.\>(MW'Hn) kawpbi-rry -"^

Alarm over Ainoricaii I- nut ' •roniidli'H^ s:(

Alkaline Wash H4

Aiiielimehier ('aiia<lcn«in. !'•!

.\tiimoniiK-al Solution of fopper ( 'iirlxjii

ate 141, -.m

.Vhipelopsis N'eitchii.. -^^

.\niient Briton Blackberry. I<'>7, '^T-

.\neuioue tlowor < hrysaiitheniuni. . .S.Vi

.\njoii Tear, The •^4

Aniii' ill- l>io8l)acli Hose I

.\iinuiil Mt|K>rt, The •'>"

.\iit.s, Killing . l'-'<

.\pp!<' Crop, The

.\pple, luMgus UiHeases of the..

.\piili.' Inspection 128.

\pple Leaf Blight ■ .-

.\pple Market, The BritUli

Apple .■*eal»

Treutnieiit of . .

A ppU'S

Culture and l'o«8il>ilitie!« of
K.\j>orte«l to <!reat HriUiin

Kxpoitof -Xt!*

l'V)r Mnskoka I'l

K..r the North IV*

Kor 'lop grafting in Huron Co. . . . 1-J4
;radln^ •'Wl

:m.

M4

•.'i-_'.

•iirJ

7H

(Id

(18, '.IS

Hi'-'

.-{.-.it

It:

(it owing ami Kecpi

How to Pack . . .

In Liverpool . .

Keeping

I'roti table

Shipping to KuglniKi

\Vint«ring

.\pple Trees, Vlauting

Approaeh from the Highway, The

.\prn'ot«

.\i urn .Sanctum

.\alieH for Koae Insects

Alius, Spreatling

.\H|Niragu8

.U.-i

. \s:i
:<*)!)

•Jl!t
'2A

•iio

KKS

11<>

:uiii

sa

.«, -.v.

Cutting, Hunching and Ship-
pin«. I'»«»

B

Barrel, The Stamiard Appl<
Barbed Wire Uiscftrded
Uark LonM of Orape Vin«.

Ilirton N Kcli|MM! Strawb«rr\ >*:
B.ivay'8 (ircen <iage Plum
Beall. Mr. Thoa...
lite for the IV-gi.
lite keeping. A I '

Th. : - ..
Amateur
Bee .Men and Fruit tlr .w. t

Bee I'lanU, Xaii .•«'

Bees anil <fra(»e.- •<*»''

Bets \alii ibli- t'> til.- I iiiit <.rovnr lid

B<-;>'inii(r- 111 l-i uit < ulture . 114

Belmont ."-"traw berry . I61»

Bederwoo.l .Strawln-rrs . 30.1

Berry Ticket. A. . . I0»;
Bessie Strawberry..

Beverly •• - i

Migarrcau Cherries. I.");!
Bishop liourne Apple ' M», -"i!

Bla.kberries I«M

and Kaspberrie*, Calttva

tion of. .... -jai*

<iuil Ka.spbfiri> -. 1'l.inting 9>

riiichinjj . - 'I7~

I'ointe on .!«•

Kaiiiing .. ■ '•f!'2

\'arietie« oi *JlVi

r.larkberry Leaf Blight. .. 400

Black Currant, (irowing tti< ^2

New .1ft»

Black Currant* '^

Black Knot of the Plum and Cherry

EviU of

The be»t Remedy for _i»'

Treatment for iS'

Bl.i. k Naple« 173

Black Walnut. Pruning S0S

Blenheim Orange Pippin . 40. H, 111. 124,

\M. 188 -206

Blight and Mildew. Kenicdy for IW

uf Strawlterry I.c«t •^-

B|i»t»r Mit.-. Pear U-af -M:

V. ■■ •;.(.!. '^-

1. ic ■ . .

Borer of Burdock Stalks

KaaplMTTN (^ln.^

the tin
BottlNl Kniit, '

■x\\*.

'IT Budding Ko«M<.i

INDIA TO \OI,. XV,

F'.iil>aili l'iiw<l< r foi Inspects Ki")

lliilli Forcing SSI

Mullis for tlie Window, Flowering. . . . 'Mi'.i
Winter Hlooniing, How lo

Select Jl'

Preparation f(M- Planting Fall. .SOU

lUirbank Plum 40:^

Hunlock, The COnunoii 5.s

Uurt Strawberry, The Kiil, :W2

Huttemip, Tlie :i~\)

c.

Cabbage Hills, Hest Fertilizer tor liT

Cabbages, How to Winter :WA

I. Keeping 1,')

Cactus for the World's Fair, (iiant . . . JTlt
Calla l.ilies, Summer 'i'reattnent of. . . . 177

Canada lialdwi'i

Canada Red

Canada Plum

Canadian Apples for Hrst-class Family

Trade in England

Canadian Apples in Kngland

Canadian in California, A . .

( anadian Wild I'lowers 348,

Cane Rust of the Kaspl)erry

Canna Seeds not Cerminating

Carbolic Acid Finuilsion

Carbolized Plaster . .

Carnations

Caroline Raspberry

II in Quebec

Catharine Mermct Rose

Caustic Potash, K.xperiiiieut with

Cellar Cool, Keeping the.

for Storing Roots

Celery, IJlanching

« Crowing

II Insects on

Storing

( emetery, A Two-acre

Cherries

.1 (.Uasses of

For Profit

Hardy ."{O,

Cherry Currant

Chrvsaiitheninms, Tlic Desiraljle

Cider Clarified

( 'lick Heetle

( liniber.s , :;.').■;

Clothilde Soupenl Rose 14!t

Cloud Strawberry I6!l

Coal Ashes, Use of i.'il, 170

Cob Nut, Kentish .{•_'

Cocklebur. The .">!•

Cockspui- Thorn I.'rj

Codling .Moth :i<.l.")

Cold (Jriipi-rics, Hook on I'J.i

Cold Storag.' Ifl-I

("opper (/arbonaii-, lioiuc Maniifartnrrof 100

Ojbo-a Scandcns ,"iO

Cornish Cillitlo^er Appli'. .. .!I7

( orrosive Suldimate "J'JO

( ottage < lanlen. The H\\

3.S7

."{77

:i

2S.">

90

221

37 ^»

137

254

U4

144

349

28

63

127

390

334

314

3]()

179

399

21

3()S

163

ir)3

105

370

S5

1.33

31)1

39

Crab Apples . . 22o

( ranbcrry, How, to Cook the 266

Crandall Currant 31, 157, 173, 187

( 'rocuses in Sod 340

Ciij[) of Apples. The Provincial Report

of 217

Crop, the Fruit 245, 27S

Crojjs, Profit and Loss in 207

Spraying 174

( rosby Peach 287, 35S, 391

Culture of Roses 384

Curculio, Apples and I'ears Stung by... 248

of Plums 182, 277

Curiosity, A 91

Curl of the Peach Leaf 193

Currant Crowing 197, 321

Currants 1 64, 1 73

M and (Gooseberries

11 Profitable Varieties of .S5

.. l^runing 252

« ^'arieties of 265

Currant Worm 213, 274, 36S

Cut F^lowers on (Graves 209

Cuthbert, The 206. 276

Cutting Runners oft" Strawberrj'

Plants 90, 140

Cuttings 332

D

Dempsey, The Late P. C 323, 3(M»

Display of Canadian I'ruits at the Chi-
cago Kxposition, Preservation . . . 199
I'oininion Ajjple Insj>ector, Duties of.. 128
Downings Ever bearing Mulbeiry. . .. 351

Downing ( looseberry 85

M Strawberry I(i9

Dried Fruits, Shippers of 375

Duchess de I'rabaiit Rose 384

of Albany Hose 149

of Oldenburg 31

Dukes and Morello Cherries 153

Dyeing Paskct (yovers. . . 388

F^arl

y Favorite Plum

aster Lilies, Treatment of

aton ( Jrajie

mulsion of Kerosene and Milk

i)lar;;ement of our Journal

rrata 211, 243,

tircka Strawberry

uropean l'"rnit Pros))ects

vergreens. Rest Time to Transplant..

M Fine

very I'armcr's Name upon his Front

(Gate

.\hibition of Fruit for the Chicago Ex

position. New ^ Ork State

xhiliition of l''iuitin London, l"',ng.l85,

xperience of an .Amateur

on a 'Ten Acre Farm

s]uM iint'ut Station, A Model

to Prove that .\pples are

not Poi.-ioned by Spraying with

Paris (ireen • •

.305
240
358
394
24.3
402
168
278
2.32
52

.•iOl

392
211
162
66
1<)4

INDEX TO VOL. XV.

Export of Apples '.V.i'.)

Exposition Uuilding of tlie ^V'orl<^8

Fair 8.3

F

Fairs, Our Canadian 2.S4

Kali Tiiillis, Preparation for Planting. . 300

Farm (Jarden, How to Lay Out ..... .385

I'arniers' Institute Work 3t(I

Fay's Currant 85, 173, 20.1

Ferns, Our Native 177

Fertility in Old Orchards, Maintaining

the 106

Fertilizer for Cabbage Hills, Best 27

II II tiie (iarden 85

II II Orchards 170

Field Mice 52

First Exhibition at Chicago, The 122

Flemish Beauty I'ear 41

Floral Fire Cracker 5

Howei's at Fairs 240

Food of a Life Time 73

Foreign Fruits .346

Fowl Manure for Plants 398

Frame for Tomatoes 176

Frost, Keeping Away 351

Fruit at Edmonton 222

II H Fairs, Judging 11

I, M the Industrial Fair .322

II 11 Western Fair 322

II Bottled, Collection for World's

Fair 321

II for Market, Packing 263

M Grading 289

II High (irade, How to obtain more. 273

M in Xorth .Simcoe 374

II in Victoria Co 373

M Inspection 31

II on Sandy Soil 142

11 Sulphuring 60

11 Thinning 34, 104, 20O

M Exhibit for Ontario at the Cl^cago

11 Exposition 244

Fruit Experiment Station 32

11 Garden, the Farmers, fourth acre. 36

It Garden, a ten acre . 62

II Growers Associations, Local.... 218
II Growersof New York State, Among

the 366

II Growing about St. Catharines ... 233

II II ElementsofSucoessin. . . . 130

II II in Algoma 46

II II in Washington Territory 222

II Rooms, Modern 169

II Storage 186

11 Storage Cellar 328

Fruits at Abbotsford, Que

11 for the North 3o

II on Exhibition, Naming 217

II Tested at Maplehurst 168

Fungicides and Insecticides 144, 212

II Outline of I'lans for Using. 166

II for the Apple 166

11 II Grape 167

2

Fungicides for the Pear 166

.1 II I. Peach 166

Plum 166

11 •• . Potato 167

Ituspberry and

Blackberry . . 167

11 II M Strawberry.... 167

Fungus Diseases of the Apple 75

G

Gall Fly of the Raspberry . 298

(hardening. Beginning 1 75

1. Book on 247

II in Middlesex 284

(iarden, the Cottage 311

< ias Lime as a Fertilizer 18S

Gibb Crab 225

(iipsy Girl Apple 29

( ;ipsy Moth 205

< Hadioli, Points about 120

Golden Leaved Elder. 401

Golden Queen 265*

II 11 vs. Cuthbert 30

(Gooseberries 164, ISO, 314

11 Varieties of 265

in Simcoe Co., Experiment

with 297

Gooseberry Culture 368

Leaf Spot 401

Gourd Ba.sket, Fancy 14S

Gourd, A Hybridized 402

Grading Apples 399

(xrades of Fruit, Marking 367

Graft Early 236

(drafting Different Species 215

11 Young Trees 280

(irand Alexander Apple 79

11 Aport Apple , . . . . SO

Grape Business, the 264

11 Crop, Handling the 25S

„ .Juice, How to Make, 279, 344, ;i66

M Rot 178

Grapes 163, .335, 343

II And Bees . .

•I For Planting, Varieties of 91

11 Girdling 183

11 Fresh, Keeping 291, 344

1. Late, Keeping 183

M Packing 290

II Picking 369

II Propagating 3.3.'!

II Soil for........... 267

11 The Finer Varieties of 35S

11 Varieties of ... . 265

(jrape Vines, Planting 89, 125

11 Protecting 279

11 Summer Pruning 146, 248

. Trimming ." 227

(irass Under Trees 49

(travel Walks, Making 53

Greely Plum 157

( Ireenhouse, A Cheap 129

II Amateur 74

.1 A Mechanic's 31<i

INDEX TO VOL. XV.

(J rower of Strawberries, Canadian

N'eteran - 1 1

H

.30,

.S70

\m

152

ir)2

.ss

2r)3

144

276

10

126

HS8

66

387
356
170
231
18

Hardy Cherries

Haverlaiul Strawberry

Hawthorne, the

Heart Cherries

Hodges, Osage

.. Pruning

Hellebore

Highland Hardy Raspberry

Hills Chili Peach

Hillside Favorite Raspberry

Hint, A Timely

Hints for November

.. on (Jeneral Matters, Stray

Hives, The Numbei- of, the beginner

should un lertake at first ...

i> The most improved kind of . . . .

Hogs in the Orchard

Home Grounds, Arranging

M 1. Ornamenting the

i> .. and Roadside, I'lant-

ing the 315

Honey Sti awberry 285

Honeysuckles, The 50

Hornbean, The Native 260

Horticultural Department at the

U orld's Fair 71

Horticultural Exhibit 198

Horticulture an Ancient Industry 14

I. K.xperiments in 392

Hot-bed, Make and Use it 44

Manure 54

Houghton Seedling Gooseberry 295

House-yard, Improving the 123

How to Prune 90

Hydrangea Paniculata Grandiflora. .42, 87

Ice House, The 2

Ice Packing, Home 8

Idaho I'ear 112

Imperial Plum 3

Importation from Russia, Tlie Newest. 126

Industrial I'aii , (Canada's Great IS!)

Insecticides and Fungicides 144, 212

■ I for the Apple )()6

1. It (irape lt)7

„ M Peach 1()6

M 'i'ear 166

IMum 166

„ I'otato . 167

II M Raspberry md Hlack-

berry 167

r <• Str-jiwberry 167

Insect Powder 144

Inspection of Apples 12N

Inspector of I'eaeh Yellows (iO

Introduction of New Fruits 397

Is the Spraying of Fruit Trees with
Arsenical Poisons a Dangerous
Practice? 109, 113

Itasca Strawberry. ... 169

Ivy on Walls 3H

J

Japanese \Vinel)erry 157

•Jessie Strawberry 168, 254

Judging Fruit at Fairs 257, 3i8

June Berry, Dwarf 257, 378

K

Kentish Cob Nut 32

Keeping Fruit, An Englisli way of 376

Kerosene Emulsion 143

Kiefter Pear 105, 155

L

Label for Trees in Pleasure (j rounds. . . 33S

Lane's Prince Albert Apple 347

Lawn Grass, (lood Mixture for 124

„ The 136

Lawns, Arrangement of 112

Lawrence Pear at Stratford S9

Leaf Blight of the Apple 76

M 11 Raspberry 400

M M Strawberry 342

Leaf Curl of Peach 193

Letter from British Columbia 92

Letters from Russia 77, 134, 211

Lily, A Huge 51

Liquid Amber .... 351

Little Hat Apple 29

Littles No. 10 Strawberry 16S

Liver of Sulphur, Price of 125

Location for Growing Fruit 400

Logan Strawberry 1 68

Loggerhead Shrike 261

Longfield Apple 29

Lord SutField Apple 347

Lovett's Early Strawberry 303

Mc

Mcintosh Red Apple 92, 124

„ M .1 in (i)uebcc 19

McMahon's White Apple 393

M

Madam George's Bruant Rose 149

Maggie Strawberrj^ 44

Maidens I '.lush Apple 65

Manetti Stock for Roses 239, 249

Manure for Onions •''>7

Hot Beds |;)4

Market ( iardening as a Business 56

Marketing, An English Fruit < Grower's

\'iew8 on ... . 340

M N'egetables 354

M arking ( Jrades of Fruit 329

Martha Strawberry 303

May King Strawberry 169

Mellons, Judging 258, 291

Meteor Rose »•*'••

Mice, Field 5-

.Micliigan Fruit (irowers 102

Middlefield Strawberry 303

.Mildew and I ".ligiit. Remedy for 196

INDEX TO VOL. XV.

Mildew of Gooseberry, Preventing the.

,. Remedy for

Mite ou Maple Leaf

Moon Flower

Moon .Seed Climber

Moore's Diamond (liape

.1 Early (Jrape

Mrs. Cleveland's Strawberry.

M Degraw Rose

Mulch

Middling

Munroe Plum

Muskingum Strawberry

Muriate of Potash

N

Naming Fruits on Exhibition

Native Bee Plants . .

New and Little Known Fruits —

A Fine Apple

A Pretty Russian Apple . .

Bon Homme Apple

British Columbian

Canada Red

Cornish Cilliflower

Early Favorite Plum

Greely Apple

Hillside Favorite Raspberry

Juneberry

Lane's Prince Albert Apple

Lord Sulfield

Oregon Grapes

Peasgood's Nonsuch Apple

Pioneer Currant

Red Rambo

Rocky Mountain Plum

Round Borsdorfer Apple

Sally Brown Apple

White Holland Currant

New Fruits, How to introduce

News Notes

New Varieties an<l Experiment Stations

Nicol, Mr. David

Night Blooming Cereus

Nitrate of Soda

Northern Spy

Notes from the Central Experimental

Farm, ( )t tawa

Nozzles for Spraying

Number of Hives the beginner should

undertake at first

Nursery Book

o

Ohio Strawberry

One Judge system

Onion Crop, How and when to harvest.

I. Shortage in

Onion Maggot

Onions, Harvesting and Marketing

II How to grow

II Manure for

II Raising

II Transplanting

393

203

•2 Mi

50

360

})J

95

His

149

340

194

3

304

170

217
390

3i7
378
157
377
377
347
305
157
126
378
347
347
378
346
37S
377
157

25
378
157
397
265

89
132
382

76

86

335
182

387
401

1(>9

400

274

322

271

81

242

57

26

47

Ontario Apple in Frontenac Co 117

Orange Crab 225

" Rust 216

Orchard, Pasturing the 236

Tiledraining the 296

" Top-dressing the 375

Oregon (irapes 378

Osage Hedges 38

Our Book Table, 32 64

93, 127, 222, 286 326

Oxeye Daisy 59

P

Packages for Selected Fruit 104

Packing 162

" Apples for Market 357

Fruit for Market 263

' ' Grapes 290

" Vegetables 355

Palms for the \Vorld's Fair 71

Pampas Grass , 165

Paris ( ireen . 143

" and the Codling Moth 395

Parker Earle .' 303

Parrot Tulip 307

Parry Strawberrj' 169

Pasturing the Orchard 236

Paul Neyrou Rose 1

Paying Pickers 141

Peach, Cultivation of the 180

" Protection of the 222

Peaches, Best Varieties of 219

" for Market 172

" in Essex 10

" Shipping 242

" The Best 155

Peach Yellows, Law Concerning 121

Pear Grower's Experience, A Michigan 145

Pearl Gooseberry 85

Pears, Best Varieties of 215

" Foreign 305

" Gathering and Keeping 309

" Keeping 345

" The Best 153

" Varieties and Cultivation 41

Peasgood's Nonsuch Apple 346

Peas, Land for Early 273

Pennyroyal 397

Peppermint, Growing 397

Perennial Vegetables 25

Perle de Jardins Rose 256

Pettit, Mr. A. H 37

Pettit, Mr. Murray 223

Petunias, for Pails and Tubs 209

Philip's Seedling, No. 1 Strawberry. . . 304

Phylloxera, the Grape 220

Picker's Card 1 40

" Paying 192

Picking Stands 141

Picotee, the 237

Pinching Blackberries , 277

Pin for Fruit Label 284

Pithy Gall of the Blackberry 300

Plants for the Flower Garden 71

House 234

INDKX TO VOL. \V.

PUnts Tested in Ontario Co 157

Plum, a Remarkable .SI

" Knot Act in New York State ... . 147

" Rot -JU

Plums 163, 305, 336,

" Best Varieties of lOo

" For Canning, Marketing, etc.. 3
Poems —

At The Fireside 404

Ode to the Chrysanthemum 3(i3

November 342

Spring 1 58

To a Weeping Willow in (irimsby

Cemetery 190

The Brook 393

Poison Ivy, Cure For 71

" Vines 67

Poisonous Plants, Three 69

Pomme Royal Apple 188

Pond's Seedling Plum 4

Potash as a I" ruit M anure, Clear 329

Potassium Sulphide 393

Potatoes, French System of Growing . . 75

" Mixing Varieties of 224

" Judging 258

Pot Plants, Keeping 178

Poultry in the Garden 101

Powdery Mildew of the Grape 75

Preservatives for Exhibition Purposes

Experiment with Fruit 201

Preservatives for Fruit of Canadian Dis-
play at the Chicago Exposition. . . . 199

Prices of Apples in Liverpool 322

Primula Obconica 1 8.S

Prince Albert Currant 319

Prince of Wales Pluiri 377, 403

Princess Louise Apple in Quebec 19, 28

Princess Strawberry 303

Profit and Loss in Crops 207

Propagation of the Grape 333

Prospects, The Fruit 203

Protection of House Plants 351

M the Peach 222

Prune, How to 99

Pruning 103

" Hedges 253

" The Plum and Cherrj' 9(5

" The Raspberry and Currant. . . 2.V2

" Trees 104

Pump for Spraying 218

Purslane . . 312

Pyrethrum Powder as an Insecticide, 84, 144

Q

Queen Strawberry 169

Question Budget 254, 2S2, 403

Quinces, How to (irow 161

R

Rabbits, Ravages of .>0

Race, Mr. T. H 296

Radishes, Early 80

Preparation for Next Season's 241

Raising Raspberries 372

Rambling Notes 351

Random Thoughts on Various Topics . .

Piiispberries

M and Blackberries, Cultiva-
tion of

n Cutting out old Canes of, . .

II Popular

II Profit in

Pruning 252,

Raspberry

Culture

„ CJrowing for Home Use. . . .

11 Plantation

II Planting

(iall Fly

Red Rambo Apple

Refrigerator Service to Chicago

Report of Tree Received

Reports Wanted from Plants Distributed

Rhubarb

Rhus Radicans

II Toxicodendron

II Venenata

Ribston Pippin Apple

Roadside and Home Grounds, Planting

the

Rocky Mountain Plum

Root Pruning

Roots, Cellar for Storing

Rose Bugs, To Kill

Rose Culture 239,

Rose Gardens for the Worlds Fair. . . .
Roses, Budded, Some Good Kinds....

H Budding

H Hardy

II in the Citj', Growing

u Outdoor

II Some Valuable

Rosette of the Peach

T\ot of the Plum

Royal Table Apple

Runners of Strawberry Plants, Cutting

Russian Apple, A Pretty

Rust of the Blackberry

341
164

'2-M)

2J>5

277

176

397

206

21

396

137

40

298

378

220

101

63

25

70

70

69

157

315
157
325
313

13
384

73
239
2r>0
240
236
38S
149.
174
214

29

fH)
37S
216

Sally Brown A])plc

Salt as a Fertilizer

Saltpetre Remedy

Saunders' Black Currant

Plum 15,156,

II Strawberry. 224,

Scab, The

II Sulphate of Copper for

Scale of Numbers for Sizes of Apples. . .

Scott's Winter Apple

Seasonable H ints

Seed for different areas. Amount of ... .

Seneca Strawl)erry

Shaffer's Coli>.saiil Raspl>erry

Sliall we continue to plant Vineyards?.
Sheep in the Orchard. . . 103, 106, 244.

Shense Apricot 105,

Sliiawimsie Beauty Apple

Sliij)ping to England

377
383
110
233
206
302
3<>4
202
294
159
137
20
169
277
345
376
108
117
219

IXDEX TO VOL. XV.

Sh"t Hole Fungus

Should Fruit Gif)\vt;r8 keep lieci '.'

Shrub-s and Trees for the Lawn .

licst suitccl tor wind Ineaks and

screens

Silken Hat Apple

.Slug of Cherry ami Pear Trees

Snmll Fruit Culture. Possibilities of . .

Small Fruits. 17.

.1 at Geneva

Smith's ( liant Blackcap

SuowMake Rose

Snyder Blackberi y

Solomons Lily

Some Prominent Canadian Hnrticultui'

ists —

Beall. Mr. Tho.s

Xicol. Mr. David

Pettit. Mr. A. H

Pettit. Mr. vlurray

Race. Mr. T. H

^Vellington. Mr. W. E

Soot as a Fertilizer

Souvenir de Congress Pear

.. Malmaison Rose

Spearmint ...

Spraying

11 When trees are in bloom. Han-
ger of

F'umji.

.Season

Sj>ray when the bloom has fallen

■"^Piiag

Stock for Budded Roses

.Stock. Pasturing

.storage Fruit Cellar

Storing Celery

Strawberries

Kail rs. .'Spring Planting of.

Fertilizers for

Five best

11 Grown in the Co. of Brant

M Hints about

M How to rCat

II Recipes for the Use of .

1, .Seedling

11 Tested at < Geneva

The First Prize

.Strawberry Experiment Station without
(ioveinment .Support. Notes from a

Strawberry Blight

(Growing for .Market

11 Notes and Criticisms on the

The

Patch. Cultivating the

.Stretcher for Wire

•Sulphide of L'opper for .Scab

Potassium 144.

Sulphuring Fruit

.Summer .Meetings at (irini.sby Park. . .
Sweet .Sumach

.■{•_'4
IIU

:i.->i

■J'.t
l.S-2

•_Mt

•JiS

1()7

I I'l

Ut.".

1 :i-2
37
'2'2'.i
2! Mi
11
•J()0
:H)u
384
31W
.^H7

76
•iKS
143

08
l.-)8
■_>4Sl
183
3-28

21
164
281
281
295
221
2ti6
13(i
176
2S.-)
342

4!i

3(»3
342
13S
43
:!04
20.".
210
202
2(i;:

(iO

244

lit)

The most lm)irovcfl kind.s of Hives. . .

Thinning Fruit

Thistles, Sure Death to

Thorns. Flowering

Ticket. A Berry

Tile Draining in the ( )rchard

Tile. Now use for

Tobacco

Tomatoes by the acre

Frame for

(i rowing F^arly

Itow to Grow

How to (irow in Perfection .

.Marketing

Some I^irgc

Toad Fla.v

Top-dressing (Jrchards.

i'oxicology of tlie Copper Compounds

when applied as Fungicides

Tree Cricket. The

Tree I'erns for the Chicago hlxposition.
Trees and Shrubs best suited for screens

or wind-breaks

for Planting in thi' Co. of Oxford,

List of

for street shade ....

«i\ country places Ana gement of

'I'ree Wash

Triumph ( iooseberry

Tuberou.s Begonias

Tulip, 'The

Tyhurst Seedling Peach

u

I'kriana Aport A)iple

Ungraded Fruit

Uruick Apricot

.3.ifi
34
241
152
196
207
209
144
ISI
176
IlK
208
LSI
181
331
402
375

1 15
1.54
175

86
300
286
182

S5
360
.307

10

'Tender Xarietics. Top-grafting lo2

^'egetables, How to Pack and Market..

11 Marketing

11 on Sandy Soil

Packing

N'ictoiia Currant

Vines for Porches

Poisonous..

N'iueyards. Shall we Continue to Plant.
X'ineyard, .Summer Treatment in the. .

w

Wiiban Kose

Wagei- Peach

Wash for Trees

Watermelons, Early

M (ircwing

II Test

Wovds, Noxious

Weeping 'Trees

Willow

in (irimsby Cemetery.

Ode to ". .

Wellington, Mr. W. E.

Western New York Fruit Growers. 75,

Weymouth, The

What Pays Best r

367
I. 34

354

91

:^?,

50

67

345

17S

149
89
61

115
45

373
5,s
4S
ts

l!H)

II

103

3s»;

3M8

lO

I I?T or rONTRIlU'TORS TO VOI, XV.

Wliefttlan-l reach .{05

White Aport Appk 7i>

<irape 173

Holland Currant ■• 157

Pine 5'2

Spruce -H8

Willi ?"lower8. I'anadian 348, 379

WiliiaiMs' Strawberry -84

Winduw (;iir(len. The fil, 3S3

Wine Making.', lionk on •_'4S

Wintering Applet. . .■ . 23

Winter Protection 334

Wire Worms 3fl

Wood Ashes as a Fertilizer 341

Woolverton Strawberry IH!». 224, 303

Wooly Aphis 394

Work for the Fail 320

Worl.ls Fair, The 35

Y

^ell()\^ Transparent in Quebec 2K1

LIST OF CUNTIMBIJTORS TO VOL. XV

A. W. (; 26.5

Allan, A. McD .33!)

Beadle. D. W 348, 37!)

Beall. Thos 24. 101

llrodie. Wi... 289

Mrown, ( has. K .")1

( aston, G. C 374

( "orneil, S 387

Craig, .John 100, 201, 225, 335, 37'!

Fletcher. Prof. .James 10!)

Foote, L 43, (>ii. 130, .341

« ioi lion, J . K 3

(iott. .1. 15 277

H 373

Hilborn, W. W 10

Holtermann, K. F 350

.lob, H. .1 12!)

Langfoid. ().(;.. 1!)0

Little, .loliu 17, .303

.MeEvoy. \\'u\ OS

McKuight. i; 2!)5

Manley, Mrs l>r I.")S

Morden, K 1.1

Nicol, D 1 10, 117, 201, :!(i.S, .'iSO, .3s(i

Niemetz, Jaroslav 77,

Panton, Prof. J. Hoyes

Pringle, Allen . .

Race, T. H 15, 72. 200,

nice, L. B

Shepherd, Jr., K. W

Shutt, F. T 113,

Smith, A. M

Spillett, S

Stewart, .1. 1) 162, .^il,

Thompson, J. L :

Turner, ^V. S

Webster Bros

Woolverton, L 1, 5, 6, 11, 28, 2!),

.34, 35, 30. 37, 41, 58, 5!), 60, HI, 62.
75, 81, 83, !)5, !)6, 103, 119, 120,
123. 124, 125, 127, 128, 1.32, 137,
147, 148. I.r2, 15.3, 154. 155,
168, 182, 183, 186, 187, 188,
195, 198. 203. 205,211, 212,
233, 234, 237, 243, 244, 245,
270, 277, 278. 287, 289, 2!»2,
3(Kj, 307, .320, .321, 322, .328,
340, 347. 35S, 3,59. .362. etc

15!),
191,
223,
2.55,
294,
3.32.

134
69
317
.301
142
19
201
102
297

16
311
149
, 30,
, 66,
121,
143,
165.
1!)3,
229,
257.
296.
337,

lONTIMLirroRS TO OPEN LETTERS.

liairow, A. \N

lieall, Thob

Hrodie, K

Brown, C. K 189,

Hrown. W. ,1

Bryan, H. .1

Bunbury, Ceo

( 'aston, <;. ( .

( 'halmers. B. B

Corlett, .1. K

( orneil, S

< 'ouse. W

< 'rosby , A. S

( urtiie (^o. , C S

Darling, .1. K

I>emi>8ey, P. C

Kllwanger .V Bai ry

F.migh, Martin

< iomiiiill, F. A

< Ireig, Wm

Heaven, A. C H] ,

Hart, M. 0

Hick, Walt«!r 1.5V,

Hill. H. .1

Hughes. riioH, l;

!)2 Hunter. R. R .32

1.56 Instead, I. B. S 222

31 .1. A 222

222 Jarvis, Chas 31

28;< Lee, D. M 221

157 Long, .1. H 222

92 Mcintosh. Robt 285

189 Nienut/, .laroslav 126

283 Pattison, Wm 64

284 Pickett, A 283

28.S Prescott, (ieo. K 1.5(>

282 Race, T. H 283

285 Robertson, \ 254,

63 Rolph, A. A 157

283 Root, A. 1 283

1,56 Shaver, .1 . H 221

403 Stiinson. M.I)., .lames 221

283 Stork, Walter 285

283 Taylor, Wm. F. 157

284 Wardroper, K. .32

120 Watcis, .lamen .\1 284

2.54 W;itkin8, S. I 285

188 Wellington. W. K 6.3

189 W illard, S. 1> 4a3

251 W ..ilh. Wm 92

IM>I,\ l( / III 1^1 U \ I I. )\->.

(,)l'KS'l"l().\

Kvvin^S A. II S7

lletohcr. I'inf -JSO, .'M) I , :{!t!l. 4(tO. 4(11

( Iregory, .1 . J . II 7(1, i»l , -JT.S

• lones, ]). A ■_'.">;i

McKnif^lit, K Sul

INDEX TO II

Aiieiiioiie l''luweri'(l (.'liiysaiitheniuiii . ."{.lO

Anjou I'eai- (C'oiore<i Plate). .i."!

Anne De Dicsbacli Kose (Coloreil Plate). 1

Aport White Api)le 7s

Apple Scab '.KS

.. Aliecting Leaf !)7

Arum Sanctum 1 pl

Bark Louse on (jiape Vine 247

Ticall, Mr Thos PJ5

Benefit^ of S)jiaying '2')0

Berry Ticket 1 96

lilobbs and hia r.arrlen .S"2()

Brown Thra.sher. The 8-2()

Bulb Planting, Scale of Depth for 80(i

Buncher for Asparagus. 151

Canada Baldwin Apple .S37

II M Section of 338

Carnation, The _ •270

Catharine Mermet Piose 127

Cemetery, Design for 3(J8

Chry.santhemunis 3H3

Click-Beetle 39

Cold Frame 54

Common ('ocklebur 58

Ccbu'a Scandens 50

Co% er for Fruit Basket, Carpenter's. . . . 289

Crosby Peach (Colored Plate) 287

Curl of the Peach Leaf 193, 194

(^it Leaved Weeping Birch. . 351

Cutting, A two bud 32

Dempsey, Mr. P. C 323

Due Von Thol Tulip 307

Dwarf Juueberry (Colored Plate) 191

Fall Buttercup 380

Floral Fire Cracker 5

Flower Holder, Trough 209

Fruit Storage Cellar, Wall of 328

Gall Fly 299

(jibb Crab 225

( Jourd Fern Vase 148

., Flower Vase 148

(4rand Alexander Apple 79

(ireenhouse.. 74

A Cheap 129

,. A Mechanic's, . 310

(Jynerium Argentium 165

Hardy Cherry Tree 370

Horticultural Building at the Chicago

Exposition 35

Hotbed 55

House Vard, Improving the 123

Hydrangea Pauiculata (Jrandifolia. .42. .353

Ice Chamber, Fig. 2 8

Fig. 3 9

Industrial Exhibition Grounds 235

Irish Juniper . . 352

Label for Trees 338

Leaf Atlected by Apple Scab 97

DUAW Kit.

Monlen, K. .'{o

Koljertsoii, N ;{9S

Webster l>ros 249

Woolverton, L ."to. <-ii-

LrSTUATIOXS.

Liliuni Aiiratuni 51

Loggerhead Shrilie 2(il

.Maidens Blush Apple (Colored Plate). . U5
.Moore's Early Crape (Colored Plate). . . 95
.Morris. Stone tV Wollington's Nuiserv.. 12

\icol, Mr. D .". . 1H2

Night liloomiug Cereus .... 482

Nursery of .Stone & Wellington 12

Onion Maggot SI, 82

( hange (Jrab 225

I. Rust on the Blackberry 2l(i

(Xxeye Daisy 5!i

Package for Fancy Grapes 290

Pampas (irass 165

Parrot Tulip :iO~

Peasgood's Nonsuch Apple 34()

Perle des Jardins Kose (Colored Plate). 255

Peach Leaf Curl 19:5, 194

Pettit, Mr. A. H 37

Mr. Murray 224

Picotee. The ... 237

Pithy Gall of tlie Raspberry 300

Prince of Wales Plum (Colored Plate).. 327

Pruning Raspberries 137

Race, Mr. T. H 29(i

Raspberries, How to Prune 137

Ras))berrj- Anthracnose ]."7

Gall Fly-
Gall 299

H Producer 2!t9

Ichneumon Fly 299

Parasite of the ( Jall Fly 299

Species of Ormyrus 300

Rhus Radicans 70

M X'enenata 69

Scale of Numbers for Size of Apples. . . 2f)4
Scott's Winter Apple (Colored Platel. . 16(»

Shot- Hole Fungus 324

Single Eye Cutting .... .333

Solomon's Lily Ipi

Spores of Fungus of Apple Scab 98

Sugar Maple 351

Tally Cord 141

Ten-pound Basket 290

Tree Cricket 154

Trellis for Grape Vines 252

" Raspberries 25;>

Trough Flower Holders 209

Tulip, Single .■i07

Ukriana Aport Apple 77

Uriuck Apricot 1 30

Water Heattr and Piper, R;ise burning. 74

Wellington. Mr. W. E II

Wheatland Peach, (Colored Plate i .365

W'intering Cabbages, a device for 313

Wire Worm 39

Wire Stretcher 210

.vxxi: i>ii:HnAi II

T H E

Canadian Horticulturist.

Vol. XV.

1892.

No. I.

^y^ %I

THE ANNE DE DIESBACH ROSE.

MONO that valuable class of hardy roses for the climate of
Ontario, the hybrid perpetuals, there is one which has given
special satisfaction to the writer for two seasons past, and that
is the Anne de Diesbach, shown in our colored plate for the
jiresent month. \Ye have about two dozen roses in our rose
walk, all varieties of great value, but for delicate tints of color,
grace of form, and large size, all combined in one rose, none surpasses this one.
Some specimens cut last summer measured five inches in diameter, almost
equalling in size its gigantic neighbor, Paul Neyron. This latter is rose colored,
and is closely related to our favorite, being a cross between Anne de Diesbach
and Victor Verdier, produced in 1869. It is a very desirable rose on account
of its great size, l)ut not as graceful, nor of so lovely a shade of color.

The Anne de Diesbach was raised by Lacharme, in 1858, a noted rosarian.
who has the credit of sending out fewer poor varieties than any other large
grower. Among a large list of varieties produced by him we may mention
Victor Verdier, Alfred Colomb, Coquette des Alps, and Chas. Lefebvre, varieties
of marked individuality.

The plant is hardy and grows freely. The flowers are not produced in
abundance, and, when they do appear, they are half concealed by a wealth of
foliage, but this is just the condition most favorable to show them off to the best
advantage. They are fragrant, and of a most lovely shade of carmine. We con-
sider this rose one worthy of a place in the amateur's garden, even if his collec-
tion be one quite limited in number.

The Canadian Horik ri.i ikisi.

ANNE 1)E J)IHS1!A(H.

In a garden (juaint,

Filled with roses rare,
drows the one I love the best

( )f all the posies there ;

Modest maid, with cheek now blushed.

Cannot rival thee
In sweet and pure simplicity,

Thou art so dear to me.

The dew drops kiss thy cheeks

And love to linger there, —
Ah ! words would fail me, should I try

Thy excellencies to declare ;

Thy grace, thy beauty, fragrance, charm

E'en those who heart do lack.
Thou art a work of Nature's own

My Anne de Diesbach.

Grimsby, Out. A\ilhelmina Hrodik.

STORING ICE NOT EXPENSIVE.

No expensive structure is needed for an ice house, though where it is an
object to have no wasting away, it should be made tighter than where this does
not matter so much. Slabs from the saw-mill do very nicely for the roof, and
the sides may also be of rough boards. Where desired, the ice-house may be
one corner of the wood-.shed partitioned off, in which ice will keep quite as well
as in a more costly structure. Even stacking is often resorted to, by laying
down rails for a floor, on which to stack the blocks compactly. Cover heavily
with some material which is non-conducting, such as straw, hay, etc., finishing
the top so as to shed rain, bracing the sides with boards and rails to keep
covering in i)osition. Care must be taken in getting at the ice, always to open
at same place and cover up thoroughly, or some hot day will turn it to water.
In |)utting in the ice no matter where it may be, always surround it with
non-conducting material like sawdust. — W. I'". I.akk, in Coiintrv Cicuilcman.

Thk ice-hou.se (|uestion can be summed as follows : any cheap structure
with good drainage and no circulation below ; good ventilation above ; proper
space between ice a«d sides, filled with non-conducting material. The bugbear
of expense need deter no one from storing ice. By providing a proper liottom
ice can be piled on it and a building put oxer it lat(M-.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 3

I'l.LMS 1-()K CAXXIXd. MAKKirr. i;i'c.

i;iN(; very dittidcnt and mistrustful of being able to interest
the readers of the Horticulturist in this subject, so much
having been written heretofore respecting the Plum and its
varieties, I have hesitated before making the attempt to
write anything touching the matter. But having been
especially requested to name from my experience the most
profitable varieties thereof, for market and canning pur-
poses, etc., and those which will form a profitable succession for shipping, from
the earliest to the latest, and the kind of stock on which they should be budded
or grafted, 1 will with much pleasure name such varieties, and treat the above
matter as follows.

The stocks on which 1 prefer to graft (I prefer grafting to budding), are those
raised from seedlings of the common blue plum, selected from trees of rapid
growth and large size. Having lost a number of trees purchased from nursery-
men, which had been grafted or budded on the wild variety known as the Can-
ada Plum ( Pruniis Americana), and commonly used by them for stocks, in con-
sequence of their roots breaking during wind and rain, under a heavy load of
fruit, I have substituted with advantage the common blue, as its roots prove
much stronger and better, and the trees when grafted attain a larger size.

My experience in fruit canning has not been extensive, but such as I have
had has been acquired by selecting for home use from the varieties I cultivate,
of which, without hesitation, I would name Bavay's (ireen (iage, Monroe, and
Imperial Ciage, as the best three plums for canning: but as these, from their
very fine quality, and especially in years of scarcity, often command a higher
])rice than canners can afford to pay, they purchase at a lower price, largely of
the blue damson, which they can sell as a much lower figure and make more
money therefrom, and it might be judicious to add the damson to the list, al-
though of much inferior quality.

As to the varieties for market purposes, extending in their time of ripening
from the first to the last of the ])lum season, I would recommend of the varieties
commonly grown, the Niagara, Bradshaw, Washington, Lombard, General Hand,
Yellow Egg, Peach, Coe's Golden Drop, Bavay's Green Gage, Quackenbos
and Glass, which ripen generally in the order named, as the best and most
profitable. Of these I would select as the most remunerative, the Niagara
and Bradshaw for earliest, and the Quackenbos and Glass for latest ; and
among the most latest, the Peach plum, as I have found that more money can
be made, especially in years of plenty, from the very early and the very late, than
from the medium ripening varieties, which come in competition with a very large
number of others, which ripen at the same period : and that the dark colored
sell at higher jirices than the yellow. In the past ])lentiful season, the Niagara

4 ThK CaNAKIAN HOKllCL'l.U'klST.

and Bradshaw sold at from 95c. to $1.10 })er basket of twelve (luarts ; the Wash-
ington and Lombard at 50c. : the (leneral Hand, Yellow Egg, Coe's Golden
Drop, and Bavay's C.reen (iage at 65c. ; the Peach plum at 75c. to 85c., and
the Quackenbos and Cllass at from 95c. to $1.15 per basket. I regard
the Glass seedling as our most valuable late market plum. The tree is very
hardy and productive, and the fruit very large and attractive, showing to fine
advantage in the basket. Heie. by way of digression, I would say, that it ap-
pears to me very remarkable that a plum possessing so many valuable qualities,
should not have found a place on the Industrial Fair's Prize List, and thereby
be recommended to the public as one of the profitable varieties to be propagated.
It is also remarkable how valuable the (ilass seedling is to many exhibitors,
when they happen to be short of a dark-colored ])lum to supply the section to
be represented ; then this plum is often used with success, to carry off the prizes
which should have been awarded to the varieties named in the particular sec-
tions of the prize list for which it was substituted. At the Lidustrial Fair held
in 1890, I noticed that the Glass seedling took prizes in three or four sections
allotted to other varieties.

In the above list of market plums, I have left out Pond's seedling, as I have
not found it so productive as the varieties I have named, and because in late
years it has become very subject to rot. ^^"he^ it is free from rot, its fine size
and color cause it to sell at a good price.

The varieties I value most for i)reserves and dessert, are as follows:— For
preserves, Niagara, General Hand, Coe's Golden Drop, and Bavays Green Gage.
For dessert, the Green Gage, Imperial Gage, and McLaughlin, the latter being
the best of all. The tree is very hardy and productive of large, finely-colored,
luscious fruit, and in localities where the peach fails to bear, is the most valuable
substitute therefor. I have not included the McLaughlin among the market
varieties, because it ripens with the great majority at mid-season, when the mar-
ket is overstocked wijh fruit and when plums sell at a very low price.

Whiihy, 2ist Dtc. i8gi. ]■ K. Goklon.

The Excelsior, or Hale's Hardy, peach, is highly spoken of in the American
Garden. It was recommended at the recent meeting of the American Pomo-
logical Society, and specimens there exhibited were remarkable for their high
color and beautiful api)earance, although of medium size and fiiir (juality. Mr.
Hale says the tree makes a low, Sjircading head, and will bear a good crop when
the buds on all other sorts are killed. This peach originated at Lowell. Mass.
It is very harily and prolific, having borne full crops annually for '(wq years in
Massachusetts, and in Greenville and Goftstown, N.H. It has stood 12 below
zero and had a full cr(»p. when all oilier varieties in the same locality were
killed.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

'^^'^i

^S

iM:'.\le^)m

FLORAL 1 IRL CRACKKR.

HROL'.GH the courtesy of Mr. A. Blanc, of Philadelphia, we

here show our readers another floral novelty in the Brodi^ea

Coccinea, or the Fire-Cracker plant. It is also called the

Crimson Satin flower. The Brodiaeas are named after Mr. J.

J. Brodie, a Scotch botanist, and are of the genus Liliaceaei

^.? '' y ; . ..j They are natives of California. '^I'here are about a dozen va"

(Li^-^O rieties, described in the Dictionary of Gardening, and they

'^ foam a pretty class of bulbs, though somewhat tender. They

are easily propagated by planting the offsets, which should be removed and

replanted in the autumn.

Fig. 1. — FluKAL FlKK-C'KACKKk.

The^prevailing color of the flowers is blue, but the Brodia;a Coccinea, which
we show in our illustration, is an exception to the rule. Its flowers are scarlet.
No doubt it derives its common name from the resemblance which its peculiar
flowers show to the boys" fire-crackers. The tall stems, of from one to two feet
in height, bear umbels of pendant flowers, two to three inches long, of a rich
crimson color, tipped with vivid green. There are tweve or fifteen flowers in
each umbel, and the bloom appears in June and lasts for several weeks. This
variety was discovered in California in the vear 1870.

Thk Canadian Hoki icui.turist.

rm: \vi\i i;r mli-.tino.

fjtHli attendance at our winter meeting was large. Not only were
(^ there present, in addition to the directorate, a large number of
y members from the Niagara peninsula and the Burlington district,
l^y but there were also representatives from several local affiliated
societies. The Peterboro' Fruit (Growers' Association was repre-
sented by r. A. (irover, the Burlington Association by Messrs. G.
T^^J^ H. Fishef, W'm. Fisher and A. W. Peart, and the Brant Associa-
/^ G)\ ^'"" ^y J^^ssrs. A. Dawson and J- R- Howell.

^y These local societies became affiliated with the Ontario A.sso-

ciation upon payment, through their secretary, of 80 cents per member, the 20
cents balance of the $1 membership fee being retained by the socieiy for their
own work.

The Western New York Horticultural Society was represented by Mr. S. I).
Willard, their vice-president, and the Michigan Horticultural Society by Mr. L.
B. Rice, of Port Huron.

Few changes were made in the directorate. Mr. A. H. I'eliii was elected
l)resident, and Mr. T. H. Race vice-president ; Mr. J. R. Howell, of Brantford,
succeeds Mr. McMichael, of Waterford, for District No. 9.

Prof. Wm. Saunders, Director of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, on recjuest,
gave the meeting much information concerning the World's Fair, and it was
unanimously resolved that the fruits of Canada should be exhibited in the Hor
ticultural Hall there in competition with those of other countries, and that 3000
feet of table sjiace, not including passages, would be none too little to accommo-
date the fruit exhibited from Ontario alone. 'I"he matter of details were referred
to a committee, consisting of Messrs. Allan. Pettit, Wellington and Dempsey,
who reported in progress that the Dominion (lovernment should provide the
transportation and care of exhibits, and the Provincial (Government the cost of
collecting the fruits and the representation. It was resolved that Mr. Allan be
a delegate to Ottawa, to co-operate with the delegates from the Agricultural and
Arts Association and the Stock Breeders' Association, with regard to this very
important matter.

The importance of a systematic inspection, by the Dominion Ciovernment,
of the fruit for export, was again debated and emphasized. The committee,
Mr. .\. H. Pettit, chairman, was continued, and asked to proceed with the agita-
tion for the accomplishment of this work, even if such fees must be charged on
barrels inspected and branded by the (Government inspector, as would pay the
expenses of his work.

The experiment station work in southern ( )ntari() was also again considered.
The Deputy Minister of Ontario, Mr. C. C. janus. suggested that the work
might be done by various e\i)erimenters, in different parts of ( )nt;uio, who

The Canadian Horticuliurist. 7

would report to a central officer, whose duty it would be to visit the various sec-
tions for taking notes, and tabulate all results for ])ublication. The Association
approved of the proposal, and re-appointed the old committee to co-operate with
the Government. This committee consists of Messrs. A. M. Smith, A. Mel).
Allan, W. E. Wellington and I,. W'oolverton.

The programme was rather long, and necessitated too much reading and too
little live discussion. The executive will endeavor to correct this error the next
time.

The third evening was given up to Floriculture. The debates were led by
members of the Florists' Clubs of Toronto and Hamilton. A project, urged
alike by both, was the importance of a botanical garden for Ontario. Much is
being done, both at the Ontario Agricultural College and the Central Experi-
mental Farm, in this way, yet, notwithstanding this, the Province of Ontario is
far behind other countries in this department. A committee was appointed to
take the matter into further consideration, viz., Messrs. Morton, 'Webster and
(lilchrist.

It is proposed to have a monster pic-nic of fruit growers and farmers in July
next, at Grimsby Park. Very cheap excursion rates will be arranged, and a
good programme provided. The management of this was left in the hands of
a committee, consisting of the President, Secretary and M. Pettit.

The following committees were also appointed during the sessions :

Netv Fruits. — Messrs. Allan, Wellington and Secretary.

Grapes. — Messrs. M. Pettit, T. H. Carpenter, Geo. Cline, E. D. Smith, A.
M. Smith and Wm. Orr.

Pears. — Messrs. E. Morris, D. W. Beadle, W. Holton and P. C. Dempsey.

Experimental Union. — The President.

Central Farmers'' Institute. — Mr. A. Mel). Allan and the Secretary.

Audit. — Messrs. J. M. Denton and E. B. Edwards.

Industrial ExJiibition. — Messrs. W. E. Wellington and Joseph Jacques.

Western Fair. — Messrs. J. M. Denton and W. E. Saunders.

Central Fair. — Messrs. R. B. White and John Craig.

Finance. — W. E. ^\''ellington and A. M. Smith.

Farmers' Institutes. — President, Vice-President and Secretar)-.

Executive. — President, Vice-President and Secretary.

Western New York Horticultural Society. — The Secretary.

Michigan Horticultural Society. — Mr. A. M. Smith.

It was decided that the next annual and winter meeting should be held in
the city of Brantford, in response to an invitation from the local Association at
that place, who will, no doubt, exert themselves to make the meeting a success
in point of attendance.

At the Chrv.santhe.mum Show. Mother: '"How do you like these,
Dora?" Dora: 'MX'ouldn't they look better, mamma, if they had their hair
combed ? ' — Boston Transcript.

The Canadian Hokik li.tuki.st

HOMK ICK PACKING ;.

<^f»

HE method of huilding ice-houses without reciuiring packing of saw-
dust, charcoal or other substances, merely by leaving dead air
sj)aces, is to-day considered fully equal, if not superior, to the old-
time way. Dead air spaces ajipear to have fully as much power
as non-conductors as do solid packings, and, the method is a
cheaper one. The system, however, must be carefully followed
out for the best results. The air chambers must be di.stinct and
must not admit a draft up or down or around the ice. The air spaces must
open into the upper portion of the house above the plate, that the cold air of
evening may descend into them. This also allows air which may have become
slightly heated to rise above the ice without reaching it. Partitions must be
tight. To receive the full benefit of the system, pains should be taken when
the final layer of ice is packed and the covering with sawdust is in process, not
to clog these air chambers.

At least 2 ft. of space should be left
for sawdust over the packed ice. Still
higher in the side of the building, one
or two windows should be placed,
which should be left open in warm
weather to allow of free ventilation
above the ice, allowing the escape of
heated air and ingress for any cool air
which nights and storms may bring.
When small tjuantities of ice, it is de-
sirable, even with these air spaces, to
leave a space of at least six inches between the inner ice-house wall and the ice,
which must be filled with tramped .sawdust. Six-inch studding will do for the
outside chamber. Is certainly heavy enough, and even four or three inch lum-
Ijer will do ; it need not be more than two inches thick. To secure good drain-
age is easy in a side hill or on a very slight slope. If only a dead level is
obtainable, the house should be well underpinned and ]terhaps one or two
courses of tiles laid in the ground a rod or two from the house, if j)ossible
into gravel soil.

If the characler of your land l)e sandy or gravelly, you need have no anxiety
about drainage, as the melting ice will take care of itself. The main point is
securing good drainage so as to prevent a draft of air under the ice chamber.
It is well to have a stone underpinning well pointed with mortar. .\ current of
air will melt many tons of ice in a week An excellent |)lan in use under many
ice-houses is a cold storage room. A bank is most convenient for this arrange-
ment, though by elevating the floor for ice 4 to 6 ft a moderately good storage

Fig. 2. — Ice C'iiamisek.

The Canadian Horticlm.tlrist.

room can be secured with little extra cost. The one objection to this conveni-
ence under the ice chamber is, that it is likely to allow drafts of air up through
the ice-house unless great care is excerised. A tight, or nearly tight, and slop-
ing floor should be made and the drainage carried into a trough and away from

the building, in a pipe. Of course the
floor, which also forms the ceiling of the
cold storage room, must be heavily
;<4j propped, or underpinned, to support
ice so the great weight above will not
crush it in. Many find such a storage
room extremely useful in holding, for
a few days, small fruits, vegetables,
meats, etc., for market, and for preserv-
ing the family supplies. For founda-
tion walls probably nothing is cheaper
or superior to concrete well laid below
irost. The walls, if of wood, must be
double or treble the same as for the»
ice-house proper. Double doors and
windows must also be provided. Never
overlook the rule, that the smaller the
amount of ice stored, the greater is its
proportionate waste. Farm and Home.

Fig. :?. — ICK I'HAMBEI:.

ASPARAGUS.

Mr. Perkin.s, of Madison Station, read a paper on Asparagus Culture in Ml^'-
sissippi. He has been cultivating this plant but a few years. For several years
he obtained roots from high-priced northern nurseries. He has since found
that by saving his own seed, and planting them in the early spring, he could
have by the following fall finer roots in every respect than the two-year old roots
from Illinois.

Land for asparagus should be heavily manured, deeply plowed, and com-
pletely pulverized ; rows five feet apart, plants two feet, 4500 plants to the acre.
He objects to deep plowing in cultivating this crop. Shallow cultivation, keep-
ing plants free from weeds and grass, is all that is needed. Asparagus is a vora-
cious feeder. He has used barnyard manure, cotton seed and ashes with good
effect.

He commenced shipping last season 23rd of February, and continued till
last of April. Mr. Perkins thinks asparagus will pay in Madison Co., Miss. ;
latitude about two degrees above New Orleans.

Dr. H. E. McKay thinks asparagus will pay. He has 60 rows. 100 yards
long, on which he put 90 wagon loads of manure. From proceedings of yfiss.
State Horticultural Soctety.

Tm: ("wM'iAN Hok 1 1( 111 L-RisT,

I'KACHKS IX KSSKX.

K HIS locality is especially favorable for the cultivation of the peach.
(J^^ It consists of a high ridge of sandy loam, containing several thousand
acres, suitable for that purpose, bordering on Lake Erie. Abo t
one mile from the lake, this ridge recedes slightly to the north.
This northern slope is the most suitable for this fruit, as the buds do
not start into growth so early in spring, and are, therefore, less liable
to injury from late frosts which occur nearly every spring. Large numbers of
trees are being planted every year ; at the present rate of planting but few years
will elapse until most of the suital)le land will be planted to peach trees. The
largest grower is Mr. E. Tyehurst. A late number of the Horticultl'RIM
contained a note from him regarding a seedling peach, also comments on
samples of same. Mr. Tyehurst could, with propriety, have said much more in
favor of his seedling, but he is a very modest man, and did not say nearly what
its merits deserve. When I tell you that he has grown that seedling for about
^thirty years, that he has tried all of the leading named varieties offered by nursery-
men, and that this season his crop of peaches were estimated to be worth ten
thousand dollars, you will see that he has had some experience in peach growing.
He loaded a car in one day (of 1,500 baskets) with peaches of his own growing
This seedling has paid him better than any other kind, as the fruit buds appear
to be more hardy and the trees will produce a croj) of fruit when most other
sorts fail. It has not yet been ])laced in the hands of any nurservman for
propagation.

The varieties mostly grown here are Alexander, Hale's Early. Early and
Late, Crawford, Early Barnard, Tyehurst .Seedling. Hill's Chili, Smock, Wager,
and-many seedlings. Alexander takes the lead in early peaches, although many
others have been tried. Hale's I'^arly rots badly and is not being planted to any
extent now. ICarly Crawford does not bear regularly, the fruit buds ap])ear to
be more easily injured than arc many other sorts ; the trees also having to obtain
greater age before beginning to bear. Late Crawford is better in this resj)e(t
and will yield larger crops. Early Barnard is perhaps the best and most ])rofit-
able named variety grown here. Hills Chili, a later peach, is one of the most
regular in bearing of any sort known here. It is not of the best (juality, but its
hardiness and regular bearing (jualities make it the best paying and most reliable
late kind to plant in this locality, yet fully tested.

I.eamiugtini, Out. W . W . 1 1 1 1 i.hokn.

O.NK 01 N.MUKK> M\ SI KKiKs. Willie: Mamina. how do ,L:,rapes grow?
Mamma : l-'rom seeds |)lanted in the ground. W illie : Well, if the seeds are
planted in the grcnind. how do ihe\' get into the grapes again ?

Mil W. Iv \\'i;i,i,iN(;i<iN.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

II

SOME PROMINENT CANADIAN HORIICUI-TLRIS'IS. XIII.

MR. W. K. W Kl.l.INi;'! ON.

~" HE name of our Association is too narrow to define the scope of
our operations. We touch on forestry, floriculture and landscape

gardening, as well as on fruit growing ; all of them branches of
the more comprehensive term, " horticulture,' or cultivation of
the garden. The agriculturist cultivates the broad acres of a
field, but the horticulturist concentrates his time and labor ujjon the small plot
called a garden. The former is an extensive method, and the latter intensive.

The name, Ontario Horticultural Society, would, perhaps, better express the
lines within which we operate, and yet, to an Old Country gardener, this would
indicate professional floriculture, a division which, in this country, we leave to
the florists' clubs of our cities and towns ; ourselves dealing with it onlv as it is
interesting to amateurs, and the general public.

The nursery is another department of horticulture. Methods of propagation
of trees and plants are so essential to the best success of a fruit grower, that we
welcome to our Board of Directors one or two nurserymen, in order that we may
refer knotty questions on propagation to them at our meetings, and we find that
they are, as a rule, quite ready to confide to us the secrets of their profession,
for the general good. Not only so, but, to their credit be it said, those who
have had a place on our Board have carefully avoided advocating their private
interests, or, in common parlance, " talking shop."

Prominent among our Canadian nurserymen, is Mr. W. E. \\'ellington, of
Toronto, a gentleman who has always taken a deep interest in the work of our
Association, using his influence in every way possible to increase its usefulness.
No one sends in larger club lists of new names, and no one is more ready to
forward its projects, either with time or money.

Mr. W. E. Wellington is a Canadian, and his native place is Oshawa,
Ontario, where he was born in 1849. There his boyhood days were spent
among the orchards and gardens near Lake Ontario, surroundings which favored
the development of his taste for horticultural pursuits. At the age of twenty-
one, he resolved to enter the nursery business. He went to Rochester and
engaged with Messrs. Chase Bros., afterwards entering their Toronto otifice, soon
becoming a partner in charge of the New England States. Later, he voluntarily
left them, to go into business in Canada witii his brother-in-law, Mr. (i. A. Stone.

In 1878, this firm purchased from Mr. Morris a two-thirds interest in the
Fonthill nurseries, which had been established in the year 1842. These have
since grown to such an extent that, in place of the original 100, the establi>h-
ment now covers about 700 acres of land. On these grounds, in addition to
the nurserv proper, are extensive greenhouses, with over twelve thousand square

12 Thk Canauian HdRTICUI.TURIS'I.

feet of glass, for the propagation of plants, more especially roses, clematises, and
choice shrubs ; a good-sized peach orchard consisting mainly of the Wager and
Mountain Rose, varieties which have proved with them most profitable : and an
experimental orchard of some 300 varieties of apples.

Some idea of the extent of their business may be had from the fact that they
constantly employ at the Nurseries from 75 to a 100 men, and, in the busy season,
nearlv double that number, and that their sales average over $200,000 per annnm.

.W

"^^jjfe^

Fig. 4. \\'i:llin<;t(>n it Stonk's Ni

Besides this, Mr. Wellington, in company with Mr. Morris, gives a great
deal of attention to the breeding of Shire and roadster horses, having large
buildings suitable for that i)urpose, and having on their premises somewhere
about fifty head.

A large force of teamsters are employed, many of whom give their lime to
scouring the country for twenty miles around, gathermg wood ashes and manure,
ons of which are also brought from the City of Toronto.

In 1H.S4, .Mr. Wellington was elected Director of our Association, to repre-
sent Agricultural District No. 6, a post which he has held ever since, and during
the year 1SS6 he tjccupied the Vice-l'rcsident's chair. Three years ago Mr.
Wellington was elected Tresident of the St. (leorge's Society in Toronto, defeat-
ing Prof. (loldwin Smith.

Among his contributions to our lileralure may lie noticed an eMeniled one
on "'I'he Clematis ' in iSSi, extensively coj)ie(l b\ .\inerii an horticullinal

Thk (,'anaiiian HfUMic ui.tukist. 13

journals ; one on " Ornamental Shrubs" which appeared in our report for uSSi"
page 95, and one on " Roses ' which was published in our report for 1S.S4.
page 156.

For several years, Mr. Wellington has represented our Association on the
Board of the Toronto Industrial Exhibition, and it was mainly through his influ-
ence that the magnificent horticultural hall was built last spring, for the better
display of the fruits of Ontario : a building which is not only ornamental to the
grounds, but is a great convenience to all fruit growers, whose productions cer-
tainly deserve as much consideration as those of our friends, the florists.

CITY MEN AS FRUIT GROWERS.

To succeed in most kinds of business, some study and some practical train-
ing is necessary. All men. and especially all city men, are born fruit growers,
according to themselves. So long as they remain in the city and nurse this
delusion, no particular harm results. If the city man is a capitalist and wishes
some healthy employment, that may at the same time effectually check the
growth of that capital, fruit growing will meet the requirements. If the city
man is short of capital, and without experience, he can decrease his capital and
increase his experience, and reap some bitter fruit (figuratively).

These men come ; they plant, they fail, they leave. They carry wiser heads
l)ack to the city. Would the city man, who expects to increase his capital by
fruit growing, advise a farmer to undertake his city business ? He who under-
takes business in either city or country, must compete with men who understand
the business, and are surrounded by all the conditions of success.

The farmer, who finds himself wnth a .suitable soil, within easy reach of
manure and markets, and who is of course already possessed of mechanical
dexterity in the use of implements, may study fruit growing and succeed, if he
is a plucky and persistent worker. Many farmers fail as fruit growers. They
do not care to fight weeds, and to cultivate and care for their trees, bushes,
vines and ])lants for seven months in the year.

Fruit growing is an attractive business. It attracts too many. Many of
these make nothing, while they hinder others who migh make a fair profit. Wa
advise city men to stay in the city and eat all the fruit they can, with a view of
helping those who are striving to make fruit growing pay.

Niagara Falls Souf/i, Ont. E. Morden.

To kill the rose bugs on bushes or vines, shake them off by the hand into a
basin of water, or spray them with an alcoholic solution Bubach diluted with
water.

u

The Canadian Hokticui.iurist.

HORTICUI/rLRI': AX .WCIICNT IXDL'STKV.

" Tlius far of tillage ami of heavenly signs,
Now sing, my Muse, the growth of generous vines.

Some trees their birth to Kounteous Nature owe ;
For some without the pains of planting grow.
These ways of planting Nature did ordain ;
I'or trees and shruhs and all the sylvan reign.
But various are the ways to change the state
(ii plants : to hud, to graft, and to inoculate.
'Tis usual now an inmate graft to see,
With insolence invade a foreign tiee.
Thus pears and quinces from the crab-tree come,
And thus the ruddy cornel bears the plum.
Then let the learned gardner mark with care,
The kinds of stock and what each kind will bear :
K.xplore the nature of each several tree,
Ami, known, improve tlieaitfid Iti(/u^fri/."

li L'S wrote Virgil almo.st two thousand years ago. And
wliat \'irgil enjoined the ancients to do, in the two last lines
quoted, is just what the Canadian Horticulturist and the
Ontario Fruit Crowers' Association are endeavoring to in-
struct the people of this age and of this land in doing. To
explore the nature of each several tree and with the know-
ledge gained to improve the artful — and we hope profitable as well — industry
of fruit culture. In ])erusing Virgil, especially through his second Ceorgic, one
is amazed at the knowledge the ancients had of the arts of horticulture. It is
enough to take some of the nineteenth century conceit out of us when we come
to contemplate that without the advantage of our-day literature, or the fruit
growers' associations, there was no art in horticulture unknown to the ancients
that we know and practice in this age. In some respects it would seem that
they were more successful in their arts than we are on this continent of America,
fur N'irgil, after describing all the methods and minutiae of cutting, tipping, lay-
ering, budding, grafting, etc., he says:

" The mastful beech the bri.stliiig chestnut bears.
And the wild asii is white with blooming pcais. "'

Though often tried, the efforts to make the mountain ash prt)duce a crop of
blooming pears have not met with mut h success in this age and climate. The
ancients were no less skilled in the value and a])i)lication of fertilizers than in the
arts of hybridizing, for we hear them recommended to

" Sprinkle sordid ashes all around,
Aiu\ load with fattening ilung the fallow ground."

The Canadian Horticli.turist. 15

In vincyardism, and all that pertains to the cultivation ot tiic jirapc and the
production of wine, the ancients of Italy and Scicily were umiuesuonably in
advance of the inhabitants of this continent of America to day. But wnatever
those two countries mentioned may do in the grape in this age, it is quite certam
they cannot compete with America, and especially this part of it which we call
our Canada, in that king of staple fruits, the apple. \'irgil speaks of the varieties
of the apple ripened and mellowed by the frost of winter, but the winter varieties
of these Mediterranean countries are very inferior to the winter lists now given m
the catalogues of this country. And even their summer varieties are menaced
by blights and ravished by insect i)ests beyond remedy. They have no Baldwin,
no Northern Spy, no King, nor many other of the choice winter varieties we
pride ourselves as Canadians in possessing. The pear which, according to Vir-
gil, flourished in profusion and splendor before the Christian era, has likewise
deteriorated, though in that delicious fruit the Mediterranean coasts have
excelled in all ages.

But 1 am now reminded that in my last contribution I promised to tell you
about the native home of the Saunders plum, which I believe I discovered dur-
ing my summer visit east of Toronto. If 1 am correct in my belief, I will take
back all that I have said about there being no plum tree proof against black-
knot. About mid-way between the towns of Port Hope and Cobourg, there is a
farm, owned twenty-five or thirty years ago by a Mr. Jeckel, conjointly with Mr.
John Wade, father of the present Secretary of the Ontario Agricultural and Arts
Association. Mr. Jeckel was an English gentleman, advanced in agricultural
and horticultural science, and giving his attention chiefly to the latter. The
farm, being situated in the Township of Hamilton, was commonly known as the
Hamilton Gardens. On this farm the plum now known as the Saunders, came
into existence nearly thirty years ago. The parent tree suckered freely, and Mr.
Jeckel gave the young shoots to friends both east and west, some of them going
down near Belleville, but none going west farther than Port Hope, that I could
get trace of. I saw trees in September at least twenty years old, and ate fruit
from them. In one place there were old cherry trees growing among them full
of and partly dying from black-knot, but the plum trees grew and bore on with-
out a sign of black-knot on them. The trees grow to a large size and bear when
(juite young, but do not bear regularly. If this one defect could be overcome,
the Saunders plum — or at least the ])lum which I believe to be the Saunders —
is the plum for this country, and cannot be too extensively desseminated. It is
of good size, yellow in color and excellent in flavor.

Mitchell, Out. __^ T. H. Race.

CAF.BA<;fc:.s can be kept nicely in a barrel, packed in cut straw or even hay
well dampened. Trim the heads all ready for cooking, and pack in a layer of
straw, one of cabbage, and so on, until the barrel is full. Remember, the straw
mijst be wet when the cabbage is put in, but no water is needed afterward.
Keep in the kitchen or outhouse. Thev may freeze, but that will not hurt them
in the least. — Weekly Star.

i() ]'hk Canadian Ht)Ri ici'i.i l'kist.

KKI-.riNi; AI'l'LHS.

■B->

X |)rci)aring iht- ground for some cuttings a week ago. 1 turned u|> a
small pear, which, evidently, had fallen from a Brurre Clairgeau tree
near by: it was about 2^2 inches long by i inch in diameter at the
thickest part, and of the most orthodox pear shape. On removing
from it the soil with which it was nearly covered, it presented a beauti-
ful appearance, indeed, a friend to whom I showed it, thought it had
been a " pt)rcelain pear,' it was most natural in color, being a rich, greenish
vellow. with a handsome brownish crimson cheek, and when I cut it open, it had
an a«^'reeable. acid smell. I did not taste it, and the seeds were well formed and
dark-colored, showing they were ripe. In all respects it was a i)erfect Beurre
Clairgeau in miniature.

The discovery of this pear and its extraordinary condition struck me as being
verv remarkable ; because it must have fallen from its parent tree as long ago as
earlv July, it had, therefore, laid entombed in moist soil five months, and yet
when exhumed it was as fresh as if fresh gathered, and in a sense more so, as it
had actually ripened in the earth, which it would not have done, in its then
immature condition, on the tree ; indeed, in forty-eight hours exposure to the air
and light, it blackened and shrank, decay had commenced.

The following day I showed the pear to an experienced nurseryman, explain-
ing the circumstances under which I found it. It surprised him very much, and
his comment was : " if that pear had been kept in the house or even cellar, so
long, it would have rotted months ago,"' and so it would.

Is there any recorded instance of an immature fruit, buried in the earth for
five months, being, when brought to the surface, perfectly sound and unchanged
in any respect except that which the ripening process had caused ? Surely there
must be in earth something more than a merely antiseptic property, there must
be a ripening and preservative property also, hitherto latent and unsuspected—
perhaps I speak unadvisedly in this.- but which, if common to all soils, may be
utilized in various ways, notably in jirolonging the season of pears and apples.
and possiblv of other desirable fruits :

It is certainly my intention, if I live, to experiment in jireserving pears in
the soil, which, if successful, will unable us to have this most delicious of fruits
on our tables about as many months as we now have them weeks, and what a
'consummation devoutly to be wished" this is.

Is this something new. Mr. Mditor. or is it a " chi'stnut ? "

forotiio. ]■ ••• I'li'^Mi'soN.

An Knglish gardener, who h.is had great success in raising radishes, makes
liis radish beds with neariy or (piite one-half soft coal ashes and soot. Under
this plan his beds are not infested with worms. Michigan Fanmr.

Thk Canadian Horticui.turist.

SMALL FRUITS.

'L

NDER how many obligations we are to the Experiment Stations for
their valuable experiments, and valuable notices on small fruits.
Under the head of small fruits, we class first the strawberry. Special
stress is placed on the ease and cheapness of growing this fruit bv
farmers, and thus allowing every family to be able to have straw-
berries for all purposes, with but little expense of money or time.
We would urge more forcibly this matter of small fruit growing upon
the attention of the average farmer, and show the large profit both in health and
money to be derived from a small fruit plantation of the several varieties of
fruits that mature early, and in paying results, in from one to three years. One
objection usually raised by farmers when asked to grow small fruits is the lack
of time and skill. These objections may be answered by saying that the time
necessary to plant one-fourth of an acre of strawberries need not be more than
to plant the same area of cabbage or potatoes ; and, as to skill, any one who
has set cabbage, celery, or sweet potatoes, can set strawberry plants. The
knowledge of the fact that one must set perfect-flowering varieties, with im-
perfect varieties, is essential, but, further than that, clean tillage is the only verv
important point to be impressed on one's mind. The item of the cost of plants
is also reckoned as one of the hindrances to the cultivation of this fruit, and,
viewed in this way, it is a very large item ; but, if plants of any of the older,
well-tested varieties are selected, they can be bought by the thousand, cheaper
than many of the newer varieties can be bought by the hundred. One can get
any of the standard varieties at about four dollars per thousand, which, if set in
rows three feet apart and the plants two feet apart in the rows, will take seven
thousand two hundred and sixty plants per acre, making one-fourth of an acre
cost from five to eight dollars for plants. The further cost depends on tht-
amount of tillage given and the expense of help. While the returns will usuallv
average from four to five hundred quarts to one-fourth of an acre, which, if cal-
culated at ten cents a quart, will more than pay for plants and labor, leaving
only the labor for the second year's crop, which often is the best, and at the same
time gives runners to set a new plantation.

The New York State Bulletin says, if planting for a fancy market, use the fol-
lowing varieties : For early, Haverland, VanDeman ; medium season, Bubach,
Sharpless, Burt ; for late, Crawford, Middlefield, Parker Earle, Gandy ; if for
distant market, VanDeman, Stayman No. i, Burt ; for near market, the last men-
tioned varieties with the addition of Beder Wood, Parker Earle, and, possibly.
Mount Vernon : thus, having VanDeman to pollenize Haverland, Bubach be-
tween Sharpless and Burt : Middlefield between Parker Earle and Gandy. Most of
these varieties have become so well known, and so extensively propagated, that
they can be bought so very reasonably, and they will increase so rapidly, that,

2

1 8 The Canadian Horticui-turisi.

starting with a few hundred plants, thousands can be had in a year's time, thus
putting a beginning within the reach of anyone.

At the Station grounds, Ohio — owing to the two severe frosts of the 5th and
17 th of May, no satisfactory report can be given on the strawl)erry. 'i'he varie-
ties with perfect flowers suffered more than the pistillate, Parker Earle and
Enhance being apparent exceptions.

It seems to be the rule, that the blossoms of some varieties are easily killed
before the buds open : varieties, that give large crops in seasons of no frost,
give comparatively good crops in frosty seasons. Pistillate varieties are more
])rolific than staminate, and are more hardy as well. They recommend, as
formerly, Haverland, Crescent, Bubach, with Gandy, Pearl and Enhance as
pollenizers.

Gratiiotu Joth Dec, i8gi. John Litti.e.

Ornamentinc. the Home Grounds. — Shrubs are valued for their bloom
as well as for form and foliage. Each variety will serve some special end. As
a rule, plant in irregular groups, as directed for trees. At projecting points in
shrub masses, plant some hardy herbaceous perennials. Use vines for porches
or for covering a half dead tree top or rubbish pile. Plant flowers mostly at the
side of the house in irregular but gracefully-shaped beds, and about the trunks
of trees when they are young, perhaps. No special paths are needed about
flower or shrub groups. Rock work is seldom satisfactory, and is only appropri-
ate in a retired portion of the grounds. A pile of shells, rocks and scori;^? in
the front yard is sadly out of place. Heap them in some back and shady cor-
ner, and you will find great delight in transplanting from the woods and
meadows an assortment of hepaticas, spring beauties, bloodroot, trilliums, bell-
worts, phloxes, and ferns. If you have a pond near by. introduce some water-
lilies, cat-tail flags, pickerel weed, arrow-head, and near by set some weeping
willows and birches and ashes. Do not despise flower, shrub or tree because
it is native, or " common.'' As a rule, the best known is better than the im-
ported variety. Give thought and attention to all the details of making a [pleasant
home. It is a worthy work. \'ou will be surprised to find how much beautv
can be attained at little cost, and how rapidly everything hastens forward to the
completed ])lan in your own mind. You will have a constant comfort and a
fresh hope realized every year as the trees grow, and transformation follows
transformation toward the fulfilment of your original design. — Proi-. W. J.
Beai., Michigau Agricultural College.

Seeds which had been kept in the seed-vessels of plants belonging to ihr
herbarium of Tonnefort, a French botanist, were found to have retained their
fertility after the lapse of nearly a century. — /V/. Weekly Press.

The Canadian HoRTicui.rukisr. 19

PRINCESS LOUISE AND McINTOSH RKD IN (,)LI:BEC.

AM sorry to say that, so far, Princess Louise does not appear to be hardy
JL enough for this vicinity. Of six trees planted out in the sjjring of
1890, four succumbed last winter — and it will be interesting to know
r^ if the two surviving will continue through the present winter unim-
paired. Of course, I am quite convinced that trees transplanted from
7^^- more southerly nurseries, such as those of the Niagara district, to this
province, have not the stamina to survive our winters here, as well as if grown in
our Quebec nurseries, and I shall not be discouraged if the two trees of this
most excellent variety should suffer injury this winter. But I shall persevere
and raise the Princess Louise in my own nursery as well as make further tests
by top-grafting on hardy stocks.

McINTOSH RED.

All varieties of apples were very fine this season, but, without exception,
Mcintosh Red, as grown this year, is the most beautiful, as well as the most
delicious, apple we have seen. After some eight years" trial, I am convinced that
Mcintosh can be grown here as well, if not more successful, than Fameuse ; I
can recommend its cultivation in this province. I understand some eighty
barrels of Mcintosh Red were sold here this fall. They came from the vicinity
of Aultsville, I believe, and were sold in one lot, at $2.25, when Fameuse only
brought $1.75 per barrel. I have been informed by dealers that this particular
variety was, without exception, the handsomest lot of apples ever offered for
sale in this market, and that it is the first time the trade has ever met this apple.
The party who secured the lot of Mcintosh is now retailing them at $4.00 per
barrel, and to-day the finest Fameuse are only selling for $2.75 per barrel, retail.

I believe there is money in Mcintosh, not only for this market, but for
export, as they promise to ship better than our Fameuse.

Yours truly,

MontreaL Que. R. \N'. Shf.phlrd. Jr.

E. P. Roe says that the man with only one square rod of land can use it to
best advantage by planting half to strawberries.

ThK C'aNAI'IAN HORTICUI.TURISl

r.l.ACK (■ IK RANTS.

I'^ use them for the table, with sugar, tlie same as red ones, but for
this purjjose they need to be thoroughly ripe : we make jam of
them, and can them for winter. Jelly and cordial, which are
highly esteemed for medicinal jjurpose.s, can also be made from
them. The jelly is thought to be particularly beneficial in cases
of sore throat, and the cordial in summer complaints.

It has always seemed strange to me that more attention has not
been paid to them, for their cultivation is attended with very little trouble, and
we have always found a ready sale for them in market. In fact, with us, the
demand has always been greater than the supply, and the price obtained a little
better than that paid for red ones.

The bushes are easily propagated from cuttings, which can b planted either
in the fall or in the spring. With proper cultivation they make rapid growth
and bear (luite abundantly the second season after planting. They are
long-lived, some on our premises being more than twelve years old to my
certain knowledge, and they still bear fruit in great profusion. They are not
troubled by the currant worm. Some think that by planting red currant bushes
among the black ones the former escape the ravages of the currant worm, but I
am not (}uite prepared to vouch for that. So far as I know, they are not
troubled by any blight or disease.

Currants are so much more easily picked than strawberries or raspberries
that they find favor in my sight. The stooping position necessary in picking
strawberries is very tiresome, and one comes out of the raspberry season with
hands scratched and full of thorns and garments as badly rent as if she had
sojourned forty years in the wilderness.

To those who are raising small fruits for market, I would say try some black
currants. If you have any English customers you are sure of a market for them.

A writer in / 'iik's Magazine.

AMOUNT OK SEED

A»paiiiKU8, l)e(l of 15 8(j. yanls. . . . 1 l

Beans, broiid, row HO feet 1 j '

Beet, row .iO feet -' <

Broccoli, 4 siniare yards 1

BriiHKelH Sprouts, 4 s(|uare yartls. . 1

('al)l>aj,'e, Ix-d of S K<|iiare janls 1

("anot«, flrill of I "JO feet 2 ■

(JarrotH, lied of I'i wjuare yards . ... '1

Cauliflower, 4 Hiiuare yards 1

Celery, 4 sijuare yards 1

( TCHB, 3 mjuare yards -

Kiidive, 4 s(|uare yards I

Kale, 4 Hi|iiaic yards I

Kidney Beans, r;)W XO feet 1 i

FOR DIFFERENT AR1:AS.

t. I Leek, 2 .s(|u«ie yard.s 1 <>/.

t. Lettuce, 4 s(|naie yards 1

/.. ! Mushroom, 7 Kiuarc yard.s 1 l>us.

I Onions, !> s(|uare yards - oz.

. , I'arsley, row SO "feet \h

Parsnip, drill of 'JOO feet '-'

Peas, early, low (iO feet U l>t.

, Peas, large, late, row 80 feet. .. . \\

Potatoes, low :«) feet \ pk.

i Radishes, 4 scpiare yards L\ oz.

, I Savoy, 4 ."iniare yards 1 <■

I Spinach, 10 si|uaic Viirds 'J

. 1 Spinacli, .hill of I'jil tVct. '1

It. I Turnip, 4 s(|uaie yards 1 ' »

The Canadian Horticultukist,

rasi'bi:rr\' culturi:.

ITHIX a few years back a notable change has been introduced in
the general management of the raspberry. The only pruning
formerly given to this plant was confined to cutting out old stems
which had fruited, thinning out the young stems which were to
produce the next crop, and shortening them by cutting off a
portion of their tops. These would then be fastened to a stake
or some similar su])p()rt, and this completed the pruning for the season. But
the more modern system obviates the necessity of any kind of support and the
plants are managed so that they are able to support themselves when full of
fruit. This is accomplished by allowing the first year's growth of newly set-out
plants to grow undisturbed : the second year two or more shoots will be
produced, and when these have reached to a height of about two feet their tops
are pinched off, so as to stop their further upright growth : they will then
proceed to push out side shoots or laterals on all sides, balancing and supporting
themselves very effectually and appearing like small, evenly headed trees.
When growth has been completed for the season and the leaves have fallen
these side shoots are pruned back so as to leave them from 12 to 16 inches in
length, according to their strength. This pruning can be done quite rapidly
with pruning shears. At the same time, if not before, all the old stems or canes
which have fruited are also removed ; but many cultivators prefer to remove
these old stems immediately after the fruit has been gathered, claiming that by
so doing the young canes have greater freedom of growth ; also, that by promptly
removing the old canes many kinds of insects w^iich lodge in the old wood and
have cocoons and nests upon it are thus destroyed by burning all the prunings
as they are collected. This system is continued annually ; no greater number
of young shoots than is required are allowed to grow, all others being destroyed
as they reach a few inches in height. The summer topping is attended to as
previously stated, and the result of this routine treatment is a self-supporting
plant and improved fruit. — Exchange.

In storing celery for market, it is dug and put in trenches or in store houses.
The latter are made with four inch packing on all sides, of sawdust or leaves,
and w-'th provision or shedding rain and for ventilation. Trenching is prefer-
able where the celery is to be kept a long time, but in severe weather the
trenches are often controlled by the frost for weeks. For family use, it can be
kept in the cellar or in boxes. The boxes should be as high as the celery, one
foot, and any length. Four inches of sand or soil is then placed in the box,
soaked with water. The plants should be packed closely in the box, straight up
with their roots in the wet sand, but without any soil between the plants.
Examine the soil occasionally, and saturate it with water if it has become dry,
but do not wet the celery. It will keep in this way two or three months. The
crop for storing should be dug only when perfectly dry, and even the dew should
be allowed to dry off. — Farm and Home.

22 The Canadian Horticulturist.

liLI.HS FOR WIXTKR BLOOMIN(;.

HOW TO SELECT THE.M AND THE BEST METHOD OF I'KI.I'ARATION
AND CULTURE.

Xl.liSS one has had some experience, it is hard to select from a
catalogue bulbs that will do well for the house. Many of the im-
ported bulbs are dry and worthless, and what are advertised as
home-grown are too old to do well in the hands of an amateur, but
if your dealer is reliable and can assure you of the freshness of his
stock, it will be safe to select the following as among the best for
winter blooming : — Single Tulips, Jonquil, Crocus and Lily of the ^'alley, Giant
Oxalis, both yellow and pink. Fairy Lily, a species of Amaryllis, Hyacinths,
Cyclamen, a^Calla and Prince of Orange Amaryllis. The Tulips, Jonquil, Cro-
cus, and Lily of the \'allcy must be potted in the autumn and

I'.URIKD WHERE THEV WILL FREEZE

two or three times before they are brought indoors, then put them in the cellar
where they will thaw and become well rooted. When they are well above the
soil bring them up and put them in the window, not the most sunny one, but a
north or west window, and as far from the stove as possible ; keep quite moist
and you will soon have Crocus, 'I'ulips and Jonquil will follow, and Lily of the
Valley for the last. Hyacinths should not be grown in glasses, they are unsatis-
factory and the bulbs are worthless for further use. Pot them in good rich soil
eight or ten weeks before you wish to put them in the window, and

BURY THEM IN THE CELLAR.

When they are rooted sufficiently the tops will pusli above the ground, and when
an inch or two high bring up and give rather more light and heat than the first
named bulbs. The Roman Hyacinth is easiest of culture, and each bulb will
throw up two or three flower stalks.

The Fairy Lily, Oxalis, and P>eesias need much the .same treatment. Four
or five bulbs of either kind may be allowed to a five inch pot ; give them good
soil, plenty of sun and a good degree of warmth and they bloom very soon. The
Freesia is the finest thing I ha\e ever grown for winter blooming, requiring little
care, sure to blossom, and beautiful to look at, while nothing can compare with

ns DELICIOUS FRAGRANCE.

Procure your Cyclamen of the florist, well started for winter growth ; they are
very fine and remain in blossom a long time. A Prince of Orange Amaryllis
will blossom twice in the year, in August and again in December. After the
summer blooming set it away in a somewhat cool and dark place, gi.ing little
water until the new growth starts, then give plenty of water and a sunny corner
and the bud stalk will soon appear. If your ("alia tloes not show signs of bloom-
ing after a reasonable time, water (juite freely with warm water, nearly as hot as
you can bear your hand in.

There is a fascination aljuut the growth of bulbous plants, the unfolding of
leaf and bud under one's very eye, that nothing else can give, and I much prefer
them to any other class of plants, both for out-door culture and for winter bloom-
ng. — Afyra C. Durfec.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 23

WINTERINC; MAPLES.

N abundance of fruit this season has caused prices to be extremely
low, so much so that in many sections farmers declare that ap-
ples are not worth gathering. In many parts of the country six
cents per bushel are only offered at the cider mills or distilleries.
Of course this price refers to windfalls and fruit that insects have
caused to drop, but it is much better to haul them away and dispose of them
even at such low prices, for the number of bushels that could be picked up in a
day in an orchard would be sufficient to make the occupation pay quite well.
Aside from this, removing the fruit gets rid of the insects they would produce
another season. The low prices should stimulate farmers to store choice fruit
awayi n as careful a manner as possible ; as better prices may be realized in the
winter or the spring. The following hints and suggestions from Stuarfs Agri-
culturist on keeping fruit all the year round are of special interest just now :

" The comfort of a supply of apples the year round depends as much upon
the keeping as the growing of them. The average house cellar is not the best
place in which to store them, but attention to cleanliness, ventilation and tem-
perature guided by a thermometer, will make it a fair success. Temperature is
the strong point, and the nearer and more uniformly the air of any room in
which apples are stored can be kept to the freezing point, but always above it,
the longer and better they will keep. Carefully picked and assorted apples,
packed in boxes or barrels in almost any fine, dry material that will aid in keep,
ing them dry and the temperature about them uniform, may be kept in any
convenient outhouse, or even the barn, covered with three or four feet of hay,
straw, leaves, chaff or other material, to keep the frost from reaching them. All
the better if they can stand upon the ground, which will aid in maintaining an
unchanging temperature. To those who have heretofore kept their apples in
bins or on shelves in the house cellar without satisfactory success we suggest the
following experiments, which have before appeared in print : Select fifty good
sound apples from the shelf or exposed mass, wrap each in paper and replace
them. Count out fifty more, the same in condition, and place them aside
exposed. Place successive lots of fifty equal specimens in boxes of suitable
size and pack in each the following, viz. : fine shavings, fine chopped oat straw,
coarse and fine chaff, bran, sifted coal ashes and plaster ; put them in a cold,
not freezing, apartment. Fill boxes large enough to hold half a bushel or a
bushel, with apples in the more compact packing, as plaster or fine chaff, and
place them in the barn, with a few feet of hay or a foot or two of chaff upon
them. Leave them all undisturbed until after those kept in the usual way are
gone and you get hungry for apples ; then examine them all at the same time
carefully, bearing in mind the differing conditions under which each lot has
been kept and you will get a deal of information. — Husbandman.

I

24. Vhh Canadian Horticulturisi

CI. I. MATH AM) IKLTI" ( LLTC Ki:.

PROPOSAL, the importance of which to the fruit growers of Ontario
is not easily exaggerated, is set forth in the report recently jjublished
by Parliament, of the evidence given by Mr. (iordon Mowat, before
the Agricultural Committee of the House of Commons, on the Rela-
':i.X' tion of Climatology to Agriculture and Horticulture. A climatic
^ survey of the Dominion —a careful study and mapping in detail of

the characteristics of our very many different local climates -seems scarcely
second in economic value to the great work being done by our experimental
farms. To know the average temperature of the growing season in each locality,
the average cold of winter, the ordinary and extra-ordinary extremes of the cold
season, the rainfall, the average length of time between killing frosts of spring
and autumn, and such other details of local climate as have a direct bearing on
fruit culture, is to have at the command of the fruit growers and others, the
means of determining at once, what kinds and varieties of fruit can or should
be grown in any locality. The information, which would of course be mapped
as accurately as possible, by lines winding and twisting with the varying climatic
conditions, would be based upon the records accumulated by our Meteorological
service, aided by the facts of altitude, slope and local topography supplied by
our railway and geological surveys, facts, the bearing of which on climate, it is
in the province of climatology to measure the influence of, even where meteor-
ological records are scanty or absent. Whh the light thus brought to bear, the
experience gained in Ontario and elsewhere, as to the fruits that grow or fail to
grow in j)articular localities, could at once be applied to all localities, even where
fruit culture has never been attempted, and this, too, with a certainty of conclu-
sions otherwise to be attained only by a costly process of actual testing, requiring,
in many cases, years of time, and involving an incalculable waste of money and
effort.

Our experimental farms can never test the adaptability of certain fruits to
local climate. They represent only a few varieties of our climate. There are
but two farms — those at Nappan, N. S., and Cuelph — that represent any of the
points in the great range of climate between that of Niagara and that of Ottawa,
a range as great as exists between Niagara and North Carolina. Suih farms
would have to be multiplied many-fold, to test the climatic capacity of this
province for fruit growing, and spend many years" time to arrive at conclusions
which may be immediately known by the means ])roposed.

.\s it is an axiom, that on similar soils and with like culture, any variety of
plant that succeeds or fails in a given locality, will succeed or fail in all other
localities having essentially the same conditions of climate and soil. The survey
Ijrofjosed would give the experimental farms and the fruit growers' associations
valuable aid in deciding wIutc to test Canadian. Russian and other fruits, etc.

Thk Canadian Hokiicl'liurisi 25

In Ontario the climate varies so much within short distances, and owing to
the influence of lakes great and small so independently of latitude, that hitherto
the question of what varieties may be best suited to particular localities, has
been puzzling indeed. Differences of fifty days of the frostless season occur
even south of the main line of the (Irand 'I'runk, in Western Ontario. Further
north, where altitudes suddenly vary and small lakes abound, the contrasts are
still sharper. Localities, especially on the eastern and southern sides of our
little lakes, have frecjuently a frostless season a month longer than other locali-
ties scarcely a mile away. Some particular varieties of fruit can be grown in
some localities a hundred miles further north than their general line.

A climatic survey would unravel these many characteristics of local climate,
and greatly stimulate fruit growing, by suggesting a full use of our possibilities
and assisting us in determining the most profitable varieties suitable to each
locality, and would also enable the Fruit Growers' Association to give a wider
scope and a more definite direction to the investigations which are being made
bv it from year to year.

Lindsay^ Dec, iSgi. Thomas Beam..

THE ROUND BORSDORFER APPLE.

Sir, — I see by the December number of the Horticui.turist that one of
the trees you are sending out for trial for next season, is the Russian apple.
Round Borsdorfer. I have had that variety bearing for a few years and like it
very much. It is a smallish apple of very good quality and a long keeper. The
tree is perfectly hardy, and a good bearer for the cold sections of Ontario and
Quebec ; where an iron-clad tree is required, it is very desirable.

Yours truly,
Grenville, F.Q. Rout. Hamilton.

Perennial \'e(;etai5LES. — Asparagus, rhubarb, and horseradish are the
principal representatives of this class. Asparagus, when once planted properly,
will last almost forever. The principal condition for success with this plant is
to give it plenty of room ; a distance of four feet each way is found best for field
culture. In the garden, we prefer a single row, Avith plants two feet apart, to
l)lanting in beds. Rhubarb will also yield a crop for many years, but in most
cases it is better to take up the plants and make a new bed or row every six or
eight years. To have large, crisp stalks, cover each clump with two or three
forkfuls of stable manure after the ground freezes in the fall. Horseradish
in the family garden is generally left to take care of itself, but if first-class roots
are desired, it should be treated like an annual and re-planted every spring.—
A mericati Agriculturist.

26 The Canadian Horticulturisi.

-?^ Tl?t Kitcl^eij (g-apdei).

ONION RAlSINCi AND HOW TO OBTAIN THE BEST RESULTS,

AND HOW IT) CATCH THE HIGHEST MARKETS

WITH THE CROP.

XI'lvRI.\n^\ TS conducted at the station in 1889 and i8yo,
fully demonstrated that much is to be gained by sowing
onion seed in the green-house or hot-bed in February or
March and transplanting the young plants into the open
ground in April or May. As compared with onions grown
by the ordinary method, the transplanted ones were from
Tifi) lu one hundred per cent, ahead in size and total marketable product. A
marked difference has been observed in varieties, however, as to their adaptability
to this method of treatment. An extended and careful study of varieties has
been made the past season, with reference to their adaptability to transplanting.
The following are some of the most important results of the investigation :

EARl.V VARIETIES.

These require separate mention for the reason that as a class thev are
peculiarly adapted to transplanting. Nearly all are white and very much
flattened. Some attain five inches in diameter and less than two inches in
thickness. If sown in Feburary and transplanted into the open ground as early
as it can be worked in the spring, the young onions may be pulled for bunching
in May and June, or nearly as early as those grown from sets. By the first of
July they are ripe enough to be pulled and sold in the dry state. Both in the
green and dry state they are much superior to onions grown from sets and sell
for a higher price?

In these early onions the greatest profit is found, as they not only bring fancy
prices, but the crop can be cleared from the ground in time for celery, or other
fall crops. The varieties best adapted to the purpose are Barletta, Marzajola,
Pearl and Bermuda. The first named is sold under various names, such as
Extra Early Barletta, Adriatic Barletta, New Early Adriatic, Bloomsdale Pearl.
New Queen, Early Radish, etc. Barletta is the earliest of those named, but
Miir/.ajola is only two weeks later and nuuh larger. These two are the best of
the early sorts.

SICOND EARIA AMi I. ATE \ ARIETIES.

These classes are not easily separated although there is considerable
difference between the extreme in time of ripening. Some of the second early
sorts, such as Danvers, VVethersfield, Michigan and \\'hite Clobe do not respond
so readily to this method of treatment as the extreme early anil late sorts,
ihey have, in every instance, given increased yields by transplanting, but the
gain is less than with some of the early and late sorts.

The Canadian Horticuliurist, 27

On upland soil, however, where onion growing is somewhat i)recarious and
uncertain, transplanting pays even with these varieties.

Of the second early and late sorts those that give the best results by thi^
method are White Victoria, Prizetaker, Rocca and Pompeii. Prizetaker, is also
known as Maule's' Prizetaker, and the Spanish King of some dealers is the same,
while with others it is (juite different. Rocca is also known as ( jiant Red Rocca
and New Giant Rocca. Pompeii comes under various names such as Giant Pom-
peii, Red Mammoth Pompeii and Mammoth Pompeii. Rocca and Pompeii possess
considerable merit, but both are so badly mixed with other varieties as to make
them quite unsatisfactory. White \'ictoria and Prizetaker are the best of all the
varieties, for the general crop, thus far tested. Both attain a large size, frequently
weighing more than a pound each. They have, at the station, in several
instances yielded at the rate of fifteen hundred bushels per acre, and two
thousand bushels per acre is quite within the bounds of possibility. — Bulletin
Ohio Expv. Station.

BEST FERTILIZER FOR CABBACxE HILLS.

I THER ashes or bone, separately, or phosphate, such as are
to be found in the market, make excellent starters for cab-
bage, when well fixed in the hills. I have sometimes put
these in the hills before planting. At other times, when I
had reason to fear that they would not be sufficiently well
mixed with the soil to prevent killing the young plants, I
have had them scattered around the plants just before
hoeing them, taking care to cover the fertilizer with the
earth drawn around the plants.

During the past season I have tried a new method, which has afforded me
great satisfaction. I first spread a two inch layer of fine soil on the shed floor,
which I moisten well with the sprinkler, and then add two inches of flour of bone,
also well sprinkled, and then finally one to two inches of unleached wood ashes,
which was also well moistened. In this order I formed a heap about three feet
high. In about a fortnight this heap had heated sufficiently to dry the moisture,
when it was cut down with a hoe, and all the dry lumps knocked up fine. I
used a closed handful of the mixture in each cabbage hill before planting.

In all my experience in growing cabbage, for upwards of thirty years, I never
saw more thrifty plants than grew over that manure. The leaves were broad and
open, with that healthy green color that delights the farmer's eye, and without
that naked stem connection of the leaves with the stem which characterizes
feeble plants. The caustic potash of the ashes had so acted on the fine bone
as to make it very much more valuable as a fertilizer. Though it was not made
soluble, .yet it readily became so when in contact with the soil. — American Cul-
tivator.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, $1.00 per year, entitling the subscriber to membership ot the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including a copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees.

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

Small Eruits at Geneva. — Mr. C. E. Hunn. of that .station, speaks very
favorably of the Carohne as a fine yellow raspberry for the amateur's collection.
He is right in saying that it is very ])roductive, that it is hardy, and that, owing
to the softness of its berries, the fruit is not suitable for shipping, but when he
speaks of the superb flavor of the Caroline as entitling this variety to a place in
every collection, we must differ with him very decidedl)'. The Caroline, in our
opinion, is of exceedingly poor cjuality, and no more desirable for home use than
for market.

Of the blackberries he highly commends the Agawam as being hardy and
able to resist drought, maturing all its fruit, ^\'hile this is true, we do not give
it a very high place for market on account of its small size. Large berries like
the Erie or the Kittatinny bring the most money in our markets. The Agawam,
however, is of good quality and quite productive.

Of black currants, Mr. Hunn recommends Ogden's Black Crape and Cham-
pion Black as two of the best. He condemns the Crandell as utterly worthless.

Of red currants, Eays, Cherry and I'rincc Albert are the leading varieties,
the latter being especially valuable on account of its late fruiting. The Prince
Albert, he says, begins to ripen its fruit when the other varieties are ready to
pick, and can be left on the bushes for a long time, as the foliage completely/
covers the bunches and keeps them from being scalded by the sun.

Speaking of gooseberries, he places the Triumph at the head of the list of
large-fruiting varieties.

Testkd. — Mr. L. i'asche, of Bryson, Que., writes that the Princess Louise
apple tree, which was sent him 1)\- the Association two years ago, has so far proved
itself hardy with him.

2S

'i'HK Canadian Hc»Rri( ulturist. 29

Ciipsv (iiRL. Our readers will notice on our premium list a hardy variety
of apple of great promise, called (lipsy (lirl. It is one among the new varie-
ties introduced by the Experimental Farm from Russia. Prof. Craig says that
it is an extremely handsome apple and that the tree is a strong, healthy grower.
He counts it one of the very best in the trial orchard at Ottawa. It gave some
samples of fruit the second year after planting, and is again bearing the third
year.

The other varieties are also new importations of great promise, probably of
equal merit, especially the Round Borsdorfer and Blushed Calville. Both are
very excellent varieties for growing in the north, but are of such merit as to
be well worth cultivation anywhere in Ontario. They will compare favorably
with the very best varieties we grow, and possibly may be found superior to any
of their season.

The Silken Leaf and Litti.e Hat are new importations by the Experi
mental Farm, which are thought to have special merit for the cold north.

We would particularly recommend a trial of these new Russian varieties by
all our sub.scribers in the northern parts of Ontario, for we have great hopes
that they will prove of special value.

Royal Table is a Russian apple which Prof Craig highly commends. In
his examination, before a select standing committee of the Parliament of the
Dominion last July, he .stated that the tree was a compact grower, with round
top and slender twigs, and medium sized leaves. It has borne abundant crops
for three years past, at Abbotsford, Que. The fruit is medium to large, keeps
well, even as late as the month of April.

The Longfield apple is a Russian variety of much value, according to Dr.
Hoskins. It is an annual bearer, and keeps better into the winter than the
Fameuse. The fruit is very handsome, very good, and of fair size, when not
allowed to over-bear. It counted equally good for eating or for cooking.

3© The Canadian Horhculturist.

-^ <!}^^stioi} ^Vd.bO^P. ^

FRUITS FOR THE NORTH.

SiK, — Which would 1)6 the two best kinds of cherries, plums and pears to plant in the
north, say 4'->h north latitude ?

L. Pasche, /iry-ion, <Jiu .

Of cherries, Mr. ("raig, who has been testing these at Abhotsford, (^ue.,
recommends Early Richmond, Enghsh Morello, Dyehouse and Montmorency
Ordinaire. Should these not succeed, we would recommend a trial of the
Ostheim and \'ladimir. Of plums, we would suggest a trial of the Weaver and
Moore's Arctic. Of pears, the Flemish IJeauty and Hessemianka.

IIARDV ('HERRHvS.

■Sir, -I am planting a number of cherry trees and would like to know whether I
could get the Bohemian Queen. I see it highly recommended in Vol. 1.3, page 104. I
have written to several nurseries and none of them have it. Do you think the Windsor
cherry will stand our part of the country, twenty miles north of (iuelph ?

Tiios. Handlev, Or/O!), Out.

The Bohemian Queen is not propagated by any nursery in Ontario. Some
pits were sent us by Mr. Jaroslav Niemetz, a Russian officer. Should we suc-
ceed in growing them, we shall in time have some trees to distribute among our
members. We cannot say how far north the Windsor cherry would succeed,
but we would like our correspondent to test it and report.

(;OI,I)EN QUEEN vs. CUTHBERT.

Sir,— Dona the (iolden Queen raspberry produce and sell better than the Cuthbert?

A. r>RowN, Betkrl, P. E. I.

Reply l>y E. Morde/i, Niai^nra Fal/s South.

The (i(^lden (^ueen closely resembles its parent, the Cuthbert. except in
color. Its color is a golden orange. It seems to be a somewhat better grower
and e(}ually productive. Its (piality in the dark could not probably be dis-
tinguished from that of the Cuthbert. In size and texture of berry it docs not
differ ap|)re(iably from the Cuthbert. .MthouL^h. in mv ()|)ini()n. it is attractive
in appearance, I would not advise any one to plant it largely for market pur
poses. The Cuthbert is a safer variety in this respect.

Thk Canadian Horticui.turist. . 31

^ Opei; Is)ettcps. $

A REMARKAHLE I'LUM.

SiK,— I am not an aspirant for fame, present or posthumous, but I have the largest
plum tree I ever saw in any country in which I have travelled. It is fifteen years old and
has never had the blac^k knot in the smallest degree, while many varieties surrounding it
have been badly mutilated each year on account of the knot. The plum is a seedling. 'I"he
fruit is like the (4reen Imperial in appearance and very excellent either for table or for
canning. It was so loaded this year that it was a curiosity to all visitors. The crop was
estimated at from six to ten bushels. The branches were very fine, mostly the size of a
pipe stem and all weeping. Even the larger branches had to perform the same ceremony
out of sympathy, so that the tree formed a perfect weeping tree. The curculio does not
damage this variety as much as the others, indeed I failed to notice any ravages by this
insect this year. The tree is a good bearer, though never before has done so well as this
season. The chief defect is the quantity of sprouts which come up all about the trunk.

I would very much like to discover a Russian apple that would thrive in the North-
West, besides the Siberians. The Duchess of Oldenburg will grow and flourish up to the
end of Lake Superior, but I think not beyond.

Cha.s. Jakvis, Bran/jonl, Ont.

Note. —Our friends who are desirous of discovering some hardy ajjple that will flourish
in the North-West, should give a fair trial to the Gipsy Girl, and the other Russian kinds,
whicii are upon our list for distribution for the spring of 1892.

FRUIT INSPECTION.

SiK,-- 1 realized 50 cents more per barrel for Fameuse shipped to Scotland than I
could get in Montreal (|'2 2.") net).

I am in hearty sympathy with Mr. A. H. Pettit, regarding a system of fruit inspec-
tion, if a practicable plan could be devised. It would be a slow process to examinetwenty,
or thirty thousand barrels of apples that leave our port every week. I had occasion to be
in one of our leading commission houses last season wlien a lady came in with some small
wild apples she had found in the middle of a barrel of Kings ! All the commission mer-
chant could do was to hand her back 50 cents, with strong language against the fruit
grower who sent the apples, who also was docked 50 cents on each barrel. I asked him
why he did not write the fruit grower about the matter. He answered, " I cannot kick,
he sends me such lots of berries."'

I always make a practice of branding my name upon the barrels, but we do not get
the credit. For instance, I had occasion to load a car of onions for one of our leading com-
mission houses. They had their man scraping otf my name and i)utting on theirs. "Of
course they are not going to pay to advertise another man's business."
What about a Dominion Fruit (irowers' Convention this season ?

R. Bkouik, Montnal, Qw.

THE CR AN DA 1,1

Sir,— Last spring I purchased some plants of the " C'randall Black Currant ' from a
nurseryman in whose catalogue it was lengthily described as a most desirable novelty. Of
course, they have not yet fruited with me, but the foliage and habit of growth is so exactly
sindlar to that of a large bush of the old establishe.l yellow flowering currant (Kibes aureuni
pr;ecox), growing in my garden, that I am getting suspicious that this vaunted " novelty
may be none other than our old friend under a new name. If so, it is worthless as a fruit
producer, as a few scattered berries, single or in i)airs, is all that my old bush produces.
I think it well to ventilate this subject in your pages for the consideration of others before
the next planting season arrives.

Arthtr (Jeo. Heaven, Boynt, Oiil.

32. The CANxLtiAN Horticui-turist.

THE 1 Kii I i:xi'i:rimi:n"i- sTatiox.

Sir,- Being at the meeting of the Fruit (iroweis' Association when tiiey were discusb
ing the establisliment of an Experimentil Station in tiie interest of fruit growers, I m ill
add my ojiinion to those exjuessed in the meeting. Would it not answer the puipose as
well, to have a fund for experiniental purposes without the station ? To illustrate, take
the " Excelsior I'eacii '' for exanij)le (a gentleman in the meeting said it was a cling stone,
I see by description in A7)i<''ic(in Ai/ru-n/liirUt, it is a free stone). The price was said to
be §1.00 per tree single, or S'io.OO per 100 trees Now, if there was an experimental fund,
buy 100 trees, and attei- supplying the present stations, divide the balance into lots of two
each, and send to trusty fiuit growers all over tlie province from Windsor to Ottawa, and
from Niagara to Owen Sound, to report on the hardiness of the tree, and character of tlie
fruit.

Thus, the value of the tree would soon be known, and the section of the country in
which it would succeed. Wjiereas, if it was tested at a station, it would take as long time
to test it, and the test would only be of value for that immediate locality, and individuals
in other localities would lose as much more time to tin<l out if it would suit them. Or, if
the lOO trees was retailed at wholesale price, I think there are very few fruit growers who
would grudge iJO ceuts for two trees, wlien tiiey would not give one dollar for one tree.
You will tluis see the drift of my idea, which is to test new fruits or plants, over as »•<>/< a
section of country, in as short a ti77ie as possible, and with as /ill/e fxptuxf. 1 would
like to emphasize what one speaker said about growers confining themselves more to such
fruits as they could grow to perfection.

R. R. HiNTER.

Ihnula^, Dec. ,'fi, 1891.

THE KENTISH COB-NUT.

SiK, — In answer to numerous enquiries regarding the English cob-nut, I would state, there
was an extra crop this year, something over a bushel to the dozen trees ; the young trees
four or five years of age also bore well. Mr. H. H Van Deman, I'omologist of Washington,
is introducing and recommending the English cob for planting in the States. By request,
I forwarded him a specimen of the nut last year. This nut does not become hollow, nor
has it tliat rank taste from age as the Sj)anish nut. I have some gathered in ISS!) still
sweet and sound. Planted twelve feet apart, I judge to be the proper distance, unless for
a wind break, then six feet : fertilizing like corn. I M'ould not advise planting a tree by
itself.

E. Wariikoi'ER, Pthe Island, Ont.

^ ©(ir- SooH Table ^

Mekhan's Monthly for December contains a beautiful colored plate of Sarracenia
Prupurea, or side-saddle flower. This magazine is one of especial interest to all gardeners
and fruit growers v ho have the slightest interest in the study of botany. Magazines
devoted to that science are now far beyond the reach of amateurs ; even botanical stu-
dents can scarcely appreciate them, unless each is provided with a first-class microscope.
Hut in aMi'i linn's Month! ij, we have the various native jilants brought before us, one by
one, in a way tliat will interest the amateur botanist. A monagram is written siiowing its
history and its botanical relationship, its peculiarities and its habitat in a very interest-
ing style. In addition to that, m\u'li attention is given to general gardening and fruit
growing. It is published by Thos. Meehan & Sons, (Jermantown, Piiiladelphia, Pa., I'. S.

Fki'it (tR()win(; for Profit, is the title of a pamphlet published by W. O. Creighton,
agraduateof the Nova Scotia Provincial Agricultural College, and editor of the Moritinii
Aijririiltitrist. 'J'bi.s work is calculated to encourage fruitgrowing for jirolit in Xova Scotia,
and is, on the whole, a creditable production. Itiscxidcnt, however, from some details
of operatioMN there, that we in Ontario are in advance of the Nova Scotia urchardistp in
our methods of handling fruits.

.YxNMoi^ i»j:.xi«.

T II E

Canadian Horticulturist,

Vol. X^■

1892

No. 2.

THE ANJOU 1M:AR.

|HE late M. P. Wilder, who was for so many years at the head of

the American Pomological Society as its revered President, has

eJ the honor of introducing to American fruit growers this excellent

\ early winter pear, the Beurre d'Anjou. He considered it the best

of all pears, and said it would be his choice, if he were limited to

one variety.

Its name would seem to imply that it is of French origin, but
("y ^\ "■ ^^ ^^'*^ ^° ^^^^ ^^^^ originated in Belgium, whence it was
(yj brought into France, and it soon became one of the most popular
varieties in that country.

This pear was also the favorite of the late Patrick Barry, former President of
the Western New York Horticultural Society. In January, 1888. he exhibited
the most magnificent specimens of Anjou pears that we ever saw. at a meeting of
that society held in Rochester on the 26th of January. They were quite as large
as the ones represented in our colored plate, and cjuite as yellow. He had kept
them in a cool room, and they were in prime condition for eating, though a
month after their usual season. " As an early winter pear the Anjou is un-
equalled,"' were the words of this veteran nomologist at that time. Had the
Anjou a red cheek like that of the Clairgeau, it would be generally accepted as
a perfect market pear, but its dull color, at least until it yellows up, is somewhat
against it in the market.

34 Thk (Canadian Horticulturist.

The late H. Moody, of Lockport, \. \'., remarked, at the same meeting, that
with him the Anjou had suffered considerably from the blight, but that other-
wise he considered it a magnificent variety, and worthy of being planted much
more extensively than it is at present. Others stated that they had not found it
to beanv more subject to blight than other varieties, and with this the experience
of the writer agrees.

" The Anjou is one of the most profitable jjears for the orchard,'' was the
testimony of the late A. J. Downing, '' bearing abundantly and evenly, whether
grafted upon the pear or upon the quince stock." With regard to the profits of
growing this or any other kind of pears, however, times have wonderfully changed
during the last twenty years. In the year 1869, Mr. P. T. (Juinn published a
book on pear culture, the reading of which filled the writer with dreams never to
be realized. He stated in that book that pears would bring an average of some $20
or $30 per barrel and that they were, by all odds, the most profitable of all fruits.

Certainly at such prices they would be, but the cold reality is a little differ-
ent nowadays, when we find the average is only about $4 per barrel, for our
finest varieties.

In this connection, it will be of interest to include Charles Downing's descrip-
tion of the Anjou pear : Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform ; stem, short, thick and
fleshy, in.serted in a cavity, surrounded by russet ; calyx, very small, open, stiff,
in an exceedingly small basin, surrounded by russet ; skin, greenish, sprinkled
with russet, sometimes shaded with dull crimson, and sprinkled thickly with
brown and crimson dots ; flesh, whitish, not very fine, melting, juicy, with a
brisk, vinous flavor, pleasantly perfumed; very good to best; October. November.

Thinnixc. Fruii. a Missouri farmer says that he thinned the fruit on his
trees at the rate of twelve trees in ten hours. They were large enough to yield
an average of six bushels to a tree. He figures in this way : If he had a thou-
sand trees it would cost him $85 to have them thinned, with labor at $1 per
day, or $170 at $2 per day. He has l)ut few culls among his apples, and the
selected crop will easily bring him ten cents per bushel more than the fruit
from trees which was not thinned out. which, at six bushels to the tree, would
increase his sales by $600.

Again, he claims still another great advantage. It i> not the growth of the
fruit that exhausts the tree so much as the formation of the seed, and reducing
the number of seeds grown by picking off one-half or two-thirds of the fruit that
sets, he relieves the tree so that it can form fruit buds in the fall for the next
year's cro J). In ten years he has not had a failure of the trees to bear every
year, excei)ting when they were overloaded and he neglected the thinning.
Then all the strength was used up in growing fruit, or rather seed, and there
were no blossom buds formed. -Mnsiacliusctts P/(iiii^/niiiiii.

I'hf: Canadian HokricuLTURisr.

THi; WORLDS FAIR.

IK readers will have noticed, in our January number, some
reference to the important exhibit of Canadian fruits which
is proposed to be made at the great World's Fair of 1893,
in the City of Chicago. That both the Provincial and
Dominion (lovernments will heartily endorse the accom-
plishment of so worthy an object and make liberal grants,
such as will be necessary, is quite evident : and it is to the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association that the authorities wiH
look for a collection of Ontario fruit for this exhitition.
The great point of importance before us in Ontario is, to see to it that every
fruit grower in the province is prepared to do his part. Nor is it too early to
consider this matter, for we must begin with the opening of the present spring
to give the most careful cultivation and fertilizing to those trees and plants from
which we expect to gather the fruits for such an important exhibit. Then, the
fruits on these must be most carefully thinned so as to produce the large size
and high color, which should characterize the perfect specimens selected.

There is another reason why it is necessary to consider at once the careful
preparations for this great exhibit. The Fair opens in the month of May, before
any of our northern fruits have ripened. What can we do at that season with
three thousand square feet of space which we have asked for to accommodate
the exhibit of fruits from Ontario, unless we have a large collection of our finest
fruits, both large and small, put up in glass to help fill it up and attract the at-
tention of visitors until the arrival of the fresh fruit. A collection of this kind
was made at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, under the superintendance of
the worthy Director of the experimental farms of Canada ; and the effect is very
marked in the attention which has ever since been given us in the Old World.
Mr. Saunder-s, who will do everything he can to for^vard the work before us,
under the approval of the Minister of Agriculture of the Dominion, has already
been making extended experiments with regard to the most approved liquids for

««^§r

Pi,;. ,"). — Hdkticcltikal Biildim; at Chica(;o Exi-osition.

36 The Canadian Horticulturisi.

preserving our fruits, and at the proper time he will, under the sanction of the
Dominion (iovernment, send out the proper appHances, for preserving our best
fruits, to all those in each of the provinces who are willing to aid in this great
work.

It is evident from what we have said that this work, of collecting and pre-
serving fresh fruits in glass, must be done during the present year of 1892. and
begin with strawberries in the month of June.

Now, while this exhibit is one which should appeal to the patriotism of every
Canadian fruit grower, still it is not the intention to ask our growers to furnish
their finest fruits without some remuneration, in such cases 'where payment is
desired. No doubt, a great many would esteem it a })rivilege to make contri-
butions free of charge, for so laudable an object, but this matter rests with the
donors themselves. Whether by sales or donations, the fruit must be had and
the work carried out to a ijuccessful issue.

We believe no country in the world excels Ontario in the production of some
varieties of fruit, particularly the apple. Ontario apples are already sought for
in the markets of Great Britian and the continent, and, since the nations of the
world will be so largely represented — both in the visitors and the exhibits — at
Chicago, it is evident how important it is, for the best interests of our country,
that our exhibit should be one that does us credit.

THE FARMERS FOURTH ACRE FRLTT CARDEN.

Our garden being 66 feet wide and 165 feet long, and wishing to do all labor
possible with a horse and cultivator, we stake off the ground in rows 1 50 feet
long and seven feet apart.

Strawberry rows to be one half this distance, leave a head land 7 'i. feet wide

at each end for turning. Make the first row three feet from the outside and set

as follows :

Pnuluction.
let Row — \'.i Plums aud Crab-apples- ."> Desoto, '2 Cheney, ."> Transcendent, li

Hyslop . 5 biisheU.

•ind Row — ."lO Blackberries — 40 Ancient Briton, 10 Snyder '.i bushels.

Srd Row — 50 Black Raspberries — 4(1 Ohio, 10 Oregg "J Imshels.

4th Row .")0 lied Raspberries — 2.") Marlboro, 'if) Cuthbert '2 bushels.

."ith Row .")0 ( 'urrants — '2'i Victoria, '2') Red Dutch 4 l)ushels

tith Row — !)() t.'urrunts aud Gooseberries — '25 White Grape Currants, lo

Downing, 10 Houghton ."> bushels.

7th, .Sth and !tth Rows — 300 Strawberries — NVarfield No. 2, Jessie, Crescent,

Wilson ..... r> busliels.

Kith Row- 17 < irapes— 3 Moore's Early, 6 Wonder, 5 Delaware, 3 ( "oncord .... 4 bushels.

Total 30 bushels.

These suggestions are based on practical experience in growing forty acres
of small fruit, twenty-five acres of same in blackberries and raspberries. M. A.
Tm WKK, before Wis. Hort. Soc.

.\lli. A. 11. I'l.TllT.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

37

SOMK PROMINENT CANADIAN HORTICLI/ILRISTS. -XI\'.

MR. A. H. I'Kllll.

R. A. H. Pettit, of Crimsby, the new President of our
Association, comes of one of those old famihes of U. E.
Loyahsts who settled in Western Ontario during the close
of the eighteenth century, choosing to leave the country
rather than live under a flag hostile to their own.

It was a wise choice when the family settled at Grimsby,
in that favored fruit belt protected, on the one side, by the beautiful Niagara
escarpment, and on the other by the picturesque waters of Lake Ontario.

Born in 1836 on such soil and with such favorable surroundings, is it any
wonder that Hamilton A. Pettit soon found that his farm was better adapted to
fruit culture than to ordinary farming?

Leaving one side his experience in mixed and dairy farming, we notice that
his first large venture in fruit growing was in planting a ten-acre peach orchard,
some years ago, and at a time when few, as yet, had planted any large orchards
of that fruit. The large crops of fine yellow Crawfords, harvested as a result of
that venture, gave him a lift in financial matters and encouraged him to plant
more of his farm with fruit trees and vines.

Some acres of grapes, mostly Concords, also made a good record, yielding,
one favorable season, at the rate of six tons per acre, at a time, too, when grapes
brought a much higher price in the markets than they do now. Since that time
he has engaged in the cultivation of pears, plums and small fruits, in addition to
a large orchard of apples and pears, of standard varieties.

Mr. Pettit has also been active in advancing the interests of his fellow-grow-
ers, as is evidenced by the positions to which they have appointed him.

In 1878, Mr. Pettit was instrumental in organizing the Grimsby F>uit Grow-
ers' Association, and he was elected the first president. For a long time this
Association was very active, and consisted of a large number of prominent fruit
growers in the Niagara district. Among the first things which Mr. Pettit did, as
President of this Association, was the calling of a meeting to discuss the question
of the yellows in the peach trees, and, as a result of this agitation, we have the
present Act for the destruction of this disease.

In 1880 he formulated the basis upon which the Niagara District Fruit
Growers' Stock Company has since been operating, and he, therefore, might be
called the originator of that scheme. The first circular of this Company wa"*
issued on the 6th of May, 1881, the Company having been organized in April,
1880.

When Farmers" Institutes were being organized throughout the country, the
Lincoln County Farmers' Institute was organized on January 25th, 1886, with
Mr. Pettit as its President, and this office he holds at the present time.

38 Thk Canadian Horticulturist.

It is scarcely necessary to speak of his position as Secretary of the Central
Farmers' Institute, as that is so recent and well-known to our readers all through
the country. The first secretary of the Central Farmers' Institute was Mr. Thos.
Shaw, who relincjuished it on accepting a professorship ai the Ontario Agricul-
tural College, Ciuelph. Mr. Pettit was then unanimously elected to the position.
He was a man fitted for this appointment, being a prominent member of the
committee which drew up the report, laying out its plan of operations.

For some time Mr. Pettit has been the Director of the I'ruit (irowers" Asso-
ciation of Ontario for agricultural district No. 8. In December. 1890, he was
elected Vice-President of that old and respectable body, and at the annual meet-
ing, held December 15th, 1891, he was elected President.

We have been very fortunate in securing a first-class photogravure of the
subject of our sketch, which, we believe, wilt interest a large number of our
readers.

OsAdE Hed(;es. — In the best farm districts of Pennsylvania the progressive
farmer still sticks to the osage orange fence. They are by all odds the cheapest,
but the leading objection is the robbing of the earth by the roots. The roots of
trees grow no further away than the top is allowed to grow. A well-managed
hedge only throws out the roots to about ten feet on each side. But even this
is begrudged by a good farmer, who can plow to within two or three feet of a
post and rail fence. The Chester county farmer uses a corn-knife or hook to
trim the hedges. They are cut twice a year — hay time and harvest. A man
can cut a mile a day. — Meehans' Monthly.

\\\ ON Walls. — A friend recently called attention to a case which he
thought subverted our view, that the ivy growing on walls tended to make them
dry rather than damp. On looking at the case, we find that the wall was
covered with the Atnpelopsis V\'iichii, or as it is called, Japan Ivy, and that the
vines had been suffered to grow over the shingle roof of the house some four or
five feet from the gable end, and that the spouts and other water conduits were
completely choked by this growth of vine and filling up with leaves. It is no
wonder that a house should be damp under such circumstances. It should not
be forgotten that the vines on walls must never be allowed to reach the roof or
clamber in the gutters, but must be confined entirely to the vertical surface of
the walls on which they grow. The innumerable number of small rootlets
absorbing moisture continually, generally make walls so dry and hard that it has
been found at times in the old world, when necessary to take down a building,
almost impossible to do so, on account of the extreme hardness of the mortar,
which has been kept dry for so many years through the agency of these roots.
The case we have referred to, shows how often a good idea may be spoilt by
reason of the thoughtless manner in whi< h the idea is carried out. Affe/in/is'
Monthly.

The Canadian Horticl'i.tlrist. 39

Wlkl-: WORMS.

HE experiments at (.Jornell with the various methods, supposed to
help in exterminating the wire worm, have proved the utter futility
of most of them, and shows that much useless expense is incurred
by farmers in their vain efforts to destroy them.

The true wire worms are larvae of the Click beetle, a class known
to entomologists as Elaters ; both the larval and perfect form of one
species of which are shown in the acconijianying illustration.
The larval form is only too well known to our readers, but some may not be
aware that the Click beetle is the same insect, under another form. It is now
proven that almost the only effectual way of destroying them is by fall ploughing
or by spading of the ground, thus disturbing the insects at the most critical
period of their existence — just when in a state of transformation into the adult
form. It appears that a long time is required before the body of the mature
insect becomes sufificiently hardened to bear exposure, which, therefore,

Fig. 6. -Fn;. 7. — Wikewokm.

A Click-beetle. Dor-ful riew, enlarged two diameters.

D raster iur'i ele<jans,
natural size and
enlanjed.

at this season means certain death. Since, however, the wire worm remains
three years in its larval state, it is evident that this treatment must be continued
during that length of time, before the soil can be at all cleared of this trouble-
some pest.

There are a great many supposed remedies which have been recommended
in the public press, upon which farmers and others have spent much money, but
it would appear that all these are comparatively useless and are a simple waste
of means. They are such as the application of kerosene, salt, kainit, lime, gas-
lime, etc., but the experiments at Cornell have proved that, while some of these
are useless to destroy the wire worms, others- to be effective — would need to be
applied in such (juantities to the soil as to render it barren, and, therefore, so to
speak, the remedy is worse than the disease.

40

'I'Hh: Canadian Horticulturist.

i!i.i:.\Hi;i.M ni'i'ix Ai'iM.i-:.

()\\ thai our Association is considering the relative values
of the standard varieties of apples for the various dis-
tricts of Ontario, it will be interesting to note the reputa-
tion which that excellent late fall or early winter apple,
the Blenheim, sustains in (ireat Britain. The following
extract is from The Garden, one of the leading English
magazines ; —

•' J'his is of all British apples the best known, and it is well, for the sake of
future apple consumers, that its merits should be kept before the ])ublic, or it
may happen that the present generation will refrain from [)lanting it largely, and
thus, when our present fine old trees have died out, the best all-round apple in
cultivation will have ceased to exist. It is a fact even now that, as compared
with the Baldwin, Wealthy. King of Tompkins County, and other showy trans-
atlantic apples in the market, we have few varieties which will, in the eyes of pur-
chasers, find more favor than the Blenheim Pippin. As a high-class dessert
variety, none, on the whole, excel Cox's Orange Pippin or Ribston Pippin.
These are. however, attractive only under superior culture and when carefully
selected and packed. America can send us nothing equal to these in flavor, but
in external appearance they beat us. Hence it is that whilst the sale of British
apples is limited to the fruiterers, we see the richly-colored American sorts in
every grocer's window, where, sold at per pound, just as Spanish onions or dried
fruits are, they find favor which our own varieties never can apparently possess.
The hot American summers produce in the apples a drier flesh and brighter
skins than our poor summers can give. It is a great pity some efforts were not
made to plant the Blenheim Pippin on warm sites and slopes, where, in addition
to being forced into fruiting rather earlier than happens when the trees are
planted on cold soils, or indeed anywhere, we should always get the richest
color the variety will produce. In some positions the Blenheim is almost rosy
tinted ; when so colored it is one of our very handsomest apples. But generally
its matured hue is of a russety gold, and being of good size also and of the most
perfect form, it is not possible to furnish in the l)ulk a more taking market ajiple.

Kaspberrv Pi..\'N'iiN<i. — Five or six years is the average term of thiration of
raspberry plantations ; if retained longer, the fruit is small and but little of it.
As it takes a year or two for the plants to reach their best bearing condition, it
is well to make a new plantation every third year, and thus have two plats, one
<:oming into full bearing as the other is going out. Plants can be set in fall oi
spring.- ■ V'icKs Magazine.

The Canadian Horticultukist.

4'

PEARS, VARIETIES AND CULTIVATION.

8iK, — Kindly give me the names of a few varietiea of pears likely to do well iu this
part, for fall and winter. Pears, as a rule, do not succeed very well here. Mine usually
take the blight as soon as they begin to bear, and, with some, the Flemish Beauty cracks
badly. Still, I think I shall try that variety. Clapp's Favorite seems to do pretty well
about here. The worst difficulty we have to contend with is the blight. The ground is a
well drained, rich, clay loam. I sliall also be glad of a little information upon the general
cultivation of the pear.

A. J. Collins, LUloicel, Out.

HE questions asked by our correspondent are somewhat vague.
Most of the varieties which grow in the Niagara district should
succeed in the County of Perth, but which of them would
_ fail in that section, we are scarcely prepared to say. This will

be more fully taken up by our Association in a future report in which we hope
to give a list of the pears adapted to the various sections of Ontario, similar to
the one already prepared on apples.

Of course, it is generally known that the Flemish Beauty is one of our hardiest
pears, and there are some of the Russian varieties which succeed well in very
cold districts ; but, as our correspondent says, the Flemish Beauty is badly
subject to the blight and the scab, which almost rules it out of any collection in
places where other varieties will succeed.

South of Lake Ontario the following list embraces most of the best varieties
for home use and market : Doyenne d'Ete, Beurre (iiffard, Osband's Summer.
Tyson, Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett, Buffum, Beurre d' Anjou {d), Louise (d).
Duchess (d), Howell, Sheldon, Doyenne Boussock, Lawrence, Winter Nelis and
Josephine de Malines.

With regard to the cultivation of the {)ear, it differs very little from that of
the apple. A good loamy soil, with a dry sub-soil, not too rich, is found to
favor the health and longevity of the pear tree. It adapts itself to a variety of
soils, and will succeed even upon sand, but the trees are not so healthy, nor so
fruitful, as upon a soil of a heavier texture, neither is the fruit of as good a
quality. We usually {)lant our standard pear trees a little closer in the rows than
the rows are themselves apart from each other; for instance, the rows might be
twenty feet apart and the trees ten or fifteen feet apart in the rows. If one
desires them to be in more regular form, they would succeed very well at a
distance of fifteen feet each way. Some of the larger growing varieties, however,
would be better planted twenty feet apart ; while the dwarfs may be planted ten
or twelve feet apart.

Seeding the pear orchard down to grass is often advised, but we should not
consider this advisable for any length of time, at least, not unless the ground is
well mulched with ashes, or some other manure, to keep the ground moist and

Those marked " d " arc better grown us dwarf.s.

42

Thk Canadian Horticulturist.

loose. The best plan is to cultivate them freely in the early part of the season,
and then cease stirring the ground at midsummer, in order that the young wood
may become well matured before the cold weather. A light dressing of ashes
and superphosphates, applied every year is most desirable. Barnyard manure
may be used, but, if applied too freely, it produces too succulent a growth of wood
and a consequent liability to blight.

Less pruning is required for the pear than for the apple. A simple thinning-
out of crossing branches, and heading back of a too rampant growth of the
young wood, is about all that is retiuired on the standard varieties. In the case,
however, of the dwarf varieties, a half or two-thirds of the young wood should be
removed every fall or spring. By this means the dwarf trees are kept in a bushy
form, which is more symmetrical in appearance, besides being a better form to
resist high winds. Neglected dwarf pear trees, which have not been cut back as
we have described, grow uj) too high: and, being top heavy, are easily overturned-

The blight is the terror and despair of pear growers, in every section of the
country, but we hope to overcome this difficulty in the near future, by the use of
copper solutions, which seem to have a most beneficial effect upon the general
health of the pear. These sprayed on the foliage early in the season gives it a
bright, green color and renders the fruit bright and clean.

The Hydrangea. — Thomas Hogg is an old
favorite with ua, with its many clusters of pure
white flowers. Hydrangea rosea, beautiful rose
color, with the freeness of its flowers will always
bea market vaiiety. By mixing iron tilings with
the soil during the summer, and wateiing with
alum water when potted, you can change tlie color
of the flowers of Otaksa to a blue. The Hydrangea
is easily grown from cuttings. One stiuek in
March, planted out before the Hrst of May in rich
soil and mulched and watered legularly, will by
C)ctober make a plant tit to go into a seven or eight
inch pot. Do n(»t pinch or top the Hydangeas
after tlie miildle of .Juno that are wanted for Easter
forcing. Secure the Hydrangea again.st frost, as it
ib liable to injure tlie flower hud. I lift mine by the
Kttli ot October, pot tliem in good rich soil and
place tiiem until New ^'ear'8 in a cold frame, giving
air during the day and protecting them at night
from the frost. Jhey are brought into the green-
house at New N'ear's and given a temperature of (iO
tlegrees at night with air during the day, then in-
crease the temperature to (i") degrees at night with
little air during the day, until the flowern )>egin to
color. Then gradually give them more air during
the day an 1 reduce the temperature at night, this
will give a bright color to your flowers and liardy
plants. Tlie Hydrangea and I'lantier i{<»se if grown
in a warm tem[)crature and ex|)OHeil without being hardened will wilt. The Hydrangea
when in growth reijuires plenty of watering and an occasional watering of licpiid manun-.

8 — HYDKANt;EA PaNKII.ATA

(Jkamuki.oka.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

43

NOTF.S AM) (Rri'lClSMS ON THE STRAW 1;1:R K\

HERE is so much that can be said about the strawberry
and its culture, and the place it fills in the field of fruit
growing, that one may be pardoned for throwing out a few
thoughts respecting it, although there is much that is valu-
able on record already. It is what we can put into practice
to insure success in its culture, that is most desired, and
if one's experience can encourage others in their efforts there is some excuse for
setting it forth. Though we may not be doing great things in our endeavors,
yet principles can have their action and results, on a small scale as well as on a
large one, and here lies the encouragement for strawberry culture in preference
to any other fruit, that a greater return in value from a given space can be rea-
lized, and a more varied range of interesting experience can be enjoyed. The
possessor of an acre of ground car indulge in experimental effort, and have as
good encouragement to note his results as the cultivator of ten or more, so that
each can contribute his mite with the same confidence as though he were leading
the van in fruit culture.

As to modes of cultivation, there are varied objects to be attained which
must, in a measure, determine the way we seek to attain them. If profit be the
aim, the matted row system yields the greatest return from a given area, and
affords an easier protection, as the foliage, if of rank growth, will be a sufficient
protection in the spring against heavy frosts, and the suns scorching rays. The
addition of a very light coating of straw, tomato tops, evergreen brush, or any
light laying litter, will more than insure sufficient protection. I do not like long
manure, as it lays down too close on the plants and has a tendency to smother
and make them too tender, in case of late frosts after uncovering. A neighbor
of mine covered his patch last winter with coarse manure, and after he uncovered
it in the spring the late frosts so injured his plants that he plowed up his patch
this fall. I believe the freezing and thawing weather in March, after the snow
goes, is the worst time for the strawberry, and those who have not covered their
vines in the fall, will do well to attend to it as soon as the snow melts low
enough to leave the vines exposed. A hint throAvn out lately (by a gentleman
who carried on a garden for several years at Torquay, England), for lengthening
the picking season, I will repeat for any who may wish to test it the coming sea-
son. Plow up ridges two or three rods wide, running east and west, raising them
as high as three or four plowings will, and set out early varieties on the south
side of the ridge and late ones on the north side. It is claimed that this plan
will lengthen the season two weeks or more. Early varieties, as the Crescent and
Covil, and later ones as James Vick, will serve as a test for this plan. As a
criticism on varieties, with my limited experience, I would speak favorably of the
Crescent, Manchester, Bubach, Maggie, Johnson's Wilson, C(ivil. Woodruff and

44 The Canadian Horticulturist.

Sharpless. I expected much of the Jessie, hut did not reah/.e to my expectations.
I never have seen the Maggie spoken of in any accounts of varieties, but I hkc
to grow it. It is good size, fine flavor, and holds on well in the picking season,
and stands the winter well. It is a rough, ill-shapen berry, however, and this
may account for its background estimation among fruit growers. I expert some-
thing above the ordinary from the Williams. Nine plants which lived through
last winter, out of the dozen that Mr. Craig sent me, produced a fine lot of
good healthy plants last summer, and generally when we .see fine foliage we hope
tor fruit to correspond. Last season was proverbial for fine growth in this sec-
tion, of all kinds of vegetation, after the rains commenced in June. Hut the
late frosts and spring drouth shortened the strawberry crop fully one-half with us.

Nepean. Out. L. FooTi:.

MAKE A HOT-BED AND USE IT.

In preparing a hot-bed for starting early plants or for raising lettuce, it is best
to calculate upon having the dirt within at least two inches of the glass when
the heat is first put in. It will settle a little, and ought not to be at any time
more than three or four inches below the level of the plank. Plants will not
grow to perfection in a pit. They must be up near the glass where they can
have plenty of light and air, and where they can be made to grow stout and
strong. The best frame for a hot-bed is made by setting two planks on level
ground (the right distance apart to accommodate the glass), one being eleven
inches wide, the other nine. This gives a pitch of two inches to the glass,
which is sufficient. The usual size of hot-bed sash is 6x3 ft., and this size is the
most convenient.

Through February and March good bottom heat is needed. Strawy horse
manure is the best and should be used when about one week old. In putting
'n the heat, begin at one end of the frame and throw out a square of dirt 6x6
feet and eight inches deep. A good cart load of manure will fill this space up.
It should be well trodden. Then shovel the next square of dirt directly upon
the manure and fill the space thus made as before. Continue the work until the
last square is reached, when the first dirt thrown out can be carted to cover the
last load of heat. \\'hen seeds are sown it is a good plan to sift sand over the
loam and press it down with a shovel, level and smooth. Lettuce sown early
in February ought to be ready for market by May i, which is about the time that
people get hungry for it. 'I'hrough May it invariably sells well. Tomato |)lants
are sown about March 1 , and should be twice trans[)lantecl. If sown a month
later they will do very well. The glass can be used upon cucumbers to good
advantage after getting through with the lettuce and tomato plants. Fnr»i ntui
Home.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 45

(;r()\\ix(; wathrmklons.

HA\^E tried many methods of culture, many kinds of manure, and
many kinds of soils to grow the best melon, and I find the following
the best I have found some soils, even light soils, that will not pro-
duce tine melons. They would have a rusty look. As a rule the best
soil is a light, sandy loam, and if newly cleared, or not having been
cultivated for three years previous in melons, so much the better.
Whatever lends to compact the soil, whether rainy weather or a deficiency of
vegetable matter, is detrimental to the crop. I find the richer the soil, provided
it be warm and light, the finer the melons. The ground should be broken quite
deep, the deeper the better; broadcast manure over it quite liberally, and then
*horoughly mix it with the soil. The finer the soil and the better the manure is
mixed with it the better the crop. I prefer marking both ways, as the plants can
be cultivated better. Two shovelfuls of good manure should be put in each
cross. The best manure used is well-rotted leaf mold and stable manure, put in
alternate layers of equal proportion. This should be well rotted and turned over
until thoroughly mixed. It may not rush the plant while young, so much as all
stable manure, but it will bring more and finer melons. I make good-sized hills,
not too high, and drop at least a dozen seeds in each. This is important, for
two reasons : so many plants aid each other in raising the soil, and come up
better ; some seed give stronger plants than others, and will bear better fruit.
Planting so many in the hill, we are more apt to get strong plants. These can
be selected after the plants are up, leaving two of the best in the hill. As soon
as the i)lants are up well, go over the patch with the hoe, and loosen the soil
around the plants. Be careful not to disturb them. I cultivate deep the three
first plowings, then shallow until done cultivating. I plow the ground thoroughly
between the rows each plowing. The less the vines are moved the better. I
ruined a crop by moving the vines after they began to set fruit. As to pinching
the vines, I doubt if it pays. There may be a small per cent, more melons, but
on the average they are smaller.

After the melons are grown there is much gained in picking at the right time.
Some varieties are more difficult to tell when ripe than others, and such are
likely to be inferior in quality. The Icing Rind (Ice Cream called by some), is
by far the best flavored melon I know, and the most profitable to grow. It is
also the easiest to pick or tell when ripe.

In j)icking, observe the following rules: The rind of melons generally be-
comes hard, and the pulp brittle when ripe. The part in contact with the ground
will be changed from a white to a yellow, and upon' close examination numerous
small pimples, somewhat like the measles, will be noticed on the surface, parti-
cularly on the outer edge. With these signs, if the melon be gently pressed,
and it cracks inside, it may be regarded as ripe. The top side of a melon when
ripe is of a dull, lifeless brown color. In '"pulling" the melon, cut the stem
with a knife, lea zing at least an inch of the stem to the melon, and they keep
better.- Farm and Fireside.

4^1 The Canadian Horticulturist.

i-KLir (;r()\\ix(; in ai.coma.

R. A. Mel). ALl.AX has been inquiring into the adaptability of
I Algoma for the cultivation of fruit.s, and it would appear, from
letters which he places in our hands, that many of the best varie-
ties of apples and pears will succeed in that section, a place
generally supposed to be entirely unfit for fruit growing. Mr.
W. Harris, of Bay Mills, writes, " Ten years ago, I commenced
to plant apple trees in Algoma, having moved from the county of
Huron, where I had an orchard of the ordinary varieties that succeed in Central
Ontario. I first planted fifty trees of those kinds. The next winter being very
severe, they were all cut down to the ground. I then planted Duchess, Wealthy,
Tetofsky, Haas and Mann ; all of these varieties are doing well and have begun
to bear fruit. I have now 150 trees in my orchard, composed chiefly of the
varieties last mentioned, with the addition of the Yellow Transparent and other
hardy trees, such as St. Lawrence, Scott's Winter, Mcintosh Red and Ben
1 )avis. I find that almost all the new Russian kinds will grow and do well in
Algoma. I have also the Lombard and some other varieties of plums in bearing.
Some hardy cherries are beginning to bear fruit. So far as I can see I shall soon
have a valuable orchard.

What is needed in Algoma are hardy trees that will stand the long, hard
freezing weather. Our summers are very favorable for apples, pears, plums,
cherries, and some kinds of grapes might succeed. Small fruits do remarkably
well. We have plenty of good, cheap land for thousands of setders who are
willing to do the clearing up, and, thereby, soon secure for themselves good
homes. I have been living here twelve years and have cleared up a large farm
and have proved that we can grow all kinds of fruit, as well as all kinds of grains,
grass and vegetables."

Mr. 1). Dunn, of Jocelyn, writes, "I have had very little exi)erience in fruit
growing, but my father has had a great deal. Twelve years ago my fathei
brought over a hundred fruit trees from North Oxford to this island. All the
lender sorts succumbed year by year to the cold climate, but the hardier kind
have survived. Live or six years ago father was induced to begin experiment-
ing with Russian grafts, and so pleased was he with the results, that he began to
go (juite heavily into the business. At the time of his death, he had over one
thousand trees in the nurser\, besides having over five hundred planted out in
the orchard. The fruit of these varieties is remarkably fine and free from
blemishes.

Among the hardy apples growing in our orchard we may mention the

Charlamoff, Duchess of Oldenburg, .\lexander, Haas, McMahon, Pewaukee,

Montreal Peach, \'ellow Transparent, ( "anada Baldwin, Walbridge, Bordsorf,

W.ntcr and Swit/cr. Of crabs. Shield's, Whitnev, Montreal Waxef,. Hvs-

I'hk Canadian Horticl'i.tukist. 47

lop, Transcendent and Martha. Of pears, Boussock and Flemish Beauty.
These varieties are twelve years planted. Of plums, Duane's Purple, Im-
perial Gage and Lombard ; all twelve years planted. Of cherries, the common
Canadian and some Russian kinds. Of red currants, Victoria. \'ersailles and
Pay's."

Mr. A. I'^ddy, of Marksville, St. Joseph's Island, writes, " I think we ought
to encourage fruit growing here. I came here from the county of Oxford, when
the country was new. I do not think Algoma will be able to compete with
Oxford for fruit growing, but I do think that Algoma will be al)le to supply its
own apples within the next ten years. My best experience has been with the
Duchess and a few varieties of crabs. I have now over one hundred trees
which have been bearing for four years past. If I were planting again, I would
plant more Wealthys. They are very hardy and are better than the Duchess."

T R ANS P LANTI \G ONIONS.

In order to test the claims made for this method of growing onions, seeds
of seven varieties were sown in a hot-bed April 10, and on the i6th of May they
were transplanted to the field, and seeds of the same sort were on the .same day
sown in a parellel plat for comparison.

The transplanted onions were placed in rows fifteen inches apart and at
intervals of four inches in the rows. The soil was a rich sandy loam and re-
ceived the same care as was given the adjoining tract containing a field crop of
onions.

The result in every case was in favor of the transplanted onions ; the results
from the three best kinds being as follows :

Variety.

Bushels per acre.

Transplanted.] Not

I transpiante<l.

Prizetaker.
Southport.
Kocca

.-)4.S

•21(5

296

IT--'

55t> I

1 III

The four weeks following the sowing of the seed in the open grountl were
quite dry, and the plants made a slow start. The transplanted ones received a
copious watering when set out and did not suffer. The results were certainly in
favor of transplanting but although it will probably pay for home and for
truckers, it is doubtful if it would for large crops. — BuUctiu jg, Mich. Agr'/. Coll.

48

The Canadian Horhcui/iurist.

Jb(c (^apclei) ai)d I^aLci).

WEEPING TREES.

'LANTlN(i tlicsc with a niggardly hand is, after all, not what is
wanted, that is, if we are to derive pleasure from their presence in
combination with the g;eneral run of our park and woodland trees.
.Single specimens dotted about here and there, and planted ever so
wisely, are by no means to be compared with those clumped or
massed in threes or fives, and at irregular distances apart, a fact the
the truth of which dawned forcibly upon me when visiting a well-managed and
well-planted estate in the south of England.

Generally, as seen, weeping trees, like those of upright, habit are planted
singly, perhaps in appropriate enough situation.s, but in such a way as to give
one the idea that the planter had this rigidly before him, that such a class of
trees spoils the landscape, and requires to be very carefully dealt with and in
unusually small numbers. Such ideas may have done well enough for the old
school of planters, but now-a-days hard and fast lines are not tolerated, and the
departures from the strict routine of century-old ideas are nowhere more preva-
lent than in matters connected with trees and shrut)s, their [)lanting and after
management.

A group of the Weeping Willow, some eight or nine in number, planted in
no cramped or confined spaces, by the side of a fair sized lake has a most pleas-
ing and effective appearance, but they are planted far from any other trees and
shrubs, and on the gently sloping grassy banks thus, I fancy, adding much to their
charm and beauty. No single specimen of the same tree could have produced
such an effect as this clump, which covered nearly a (]uarter of an acre, but yet did
not look out of place, the size and outline of the grounds being boldly laid out and
(|uite in keeping with the broad sheet of water. Within sight ofthe.se, but several
hundred yards away, a mass of the red-stemmed Dogwood (juite enlivened the end
of the lake ; while in a recess, where the margin of a plantation came nearly down
to the water-side, were three fine old trees of the Hemlock Spruce, or rather what
to me appeared to be a weeping form of this Canadian Conifer. These with their
rich background of Scotch Firs had a truly imposing appearance, the long, cord-
like twigs hanging gracefully down for more than a couple of feet. Even at
their advanced size and age the trees were by no means cramped for room,
although when viewed from the oi)posite side of the lake the trio seemed as if
but one gigantic specimen. For small places such a method of planting would
never do ; although, even then, it is wise policy to have only a few well laid out
dumps in preference to single specimens dotted about here and there, and
which latter are hard to place so that they may lot)k well and be in keeping with
their surroundings.

The Canadian Horhcui.turist. 49

To those with plenty of ground space I would say plant no. or very few,
single specimens, but instead, clumps or masses, particularly of weeping, fasti-
giate, or brightly-tinted trees and shrubs, and these, if well arranged, will afford
an infinitely greater amount of pleasure than single subjects, be they dotted
about ever so thickly, and planted with more than a usual amount of care and
attention.

To sum up concisely, I may say that, generally speaking, weeping, upright,
or other peculiar-habited trees and shrubs look better in clumps of irregular
size if the grounds are boldly laid out, while at the same time a few species, such
as the Weeping Ash, which ramify extensively, can with all appropriateness be
used as single specimens. A. I). ^^^, in The Garden.

Grass undkr Trees. — -It is often very difficult to get grass to grow under
the shade of trees, and yet in places where something green to cover the ground
is very desirable, a number of plants have been named as being adapted for
furnishing these green surfaces. The common Periwinkle is one of the best
known ; another excellent thing is some of the species of Hypericum : two
European species, H. calycimim and H. androsmivfolium, thrive particularly in
these comparatively dry and shady places. Another very fine thing is the
Japanese Honeysuckle. It keeps very low, and perhaps is a better substitute
for grass than many of the others named. There are two forms which can be
employed for this purpose ; one, frequently known in catalogues as Halliana..
and the other form as the L. hrachybotria ; this is more generally known as the
Japanese evergreen honeysuckle, although the varieties are all more or less
evergreen. This particular one is more fond of trailing than the others.
-Meehans Monthly.

The First Prize Strawhkrries. — If you want the finest and nicest straw-
berries next year do not allow your plants to set runners. Keep them cut off,
and where every runner is cut off there will come up a fruit spur next spring that
will bear many berries. The ([uickest and easiest way to keep back the runners
is to go through the patch every week with a good sharp hoe. Do not cut off
merely the runners, but take all the weeds as well. It is necessary to keep the
ground cleared of weeds so that the plants may receive all the strength of the
soil. Running the cultivator through the patch every ten days or two week>
will help in time of drought and make the hoeing much less work. If you want
'(\\\& berries: and are willing to give the plants a little extra care, the hill system is
by far the best. Where the matted row system is followed the weeds are a
little easier kept down, but the berries will not be as large or handsome. In
starting the matted rows the runners are allowed to take root between the
hills. — Farm and Home.

5°

The Canadian Hoki u ri.riKisr.

\'INi:s lOk I'OKCHKS.

'1' is a (luestion with many what \inc> to choose ior chnib-
ers about porches. It does not seem desirable to cover a
porch entirely with any vine, but at certain j)ortions, when
one wishes to exclude an unsightly view, or is desirous of
shade, a free-growing climbing plant proves effectual.

The climbing bitter-sweet (Celastrus scandens) with
its glossy leaves and scarlet berries, false buckwheat (Polygonum scandens),
clematis (C. Virginiana) with its copious clusters of white blossoms, trumpet
flower (Bignoaia — named after Abbe Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV), the
scarlet blossoms of which are familiar to every one. are among the numerous
wild plants that have been adapted to our use in this direction. They are de-
corative and all of them rai)id growers, but they lose their foliage earlier than our
less hardy vines.

The moon flower (I])onKea grandillora) in our northern climate does not
mature early enough to give us the wealth of blossoms we are led to expect
from it, but it retains its large, glossy leaves until late in October, is clean, and
free from insects, and makes a good screen from the sun. Cobrea scandens.
with its curious twining leaves, is a beautiful climber and keeps its foliage until
frost gomes, which, for porches, is a strong recommendation.

Madeira vine, Allegheny vine (Adlumia).
C:anary Bird Flower (Tropsolum jjcregrinum),
are pretty growers, but to be effective for shade
must be planted thickly. Our Virginia creeper
is good and will grow everywhere ; it must be
kept free from aphis by infusions of tobacco.
The honeysuckles are desirable, and fragrant
climbers. The foliage is a beautiful green and
by combining the varieties one can have constant
bloom from June until November. They grow
rapidly and are easily trained ui)on wire trellises.
They possess every requisite of a climbing plant.

W'm. Sai'NPKKS. Washington, in C'd/ifcniin Ffiiit Gronhr.

C'OIUiA .Se.ANMKNS.

Rava(;ks oi- RAi'.mrs. — A writer in the Revue Horticole gives tiie folit)wing
remedy for preventing the depredations of rabbits in his garden : He mixes three
i)Ounds of blur vitriol with four poiiiuls of fresh slaked lime and adds the
mixture to iH gallons of water. The blue vitriol is first dissolved in two or
three gallons of water, and then both are thrown into a barrel and the water
added to make iS gallons. The mixture is api)lie(l with a whitewash brush, in
drv weather only to the- trunks of the trees from the ground to a height of a foot
or two.

The Canauian Hori icui/ruRisT.

5'

A hlt;k 1, 1 1. v.

S^^s"'^/^^ SllXI) you |)ti()tograi)h of a most striking exhibit in flowers made
at our annual county exhibition. It is a single spike of Lilium
Auratum. with 1 20 fully developed blooms, and expanded as
far as possible. The photo was taken as the lily grew in the gar-
den. The stem on the left hand is a normal stem, with, per-
haps, eight t)r ten blooms. The stem of the thickly flowered lily is concealed by
the leaves. It started in the spring, flat, two or three inches broad, as one often

lie:. 10 I>1I,II'M .AlIiM'CM.

52 The Canadian Horticulturist

sees in an asparagus plot. There were two or three fiat sterns and four or l"i\c
normal in the same clump of L. Auratum. One of the flat stems began to wilt
in August, I think, and was cut off and given to me. I sent it to Prof.
Saunders, of Ottawa. The other grew to perfection and expanded into full
bloom just in time for our exhibition, October 8th-ioth. At the close, it was
shipped to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and arrived in good order.
The Secretary reported to me that they had a similar spike of I,. Auratum in
1878, grown at Salem, in Massachusetts, with 170 blooms, of which photos were
taken. On each side of the flat stem, for about eighteen inches from the top,
buds broke and developed to jjerfection.

You will notice that w-e took the liberty of copying the rating given on varie-
ties by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. This is a most useful table. A
column, showing the season of use, would be valuable as a guide to customers,
say Red Astrachan, July to September ; Northern Spy, January to June, (»r
whatever the month for each may be.

Mr. P. 1). Kinney advises me this morning that he has a carload of Canadian
apples, shipped by A. M. Smith, of St. Catharines, just arrived I'ia Boston in
eleven days. The assortment is excellent and a large part sold to arrive, and
there will be no trouble in selling the balance at a good profit.

Yarmouth, N.S., Noiwfuber nth, i8gi. Chas. E. Brown.

Fine Evergreens. — The writer was asking himself a few days ago, as he sal
under the Yellow-wood of the Rural (irounds, and admired first one. then
another of the many different kinds of evergreens in view, which he would
choose in case he was confined to one or two. We thought it over very care-
fully, and chose, first, the common Hemlock Spruce, and, second, the \\'hite
Pine, and this, too, after cultivating for 13 years the rarest conifers known.
I'ew know of the surpassing beauty of the White Pine when, during youth, it
has been disbudded, or cut back in a way to induce an ample furniture of foliage
from the ground to the top.

Field Mice. — Here arc two suggestions regarding field mice, from Farm ami
Home . -

Field mice will work very badly in orchards when there is a great depth of
snow. The snow should be trodden down about the trees the first time it is
damp enough to do .so, especially in runs where it drifts, as trees six or eight
inches in diameter at the collar are often completely girdled in such situations.

To protect trees against mice, rabbits or sheep, paint the trunk above their
reach with a cold wash made by mixing one peck of unslacked lime with 4 lbs.
of sulphur slacked in 8 (jts. of boiling water, and while still hot add half a gallon
of (rude carbolic acid and the .same of gas tar, stirring well and mixing thoroughlx .
A flat brush is the best thing to ])ut it on with.

I'nK (.'an'adian Hoktk ulturisi. 53

.M.\KI.\(i (;RA\ I.I. WALKS.

,HERE new walks are to be made, it is ini[Kjrtant that they should
be made with due regard to their surroundings. If they are to be
intended for vehicles as well as walking on, as is generally the case
in the main walks in large gardens and pleasaunces, a greater
depth of soil than would be necessary in the case of walks for
I)edestrians, should be dug out, to admit of a greater thickness of
liard material being laid in the bottom for drainage, and to sustain the harder
traffic. The first point to determine when making a walk, after the line of direc-
tion has been decided upon, is the width that it shall be made. Main walks
should be from ten to eighteen feet in width, according to the extent of the
grounds,the others being from five to seven feetwide. Thisdone, due regard should
be paid to the level of the ground on either side of the walk, as well as the direc
tion in which it is proposed to take the surface- water. A depth of from nine to
eighteen inches, will, in a general way, be ample for walks of the dimensions
mentioned above, but in cases where the top-.soil is shallow, and resting on a
substratum of chalk, gravel or stone, all that is necessary is to remove the top-
soil, and with which the ground on either side the walk can be made level,
together with the filling up of any depressions that may happen to be close by.
Whatever edging be used, turf, box. flints, heather, etc., it should be laid before
the bottoming of the walk is proceeded with. The bottom of the walks should
' Ije deeper at the sides than in the middle, that is, it should be slightly arched or
convex, so as to convey the surface-water to the sides. If the substratum be
chalk, it should be well pounded all over, allowing sutificient fall (longitudinally)
to the points towards which it is decided to drain the walks, providing means at
each outlet to convey thither any water that might lodge on the opposite side of
the walk — that is, when it is not convenient to have outlets connected with
drains or "• catch-pits "" on both sides of the walk. In the case of walks being
made on soils resting on a bed of chalk, gravel or stone, as mentioned above, a
smaller quantity of hard materials becomes necessary. A broad walk, having an
excavated depth of eighteen inches, should have at least one foot of coarse
materials in the bottom, over this three inches of coarse gravel, followed by a
like depth of fine red gravel, if obtainable. This should be raked level and
smooth, and rolled as soon as dry enough — first, .with a light roller, and then
with a heavy one, repeating the operation four or five days in succession, or until
a level, firm surface is produced. Walks of from nine to twelve inches deep
should be given a layer of proportionate thickness of the several materials
recommended for the walk described above. Bold, yet graceful curves should
be observed in making winding walks. W here box is used as an edging, taste
and judgment, only to be acquired by practice, are necessary to do the work
with precision and neatness. H. W . Ward. Lo/n^forJ Casfie, Sti/isfii/n.

54

llli: i^'WAI) I AN 1I(|R IK Ll.l IklM.

The ]\ilrl;>ei) (iardei). ^

MANURE HOT i;i;i)S.

ttfippj^^ HI", cunstrucliun and manageniciil ol hot-l)eds is an exceedingly simple

matter, and yet it re(|uires careful attention to keep plants growing

in a healthy condition. Manure beds are most commonly used, horse

manure being preferable to any other ready available substance.

Fresh manure recently rt moved from the stable is the best, but if

"^^^^ i-ollected in too small cjuantities, it should be frequently spread

through the winter in order to keep ir from heating and spoiling before spring.

If a good proportion of fine straw or forest leaves are used in the bedding it

improves the manure greatly for hot-bed purposes.

When ready to begin oijerations the manure should be kjrkcd over, shaken
out finelv and thrown info a high conical heap to heat . if anywa\s dry it should
be watered until well dampened throughout the hea)). I eave it standing in this
heap about a week and it will surely heat and begin smoking like a small
volcano.

There are two methods of forming the l)ed, some digging a pit and
sinking the manure in it, and others simply building the manure up into a square
bed and setting the frame on it : the first
named method requires the most labor,
the second the most manure, so we will
let labor vs. manure decide which you
shall adopt.

Fk;. 1 I, shows a perspe(-tive view of a
bed constructed on the manure without a
j)it. If the manuie is fine, and contains
little or no long straw, it will be found
necessary to put a plank frame around it
to keep it in position, .\ftcr levelling the
manure there should be three or four
narrow boards laid across it on which to

rest the hot-bed . frame, so .iliat after the manure heats all will settle together,
otherwise the weight of the frame antl sash will force it down uito the manure,
and the centre of the bed will api)ear to raise and perhaps displace the plants.

Of course you should select a spot for the bed which is sheltered as much as
possible on the north and west by some building or high board fence. I'he sash
should slope gently towards the south or east, both in order to carrv off the rain
water readily and Kj catch the sun's rays and gain light and warmth.

The most common sashes are ;,\^i feet. The frame should ihcrefore Ik

Thk Canadian IIor i icur.TURisT.

55

made six feet wide ami as long as necessary to accommodate the number of
sashes to be used.

A vital point always to he ol)scr\cd in making a iiot-hed is (o s/>r(ad the
manure doivn while hot, it then continues to heat, hut if sjjread down cold it will
heat very slowly and unevenly or perhaps not at all. Karly in spring, when
considerable cold weather may yet be expected, it will he neces.sary to use about
a common wagon box full of manure to each sash, but later in the season, when
forming beds in which to transplant seedlings, one-half that quantity will suffice.

The soil to he used should be prepared in advance. It must be light, loose
and rich. Ciood sods placed in a heap with alternate layers of cow manure and
allowed to stand and decay for about one year, makes a fine compost for starting
a hot-bed. In removing the soil from an old hot-bed, shovel out some of the
fermented manure with it each year, this will keep it loose and in good
mechanical condition. The poorest article I ever saw used in a hot-bed was

Fic. 12.

Hot- Red.

sand washed from the road, which it was thought would ho rich and nice, but it
packed down so hard that the whole bed was a failure.

Soil should he placed on the manure to the depth of from four to six inches,
and the glasses adjusted jjroperly. After the soil becomes warm, sow the seed
in rows about four inches apart and scatter them tjuite thickly in the rows.
Never sow broadcast, as the labor of keeping free from weeds is much greater.
When the seedlings are about three inches high, they should be transplanted
into rows, 3x6 inches, and as soon as these need more room, or are in danger of
running up spindling, transplant again.

In transplanting tomato plants, the stem should be set down well into the
soil, and will take root wherever covered. The object sought is plenty of

5^'

Thk Canadian }Ioki k im.ii'rist

ril)rous roots on a short stocky stem. The temperature of the l)eds must be
closely watched, though it may vary considerable. The mercury mav run from
50 to 80 , though the mean, 65', should be as closely kept as possible. This for
tomatoes, peppers, etc. Cabbage and cauliflower plants require much less heat
and should ne\ er be i)laced in the same bed with tomatoes. In fact very little
or no bottom heat is required to produce good early cabbage plants. Fit a
frame as for a hot-bed except to omit the manure for the bottom heat, cover it
with sash and sow the seed in February, or early in March, and better plants
wili usually result than if bottom heat is used (see Fig. 12). — Tillinghast's
Mnnual.

MAKRi:r CIARDENING AS A liLSlXESS.

■ OIL is of first importance. Choose land, when it can l)e
done, that is level and well drained by having a gravelly
or sandy subsoil, not less than ten inches in depth of good
soil. Again, get as near to your market as possible, and
see that the roads leading thereto are good. This is par-
ticularly important if your market is a large city like New
\'ork. Boston or Philadelphia, but less important for a local
market.
The business of market gardening, though healthful and fairly profitable, is
exceedingly laborious, from which any one not accustomed to manual labor
would (juickly shrink. Tlie labor is not what might be called heavv, but the
hours are long — not less than an average of ten hours a day for both summer
and winter. No one should engage in it after passing middle life, nor men of
feeble constitution, for it is emj)hatically a business in which one has to rough it ;
and if it is to be prosecuted successfully the owner must put his own shoulder to
the wheel at least as strongly as his roughest employee.

The capital required for beginning market gardening in the vicinity of any
large city should not be less than $300 per acre for anything less than ten acres.
The first year rarely pays more than current expenses and the capital of $300 per
acre is all absorbed in horses, wagons, implements, sashes, manure, seeds, etc. If
the capital be insufficient to secure these properly the chances of success are cor.
respondingly diminished. Above all, be careful not to attempt the cultivation of
more land than your capital and experience can properly manage. More men
are stranded both on the farm and garden, in allcmpting to cultivate too nui(-h.
perhaps, than from any other cause.

It has been the practice in the past lo use hot-bed ashes almost cxclusiveh
for the purpo.se of forcing vegetables, or forwarding plants for use in the open
ground. Mut of late years greenhouses are being largely used, both for the pur
po.se of//'m//^ lettuce, radishes, lieets and cucumbers, as also ^ox growing \\\^wK'^

The Canadian Horticultukisi. 57

of early cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, celery and tomatoes, ami in either case, we
believe, that in well-constructed greenhouses not only is work better done, bu^
that the saving in labor in three years will more than offset the greater cost of
the greenhouses.

Lands, in some gardening localities, have become actually surfeited with
manure, and for this reason vegetables, such as cabbage, lettuce, and celery, do
not now average as good as those grown where land is cheap enough to allow
one-third to be i)ut down annually with some grass and clover crop. I believe
that, in a garden of fifteen acres, if one-third is laid down to grass each year, and
the balance kept under the plow, the gross receijHs will be greater, and the pro-
fits more than if the whole fifteen acres were under tillage ; for less labor will be
required, and manure tells better on sod land than on land under tillage.

I can tell you nothing new on the subject of manure, except that the use of
dried peat moss, now being used in the cities for bedding, is likely to be of
great value to the market gardener, if it can* only be had in sufficient quantities-
We have had it in use in our own stables for about a year and find it not only
more economical than straw for bedding, but its absorbing qualities make it of
great value for fertilizing purposes. We can buy ordinary straw manure in our
vicinity for $1 per team load ; but we are buying all we can get from stables
where the moss is used at $2 per ton, but is yet quite scarce. -Petkr Hender-
son, a/^ Farmers' Institute, Jamaica. N. Y.

Manure for Onions. — For twenty years an onion specialist in Fairview.
Pa., has raised his onions upon an acre of ground adjoining his home : he placed
but little faith in commercial fertilizers, for the one vear previous to this one, that
he used proved disastrous to his crop, and seemed to fairly burn the onions
to death : but that year was an excessively wet season and the substance was
literally washed out of the ground. But last spring, when he plowed his land
again for onions, he made up his mind to give the fertilizers one more trial, as
the soil was becoming impoverished bv continual cropj)ing. He accordingly
procured four hundred pounds of phosphate and spread it over the ground before
sowing his seed, and the result was an enormous croj) of onions, equal in quan-
tity and quality to twenty years ago. Another man in an adjoining town, plowed
up a clover field and sowed it to onion sets, for his grain and clover always
lodged there and he would loose a good share of them, being near a building
and under a high state of cultivation. The crop was harvested lately, and
yielded at the rate of 450 bushels of sets to the acre. This shows beginners
that old ground re(|uires phosphate, and new ground clover sod.

SUBSCRlPnON PRICE, $1.00 per year, entitling the subscriber to membership ot the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including ;i copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees.

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter ^re at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

^
.-^

ifl«)^

Noxious Weeds. — Among the subjects discussed at the wide-awake farmer^'
meeting of Wisconsin, is that of no.xious weeds, and considering the rapidity
with which they are gaining ground on our farms and orchards and gardens of
Ontario, it appears to us that we ought to make that a more common subject for
discussion at farmers' meetings throughout Ontario ; not, perhaps, in mere general
terms, but one by one they should each ccmc under discussion, until every farmer
is up in arms against the lar}.(e army uf noxious weeds which threaten to (.lri\e
him from his farm.

The common burdock, Lappa Offi-
cinalis, is one of our worst weeds,
and one which pathmasters, as well as
farmers, too often al
lested in waste corners.

more troublesome in the orchard, and ''^^^5i:^'>^'^'v'^^^iv;f\lJ|f/SilW^

11. 1- . -11 '^?^^<f^"4<(/r^^'V.^^^

none harder to eradicate, especially "v^'^^'-'idS^I »i4^ -^.•rz-crss^-^

where the ground is left any time in
gra.ss. We are inclined to commend
the practice of Mr. Cole, of Wisconsin,
who says that in his experience the best (.„

method of eradicating them is by

cutting them off about two or three inches bt-low the surface ot the i;roiiiul dur-
ing the first year of their growth. We believe that this is better than the praetiie
that we have been following, namely, of cutting them the second year, as late in the
season as possible, just before the seeds were mature. We hoped that, in this

58

,„ Che orchard, and "^^^^M^i^

'-^^m^

\'A. TDMMdN C'(i< KI.HUR.

Thk Canadian Horik ui/iurist

59

way, the plant would l)e unable to throw out branches from beneath, in time to
mature their seeds, Ijut our experience is, that unless we watch sharply the
second growth of branches from below will succeed in maturing their seeds
very late in the fall, especially if the weather is favorable.

Another vile weed is the C'ocklebur, which as

is gaining ground upon us of late,and which,
like most others, secures a strong foothold
before we are aware of its bad habits (Fig. 13)
In Illinois, according to Prof. Goff, of Wis-
consin, the farmers consider this one of their
worst weeds. We have two varieties in
Ontario, one, the Common Cocklebur, with
rough stem, not spiny, and the other, the
Spiny Cocklebur, of which the stem is
armed with slender spines at the bases
of the leaves. The latter is a native of South
America. We give a drawing of the burs
of this weed, so that our readers may
the more easily identify it and be more
guarded against it. Among the other evil
weeds may be mentioned the Sow Thistle,
the Wild Mustard, the Quack Grass, the
Canada Thistle, the Corn Cockle, Beggar
Ticks, and Toad Flax, and even the pretty
Oxeye daisy (Fig. 14). Fields of this latter
may be seen west of Toronto, along the line

of the Grand Trunk, covered with this j^retty, but troublesome, weed, and any-
one who has noticed how completely the pastures there are overrun with it, will
at once decide that, though pretty enough to be transplanted to the flower garden,
it is entirely out of place in our fields, and must, therefore, be treated as a
dangerous enemy to farmers and horticulturists who aspire to have their orchards
and gardens present a creditable appearance, when left for a time seeded down
to grass.

14.— OXKYE IJAISV.

The Annual Report for 18S1 will be the most valuable one ever issued.
In it are found the reports of the meetings of 1890 and 1891, making it double
the usual size. Formerly the winter meeting was held in February, just after the
issue of our report but now that this meeting is held in December, the report of
it may be at once made public without waiting until the matter is a year old.
This report will contain catalogues of apples, pears and grapes, as prepared by
committees on these fruits appointed by our Association. There are several
illustrations given, beginning with a fine frontispiece of Mr. A. H. Pettit, the new
President. The report will be sent out as soon as it is possible to get it through
the hands of the printer.

6o I'm Canadian Hmki ici'i.rfKisi.

Thk British Api'I.i Markkt. — It is a remarkable thing that tlie prune
Canadian apples exported to British market should not return the grower more
money than they do. especially in a season like the one just passed. The aver-
age returns of those who have shipped to the old country has been from $1.50
to $1.75 per barrel. Some, it is true, have done a little better, but these are
about the average returns for fruit of the most excellent (juality. the wi-iter
judging not only from his own experience, but from the experience of others
who have exported. At the same time that his apples sold in the old country
markets so as to return the net prices quoted above, his apples of the same
(|uality and put up in the same style were sold retail to private jjarties in the old
country at $4 per barrel, f. o. b. at Grimsby. It seems strange that there should
be so large a difference between the wholesale and retail prices of apples in
Britain.

The same thing is treated of in an article in the January number of the
Garden and Forest, bv a writer in London, Eng., who says that he priced
Canadian apples in Covent (larden and found Cravensteins, Baldwins and Rib-
stons quoted at 20 and 30 per barrel. Surely if some means could be devised
by which we could get into a nearer relationship with the consumers in the old
country, our business in exporting Canadian apples would be a greater success.

Peach Yellows Insi'ecior. — At a recent meeting of the Lincoln
County Farmers' Institute, this subject was introduced i)y ("apt. .Shepherd of
Niagara, who showed the futility of the present Act for destroying diseased
peach trees. The inspector, it appears, is allowed but a limited time in which
to do his work, and cannot act unless a complaint is made. and. even then, lie
fears making enemies by cutting down his neighbors" trees. Further, he is sub-
jected to the necessity of proving each case of yellows. If a man is qualified to
act at all, his judgment ought to be final, and he should be at liberty to inspect
orchards at any time during the summer, and receive due compensation for the
work.

A resolution was passed at the meeting above referred to. apjjroving of the
plan formulated by the (!anadian Institute, Toronto, which looked for an
appointment, by the Legislature, of a general inspector for tlie whole province,
to whom local inspectors might report cases of refusal to destroy the trees
affected with black knot or the yellows, and on whom will rest the duty of inf1i<t-
ing the penalty of the law upon such offenders.

Sl'LI'HL'RIN(. Frlii. \)\. |. W . Smith, of Charles ("ity, Iowa, writes in the
transactions of the American i'ul)lic Health Association. ver\ decidedly oppos-
ing the use of suli)hur for bleaching dried or evaporated fruit. The use of sul-
phur, it is true, gives the evaporated fruit a light color : this, at first, attracted
the attention of consumers and commercial men. and. consi-ciiiently. raised ihe

I'he Canadian Horticulturist. 6i

price of the article so treated. IJut the fact is now l)econiing generally known
that sulphured fruit loses much of its flavor, and is, therefore, inferior in quality.
The doctor shows that while sul])huric acid is a preservative and disinfectant,
still, its use with food is objectionable. It has further been noticed by retail
grocers that the public does not use dried fruit as freely of late years as it did
before the days of bleaching with sulphur. In the near future the probability is
that fruit, which has been evaporated without the use of sulphur, will be more
appreciated and more in demand than that which is bleached.

Bee Men and Fruii CIrowers. — We are informed that our friends, the
aparists, are alarmed at the wide-spread practice of spraying fruit trees and are
seeking legislation to prevent it, on the ground that it is the means of destroy-
ing many bees. Such extreme measures would l)ring fruit growers into contact
with them, and we would be inclined to ask for legislation against the keeping
of bees, on the ground that these insects injure our grapes and carry the yellows
from tree to tree. It is stated in Meehans Monthly^ that in a small garden in
the suburbs of Philadelphia, where the owner has a dozen or so of grape vines,
the whole crop is annually destroyed by neighboring bees.

Bee men tell us that a hole must be first made by birds or wasps, or else by
cracking, before the bees will harm the fruit : but even granting this, the small holes
and cracks referred to would not interfere with the ripening of the grape, and
would only injure its value to a limited extent, were it not for the w-ork of the
bees. The only basis of pgreement between us will be that we do not spray our
trees when in blossom, and to this, no doubt, all fruit growers will consent.

Tree Wash.-— The recipe for tree wash given on page 369 for destroying
bark lice, keeping out borers, etc., probably contains a printer's error. The
usual amount of carbolic acid to two gallons of water is one pint ; and an excel-
lent wash may be made as follows : One pint crude carbolic acid, one quart soft
soap, and two gallons hot water. Mix thoroughly. Apply with old broom.

The Window Garden. — Be sure that every plant is free from scale aphis,
or other insects, before placing in window, and if any plant becomes infected
afterwards, remove it from the window until once more clean, as one lousy plant
will infect a windowful. Shower the plants often to keep down the red spider,
and also to keep the pores of the leaves open. The leaves of a plant are its
lungs, and should be kept clean. See that every pot has an inch of charcoal or
broken crocks in the bottom for drainage. Water only when the soil is really
dry, and then water thoroughly. Add a fifth or sixth part of sifted manure, or a
small quantity of the fertilizer florists keep, to the potting soil, or else water
growing and blooming plants once a fortnight with liquid manure diluted to the
color of weak tea. .\ pot plant must have food to blossom long and well.
Turn plants frequently, pick off all dead leaves, and you will be rewarded by an
al)undance of flowers. — Good Housekeeping.

Thk C'anadian Horticulturist.

^ ©Li^stioi) i)pa(jo^r. ^

A TEN-ACRi; I-RLir CAKDKN.

SiK, — We are preparing to plant a fruit garden of ten acres, and want the result of
tlie latest experience as a guide as to what kinds of raspberries, blackberries and straw-
berries tf) plant. Could you give me a sunitiuiry in the next number of the journal ?

D. Reesor, Toronto, Ont.

So much dL'])cnds u|)on circum.stanccs that it is impossible from ones exper-
ience at (irimsby. to give advice that will serve as a perfect guide to one living
near Toronto.

In the first place we approve of the proposed size. " Ten acres enough '' is
ten times more applicable to the fruit garden than to the farm. W'e say this
after spending twenty years in trying to cultivate one hundred acres in fruit ; and
after finding out some of the difificulties of such a large undertaking, we would
plant very few apple trees in such a lot. but pears, plums and grapes should have
due attention, and might have one-half the space. The rest should be .saved
for small fruits.

These should l)e planted freely at first over the whole, and then removed
when necessary, that is, as soon as they are in danger of interfering with the
growth of the larger fruits.

Of small fruits, we would plant such varieties as would give a constant suc-
cession throughout the season. Strawberries, currants, gooseberries, raspberries
and blackberries would fill up the time until grapes begin to ripen. Everything
should be planted in long rows, for convenience of cultivation by horse power,
and it would be all the better if it could be arranged for cultivation in two ways.

Of strawberries, we are pleased with the \\'ilson, liubach, Williams and Hav-
eriand ; of currants, Fay's Cherry, X'ictoria and Black Naples : of gooseberries.
I'riumph and Downing ; of raspberries. Turner, Cuthbert and Shaffer ; of black
berries, Agawam, Snyder and Taylor. Where the Kittalinn\' will succeed wc
prefer it to either, but it would be too tender near Toronto.

Ri:!M)Krs \\ANri:i) iko.m ri-wrs disirihi' ri:i».

S(K, -We do not exactly understand the position that niembeis are expected to take
with respect to tlieir premium plants. Do you wish an account of the success or failure of
plants and trees which liave been distributed '.'

A. .1. Com. INS, Lisfon;!, Out.

It is certainly very im|)ortant that all members of our Association receiving
plants for testing, should report to the Secretary concerning their success or
failure. It will be understood, however, that no really reliable result can be

The Canadian Horiicui/iurist. 63

obtained until after a lapse of series of years, and, therefore, it is not necessar)
for our readers to report to us concerning plants or trees that have been sent out
within the last year or two. But we would be very glad to hear, at any time,
reports of those plants which have been tested long enough to give some reliable
results. Previous to the year 1881, the following varieties were sent out for test-
ing : In 1875, Swazie Pomme Grise apple ; 1876, Glass Seedling plum ; 1877,
Goodale pear ; 1878, Burnet grape ; 1879, Ontario apple; 1880, Saunder's New
Hybrid raspberry. These have been tested in various parts of the country for
nearly ten years, and reports concerning them will be of considerable value. We,
therefore, ask from the readers of the journal, who have received these varieties,
or have otherwise tested them, to send a report as early as possible, to the editor
of this journal, in order that the results may be tabulated and made public at
anv early date.

^ ©peij Lett^ps. %

Sir, — We have a copy of your journal for October, and note the comment you have
made on the Early Ohio grape. We notice that in copying our letter you have made an
error which makes quite a ditferent meaning to it. Vou say, " It is nearly as hardy as the
Concord," while our letter read, " \t\a fully as hardy as the Concord."' The facts of the
case are, that during a hard winter, in which nearly all of the buds on a Concord vineyard
were severely injured, the buds on an Early Ohio vineyard by its side were not injured in
the least.

Yours trulj',

C. S. CiRTiCE Co., Portland, S. Y.

A CORRECTION.

.Sir, — In your article of last month, by mistake, the style of the Fonthill Nursery firm
was made to read Wellington & Stone's Nursery. The style of the firm should be ^Iorris,
Stone A, Wellington. The nursery is owned by Mr. Eilward Morris, of Fonthill, and Mr.
W. E. Wellington, of Toronto, Mr. Wellington attending to sale of stock and Mr. .Morris
giving his personal supervision to the growing of stock. Much of the success of the firm
has been the result of the able and careful management of Mr. Morris, who is a thorough
practical horticulturist and propagator of nursery stock.

W. Vj. \Vkli.in(;ton, Toronto.

THE CAROLINE RASPBERR\' IX QUEBEC.

Sir. — I observed in "Notes and Comments " in your .lauuary number a reference to
tliis from the (Jeneva Station, as being a raspberry of "su))erb flavor," while the opinion
you gave was that it was of "exceedingly poor (juality." Being the first to test it for
adai)tability for the Province of Quebec, I may say that it occupies the place amongst rasp-
berries that the Wilson does amongst strawberries, except that it is too soft for a market
berry. The Caroline originated at New Rochelle, N. Y., the home of the once famous
Lawton Blackberry, and it was introduced by tlie Carpenters, a nursery firm of that
place in 187S ; they also originated the New Rochelle black raspberry, which was not suc-
cessful up here. They claimed the Caroline to be a hybrid of lirinckle's Orange, but if so.

64 '\'\i\: ( "ANAhlAN H( )K HCL'I.TURIS I .

the offspring lias not the rine properties of the parent. I have cultivated it for tiurteen
years and have in that time given it to friends interested in improved fruit for our province
and it has everyw here proved exceedingly j)rothK-tive and hardj'. In a nund>er of seasons
of early siinimer drouth it has lieen my soie dependence when some two other varieties have
failed. Four years since, the late S. O. Caywood, of Marlboro, N. Y., sent me for testing,
a variety he named the " Crystal," which has thus far proved very promising. In color
it has a beautiful canary shade, a remarkable contrast to the dingy yellow of Caroline,
being transparent, fairly large and rirm, with much less tartness. All who have seen it
here admire it. The deatii of its enunent originator has likely delayed its introduction.

Janmiry /'.', ISH:. WM. Mkah rATTi-;<i.v, ClarmcrilU, (^if.

^ ©(jr Booli Tabic. ^

cata: ogues.

«iKNEKAL A.NNl AI, CAT.ALO<;rK OK CAKUEN, FlKl.li AM> Kl.OWKK SKKDS, 1892, .1. A.

.Simmers, Toronto.

Gariikv, Fieiji am« Flower Seeos, 1S9"2, Faust, <i4 and 6ti .Nortli Front St., Phila-
delphia, Pa.

Sekus am» lU'Lits, 18!t'J, Will. KUiot & .Sons, Importers and (irowers, .")4 and 56 l>ey
St., New York, \. Y.

Illu.strated and Descrm'TIve C.^TALOoiE ok Fruit and Orna.mentai. Trees, Shrcb.s
AND Plants, 1892, Morris, Stone & Wellington, Toronto, Ont.

Forty-First Annual Descriptive Catalocjie, 1892, John A. Bruce, Hiimilton, Ont.

Florist.s' Stock, Spring 1892, sVebster Bros., Hamilton, Ont,

Everything in Seeds and Bi'liss, 1892, Steel Bros., cor. Front and .larvis Sts
Toronto, Ont.

CiR<ri.AR OK THE Vandeman Stkawbekrv, L. .1. Farmer, Pulaski. N. V.

HU

THE

Canadian Horticulturist

Vol XV.

1892,

No. -i.

k

m

THE MAn:)EXS BITSH APPLE.

yV the long list of apples ripening in the autumn, there
^^^ '^! probably, not one which is so deserving of admira-
tion, on the score of beauty, as the old and well-known
Maiden's Blush, a very good representation of which we
show our readers in this number. It would, indeed, be a
fair maiden whose blush could equal it in coloring, and to say
of any apple that it almost equals the Maiden's Blush for
lieauty is saying almost all that could be said for it under
that head. This apple is a native of Xew Jersey, and was
first described by Coxe. The season is mid-autumn, ripen-
Z^^.i£^- ' i"g from the 20th of August to the end of October. For

table, cooking and market, it is valuable ; although deficient in richness of flavor,
a point in which the famous Gravenstein far surpasses it. The showy appear,
ance, however, always gains for it the highest price in the British market. The
writer has shipped it to Covent Garden, London, about the first of September
and it has brought as high as $6.00 per barrel, for extra choice stock.

In our experience with it, however, it has not proved to be a heavy bearer,
nor is the tree a very large grower. Our committee on apples, in preparing the
catalogue of fruits for the guidance of judges at fairs, has only given it a total of
twenty-five points, out of a possible forty, as an autumn apple. Its rating is as
follows : Dessert, 3, cooking, 7, home market, 7, foreign market, 8, out of a
possible 10 under each head. Possibly, it might bear a point or two more for
dessert, on the score of beauty.

66 Thi. Canadian Horii(ultur;si.

Slk.W 11 IX IS OX CKXKRAl. MATIEKS.

Exi'i:Rii:Nt i; on a ikn acri: i arm.

■■ VES acre Farm '" seems rather small to tlie ambitious minds
of most farmers, but, when you utilize ten acres in an eco-
nomical, judicious way, there is quite enough to occupy the
lime of the average working man, that is, if he works as well
as /nonages his little domain Some men do not work them-
selves, but manage only, depending on others to do the work
for them. Such require more land from which to realize a fair margin of profit,
yet. their risks are i^rcatcr and the satisfaction /'ss than if they listened to the old
adage, that,

" He that by the plow would tlirive,
Himself must either hold or diive."

There seems to be an exquisite pleasure connected with eating anything you
have cultivated with your own hands : partly, because if you are in the habit of
working, you are apt to have an appetite to relish what you eat, and, partly,
because you carry out the divine principle of industry, which, if acted upon by
mankind at large, would banish many of the " ills that llesh is heir to," and
•carry prosperity and comfort into many a household, where misery now prevails.
Where intelligence and manual labor are comljined, there is sure to be something
igood and profitable resulting from the combination.

The great study of the future must be the utilization of smaller areas of land
to produce corresponding results. If ten acres can be tilled to show the same
margin of profit as often results from fifty acres in the usual mode of cultivation,
a step in advance is made by its possessor, and a grand achievement obtained
for future generations to profit by.

It jiays, then, to let ambition for large cultivation subside into a determi-
nation to make the most out of a smaller compass, and let wisdom and intelli-
gence make up for what one may lack in acres. The more the appliances of
science and good management are brought to bear in tilling the soil the more
interest and importance attaches to it. If we can make the tilling of the soil an
interesting and i)rofitable occupation, and keep the ihildren of farmers from rush-
ing into the towns and cities to seek more " interesting " callings, there will be
a i)oint gained worthy of much endeavor to bring it about. Surely, the quiet and
purifying influences of country life are much to be desired to the feverish, jost-
ling, scheming influences of city life, by every one who has a heart to appreciate
the handiwork of an all-wise Clreator. Some one has beautifully said, "Cod
made the country, but man made the towns."

Now, as to our "hints." From experience on a ten acre farm, we find \\./>tns
to keep one horse and three good cows. The horse, of course, is an indispen-

Tmc ('anadian Hokiicn/i tkist. 67

sable servant, and, if one were to keep account (jf wliat it would cost to hire horse
help every time one would need it, we would find our faithful friend would
almost pay for himself in one year, beyond his keeping.

As to the cows, our three in the year just closed paid %()C), clear of expenses.
That is, $33 per cow, and this was for what butter and buttermilk was sold,
not including what was used in a family of five persons, and what skim milk was
su])plied to two fiimilies that had no cow. We have regular customers in the
city for our butter, at twenty cents per pound in the summer, and twenty-two
cents in the winter. We feed the cows bran mash in the summer, besides the
pasturing, and with bran and ])rovender in the winter, with their feed of hay and
straw. Salt them every morning, and stable them not too warm, and in the
spring when turned out to open ground, they bound and play like deer. 'Ihc
horse gets his rations of hay and provender according to his work, with a hand-
ful each of salt and wood ashes in his feed twice or three times a week. This is
all the condition powder he needs, and he thrives and is on hand to his work.

We keep about forty laying hens that yield their margin of profit as well.
We do not believe in stimulating them to lay in the winter, and they begin to lay
early in spring, and do duty faithfully all summer to late in the fall, as a rule.

About three acres in fruit and the same in vegetables, if handled rightly, will
yield a fair margin of profit, and will keep two hands busy enough to keep down
the weeds, prepare the market loads, and do the marketing. . Of course, in the
fruit-picking season extra help must be employed. We make strawberries a
specialty, and do something in raspberries, currants, grapes, and have a cherry
and apple prospect in the near future. Gooseberries have not paid with us.

The vegetable market is somewhat overstocked in Ottawa, except extra early
productions, which pay well. The fruit market for home produce x^good.

Taking everything into account, there is a fair margin for encouragement on
a ten acre farm, within five miles of the city. But, economy in living must add
its measure to the common interest. Extravagance in style, in high-toned table
expenses, etc., are the canker-worms which eat out the prosperity of many a well-
meaning man, but the hard-})an essentials of existence can be fully enjoyed with
health and wholesome contentment, which are, in themselves, real luxuries.

Nepeau, Out. I.. h'ooTK.

Poison \'inks. — Some careful experiments have been made by eminent
pathologists on poison by the sumach, the result indicating an almost perfect
identity in the result with the disease known as erysipelas : and it is suggested,
therefore, that the same remedy may be used for Rhus poison as for the trouble
in erysipelas. A lather of common potash soap, made strong, and applied with
a shaving brush on the affected parts, is a well known and effectual remedy.
Those liable to be poisoned by this plant, will do well to remember this. —
Meehans" Monthly.

68 ThK (jANArUAN 1 loKI It UI.TUKIsr.

Sl'RA\l.\(.i WHIN I HI-. i;i,()()M HAS lAI.I.KN.

'-^^^' L'S'I' after the bloom has fallen is the right time to spray tiie trees, as

that is the time the moth lays the eggs, when the fruit is forming. To

_XD-|[iv" spray trees while in full bloom is a waste of time and materials, and

^^Ifr"' ^^^^^^ <^o ^'^6 '""^'^ grower a/ij good, but kills bees by wholesale that

>J/(X^ work on the blossoms at the time. If every fruit grower in every

^S^ Her

^^^<L* locality was to spray his trees with poison while the trees were in full
'i?*'- bloom, it would kill every hive of bees in Ontario, and what would be
still worse, it would kill every family that used the honey after the bees were
poi.soned. ^\"hile on my rounds through the province inspecting hives of bees.
I heard the .sad news in many places of bees being poisoned by the spraying of
fruit trees while in full bloom. 1 brought this up at the Bee Convention held
latelv in London. 1 also moved, and Mr. Jacob .-Mpaugh seconded it, that
Messrs. Allen Pringle. 1\ A. (ienimill. and \\. I). Smith, a nurseryman at
Winona, be a committee to wait on the Minister of Agriculture to get an Act
passed fixing the jiroper time to spray trees, that is, after the blossoms have
fallen. I knew Mr. Smith to be a just man. and for the sake of having the
interest of the fruit growers looked after, as well as the bee keepers, I put
him on the committee with Mr. (iemmill and .Mr. Pringle, who are two of as
just men as can be found in any country. 1 see by the Hok i k iM tikist of
February, that we have been reported as wanting to prevent the spraying of fruit
trees altogether, which is a mistake. All we want is the proper time fixed for
spraying, which is just after the bloom has fallen. If the fruit grower sprays
when the bloom has just fallen, he will make a success of the spraying business,
and won't kill any bees.

-Mr. Charles Haker. a nurseryman at London, said that the trees should not
be sprayed until after the bloom had fallen, and he voted for my nioiion to have
the time fixed for such work. ICvery real fruit grower agrees with me on this
j)oint, that is. when the bloom has just fallen. In the l-'ebruary No. of the
Hc)K rit L'l.TiRisT, the Editor says that if we would ask to have the spraying
done after the bloom hail fallen, that every fruit grower would agree to that.
Manv thanks to the ICditor for helping to '(w things so very nicely, by hitting on
the very way we want the .\(t passed, and then it will be in the interests of the
fruit grower and bee keeper. I am well pleased with the I lr)K ru ii ri'Kisr-
It is a journal that every fruit grower should take.

IVoodlmni, W'tiilivorth County, On/. \\\\. .M* l'.\o\.

Noi K \:\ I'jiiioK. — \\ ill we be transgri'ssing if we spray before tlie bl()on>
opens? We need to use a solution of copper, fi^r apple scab very early,
because it lives through the winter on the scales of the buds, and must be
destroyed before it spreads in spring. We hope there will be no antagonism
of interests between bee men and fruit growers, and |»robably then- will not.

The Canadian HokricLi.TURiST.

THREE POISONOUS J'LAXTS.

IMPORTED cases of poisoning, from handling the foliage of certain
plants, having come under the writer's notice, he has deemed it
worth while to descril)e three plants that possess this property to a
considerable degree.

Anacardiacen' (Cashew Family).

This order embraces trees and shrubs, with a resinous, gummy,
caustic or even milky juice. This juice is poisonous, but is of considerable
economic value \ sometimes being used as an indelible ink, and also as an
ingredient in the preparation of varnish. Even the exhalations from some species
are poisonous. Here we find Rhus Aromatica. Sweet Sumach is a small
aromatic shrub found b\- the writer on the banks of the Niagara River near
Lewiston. Rhus Typhina, the common sumach of our Canadian woods, some-
times called Staghorn sumach ; but the plants we wish to notice particularly are :

Ftg. 1.'). — Rhv.'< Vknenat.a.

I. Rhus Venenata (Fig. 15), Poison sumach. Poison elder, Swamp dog-
wood, is one of the poi.sonous varieties referred to. The leaves are arranged in
pairs along the leaf stem, from seven to thirteen leaflets, oval, entire pointed,
each about three inches long and one-half inch wide : these soon change color
m tht fall and present foliage of a very attractive appearance : flowers small.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

greenish, and in loose panifles. 'I'hc fruit is in the form of small, nut-likc-
structures, dry, smooth and shining, whitish in color and about the size of small
peas. The drupes are well separate from each other and not crowded, as in the
case of common sumach. This species grows from ten to fifteen feet high, and
usually in low spots. Several are to be seen in the Dufiferin Islands, Niagara
Falls. One very good specimen can be seen at the south end, right-hand side,
of the second bridge, as you go south. This labelled would be useful to visitors.
Its convenient position and gorgeous foliage in autumn, I have no doubt, ere
this has been a sorrow to wanton visitors who visit the Park from time to time.
This species is very poisonous to many persons if they come in contact with \u
or even get in its immediate \ icinity.

Fi<i. R'. — Riirs Radicans.

2. Rhus Toxicodendron, Poison oak, i'oison ivy. This, a low variety,
leaflets in clusters of three, broadly oval, pointed ; two to five inches long, three-
quarter inch wide ; leaf stalk three inches. The plant seldom, if ever, exceeds
three feet in height, and occurs most frc(|ut iiily about two feet high. It is
exceedingly connnon along the banks of the Niagara Riser, in tiie vicinity
of \'ictoria Park, l-'lowers, yellowish-green in panicles: fruit dry, smooth, shining,
|)ale-brown berries. This is also a poisonous variety, but not to such ;m extent
as the preceding. This plant is very common in many parts of Ontario. It is
often seen along the railroads. Resembles (I'ig. i6) a climbing form.

3. Rhus Radicans (I'ig. i''»), ("limbing Poison ivy. much like the precetling.

The Canadian }Ioriicui.turi.st. -i

l)Ut climhs by tcntliils, ascending trees as high as forty to fifty feet, or climbing
over fences; the stem is ([uite woody and sometimes attains a thickness of two
inches. Some confound this with the Virginia creeper ; but its leaf clusters
have five leaflets, while this has only three, much wider and more oval in oat-
line. Flowers, greenish, and fruit in dull white berries.

These three poisonous varieties can be seen in the Victoria Park. Some
persons seem to be able to handle them without serious results, while others
dare not touch them, nor even come near them.

Views differ regarding the way in which the i)oison from these plants is
communicated. Some maintain that actual contact is necessary, others that it
is given off from the leaves, during sunshine, when wetted by dew ; some attri-
bute it to the pollen, and some say that the plants give off a gaseous vapor.

Persons affected show redness about the eye-lids, ears and throat. These
parts cjuickly show inflamed blotches, rising in blisters, the whole face becoming
swollen so as to produce blindness, sometimes for days. The poison in some
cases spreads over the arms and other parts of the body, and the patient suffers
from fever and headache, and even becomes delirious. It is not an uncommon
thing for persons once affected to experience attacks from year to year, though
not being near any of the plants.

The application of a strong solution of bi-carbonate of soda (baking soda)
to the pustules as soon as seen is highly recommended.

Bathing parts affected with sulphate of soda (glauber salts) is also well
spoken of.

These three comparatively common plants should be known bv everybody,
and should be destroyed wherever they are likely to prove injurious. The
accompanying cuts will enable the reader to readily identify them.

Chief Samuels, of the Horticultural Department of the World's Fair, has
returned from a trip to Florida and Cuba, where he stimulated interest in the
Chicago Exposition and secured the promise of many fine palms and other trop-
ical plants, to be exhibited in his r)ei)artnient.

Plants for the Flower Garden. — .\ happy mean may, perhaps, be
found between the pretentiousness of an over-display of bedding plants and the
total neglect of old-time favorites. A bed or two of rich color, with or without
softening foils of folinge or shaded tints, is a great adornment even in a small
yard, but the ground should be well flanked or whiskered with choice shrubs in
cleanly kept beds, with the standard flowers .set among or fronting them, or in
separate borders, as suits their inaividual requirements. Such an arrangement
gives, even on small s[)ace, ever-varying subjects of interest for hour after hour.
— Vick's Mairazine.

TiiK CJan.mhan Horticulturist.

ini'. iii,i:\ni:iM oraxck aimm.i:.

< )\\ cas\ a matlur ii is lo provoke llie (jULry. ''Who shall
decide when the doctors differ?" This interrogatory adage
suggested itself to my mind when looking through the
HoRTicuiTiRiST of February, and finding therein an ex-
tract, taken from an English magazine, in praise of the
Blenheim I'ippin apple. Had the extract been taken and
presented to the readers of the HoRTicui/rURiST for just
what it was worth from an English standpoint, it would not have attracted any
particular attention, but when it was copied without note or comment, we are
naturally led to the conclusion that it was copied approvingly ; that everything
said was endorsed ; and that the Blenheim Pippin apple was recommended to
the Canadian fruit grower without qualification.

If I understand the purpose of the Ontario Fruit ( irowers' Association
aright, it is to encourage, as far as practicable, such varieties of apples in the
several districts most likely to prove profitable to the grower. It was with that
sole object in view that the Committee on Apples labored for two years in the
prejjaration of a report for the guidance of growers in the several districts of the
province, which report was presented to the public but a few months ago. That
report does not give an unciualified endorsation of the Blenheim Pippin as an
apple for profit in this country.

I agree with the English authority in all that is said of the Blenheim Pippin,
so far as its individual ([ualities are concerned. It is a very desirable apple to
have in one's own cellar, and upon one's own table, but when we keep in view
profit, as the main object in growing apples, some of the most desirable, or at
least the most pleasing, for their individual (jualities, have to be passed by.

One year ago 1 met with the Blenheim Pi[jpin — some very fine specimens
of it — in the County of Middlesex. The farmers brought tiie apple to their
Institute meetings to inquire concerning its name and rating. The objection to
it was invariably that it was too shy a bearer for profit. This year I met with it
again in the southern counties, along the Michigan Clei.tral Railway, and south-
ward from Simcoe. In all these localities it vied with the King as a pleasing
and attractive apple : but I met with one man only w - was satisfied with its
productiveness. I carried a samjjle of the Blenheim a...ong my other specimens
and at all the meetings I pointed out to the farmers its merits and defects^
emphasizing especially the high favor accorded it in the British market. If the
farmers, knowing its high <|ualities, are satisfied with the prospect of one good
(Top in every six or eight years — which is as much as can be expected from the
King they plant knowing what they are to reap, and will not be disappointed.
One man in South Norfolk had intended j)lacing an ord.r for iwini\fi\e

'Vhk Canadian HoRTicLi/ruRisr. 73

Blenheim I'ippin trees in tlie spring, together with a like number of other highly
recommended varieties ; but when he heard my remarks concerning the Blen-
heim, he felt discouraged. Since the February number of the Horticulturist
has reached him, however, containing the uiKjualified English endorsation, he is
in doubt as to the wisdom of his change from his first plan and has written me
about it.

I repeat, that in matters of this kind, we cannot be too careful, and those of
us at least who go out among the farmers to speak upon horticultural topics,
should be in accord touching the methods of cultivation and the merits and
comparative values of the various fruits receiving attention. .Still more, should
we be in accord with the teachings of the Hokticultlrist. Otherwise we
lessen our influence as an Association, and in a measure stultify our efforts in the
grand work in which we are engaged. I say grand work, because I believe
horticulture to be the most ancient and the likeliest employment, for which man
was adapted in his creation, of all the industries known. I am also persuaded
that it is to become one of the most profitable industries of this fair province.

'1'. H. R.\CE.

Note of Editor. — We would be pleased to receive for publication post
cards from every .county in Ontario, giving the experience of growers of the
Blenheim Orange. We value the criticism of our friend, Mr. Race ; but it is a
question whether, in the near future, productiveness will count as largely, in
estimating the value of an apple for planting in the commercial orchard, as in
the past. Beauty of appearance and excellence of quality, bring the high prices
in the market, and must be considered more and more by planters. We do not
wish, however, to be understood as commending the Blenheim to our readers in
general. It succeeds well at Grimsby, our readers must say where else.

The Horticultural Department of the Chicago Exposition is planning to have
a magnificent rose garden in which will be fully 50,000 plants, besides large
groups in special areas. The garden will be of classic design, with temples,
arbors, archways and trellises.

Food of a Lifk-Ti.me. — A curious calculation of the amount of tbod con-
sumed in a life-time of seventy years, has recently been made by M. Soyer, a
French savant, now chef o{ the Reform Club of London. Among other things
he says that the average ei)icure of three-score and ten will have consumed 30
oxen, 200 sheep, 100 calves, 200 lambs, 50 pigs, 2,200 fowls, 1,000 fish, 30,000
oysters, 5,475 pounds of vegetables, 243 pounds of butter, 24,600 eggs and four
tons of bread, besides several hogsheads of wine, tea, coflfee, etc. This enormous
amount of food will weigh but little short of 40 tons.

ii

TnK Canadian Hok i k ri.n kim.

.\m.\i'i;lk crkknuousk.

AKKANCKMF.NTS lOK HKAIINC IT AT A S.MAI. 1. I.XI'KN I HTUKE OF
;pr I.AI'.OR AND MONEV.

HE well-to-do home gardener, who can afford to spend a little time
^y^, and money for the privilege of running a miniature greenhouse which
<^ will not only give him an abundance of flowering plants, but also a
r^ '• '*^^^ *^'^'^'' ^'*^g^^^^t)Ies in the winter months, will be interested in the
•^ plan here illustrated for heating his house. The plans are reproduced
from " How to Make the Garden Pay," published by William H.
Maule, and the descriptions are from the pen of T. dreiner. The structure
shown in Fig. 17 sufficiently explains itself.

Hot water will be found the proper
method of heating, and a base-burning
water-heater, that manufacturers furnish
for from tv enty-five dollars upward will
do good service. The people of Ham-
monton, N. J., use a boiler of this kind
for heating the brooders in their hen
houses, and it may be arranged some-
what in the .same manner as shown in
Fig. 18. When the house is all made
snug and tight, and where winters are
not exceedingly severe, it seems that a

single pipe for each bench, either in an air chamber under it to provide bottom
heat, or near the outside, would be fully sufficient.

To make the arrangement perfectly clear, we will sa) that the barrel B is
used merely to give i)ressure to the water in the stove ; C is the faucet for draw-
ing water from the barrel : I) the faucet for emptying water out of stove, jjipes
and barrel. F is a cock for letting out air from the pipes in order to prevent it
B_ from interfering wilh the water (■ircu]alii)n. 1" aiul (1 are

cocks by which the connection between stove and water
pipes can be broken. If one of them is shut the circulation
t^b stops and the j)ipes will gradually cool off

If it should l)e ilesired to heat or boil the water in the
barrel, it can be done by shutting
off the two cocks. l''and (i.anil open-
ing the one in the verticle pipe
I leading from the upper heating pipe to the barrel, thus com"
pleting the water circulation through boiler and barrel. An
arrangement of this kind, simple and inex|)ensive as it is,
sometimes may come handy, even if not entirely neces.sary

I III. is.

Aiy.K llitATK

Kln^l'vn'n'i-'it'" '^'"^ ''"-' '"'-gular purpose of green Imusi' healing.

'I'HK CaNAIHAX HORTRUI.IURI.ST. 75

THH WKSTHRN XKW YORK I RL'ir CROWKRS. I.

HE annnual meeting of this Society was held in the City Hall,
Rochester, on the 27th and 28th of January. Most prominent
among its leading spirits are Messrs. VV. C. Barry, the able Presi-
dent ; S. D. Willard, the wide-awake, enthusiastic Vice-President ;
T. S. Woodward, Charles Green, and others, supported by horti-
culturists and professors from the experiment stations and schools of horticulture.
Of Canadians, there were present, Mr. Craig, of the Experimental ['"arm, and
the Secretary of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association.

The Fre/ic/i ^vstcin of groiving potatoes was advocated as the most remunera-
tive, because (i) seed was so planted as to get moisture ; (2) it gave advantage
of level culture ; (3) it necessitated a better preparation of the soil. The potato
scab was the most minute of all the fungi, and could be propagated by planting
affected seed ; therefore, the greatest care should b- exercised in its choice.

Among fungus diseases of the apple, the rust was quite serious in places ; it
was identical with that causing the so-called cedar apples, and the ripe or bitter
rot. Speaking of the scab, Prof. Beach said it often caused loss of one-quarter
to one-sixth of the entire crop. It winters on buds and old leaves, and checks
growth of both leaves and fruit.

The powdery mildew of the gooseberry produces both summer and winter
spores, which are easily carried about in the atmosphere for its propagation. Ii
was proved at (ieneva that the fruit and foliage could be kept clear by use of
sulphide of potassium, using one ounce to two gallons of water, first dissolving
it in hot water. One gallon would spray ten or twelve large bushes. The article
only costs about one cent an ounce.

The l^lack knot of the plum and cherry were probably identical, at least they
could be infected the one by the other. The winter spores were formed in sacs
during the month of Fel)ruary, and by them was carried about in winter. Mr.
Powell, of Seneca, had lost an orchard of 1000 trees. The disease was commu-
nicated from an old hedge row of plums near by, which the owner neglected to
destrov. The spores could be carried a long way, a mile or two at least, pos-
sibly, much farther. It was resolved to apply to the Legislature of the State,
asking that steps be taken to eradicate the disease.

Mr. Cook, of Genesee Co., had a fine crop of Yello7v Transparent apples
this season, and esteemed them highly. The Duchess and Anjou were favorite
pears. One orchard of the former, of two and a (juarter acres, yielded a single
crop worth $600 this past season. 'I'he excellence of the latter was little under-
stood. It should be in every garden.

76 ThK CaNAIUAN HoKTK UI.IURI^l.

The Hartlett had been sold at the (leneva Canning I'aclory this season as
low as sixty cents per bushel, but it was thought that if potatoes could be grown
at twenty five cents, sureK j)ears could be grown at from sixty rents to one
dollar per bushel.

I'he apple crop of one county (C)rlean^) was estimated at 200.000 barrels, and
the total value of the fruit cro|)s of that county this past season at $389,000.

Speaking of i-omiiu-rcial fertiliser> for the strawberry. Mr. NanDeman said
that potash was the chief clement re(|uired. Mr. Palmer had excellent results
with a complete fertilizer.

Oi nav apples, .Mr. Willard spoke highly of the Sutton lieauly ; it was of
good (juality, productive, uniform in size. Mr. I'owell said it was just right for
a dessert apple in size, color and quality, and at its best from January to March.
'I'he Mclfitos/i Red equals Fameuse, but better in size and general appearance.

The apple leaf blight. Prof. I-'airchild said, was a great evil. It caused ])re-
niature drop])ing of leaves: carrying with them potash and phosphoric acid, which
later on, would have been withdrawn from the tree, and stored awav for future use.
Quince leaf and fruit blight was also serious ; in Maryland the quince could not
be grown on account of it. The/////// leaf blight was a similar e\il, and all could
be largely kept in check by spraying with copper solutions. Mr. A'anDeman
called attention to the danger of spraying while trees were in bloom (i) for fear
of destroying tender organs of the flower, and so ruining the fruit croi)s, and (2)
poisoning the bees.

\rrR.\TE OF Soix\. — As a rule, the best way to use nitrate of soda is to sow
it hand cast at the rate of six bushels per acre, or 500 lbs., over the whole sur-
face of the land. An average handful of nitrate of soda weighs 4 ozs. There
are 289 handfuls in a bushel of 70 lbs. In sowing, every time the right foot
strikes the ground you scatter a handful of 4 oz. If the breadth of land covered
is 2 yards and you step 2 feet you will sow 450 lbs. per acre. Stepping I'j
feet, you will sow 606 lbs. per acre. Stepping 1 foot you will sow i)oo lbs. per
acre. The breadth of land covered is easily regulated by the angle at which the
nitrate leaves the hand. A gardener had better use sulphate of potash than
kainit, and hje will usually find more benefit from super-phosphate than cither.
The better way is to buy a super-phosphate containing 3 or 4 per (nii. of pot
ash, and 1 o or 12 ])er cent, of soluble phosphoric acid. Sow 300 or 400 lbs. of
soda super-phosphate and 500 lbs of nitrate ol soda per acre over the whole
garden in the sjiring as socjn as the frost is out of the soil. Sui)er-phosphale is
now so extensively made and is sold at such reasonable prices that it does not
pay a farmer or gardener to make it himself Better sell the bones and buy
super-phosphate and nitrate of soda : or, if there is no market for them, set out
some grapes or asparagu.s, and bur\ the bones a foot or eight inches deep in the
ground below and as wide as your time and patience will permit. /'.'/. (u\r.

The Canadian Hortuui-itrist.

77

LJ: ITERS FROM RLSSIA.— VUl.

A PORT (aI.EXANDKR).

HIS has been known for a long time in Russia, and was
mentioned in books of horticulture, even in the last cen-
tury. It is not known whether it originated in Russia, or
was introduced from other countries. Some horticulturists
suppose that the A[)ort, or Oport, is of Turkish origin, but
this is only a supposition. On account of the practice of
the Russian people of propagating fruit trees by seeds, there have been grown
from the Aport ten or more varieties, differing in time of ripening and in taste,
and all are \er\- showy apples.

Many nufserymen offer, in their catalogues, four varieties of the Aport for
sale. These sorts bring a good price in our markets, though thev must not be
jilanted in narrow valleys, gardens with high walls, or in wet ground, or thev will
not succeed well. The Aport succeeds best in an open exposure, on good black,
but not wet, soil. For this reason it succeeds well in the southern governments.
It is more sensitive to cold than some other Russian varieties, and winter-kills
north of Mcscow.

The most beautiful samples of this sort, I saw in South-Western and Southern
Russia.

One of our horticulturists, Mr. Ryloff, described several varieties of the
Aport. He divides the Aports into four groups, as follows :

Group I. — Ukriana Aport (Fi(;s. 19 and 20).

Vi

'k;. 19.

Fic. 20.

7S

Thk Canadian Horticulturist.

Fig. 19 is Soutli Russian. Korni, regular, not ribbed; skin, aromatic,
colored ail arountl. with rose-colored blush, on which are rose-colored spots,
more highly colored on sunny side : at the lavity the apple is yellowish, and
the peduncle green, much blighted. The flesh is diiise, fine-grained, sub acid.
of high flavor.

Fig. 20 is of a larger size and lighter ribbed at the peduncle, whicii is thick.
The color of it is like the first, but not so crisp, l^oth apples keep etiually well
until February or March. These varieties are good for market, especially the
second one.

CiROri' II. — Al'OKI, WlllTK (l"l(,S. 2 1 AMI 22).

Fic. J I.

Tile first of these forms (Fig. 21) has both sides etiual, without ribs : skin,
rosy yellow with light stripes. Flesh sweeter than those of the first group, but
not so good for keeping. Fig. 22 has large, prominent ribs, thick at the pedun-
cle, and very shallow cavity. The peduncle, short and thin ; skin, colored on
sunny side onlv, with light rose-yellow blush. The flesh is dense, fine-grained
and sub-acid. Apparently, this form of ribbed A port originated from a cross
with the Calville.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

79

(;roui> in. — (JRAND Alexander (I'igs. 23 and 24).

These forms are largely distributed abroad. Andrew Leroy, in his Dic-
tionary of Pomology, writes that this apple was received from Russia in 181 7,
by a nurseryman named 1-ee, at Hammersmith, London, and is named by him
in honor of the Emperor, Alexander I. From this time it commanded the

attention of fruit growers in Western Europe. Fig. 2;
greenish, with occasional spots, and, on the sunny side, striped with carmine
Fig. 24, which, from its outline, may be considered the type of all Aports, has
yellowish-green skin, brown on the sunny side, without any signs of stripes, very
few spots. The flesh of both apples is greenish, fine-grained, tender, sub acid.
The latter variety keeps better than the former.

Fic. 2>

So

Thk (.'anakian HORIU ULTL'RISI.

(Ikoiv I\'. — (IkAND Ai'ORT (Fk;. 25).

This variety was exhibited in Kharkov, and it may be called the Jumbo of
apples, on account of its large size. It has ])r<jniinent ribs, skin waxen-yellow,
without many sj^ots. The flesh is large-graintd, sub-acid, somewhat juicy : seeds,
red It does not keep very long.

Royal College, IVinni/za. Podolie, Russia. Jarosi.an Nie.mkt;^.

-i

7l.>c Kitcl.^eij (g-ard^'Q,

i;.\RI.\ RADISH i:s.

\1\L\', tender, crisp radishes can be grown the year round
\\ iih little care, and in the early spring, when vegetables arc-
scarce, and one is anxious to do work in the garden, this
early vegetable may be grown with much pleasure and
[)rofit. As it is one of the earliest vegetables to mature,
a..d will stand considerable cold, it should be one of the
earliest sown in the spring. TMible radishes have been grown from seed in the
vegetable gardens here in forty-three tlays. and in the hot-beds in thirty-eight
days.

Seed should be sown every ten da\s or two weeks, as the forcing varieties
will not remain edible longer than three or four days, when they become pithy.
For growing in the hot-bed, either of the early turnip or of the olive shaped
varieties will do as well, as there is little difference in earliness and quality. Of
the other types the French Breakfast may be mentioned as one of the best.
Early White Turnip may be grown to make a pleasing contrast in a plate of the
above red varieties.

All o{ the above are vety dwarf, have only two pair of leaves above cotyle-
dons, and grow only from four to five inches high, conseciuently the rows may
be sown in the hot-bed as closely as four to five inches.

For growing in the garden, the soil should be worked ileeply, and culti-
vatetl till in very fine tilth. Seed should be sown early in .\pril, and every two
weeks afterwards. This will jjroduce a continuous supply all summer and until
time for the hot-bed in Ncnember.

The following are excellent second early \ariitics. The) are very crisp, and
grow long, sj)indle-shai)ed. Kdible ones have been grown in the vegetable
gardens here in forty-eight days, from seed : Wood's I'.nrlv I'rainc wuA Hcc kcrt's
(,'harier. K. H. Vv.u v., Experiment Sfa/io/i, I'a.

TlIK CaNAIM.W IIOKIK L'l/rUKlST.

8i

Till': ONIOX MACCOT.

Sir, — I luive been trying to collect all the information possible concerning the new
system of transplanting onions. I have, iiowever, nut come across, either in Mr. (ireiners
book, the " American (Jardening," or tlie Canadi.vn HoKTicn.TiRiST, any mention of the
onion maggot. May 1 suppose the new culture has checked this little pest, or has it still
to be taken into consideration ? It would appear tbat if he is likely to take a hand in the
operations, he may prove verj' much more tiuubleso:rie than under the old system.

(iEO. P.i NTtrRV, Ouki-ilk.

^^

Some light may be thrown upon this question of Mr. Banbury's by the
following article on "The Onion Maggot," written by Prof. Fernald, of the Hatch
Experiment Station :

The onion maggot (Phorhia-ceparum Meig) has caused a great amount of
injury to the onion crops both in this country and in Europe. Its life history is
briefly as follows :

The eggs (Fig. 26, a natural size and l>
enlarged) which are laid on the leaves near
the ground, are white, smooth, somewhat
oval in outline and about one twenty-fifth
of an inch long. Usually not more than half
a dozen are laid on a single plant, and they
hatch in about a week from the time they

b

Yu:. •J(i. — -4, eggs of onion maggot
natural size ; h, c.'gs enlarged : c, larva
of natural size ; (/, larva enlarged ; e,
are lud. The young larva, as soon as pupaiium of natural size ;/, puparium

hatched, burrows downward within the sheath enlarged.

leaving a streak of a pale green color to mdicate its path, and making its way

into the root (Fig. 27) devours all except the outer skin. When the bulb of the

plant has begun to form, several of the larva may be found feeding in company

in it, and after it has been consumed they desert it for another, and still others

in succession. The larva; reach their full growth in about

two weeks, when they appear as shown in Fig. 26, c, natural

^ize, d, enlarged. The smaller end, which is the head, is

armed with a pair of black, hook-like jaws. The opposite

end is cut off obliquely, and there is a pair of small, brown

)»^. tubercles near the middle, and eight tooth-like projections

around the edge.

The larva usually leaves the onion and transforms to

pupte in the ground outside. The puparium is shown of

the natural size at e and enlarged at / It does not differ

very much in form from the larva, but the skin has hardened

and changed to a chestnut brown color within which the

Fic. 27.— Showing irue pupa is contained. They remain in the pupa state

the eggs and the larva ^^^Qut two weeks in the sumnur, when the perfect flies

at work on the onion , . . , r 1 1 1

plant. (Fig. 28) emerge, after pairmg, the female deposits her eggs

82

Thk Canadian Hokticui.iukist.

for another generation. The winter is passed in the |»upa state, and the flies
emerge in the early part of June or about the time thai the young onions are
sufficiently grown to furnish food for the young maggots (Fig. 28).
The following preventives and remedies have been suggested :
Instead of sowing onion seed in rows where the ycjung seedlings grow in
contait. or nearly so. giving every facility for passing from one to another, they
should be grown in hills, so that* the larv;e cannot make their way from one hill
to the other.

Scattering tlry unleache.d wood ashes over the beds as soon as the plants are
up, while they are wet with dew, and continuing this as often as once a week
through the month of June, is said to i)revent the deposit of eggs on the plants-
Planting the onions in a new |)lace as remote as possible from where they
Were grown the jjrevious year, has. been found useful, as the Hies are ncjt supposed
to migrate very far.

I'ulverized gas-lime scattered along between the rows has been found useful
in keeping the flies away.

Watering with the licjuid from pig-pens, col-
'\ lected in a tank provided for the purpose, was
found by Miss Ormerod to be a better i)reven-
tive than the gas-lime. It is recommended to
run a njller over the ground a few times after
the seed has been sown, thus compacting the
soil so that the maggots cannot make their
way through it from one plant to another.

Water raisetl nearly to the boiling point and

poured along the rows from a tea-kettle or other

convenient vessel, has proved destructive to the

maggots without injury to the ))lanls. The water should be ap|)lied so as to

go directly to the bulbs and not to tiie leaves.

Most excellent results have been obtained in I">ngland by growing onions in
trenches, and as the bulbs grew, the earth was worked down upon them so as to
keep them buried throughout the season. The onion bulbs should be (overed
with earth u[) to the neck, or even higher, so that the fly cannot get at theni to
lay her eggs.

When the onions have been attacked, and show it b\' wilting and changing
color, they should either be taken up with a trowel and burned, or else a little
dilute carbolic acid or kerosene oil sIkhiM be dropped on the infested plants, to
run down arotmrl iheni and tlestrox tli. ui.iggots in the root and in the soil
around tlu ni.

Via. -is.

TlIK I'tKKKCT InsKCI
(IK Fl.Y.

SUBSCRIPI'ION PRICE, $1.U0 per year, entitl ng the subscriber to membership ot the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its pi-ivileges.' iuclud-.ng a copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees.

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

The Exposition Huii.ding.s of the World's Fair will be dedicated with
a})propriate ceremonies on October 12th, 1892, the 400th anni\ersary of the
discovery of America by Columbus. Some $300,000 are to be spent to make
these ceremonies as im])ressive as possible. The exposition is to open its doors
to the public on May ist, 1893, and close them on October 31st, of the same
year. 'l"he buildings are all making satisfactory progress, and the horticultural
pavilions are up at the roof line. The electric lighting of these building will
require 138,218 electric lights, and the cost will be something like $1,500,000.
Transportation conveniences to and from the exposition, both for visitors and
exhibits, are to be as perfect as possible, and the facilities will be so abundant
that a maximum of 400,000 persons can be carried to and from the grounds
every day.

Groundless Alarm Over American Fkiit. — The Horticultural Times, of
London, England, in its attempts to develoji the English fruit growing industry,
is lending it.self to the trick of abusing the American competitor. In its issue
for the 18th of January, an article appears headed, " Arsenic in American
apples. Death stalks in the wake of the poisoned fruit." This article states
that American ai)ples are coated with arsenic to destroy insects-=-that a fine
delicate powder may be rubbed off all such apples when the barrel is first
opened, which is arsenic — that this is absorbed through the skin into the apples,
poisoning the flesh — that the high color of American apples is unnatural, and is
due to the presence of arsenic. A mysterious case of poisoning is noted where
the husband was suspected of administering arsenic, but he was acquitted on the
ground that the lady has eaten freely of American apples, which jierhaps contained
arsenic.

(«3)

84 I'll. ( xNAlilAN 1 IwKllCUI.TURIST.

This scare, il seems, has been iiotit ed by no less than live Inuidiid JCnghsli
papers, and is caK'ulated to do our country incalculable harm. That there is
not the slightest ground for il has been over and over proved by ( hemists.
They have carefully examined the mature fruit, and cannot find the least trace
of arsenic upon the skin, much less in the fruit. The amount used, 3 ounces to
50 gals, of water, sprayed in a fine mist over twenty or thirty large trees, is too
infinitesimally small to do harm, if the !ruit was eaten at once, skin find all ; but,
as at least three months elapse between spraying and harvesting, even this
small amount is washed off long previous to fruit season.

Our unjust contemporary speaks of the grapes which were confiscated by
the New \ork Board of Health, as a proof of the ground taken. But no notice
is taken of the fact that the Department of Agriculture caused these grapes to be
analvzed, and the result was a statement by scientists that the amount of arsenic
found was so small that a person would need to eat 16,000 lbs. at a single
sitting, in order to take a poisonous dose !

'At the recent meeting of Western New \'ork Fruit (Irowers at Rochester,
Prof, ^'an Slvke, chemist of theCieneva E.xperiment Station stated that he had
analyzed soniQ grapes which had been heavily sprayed with the Bordeaux-
mixture. He found only 3'^ of a grain of copper sulphate in a pound of grapes.
Physicians administer one quarter of a grain at a time as medicine, hence, to
get a single dose one would need to eat eight pounds of such grapes at one
time, skins and all. At the same meeting, Mr. Perkins brought up the matter
of the injustice done American fruit growers by the English press, and, as a
result, a committee was appointed to bring the matter before the Secretary of
Agriculture of the United States, asking for some action to correct the false
impression now abroad in England and on the Continent, regarding the use of
American fruit.

Pi is claimed that pyrethrum powder is growing in favor as an insecticide.
It is composed of the dried flowers of the pyrethrum. This plant grows in
L>almatia, Persia, but is now extensively cultivated in California. Hence it is
known as Persian or Dalmatian insect jjowder, but the California brand is called
bubach. It jjossesses an (jil or volatile princi[)le that kills insects by contact.
It maybe used* as a dry powder, as a fume, as an alcoholic extract tliluted, as a
tea decoction, or in solution in waliT, the latter being most et'ficient. Half an
ounce imparts to two gallons of water the insecticide principle so strongly, if
promptly applied, as to destroy all insects not protected by hard or hairy skins,
including cabbage or currant worms and young canker worms.

Thf: Canadian Horticiti.titkist. 85

PROFnWBl.K \ARIKriES OK CCRRAN'TS AND ( KX )S1:1;I:K Kl ES.

SiK, — I wish to plant from one to two thonsand currant and gooseberry plants between
the trees in my young plum orchard. The soil is partly black and fairly well under-drained.
Would you name the best varieties for profit.

L. (i. Carter, Port Colborne, Ont.

Here again much (It'i^eticls upon the marktl and the patieiue and skill of the
cultivator in putting up the fruit for sale. ^Vhere one has plenty of time to
devote to it, and much taste in handling the fruit, he may succeed best with
such varieties of currants as the Cherry, which is very large but does not yield
very heavy crops to the acre. But, in general, we would recommend among
currants for market, the Victoria and Fay's as two of the most profitable-of the
red varieties. Of the black currants, we are not yet satisfied that Lee's Prolific
is any great ad\antage over the old IMack Naples and Black Champion. Black
currants sell well in the markets, but, on some soils, they are very scant bearers.
On soils such as our correspondent speaks of they should succeed well. Of goose-
berries, the three best varieties we know of, for ijlantine in Ontario for market
are the Downing, Pearl and Triumph. Should our correspondent be able to
overcome the mildew, it would certainly pay him well to grow some of the
English varieties, such as Crown Bob and Whitesmith.

FERTILIZERS FOR THE GARDEN.

Sir, — Which fertilizers do you prefer for the garden ? I am at a loss to know which to
order, there are so many kinds offered. I have about an acre in cultivation, chiefly planted
with grapes and peaches.

\Y.M. McMuRR.A^v, The Rectory, Niar/ara.

For the garden nothing is better than barnyard manure, which contains all
the principal elements required for rendering the land fertile, viz., phosphoric
acid, potash, and nitrogen. But, since one cannot always procure this in
sufficient quantity, commercial fertilizers are exceedingly desirable, and, in many
cases, the more economical.

For the vineyard and peach orchard, we have found pota.sh and phosphoric
acid to be particularly beneficial. Much nitrogen seems to encourage too free
growth of wood and leaves. We have had good success in a liberal use of wood
ashes for the supply of potash, and in the use of phosphates for the supply of
phosphoric acid. Forty bushels of wood ashes to the acre is a moderate
fjuantity, and 100 pounds of phosi»hates is about the least that would be
desirable in a sinyle season.

86 TlIK CaNAIMAN !l<iKllCL'l.tURIST.

I I.sl ol IKi:i> 1(»K I'l .\\riN(. IN rill. ( oINTN (H oXIORD.

Sii;, — I liiivf tiikfii yiiiir \iiln;ilil»- jiapfi tui twn \iiiis. and luuki inv Ui a.sk yiu a few
i|iiestioiis. W iiat kind of apjtle titcs wmdil jon advise mi- (u plant in a ni'W orchard on a
lioh clay, loanty soil? Tlio tiioi iiionittur sonietiniuH ;,'oes down twelve or lifteen dej^iL'ts
helow zero. Is tlie Noitliern Spy miucIi lonj^er in condn^; into Ijoarinj^ tlian otlicr varictiea?
What distance apart would yon advise me to plant'.' \Vliat do you lliink of the Wealthy,
or what kinds would lie- more prolitalde in my .section ?

.1. ('. H AKIM.S, Ill'lirso/l.

It would not l)c wise to give an ah.sokitr list of varieties for plaining in any
particular section in our |)rovinre. \'ery nuuli depends upon the ( ircumstances^
such as markets which are accessible, the convenience of the grower with regard
to the harvesting and handling to advantage certain varieties. Some jjcople who
have plenty of time at their disposal for that work, will succeed well with summer
apples Others would fail entirely in handling them and should only j)lant
staple varieties, such as Baldwin, (irecning, Northern Sjjy, etc. ; others, again,
might succeed in growing such fancy varieties as Blenheim Orange, King,
Wealthy, etc. ; but, unless he has time and patience to put them up in fancy
packages and put them in the proper markets, he would not make as much
money from these as from more j)roductive varieties. In such particulars as
these, every man must judge for himself

The Northern Spy is certainly much longer in coming into bearing than
other varieties. The writer has an orchard of three hundred of the Northern
Spys which have now been planted about nineteen years; they have been bearing
about three years. Had this orchard consisted of Baldwins or Oreenings, no
doubt they would have yielded profitable crops In e years earlier.

Apple trees should not be ])lanted closer than thirty-five feet apart each way.
indeed, it would be better, with strong growing varieties on rich soil, to plant
them forty feet apart. The writer has an orchard of full grown trees planted forty
feet apart, the limbs of which are now interlacing.

The Wealthy is an exceedingly desirabU' a|)ple in the north, but is rather
tender in flesh for long shipments. Our correspomlent will find, in the next
annual report, a \aluable list of ap])les, ailapted to the various districts of Ontario,
which nlay hell) him in his selection.

spRi:.\i)iN(; .\sni:s.

SiK, — What is the b(tst way to evenlj' spiea<l asiies on tlic land ? i'he shovel does not
Hprcad even, and hand sowing is tedious. A. W. G.

I he writer knows of no more coinenient way than to spread as evenly as
possible with the shovel. No one has time to sow ashes with the hand. L'nless
the ashes are in a lumpy condition, there will be little trouble in distributing
tlum evenly enough for all |)ra(ti<al purposes. II not, sonic one might follow
and break up llu- liim|is.

The Canadian HokriciJi/iuuisi',

h\i)k.\n(;i:a i-aniculata (ikaxdifi.oka.

Silt, -In your next isssiie would you kindly inform me about the culture of liydiangeas.
what kind of soil, etc. I havebouj,'ht during summer some of these, reared at I'ort Hope, Init
they have not grown well ; remained very small and only llowered once this season. 1
am very glad of the explicit directions in journal about bulbs, i)lanting and treatment. I
have a great many growing. Mkjk.vru Hk.nry Li.;iit, Turoulo.

Reply /')• Mr. A. H. Eivi/i^^, Secretary Florists' Club, Toronto.

Your correspondent has, probably,got hold of some old stunted plants of the
above, and has planted them in poor soil. No shrub pays better for good treat-
ment and good feeding than this. Young plants should be planted in the springy
in good rich soil that has had lots of well decayed manure dug in, and they
should be kept well watered during dry weather ; when in full growth they may
have liberal dcses of liciuid manure. With this treatment they are .sure to have
large panicles of flowers towards the end of the summer. They should be well
cut back every vear, before the buds begin to swell, leaving only two or three
strong eyes to each shoot, except, perhaps in order to shape the plant, when
more may be left, but the less eyes left the stronger will be the growth. It is a
most beautiful shrub, and will well repay all the attention bestowed on it. The
flowers last a long time^well into October; it should be in every garden. Here
is a description of a round bed of them at Elizabeth, N. J., taken from the
American Florist, Dec. 15, 1888 :

" The bed was 25 feet in diameter, and contained thirty plants, the centre
plants reaching to a height of eight feet. The plants will be seven years old
ne.xt spring. They were in bloom August ist. and made a handsome show for
two months. \\'hen at their best there were two or three thousand panicles of
bloom, the largest measuring fourteen inches in length, and ten inches in
diameter at the base."'

I'RL'ir ON ,sA\i)\ son,.

Sir,— I have bought a farm six miles from I^aUe Krie, where the soil is a sandy loam
with quicksand bottom. What fruits and vegetables would be best on such soil ?

S. (!. FisciiKi;, f^iiiniimjlo)!, Onl.

Among the fruits jdums, pears and apples succeed better on heavier soil
than the kind described by our corres[)()ndent, but it would be well adapted to
the growing of peaches, cherries, black and red raspberries, black currants and
blackberries. Red currants and gooseberries would succeed better on heavier
soil.

Tiih Canadian Horticulturisi'.

NEW \Ai<ii:rii:s and i..\i'i:rimi:nt sta'iioxs.

SiK, — What do you think of our plauof haviug all new fruits, that are iiereaftur intro-
duced, to be accompanied by reports concerning their value frc^ni sotne KxperiiDcut Station ':
'i'iiis would help to weed out a large number of wortliless vaiictiis which arc thrust upon
the public, recommended solely by their introducers.

Kihtdk, "Amkkkan Fakm ami HoKTicri/riKisT," y.'/</ijno7/'/, Vinjitua.

'I'hc .l/z/crica/i Farm ami Horiiciiliuriit is a li\c paper, and ihe contents
appear to be very valuable. It makes a specialty of giving publicity to the
reports of the Experiment Stations concerning new fruits. Thejilan proposed bv
this journal of requiring new fruits to be accompanied with the reports of E.xperi-
nient Stations as to their value, is certainly a most desirable one. \\'hether
this could be legislated upon or not, there is no doubt at all that in the course
of time this will be required by tlic {)ul)lic when people get to know the
\alue of the reports coming from the.se stations. The first jntjuirN-
will be, \\'hat is said concerning this variety by the Exjieriment Station ?
and surely this will save growers generally from much waste of time in testing
new varieties, many of whic-li, after years of culti\atiun, [jrove entirelv worthless.

I'R i:\' f:N ri N( ; ( ;( x )skr v.\<\<\ mud i: w.

SiK, — I have mislaid my copy of your journal giving the formula for preventing the
mildew of goosberries. Would you please repeat it in jour next nundier and oblige.

W. \\. Mawdsi.kv, MiujiK' Island, li. C.

A renied) recommended at a recent meeting of the New ^'o^k Horticultural
Society by Prof, i'airchild, wns can cc/t's/c, which is |)repared as follows : I )is-
solve two lbs. of sulphate of copper in two gallons of hot water; in another vessel
dissolve two and a half lbs. of carbonate of soda ; mix the two solutions, and
when all chemical reaction has ceased, add one and a half pints of ammonia,
then dilute to twenty-two gallons with water. This should be applied once be-
fore the leaves show in the spring, then three times during the growing season,
being careful to wet thoroughly all the foliage and wood.

Complete success has been reported at the (Rne\a l'".\pcrnii enl Station by
the use of potassium sulphide ; li\er of sulphur. I nninila : ( )ne hall ounce
dissolve in cjiie gallon of water. If hot water is usid the sulphide will
dissolve more readily. .As rommcicial liver of su!|)hur costs but little, from
fifteen t ) twenty cents per |)oun(l, and ont.' uallon will spray ten or twelve large
bushes, if api)Iied with a Ion e pump and spra)ing no/./i-l, il will Ik- seen thai
the largest ct)st will be that of labor.

The Canadian Hokiiculturist. 89

PLANTINC; GRAPE VINES.

Sir. — Wliat is tlie proper distance for grape vines, between the rows and in the rows ?

A. \V. (; , Sf. rhomas.

Grape growers in the Niagara district usually plant their vines about ten
feet apart each way, but more or less according to the variety. Slow growing
kinds, like the Delaware, are often planted seven or eight feet apart in the rows,
while large growers, like the Concord, are often planted as much as twelve feet.
Ten feet is none too much to give between the rows, not only for convenience in
cultivation, but also in order to give abundance of room for the roots of the
vines to spread. Any one who pulls up a grape vine by the roots will be aston-
ished at the great distance which they have spread in every direction. Twelve
feet between the rows would not be too much for strong growers and would give
room for driving a team between the rows, either with a wagon or in cultivation.

THE LAWRENCE PEAR AT S rRATFORD.

Sir, — Do you think the Lawrence pear would succeed here, top-grafted on tlie Flemish
Beauty ? I find the latter variety inclined to scab, and as I have more trees of this variety
than I want, I would like to graft them with Lawrence, if you think they wouKl endure
the climate of this somewliat hyperborean region.

Judge Woods, Stratford, Ont.

We are of the opinion that the Lawrence pear would succeed at Stratford,
if top-grafted on the Flemish Beauty. We would like our subscriber to make
the experiment, and report to us the result.

THE WACiER PEACH.

Sir, — I exhibited some pears at tiie Western Fair last fall, of the same varieties as I
sent you for naming. Tiie Eeurre Diel, Belle Lucrative, and Doyenne Bnussock were
correctly named. The Winter Nelis were thrown out, and. as they ripened in about a
month, the judges" decision seems to have been correct. None of the judges knew tlie
pear to name it. There has been an agent around taking or lers for the Wager peach. He
claims it to be hardy, will stand temperature .SO' below V.ero. Do you know the peach?
W ould it be a desirable tree to plant ? I am sending some pears for naming. They are
medium size, have larger and smaller. I thank you for your past kindness in naming
fruit for me, also for being so punctual in sending the Canadi.\n HoRTici'LTrRisT, which
I would not like to be without.

G. H. Nixon, Hyde Park, Ont.

The A\'ager peach is one which is highly commended by many growers, and
especially for its hardiness. That it would endure 30° below zero, or even 16',
is questionable. It is a yellow flesh peach of good size, and ripens about eixl of
August. The writer has found it very productive, but last year quite subject to
cracking. The jiears you send for name are the Jaminette.

qo The Canauian Hortici'i.ti'risi.

CANADIAN APPLES IN ENGLAND.

Sir, — I send you an extract from the Canadian Gazette, published in London, England,
respecting the Canadian apple trade, which may be of interest.

Wm. White, Ottawa.

Extract.

" It i.s astonishing what strides the Canadian ai)i)le trade with England is
making this season. In the shops ' Canadian apples' is now one of the foremost
l)rands, and Canada lias every reason to feel proud of the disjjlay she is thus
making on all British fruit stalls. What better evidence could one have of the
quality of the Canadian climate than is supplied by these juicy caskets of
bottled sunshine ? In price, too, Canada more than holds her own. As Messrs.
Wocjdall report elsewhere, the sums actually paid at Liverpool for the Canadian
fruit is from 25 to 50 per cent, higher than those paid for Maine, Boston, and
Nuw York fruit, and, even at the advanced prices, Canadians are r^Dorted as
scarce. Canada has a great field here for her fruits as well as her grain, dairy,
and live stock produce."

CUTTING RUNNERS OFF STRAWBERRY PLANTS.

Sir. — Would it be advisable to cut ofiF the runners of newly planted strawberry plants
for the first year ? We are informed that the crop for the next season would be larger and
of better (juality than if the plants were allowed to form runners.

Allan Bro.s. , Winona.

There is no doubt that finer fruit would be obtained by keeping the runners
well cut off. Tiiis could be accomplished by going over them about three times
during the summer. There would, however, be fewer berries. A few runners
may be allowed to strike to fill in vacant places, but unless it is desirable to
propagate the variety, it would be better not to allow the new plants to grow too
closely in the rows. Otherwise, they would act the same as weeds would in
checking the growth, and interfere with the good results which it is desirable to
obtain.

PLANTING BLACKP.I:RK1I":s AND RASPBERRIES.

Sir, — What is the proper distance between rows of red and black raspberries ami
blackberries, in case they are to be cultivated ono way only ?

A. W. C, St. Thomas.

We are in the haliil of planting raspbcrriis in rows fnun five to six feet
apart, and blackberries eight feet apart. They should be kept well cut bark and
this will very much facilitate cultivation.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 91

VARIETIES TO PLANT.

Sir, — Would Worden, Brighton, Concord and Niagara be good and profitable varieties
to plant in this section ? If not, what varieties would you substitute ?

A. \V. G., St. Thomas.
The selection made by our correspondent is an exceedingly good one. The
Brighton is a delicate and delicious grape, and where it succeeds well, the bunches
are fine, large and very inviting. It is also, with us, a productive variety, but it
is somewhat tender for shippijig. The Lindley is better in this respect among
the red varieties. Our correspondent's Kst does not include any kinds for long
keeping. If winter varieties are wanted, the Vergennes and Salem might be added.

VEGETABLES ON SANDY SOIL.

Sir, — Would you please say what vegetables I might be able to grow successfully on
sandy loam, with quicksand bottom ? S. <i. F., Leamington.

Reply by J. J. H. Gregory, Marblehead, Mass.
I would say that on such a soil as you name, if it is fairly manured, you can
grow Yellow Mangold beans, Winningstadt cabbage, lettuce, melons, cucumbers?
peas and turnips, also Hubbard squashes.

APPLES FOR MUSKOKA.

Sir, — A friend of mine wishes to plant 100 apple trees, the locality is in Walpole. I
wish you would advise me as to the most suitable varieties for shipping purposes, and a few
for their own use and local trade. What have you in your locality suitable for planting in
the north, Muskoka, apples and crabs ? F. W. Fearmax, Hamilton.

The varieties most commendable for planting in the Muskoka district, are
the following, named about in their order of ripening : Yellow Transparent,
Duchess, Wealthy, LaRue, Scott's Winter. These are well tested kinds. There
are some of the Russian, and other apples, which may yet prove deserving of
first place.

A CURIOSITY.

Sir, — I had a curiosity in my garden last year. A Duchess apple tree, which I had
transplanted in November, 1890, and which I clipped and pruned heavily, in the spring
blossomed all round nicely, and set a large crop of fruit, which by the time they were
gooseberry size, it conmienoed to drop ; as the old sap, I suppose, was being exhausted,
and only matured 16 apples, the last of which it dropped on the "JGth August. But about
the last week of July, and while many apples were yet on the limbs, tlie tree commenced
blossoming over again, and blossomed thus all through August and a part of Sept. The
new sap, I suppose, gave it this second spring start. Do you think it will bear coming
season ? Answer through magazine. M. McKinnos, Ottawa.

We should say these symptoms were not favorable for the future usefulness
of the tree. It would have been wiser to have removed the blossoms, for it is
too exhausting of the tree's vitality, to allow it to fruit so soon after transplanting.

92

Thk Canadian Horticulturist.

LETTER FROM BRITISH COLUMIUA.

Sir, — I have plante.l about twenty acres of fruit trees here for Mr. \V. E. Scott, of
Vesuvius Bay, Salt Spring Island, B.C., and liave persuaded him to unite with us. I have
also found a plant growing here very much resembling tlie olive in its habit of growth and
the manner in which it bears its fruit. It also has one stone in eacli fruit, which, when
ripe, is red instead of green or yellow, as most olives are. It is so much like the olive in
character, that I am convinced that olives would grow here, and I am getting some from
California to experiment with.

A. W. Harrow, Vesuvius Batj, Salt Spring hland, B. C.

MOORE'S DIAMOND CiRAPE, P:TC.

Sir, — As Moore's Diamond grape is to be distributed for trial this spring, I write to say
that I have one vine growing in my garden, and, last summer, it Ixjie ten bunches of very
fine grapes. The bunches were large, very compact, and the quality was first cla-s. The
vine is about four years old.

I have a Vergennes grape vine planted in 1889. I had four bunches of first clajss grapes
last summer, and these were of good quality. The vine is a strong grower.

I iiave also the Industry gooseberry. It is a good cropper and a large berry. 1
measured some of the berries and tlicy were four inches round I gathered sixteen (juarts
off of three small bushes, only three years old, without sign of mildew or rot.

I will write more soon regarding other varieties of fruits whicli I iiave growing in my
garden. I am an amateur fruit grower, living in St. Thomas. I notice that ^lr. R. Mordeu
advises city men to stay in the city and eat all the fruit they can, and buy fiom outsiders,
but some of us city men can grow as good fruit as outsiders, and more of it in one garrjen
lot than some of the outsiders do on thiee lots, and we can eat it too.

W.M. W'oKTii, St. Thomas.

Mcintosh red.

Sir, — I was very much struck at Hamilton by the Mcintosh Red, and certainly I am
inclined to agree with Mr. .'^he])llcrd as to its value in England. Some one, liow ever, said that,
like the Fameuse, it was likely to spot badly most years. Have you any inforniatiou as to
its adaptability to this sectian.*

In an American paper I see the Dominie highly spoken of. With me, it is absolutely
worthless. Bad siiape, bad grower, and a bad looking apple ; and upon each occasion when
I have sent it to England, its native place, I believe, it has never failed to bring the lowest
price of any sent. Evidently, they knew it !

If we can grow such lovely apples as the Mcintosh Red, as shown at Hamilton, I think
we ought to do so, as I believe such apples will always fetch fancj' prices in England, and
I don't think that I ever saw such a perfect-looking red iipple as the Mclntosii Red that I
was in Hamilton. I see in the Annual Report that the experts give Northern Spy full
marks for foreign market. I am extremely curious to know wliat foreigninarket that av^plies
to. l^'rom a consfcint study of returns from (ireat Britain, and from some considerable
experience in sending Spys to London, I dont think tliey mean tiie British market ! I
would very much like to hear from the large sliippers as to whether they ever once got the
top price for the Northern Spy in their consignments to (ireat Britain. I know I never did.
This year they were as good as they could be possibly, but tliey were l)catin by half a dozen
vaii(;ti('8 in Covciit ( !ar<len. (Jeokhk Bi mukt, <><ih-ri/lr.

Mooici:s i:Aiti7v.

T H E

Canadian Horticulturist.

Vol. XV

1892

No. 4.

-e-

THE MOORE'S EARIA OR.VPE.

,^

ONE of the prominent objects of our Association of late years, is the
encouragement of fruit cuUure in the northern portions of Ontario,
and the introduction of hardy varieties for this purpose. One of
the best black grapes for northern sections is the Moore's Early,
well represented in our colored plate. Both the wood and the
fruit ripens early, two all important characteristics ; while the quality
is pretty good, superior to its competitor in early ripening, the
("hampion, if not quite as productive. It is hardier than Concord,
which variety it precedes from two to three weeks in time of ripen-
ing, and by some is thought to excel it also in quality.
The bunch is medium, shouldered, compact ; the berry, large, round, black,
with a heavy blue bloom, and the vine is hardy and moderately productive.
After the fruit is ripe the berries are inclined to drop, and when gathered it soon
deteriorates in quality.

The Moore's Early grape was raised by Mr. J. B. Moore, Concord, Mass.,
and was first exhibited before the Horticultural Society of that State, in the year
1872, gaining the first prize for the best early grape.

Mr. R. B. \\'hite, of Ottawa, says that with him the Moore's Early ripens
from the last of August to the middle of September ; and he would place it first
among the black grapes suitable for the Ottawa Valley.

Mr. Robson, of Lindsay, considers it one of the best black grapes for his
section, on account of its (juality and its earliness.

^6 I'uii Canadian- Hok hcl-i-ilkisi.

Mr. John Craig, Horticulturist, ILxiJcrinicnlal Farm, Ottawa, writes : The
Moore's Early ripened in 1890 at Ottawa on Sept. sixth— five days after
Champion. Last year all varieties in this vicinity were a week to ten days later
in ripening than usual. Moore's Early matures Sept. 14th — seven days after
Champion. Its good ])oints are its early ripening habits, hardiness and freedom
from mildew. Among its weak points may be noted, slowness of growth, and,
on some soils, lack of vigor, light bearing habits and perishable character of
fruit. As an amateur variety in northern localities and for near market, Moore's
Earlv has much value. As a commercial variety in grape-growing sections, I
should not care to advocate the planting of this in a large way for profit.

Mr. D. Nichol, Cataracjui, says : What I have seen of Moore's Early grai)e,
I believe it is well suited for this district. It ripens earlier th^n the Worden,
and the fruit is of large size : (juality as good, yet I cannot say it is more pro-
ductive.

Mr. Thos. Beal, Lindsay, says: — Every grower of grapes for family use
should have a few vines of Moore's Early : but the (jua)itity of fruit produced
is so small, it is worthless as a market variety.

Several vines of this variety has been destroyed t)y Phylloxa-a in this neigh-
borhood lately. Is this variety more liable to destruction by this pest than most
other varieties ? While examining the cause of ill-health and making careful
enquiries respecting some of these vines, my attention was directed to the fact
that while some vines were rapidly dying from the effects of Phylloxera, others
of the same variety were quite healthy. And upon further encpiiry. I learned that
in every instance the diseased vines had been obtained from the Lnited States
or south of Lake Ontario, whilst the healthy ones had been produced
to the north of Lake Ontario. Is this a subject worthy of investigation ?

Pruninc; Plum and Cherry. — More care is reiiuired in pruning plum and
cherry than other fruit trees. All trees should be pruned when young, so as to
prevent the removal of large limbs, which removal is always injurious, but with
the plum and cherry the removal of large limbs is often fatal, and always more
injurious than with other fruit trees, as the wounds do not heal so rapidly, and
often not at all ; thus, often disease steps in and the trees die. I once cut off a
large branch of a thrifty plum tree and grafted it. The graft grew and the next
spring I cut off all the remaining natural branches but one. 'I'he graft grew
rapidly, and the third year bore an immense load of plums, nearly as large as
hen's eggs, and so close together the fruit vouched everywhere. It was a wonder-
ful sight, almost a solid block of plums ; but next year the tree died. The
wounds had not healed and the bark was dead for several feet below them. C.
A Green, in Popular Cmrdeiiini:;.

Thk Canadian Horticulturist.

97

THK AIMMJ-: SCAH.

R015ABL\ nothing has acted more powerfully in overcoming the
prejudice of the f;irmer against agricultural education, than the
specific aid to the successful pursuit of his work, which has been
given by the chemist, the botanist and the etomologist. Just
now fruit growers are under special obligation to the student of
microscopic botany, called a mycologist, for the useful results of
his investigations into the life history of such fungi as black knot
pear blight, apple scab, and a host of others.
This latter has been known to l)otanists on the continent of Europe for some
fifty years, but, since the year 1869, its habits have been more carefully observec
by mycologists, who have named it Fusicladium deiidriticum. We gave some space
to its description in \'olume X, page 103, and since that time have endeavored
to keep apple growers posted concerning the progress of the evil and the success
of the various remedies proposed for its destruction. At that time it had reached
Australia ; now we have reports of its presence even in New Zealand.

An important step in advance was made when it was shown that the funo-us
causing the leaf blight of apple, and resulting from its early dropping from the
tree, was identical with that known as the scab on the fruit itself.

On the leaves, the .scab appears first --r--— -"^^ -^.^^

as small olive-green spots, of a definite ^r^-*"^ . ^^"">^Siit^>. "V.
and rounded outline (Fig. 29). These
increase in size, and assume a velvety
appearance, with a less regular border ;
sometimes two or more spots will coa-
lesce, as it were, forming one large and Fig. 29.
irregular one. Sometimes even the petioles and the young twigs become
afifected : thus in every possible way the fungus tries to rob the tree of its vigor.
The most favorable conditions for its growth are the cool, moist weather of
spring and fall, while its spread is retarded by the drouth and heat of mid-
summer. Owing to the dry, warm weather prevailing in the early part of last
summer, our ai)ples were much freer from scab than usual.

The fungus appears to retain its vitality during the winter season, being
known to spread even in barrels from apple to apple ; and it remains in a living
condition through the winter on the twigs of the apples, ready to begin its work
of devastation in spring-time. The loss caused to the country is alarming. The
Secretary of the Illinois State Horticultural Society places the annual loss due to
this parasitic growth at $400,000, but this is very small compared with the
annual loss to apple growers in Ontario.

98

'I'he Canadian Hoki iclmi ukisi,

Vig. 30 shows a section of one of ihc leaf spots, and fig. 31 a section ol the
skin of an apple with scab bursting up thrt)ugh the cuticle, or outer skin, both
magnified 200 diameters. The mycelium, or ])lant body of the fungus, resembles
a dense mass oftissue composed of dark-brow n walled cells. These do notix-netrate

Fi.i. 30.

Fic. 31.

the cuticle, or inner skin, but grow between it and the epidermis, or outer skin,
which they soon burst open, and send up brown threads on the ends of which
are borne the spores for the propagation of the fungus.

These latter are so tiny, that it would require 3,200^
side by side, to reach an inch. They germinate in
moisture at a temperature of 50° F., in about eight
hours • and the germ tubes have power to penetrate

, , ... Ill- F'" 32.— Spores of fungus

healthy skin and thus quickly spread the disease. of Apple Scab, one germ-

But our readers will be more interested in the sue- '"* '"^'
cess attending the use of remedies, than in the life history of the fungus.

Prof. Scribner in his report of 1887, recommended spraying the trees in
early spring before the buds begun to expand, with sulphate of iron, 4 lbs. to 4
gals, of water ; then, after fruit is set, with Bordeaux mixture. More recently,
Prof. Taft and Prof. Trelease, have highly commended the use of ammoniacal
copper carbonate, as has been fully stated in our pages.

This spring, in the last report of the Ohio Kxi)erimental .Station, we observe
that Prof, dreen asserts that the most satisfactory of the copper compounds for
destroying apple scab, with regard to cost, convenience and effectiveness, is the
dilute Bordeaux mixture. The method of prei)aring is as follows:- Dissolve
four pounds copper sulphate in two gallons of hot water : add sutificient water to
cool it. Slake four jjounds of (|uick lime, add water to make a milk of lime.
Pour into copper sulphate through seive to dissolve lime the better. Dilute
to fifty gallons.

One advantage of this mixture is that I'aris green may be used with it, and
no injury to the foliage results. I'he effect should be bright, clean, healthy
foliage and fruit, as well as comiiarative freedom from curculio and codling moth.
In \\\Q Journal 0/ Myco/oi^y, Vol. \TI., No. 1. Prof, (loff, of Madison, Wis-
consin, reports his e.xperimenls in iSi)i in treating apple-scab. He used, chiefly,
copper carbonate (i) in suspension, using one ounce to 12 gallons of water, and
(2) diss(jlved in ammonia, one ounce to 25 gallons of water. In the latter case
the ounce of salt was first dissolved in a quart of ammonia.

Tin; ("anadian HrtRiK ulturisi'. 99

He foiiiid that the co])per carbonate- applic-d in suspension, just as we use
Paris green, was nearly as effective as when half the amount was used diluted in
ammonia, and it had the advantage that Paris green for Codling moth could be
safely added. 'I'reating the trees before the opening of the flowers was of great
value ; indeed, in one instance, where the Canada Peach apple was sprayed with
copper carbonate, it was found that one application previous to the opening of
the bloom was more effective than four after. On trees badly infested, the scab
reduces the size of the apples so much as to lessen the crop at least twenty per
cent., besides rendering a large part of it worthless.

Our readers will find, on another page, full directions for making co[)per car
bonate, written by John Craig, of Ottawa.

HOW TO PRUNE.

It is, indeed, safer to prune not at all than to have a sharp knife in the hands
of an ignorant man. Much of the indifference, the culture of the dwarf pear has
fallen into, came about from the bad mistakes of ignorant pruners. It is not at
all uncommon to see a dwarf pear tree wnth all its young, vigorous growth cut
away — nothing but fruit spurs left. All the force is thus sent into the flowering
condition in the spring. The trees are mountains of snow-white blossoms : but
little fruit follovvs. A judicious thinning-out of weak branches, so as to get a good
form to the tree, is about all the pruning required. If there is a tendency to
produce an over-proportion of fruit spurs, cut out a good portion of them.

The apple often requires pruning when somewhat advanced in years. The
old stunted branches should be cut out now and then, whenever a young and
vigorous shoot is inclined to take its place. Peach trees especially, love this
sort of pruning. The grape vine, when trained on lattice work or trellises, is
very liable to have its strong branches at the end of the vine ; and the good
pruner is ever on the alert to get a young strong branch up from near the ground.
When he can get this he often takes out an older one, weakened by age or
bearing, and replaces it with youth and vigor.

The rule in pruning grape vines, is to shorten the shoots in ])ropurtion to
their strength ; but, if the advice we have given in former summer hints has been
attended to, there will be little disproportion in this matter, as summer pinching
of the strong shoots has e(iualized the strength of the vine. Those who are fol-
lowing any particular system will, of course, prune according to the rules
comprising such system. As a general rule, we can only say that excellent
grapes can be had by any system of pruning ; for the only object of jiruning in
any case is to get strong shoots to push where they may be desired, or to add
to increased vigor of the shoot, which pruning supposes will follow the act, in-
creased size in the fruit it bears.

Blackberries, raspberries and currants are also much assisted by having the
weaker canes thinned out, and those left, shortened a fourth or fifth of their
length. Gooseberries need thinning, but not shortening. —Gardeners' Monthh

The Canadian Hokticulturist.

DIRIX'T.ONS |()K HOMi: MANL'l AC lU Kl'. ol (OI'I'IR ('.\\<

BON ATE.

^J^. S tile precipitated lunn of tarbuiiate of copper is not always obtain-
able from druggists, directions are herewith appended for the easy
l)rcparation of this matL-rial, at a cost much less than the usual
wholesale price.

In a vessel capable of holding two or three gallons, dissolve i ^
]iounds of copper sulphate (blue vitriol) in 2 quarts of hot water.
This will be entirely dissolved in fifteen or twenty minutes, using the crystalline
form. In another vessel dissolve i ^ pounds of sal soda (washing soda) also in
2 (juarts of hot water. When completely dissolved pour the second solution
into the first, stirring briskly. When effervescence has ceased fill the vessel with
water and stir thoroughly ; then allow it to stand five or si.x hours, when the
sediment will have settled to the bottom. Pour off the clear liquid without
disturbing the precipitate, fill with water again and stir as before ; then allow it
to stand until the sediment has settled again, which will take place in a few
hours. Pour the clear liquid off carefully as before, and the residue i?, carbonate
of copper. Using the above quantities of copper sulphate and sal soda, there
will be formed 1 2 ounces of copper carbonate.

Instead of drying this, which is a tedious operation, add four (juarts of strong
ammonia, stirring in well, then add sufficient water to bring the whole quantity
up to 6 f}uarts. This can be kept in an ordinary two gallon stone jar which
should be closely corked.

Formula. — Each (juart will contain two ounces of the carbonate of copper,
which, when added to 25 gallons of water, will furnish a solution for spraying,
of the same strength and character as that obtained by the use of the dried car-
bonate, and one which can be prepared with little labor, and kept ready for use
throughout the season.

Caruonatf. ok Copfkr in Su.si'ENsiON. — ^\■hen the carbonate is to be used
in suspension, instead of adding the amiiioiiia to the sediment, add water until
the whole ([uantity is made up to 6 quarts. Stir this thoroughly until the sedi-
ment is completely sus])ended (entirely mixed throughout) and pour the thick
Hcjuid into a suitable jar, when it will be ready for use. Before using, shake the
contents thoroughly, so that all the sediment may be evenly distributed in the
water. I'our out a quart of the thick fluid and mix with 25 gallons of water.

JOHN ( "k \i(..
//<>r/i,ii//iirist. Kxperinniital Farm, in Bulletin Xo. 10.

Mi( MILAN will expend $12,000 to $15,000 on its forestry exhibit, ami $4,000
to $5,000 on its display of fruits.

The Canadian Horticulturist. ioi

REPO;.r O.V TRECS RIXKIVHI), 1875 TO 1S80, INCLUSIVE.

X accordance with a retjuest on page 63, current number of
the Canadian Horticulturist, I subjoin a report on
the trees received by me from the Fruit (Growers' Asso-
ciation of Ontario, for the years mentioned, viz. :

1H75. — Swazie Pomme Gris apple. The tree is
ahve yet ; I get a few apples from it every year. It is
not sufficientl} hard)', and cannot be recommended for cultivation in this dis-
trict. An unprofitable variety.

1876. — Glass plum. Tree (^uite hardy, moderately productive, and fruit of
attractive appearance, which, although only second-rate in (quality, commands
first price in market. Can be profitably grown.

1877. — Goodale pear. The tree lived several years, but never bore fruit.
Judging by this specimen, it is not suitable for cultivation here.

1878. — Burnet grape vine. A remarkably vigorous grower, and quite hardy
but ripens its fruit too late. The fruit when ripe is, perhaps, the highest flavored
out-door grape grown in Ontario. It ripened thoroughly last year, and but fairly
well two or three seasons previously. It is, therefore, too late for profitable cul-
tivation. Those who cultivate grapes for their own use only, would do well to
have a few vines.

1879. — Ontario apple. This tree was diseased when received. It bore a
few apples the second year, and has borne fruit more or less every year since.
Last year it produced a large crop and grew more healthy wood than for the past
five or six years. Young trees of this variety are doing very well, and scions
grafted on Talman Sweet and on Tetofsky have made wonderful growth for
several years, and are bearing well. This variety is at its best, and is most attrac-
tive in appearance, at about this season of the year. The color of the skin is
now a bright golden yellow, shaded and overlaid to the extent of about one-half
with the most brilliant carmine. It is, probably, one of the best of apples in
quality, and certainly the most profitable winter apple, grown in Central Ontario,
1880. — Saunders" New Hybrid raspberry. Was quite hardy; very prolific,
and excellent in quality, but the peculiar color of the fruit made it entirely
unsalable. Its cultivation, therefore, had to be abandoned.

Thos. Beall.
Lindsay, March, i8g2.

Poultry in the Garden. — Early in the season, the most useful birds in a
garden are young turkeys and young chickens, the former far the most useful.
Set the turkey eggs under a hen, and when they are hatched, remove the hen in
a coop to the garden, and feed her well. The turkeys will have the range of the
beds, and will destroy insects rapidly. Later in the season, grown up chickens
will do little harm by scratching. — Hort. Times.

'I'HK C'WAKIAN HOKIICL'I.JLKIS!

riii: mi(Iiu;a.\ i-rlit (irowkrs.

I ihc retiucst of our Directors, I attt-ndcd the meeting of the
State Horticultural Society, of Michigan, hcUl in Port Huron,
on the iSth and 19th of last month, and herewith append you
a few notes of their proceed in jis. Tlu' meeting, though not
(juite as large, in point of numbers, as I expected to see
(being held outside of their great fruit growing district), was
from beginning to end a very enthusiastic one, and their papers and discussions
Mere all of a very interesting and practical character. The first paper, b\ 1,. 1>.
Rice, of l*ort Huron, on Fruit (irowing on the Western Shore of Lake Huron,
brought out the fact that while fruit growing on the western side of the State was
the most important industry, that it had been almost entirely neglected in the
eastern portion of the State, although there were many sections that were well
adajited to it there. Branches of a peach tree were shown in a healthy condition,
which was 24 years old, and had passed through several winters when the ther-
mometer was 15 to 16 degrees below zero, and one when it went 32' below. In
discussing the degrees of cold a peach tree will stand and bear, several instances
were given where fair crops had been obtained after a winter of 16° below zero.
A paper by T. T. Lyon, Director of the Horticultural Experimental Station, at
South Haven, on the testing and introduction of novelties, showed that not more
than one in a hundred of new fruits exceeded, or even equalled, the old standard
varieties, although some of them, for the first year or two, might appear to be
valuable. His advice to fruit growers was : Though every wide-awake man
might test a limited number for himself on a small scale, yet for general j)lanting
" let novelties alone." It was estimated that there was money enough wasted on
worthless fruits to support the ])oor of the country. The value of an experi-
ment station, I think, was fully shown here. One paper was upon top grafting
tender varieties, such as Baldwin, King, Greenings, etc., upon hardier sorts,
Tolman Sweets, Liscom, Northern Spy, etc. ; and it was contended that they
could be grown successfully piuch further north by so doing. An illustrated
lecture by Prof. Gulley, of the Agricultural College, on Budding and (".raft-
ing, was full of instruction to amateur fruit growers present. There were other
papers of interest, and reports of the amount of fruit ship[)ed from different
points. One townshij) of 5,000 inhabitants sold over $100,000. worth last year,
or $200 for every man, woman and chiKl. The possibilities of pickles were
shown in the shipping of $40,000 worth to Chicago in a single season. i'he
work of making a display of fiuits at the great fair was al.so discusseil.
Committees have already been a])pointed and the work marked out, and Ontario
will be left behind in this matter, if we do not begin to work soon, 'i'he State
has already given a grant of $4,000 for this work, and they cxjiect another
appropriati(jn next winter, if necessary. I was most cordially received and
rtjyally entertained during my visit, and much regret was expressed that other
members of our Society whose names thcv Ii.nl cm their programme were not
present.

.SV. Otf/ian'ms. Out. .\. M. S\iiiii.

\J

Thk Canadian Horticulturist. 103

WKSriCRX XKW YORK HORI ICULTURAL -SOCIK TV. -II.

' ' *; ROFESSOR ROBERTS, of CornL-ll University, gave a very interes-
ting address upon " The Methods of Maintaining the Fertility of the
Orchards.' He said that the productiveness of the orchard does
not always depend upon the amount of plant food in the soil. The
•|^ fcrtilitv of the soil ought to mean the amount of i)lant food which
"■ may be set free by proper methods of treatment, but, in many cases,
large amounts of plant food are locked up in the soil of an orchard
which only need proper treatment to become available for the trees. In such
cases it is- not the addition of manure, so much as cultivation, that is needed.
The orchard should be ploughed deep, and often, while the trees are young. The
great trouble with most orchardists is the lack of both skill and force to bring
out the fertility which is in the soil. While the trees are young they should not
be forced into a too rapid, succulent growth : a healthy, continuous and hardy
growth is more desirable.

When once in fruit the trees need extra food. Perhaps they should not
always be under the plow. Clover may be raised in the orchard. This need
not always be re-plowed in order to continue the clover seed. The seed will
take in an old meadow almost as well as if re-plowed. It should be harrowed
every spring and sown with clover seed and ashes.

We hear a good deal said about trees that are great producers. This is not
the best condition. There is such a thing as " the more you have the less you've
o-ot.'" Quality is everything now-a days. Numbers ruin, and quantity floods the
market.

Pruning, too, is of great importance. Is it not possible to prune the orchard
much on the same principle as we prune the grape vine ? Is the plant food im-
proved in quality by transporting it through 80 feet of wood before reaching the
ruit which it is destined to support ? We grow too much timber in our apple
orchards. We ought to separate forestry from fruit culture. Our orchardists
are growing too much wood, too many seeds, and too many poorly flavored
apples. If by heading back the top and furnishing a reasonable amount of plant
wood, by fertilizing, cultivating, or by feeding sheep in an orchard, we can remedy
this difticulty, a great advance will be made.

Prof. Roberts' whole address was of a practical and suggestive nature, and
we give in another column a verbatim selection from it.

Mr. Woodward said that he agreed with Prof. Roberts' statements. He.
himself, always made a sheep [jasture of his orchard, and it was a fact that the
sheep made the best insecticides he ever had. He would advise keeping one
hundred sheep on every ten acres of orchard. Do not starve them. ( iive them
plentv of linseed meal and bran, to pay them for the good they do, and this will
make them ravenous for apples. He had not plowed his orchard for fourteen

104 Ink (Janaihan I ioR i ill i.i i;kist.

years, and he owed il to the sheep that it was in such an excellent condition as
it is to-day.

Mr. W'illard spoke of a special orchard treated one year with potash, and
another with bone meal, and so forth, and the results were wonderful.

Cold Stor.\»;k. — In reply to a question on this subject, Mr. I'owell, of
Cihent, said that it would pay to have cold storage for the Bartlett pear, for other-
wi.se it <rowds upon the market too fast. A portion of the crop should he held
back .so as to |)rolong the season of marketing. In cold storage for pears the
temperature is an important consideration. If Utf) low. the tla\ or of the fruit is
injured : 3^1' or 37° Fahr. is about right, for that is low enough to prolong the
season of marketing a little while. A[)ples may be kept in a considerably lower
temperature, and if held back and marketed in April, the owner will reap con-
siderable advantage.

Prunmnc; Treks. — The sense of the meeting was that the best time to prune
trees is, when the life of the tree is, in a sense, back in the trunk and roots, this
is when the growth is dormant. The leaves contain a considerable (}uantity of
potash and phosphoric acid, which is to be worked u]) for the continuance of
growth, and, if pruned when in full foliage, a large cpiantity of these elements is
lost. Hut they are withdrawn back mto the woody parts of the tree just at fall
of the leaf, so that pruning after that time does not weaken the tree, ^\'hen.
however, the leaves fall prematurely in the summer, through either the influence
of fungus or other disease, these elements are carried away by them. The dan-
iier of i)runing in the early part of the winter is that the cuts exjiose the wood
cells to the injurious effects of the frost, and often causes black heart. The best
and safest time, therefore, tor pruning trees is after the coldest weather of winter
is over, say in the month of April.

.Mr. Hooker said that on one occasion he had pruned a block of trees in the
fall and it was nearl\- ruined b\- the black heart, and finallv the trees had become
rotten.

Thinnin<; Fkuir. Mr. I'owell decitledly belie\etl in thinning i)ears. They
should not be allowed to grow in clusters, but only one pear in a |ilace. and
these not too near.

Mr. Willard remarked that the work had tn be done before the seeds are
formed, because much of the strength of the tree is exhausted in the production
of seeds.

Mr. Harry said that he was satisfied that cultivators of fruit trees wouKI ha\c
much more success if they would give more attention to this work.

1'acka<;ks ior .Sklkctki) I-'ruit. The bushel keg and bushel bo\ were
mentioned as the best packages for pears.

Mr. W'illard said that for plums the five-pf)und basket, with the wooden
cover, was the UKJSt satisfactory. He [)referred the wooden cover for protection
to the fruit in piling.

The Canadian Horiill'lturist. 105

KiEKKER Pear. This tree was recommended as one of the best for stock
on which to graft other varieties. With regard to the (luality of the fruit itself.
Mr. Smith said he preferred the fruit of the Kieffcr to the Clairgeau, but it has
a fault of setting too much fruit, and, therefore, needed a good deal of thinning.
On the whole, however, the sentiment of the meeting was that the Kieffer pear
was of very poor quality, and that the public would not be long in finding it out.
Best Varieties ok Plums.— Mr. Powell, of (ihent, said that among the
most desirable varieties were the following : (iueii, Bradshaw, Hudson Purple
Egg, Reine Claude (the best of the entire list for table and market), Ouackenbos,
and Shrojjsjiire Damson. He thought that everyone should have a tree or two
of Coe's Colden Drop, not for market, but for home use.

Mr. VVillard said that of all Damsons he preferred the Prince Damson. His
list would include the Field, for it is the earliest, being ten days in advance of
the Bradshaw, otherwise very similar, besides being of the very best quality ;
then the Prince of Wales, ripening on August 29th, the most productive and
stylish of plums, and sells at a high price because of its beautiful appearance ;
the Orand Duke, which ripened this year on September 30th, the best of late
plums, sells sometimes as high as $1.50 per ten-pound basket ; the Stanton,
ripening last year on September 31st, and of a fine color.

Of the plums least liable to rot, the following are suggested : Reine Claude,
Lombard, Damson, Smith's Prune (or Diamond).

Prunus Simoni, according to Mr. Smith, is handsome, productive and hardy,
but of inferior ciuality. It is very showy. Trees three years planted produced
a peck of beautiful specimens.

Mr. Barry said that he had grown it twelve or fifteen years as an ornamental
tree, but never considered it of value, except for ornament. The ciuality was
not good enough for a dessert plum.

Cherries. — Mr. Willard spoke highly of the Windsor. He had sold it at
Philadelphia at 25c. per pound, which anyone will admit is a paying price. For
profit he would grow the Windsor, Montmorency, Napoleon, Biggareau and
English Morello. He considered the A\'indsor more profitable than ihe Black
Tartarian.

Apricots. — Mr. Smith said that all the Russian apricots were very poor
quality, and the sooner they are dug out the better. The Shense apricot from
North China has some value, so has the Harris, which was first planted at Geneva
some twenty-five years ago by a man named Harris. It is an old variety, but
its name is lost.

The New York Assembly has voted permission for the raising of one or two
old sunken vessels in Lake George, for the purpose of sending them as relics
to the Chicago P'air.

io6 I'm: ("anaihan Hokiiclm.i urist.

MAINTAIMNC 1 1 1 1- IliKril IIN |.\ olD ( )!<( 1 1.\ Kl )S.

r sliould be kej)t in mind thai \sl- arc dealing with trees ilial liave occu-
I'ied the same ground for several years ; that have creamed the soil :
[ that have already trespassed upon and robbed their surrounding neigh-
l)ors, and that in turn have been robbed : and there is no escape from
'^ slow starvation if the trees are reasonably thick and nothing is done.
And first it should be remembered that, for the good of the trees and
of the land, and for the total value of the product, the amount of fruit
raised on a tree should not be large, and the cjuality should be of the best.
Bearing this in mind, some (|uestions arise. Is it not possible to prune the
orchard by the same rules which are ob.served -n trimming grape vines ? Our
grandfathers let their vines grow as they would, and they never produced any
really fine bunches of grapes. As soon as we learnt to control and direct the
growth of the vine the value of the fruit increased a hundred-fold, while the least
possible amount of fertility was removed from the land. It is not quite possible
that fertility might be conserved, and the quality of King apples, say, be
improved, by reducing the length of the liml)s upon which they grow? Is it true
that the nearer the total product of fruit is to the food supply of the tree the
better the results ? or, to state it in another form, Are the apples improved when
the material of which they are formed is transported eighty feet through root and
branch before they receive it? Is the soil of the orchard unnecessarily drawn
upon by growing too much timber?

We assume that the fertility of the orchard lias been maintained up to the
time of its bearing. What I have said also implies that the trees have not been
unduly forced by manure, but have made a steady, healthy growth, and have come
into bearing early. Just as a heifer is simply kept growing, and great care is taken
not to overfeed or change the direction of her inbred tendencies while she is
young, and as she is more liberally fed when she begins to produce something,
and as she is fed moderately, liberally or very liberally, according as she respontls
to the food given, exactly so should the orchard be treated. The amount and
kind of food furnished to it should be studied as carefully as the rations of the
dairy-cow. What kind of fruit does the orchard want ? Like other plants, it is
likely to have enough of all kinds except potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen.
How shall these be secured ? Would it be best to get the annual dressing of fertility
wanted by purchasing commercial fertilizers, or by thie purchase of cattle-food,
to secure the desired elements in the form of farm manures bv the help of
animals?

If the orchard contains ten acres, it will carry one hundred sheep from .May
to October, provided one-fourth of their food be furnished to them in the form
of bran and cotton seed, or oat-meal. Om- hundred sheep, weighing eighty
jiounds each, will require for one fourth of their daily sustenance one-half pound

The Canadian Hokiiculturisi. 107

of meal per head. In the spring ihey will want something less than this, in the
fall something more. If these animals take ten per cent, of the manurial value
from their food for their natural growth, there will still be left scattered on the
land in solid and licjuid droppings, 228 pounds of nitrogen, 146 pounds of pot-
ash and 90 pounds of phosphoric acid : or 22.8, 14.6 and nine pounds respec-
tively per acre.

One hundred and fifty bushels of apples- that is enough to the acre if they
are good enough, and too many of them are poor — contain about eight pounds of
nitrogen and twenty-four pounds of ash, thirteen pounds of which is potash, and
one pound of phosphoric acid, worth together $1.86.

How much the trees will require for increased growth, how many of the leaves
will be blown away, how much nitrogen will escape by leaching, and how much
will be restored by the clover-roots and how much of the fertility produced by
feeding the bran and meal the trees will be able to readily secure, neither the
theorist nor the practical man can tell. No charge should be made the sheep
for the grass, as the work they will perform in transforming the poor apples and
the worms into valuable fertilizers will be a fair equivalent for it.

Summing up the case, we have the orchard raised through skill and the
unaided fertility of the soil. The draft made on the land by the production of
apples and the necessary growth of wood, and the losses of fertility which may
occur, are to be fully met by restoring to each acre yearly, through feeding animals
upon it, some twenty-three pounds of nitrogen for the eight pounds removed by
the apples, fourteen and a half pounds of potash for the thirteen removed, and
nine pounds of phosphoric acid to replace the one carried off. It will be seen
readily that if there is any deficiency it is likely to be in potash, as scarcely more
is returned to the soil than is removed by the fruit ; so a dressing of potash is
likely to not only improve the cjuality, but the color and aroma of the fruit as
well.

The hundred sheep would consume in five months at pasture, 3,750 pounds
oil-meal, worth $28.00 per ton, and a like amount of bran at $17.00 per ton, and
the two would cost together, $82.50. The value of the plant-food left on the soil
computed at commercial prices, would be $43.07 ; but whether it is really worth
that or not no one can tell. Can a hundred lean sheep, purchased in the spring,
be made to gain $100.00 in value in five months of grazing and grain-feeding
with a half pound of meal per day per sheep, or with the feeding of three-fourth;»
of a pound, if thought advisable ? I cannot an.swer these questions accurately
myself, and I leave them for your consideration. Yet I believe that the
orchardist is growing too much wood, too many apple seeds, too many apples,
too poor apples, too many badly colored and badly flavored apples, and this nia\-
be remedied by heading back the trees in lieu of thinning them, and by furnish-
mg to the bearing orchard yearly a reasonable amount of available plant-food,
largely through the aid of plants and animals. I am well aware that the methods

,oS Thp: Canadian Horticulturist.

here suggested will have to be varied to suit local conditions ; still, I claim that
the principles involved are correct, and that if they are intelligently ])ra(tised in
connection with the best-known methods of defending the fruit from its enemies,
a great advance will be made.

In the peach and i)luni orchartl^ the practices which I have suggested are
not likely to be the best, as it will be advisable, in most cases, to keep these
constantly under cultivation. Hut here, as in the former case, fertility may be
preserved by feeding animals during the winter, and by preserving and removing
the manures produced to the orchards. 1 have the utmost faith that this method
of <^ettin<' ]ilant-food, through [)lants and animals, will lie found to be the most
economical in most cases.

I contend (i), that the soil should be cultivated and iilani-footl set free to
the utmost limit ; (2). that leguminous and tap-rooted plants should be used as
plant-food gatherers ; (3), that animals should be ke])t as much for the value of
the manure they produce, as for the jirofit realized from their other products :
(4), that the least possible amount of stalk and vine and limb be grown consistent
with economy and the health of the plant : and (5). after having practiced all the
economy possible, if there is still a lack of fertility, in order to secure the highest
(lualitv of (product and the greatest net income, that commercial fertilizers of a
hi'di "rade should be applied with a liberal hand. If it is found at any time that
commercial fertilizers give better net results than farm-manures, then there should
be no hesitancy in changing from one to the other. I believe that farm-manures
which have lain in the open yards or have been heated, and which have been
drawn long distances, are far more expensive than are high-grade fertilizers.
\Vell-preserved manure is worth, on an average, more than $3.00 per ton, and
our experience proves that such manure, exposed in piles from Ajuil to October,
often loses one-half of its value ; therefore. I am led to believe that many tons
of manure which are transported from the city contain less than a dollar's worth
of soluble plant-food. This may act beneficially as a mulch, but, so far as the
plant-food it contains is concerned, it is too often an expensive way of preserving
the fertility of the \:ind.—Fn>/essor Eo/n-rfs, before IV. .Y. )'. Hort. Soc.

I'm-: \i;\v .Xpricot Shknse. — The hi.story of this new Chinese apricot,
which is now being introduced and creating much interest at the North West has
been given to us by Prof lUidd as follows: " It was obtained from me under
the name of Chinese Apricot, antl was grown here from jiits received from a
missionary located at the Province of .Shense in N. W. China, .\fter testing the
hardiness of the tree and value of the fruit. 1 named it Shense. It is a fme
glower, with large, handsome, thick foliage, and an early bearer of large and good
fruit. In all rcs|)ects it is the best hardy apricot 1 know of. and much better
than any Russian sort I ha\e seen in this country or in Russia."

The Canadian HoRTicuinuRisr 109

IS sl•kA^■l^■(; irlti i ri:i:s wnii arsenical poisons a
i)axgi:rol's rraciice?

A\lN("i received several eiKiuiries from correspondents con-
cerning the foolish and inaccurate statements made upon
the above subject, which you refer to on page 83 of your
last issue, I therefore beg a little space to submit facts,
which, although well known to many of your readers, may-
be reassuring to others. In the first place, spraying with arsenites, through the
energy and perseverance of Miss Eleanor Ormerod, the Entomologist of the
Royal Agricultural Society of England, is now almost as much practiced in Great
Britain as it is in this country. It is true that il was only introduced as a prac-
tical method two years ago, but through the skill of the introducer, and following
the publication and distribution of .the report of a special committee, composed
of leading fruit growers, and known as the " Experimental Committee of Ever-
ham Eruit Growers," spraying with Paris green is now largely adopted in many
parts of the British Isles, as the best means of keeping down the ravaging hordes
of caterpillars which were rendering futile the labors of the fruit grower through-
out many of the most fertile counties of p:ngland. The value of spraying with
Paris green is now tuUy recognized in l^ngland, and never will be given up
again for the old methods. As to the possibility of any danger resulting from
the consumption of sprayed fruit, I can onl\- say that the entomologists have,
' with the scientific aid of their colleagues, the chemists, shown over and over
again that no danger whatever exist-s, if only the directions of experienced advi-
sers are carried out. At the meeting of the Dairymen's Association of ^\'estern
Ontario, held at Brantford on the 15th of January last, this subject came up, and
the absurdity was pointed out of such ideas as you have referred to as published
by your English contemporary. As soon as I returned to Ottawa I endeavored
to obtain apples which had been undoubtedly sprayed in accordance with the
instructions given by entomologists, and at last, through your own kindness, suc-
ceeded. These, upon receipt, were kindly taken in hand at once by Mr. E. T.
Shutt, Chemist to the Dominion Experimental Farm, and analysed with the
greatest care. I send you herewith for publication, his report, which, I feel
sure, coming from so high an authority, will be of interest to all fruit growers.

Further, in addition to the above, I may perhaps be allowed to give two
extracts from my own report to the Hon. Minister of Agriculture for 1887, p. 21 :

"Frequent erKjuiries are made, and occasionally mis-statements appear, as to the
possible danger of poisoning the consumers of fruit and crops protected with these arsenical
poisons, which, it is urged, may be absorbed by the plants. These statements are, how-
ever, quite inaccurate, as a very elementary knowledge of vegetable pliysiology will show.
It is suggested that the a])ple when treated for the Codling Moth, may absorb the poison
through the stigma. With regard to this statement, it should be remembered that the
stigma of a Hower is without any epidermis and is exceedingly delicate, so that any corro-
sive poi.son like arsenic, in even a very weak solution, would be much more likely to injure

iio Thk Canadian Horiicui.turi.st.

the stigiim tlmii tc» l)e ahsorbed, uml furtlier than this, even in the natural operation of
fertilization, tlie stigma is a passive niemher and absorbs nothing. I'he acti\ity is on the
part of the pollen which pushes out its fovilla bearing pollen tubes and protrudes tin in
through the tissues of the stigma down the style into the ovary. In corresponding on this
matter, I'rofessor I'orbes says: 'Of course you will have no trouble in proving l)y the
highest authority that tliere is no possibility of the poisons being absorbi-d by the planti,'
wliich statement, with the following from I'rofessor A. J. Cook, should, 1 think, sit this
contention at rest : ' 1 experimented twice, extensively, to lind out the truth ; first in ISsO,
when I had fifty apples, which were very thoroughly sprayed. Poison was carefully thrown
over each fruit, with one pound of pure Paris green to lifty gallons of water - four times as
strong as necessary — in May. ("heinical analysis in August found not a trace of poison.
Another lot of fifty was analysed with the same result.'

In short, all analyses have shown that practically there is no danger whatever
in s]jraying fruit trees if ordinary common sense precautions are taken.

In conclusion, let me add the following extract taken from the Boston Tran-
script of Jan. I, 1892, which is a report of a lecture deli\ered l)y I'rof. C. \'.
Riley, the United States Entomologist, and undoubtedly the most eminent
economic entomologist living :

"The conclusion of the lecture was particidariy appropriate and rc-assuiing, as it dealt
with the possibility of danger in the use of arsenical poisons, and the lecturer showed how
perfectly safe and incapable of harm they are if used intelligently and in accordance with
the recommendations of those who had large experience in their use. He referred to the
scare of last autumn in reference to grapes that were supposed to have been poisoned by
spraying, and exposed for sale in New York City, and stated that the alarm, as the
Department of Agriculture showed, was entirely unjustified. ' In no instance," said I'tof.
Kiley, ' is there an authentic case of poisoning through the use of plants or fruits that have
been treated, and I wish to emphasize this fact, because almost every year there are state-
ments in the press that are well calculate<l to alarm and engender tht- belief that we are in
danger of wholesale |)oisoning by the increasing use of these arsenites." The latest sensa-
tional report of this kind was the rumor, emanating from London, w ithin the last week,
that American ap])les were being rejected for fear that their use was unsafe. If we con-
sider for a moment how minute is the (juantity of arsenic that can, under the most favor-
able circumstances, remain in the cilyx of an apple, we shall see at once how absurd this
fear is ; for even if the poi.son that originally killed the worm remained intact, one would
have to eat many barrels of apples at a meal to get a sufficient (luantity to poison a human
being. Moreover, much of the poison is washeil oil by rain, and some of it thrown otV by
natural growth of the apple, so that there is, as a rule, nothing left of the poison in the
garnered fruit. .\ild to this the further fact that few people eat apples raw without cast-
ing away the calyx and stem ends, the only parts where any poison coidd, under the must
favorable circumstances, lemain, and that these parts are always cut away in cooking, and
we see how utterly groundless are any fears of injury and how useless any prohibitive
measures against .\merican apples on this score."

JAMr.S l-'l.I, llUKR.

Dominion lintoniologist. Otttuva.

Thk Sai ri'KTRK Remedy. — Dissolve one tablespoonful of salti)etre in a pail
of water. A pint poured around each hill of cucumbers or s(|uashes is verv
good for the plants and very bad for the bugs, both striped and black, which
burrow at night in the earth about the plants. ( "ut worms are also said to dis-
solve like earth treated with salt[)etre. This is a remedy which would certainly be
very useful to the |)lant.s, and if, as is claimed, it destroys or keeps away insect
marauders it will prove most valuable. This salti)ctre solution is useful ii» an\
plant v/hich is attacked by insects which at any time burrow in the grouiul. It
does not appear to l)e wholly certain, however, that it is as efficacious an insecti
( ide as could be wished. IVof. ]]'. W. CooKr.

The Canadian Horticulturist. rii

THE BLENHEIM ORANOE APPLE.

Sir, — I read with some surprise Mr. 'I\ H. Race's criticism of the Blenheim
Orange apple in the Horticulturist of March, for in the neighborhood of
Toronto it succeeds so well, and is one of the best and most profitable apples
grown here, and no other variety can command a higher price in the Toronto
retail market in its season. I have myself picked a crop of seven barrels from a
single tree, not counting the fallen ones, and know of another who gathered ten
barrels from a tree, part of which had previously l)een broken off by a storm.
Both these trees grew on a light soil with hard-pan sub-soil. Here they bear
well every second year, and are keeping good this winter up to the present time.
Toronto. Hlnrv R. Duke.

Sir, — The Blenheim Orange has never been planted in this section (Durham
and Northumberland) as extensive)}- as it should be. A few trees, planted forty
or fifty years ago, are still vigorous, and bear fine crops of choice fruit every other
year, five or ten barrels to a tree, of shipping apples. They give fewer culls than
any other variety, and always command a fine price. Mr. Chas. Young, of this,
town, has a tree which gave eight barrels last season, and has yielded as many as.
eleven barrels of shipping apples. A tree in Seymour, two miles west of Camp-
bellford, yielded, one season, fifteen barrels. It stands on the old Wm. Clark
farm, now occupied by Mr. A. Huyck.

Bowmanville. J. Chaplin.

Sir,— Regarding your enquiry about Blenheim Orange apple, would say I

have been buying and packing apples quite extensively for six years — put up

about ii,ooo barrels the past season. I find the Blenheim Orange a heavy

' bearer every other year ; think the trees of that variety in this county (Lambton )

yield as many barrels per tree as almost any other, and these of extra quality.

Arkona. J. L. Hilborn.

Dr. Hoskins, of Vermont, writes of the Blenheim Orange in following terms,,
in Orchard and Garden : " Now that Europe, and especially England, affords
to American orchardists so .satisfactory a market for choice apples, it would seem
well for them to consult the taste of their transatlantic customers in their plant-
ings. Few apples are more popular in England than the Blenheim Pippin,
which is as well known there, and as highly esteemed, as the Esopus Spitzenberg
is in America. It has been known in this country also for nearly a century,
and is not unfrequently seen upon our exhibition tables; but it has never become
prominent among our market apples. There is, however, good reason to believe
that it is a valuable apple, with a thrifty and hardy tree, and that when properly
grown, along our Northern border, in New England and New York, it would be

112 The Canadian Horticuliurist.

a very profitaljle apjjle to ship. While not strictly an " iron-clad,'' it succeeds
excellently in the Champlain Valley, through its whole length, and also in Hunt-
ington and other St. Lawrence River counties in Quebt-c. Much also of Ontario
would be very favorable for it.

Mr. J. I). Stewart, Russeldale, writes : I was pleased to notice that our
vice-president and the Hortk ulturist had opened up a di.scussion upon the-
merits of the Blenheim Orange Pippin. Amongst twenty varieties of winter
apples in my collection, I can safely affirm from experience, that for beauty,
cjuality, uniformity and productiveness, the above named apple takes the cake
every season. In the fall of 1890, I shipped a few barrels of Blenheims, Rib-
stons, and (Irime's (iolden, principally the former, to the Old Country, which
netted me within a few cents of $3.00 per package, whilst Spys, Kings, Baldwins,
(Ireenings, etc., only fetched $2.00, from apple buyers operating at the time in
this neighborhood. During a severe wind storm tov.ard the end of last Septem-
ber, one of the main branches of this favorite tree gave way beneath its heavy
load of rich, tempting fruit, to the no small surprise of the writer, but, let us
hope, without any permanent injury to the " Old Reliable." Altogether, I look
upon it as the /^eau ideal of an early winter apple, and have resolved that when
done top-grafting this spring, there will he less variety and more Blenheim
Orange Pippins in the orchard hereafter.

Arrangement ok Lawns. — ^In the spring of the year, wherever frost has
existed, inequalities in the grass will occasionally appear, and all good managers
of lawns, therefore, like to have a light roller go over it as soon as the danger of
frost is over. If there are bare patches not covered by grass, the soil may be
slightly raked, and new grass seed sprinkled before rolling. In like manner, in
places where weeds have been taken out, or from any other cause, considerable
inequalities of the surface may exist, earth may be sprinkled in before rolling,
and the grass seed sown. With this little care lawns are considerably improved
in beauty. If the grass seems to be impoverished a dressing of any kind
of fertilizer is of great advantage. This may also be applied before rolling.
Medians' Monthly.

Rli.ai i\ K to the Idaho pear, Prof. Budd has recently stated : " .\s to
hardiness, we are now convinced that it is suj)erior to the I'leniish Beauty or any
one of the old sorts, except possibly the Bcsi de la Motte. Hence, we have
rea.son to believe it will prove very valuable on the dividing ridges south of the
41st parallel, especially on the ridges of the west slojje. In (|uality it is the best
large pear I have tested in any country." We are Lirowint: a louple of the Idaho
to test them in the vicinity of Chicago.

Thl Canadian Horticulturist. 113

THE RESULTS OE AN EXPERIMENT TO PROVE THAT APPLES

ARE NOT POISONED BY SPRAYING WITH PARIS GREEN

FOR CODLING MOTH.

STATEMENT appeared a short time ago in a horticultural paper,
published in Great Britain, to the effect that Canadian apples con-
tained a small cjuantity of arsenic, and were consequently poisonous.
This, it was said, was due to our practice of spraying with Paris
green after the petals have dropped, in order to preserve the fruit
from the ravages of the Codling Moth. This assertion received wide
circulation in the British press, and was calculated to do a great deal of harm to
the Canadian export apple trade. It is not the first time that a rumor to this
effect has been set afloat, either by interested or ignorant people. That the sus-
picion is entirely without foundation has been asserted by scientists and practical
men in Canada and the United States, on several occasions. Hitherto, however,
no chemical work has been done in Canada to place before our horticulturists
and shipowners, as well as the British people, scientific proof for refuting the
statement.

Mr. James Fletcher, Dominion Etomologist, therefore procured a sample of
apples that had undoubtedly been sprayed, and submitted them to a careful
chemical analysis. The apples examined (Rhode Island Greenings), were kindly
furnished by Mr. W'oolverton, editor of the Canadian Horticulturist, who
personally vouched for the fact, that they were twice sprayed last June, with
Paris green of the strength of one pound of the material to 200 gallons of water.
The apples, when received, were just as they had come from the tress, i.e., had
not been rubbed, so that any arsenic left from the spraying would still be on the
skin.

The quantity tested for arsenic was 9 lbs. 7 oz., measuring about one peck.
The process to which they were submitted is one that affords extremely accurate
results, and is considered the most delicate of all for the detection of arsenic.
It is capable of revealing the presence of one fifty thousandth part of a grain of
arsenic. If 23.000 bushels of apples contained 1^4 grains of arsenic, (as Ag O3),
the minimum fatal dose for an adult, the poison could have been detected by
this method.

Though all care was exercised, not a trace of arsenic could be detected, thus
showing the complete absence of this poison in those apples that had been twice
sprayed with Paris green.

I am of the opinion that further experiments of this nature would only serve
to corroborate this negative result, and to prove that there are no grounds on
which to base a suspicion that our sprayed apples are poisonous.

The insoluble character of this poison, precluding its assimilation by the
apple, if such were possible, the infinitesimal part of Paris green that can remain
on any apple, the frequent rains subsequent to the spraying, and the fact that
apples are pared before using, all go to substantiate the argument that there is
not the slightest danger of poisoning in using sprayed apples. F. T. Shutt.

114 ' nf Canadian Horticulturist.

IIKC.IXNERS IN IRLir (;R()\M\(..

^ H. C". writcN in the Country Gcnili-man, giving some very sensilile hinis
uf to beginners in fruit growing. In the first place, he does not agree
yO with the advice sometimes given, viz., that young adventurers in the
,-^ hne of horticulture should adopt some specialty and give their whole
^7 time to the growing and disposal of that one particular crop. Putting
b-^ the eggs all into one basket means total loss in case of accident. 'For
instance, if one selects strawberries for his one specialty, how often he
will meet with great disappointment, owing to gluts in the market or to an unfa-
vorable season.

In his opinion, it is better that a young man should set apart one (|uarter of
his land for a permanent apple orchard : then he might set out between the trees
in the rows, strawberries, currants, peaches, dwarf pears and blackberries, all of
which would come into bearing successively while his apple trees are growing.
In his first year he would receive returns for his strawberries ; in his second year
he would har\est at least a small crop of raspberries, and in the third year he
would have currants for sale. In the fifth he would begin to harvest plums,
cherries and dwarf pears, and, in his sixth year, some standard pears and quinces.

Twenty years ago the writer entered the fruit business with the mistaken
notion that it would be wise to give one's whole attention to one or two parti-
cular fruits ; and, after planting a large apple and pear orchard, he filled in with
some three thousand peach trees, depending upon them to yield returns, while
the apples and pears were coming into bearing. Disappointment came, of course.
During ten years, there was not more than one or two full crops of peaches, and,
as a consequence, the income from the fruit plantations was reduced to almost
nothing — a pretty state of affairs for one who is depending largely upon the
income from his fruit farm to provide a capital for extending his operations.
Since that, he has learned how great a mistake it is to depend wholly upon any
one crop of fruit. Fruits are so uncertain that, in order to be sure of success,
one must plant many kinds to make sure of one. He has of late years extendetl
his plantations to include all the varieties of small fruits and grapes, as well as
every kind of orchard tree.

In our opinion, it is foolish even to confine one's apple or pear or plum orchard
to any one or two varieties, however much they have been lauded by others as
profitable. The old advice to plant ninety-nine Baldwins out of every hundred
;ipple trees, was followed by many apple growers, and during the last 'iwc years
lialdwin orchards have been utterly barren, and the owners have become entireh
discouraged with apple growing. The same thing could be said of other varie-
ties beside the Baldwin; one year a variety yields heavily and is pretty clean, as,
for instance, was the case witt) the Cranberry ripi)in last season, and everybody
has been lauding thai particular variety, and ach ising that il be tlie i)rincipal one

The Canadian Hokticulturist. 115

planted for profit ; but another year it may be knotty and mis-shapen, and, in
consequence, universally condemned.

It will be seen from all this how unwise it is for anyone to begin fruit busi-
ness and confine his planting to too few varieties, or to be too much governed
by any one man's advice, or the experience of any one season.

THE TOXICOLOGY OF THE COPPER COMPOUNDS WHEN
APPLIED AS FUNGICIDES.

After considering the chemistry of the copper compounds, the form in which
they appear on the grapes, and giving a careful review of the opinions of leading
chemists and medical authorities here and abroad, Professor Fairchild, gave the
following conclusions, based upon his examinations of grapes from the Hudson
River district, where the largest amounts of copper were used :

I. The danger from the daily absorption of small quantities of copper salts
with foods has been greatly exaggerated. The poisonous nature of such doses
is not only not proven, but is denied by eminent authorities, whose views are
supported by abundant evidence.

3. Grapes sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture according to the directions
of the department in their latest publications cannot possibly contain more than
35.1000 of a grain of copper to a pound of grapes in the bunch, which amount
is less than one-tenth of the amount contained in a pound of ordinary beef-liver,
and absolutely inoffensive to the human system.

3. The insoluble form in which the salt of copper occurs upon the clusters,
and the fact that the consumers do not eat the skins nor stems, places the
mixture further still from suspicion.

4. The use of a reduced formula for the Bordeaux mixture, containing only
two pounds of copper sulphate in place of six, and the substitution of the
ordinary ammoniacal solution for the latest treatments immediately before
ripening, will place the practice beyond the slightest possible suspicion.

Dr. ^'an Slyke, who analyzed the grapes from the Hudson River district, from
which the grapes causing the trouble in the New York market came, gave the
results of his analysis, some of which were not worked out in time to incorporate
them in Professor Fairchild's paper.

The amount found on the grapes, he said, was very constant, varying from
T^T to T^fi grain per pound of fruit and stems. Physicians give one-fourth grain
doses of copper as a tonic and astringent. Three thousand pounds, stems and
all, would have to be eaten to get a dangerous amount of copper. The copper
does not occur in the form of sulphate on the fruit, but as carbonate, which is
not nearly so soluble. — Procct'divgs IV. JV. K Ifor/. Soc.

llf)

The Canadian Horiicui.turist.

>I1()L"1.1) 1 RLTl" C.KOWl.KS KHEl* MORK 1;I:KS?

( )I" lung ago, I read an article in sonic newspaper, in wliieh
the writer statetl that a certain fruit grower was surprised
to find that in one corner of his orchard, in which were
l)laced several colonies of bees, the trees were heavily
'aden with fruit, while the trees more distant from the
l)ee-hives had set very s})aringly.

Then he called to his remembrance the circumstance
that during the lime the trees were in full bloom, the weather was dull and foggy,
so that the bees flew but a very short distance from their homes.

This remir.ded me that I had often heard my father remark that whoeve''
would grow fruit abundantly should keep lots of bees, unless he was surrounded
by neighbors who kept them.

At our annual meeting held in Hamilton last December, a city gentleman
stated that the fruit trees in his garden of rich soil were growing vigorously and
blossomed freely, yet yielded very little fruit. I felt at the time a strong desire
to ask him whether bees were kept in his neighborhood, but deeming him to be
a man of more than ordinary intelligence, I refrained for fear I might be sus-
pected of imputing ignorance.

In 1890 the peach crop in Ontario was almost a failure, although there was
a fair show of blossom. During the time the trees were in full bloom, the wea-
ther was cold and rainy, which condition was very unfavorable for fecundation.
By the frequent heavy rains, the pollen was, doubtless, washed off the styles
without having the effect of impregnation.

The fecundity of fruit-bearing trees is not always altogether dependent on
the instrumentality of bees or other insects, because, in clear, dry weather, the
wind spreads the pollen from one blossom to another, thus effecting the desired
operation. There are times, however, when the operation is chiefly jierformed
through the instrumentality of bees. Sometimes, when trees are in full bloom,
there are short periods of sunshine without rain ; then it is the bees seem to
work as if it was their only opportunity.

Aside from being honey gatherers, bees arc of incalculable value. Some
fruit growers may not be fully aware of this fact, and that is my reason for calling
attention to it.

Cataraqui, Out., March ijtli^ i8g2.

1). Nicoi..

I'nKi.K roi.sONOU.s Plants — : The excellent article on this subject, wh.ich ap-
peared in our March issue, was written by I'rof. J. Hoyes Tanton, M.A.. of the
Ontario Agricultural College, ('iuel|)h, and unfortunately was not credited to him.
The mistake was wholly unintentional.

Thk Canahiw Hok ricui.ruKisi. 117

thp: OxVrARio apple in kkontenac countv.

■■.-'1^»j■V^^'-^: •>

HA\'E lately had brought to me some fine specimens of this apple

grown near Kingston. Last fall I saw the tree which Mr. Samuel

Watts received from the " Fruit Growers' Association," eleven

years ago. It was bearing an abundant crop of fine apples, and

''^^^^^^^^^ seemed to be in perfect health, without any signs of tenderness.

Capt. Dunlop, of Kingston, tells me the tree which he got at the same time,

has grown vigorously, and the large, handsome specimens of the fruit he has

shown me, is proof of the correctness of his statement.

This apple seems to be well suited to take the place here of its less hardy
parent, the Spy. When raised in this district it keeps quite as well as the Spy,
and sells readily at the highest price. I think it will prove to be a valuable
apple for the purpose of shipping, and that is the kind of apple we are most in
need of.

I am not yet prepared to say the tree would be hardy enough for the nor-
thern part of this county, where the frost is often more intense than it is at the
front.

Cataraqui. D. XicOL

Nearly one million barrels of apples have been received in Great Britain
from American and Canadian ports up to the present writing, proving that our
English friends are not all convinced of their being poisoned with arsenic. The
prices have kept well up, Canadian Baldwins, Spys, Russets and Greenings
bringing from $4 to $5 per barrel in March. We notice that Greenings bring
more than either Baldwins or Ben Davis.

Mr. Nicol writes that H. M. Peterson, of Colborne, whose men are at pre-
sent packing apples about Kingston for export, have shipped, during the winter,
71,000 barrels. Judging from the present condition of the British market, he
should do well on his ventures.

Incomplete Addresses. — A Brantford subscriber sends $1.00 without
giving his name, and Mr. A. E. Dewar sends $2.25 without giving his post
office.

The Shlwvassie Beauty. — ^On the grounds of the late Charles Gibb (now
in the hands of Wm. Craig), at Abbottsford, this has not shown any signs of
being a profitable apple, spotting and cracking as badly as the Fameuse, along-
side of which it is planted. A few sound specimens have been obtained each
year, but the greater proportion has been second and third grade. — Orchard and
Garden.

ii8 Thk Canakian Hoki icl'i.turist.

Jbt (g-ardei) ai)d I^aLci;.

CROWINC. KAKI.V TOMATOES.

Tj* C) other garden vegetable has, jjcrhaps, grf)wn faster into public favor
than the tomato, neither is there any more profitable, if got in mar
ktt early, of fine appearance and of good quality ; sales are brief
then and prices high, and to this end every grower endeavors to
obtain the earliest variety. Hut from my experience in tomato cul-
ture, I find there are other things more essential in obtaining early
fruit than the variety.

I find that the best mode of cultivating the tomato, is to get well selected
seed of the best early variety, and sow the seed in a hot bed about the first of
March. Sow in rows two inches apart, and when the plants have four leaves,
transplant into another hot bed. Or the seed may be sown in a small box and
this laid in a hot bed which will require less space for the first sowing. In
transplanting set the plant deeper than it was in the first bed. Check off the
second bed four inches ajjart and set the plants in the cross. I do not know
that transplanting causes the plant to fruit earlier, but it gives it more and
stronger roots, while it is too cold to j)lant in the open ground, so that when set
in the field they force the plant to a rapid growth and the fruit to a rapid
maturity.

In the last half of May, if the situation may be chosen, select a plot of ground
facing the south-east. Manure heavily with well rotted manure. I would not
use any but thoroughly rotted manure, as it seems to cause the fruit to rot. The
richer the soil the earlier and finer the fruit.

Break the ground deep, and pulverize thoroughly ; mark off rows running
north-east and south-west, four feet, or five, perhaps, will be better. In these
rows drop two forkfuls of some rich, well-rotted manure, or a small handful of
fertilizer every three feet, mixing well with the soil and make good hills. If the
plants can be set in a warm rainy spell it is best, but, if not, then wet the bed
thon)ughly, take up as much soil with the plants as i)ossible and set them in the
hills. Set again deeper than they were in the bed.

As soon as the plants are well established begin cultivation. They should
be cultivated every four or five days, and the first three workings should bedeej).
As soon as suckers appear take them off. This, I think, makes earlier and finer
fruit, as it throws more <jf the sap into the fruit. ^\'hen the plants get about
fifteen inches high set a stake at each plant and keep it well tied up. As soon
as fruit forms go through the rows every fi-w days and take off all suckers and
imperfect fruit, for this fruit will not give satisfaction.

In marketing tomatoes handle them as ( arefully as if they were eggs, and as
much as possible sell direct to the ( onsinner. Tikis. I). Haikd. /// OrclhirJ inui
Cardcn.

Thi: Canadian Horticulturist.

119

ARUM SANCTUM.

HIS is another of the novelties figured in the catalogue of new and
rare bulbs, published by A. Blanc, of Philadelphia. It is a flower
that grows in the Holy Land, in the vicinity of the City of Jerusalem.
The tradition is that it was introduced from Egypt at the time of
King Solomon. This may have some foundation, for we know that King Solo"
mon gave much time to the study of rare and curious plants, and collected them
from all parts of the world. We read, in the Book of Ecclesiastes, about his
wisdom concerning plants. He seems to have been practically acquainted with
all that were then known, from the giant cedar down to the tiny hyssop.

Fic. 32.— Arilm Saxctcm, or Solomon's Lir.v.

120 lUi; Canai.ian Hokiicli.ilrist.

, Tlie flowers of ilic Arum Sanctum, or Solomons Lily, are sweet scented, and
often of a foot in length, seven to nine inches across, of beautiful form ; in color,
they are a rich ebony black. The spadix is ten to twelve inches long and ebony
l)lack, while the foliage is a rich green.

The Arums are a large genus of curious perennials, most of which are too
tender to endure our cold winters without being taken up and stored inside.
They are, probably, of Egyptian origin, and are well represented among amateurs
by Arum maatlaium, or the so-called Spotted (!alla. To cultivate them success-
fully, plenty of moisture is needed during the growing season, and they should
be grown in good, rich soil, whether in pots or in the ojien ground.

POINTS ABOUr C.LADIOl.I.

^HE culture of gladioli may be summed up in three senten-
ces : " Keep the ground loose. Keep the weeds down.
Draw an inch of soil to the plants." The last operation is
designed to give the plants greater firmness to resist winds and
rain, which are so apt to beat them down when in blossom. If
you have many bulbs it is useless to try to support the flower
stalks in any way ; but if you are determined to do it, you can
drive a few stakes and stretch a wire along to which to tie stalks :
hut it is better to cut down such as are top-heavy. In the future,
possibly, no gladioli will be grown but such as are rigid enough to
resist wind and rain. It is a good plan to prevent the maturing
of seed, except when wanted for sowing, both because .seed-bear-
ing is always exhausting, and because if the stalks are cut ofl" as
the flowers fade, the rows will have a neater and more pleasing
appearance.

When the frosty nights begin, it will be time t(^ think of taking
up the Ijulbs. Much has l)een said of the importance of letting
the plants stand until the tojis tlie down. Not only is there no
need of doing this, but it increases the labor of ''lifting" fully tight-fold : for
instead of having a good handle to ea( h bulb, you will have to grojie about in
the dirt for it. The best way of lifting is to have a man go along the rows with
a spade, thrusting it under the bulb.s, but not raising them, while another follows
pulling up as many ])lants as he can grasp, and leaving each kind by itself with
its label near it. The stalks are cut off the same day as closely as possible to
the bulbs, which are then put into boxes and put into a place secure from frost
until December, when the dry roots, the old withered bulbs and the bulblets are
taken off and the clean bulbs are removed to the cellar, where they remain until
the loth of May again.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, $1.00 per year, entitling the subscriber to membership ot the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including a copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees.

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

Law Concerning Peach Yellows. — In a recent number reference was
made to the uselessness of the present act regarding the destruction of black
knot and peach yellows, and that the Farmers Institute of Lincoln has resolved
to co-operate with the Canadian Institute in Toronto, in seeking some amend-
ments to the act which would make it more easily operated.

Some special sections of the present Act are as follows : Revised Statutes for On-
tario for 1887, under Noxious Weeds, refers to the cutting down and burning of
peach or nectarine trees effected with yellows, or plum trees affected with black
knot. Section 3, div. 2, compels the council, on petition of fifty ratepayers, to
appoint an inspector, whose business it will be to enforce the provision of the
Act ; his remuneration to be fixed by said council for the performance of his
duties. In section 8, the inspector is to proceed to examine the fruit trees, providing
he receives written complaint that such disease exists in his municipality, and, if
satisfied that either black knot or [)each yellows is present, he is to give notice in
writing to the owner of the land, requiring him, within five days of the receipt of
the notice, to destroy the diseased trees. Section 10 deals with the penalties
made, which are not under $5, and not over $20, for not destroying the
affected trees, or for selling fruit so affected. It is quite evident that this legis-
ation is more permissive than compulsory, and not sufficiently stringent to avail
much in stamping out the disease.

A resolution to be sent to the Attorney-General and the Honorable Minister
of Agriculture, calls the attention of the Government to this important question,
and asks for more stringent legislation enforcing the destruction of affected trees,
and for preventing the eale of diseased fruit, and regulating the appointment and
duties of inspectors.

122 Thk Canadian Horticl'ltl'rist.

Certainly this matter needs immediate attention. 'Inhere is too mucli machi-
nery involved in getting a petition of fifty ratepayers in order to compel the
council to appoint an inspector, and it is too bad that after such inspector is
appointed, he should have to sit at home and allow the plum knot or peach
yellows to flourish all around him, along the roadside and in his neighbors'
orchards, not daring to utter a word unless he receive a written complaint from
some ratepayer in his municipality. The worthlessness of the jjresent Act is
plainly evident to anyone who rides through the plum or peach growing sections
of our country. Everywhere wretched plum, cherry and peach trees are dragging
out a miserable and sickly existence, owing to these diseases. What use is it
for anyone to plant an orchard of these valuable fruits, with the absolute certainty
that the spores from neglected trees near by will utterly ruin his hopes of profit ?

On Thursday evening, loth of March, the writer read a paper before the
Hamilton Scientific Association, on Fungi Affecting Fruits, and as a result a reso-
lution was passed supporting the efforts of the fruit growers to secure improved
legislation for the destruction of peach yellows and plum knot.

On the evening of the nth of March, a joint committee of the above
named Societies, with some representatives of the Ontario Fruit Crowers'
Association, waited upon the Minister of Agriculture, urging the importance of
amending the Act in such a way as to make it more effective. They also
advised the appointment of a general inspector of diseased fruit trees for the
provmce, who would enforce the penalties of the Act upon parties neglecting to
destroy their diseased trees when notified l)y the local inspector.

Mr. Dryden regretted that so important a subject had not been brought under
his notice at an earlier date. In his opinion, the appointment and control of
such general inspector might, very properly, be undertaken by the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, and he would like a definite plan to be formulated as soon
as convenient, in order that action might be taken at the next session.

Thi: Fir.st Exhibit at CHic.\r.o.Mr. j. M. Samuels, Chief of the Dejjart-
ment of Horticulture, Chicago, writes : To the Department of Horticulture
belongs the distincticjn of the fir.st exhibit, installed, for the World's Columbian
Exposition.

P. S. Peterson, a nurseryman, of Rose Hill. Chicago, has. during the past
week, planted six trees on the grounds near the horticultural building, as a per-
manent exhibit, and as a |)ractical illustration of the successful methods of trans-
planting large ornamental trees. They are an Elm, fifty tcet high and two feet
in diamater, commemorative of (ieneral Sherman, brought from the woods in
1876, then fifty years old, and planted on the nursery grounds at Rose Hill;
a Hackberry, forty feet high and two feet in diameter, commemorative o( Ceneral
('.rant, also transplanted from the woods in 1S76 ; a Linden, forty feet high and
eighteen inches bole : a Willow, thirty feet high and thirty feet spread ; a sugar
Maple, forty feel high and ten feet spread ; an Ash, thirty-five feet high and
fourteen feet stem. It recjuired a force of twenty-two men and twelve horses to
transplant the trees, and the cost of the work was about $700.

Thk Canadian Horticulturist.

123

-^ (^(j^stior) 5)pa[jo^p. ^

LMTROVIXC; THE HOUSE YARD.

Sir,— Would you be kind enough to give me some hints on the airangement of my
yard ? I enclose a rough drawing of the same. There is a row of small evergreens along
the side of the drive, and along the road in ficmt are evergreens and maples. The figures
in the corner represent 1, 2, 3 and 5, native trees, as oak, wild cherry, elm, etc., 4 is a
stump, 14 is a oatalpa tree. I have just built a house in the position represented, and
would like some hints with regard to the grounds. Also, what kind of grass would you
recommend me to sow for the lawn ?

W. S., BeamnvtUe.

Fig. T,^ represents the ground in its unimproved state. There is, as yet, no
special walk, except that which one would naturally take toward the house ;
the drive is too straight to the barn, and it is inconvenient to walk from the
house to the driveway in order to get into the carriage. We would advise a curve,
as shown in fig. 34, approaching the house gradually to the carriage stand at 1 3,
from which it will be easy to step in. 9 represents a large bed of evergreens,
deciduous trees and shrubs, which will make a convenient turn-about for the
carriage, without driving upon the lawn. 8 is a double row of native ornamental
trees, which would grow up to hide the barns from the public view and from the
house. We would suggest that the whole of the lawn in front of the house be

fuhlicRoad

'U/Uic fioad

...,..v

°li

5

Fii:. 33.

Fig. 34.

124 ^"p' Canadian Horticulturist.

kept free from any trees, except it were one or two l)eautiful specimens which
might staiul alone, such, for instance, as a cut-leaved weeping birch, scarlet oak
or an American elm, and a narrow belt of native e\ergreen and deciduous trees
along the front fence. The corners towards the road in front by the walk and drive
should be filled in with trees and shrubs of our native varieties. These will do
well and answer the purpose as well as the much more expensive ones from the
nurseries, that is, providing they are easily accessible. The marks at 6 and 7
represent arches over the walk, which might be made to add to the effect, and
which would be very pretty, if covered with some variety of clematis or of honey-
suckle. The stump, 4, in the corner, might be covered with Virginia creeper ;
10 would be a very suitable place for a flower border, with a screen of evergreens
to hide it from 1 2, the place for the vegetable garden.

A good mixture for a lawn grass was given in the Canadian Horticui--
TURiST, Vol. II, page 4, where Prof Lizenby recommended the following as a
<7ood mixture, the amount being sufficient to seed one-half an acre : Kentucky
Blue (irass, 5 lbs. ; Red Top, 5 lbs. ; Timothy, 3 lbs. ; Perennial Rye Crass, 5
lbs. : Sweet Vernal Crass, 2 lbs. ; White Clover, 2 lbs.

VARIETIES FOR TOP (IRAFTIXC IN HURON CO.

Sir, — I have seventy-five Hen Davis apple trees and I want to top-graft them in tlie
spring : also beventy-five Seek-no- Furthers, two years set, which have made excellent
growth. I would like to use Mcintosh Red and Blenheim Orange. Are there any other
kinds that would do better ? Would you mind telling me what is the best method of treat-
ing cracked bark <>n apple trees ? Is slitting it any use ?

A. .Sloan, Blyth, Ont.

The varieties recommended as suitable for cultivation in the county of
Huron by the committee of our Association, were (summer), Yellow Transparent
and Duchess of Oldenburg; (autumn), (iravenstein. Wealthy and Colvert :
(winter), Pewaukee, Ontario, Baldwin, Hubbardston's Nonsuch, and Cranberry
Pippin. But, ofcour.se, it is not intended that members and the general public
should be guided entirely by this list, in their planting. It was hoped that it
would be of some assistance to intending planters, in a general way ; l)ut there
are many cases in which varieties, not mentioned on this list, might prove the
most profitable and most successful for individual planters to cultivate. NN'e
cannot, therefore, too nun li impress the importance of using one's own obser-
vation and judgment in this matter of varieties. No arbitrary rule can ever be
laid down on a subject which is so subject to change, as that of the best varieties
of the different fruits.

'I'he iJlenheim Orange and the iMcIntosh Red are both varieties of great
value, and, if the latter grows clear of sjiots, it is sure to command a high
price in the market. As you will sec by Mr. K.ues article in the March number

The Canauian Horticulturist. 125

of our journal, there is some comi)laint against the Blenlieim Orange on account
of its being shy in bearing.

Slitting the bark will be of little use in curing cracked bark referred to.
Usually, the damage is already done before the injured place is observed. If
any reader has any experience in successfully treating this trouble, we would be
pleased to have the information for publication.

LIVER OF SULPHUR.

Sir,— Where can liver of sulphur (sulphide of potassium) be purchased at 20c. per
pound? I see the Country Gentleman puts it at 15c. I have to pay 40c. a pound for it,
besides express charges from Toronto. If it could be purchased at 20c. it could be used
to pay.

Stanley Spillett, Nantye.

Mr. Fred H. Yapp, druggist, Hamilton, says the ordinary price there is 25c.
a pound, but if taken in quantities of 25 and 50 pounds, 20 cents a pound. Sul-
phuret of potassium should be asked for, not liver of sulphur, which might be
understood to mean sulphur vivum.

BOOK ON COLD GRAPERIES.

Sir,— Is there any book published on cold graperies and the growing of vines in them ?
If so, please answer through the journal. I ripened some figs in my new one last year, but
my grape vines did not make much growth. The journal seems to be constantly improving.

A. J. Collins, Listoicel, Out.

So little is done in America, comparatively speaking, in cold graperies that
there is very little published with regard to their management. The only book we
know of is " Woodward's Graperies and Horticultural Buildings," which is sold
at $1, and may be ordered through this office.

PLANTING GRAPE VINES.

Sir,— I think your advice, page 89 of the February number, in reference to planting
grape vines, open to criticism. We have 15 acres, 8 feet in the row ; 25 acres, 6 feet, and
5 acres, 4 feet ; the rows in all cases are 8 feet apart. The advantages are decidedly with
close planting. The trellises are covered with bearing wood at least a year sooner, and the
problem of pruning so as to have an even distribution of good wood, is reduced to a mini-
mum. The only objection is the first cost of vines and planting, which is more than ottset
by the extra first year's crop. A. McNeill, Win<l.-:or.

Four feet apart might answer while a vineyard is young, like, probably, that
of our correspondent, but how will it do when 25 or 30 years planted? We
hall be glad of the experience of vineyardists from all quarters on this subject.
— Editor.

126 The Canadian Horticulturist.

^ Ope I) "Letteps. '^,

N'KW R.\sriu:RR\' iiii.i.siDi-: F.woRrn:.

Sir, — Some years since a crfninection of mine in England, who was very fond of^liis
garden, discovered in it a seedling raspberry, which he propagated, and it turned out so
very satisfactory that many of his friends, interested in gardening, obtained plants from
him, but I am not aware that the variety ever came into the hands of piofessional nuisiry
men. The variety is very prolific of tine, handsome berries of a yellow color, witli a pink
tinge wlien fully ripe, ripening early, and of a more delicious tiavor than any other rasp-
berry I ever tasted ; in fact, the best red raspberries appear very insipid on passing from
this variety to them. Among the raisers' friends, it was called the " Hillside Favorite."
1 have a few plants, and will send you some for testing.

Akthcr Ceo. He.\^ven, Hoyiii:, Out.

Kll.LIXC, ANTS.

•SiK, — I noticed last year that some of your subscribers were troubled with ants. J My
practice is to stick a match, ])iio3phorous end down, in the holes they made in the ground,
and, Hs a re?ult, the ants immediately clear out. Hot water, red pepper and other reme-
dies fail. A Si I'.si KinKK.

THK NEWEST RUSSI.\N IMPORIA TION.

Sir, I send you today a second* ])Ostpacket, with the following scions: 1. Mali-
novka (Raspiteiry apple). '2 Daiiias hative ilOumagne. It is probable that this sort is
identical with i7iy Niemetz ])lume. Oumagne is not far from \Vinnitza. A. Papirovka
(Early Paper apple, Polish Paper apple). 4. Pomme de la ville de Romney (Romney
apple). 5. Blanche longue dVtc (Long Summer U'hite). G. Isium I'reck plum. Tar-
tarian plum from Crimea. Small, blue, delicious, freestone. Stone very small. Very
productive. A very desirable kind for Canada, providing it will endure the climate. 7.
Cherkush (Tscherkiish). A kind from Rumania, (iood for eating. Widely distributed in
South and West Russia. S. Hative de Crinuc. i(. Isablouke grand arrondi. 1(1.
Isablouke d'automne. These two kinds I have not identitied. In Russia, all large, white
fleshed apples are called Isablouke (Sabluck) The Sabluck out of my garden may be
identical with one of these varieties. 11. Isabalma. Probably from Ciimea or the
Caucasus. 12. White Transparent. I.S. Sultan. 14. Sui^lepp. The best early sort.
|)r. Crell says this is identical with the Dutch Peach red Summer ajjple, called by the
Ereiich, Yellow Trantjjarent. This is incorrect. It is (|uite another variety. I"). Aveua-
rius' Sugar. From the north. The sweetest of all Russian apples. (;ood for children,
who buy it readily.

All these varieties I have procured from the Agricultuial College in Oumagne (Podolie).
it is probable that I will yet this season send you very many more scions, in two packets,
one from .Asia, and one from Kiasan. Some future time I will semi you a great variety of
kinds from many places. I am seeking especially some good pears for Canada, and hope to
Bucceeil. Your friend, .1 avalav Nihmit/..

lioyal Collfjn, Wiimilzu, Podolir, Rmsia, I'lth Dec, ISOl.

*For lUt of Kioni In Ont lot, aee Report, 1891.

CATIIKJUXK MKHMhrr.

THE

Canadian Horticulturist.

Vol. XV.

1892

No. 5.

CATHARINE MERMET ROSE.

f^^^X

.,^-^5?>.'^^.^x^^.,i,B^

F all the pink tea roses, probably Catharine Mermet, is the
finest. The buds are long and pointed, and very beautiful,
exhaling, as they open, a most dehghtful perfume. The
flowers themselves are large, full and well formed, and,
although not produced in great abundance, the variety cannot
be called a shy bloomer.

The rose is flesh color, and characterized by a peculiar
silvery lustre, like that of La France. Rose growers marketing
cut flowers, consider this variety one of the very best for their purposes ; while,
on account of its beauty, it is mosU highly valued for exhibition purposes.

Catharine Mermet was introduced to the public by the celebrated rose
growers, Messieurs Guillot fils, of Lyons, France, who are also the originators
of a dozen other good roses, among them that well-known half hardy tea, the
La France, which is so great a favorite in the garden of the amateur.

128

The Canadian Horticulturist.

Al'l'I.K IXSPKCriOX.

1 { K solid advantages which might accrue to Canadian fruit-
;4ro\vers through a proper inspection of fruit intended for
export, has been twice discussed at meetings of our Asso-
( iation. As things now are, it is impossible to sell for cash
t". o. b. to an English buyer, because he cannot be satisfied
of the quality and grade until the apples have crossed the
ocean and come under his personal inspection. In this way the Canadian
grower or shipper is entirely at the mercy of the English buyer, who has the
goods in charge.

If it is possible to plan .some definite system of grading, so that a distant
buyer would know, from the mere mention of the grade, just what kind of stock
was being offered him, there is not the slightest doubt that apple growing in
Canada would be a much more remunerative occupation than it is ; for the
Canadian grower could sell for cash at his own home for the full value of his
stock, and a Canadian shipper would always know exactly what margin he was
allowing himself on any lots he was handling.

By reference to our combined reports for the years 1890 and 1891, it will be
observed that this subject has been pretty fully discussed, and that a committee
was appointed to urge upon the Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion, the
importance of a systematic inspection and branding of Canadian apples for
export. We have drawn up an outline of the duties that would be expected of
such an inspector, and defined what would be understood as meant by grades
No. I and No. 2, expressing as nearly as possible the sense of our meeting on
the subject, and submitted it to the committee. As it soon may be presented
for consideration at Ottawa, we have thought best to publish the outlines of the
inspector's work, in order that the committee may have the benefit of criti-
cisms from anv of our readers.

DUTIES OF THE DOMINION APPLE INSPECTOR.

(1) To make head(iiiarter8 at the most important shipping part of the Dominion, pro
bably at Montreal, during the fall, and at Halifax during the winter months.

(2) In the inspection of closed packages of ajjples, the inspector shall open out so many
of the packages, say, one in ten, less or more, as shall enable him to judge fairly of the
grade, and of the manner of packing.

(.S) Upon satisfying himself of the grade, he shall apply his inspector's brand, marking
them "Canadian Apples, No. 1, inspected, " or No. '2, as the case may be. There should
be no No. '.i inspected ; any sucli stock going forward should go without the inspectors
brand.

(4) The inspector shall have a special care to avoi<l branding any package, unless he is
satisfied that it is honestly packed through an<l through. He may refuse further atttution
U) any carload of apples, which he tinds faulty in this regard ; and the shipper of sucli car
load shall forfeit the privilege of having any furtlier attention from the inspector for the
current season.

(')) The insjtecttjr shall hold himself in readiness to inspect all fruit within one or two
days after receiving notice, and engage a sutlicient number of assistants to accomplish the
work speedily, without rldaying the loading of a cargo.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

129

(6) No person shall be obliged to have his fruit inspected, but, if he desires the benefits
of the higher prices which will be eventually secured by the inspector's brand, he will be
expected to pay a fee of at least one cent per barrel for each barrel branded by the inspt^ctor.

(7) On account of some lots going by Suspension Bridge and New York to Great
Britain, and other lots going to Chicago, the inspector should have, as soon as practicable,
one or two trained assistants in Western Ontario during the apple season, ready to go when
called upon, to any station for the inspection of carlots of apples which are ready for
shipment.

(S) The inspector may make arrangements, wherever practicable, to do the work of
inspection at railway stations where apples are being loaded, providing a certain number o
car-loads are in readiness. t

(9) The inspector shall also make it his business to see that all lots of apples branded
by him are properly named as well as graded.

(10) The inspector shall take especial care to make known to growers generally his
address, and business, and also to give them a full description of the proper methods of
packing and grading as to the No. 1 or the No. 2 brand.

(11) Grade No. 1 shall consist of well-grown samples of the variety named, somewhat
uniform in size, well-shaped, of normal color, free from scab, worm holes, curculio knots, etc.

(12) Grade No. 2 shall consist also of apples free from scab and worm holes, but which,
for lack of uniformity in size, deficiency in color, abnormal shape, or for any other reason,
are considered by the inspector unfit to be graded No. 1.

(l.S) In addition to the ordinary grades No. 1 and No. 2, the inSpector may use his
judgment in the use of one or more stars, in cases of very fancy stock in his opinion having
especial merit.

(14) Any inspector proven guilty of receiving compensation for his work from inter-
ested parties, and thus being in any way influenced to favor any particular shipper, shall at
once forfeit his position, and be subject to a heavy fine.

(15) It might, perhaps, be well, the first season, to have little or no fee for inspection
until the benefits of the work begin to be appreciated, and growers begin to find that they
can sell for cash f. o. b. to distant buj^ers their inspected stock, on account of the confi-
dence gained by the brand.

A CHEAP GREENHOUSE.

Sir, — In your March number you have a plan for heating a greenhouse. I
send you the plan of one we made ourselves. It works very well, and costs very
little. We use old gas pipes, costing only one cent a foot, a box stove for the

HOT WATER

STOVE

RUURN PIPB

coil, and a barrel for water. The size of the greenhouse is 30 ft. by 16 ft. The
pipes run under the beds. I send you ground plan of it, and will be pleased to
answer through your journal, any questions cor.cerning it.

H. J. Job.
Mount Clemens, Mich.

i3o The Canadian Horticulturist.

POTN'TERS TO SUCCESS I\ ERUIT C.ROWIXG.

N fruit-growing, as in any other useful line of life, there arc
certain characteristics which need cultivation and practice
in order to succeed, and prominent among these are
pluck and patience ; especially are they needed in fruit-
growing, for there is something so enticing in entering
upon it that very many engage in it without sitting down
to count the cost, and when they are called to face some stern-visaged realities
they falter, waver, get discouraged, and give it up in despair ! Many would-be
horticulturists, who have followed some line of business successfully, and have
means to retire, think that all they have to do is to buy a piece of land, lay it
out to their taste, stock it with fruits of various kinds, invest in novelties and
ornamental shrubbery, erect buildings, provide tools, etc., etc., and, of course,
in their estimate, success is certain. But, in nine cases out of ten, their fancy has
anticipated what they will never realize, and instead of gliding smoothly into a
realization of their animated expectations, they are forced to sit down in des-
pondency, and the next thing, visible as a fruit of their experience, is a shingle
posted on some prominent point of their premises, reading thus :

This Place For Sale.

Now, what is the required elements of success in such cases ? Not so much
a need of experience in carrying out details, but a settled determination to suc-
ceed, and patience to bridge over the unforseen difficulties which have presented
themselves. Of course, experience is part of the capital invested, if one has it.
he will acquire it by the way, if he persevere ! Another useful thing is a habit
of observation, coupled with a spirit of enquiry. If you find your neighbor suc-
ceeding in any one or more productions, be inquisitive, and try to find out the
secret of his success, and put it in practice yourself. Have a heart in your work,
get practical ideas and carry them out, putting your own hand to the work, not
entrusting it to a foreman, who in turn hands it over to a " hand ' to perform
what you ought to do yourself. I would emphasize the idea of self- experience
for two reasons, first, because it is economical, and second, it draws you into and
cultivates the experience you need. Gentlemen, gardening seldom pays until
the gentleman turns worker.

Out of all the published theories which meet your eye, try to sift out the
wheat of practical utility to suit your own special needs, and you will be surpri.se(i
at the amount of " chaff" you will be obliged to reject as impracticable. There
is a large percentage of faper gardening and farming afloat, that, if one
attempted to practice, even on a small scale, he must leave the question of /av
out altogether, and that will never do. Unless your fruit culture /</v.f, that is
something l)esidc the cost of production, you will soon get weary and give it up.

Thk Canadian Horticulturist. 131

Few can afford a drain upon their resources for the sake of gratifying a taste for
the work of fruit-growing.

It is well to try a variety of productions with a view to profit ; if one fail Or
is a partial success, another may turn out well, and the next year vice versa, so
that an encouraging remuneration may respond to your efforts. The greatest
discouragement arises, if, after you have anticipated at the opening of the sea-
son, to realize certain good profits on some particular productions, and find
something come across your estimates and reduce them to a fraction of what
yuu had purposed to realize. The best way is not to anticipate, or forestall any
stated return, but go confidently forward, taking the best care of details, and
making the most of appliances by the way, and leave the result to the Giver of
all returns.

As general principles have thus far been the burden of this paper, I will turn
briefly to details and close. One reason my strawberries bear a good price, and
sell readily in the Ottawa market, is owing to their size and flavor. I pick on
the green side, begin early and always keep well picked up to ripening. The vines
are kept clean, the matted rows not too matted, or plants not allowed too close,
any old ones worked out, leaving room for the young vigorous ones to well
mature their fruit. I uncover the vines late, keeping back the main picking as
late as possible to meet the preserving demand, and to avoid competition with
the shipping rush from the South, as the home grown product always comes up
after the poor, sour, cheap berries are off the market.

We put one-half of a barrel, sawed in two, round each rhubarb plant as a
quickener, taking care to bank dirt up around outside to keep out cold winds.
We are just now (April 12th) enjoying a "norther" that is trying everything,
even the cabbage and tomato plants in the hot beds. It requires some skill and
a good degree of patience to pursue gardening and fruit-growing up here in the
" cold north," but nil desperandum et spera meliora (never despair, and hope for
better things) is the encouraging motto to adopt here.

Out of six Russian apricots, four Lombard plums, two Saunders ditto, and
two Prunus Simoni, with which I have tried this climate, I have only two Rus-
sian apricots remaining. I thought T would leave off the '• wraps '" the past
winter, hence the above result.

My apples. Wealthy, Duchess, Scott's Winter, Yellow Transparent, Northern
Spy, etc., have come through without extra care, except tramping the snow at
the beginning of winter, and putting some long manure around a few of them
after the ground froze, in order to keep back too early flow of sap. All ray
Early Richmond cherries, and two black Tartarian out of six came through with-
out any extra care, but the few pear trees I tried are all killed. But vacancies
must be supplied with something hardier, perhaps the native wild plum which
sells well on the market. But I am getting tedious and must close.

Nepean, Ont. L. Foote.

132 The Canadian HoKricui/ruRiST.

SOME PROMIXKNT CANADIAN' HORTirui.TURISTS.^XV.

MR. DAVID NICOL.

the annual meeting of our Association held in Hamilton in
December, 1S89, our present representative for agricultural district
No. 3, was elected and has since filled his office, as one of the
directors of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, to the satisfaction
of all concerned. Mr. D. Nicol, of Catarat}ui, is a man of wide
experience and excellent early training in horticulture. Indeed,
there are very few Canadian horticulturists who can boast of so careful an
apprenticeship in all the practical details of the nursery and fruit growing lines,
as the subject of this sketch. Mr. Nicol, however, is a man of such modesty
that it was only by a series of questions from the editor of this journal that the
facts necessary for this sketch were obtained.

David Nicol was born on June ist, 1847, in Montrose, Forfarshire, on
the east coast of Scotland. There he served his apprenticeship at market
gardening and the nursery business with his father, Daniel Nicol, of the
Hedderwick Nurseries, at Montrose. After completing his training at home, he
served two years as foreman in the gardens at Fasque Castle, Kincardineshire,
the seat of the late Sir John Gladstone ; two years as foreman in the gardens of
Kinnaird Castle, the seat of the Earl of Esk, Forfarshire, and one year as
foreman in the Royal Botanic (hardens at Glasgow.

In 1854 Mr. Nicol determined to try his fortune in Canada, and coming to
this country he entered upon the fruit growing and nursery business at Lyn,
near Brockville, where he carried on his place for some eleven years. Finding
the necessity of being near some large market for his fruit, an important
consideration to every fruit grower, he removed to Cataraqui, near Kingston, at
which place he still resides.

Mr. Nicol has spent much time, labor and money in experimenting, and as a
result, he finds that, while many kinds of apples can be profitably grown in his
agricultural district, which includes Frontenac, City of Kingston, Leeds and
Grenville North, Leeds South, Grenville South and Brockville, there are but
very few varieties of pears, plums and cherries that can be grown with profit. In
his apple orchard of ten acres, he has discarded, out of a large number of
varieties, a large part as entirely worthless. The kinds which he finds most
profitable and whi( h he fhiL-fly raises for shipping purposes in his own orchard,
are Golden Russet, La Rue, I'ameuse, Canada Red, Brockville Beauty and Red
.•^stracan. His work as an experimenter emphasizes the importance of having
such work systematically conducted by the Government for the general good.
As things are now, fruit growers all over the province are spending a large part
of their lives, and wasting much time and money in endeavoring to find out what

Mr. Davii) Nicol

The Canadian Horticulturist. 133

varieties are suited to their soil and climate. During the last fifteen or sixteen
years our Association has been endeavoring to do as much plant-testing as
possible, through our directors and members, and this we consider one of the
most important departments of our work. In the future we hope to receive
some substantial encouragement for the more careful carrying out of our
distribution of trees and plants for testing, and for the collating of the results.

As a writer on agricultural and horticultural subjects, Mr. Nicol is favorably
known throughout the Province of Ontario. In the annual competitions for
prizes offered by the Agricultural and Arts Association for the best essays on
these subjects, Mr. Nicol has been awarded nine first prizes.

As a landscape gardener, Mr. Nicol's talents have been recognized by the
people of Kingston. The laying out of the Cataraqui cemetery, of Kingston,
was placed in his hands and he continues to have this work in charge, a task
which absorbs no small amount of his time.

For several years Mr. Nicol was president of the Frontenac Agricultural
Association and was a member of the Board of Directors for over twenty years.
He has also taken a share in the work of conducting the Farmers' Institutes in
connection with the professors of the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph,
and has been sent out to this work three successive seasons. For this work he
is well suited having had large experience, not only in fruit growing, but also in
general farming and stock raising.

THE DESIRABLE CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

Mrs. Cleveland, Snowstorm, Moonlight and B. Rose have attracted a great
deal of attention of late. The number of really valuable early kinds is quite
small, and it is a question whether such as we have of the very early ones are
desirable, for they come at the height of the aster season, and are in no way
superior to them, though they require much more trouble in cultivation. If we
could have varieties equal in beauty to the November flowering kinds there
would be no doubt of their desirability, but such do not seem to be forthcoming.
Those that have proved most valuable are Mad. C. Desgrange, white : Mile.
Lacroix, white ; Alex. Dufour, amaranth ; Lady Selborne, white ; Mandrin,
white, shaded yellow and pink ; and Roi des Precoces, crimson. On the other
hand, there are a few varieties that extend the chrysanthemum season far into
the winter ; indeed, it is not unusual to see them at Christmas. The following
are valuable in this way : Grandiflorum, bright yellow ; Mrs. Charles Carey,
white ; Ceres, pink and white ; Gloire de Toulouse, amaranth crimson ; Snow-
storm, white ; Thunberg, yellow ; Bi-color, orange and yellow ; and the new
variety, Le Suprenant. crimson and yellow. — Forest and Home

134 I'he Canadian Horticulturist.

LETTERS FROM RUSSIA IX.

URIUCK APRICOT.

X the Russian provinces of Central Asia, Bucharia, Chive, Turkes-
tan, and even as far as the boundary line of China, is met, both in
J^ the wild and the cultivated state, a variety of apricot, known
locally as Uriuck. As I am better acquainted with the Semire-
chenskaja district, with its principal town Vjerny, than the other
districts in Asia, I will, therefore, make some observations on this apricot as
grown in that locality. I think it necessary to observe that Vjerny and its
suburbs have a climate subject to great drought in summer and extremely cold
north-west winds in the winter, and frecjuently there are very sharp changes from
heat to cold.

The Uriuck apricot is growing at Vjerny in wild situations in the woods,
where there are still to be found very old trees which endured the severe winter
of 1877. They have thick trunks about one meter in diameter, with low, broad,
but roundish, heads. But such giants are only left in protected places. The
cultivated Uriuck is grown in the gardens of Vjerny, as also in other places in
Asia, entirely from seeds. Previous to the occupation of this country by Russia,
the Uriuck was the chief fruit grown in local gardens. Now the inlanders have
learned from the Russian people how to grow other varieties of fruit also, especi-
ally the popular Alexander apple. They sow the seeds of the Uriuck directly in
the place where they wish the trees to grow, usually in the time of the season
when fresh gathered from the fruit, spring planting not being so favorable. The
Uriuck does not bear transplanting well, because the trees thereby become more
bushy and liable to injury from gumming. As soon as the stone opens, it sends
out long, vertical roots, which take hold deep down in the ground and supply
the plant with water during the extreme heat of the summer. The seedling soon
grows up, if there is sufificient moisture, and throws out lateral twigs on the lower
pan of the trunk. The seedling should be pruned in the second or third year,
or else these lateral twigs dry up and render the trunk unsightly. In the third
year the seedling usually blooms for the first time, the flowers being small, white,
or rose-colored, and in the fourth year it bears fruit. The Uriuck blooms earlier
than other fruit trees and sheds its bloom sooner. The time of ripening of the
Uriuck at Vjerny begins in July ; the wild variety in the mountain ripens later.
The color of the Uriuck is orange yellow, blushed on sunny side, though not
always. In the ripe fruit the stone parts freely from the flesh. In taste, some
are sweet, juicy and aromatic, not inferior to our apricots, others are inferior in
quality.

There are many varieties of Uriuck whirh. in general terms, may be divided
into wild and cultivated. Usually the wild Uriuck bears a small fruit, oftener

The Canadian Horticulturist. 135

round than oval. The color of this is dark green ; the kernel of the stone is
sweet or bitter in taste. The cultivated, or improved varieties of Uriuck are a
larger fruit, often oblong, leaf lighter, but the kernel of the stone is not always
sweet, occasionally it also is bitter.

It is the general opinion that the best sugar Uriuck grows in Vjerny, being
brought there by the Sartes. These are a people of ordinary intelligence, occupy-
ing the lovely fruit-growing and kitchen-garden district. They have also very good
vegetables, especially melons. The Sartes brought the sugar Uriuck from South
Turkestan. It is a variety much resembling that grown in our European gardens.
There are also many other varieties of Uriuck, but there is no great difference
between them. They are sold under the name of Gargens, where they were
raised. In China there are growing several varieties — but chiefly four, two early
and small kinds, known as the Kandak Uriuck and Khasake Uriuck, white, and
two late, large, very delicate kinds, Pivande Uriuck and Pchar Uriuck (yellow,
with rose blush).

In the outskirts of Vjerny we still meet occasionally with the Black Uriuck
(Prunus Armeniaca), which grows at the town of Djargent, situated at farthest
border toward China. The trees bear large fruit, almost round and almost
entirely brown in color. The stone is not free. In taste, it resembles a plum
more than an apricot.

The people living in the inland use the Uriuck fresh and dry it for winter.
The Russian ladies cook the Uriuck green in sugar until the stone is soft, and,
in such a state, it is also pleasant to the taste. The Bucharians dry a great
quantity of the Uriuck apricots in the sun, and their trade in this article is large.
It is brought on the markets from Northern Siberia and from the governments
bordering on the Volga. It is possible to buy dried Uriuck even in the market
at Moscow. .

But, as a garden tree about Vjerny and the outskirts, the Uriuck is the favor-
ite, on account of its early growth, and its merits for cooking, for which purpose
it is largely grown. The wood of the Uriuck is also valuable as a material for
wood work. Things made from it are very beautiful, but very heavy.

With regard to the hardiness, a Russian officer who lives in China, Peter
Alexanderovsk, writes, speaking of its hardiness. He says : " In the years 1888
and 1889 heavy frosts continued for about two months, from the middle of
December until the middle of February Some days it was - 37F., occasionally
it was + 5F. to - 2F. In February a south wind blew and the thermometer rose
one or two degrees. Afterwards it soon fellto-i3F. Notwithstanding such
severe changes, only the old trees of the Uriuck were injured, and this not every-
where. Young trees came out all right, just the same as if there had been mild
weather. Rich people living inland had no crop, but the poor had every tree
full of fruit, and early varieties were very heavily laden. At first view, this is
difficult to explain, but the fact is that riches and poverty are measured at China

136

The Canadian Horticulturist.

by the quantity of water controlled. Rich people watered their grounds during
the whole summer, but the poor watered theirs very little on account of the scar-
city. I am inclined to think that it is almost certain that the luxuriant growth
caused by the frequent watcring.s was the cause of their failure to fruit."'

I shall be much pleased if the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, of which
1 have the honor to be a member, will call public attention to this useful fruit.
It will be a gratification to me to see the time when the Uriuck apricot will

Fig. 35. — The Uriuck Apricot.

occupy, in the orchards and gardens in your country, a place along with the
other highly prized novelties.

I send some pits of the Uriuck apricot. The illustration accompanying this
article represents the fruit of medium size, and pits of various sorts.

Winnieza, Podolie, Russia. " Jaroslar Niemetz.

Note by Editor. — These pits of the Uriuck apricot which are sent us by
our friend, Mr. Niemetz, together with scions of other valuable Russian sorts of
fruit, have been placed in the hands of Prof. Wm. Saunders, Director of the
Experimental Fafm, Ottawa. He will test them carefully at that place, and, if
they are found to be desirable, they will be distributed to the members of our
Association, who will experiment with them still farther.

The Lawn. — A lawn that is carefully prepared and served with a niixiurc
consisting half and half of red top and blue grass before May isl, will usually be
a fine expanse of velvety green before September, provided it is kept clipjied by
a mower, once or twice a week on the average. — Frot?i Long's " H<mi to plant a
place"

How to Eat Str.\wbrrries. — The very height of strawberry-eating is with
coffee. Nobody ever really tasted coffee who has not drunk it in alternate
mouthfuls with strawberries, and nobody knows the strawberry flavor excepting
immediately after the clearing of the taste which comes from drinking coffee.
The clearing property of coffee is familiar enough, but there is strange ignorance
of this special application of it. The best of strawberries with the best of coffee
makes the sujjreme refinement of indulgence in the fruit. -N. V. Post.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 137

SEASONABLE HINTS.

THE RASPBERRY PLANTATION.

HE work of pruning out the dead canes should have been attended
to ere this ; but, in case it has not, no delay should be made in fin-
■ ishing the work. At the same time, all superfluous young canes should
be removed. Four or five canes are enough to be left to each stool :
any more will not increase the amount of the crop, and will draw
the nourishment from the others. The pruning of the bushes them-
selves should be done very closely, as the small, weak ends of the
canes will not yield much fruit, and yet they withdraw strength from the bearing
buds. These should be cut back to where the buds are strong and well devel-
oped ; and the side branches should also be cut back in the same way as the
canes, leaving short stubs from three to four inches in length. Both black-
caps, and red raspberries, the Cuthbert especially, may be treated in this way.
The method will be better understood from the accompanying engraving (Fig.
36) than from a whole paragraph of reading matter.

Fig. 36. — How to Prune Ra.spberries.

Fig. 37. — Raspberry Anthracnose.

The Raspberry Cane Rust has been observed in New York State by the
Cornell Experiment Station last season, both on the raspberry and blackberry
canes. It attacks growing canes, giving them a scabby, pitted appearance, as in

Fig- 37-

These blotches were brownish-black and quite conspicuous at picking time.
As a result the canes and berries dried up as if by drouth. A vigorous
condition of the plants is important in overcoming this disease ; and all
old diseased plantations are better cleaned out and burned. One station advises
spraying in early spring, before growth begins, with sulphate of iron, one pound
to a gallon of water, and with Bordeaux mixture after the leaves appear.

138 The Canadian Horticulturist.

STRAWBERRY OROWIXC FOR MARKHT.

g^R. R. M. KELLOGG is a successful strawberry grower, living near
(I Ionia, Michigan. He read a paper on the subject before a recent

meeting of the Michigan Horticultural Society, a few extracts

from which we give our readers in view of the near approach of

the season for this fruit.

The lirst question treated is, Wi// it pay ? Mr. Kellogg's

reply is : " If you are willing to play second to everybody else and
comjilv with all the conditions of failure, you will not get very rich. If you are
willing to spend your time cultivating for thirty to fifty bushels per acre of small,
second-class berries, with which you will always find the market glutted, I tell
you most emphatically, no, it will not pay. If you are one of those energetic,
pushing, investigating, painstaking fellows, who comply with the conditions of
success, you will do as hundreds of others have done, have a good fat living and
even get rich at it.'"

An important point which he emphasizes is, the development of a good home
market. Our city markets are frequently glutted, and if the near markets of our
smaller towns were better developed, there would be more room for the business.
He says : "The great secret of developing a home market lies in getting every
family in town to eat several quarts .of fruit daily instead of one. It is utterly
astonishing how much fruit people will use in the course of the season if you
manage them rightly. If they get tired of one variety, have another of different
color, flavor and appearance for them to try. Don't allow them to think they
can go without for a single meal, and you will be surprised to see how quick it
will cease to be regarded as a lu.xury but an absolute necessity. Teach them
that a fruit diet means clearer heads, cooler blood and better equipoise of brain
and muscle, and will save, in many cases, its cost in doctors bills. Bear in mind,
it's keeping people everlastingly eating that makes a home market. You have a
right to make your fruit look as neat and attractive as you please. The corners
of the box should be filled up even and the points of the berries turned up,
making them even and as full as they can be crated. Small berries look deci-
dedly neat fixed in this way, and the big berries can be put in the bottom to
surprise your customers when the beauties roll out of the box. They will appre-
ciate the joke. Never ofifer a customer berries in an old, broken, or dirty box.
If berries once mold in a box the spores remain in it, and they will ever after-
wards mold very (juickly. This is especially true of raspberries.

Personal appearance goes a great way wiien calling on customers. The fruit
should be delivered direct to the family, and it must not be mussec Uy rough
handling. I had a fruit wagon built with side springs nearly seven feel long.
It rides as easy as a boat. No matter how fast 1 drive my fruit is never 'jumped'

The Canadian Horticulturist. 139

or bruised. It is handsomely painted and lettered in gold, and provided with a
large gong bell so I can let people who do not buy regularly know I am in the
vicinity, as I only call at the door of customers who purchase every day. Cus-
tomers decide on what they want before I get to the door. I provide each one
with a properly printed season card, which they bring to the door and have their
order charged, and they pay weekly. Women don't usually have change, and
would go without fruit if they had to pay each time ; besides, making change
takes a great deal of valuable time."

Some good hints about planting are also given. For marking the rows, his
plan is thus given : Take a small rope, say one-half inch in diameter and the
length of the field, one man at each end with a stick as long as the rows are to
be apart, so as to have all the rows exactly even. We set three and one-half feet
for slow growers, and four feet for those having large foliage. Draw the line
perfectly straight and lay it on the ground, drawing it back and forth a few
inches, and the mark is quickly made. If, for any cause, it will not make the
mark sufficiently plain, each man takes a hoe, rubbing the back of the edge on
the rope till they meet in the middle of the field. The work can be done very
rapidly.

Most growers use a marker making a furrow two or three inches wide and
the same depth ; it is sure to dodge around, making crooked rows, and it is
impossible to tell how deep the plants should be put in ; besides, the dry, loose
dirt is always falling in the openings for the plant. The ground cannot be har-
rowed through the plants, as recommended elsewhere, on account of the uneven -
ness of the crowns, causing many times as much work as if done according to
our directions.

Digging the Plants. — The most convenient thing to carry the plants from the
propagating bed to the field is a common market basket. Place a whole sheet of
manilla wrapping paper in the bottom so as to hold about an inch of water, which
it will readily do for several hours. Take up the plants with a four-tine spading
fork and shake the dirt off the roots carefully so as not to injure roots or crowns,
and remove all dead leaves, and, if growth has started much, a part of the green
leaves should be taken off. Take a handful of plants with crowns as even as pos-
sible and cut the roots back to abbut five inches. A number of new roots will
start out where the roots are cut off, greatly increasing their number, occupying
every particle of soil, which will greatly increase their growth and vigor.

Setting the Fla7its. —InsQri a common spade directly in the mark about seven
inches deep, push it from you so as to make an opening about one inch wide, then
bring it towards you far enough to raise the soil so as to leave a small chamber
at the extreme bottom, so that all loose and dry dirt will fall clear down out of
the way. Withdraw the spade and pass along as rapidly as you *an do the work
well. Put Wilson plants about twelve to fourteen inches apart, and eighteen
inches for the free-growing kinds, like Crescent, Haverland, etc.

b

b

b

b b

b

A

b

A

b A

b

1)

b

b

b b

b

140 The Canadian Horticui/iurist.

The other man, with his basket of plants, follows closely, using both hands,
and spreads out the roots like a fan so the soil will come in contact with every
part of the roots, leaving the top of the crown just even with the top of the
ground. This is very important, as the fine teeth of the cultivator must slip
around the plants when you come to cultivating. If you get the plants too deep
they will rot, if not deep enough when the ground settles it will expose the roots.
Now quickly press it down so that no dry dirt from the top will fall in on the
roots, and press it firmly that no air may get to the roots.

.\fter speaking of the great advantage oi aitting off all runners m order to
raise very large, rich, high-colored berries, he says :

You will get almost as large fruit and very much more of it by setting plants
about eighteen inches apart and then allowing about five runners to take root,
placing them somewhat in this shape : Let " A " represent the mother plant,
and "b " the runner allowed to take' root :
b b b b b b b
b A b A b A b
b b b b b b b

the outside plants being at least eight inches from the mother plant. All the
plants will be about 18 inches apart. New runners will now form, but a narrow
garden hoe will chop them off pretty fast after you have taken the Planet Jr.
lawn edger and removed the "plow" and run along each side. This is the
finest thing I have ever seen for the purpose. It is the greatest mistake to let
plants form too thick. You have no right to expect a big crop of berries with
a plant on every square inch.

Our practice is to chop them out as evenly as we can with a narrow garden
hoe, and then go over them rapidly, after having used the Planet Jr. runner
cutter, and pull them out as you would weeds.

Some time ago we gave Mr. J. H. Hale's plan of keeping tally with the pick-
ers. Comparing notes of this kind interest all strawberry growers. Here is Mr.
Kellogg's plan :

We formerly used tickets similar to those used by milkmen, having them of
the denominations of one and four ciuarts, with 24 and 50 quart tickets to ex-
change for smaller ones, so they would not ^et too cumbersome to the pickers.
They were frequently lost, and the superintendent .sometimes dropped them,
which caused much trouble and dissatisfaction. U'e now use a check slip of
heavy manilla j)aper, or sbii)ping tags can be had very cheaply, giving each picker
one each day with date put on back with rubber stamp. They are made " not
transferable," and if lost cannot be collected if presented by anyone else. The
name of each picker is written at the top. A hole is made in the corner so it
can he attached to the button-hole with string, and when their picking stand is
full they go to the packing shed and have the number of quarts punched out by
the shed lender with a (X)ndu(tor's punch. When thi' tickets are presented for

The Canadian Horticulturist.

141

payment, you can readily tell how many quarts were picked each day and if the
full amount of fruit was delivered.

The following is the form of the tally card we now use. To prevent mistakes,
the lines for the four quart column are made much heavier than those of the one
quart column. It should not be over one and a quarter inches wide, and five
inches long, with spaces for about one hundred and fifty quarts.

^ is

1 qt. 1 1
1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 qt. 1 1

1

MM 1

1
4 qts.

1

• ■ 1
1 1 1 1

p3 a, ^
1^ - V

1
4 qtB. 1

1 1

1 ' (

If you want to tell if there are leaves in the bottom of the box, you can do
so without emptying out the berries, by running a timothy straw down to the
bottom.

Puking Stands. — Berries are always jammed and bruised where pickers are
allowed to set them down in the rows, and permitted to carry a number at once
to the packing shed. Take common lath, and cut long enough to make a band
in which four boxes can be placed. Nail them together as firmly as possible, and
out of some old crate covers make the bottom, which is closely tacked on.
Some hoop stuff from the cooper shop or basket factory makes the handles.
They will soon pay for themselves by preventing the breaking of boxes. We
use these in picking all kinds of berries. We have tried all sorts of wire bo.xes
attached to the person for picking raspberries and blackberries, but they were
not satisfactory. Four boxes is as much as the average picker will handle at
once.

Faying Pickers. — We pay weekly and have a uniform price. One and a
quarter cents per quart for short term pickers, for strawberries, and one and three-
fourths for raspberries, and for those who pick through to the close of the season
a bonus of one-quarter cent is added to each quart they have picked. This
evens up the good and bad picking, and gives the best satisfaction. The rows
are all numbered by placing a stake in the centre of each row, with a square
board nailed on, and figures large enough to be seen from every part of the field •
and when a picker commences on a row the number is put opposite his name in
the overseer's book.

1^2 The Canadian Horticulturist.

FRUIT TREES 0\ SAXDV SOIL.

X the March number of your journal I notice an inquiry from Mr. S.
(i. Fischer, of Leamington, Ont, about fruit trees on sandy soil, with
(juicksand sub-soil. In your answer you say that plums, pears, and
apples do better on heavier soils. I know that that has been the gen-
eral belief, but experience sometimes changes our popular theories-
Now, I would say that here we have sand ridges, intermediate sand
with quicksand bottom and swamp muck land, besides this, nearly one-half of
the country is clay in all of its variations, from clay loam with some gravel, to
hard, heavy clay. Of course, the clay loam is the most natural for the growth of
these trees, I think, because it usually is dug, but the best small fruit plantations
and the best orchards of plum, pear, and apple is on this sand with quicksand
bottom, whigh a few years ago was coveied with pine stumps, while between was
only a coarse grass, such as is always seen on such cold lands. Mr. John M.
Huffman, of this city, took such a piece and put in under-drains four or five feet
below the surface, and commenced growing small fruits. Six years ago, I sold
to him 25 Lombard plum trees, of which 24 grew ; on the fourth year he picked
and sold 50 bushels of plums at $1.50 per bushel— $75 from the 24 trees. Last
year was the off year, but he had one-half bushel per tree, same price. Now his
trees are as large again as two years ago, and promise as well in proportion. S.
D. Willard says, "plant plums and pears 8x16, this gives 340 trees per acre," so
from this you will see that so far the prospects are good for a reasonable profit
per acre. This is the sixth year from planting. Pears planted at the .same time
yielded about half as well in money — I mean, on the 4th year. He has planted
a good many more trees on the same soil.

Joseph Penten and R. S. Benthuff have small fruits and other larger fruits on
same soil, and are both very successful. It must be remembered that these men
all under-drain very deeply. It is a question how deep they may put the drains
and have them successful. The deepest they have them — that is, five or six feet
deep — is better than more shallow, and the question is, with them, would it still
make an improvement to have them deeper? These men all give high cultiva-
tion and an abundance of manure.

S. I). Willard, of Geneva, New York, says that a few years ago a company
was formed to plant an orchard on the south banks of the James' river in Vir-
ginia, about half way from Richmond to Hampton Rhodes. The land was high,
rolling, and sandy, a coarse, clean sand, 60 feet deep to the level of the river.
On this ground 22,000 pear trees were set out, and they have proved a success.
The sixth year they paid a dividend of 10 per cent on the stock, and have stead-
ily up to 50 i)er cent.

There is no reason for our friend l"'ischer to be discouraged if he can gel an
outlet for good drainage. If not, it is of little use to try to raise anything on
such land; the longer that he works it, the worse off he will be. Petler work
out for 75c. per day than to lose his lime.

Yours truly, L. H. RiCE.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

14.1

THE SPRAYING SEASON.

|jp^==^^^HE importance of always having the proper formula just at hand,
\^m Pm^ leads us to repeat some of those most commonly needed.
Bordeaux mixture (for apple scab, grape mildew, etc., etc).
In a barrel that will hold forty-five gallons dissolve six pounds
of copper sulphate, using eight or ten gallons of water, or as
much as may be necessary for the purpose. In a tub or half
barrel slake four pounds q^ fresh lime. When completely
slaked add enough water to make a creamy whitewash. Pour
this slowly into the barrel containing the copper-sulphate solu-
tion, using coarse scaking stretched over the head of the barrel for a
strainer. Finally, fill the barrel with water, stir thoroughly, and the mixture is
ready for use. Prepared in this way, the cost of one gallon of Ihe mixture will
not exceed one cent, the cost of copper sulphate being seven cents per pound,
and lime thirty cents per bushel. In all cases it is desirable to use powdered
copper sulphate, as it costs but little more and dissolves much more readily. It
is highly important also that fresh lime be used.

Kerosene emulsion. — This insecticide acts by contact and is applicable to all
nonmasticating insects (sucking insects, such as the true bugs, and especially
plant-lice and scale-insects), and also the mandibulate or masticating in.sects,
such as the apple worm or plum curculio, when the use of arsenites is not advis-
able. Kerosene emulsion may be made by means of various emulsifying agents,
but the most satisfactory substances — and those most available to the average
farmer and fruit-grower — are milk and soapsuds. In each of these cases the
amount of emulsifying agent should be made one-half the quantity of kerosene.
One of the most satisfactory formulas is as follows :

Per cent.

Keioseiie gallons. . 2 fiT

Common soap or whale-oi] soap pounds ..11

^■Vater gallons. . 1 ( '^-^

Heat the solution of soap and add it boiling hot to the kerosene. Churn the
mixture by means of a force pump and spray nozzle for five or ten minutes.
The emulsion, if perfect, forms a cream which thickens upon cooling and should
adhere without oiliness to the surface of glass. If the water from the soil is
liard, or has a large percentage of lime add a little lye or bicarbonate of soda, or
else use rain-water. For use against scale-insects dilute one part of the emulsion
with nine parts of cold water. For most other insects, dilute one part of the
emulsion with fifteen parts of water. For soft insects like plant-lice, the dilution
may be carried to twenty to twenty-five parts of water.

Paris Green (for codling moth and curculio) may be applied to plum and
other trees, except the peach, at the rate of one to two hundred pounds of water
2

1^4 The Canadian Horticulturist.

For the peach, much more caution is necessary, as the fohage is very susceptible
to injury, but, by the addition of a httle lime to the mixture, it may be safely
applied, even at the rate of one pound to 150 gallons of water, and in much
greater strength to the apple, or other trees of strong foliage.

Alkaline -wash (for bark lice, etc.), two pounds of potash to five gallons oi"
water.

Sulphide, or sulphuret, of potassium (for gocseberry mildew) simple solution
in water of ^ to oz. to the gallon.

Insect poivder (for slugs, cabbage worm, etc.). (i) In solution in water,
one oz. to three gallons (2), or it may be dusted on plants with little bellows,
in dry powder.

Carbolic Acid Emulsion. — i part carbolic acid to 5 to 7 parts of a solution
consisting of i part soft soap, or i part hard, in two gals, water. This applied
to affected trees destroys bark lice and the borers. It should be well rubbed
upon the parts attacked.

Carbolized Plaster. — A mixture of carbolic acid and land plaster, i pint of the
former and 50 lb. of the latter. A remedy against flea beetles.

Tobacco. — The refuse from cigar manufactories answers the purpose. A
strong solution added to one gallon water destroys plant lice and flea beetles.

Alkaline Wash. — A strong solution of washing soda mixed with strong soap
until about as thick as paint. Applied to the trunk of trees destroys the borers,
and gives a healthy vigorous tone to the tree.

Hellebore. — Obtained from the powdered roots of a plant (Veratrum album).
May be applied dry or as liquid i oz. to 3 gals, water. Excellent against cur-
rant worm and cherry slug.

Ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate. — Copper carbonate, ammonia and
water. Dissolve 3 oz. copper carbonate in i quart ammonia, and when about
to use dilute to 22 gals. Some use more water (28 gals.) Used to destroy mil-
dew and apple scab. In the latter disease it has been very successful.

Pyrethrum. — Made from the powdered flowers of the genus pyrethrum, a
plant of the sunflower family. It should be fresh, and hence should be kept in
closed vessels. Used in dry form, i part pyrethrum, 5 to 8 parts flour; or
liquid I oz. in 3 gals, water. A good remedy for cabbage worm.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 145

A MICHIGAN PEAR-GROWER'S EXPERIENCE.

::iJL - HE first mistake I made was in planting some varieties in which there
is no profit for me. The next was in not planting dwarfs deep
enough, nor keeping them headed back properly, and in earlier years^
in not being prompt to cut out the blight. Another was in planting
varieties on soil not adapted to them. My experience and observa-
tion is, that there are but few varieties which, if planted on soil suit-
able for them will not be successful and profitable. Usually a strong,
clayey soil is best for pears, but there are a few varieties that do well on the
lighter soils, if kept well fed and cultivated. Of these there are the Bartlet t
Howell and Louise Bonne. It will not pay to plant Duchess, Anjou or Sheldon
on any but strong, fairly heavy soil.

The ground should be well-fitted before planting, by being worked very deep
by the use of a subsoil plow. Make it rich with fertilizers, if it is not so
naturally, and work or underdrain it so that no water will stand on the surface
very long after heavy rains. I have an orchard of 1,000 trees, most of which '
are twelve years old, and it has been thoroughly cultivated every year during
that time, except a portion of it that was left in grass for two years as an experi-
ment, which was very unsatisfactory. The past season I had but one tree that
showed signs of blight, while trees within three miles of my place, standing in
sod, were nearly ruined the past two years.

The standard pear needs but little pruning, but cut back nearly two-thirds of
the young growth of dwarf trees. If this is not done, and they are not planted
deep enough, they will become a sort of half standards, and they will get top-
heavy and tip over.

The past season my pears were sprayed thoroughly with the Bordeaux mix-
ture before they blossomed or leaved out. After the fruit set, I sprayed three
or four times more, at intervals of a week or two, according to the weather. In
the later sprayings I put in Paris green at the rate of i lb. to 200 or 300 gals, of
water, to destroy the codling-moth and the curculio. — /. N. Stearns, to the Michi-
gan Horticultural Society.

146

The Canadian HoRricui/ruRisr

SUMMER PRUNINC. (;RAPKS.

H E time to commence is when the young shoots are six to eight
inches long, and as soon as you can see all the young bunches
of the embryo fruit. We pinch with ihuml) and finger just
l)eyond the last bunch and the next leaf If the shoots are not
sufficiently developed to show their condition (the setting of the
fruit) wc i)ass them by and go over the vine again after a few days.
This early pinching of the young shoots has the tendency to throw all the
vigor into the development of the young bunches and the leaves remaining over
the shoots, which now develop with astonishing rapidity. It is a gentle checking
and leading the sap into other channels — not the violent process which is often
followed, long after the bloom, when the shoots have so hardened that the knife
must be used, and by which the plant is rt)bbed of a large part of its leaves to
the injury of both fruit and vine.

Let anyone who wishes to satisfy himself summer-prune a vine according to
this method and leave the next vine until after the bloom ; he will soon be
convinced which is best. Since I first practiced this method, now about twenty
vears. it has added at least one-third to the quantity and quality of my crop and
is now followed by most of the intelligent growers of my State.

The bearing shoots all being pinched back we can leave the vines alone
until after the bloom, only tying up the young canes from the spurs, should this
become necessary. When they have bloomed the laterals will have started from
the axils of the leaves on the bearing shoots. I'hen go over the vines again and
pinch these back to one leaf. This will have a tendency to develop the
remaining leaf very rapidly, enabling it to serve as a conductor and elevator of
sap to the young bunch opposite and shading that as it becomes fully developed.
The canes from the spurs, which we left unchecked at the first pinching, and
which we design to bear fruit the next season may now also be stopped or
pinched back when they are about three feet long, to start their laterals into
stronger growth pinch off all the tendrils unless where they serve as supports
to the young growth. 'I'his is a very busy time with the vine dresser and upon
his close attention and diligence now dei)ends in a great measure the value of
his crop. A vast deal of labor can be saved by doing everything at its proper
;ime. — I'kok. Husmann. in Vinevardist.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 147

I'l.UM KNO'l' ACT IN NEW YORK STATE.

R. S. I). WILLARD, who was appointed by the New
York Horticultural Society to draft a bill for the destruc-
tion of black knot, sends a copy of the Act, which has
now passed the Assembly, and will become law in New
York State. We have not room here to give it in full,
but will give an outline of it.

Section i makes it unlawful for any person knowingly
to keep on his place any plum or cherry trees affected with black knot, and
makes it allowable for any one to enter upon his premises and destroy the affected
part, or parts, of any tree.

Section 2 provides that the mayor of any town or city where such disease
exists, may appoint three competent freeholders as commissioners, and section 4
makes it the duty of such commissioners, or any one of them, with or without
complaint, as soon as it comes to notice that the disease black knot exists, or is
supposed to exist, within the limits of any town or city, to examine without
delay the trees supposed to be affected, and, if the disease is found to exist, to
place distinguishing marks upon the affected parts, or, in case the commissioner
or commissioners judge that any tree should be entirely removed, they must
girdle such tree and give a written notice to the owner containing a statement of
the facts, with the order to effectually remove and destroy by fire the part, or
parts, of such trees so marked, and entirely destroy every tree which has been
girdled, within ten days from the date of the notice above required, such order
to be signed by the three commissioners, or by any two of them.

Section 5 provides that whenever any person refuses to comply with the
order, the commissioners are to carry out the directions of the order and remove
and destroy by fire every tree, or part of a tree, so girdled or marked, the expense
to be charged to the town or city.

Section 6 specifies the penalty for not carrying out the order. The person
neglecting or refusing to carry out the order, shall be guilty of misdemeanor, and
be punished by a fine not exceeding $50, or by imprisonment in the county jail
not exceeding fifteen days, or both, in the discretion of the Court, and any Jus-
tice of Peace of the town or city in which the offence shall be committed shall
have jurisdiction thereof, and all the fines shall be turned over to the mayor of
said town or city, to be placed by him in the contingent fund of said town or
city.

Section 7 allows the commissioners $2 a day for their services, in addition to
all other reasonable charges or disbursements.

The Act is to take effect immediately.

As before stated, our own Act on Plum Knot is useless, and must be re-
modelled. Let everyone come to our next meeting fully prepared to discuss this
important subject.

148

The Canadian Horticulturist.

Tbe fer^pclei) ai)d T^alci).

FANCY GOURD BASKETS.

^yJT O you know how gourds can be made into odd flower vases, fern

f^j^^\f\>t P^^^' ^^^- ^ ^^^^ ^ '^^y recently. She showed two fancy idea.s,

from which our artist has made sketches. The lady mentioned,

said that she took some apple or cherry boughs of odd shape and

wired them together in a sort of a cradle and then fastened the

gourd in securely, and painted the whole with gold and silver

- bronzes from Mills & Richardson Co., of Burlington, Vt., then

decorated with a delicate ribbon. Of course it looked neat without the flowers.

Before putting in the flowers she lined it with tinfoil, without a joint, to prevent

the moisture from leaking through, filled
it with sphagnum or moss, and wetting
it, stuck the flowers in on their own stems,
with a few bits of tradescantia, which
rooted and grew. As fast as the flowers
withered she replaced them with others,
and so kept a fresh boquet in a decidedly
odd and ornamental vase.

I'll;. .'{H. — (ioiKi' I'l.owKk Vask.

I'll.. 'M). Cm Ki' Kkkn Vask.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 149

The fern vase was a large Hercules' Club gourd, arranged in the same manner,
lined with tinfoil, in which the ferns were planted in soil, just as they came from
their native woods. She made quite a number in odd varieties, and after filling
them sent them as presents to friends. The styles which ingenuity can produce
is almost without limit. An assortment of gourd seed will produce all sorts of
odd shapes and sizes. They should be planted in different parts of the garden,
and will grow in almost any odd place where nothing else will succeed.

In making the baskets two or three can be combined in one group, one for
live ferns and two for flowers. The old fashioned Dipper gourd and the
Hercules' Club are the best for the larger vases. The latter will grow long and
straight when it is made to rest at the bottom on something and by its own
wf ight forced to grow crooked.

The gourds form a numerous family, and are exceedingly dissimilar in
character. The plants are useful for covering old trees, arbors, fences, and for
summer screens of any kind. The culture is the same as for melons and
squashes ; the seeds must not be sown until the weather is warm and settled. —
Vick's Monthly.

SOME VALUABLE ROSES.

(MONG the many varieties of recent introduction, the follow-
ing are a few of the greatest promise, as noted while in flower
last season.

Mrs. Degraw (Bourbon). Somewhat resembling Appo-
line, but a more abundant bloomer, more compact and dwarf
in growth, and quite as hardy.
Clothilde Soupent (Hybrid Tea Polyantha). This is quite a novel variety,
being a cross between the Tea and Polyantha classes, color pure white, deepen-
ing to rose in the centre, will be valuable either as a pot or bedding variety, it
will be found hardy.

Snowflake (Tea). Said to be identical with Marie Lambert, produces an
abundance of pure white flowers all summer, a splendid pot variety.

Meteor (Hybrid Tea). One of the finest hybrids yet introduced, dark
velvety buds of great substance, can be wintered out with protection, makes a
good garden rose, and is excellent for pot culture.

Waban (Tea). A deep pink sport from Catharine Mermet, but holds its
color better than that variety, and fills a place long felt as a florist's forcing rose.
Madam Georges Bruant (Hybrid Rugosa). A cross between Rugosa and
Sombrenil, and retaining in a great measure, the vigorous habit and beautiful
rugose foliage of the former, bears long pointed buds of the shape and color of
Niphetos (white), said to be very hardy.

Duchess of Albany (Hybrid Tea). A red sport from La France, and seems
to be quite as desirable as that very popular variety.

Hamilto)i, Ont. W'EiiSiER Bros.

ISO

The Canadian Horticumurist.

-^ J\}t )Kitcl7er) ^ardei). ^

CUTTING, BUNCHING, AND SHIPPING ASPARAGUS.

HE green part, or that which grows above ground, being all that is
eaten of asparagus, the more green there is the better price it will
command in market. For the south and early cuttings it may be
cut when two to three inches above ground. But for near-by and
later, it should have from four to six inches of green stem, and be
cut low enough to leave some white on, as the white part of the
stalks will not shrink or draw up and loosen the bunch. The
bunches should be from eight to nine inches long, and four and a
half across the butts. The asparagus should be sorted or culled,
leaving all broken and small sprouts, which can be bunched by
themselves and sold as culls. The heads should be all placed evenly at the top.
and the butts cut off squarely, using great care in handling not to bruise nor
mjure the heads, which soon ferment and decay. The heads should be kept
dry, as moisture causes decay.

Good, strong Japan Raffia is the best to tie with ; and it is necessary to u.se
a box or a bunching machine, so that the bunches may all be of a uniform si/.e.
and tied so tightly that they will not fall to pieces in handling. The best knife
for cutting is a carpenter's thin firmer gouge, one and a half inches wide, nearly
flat, and the thinnest that can be obtained, ground on the convex side or back,
about one inch from the end, which should be rounded off on the inside to pre-
vent them from injuring sprouts near by. Take the sprout between the fingers
of one hand and run the knife close to the sprout, the concave side next to it
Tip the handle away to give it the proper slant ; shove down until the cut is
made, and then pull the sprout. After cutting and sorting, take a convenient
number of sprouts by the upper end.s, and rinse the bottoms in clean water to
free them from dirt, taking care not to wet nor bruise the heads. Then put
them in the buncher, keej)ing the heads all up even against the stop, l^iy them
straight, and when there are the required number to make a bunch, press down
lightly, but not hard enough to crush them. Put a tie around them three inches
from the top, and another four inches below that, making the knots secure.
With a sharp knife cut the butts scjuare and even. To keep them until ready
for shipping, set on wet grass or moss, in the shade.

Crates for shipping sh(juld have two ends and a middle piece, each twelve
inches wide, eighteen inches long, and about three-ijuarters of an inch thiik.
The bottoms, sides and slats are twenty-eight inches long. Nail on the bottom

The Canadian Horticulturist.

151

boards close together ; have side boards six inches wide, and put slats on the
rest of sides and top, leaving broad interstices between them for ventilation.
Put in enough wet grass or moss to pack down two inches thick ; stand the
bunches butts down on the moss, tightly, leaving the heads about one inch below
the slats. When the crate is full, crowd some wet moss all around, to prevent
shifting during transportation. — American Agriculturist.

ASPARAGUS BUNCHER.

The accompanying engravings of an asparagus buncher may be of special
interest to some of our readers at this season. They are copied from " Parks
and Gardens of Paris," Robinson.

Fig. 40.

Fio. 41.

Early Watermelons. — After having tried a simple experiment on having
early watermelons. I will offer my plan to your readers, feeling that it may be of
benefit to some. Take tin cans (oyster or salmon) and heat them hot enough
to melt the solder : then remove the tops and bottoms, and also open the joints
on the sides. Tie a string around the cans to hold the edges together, and set
on a plank, that they may be moved out on sunny days, or in a warm, dry place,
where they will be protected from the cold, and fill with dirt. Plant the seed in
the cans, and give them plenty of air and light. When frost is over, take to the
field, open a hole in the hill and place the can in it. Then cut the string,
remove the can by pressing open, and the plant will grow off as rapidly as if first
planted in the hill. Have rows ten or twelve feet apart and hills ten feet apart.
Thin plants to two in a hill ; if attacked by bugs, dust them with ashes. By this
means melons may be had very early. — A. A. Sutton, in Farm and Home.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, $1.00 per year, entitling the subscriber to membership ot the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including a copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees.

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

Blank Forms for renewal of membership fees to our As.sociation have been
sent out, in order that all should be reminded in time to secure a share in our
plant distribution. In some cases these have been quite unintentionally sent to
persons who had just renewed, but whose names had not yet been entered. We
hope any such persons will pardon the almost unavoidable oversight.

THE FLOWERING THORNS.

The Flowering Thorns are among the most highly prized of small lawn trees.
They grow only from ten to fifteen feet in height, are compact and erect, but
branching so as to form a good head, and late in spring cover themselves with
blossoms. The foliage is handsome and abundant, and the trees at all times
appear to good advantage. The most highly prized of the thorns are the com-
mon Hawthorn and its varieties, especially the Double White, the Double
Scarlet and the Double Red. These varieties planted together in a clump make
a brilliant show in their blooming season. Another fine variety of the same
species is the Parsley-leaved thorn, the leaves being finely cut and crimped, giv-
ing it a novel appearance ; the flowers are white, single.

Whoever has seen a fine specimen of the Cock-spur thorn in bloom, as it
grows in our thickets and fence corners, has had a sight to delight the eye. A
variety of this species is c ultivated, having narrow, bright green, glossy leaves,
superior to tho.se of the wild tree, and blooming as freely, being literally covered
with its single white flowers in its season ; this is the I'yracantha-leaved thorn.
Another variety of the same, is called the Glossy-leaved thorn. The flowers of
all are pleasingly fragrant.- I-'roni "Trees for Small I'Inces.' in liik's AAigazifif.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 153

-^ Qd^stior) 2)pa(jo^p. ^

CLASSES OF CHERRIES.

SiK, — What is the difference between Duke, Moreilo and Bigarreau cherries, and what
are the best varieties of each ? J. S. W.

Since the varieties ot cherries have so multiplied, the old divisions have
become less distinct ; especially have the Hearts and the Bigarreaus shaded off
into each others characteristics, and the 1 Jukes and the Morellos. The main
characteristic of the two former varieties is the large vigorous growth of the trees,
as compared with the latter. In general, the Heart cherries are tender in flesh,
and the Bigarreaus firm. Mr. Barry in his Fruit Garden classifies them thus :

Class I. Heart cherries. Fruit heart-shaped, with tender, sweet flesh.
Trees of rapid growth, with large soft drooping leaves. Class II. Bigarreau
cherries. Chiefly distinguished from the former class by their firmer flesh.
Their growth is vigorous, branches spreading, and foliage luxuriant, soft and
drooping. Class III. Duke and Moreilo cherries. Very distinct from preced-
ing. Trees of smaller size, and slower growth ; leaves thicker, more erect, and
of a deeper green. The fruit is generally round, and in color varying from light
red, like Belle de Choisy, and dark brown, like Mayduke. The Dukes usually,
have stout erect branches, and some of them, like Belle de Choisy and Reine
Hortense, are quite sweet. The Morellos have slender, spreading branches,
and, invariably, acid fruit. Suitable for dwarfs, and more hardy than class I
and II.

According to Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening, the Dukes and Morellos
are derived from the Dwarf cherry (Cerasus caproniana), and the Bigarreaus
from the tall Gean (Cerasus avium), both natives of Great Britain.

Of the Hearts, we have had best success with Black Tartarian, Elton,
(Governor Wood, and Knight's Early Black ; of the Bigarreaus, with Napoleon
Bigarreau, Elkhorn, Great Bigarreau and Windsor ; and of the Duke and
Morellos, with Early Richmond, Empress Eugenie, Montmorency, and Reine
Hortense.

BEST PEARS.

Sir, — Which are the best varieties of pears for (1) Summer, (2) Fall, (3) Winter?

J. S. W.

The following are reliable kinds for profit. (Summer), Beurre Gifiard,
Bartlett, Clapp, Doyenne Boussock (Fall), Duchess, Howell, Sheldon, (^^■inter),
Anjou, Lawrence, Josephine de Malines.

*54

The Canadian Horticui.turist.
TIIK TREK C'RK'KET.

Sir, — Enclosed you will fiml a cherry slip, with some eggs. I found several of them
on my tree*, and would like t<> know, through the Canakian Hortutlti kist, what they
are ?

W. S. Short, London, Ont .

The twig of cherr)' tree sent us is full of eggs of the Tree Cricket (CEcanthus
niveus). The insect will do very little injury to the cherry tree, but it is one of
the most troublesome insects in the ra.spberry plantation.

>^$«^N^S^>iC^NNV <V

i^Ai-i-^y^ji nAxxiyisi

Kk;. 4-2.

Towards the end of the summer the female moth, desirous of placing her
progeny in a safe place, chooses the young and tender wood of the plum, cherr)-,
or other trees, and more particularly the raspbepry bushes, in which to deposit
her eggs. By means of a long ovipositor, she is able to place them in the young

wood in long rows, each

standing obliquely, as shown

in Fig. 42. The mature in- — ^*"~^?'^9J\V.

sect, with its ovipositor, is Ki«;. 4.S.

shown in F'ig. 44.
The young insects hatch out about midsummer and much

resemble the perfect insect, except that they have no wings.

They do no further injury to the raspberry bushes, their food
Fk;. 44. being plant lice and ripe fruit. About the only remedy is

careful attention during the winter in cutting off and burning the injured
branches.

USE OF COAL ASHES.

SiK, — I sifted coal ashes in my cow stable, as an absorbent. W'liat etlect will it have
npon thf manure as a fertilizer ?

<J. W. HoiMJKTTs, St. Cafharhii -^t Out.

Coal ashes are a very good absorbent, and, so far as wc know, would not
have any injurious effect, used as our correspondent proposes. Coal ashes con-
tain no great elements of fu-rtility in themselves, but they have a mechanical
effect upon the soil, which sicms in sonn' cases to In' favorable to the growth of
vegetation.

The Canadian Horticui,turist. 155

KIEFFER PEAR.

Sir, — What was the conclusion arrived at with regard to the Kieffer pear at the meet-
ing of the Western New York Horticultural Society lately held at Rochester ?

W. H. Hopkins, Burlington, Ont.

There was really no conclusion reached by the Society as a whole regarding
the Kieffer pear. A great many opinions were expressed, but very few spoke
favorably of it. Some, however, claimed that it was one of the most profitable
pears they had grown, on account of its great productiveness and its beautiful
appearance, which commanded a ready sale for it in the market. All agreed,
however, in condemning the flavor as being inferior. Its chief use is for canning,
and for this purpose it is highly commended.

BEST PEARS.

Sir, — What four kinds of pears would you advise me to plant in an orchard ? Last
year I planted one hundred Kietfer, some Duchess and Doyenne Boussock.

W. H. Hopkins Burlington, Ont.

This is a question which it is impossible for any one to answer decidedly.
We might say what ones we would prefer to plant in our own orchard, but to
say what ones would be best in another's orchard, in different circumstances,
would be an impossibility.

Would the readers of our journal who are experienced in pear culture please
send in to the editor, by post card, the names of the four varieties they have
found to be the most profitable.

BEST PEACHES.

Sir,— Will you please give me a list of the best peaches for home use and for market.

J. S. Warren, VancouiKr, B. C.

Six good peaches are Early Rivers, Hyne's Surprise, Foster, Early Crawford,
Wager, Steven's Rareripe. There are many other good varieties. It is impossi.
ble to say which are the best for any one planter, without knowing a good deal
about the conditions.

Mr. A. M. Smith, one of the most experienced fruit growers of the Niagara
district replies to the question as follows : — For home use, Alexander, Mountain
Rose, Early Crawford, Late Crawford, Early Barnard, Old Mixon. For market,
Alexander, Early Rivers, Early Crawford. Bouslaugh's I^ke, Wager, Steven's
Rareripe.

156 The Canadian Horticulturist.

$ Q\)t\) Letters. , $

BLENHEIM ORANGE APPLE.

Sir, — The letter published on pages 72 and 73 of the March number of the Canadian
HoRTRTLTCRisT Stating, in effect, that the Blenheim Pippin apple is not worthy of cultiva-
tion in this province must have surprised a great many apple growers, as this variety is
well-known iu many sections, and regarded as one of the best in (juality, as well as one of
the most profitable for market. The article as much as says that the editor of this journal,
the fruit committee who prepared the district fruit list, the president and directors of our
Association, and all who speak on horticultural subjects at Farmer's Institutes should
denounce this apple. I think, Sir, this wouM be a very serious mistake, for I am certain
that hundreds of practical apple growers thioughout the country are unanimous in their
opinion that the Hlenheiin Pippin can lie profitably grown for market.

The committee of the Fruit (irower's Association referred to was composed of P. C.
Dempsey, A. McD. Allan and the writer, the majority of whom, /. <•. the two gentlemen
named, are as well qualified as any one can be to say what variety of apple can be grown
in this province. The committee unanimously reported the Blenheim Pippin as profitable
for cultivation in five of the thirteen electoral districts in Ontario, and this report was made
after consulting with and obtaining the approbation of the directors of the said districts ;
who, in turn, before sending in their recommendations, con.sulted with from thirty to forty
of the principal apple growers in their respective localities.

Since writing the foregoing, I have received a letter from Mr. F. B. Edwards, bar-
rister, of Peterboro', who is secretary of the local Fruit Grower's Association of that town.
In speaking of the Blenlieim Pippin, he says : " We have grown the Blenheim Pippin for
many years successfully, both as regards the growth of the tree and the (juality of the fruit
produced, and it has been a profitable variety. We have always regarded it as being, in
many respects, our best apple. It has not been, bj' any means, a shy bearer, and for sale,
it is always in demand before all others, excepting, perhaps, the Northern Spy ; and, with
those who know the apple, it is sold in advance of the latter variety."

Tnos. Beal, Lindsay.

THE SAUNDERS PLUM.

Sir, — In the January number of the Canadian HoRTicrLTURiST, Mr. Race claims to
have found the original Saunders plum, and states that it is a late variety. Now this is not
the case. The plum is an early variety. In the year 1S8.S, I introduced the Saunders
plum at our summer meeting. We then could only get a few of the most inferior specimens,
the crop having been gathered and marketed, and it was with ditiiculty that we kept them
for exhibit at that meeting. Mr. Morris, of Messrs. Mori is. Stone & Wellington, came
down and I went with him to Mr. Ahren's place, and helped him to 3ut buds from the origina/
tree. Liist year, when I went to get buds, the fruit was over ripe ; I have not the date.
One of the most important claims for this plum is its earliness. It is the earliest plum I
have ever seen, hence its wonderful market value.

P. C. Demi'SEY, Trenton, On(.

THE BLENHEIM ORANGE APPLE.

Sib, — I have two Blenheim Orange trees, fifteen years, from nursery. One, on south
em aspect, bears well and large apples. The other, on northern slope, with windbreak to
wegt, bears better and larger fruit. I'.oth trees have borne well for some years — tlon't
remend>er how many -but the last two seaHons they hail wonderful crops. As an eating
and cooking apj>le, it is about perfect, and keeps till about the New Year.

(iKo. H. PRKsaiTT, Halt, Ont.

The Canadian Horticulturist,

157

THE CRANDELL CURRANT, AND THE JAPANESE WINEBERRY.

Sir, — I see in the January number of the Hobticoltdrist, Mr. A. G . Heaven is afraid
that his " Crandell Black Currant '" is the old yellow flowering currant. Two years ago
this spring I bought some bushes from a nurseryman in the States. Last year they fruited,
and some of the branches were so heavy with fruit we had to prop them. The first cur-
rants on the branches were large, some of them as large a.s a Clinton grape, growing smaller
towards the end of the bunch. Had I trimmed my bushes, I think very likely I would
have had still more and larger fruit. I let them grow as they would, because I wanted to
propagate from them. As it was they were admired by all who saw them. At the time
I bought the Crandell Currant I also bought the Japanese Wineberry ; it fruited last year,
and was very much admired. The fruit is beautiful, and is as good to eat as it is to look at.
It bore quite as heavily as I expected for the first year. It I also let grow as it would in
order to propagate from it.

H. J. Bryan, Mohawk P.O. Ont.

RIBSTON PIPPIN.

Sir, — I see in the appendix to the last year's report that the Ribston Pippin apple is
placed where it ought to be, although, in all the discussions it seems to be almost ignored.
I find it the most regular bearer of all the sorts I have, and it can't be beat for quality, and
as to keeping, if it is gathered early, not left to ripen on the tree (like the pears) I can keep
it well until March or April. I gave Mr. Allan a few years ago some good ones, the lat-
ter end of April. I have kept them until June. The Ontario is classed much too high as
a dessert apple.

I find my cjuestion on the apple scab asked last April, brought out some good answers
in both April and May numbers of your journal, and it was taken advantage of by a num-
ber of fruit-growers, but, as it happened, the fruit was very free of scab last season.

Walter Hick, Goderich.

PLANTS TESTED IN ONTARIO COUNTY.

Sir, — This is a report of plants, trees, etc., from Association Swazie P. G. is a better
bearer than Golden Russet.

Salem, Brighton, Burnet, Prentis, have done well and been free from disease ; Burnet
improves with age ; also, Lindley, Agawam, Worden, and Champion, have done well in
all respects — little difference in ripening. Glass Seedling Plum gave its first good crop last
year is healthy. Saunders' raspberry is hardy and bears well. The Gregg and Hilborn do
well. This is hard limestone soil, not very rich, being burnt by forest fires. Trees ripen their
wood well, and are hardy. Grapes ripen early.

Wm. E. Taylor, Beaverton.

LITTLE KNOWN FRUITS.

Sir, — I send you by mail some scions of some extra good varieties of plums, which are
both heavy croppers and of first quality. They are called the Rocky Mountain and the
Greely. I also send you some cuttings of the White Holland currant. This is a good
variety, the heaviest fruiter, I think, I ever saw, besides being of good quality. I also
enclose you some scions of an apple called " Bon Homme," of which 1 know nothing, only
that it comes recommended as a good winter apple.

A. A. RoLPH, Orono.

158

The Canadian Hortk ri/n'Ri^T.

SPRINC;

PR1N(} succeeds to winter's day,
Cheery, gladsome month of May,
Thousand flowers beneath our feet,
Bridal of the earth ! 'tis meet.

Birds are hov'ring on the wing,
And th' orioles sweetly sing,
Safe ensconced within her nest
Mother bird seems quite at rest.

Leaves are bursting out anew,
Kiss the sun and sip the dew ;
Gentle rains unseal your case.
And the winter all efface.

Come you long imprisoned bee,
Spring has come and sets you free ;
Flowers are waiting on your call.
Pollen, nectar, dew and all.

Resurrection ol the year !
Nature, her new drapery wears ;
Cannot man believe and trust
I Hs resuscitated dust ?

Owen Sound. Mrs. Dk. M.\nlk\

SCOTT'S WIX rii:i{.

THE

Canadian Horticulturist.

Vol. XV.

1892.

No. 6.

SCOTTS WINTER APPLE.

i^^^^«

IX a list of hardy apples, suitable for planting in the cold north, which
. . appeared in the Canadian Horticulturist for the year 1888, page
220, Dr. Hoskins, of Vermont, gave the following for winter, viz.,
Scott's Winter, Mcintosh Red, Wealthy, Fameuse, Bethel of
Vermont.

This list, at that time, met with some adverse criticism, but
although some varieties have since been deemed worthy of being
added to the list, and one, the Fameuse, seems scarcely worthy of
retaining on account of the scab, the majority of them have been gradually gain-
ing ground m the confidence of the planters who live in the less favored regions
of Canada

The Scott's Winter seems especially worthy of notice. The variety originated
in the State of Vermont, a portion of which is as bleak and cold as our most
northerly apple growing districts. The fruit is not large, averaging about the
same as the Fameuse as it is grown in Ontario, or the Winesap, and it is about
as handsome as the latter. It is roundish in form, with one shoulder rather
prominent, a darker red than is shown in our colored plate, which, indeed, in
other respects scarcely does justice to the beauty of the apple. The skin is
partially specked with rather prominent dots over its whole surface. The quality
i« only fair, yet, when fully matured, it is a good dessert apple, while for cooking

i6o The Canadian Horticulturist.

purposes it is excellent. It keeps in good condition till about the end >-f April.
The tree is a vigorous and rather upright grower, and bears abundantly every
year.

Samples of this apple were first sent to the writer some three years Ago. by
Mr. R. W. Shepherd, of Montreal, and again last February. They came in
excellent condition, and so commended themselves to our notice that we have
decided to illustrate this number with a colored plate of this variety, as a front-
ispiece.

In sending these samples, Mr. Shepherd wrote as follows : " I have had
many enquiries regarding this hard winter apple, and take upon my.self to forward
to you by mail to-day a box containing three s])ecimens of the fruit. Vou will
receive them, I ho[)e, in the same good, sound condition which they leave me
to-day, 23rd Feb. The specimens are fair, average size, and, up to the present,
have been kept in a barrel in my town house basement-cellar, in which basement
a hot air furnace has been actively burning all winter, there being only a lath and
plaster wall between it and the cellar, so that you can see there were not any
special advantageous conditions to preserve the fruit in good condition.

The Scott's Winter will average in size (most seasons) as large as Fameuse
grown here. The trees from which these specimens were taken are about fifteen
years old. In the same orchard, at Como, are Winter St. Lawrence, Canada
Baldwin, and Fameuse, and there are none more healthy or prolific than the
Scott's Winter. As to hardiness, I believe it surpassed either Canada Baldwin
or Fameuse in this climate, and ranks next to Duchess and Wealthy.

From the standpoint of a fruit grower of Quebec Province, Scott's Winter, in
my opinion, is, by far, the best late winter apple to grow, and its handsome
appearance and freedom from spotting make it the most i)rofitable winter variety
and should be recommended where less hardy varieties fail.

Mr. A. A. Wright, of Renfrew, Ont , writes as follows regarding this apple :
Fruit growers in the cold north labor under great disadvantages ; only the very
hardiest fruit-bearing trees can be grown with anything like success. Among
apples, Scott's Winter holds a very prominent place, in consequence of the cold-
resisting properties of the tree, as well as for tlie beauty and good-keei)ing quali-
ties of Its fruit. It is not of superior quality, but its a[)pearance is so much better
than the great majority of apples, that it sells readily, and is, consequently, a ver\
remunerative crop. In autumn, when the tree is laden wiih fruit, it is really a
sight to behold, and at a distance looks almost like a ball of fire, so highly colored
is the fruit. It is not. however, the most desirable apple for the northern fruit
grower, the Wealthy being, in many respects, its superior.

Mr. Ci. C. Caston, of Craighurst, writes : The Scott's \\inter ap|)le seems
quite hardy here, and would, no doubt, succeed in all the northern parts of the
j)rovince where any other api)le will grow. It has the advantage of being a
winter variety. It is of medium si/e. well colored, a very good rooking apple.

The Canadian Horticulturist. i6i

but does not rank high for dessert, nor does it market as well as some of the
larger red apples. Yet, it will keep well until spring, a time when any fair to
good red apple will sell well. Altogether, it is worthy of trial for the colder
districts.

In reply to an inquiry just made, Dr. Hoskins writes: In reference to Scott's
Winter apple, I probably cannot do better than to copy what so e.xpert a pomo-
logist and experienced fruit-grower as Secretary Gilbert of the Maine Board of
Agriculture said of it, not long since, in the Maine Farmer: " Full medium in
size, very heavy, with small seed cavities. Fresh, crisp, juicy, and melting ; and,
while quite acid, yet rich, and peculiarly agreeable for eating out of hand. Such
a late-keeping iron-clad — if it does as well here as in its native State — ought to
be in all the orchards throughout Northern Maine." Prof. Budd says it is rather
hardier than Wealthy in the north western states (east of the Rocky Mountains).
My own experience with it for over twenty years is every way favorable. I
planted a considerable orchard seventeen years ago, half of Wealthy and half of
Scott's Winter, set alternately in the rows. The Wealthys have nearly all borne
themselves to death, while the Scott's are all perfect. It yields as many mer-
chantable apples as Wealthy, without the tendency to over-bear and break down.
The wood is remarkably strong to resist both the wind and the weight of crop.
I am still planting it as my leading apple for profit, here. In a milder climate I
might prefer something else, as better known in the great markets, yet, in 1890,
my whole crop off it brought me $4 per barrel at the orchard. I hope we may
find an equally good apple and long-keeper among the Russians, but I hardly
expect to do so.

HOW TO GROW QUINCES.

To be successful with quinces a deep, strong soil should be selected,
which has a good drainage. It may be necessary in some cases to put in tile to
obtain this result. Then run the sub-soil plow through at least 15 inches deep.
The trees should be set in the spring, 10 by 10 ft. or in rows 12 ft. apart and in
trees 8 ft. from each other in the rows. Especial pains should be taken to have
the trees of good vigor, while the Orange or Champion varieties are to be pre-
ferred. Manure the ground heavily with rich stable manure, favoring the .trees
and spreading it broadcast. Afterward manure well annually. Stable manure
is always the best and should be spread on evenly. Never stop manuring until
you get 60 quinces per bushel, which is possible in most instances. Prune the
trees from the beginning so as to have them models in shape, but use only the
knife and never too much at one time. They give the best satisfaction when
pruned so they will branch low. Borers must be specially guarded against.
Examine the trees at least twice a year, using a corded knife, and soap about
the base. Leaf-blight is another disease with which many trees are covered.
To stop it begin early in the season with the Bordeaux mixture and repeat the
spraying once in three or four weeks until August. This will save the foliage
and secure good ripe fruit. Full directions for applying this mixture are given
in one of the bulletins isssued by the Storrs, Ct., Experiment Station. — P. M.
AutJUR, Connedkut State Pomologist, Farm and Home.

i6:

The Canadian Horticulturist.

GARDEN AND ORCHARD.

AN AMATEURS EXPERIENCE.

OR over twenty years the writer of tliese rambling notes has
been a member of the Fruit Orowers' Association.
During that period the Annual Reports issued by the
Society, Beadle's Fruity Flower and Kitchen Gardener,
and later on the Canadian Horticulturist, coupled
with a number of nurserymen's illustrated and descrip-
tive catalogues, became valuable aids in developing a
taste for floral and horticultural surroundings. Like the most of new beginners
mv principal fault arose from going in for too many varieties, and it goes without
saying that my ventures with the " latest " were not always crowned with success.
Failures there have been — many of them in that line — still these rumors only
served to strengthen the determination to succeed, exercise greater caution in
my selections, and never to waver in a proper appreciation of what is left of the
hardy, good and true.

Apples. — There are about forty different kinds in my orchard and garden.
After studying the matter thoughtfully, I have come to the conclusion that the
following, in the order named, are hard to beat in this section : Summer — Red
Astrachan, Yellow Transparent, Early Strawberry, and Benoni. Autumn—
Duchess of Oldenburg (the queen of apples in its season). Red Beitigheimer,
St. Lawrence, Alexander, Fall Pippin, Maiden's Blush, Kentish Fillbasket, and
Keswick Codlin. Winter — Blenheim Orange, Ontario, King of Tompkins,
American Golden Russet, Ribston, Wealthy, Hubbardson's Nonsuch, Northern
Spy, Pewaukee, Baldwin, Peck's Pleasant, and Grimes' Golden. Early Harvest
and Fameuse spot badly. The former was cut down last fall ; the latter, along
with Early Joe, Col vert, i'omme Grise, and several others, will be converted by
grafting into Blenheims.

Tetofskys, with the exception of one specimen tree, I topworked with l^aid-
wins. Gravenstein, Greening, Swaar, Wagener, and Spitzenburg are too tender
for these parts. Ben Davis and Hawthornden are great croppers, but the fruit
is not much in demand. Chenango Strawberry, Mother, Swazie P. Grise, and
Yellow lielleflower are home favorites in their respective seasons, though, as a
rule, poor market sorts. Grand Sultan and Princess Louise have not fruited
with me yet. Hyslop and Transcendant Crabs make splendid cider.

Next in order come the Pears. At one time my list called for twenty-three
varieties ; nearly one-half of which, like the " Flowers o' the Forest,'" are a' wede
away. The remainder are placed according to merit : Clapp's Favorite, Bartlctt

The Canadian Horticjlturist. 163

(topworked), Flemish Beauty, Louise Bonne (small but prolific), Beurre D'Anjou,
Brandywine, Duchess d'Angouleme, Ananas d'ete, Beurre Diel, White Doyenne,
3.nd Elliott's Early. Kieffer keeps growing ; I await its first fruiting with con.
siderable curiosity. I trust there is no disappointment in store for me. I am
used to that, however. Flemish Beauty and White Doyenne are liable to spot
and crack. The former was substituted for Goodale at time of distribution. A
friend close by received the latter, and it fruited and pleased him well until the
tree was blown down in a wind storm.

Plums. — Away back in the seventies, this portion of South Perth was highly
favored by abundant crops of this useful, and withal, delightful, fruit. The scene
is changed. Instead of our thrifty matrons having to look in vain for a ready
and profitable outlet for the heavy yields from their Lombards, Green Gages,
Washingtons, Bradshaws, etc., which were, for want of purchasers, too often
allowed to r;ot upon the grounds, they have now — in the most of cases — to
depend on distant marts for suflScient of the same to meet their home require-
ments. The terribly severe winters and late frosts of iSyj-'yS played sad havoc
with the more tender sorts of apples, pears, and plums, and what remained of
the last, excepting a very few, fell an easy prey to black knot and the curculio.
Going over the roll call lately shows that Pond's Seedling, Imperial Gage, Prince's
Yellow Gage, Quackenbos, Victoria, and some Lombard Seedlings, are still to
the fore. Possibly an annual dressing each fall of lime, hen manure and hard-
wood ashes, has kept them in a thriving condition, aided, no doubt, by constant
amputation of diseased parts and keeping a watchful eye after the mischievous
little "Turk." The Saunders and Prunus Simoni have yet to make good their
claims to favorable recognition. The Glass Seedling, however, is a conundrum
to me. The same was heralded in by a great flourish of trumpets as hardy, pro-
ductive, etc. True, nothing can be said against its hardiness ; that is all right.
But what about its fruitfulness ? During these long years of hope deferred, it
has never shown one specimen of its wonderful fruit. Perhaps, like the Northern
Spy apple, it shows its moneyed value by age. If so, the Glass has considerable
shortage to make up before it overflows with profit to the owner.

Cherries., particularly the Hearts and Bigarreau, have not the requisite stam-
ina in them to withstand our chilling blasts and low temperatures. Black
Tartarian, Napoleon and Yellow Spanish have been tried and found wanting-
Early Richmond and Late Kentish are our mainstay for dessert and cooking
purposes. Ostheim is doing well, and believe it will show its colors ere the " dog
days " are over. Our locality is not suitable for the successful cultivation of
quinces, peaches and apricots, consequently they are left alone by us to luxuriate
along the sunny slopes of the Niagara peninsula.

Grapes. — Ah ! who doesn't enjoy a bunch of this luscious fruit or a glass of
excellent wine from the juice of the Clinton ? This culture has been one of my
hobbies, and my collection (amateur like, of course), is a pretty e.xtensive one.
Wilder, Lindley, Agawam, Merrimac, Salem, Martha, Creveling, Concord, Hart.

i64 The Canadian Horticulturist.

ford, Delaware, Isabella and Champion, formed my first investment. These
were gradually supplemented by Burnet, Prentiss, Pocklington, I^dy Washington,
\\orden, Brighton, Jefferson, Lady, Niagara, Moore's Early, Jessica, Vergennes,
Moyer, and Mills. The first four of the Rogers came fully up to expectation ;
in fact, actually astonished the people living in this vicinity by their superior
fruiting qualities. By degrees they became too much shaded by apple trees on
either side of them, and had to be substituted and placed in a sunnier position,
where they promise to repeat their former excellence. The Salem mildewed,
and were rooted out shortly after they were planted. Have discarded Burnet,
Isabella, Hartford and Creveling some time ago, and lately Pocklington and
Lady, after several trials. If there is no miprovement with Moore's Early this
season, it will be numbered amongst the absentees hereafter. Martha, Delaware,
Jefferson and Prentiss barely holding their own. I look upon Lindley as being
the best red by long odds. Concord and Uilder still lead in blacks with us.
About the whites, and especially the newer kinds, it is too soon to express a
correct opinion regarding them. May do so later on. The vines are pruned
and laid down in the fall, and usually have a sufficient covering of snow to pro-
tect them during the trying months of winter and spring.

Gooseberries seem to feel at home in this neighborhood. Downing, Houghton,
and Smith's Improved seldom fail to produce good crops. Industry, Crown
Bob, Ocean Wave, Pearl, and Whitesmith are, apparendy, taking kindly to the
change, and, from their first showing, evidently going to give a good account of
themselves. So far they have been exempt from mildew.

Currants. — Fay and Victoria fill the bill nicely for wine and jelly. Cherry
and White Grape are excellent table varieties, but there is not much money in
either sorts. Lee and Black Naples will be dug up this fall if their fruiting qual-
ities don't show to better advantage.

Raspberries. — Have tested most of the leading kinds, and now confine myself
to the following Reds : Turner, Shaffer's Colossal and Cuthbert. Black Caps :
Souhegan and Gregg. Yellows : Caroline, for hardiness and fruitfulness was
considered a decided acquisition until Golden Queen entered the lists and carried
off the coveted prize. How a plate of this delightful berry and Jersey cream
would tickle the palate of an epicure I

Blackberries. — Taylor's Prolific and Kittatinny are not hardy enough. Lucre-
tia Dewberry, and Russian Mulberry will probably be hoisted on to the brush
heap before the summer comes to a close, as no good.

Strawberries. — It is natural to suppose some of the latest novelties would
come in for a share of my attention. Col. Cheney, Jessie, Pine Apple, and
Gandy's Prize, are having their innings at present, to be followed, in all likelihood,
by something better in the near future. Jessie is a splendid berry, but a little
shy. Have great faith in spraying the fruit trees with the copper carbonate ;
making preparations to give them an early application of these compounds this
season. Ornamental trees, shrubs, hedges, roses, etc.. may be briefly referred to
in another article later on.

Russelda/e, Ont. ]■ I >• Siiwakt.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

^65

PAMPAS GRASS (Gynf.riu.m Argesteum).

^;HE accompanying illustration represents a tuft of the beautiful
plant, Pampas grass, which grows so freely in California-
Although of a tropical character, it is almost hardy enough to
endure our climate with a little protection. The genus comprises
three species, of which this variety is the most desirable. It

flourishes best on a light, sandy soil well enriched. In England they grow it out

of doors in sheltered spots. The huge spikes of flowers attain a height of from

six to ten feet. The leaves are linear, and from four to six feet in length. These

blooms are cut off in the early part of

the summer and preserved in a dry state

for ornamental use in decorations. Un-
fortunately, this plant is not sufficiently

hardy for the outdoor garden in Canada,

but some of our readers may succeed

with it by giving it protection in the

winter. Mr. John McAinsh, of St.

Mary's, wrote in the Canadian HoRTr

cuturist for 18S0, that he has tried

growing the Pampas grass out of doors.

He was successful for two winters, by

carefully covering it with a box about a

foot in height, without top or bottom.

He filled the inside with pea straw and

banked up the outside with earth. Fig. 45.— Gynericm Argextet-m.

The cabbage worm is very easily and cheaply disposed of by the application
of Bubach, either in powder form or in spray. This remedy seems to be sure
death to most caterpillars. The tent-caterpillar also yields when a few puffs of
the powder are blown into the tent at the time when the enemy is in camp, night
or morning. Plants which have recently been set should receive careful atten-
tion. Frequent stirring of the surface soil will directly benefit them by promoting
their growth, and indirectly prove still more useful by keeping the land clean.
The newly set plants are comparatively weak, and cannot make a vigorous growth
in land that is allowed to become filled with weeds or grass. If there are vacant
places in the strawberry beds, they can be filled if strong plants are at hand, the
blossom stems removed, the transplanting carefully done, and the plants
protected from the sun for a few days.

1 66

The Canadian Horticulturist

OUTLINE OK PLANS FOR USING FUNGICIDES AND INSECTI-
CIDES FOR 1S92.

FOR THE AI'I'LE.

'1\A\' for the destruction of the spores of the apple scab
and leaf blight, with sulphate of copper (blue vitriol), one
pound to twenty-five gallons of water, or sulphate of iron
( copperas), one pound to two gallons. For the destruction
of the tent caterpillar, canker worm and bud moth, use the
IJordeaux mixture, one-half strength, with Paris green, one
[tound to 150 gallons, just before the blossoms unfold, and
for the same and the codling moth, as soon as the petals have fallen. Make a
third application of the Bordeaux mixture and Paris green in about two weeks
from the time the petals f?ill, should there have been heavy rains since the last
application ; then use the ammoniacal carbonate of copi)er, one pound to 50
gallons of water, at intervals of from two to four weeks, according to the weather,
until the middle of August. We would recommend the trial of sulphate of
copper, one pound to 500 and 800 gallons of water, after the middle of June.
Should no rain occur after the use of any fungicide or insecticide, no further
application need be made until it does rain, but if the interval has been long,
spraying should immediately follow a heavy rain.

FOR THE PEAR.

For the pear scab, leaf blight and cracking of the fruit, and codling moth, the
same treatment should be given as for the apple, except that no Paris green need
be used until after the petals have fallen, and only two applications of that need
be made. If the pear tree psylla should appear, spray the trees thoroughly with
the kerosene emulsion, one part to twenty parts of water.

FOR THE PLUM.

We would advise the same treatment as given to the ajiple and the pear, for
the plum leaf blight, black wart and the fruit rot. For the plum curculio, use
the Bordeaux mixture, one-half strength, with Paris green, one pound to 200
gallons. One application of the ammoniacal carbonate of copper should be
made after the middle of August, to prevent the rotting of the fruit and the leaf
blight.

FOR THE PEACH.

To destroy the plum curculio, spray with the Bordeaux mixture, one-fourth
strength, and Paris green, one pound to 200 gallons. For the fruit rot, spray
with the ammoniacal carbonate of copper, one pound to 50 gallons of water.
Try the suli)hate of c<jpper, one pound to 100 gallons of water, for the fruit rot.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 167

for the grape.
Spray with the concentrated solution of sulphate of copper every part of the
vines and trellis before the buds unfold. Just before the blossom buds unfold,
spray with the Bordeaux mixture, one-half strength, with Paris green, one pound
to 100 gallons. As soon as the petals have fallen, spray again with the same ;
then at intervals of about two weeks use the ammoniacar carbonate of copper,
one pound to 25 gallons. Try the sulphate of copper, one pound to 500 and
800 gallons of water at the same intervals.

FOR RASPBERRY AND BLACKBERRY.

For the anthracnose of the blackcaps, and the yellow rust of the blackberry,
use the concentrated solution of sulphate of copper, before the buds open. Then
spray with the Bordeaux mixture one-half strength, or the ammoniacal carbonate
of copper before the blossom buds unfold, and two or three times after the fruit
has been gathered, at intervals of two or three weeks. The first disease attacks
the canes principally, and more attention in spraying should be given to them
than to the leaves.

FOR THE STRA\VBERRV.

Spray with the Bordeaux mixture, one-half strength, and Paris green, one
pound to 100 gallons, for the leaf blight and the "spotted paria," as soon as
growth begins in the spring. Just before the blossoms open, use the Bordeaux
mixture, same strength, but no Paris green. After the fruit has been gathered^
Paris green and the Bordeaux mixture should be used if the bed or field is to be
carried through another season.

FOR THE POTATO.

As soon as the larvae of the potato beetle begin to appear, spray with the
Bordeaux mixture, one-half strength, and Paris green, one pound to 100 gallons.
Use the same mixture as often as they appear in sufficient numbers to be
injurious. If the weather should be warm and moist, applications should be
made at intervals of from one to three weeks after the vines have blossomed, of
the Bordeaux mixture, one-half strength, or the ammoniacal carbonate of copper,
one pound to 50 gallons of water, even if there are no larv^ present. The sul-
phate of copper, one pound to 500 gallons, should also be tried on a small scale
to test its value. — Hatch Exper. Station, Mass.

Bl.\ckberry. — The Snyder and Ancient Briton have the lead. Do not
plant unless you decide to cover in winter, which will bring crops that will
surprise the novice. The Ancient Briton is fully equal to the Snyder in size,
quality, and quantity of fruit, and the canes are smaller, tougher, and easier to
cover. — Orchard and Garden.

1 68 The Canadian Horticulturist.

FRUITS TESTED AT MAl'LEHURST.

A\TNtj one hundred acres devoted to fruit culture, and a
very extended list of varieties under cultivation, some occa-
sional notes may be of general interest to our readers.
• Out of fifty varieties of strawberries which we have been
testing the last two or three years, we find that very few
prove themselves worthy of cultivation for profit.

On cunsulting our field notes, taken last season, we find the Bubach heading
the list as the best market berry of the whole lot. It averages larger than any
other variety, and, besides, is very productive. It is pistillate and, therefore,
needs a staminate variety planted near. One of the great points in its favor is
its power of enduring the drouth, which plays such havoc with the strawberry
crop. Its chief fault is, that it is somewhat soft to carry to distant markets.

Little's No. io compares favorably with the Bubach in size and pro-
ductiveness. The fruit is large, conical, slightly flattened, with several depres-
sions. The color outside is a deep red and glossy ; the flesh inside is similar.
The flavor is sprightly and agreeable, excelling m this respect the Bubach. It
has a perfect flower. This variety originated at Granton, Ontario.

The Edreka, a variety which originated in Ohio, has done well at Maple-
hurst. Mr. Craig, of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, however, does not speak
favorably of it. The plant is very healthy, and very productive, the berry not
quite as large as the Bubach or Little's No. lo, but firmer. The shape is
conical, chopped off at the point. It is a good quality.

The Logan is a new berry from Indiana. This plant is a good thrifty
grower and very productive. I'he berry is large, roundish, even form and of
good quality. It is certainly a promising berry.

The Haverland is another variety standing in the first rank as a market
berry. It is a vigorous, healthy grower and very productive. The fruit is quite
peculiar, being very long and of a light red color. It is moderately firm, medium
in quality and colors evenly over all the exterior. We regard this berry with
more favor than we do the Warfield, a variety which is highly prized in Illmois,
as being a market berry, and which is said to be a seedling of the Crescent.

Mrs. Cleveland is another rather promising market berry. The plant is
vigorous and healthy, and a fairly good bearer. The berries average medium to
large.

The Jessie was planted with a great deal of expectation and carefully
petted ; and truly some of its first berries were wonderfully large and fine. A
plate of them quite astonished two or three of our directors, who called one
evening ; they almost thought a carving knife was necessary to prepare them for
eating. But, after the first few large berries are gathered from the plant, the

The Canadian Horticulturist. 169

rest are quite small, and, the second season, there are very few large ones, even
amongst the first berries. It is, therefore, not worthy of a place in the market
garden.

The Parry is a fairly vigorous plant. Its berries are borne on long upright
stalks, which stand stiffly above the leaves. On this account it appears to carry
a heavier crop than it really does. It may, however, be called a productive
berry. The fruit is large, smooth and rather attractive looking. It produces
very few runners, however, and the rows, in consequence, soon become rather
thin.

Among the list which we have put down as being discarded from the market
plantation are the following: Ohio, Burt, Pineapple, Itasca, Cloud, Seneca
Queen, Belmont, May King and Downing.

The Woolverton berry, which was on our list of distribution for a time,
was originated by Mr. John Little, of Granton, Ont., and is considered by him
one of his best seedlings. Mr. Crawford, of Ohio, has tested it and considers it
a variety of great merit. The fruit is large, resembling the Bubach. m form.
Our plants of it failed to grow, and, therefore, we cannot report upon its merits.

MODERN FRUIT ROOMS.

jHE most approved method is to have the building wholly above
ground, and to double or treble the walls. In climates where the
temperature does not go much below zero, a well-constructed double
wall, double doors and double window sash would be quite safe-
For greater security, supposing the walls to be wood, the inside faces of the
double wall should be lined with felt. The roof should be also double, with
provision for a ventilator if it should be found necessary to use one. This may
not be required if windows arc so arranged that there can be a current of air
passed through now and then. Air should not be given except when the tem-
perature outside equals that within ; otherwise there will be a troublesome con-
densation of moisture, which is what we should try to avoid. The interior shcmld
have as many shelves as can be conveniently placed, on which the fruit is to be
spread, and so arranged as to be easy of access for handling and observation.
The fruit may be several courses thick on the shelves, even heaped, without
injury, provided we secure the best conditions for preserving it ; hay may be
placed over the fruit if there is danger of frost penetrating, but this should be
avoided, if possible, because a fruit house should be a show house equal to a
greenhouse of pretty flowers ; and, indeed, there are few more beautiful sights to
which to invite friends than a well-ordered fruit house, with every variety on its
own separate shelf, and presenting to the beholder the most glorious reasons for
its existence. — Ohio Farmer.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

FERTILIZERS FOR ORCHARDS.

S a fertilizer we have made use of unleached wood ashes. On most
soils no other fertilizer need be used for a number of years, but on
light or exhausted soils the application of perhaps twenty loads of
^.Vjsd^ decomposed stable manure, or, if this cannot be obtained, of fifty
'^ pounds nitrate of soda and two hundred pounds of fine ground bone

per acre which, with one hundred bushels of ashes, will make a com-
plete fertili/.cr. In case the fresh ashes cannot be obtained, two or
three times the (juantity mentioned of leached ashes would have a marked
efifect. Wood .ishes have a tendency to solidify and compact the soil, hence
they are excellent on light land, but care should be taken not to use them to
excess on heavy soils.

Coal ashes have a similar effect on the physical condition of sandy soils, and
may be used for this purpose, but they do not furnish any food for plants, that is
of value.

For young trees, the quantities mentioned are much too large, unless the
fertilizers are to be applied broadcast for other crops, but, in old bearing
orchards, the amounts can often be increased with profit, and it should be spread
over the entire soil, as the feeding roots of the plants are, for the most part, out-
side a circle ten feet in diameter drawn around the tree.

Where potash is needed in the soil, as is frccjuently the case with bearing
orchards, and wood ashes cannot be obtained, it can be secured as muriate or
sulphate of potash. These are waste materials from German salt mines, and
sell at about $40 per ton for the muriate and $25 for the latter, the price vary-
*ing with the amount of potash they contain. It is from these salts that the
manufacturers of the high grade commercial fertilizers obtain their potash.

Two hundred pounds of muriate of potash will supply an abundance of
potash for a bearing orchard, if the soil is moderately rich, while a much smaller
(}uantity will generally have a very marked effect on young trees. The other
materials most likely to be needed by trees, and in fact by all crops, are nitrogen
and phosphorus, and in case stable manure is not readily obtainable to supply
them, recourse can often be had with profit, to chemical fertilizers. As a rule,
the best source for nitrogen is in the form of nitrate of soda or, as it is commonly
called, Chili saltpetre. This costs from $45 to $50 per ton at the sea-board,
and, as not over 100 pounds per acre are usually required, the expense is not
great. Among the other materials rich in nitrogen, are sulphate of ammonia, a
waste product of gas houses, and dried blood, etc., from slaughter houses.

As a source of phosphoric acid, fine ground I) one is largely used, although
dissolved bone black will give (juicker effects.

From 200 to 400 pounds of these materials per acre should be enough.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 171

As a formula for mixing the above materials, for an acre of apples or other
fruits, we would then have

50 to 100 pounds nitrate of soda.
TOO to 200 pounds muriate of potash.
200 to 400 pounds ground bone.

If 50 to 100 bushels of unleached wood ashes could be obtained, they would
more than take the place of the potash, and would supply perhaps one-half of
the phosphoric acid required.

Before using any chemical fertilizers to any extent, it is well to test the effect
of each of the above materials on separate plats, in order to learn if they have
any effect. Oftentimes one or more of them will be found to be present in
sufficiently large quantities, and if more was applied it would only be wasted.

The soluble chemicals should only be applied in the spring, or, better yet,
after growth has commenced ; they should generally be scattered broadcast, and
harrowed or dragged, rather than plowed in. Precautions should be taken, not
to bring these chemical fertilizers in contact with the roots of trees, as the results
might be disastrous.

L. R. Taft.

Bulletin 81, Agricultural College, Mich.,

March i, i8g2.

Hogs in the Orchard. — Sheep leave their manure merely as a top-dressing
for the orchard ; hogs work theirs into the soil. Sheep harden the ground ;
hogs disturb the turf and leave it uneven, but you get finer fruit in consequence.
Sheep eat all the tender twigs and leaves they can get hold of ; hogs seldom
touch the limbs. Hogs sometimes disturb the roots, but this is oftener bene-
ficial than otherwise. An orchard set 50 years ago was not bearing fruit of any
value. Two acres of it were fenced and some hogs turned in. The next year
more of the orchard was included and more hogs allowed to run in it. They
turned over every inch of the sod and kept down the weeds, and the trees bore a
good crop. This year the fence was moved to include two rows of trees formerly
in the sheep pasture, and the improvement is very marked. The difference in
the two parts of the orchard where the hogs and sheep run is so much in favor
ef the former that it can be seen for half a mile.

Young orchards should be given a thorough cultivation during the first few
years after planting, providing sufficient fertilizing material is supplied. Many
of the most profitable orchards are on such steep hillsides that they cannot be
cultivated, and in these is the place to let the hogs do the work. While an
orchard will do well in sod if thoroughly mulched, yet it will do better if the
sod is turned under, the soil stirred and loosened about the trees. — Far7)i aiid
Home.

The Canadian Horticulturist

PEACHES FOR MARKET.

THINNING, PICKINi;, ^ORrIN^; AND SELLING.

S to the experiment with the borer wash, Mr. Hale found
that 90 per cent, of the trees washed were free from the
pest, while 90 per cent, of the unwashed trees suffered from
their attacks. Speaking of this subject, he says :

After the first three years and our orchard had grown
arger we cjuit using soft-soap and substituted caustic
potash, as the only object of the soap was to smooth the
J bark that there might be less chances for rough places for
the mother beetle to deposit the eggs which hatch out and make the borer.
Potash answers the purpose just as well. We also add white arsenic, as it makes
good feed for mice and rabbits that try to live on peach bark. Some clay or
fresh cowdung is also put into the mixture as it helps to adhere to the tree
better than when lime alone is used.

" Experience has taught me," said Mr. Hale to the Tribune reporter, " that
raspberries or other plants take from the peach trees substance which should be
theirs and induce the yellows and decay. So we give up the land eiitirely to the
trees and after the second year we spread fertilizers broadcast all over the ground
early in the spring and keep the ground free with harrow and single-horse
cultivator. Every year, whether we have any fruit or not, the orchards have had
from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of fine ground raw bone, and 300 to 500 [)ounds of
80 per cent, muriate of potash per acre."

There is a vast difference in varieties as to hardiness. The Crawfords, early
and late, gave us one light and one full crop in ten years, while Alexander,
Smock and Hill's Chili produce good crops every year. Mountain Rose,
Oldmixon, Stump, Keyport, Ward's Late and Stevens gave three full crops and
two partial ones in ten years. More than 80 per cent, of our trees are about
equally divided between Stump, Mountain Rose and Oldmixon. Therefore,
although we had over 6,000 trees planted previous to 1881, it was not till 1887
that we had any considerable crop of fruit. Those that blossomed full were
very closely pruned by the shortening-in and tlninning-out process, cutting away
fully one-half of the fruit that had started. Then early in July when the fruit
was three- quarters of an inch or so in diameter we began thinning by hand-picking,
leaving the best specimens not nearer than four inches apart. To accomplish
this on some 600 of the trees we had to take out about four out of every five
peaches.

This thinning was a slow and somewhat costly undertaLiiig and some of the
help on the farm as well as some o{ the neighbors thought we were a "little off'
I ) " wait six years for a crop of peaches and then destroy it when half-grown."

The Canadian Horticulturist. 173

So to please them as well as to satisfy my own horticultural curiosity, a few of
the full fruiting trees were left without thinning, with the result in the fall of
about the same yield in baskets per tree from the unthinned as from those where
four-fifths of the fruit had been thrown away when green. However, the fruit of
the latter was of such large size and superior color and flavor that it readily sold
on the average for more than double that from the trees where all the fruit had
been allowed to grow, aside from the fact that the first named trees were not
exhausted one-half as much, not having had to produce more than one-quarter
as many pits, which contain the reproductive power that saps the vitality of plant
as well as animal life.

The system of picking, sorting and selling the fruit is as methodical and
perfect as the system of planting and cultivation. There are scattered through
the orchards buildings where the pickers live, and in which the fruit is sorted
and put in baskets made of an extra whiteness. Nothing is left undone to make
the fruit tempting, that it may command the highest market price. The orchards
are not picked until the fruit is fully ripened. Owing to the lowness of the trees
most of the fruit is picked from the ground. Step-ladders are used to gather in
the top fruit. The muriate of potash used so lavishly gives the peaches a high
color, and the Hales' orchards when the product is ripe are beautiful to behold.
The fruit is sorted into "fancy," "No. i '•" and " seconds " by girls with light
and nimble fingers, placed in their whitewood baskets and taken in wagons to
Hartford, where they are displayed and sold in a warehouse rented by the Hales
themselves, so that all commissions are avoided. " Fancy " peaches were three
inches or more in diameter. Fifty per cent, of the product was of this description.
— J. Hale, in Neiv York Tribune.

Currants. — The best currant to grow for home use is the White Grape. Its
fruit is sweetest and best for dessert use, its jelly has the best flavor, and it is
superior to all others in quality for canning. If a late red berry is wanted, the
\'ictoria is not excelled for northern culture. The Fay is larger, but it is more
sprawling and delicate in habit and the fruit is poorer in quality. If you want
first-class currants in size and quality, set in rows in the open sunshine, cultivate
thoroughly, and manure hea\ily. In pruning, permit the new wood to come on
and cut out the wood that is four years old or upward. The Black Naples
currant has a value not realized, except by our settlers from England. By
scalding the fruit for a few moments in boiling water, and then putting into fresh
water for cooking, the peculiar flavor of the skin is removed, and when canned
for winter use it is much like the cranberry sauce in flavor and color. In
growing the black currant, it must be kept in mind that it is borne on wood of
the preceding year's growth, and to secure a succession of new wood it is
necessary to cut back the poiri'ts of growth each fall. The Crandall has no
relative value for any use. — Orchard and Ga7-den.

jy. The Canadian Horticulturist.

SPRAVIXC. CROPS.*

r the present time there is no subject of more interest to fruit-
•Towers than the proper way to spray fruit trees to protect the
crop from the attacks of injurious insects. A very conci.se and
handy little book has lately been published by Prof. Clarence M.
Weed, of Hanover, New Hampshire, upon this subject. It con-
ssts of an introduction in which the methods, apparatus and materials necessary
for spraying crops to protect them against their insect and fungous enemies are
described. This is followed by four chapters, entitled : Part I., spraying the larger
fruits, apple, plum, cherry, pear, peaches. Part U, spraying small fruits and
nursery stock, strawberries, currants, gooseberries, grape, raspberry, nursery stock,
Part HI. spraying shade trees, ornamental plants and flowers, shade-trees, roses,
flowers. Part IV, spraying vegetables, field crops and domestic animals.
Prof. Weed's experience makes him a valuable guide in the subjects of which he
treats. He was one of the very first experimenters to discover a combined
insecticide and fungicide, which, in the case of the potato rot and potato beetle,
has turned out very successfully, so that now both of these scourges may be
treated at once with little more expense. The instructions are given in a short
plain manner, and the book is well illustrated. Its convenient size and small
price make it U welcome addition to the books of value within the reach of every
farmer in the country. Bound up with it are advertisements of the makers of
the best spraying outfits, which will be found of use to those wishing to buy these

T F
useful instruments. J-^-

The Peach Rosette. — This formidable disease of the peach is fully
described and figured in Prof. E. F. Smith's able and copious report issued by
the Department of Agriculture. It seems to occupy the ground in the South
that the yellows covers through the North and in the Central States, but it is
more speedy in its work of destruction. It is equally fatal to budded trees and
seedlings, cultivated, uncultivated and wild. It takes the Wild Goose and other
^vild plums. It runs its course in about six months, and does not linger. Com-
monly, it first appears in early spring. The leaves form compact tufts or rosettes,
turn yellow in early summer, and afterwards fall. They do not afford enough
shade to hide the branches, and the tufts are conspicuous and may be seen at
long distance. They drop their fruit early ; it is small, green and more or less
shriveled, tt has occurred abundantly in Northern Georgia, but not in South
and North Carolina. It differs from the yellows in the absence of prematurely-
ripening fruit, and in a less tendency to develop slender shoots from the large
limbs. It is virulently contagious. Exterinwiation is of course the only remedy.

•Si'BAYiSf: t'KOi's, by Prof. Clarence M. Weed : The Rural Publishing Co., New York,
ISy.', 75c.

The Canadian Horticulturisi. 175

BEGINNING GARDEXIXG.

Large profits are often made by the gardener. They have to be large per ajre,
because if not, they would not afford a hving for himself and family and some
surplus to lay by for future use. Often the owners of near-by land think that
what one man has done others can do, and so they begin to imitate as far as
possible. They usually forget one most important fact. The successful gardener
has been years bringing up his soil to the point where all the labor he puts on it
will pay. The beginner may think that by carting on extra loads of manure,
covering the ground as deeply as it can be plowed under, he can make the
soil rich enough in a single season to secure paying results. What is the conse-
quence ? Unless the season be extremely wet the manure fails to rot, and dry-
ing the land still more, does little, if any good.

For many kinds of crops the experienced gardener would not think of apply-
ing coarse, unfermented manure from the stable. He uses such manure for the
coarser crops, early potatoes, sweet corn and cabbage. The frequent and
thorough cultivation such crops require works the manure through the soil and
greatly helps in decomposing it. This fills the soil with vegetable matter rich
in nitrogen. The second year stable manure is not applied, but a dressing of
mineral manure, phosphate and nitrates of soda or potash. These are more
immediately available than stable manure, and with the remains of stable manure
leftover make a better crop the second year than the first.

It is a great help in beginning gardening on ordinary farm land, if it can be
begun the first year on a clover sod plowed in the fall, and as much fine
manure as can be used as top dressing through the winter. Where all these
advantages can be had it is possible, with a light dressing of nitrate of soda, to
bring ordinary farm land into fair condition for gardening the first year. The
chief difficulty will be, not in lack of fertility, but in excess of weeds stimulated
to more vigorous growth by such excess of plant food. It is for this reason that
the coarser crops, that can be cultivated mainly w'ith horse power, are necessary,
however thoroughly the land is fertilized. One year's thorough cultivation of
such crops under high manuring will start and kill a large proportion of dor-
mant weed seeds in the soil. ^Nlany years of perfectly clean cultivation, never
allowing a weed to mature its seeds, will not destroy all. Most weed seeds need
to be very close to the surface to germinate. Many years of successive plow-
ings will every time bring new seeds to the proper conditions for germinating. —
American Cultivator.

One of the attractive features of the Australian exhibit at the Chicago Fair will be
tree ferns from Sidney, New South Wales. These, have always been a popular
exhibit at London expositions. Chief Samuels has been assured by Arthur
Renwick, Commissioner for New South ^\'ales, that a number of rare specimens
will be sent. The ferns vary in height from eight to fourteen feet. At the close
of the Exposition many of them will be given to the park commissioners of
Chicago.

1-6 The Canadian Horticulturist.

STRAWBERRIES.

The bowl of strawberries on the farmer's table is one of the most delightful
suggestions of spring, and the taste of them makes it a delicious realization.
" .Strawberries," writes the poet, " deserve all the good things that may be said of
them. They are beautiful to look at, delicious to eat, have a fine odor, and
are among the most healthful fruit that we have."

It is said of an eminent French writer, that he attributed his longevity to the
free use of them, while good authority places them among the food remedies for
fever, weak digestion and gout.

The usual mode of serving strawberries with cream and sugar is very palat-
able ; but country housekeepers will find that a variety in preparing this
delicious fruit will render it acceptable every day throughout the season. The
following recipes will be found reliable :

Strau'berries and Whipped Cr«?tzw.— Place a layer of strawberries on the
bottom of a glash dish, cover with pulverized sugar ; then another layer of
berries and sugar, cover the top with a pint of whipped cream, the whites of
three eggs and a teacupful of sugar. Set on ice one hour before serving.

Stratvberry Short Cake. — Stem two quarts of ripe strawberries, sweeten and
mash. Make a quart of flour into biscuit dough, roll out an inch and a hal
thick, put into a greased baking pan, and bake very quickly. When done, take
from the oven, split in halves and spread lightly with butter. Place the lower
half on a dish, put half the berries on it, cover with the other half, spread with
the remaining berries, pour cream around and serve.— /^?r/// and Home.

Frame for Tomatoes.— For keeping tomato vines from the ground, I ha\e
found it a good way to make a frame by driving posts in the ground each side
of the rows of tomatoes leaving one foot or so above ground, and nail narrow
strips of board to the sides of these, and on top of these, tack on barrel staves
after splitting them into bits an inch or so in width. This makes a good frame
for the vines to rest upon, and the tomatoes do not come in contact with the
ground at all. — Orchard and Garden.

The Profit in Raspberries. — Raspberries would hardly be a profitable crop
at 5c. per (jt., unless it was 5c. net, as it costs 1 1^ to 2>^c. per qt., to pick them,
to say nothing of expenses of marketing, which are as much more. An average
crop is about 1000 cits, per acre for the three or four years which they bear fruit
and they soon run out. They ought to bring 8c per qt., to make it a fair busi-
ness. They do best on a good garden soil, but would grow on sandy land if
there was moisture enough in the summer. Well rotted yard manure should be
applied every fall and worked in around the roots with a fork. As far north as
Nova Scotia and Northern United States they would have to be laid down
through the winter, which is neither an e.xpcnsive nor long job —Farm and
Home.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 177

Jl^e (g-apdei) ai)d LaloQ.

SUMMER TREATMENT OF CALLA LILIES.

A great many articles have been written on this subject, and it seems as if I
had tried every plan given in three years gone by, and finally buried the last of
seven nice callas, all killed by excessive kindness, I expect. A year or two ago
I started in anew, and made some experiments of my own.

Last June I put a calla bulb in a bed with canna and caladium around a
fountain basin, and it received the same treatment as they ; it grew slowly all
summer. In September I took it up and re-potted it in good, rich dirt. In a
few weeks it began to bud, and has had flowers on all winter long. The last
bloom was very large, measuring five-and-a-half inches across the top.

It has done the best of any of my callas. This year all the calla bulbs will
be planted in the open ground, where they can get the full force of the sun, and
only sufficient water to keep them growing slowly. I have not kept the plant as
wet as I used to do, and have had more blossoms and larger ones. Keep the
leaves washed free from dust, and also to help destroy any stray louse that may
endeavor to find a resting-place there. — Gvpsv in Farm a)id Fireside.

OUR NATIVE FERNS.

The ferns and brakes of this country are marvellous in beauty and variety.
Even those who do not care to study them can get worlds of pleasure in bringing
them from the woods and planting in odd spots about the home. The writer
had two corners near a portico, as well as a spot nearly a foot wide in front of
the house, where the grass simply would not grow. Plenty of ferns, of assorted
sizes, were put in place of the grass, with some odd bits of broken stone scattered
between them, interspersed with moss, and what was a constant nuisance came
to be the most attractive spot on the grounds. The woods and their associations
were constantly with us from early spring until Jack Frost came. Then, toe,
they were clipped from freely, to mix with cut flowers and for table decoration,
and they seemed to like it, as the more we cut the more they grew. Four large
fronds of ferns laid around the center dinner dish give a wonderful refreshing
effect. Mr. J. S. Van Devoort, of Ohio, in the Agriculturist for March, says :
'' In trying to beautify our lawns and gardens, native plants are too much
neglected. There is nothing that for so little work and outlay produces so pleas-
ing results as tastefully arranged beds of ferns in a shady corner of the yard or
garden. Various kinds of ferns may easily be obtained in moist woodlands.
The proper time to go " ferning " is in early spring when the plants begin to

1-jS The Canadian Horticulturist.

develop their circinate fronds. Remove the plants with a sharp spade, allowing
as much of the soil to remain intact about the roots as possible ; place the roots
in a spring wagon and remove them to the place where they are to grow. If the
soil is similar to that where they grew, one cannot fail to have ferns, fine, large
and beautiful, the tirst year. To meet with success in fern culture, one must
study the plants in their native haunts, so as to be able to supply their needs as
to soil, moisture, shade, etc. Ferns are perennial, and do not require trans-
planting. When once well established, there is nothing more interesting and
beautiful in a garden that a native fernery.

SUMMER TREATMENT IN THE VLXEVARD.

The checking of superfluous growth by summer pruning is important, as only
four canes to each vine are needed for the succeeding year. What we need
beyond these is simply foliage sufficient to perfect the present crop of fruit ; hence
many suckers and superfluous shoots can be wholly removed, others shortened.

Frequent extreme changes in temperature tend to induce mildew. Sulphur
is a specific. At first we bought a small quantity and used a sulphur bellows ;
now we mi.x sulphur with air-slacked lime, about one part in five, and scatter
by hand, dusting the vines and ground beneath quite generously. The use o^
sulphur is usually delayed too long. I would advise its use from June 20, at
inter\'als, up to the period of ripening ; if delayed till the foliage is badly mil-
dewed, the sulphur remedy is about the same as locking the stable door after
the horse is stolen. AVhen the foliage is ruined by mildew, sulphur is of no
avail.

Grape rot is a source of much trouble to tlie vineyardist. The affected fruit
has black spots upon one side, the work of a fungus which ruins the berries so
affected. A\'ith varieties in some localities, occasionally this affection is so
serious as to nearly or quite destroy the crop. Avoid fermenting manures ; use
all available means to maintain a healthy condition of the vines. Remove and
destroy all affected berries as soon as possible after they are discovered ; other-
wise the spores of the fungus may be multiplied indefinitely.

Success with the grape is generally the result of intelligent care, continuously
given, from beginning to end. — 1\ M. Aucuu, Coniucficitt State Ponio/o^^ist,
Farm and Iloiite.

.\MONf;sT those engaged in plant-growing, none are better acciuainted with
the ad\'antages of keeping pot plants on a moist bottom than those who cultivate
for market ; with them it is now a rare occurrence to meet with anything on dry
stages, and the plants which they grow in little pots are marvels of skilful culti-
vation alike for their healthy foliage and for the (juantity of the flowers which
they proilii' '• Ti<'' !f<rtictiltiiral Times.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 170

M Tl?C K'^cbei) (i-apcl^r). ^^

CELERY GROWL\(;.

^Vonld you kindly give very full directions for growing and blanching celery ?

A Montreal Subscriber.

In reply we cannot do better than give the following, from our contemporary,
TAe New York Herald : '

Celery demands good land, worked fine and made rich by heavy manuring
for at least two years previously ; it is idle to attempt growing it on land that is
poor and likely to suffer from drought ; choose only good, rich, mellow soil, that
does not suffer from drought easily, and if possible, provide a means of watering
it liberally in case of dry weather. It is most frequently grown as a second crop
after onions, but may be made to follow also early potatoes, cabbage or beets
and carrots.

The seed may be sown at the same time with the onions in April, or very
early in May, putting it in with a drill in every fifth or sixth row instead of onion
seed. Some seed is usually started under glass, sowing it about April 5 ; when
sown earlier the plants are very apt to go to seed ; when sown under glass do
not sow too thickly : an ounce of seed is enough for two sashes ; cover the seed
very lightly by sprinkling over it a little sifted loam, and keep the surface moist
by occasional watering.

In order to avoid too frequent watering, which pacjcs the surface, cover the
bed all over with about half an inch of peat moss, which will need to be removed
as soon as the seed begins to break ground, or the same result may be obtained
by shading the glass whenever the sun is bright.

When the celery plants have four leaves, and before they begin to crowd and
become drawn, they should be transplanted or thinned out so as to give them
room. They may be set for a time at three inches apart in a bed, if the land is
not ready for them, from which they may be transplanted to the field as late as
August r. The portion of the crop set after July 10, however, seldom grows
large enough for sale in the fall, and is usually stored for sale in winter and
■ spring.

It is important to keep celery growing steadily. If stunted by a dry spell or
very hot weather it is very subject to a disease known as blight, which turns the
leaves brown in spots, after which they die ; this disease in bad seasons often
destroys a large part of the crop, but it is seldom very troublesome where the
celery can be watered and kept growing in dry weather.

As soon as the early crop grown between the celery can be cleaned off, it will
help the celery very much to run a small plow between the rows, throwing the
earth first from the rows and then back again. This will make the earth mellow
and encourage growth.

i8o The Canadian Horticulturist.

About a month before it is desired to have the celery ready for the tabic the
earthing up should begin. Three men are required to do the first banking.
One holds the leaves together, standing astride the rows, while two others shovel
up the banks to about half the height of the leaves. After ten or fifteen days
a second banking carries the earth c}uite to the tops of the leaves, after which
the celery must have ten to twenty days, according to the weather, before it will
be white enough to eat.

Of course in hot weather it will blanch quickly and slowly in cool weather,
and since our weather in the fall is very capricious, it is not easy to keep up a
constant supply of celery. In hot weather it will not keep, and in cool weather
it blanches slowly, and consequently the market in fall is apt to be fluctuating in
price.

By the ist of November we must make arrangements to store all celery that
is not ready for immediate sale. This is done in pits covered with boards, and
these again covered with eel grass, leaves or other litter, and with care and skill
it may be kept till April in good order. In keeping it much depends on the
weather, and also upon the location of the pit and the way it is managed.

The best place for a celery pit is on the north side of a fe:;ce or building,
where the effect of the sun is not felt, and the covering should be just enough to
keep out frost ; the cooler, the better it will keep, so long as it does not freeze.

Gooseberries. — The great drawback to the successful raising of gooseberries
in this country is mildew. It s quite possible, however, to furnish conditions
under which the plant may flourish equally as well as in more favorable localities.
For instance, we know that the gooseberry delights in a moist, rich and cool soil,
which we are able to furnish by deep ploughing, heavy manuring, and mulching
the soil thoroughly. To afford protection from the sun, partial shade and a
northern location may be chosen ; the northern side of a barn or other building,
or even of a board fence, is a great advantage in location. The centre of the
bush may be kept open by careful pruning, so that light and air can be admitted
freely. Whilst it is not always possible to avoid mildew, especially in seasons
when the weather is so favorable to its development, there are many painstaking
gardeners who are very successful in growing English varieties which, it is almost
impossible to raise, under ordinary circumstances, in this trying climate. The
best fertilizing material that we have yet found for the gooseberry, is well-rotted
cow manure, applied liberally and well mixed with the soil. — Orchard and
Garden.

Lei the cultivation of the peach be early and often during May, June and
July, and then (juit, weeds or no weeds. Crowd the growth of wood early in the
season, that it may stop early in the fall and have an abundance of time to ripen
up early and well, and both wood and fruit buds will stand several degrees more
of freezing than it is usually thought possible.

The Canadian Horticulturist. iS'

TOMATOES BY THE ACRE.

Tomatoes yield the best crops in heavy loam, that will not pack or bake.
The plants, except for early planting, can be raised better out-of-doors, in garden
beds. The ground should have a dressing broadcast of 800 bushels to the acre
of good, well rotted barn-yard or hog-pen manure, well and thoroughly plowed
in and harrowed down. When the season is well settled, harrow the ground,
and furrow out five feet each way ; and put in plenty of fine, well-rotted manure
at the crossing of the furrows, using about eight hundred busiiels to the acre in
the hills. Tread down well and cover with soil about three inches deep. Set
the plants well down in the ground, pressing the soil well up to them. It is
best to wet the roots when setting, as the soil adheres better. Keep the ground
clean and loose with the cultivator and the hoe, drawing the soil or hilling them
at each dressing.

Tomatoes are marketed by packing in crates holding a strick or Winchester
bushel, made of two ends and one middle piece, each three-quarters of an inch
thick, eight inches wide and fourteen inches long ; with the slats nailed on three
inches wide, 22 inches long, and three-quarters of an inch thick. Good heavy
mason's lath will answer for slats, leaving a space of one inch for ventilation
between them. For a long distance from market they should be picked just as
they begin to show a red tinge at the blossom end : but for near-by they must be
riper or so they will be ripened when they arrive in the market. Care should be
taken not to pack any cracked or wormy ones, as they spoil the rest, and injure
the sale of the whole. For Philadelphia market they are usually shipped in five-
eighths stave peach baskets, covered with cloth, which are returned to the ship-
per.— American Agriculturist.

How TO GROW Tomatoes in Perfection. — Because the generous nature
of the tomato yields bountifully with seemingly little care, the general impressioii
prevails that the plant requires but little attention. This is a sad mistake, for
there is not a vegetable in the garden that is so gross a feeder, nor one that so
readily pays for all the food and care given as the tomato. To grow it to the
greatest perfection, the hills should be dug out to the depth of two-and-a-half
feet ; at the bottom there should be a half bushel of well-rotted manure ; above
this let the soil be an equal mixture of loam and manure thoroughly mixed.
The hills should be at least six feet apart. Let the situation be open, warm
airy. When the fruit begins to set, mulch with clean straw or very small brush.
Under these conditions six plants will furnish sufificient tomatoes for a family of
twelve persons. Whatever variety may be planted in this manner, the result will
show specimens for size, smoothness, and esculent properties, unknown to the
variety> when grown in the ordinary manner. — American Agriculturist.

SUHSCRIPTION PRICE, $1.00 per year, entitl ng the subscriber to menil)er8hip of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including a copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees.

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. ' Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

Tree Wa.sh. — For washing the trunks of trees to drive away borers and to
destroy such insects as may be upon them, carbolic acid and kerosene emulsion
is excellent. It consists of one quart of soap, one pint of kerosene, two quarts
of water and one pint of carbolic acid.

The Cherry and Pear Tree Slug should be watched for carefully a«d
remedies should be applied immediately. Dry dust, coal or wood ashes?
plaster, slacked lime, will destroy them ; but, if the trees are large and numerous,
arsenites may be more readily applied.

NozzELS FOR Si'RAViNi;. — For orchard spraying the Ni.xon noz/.le makes a
mist-like spray and does excellent work, but for the vineyard, and especially with
the knapsack sprayer, the Vermorel nozzle. is the best, being easily cleaned if
clogged. This it is particularly apt to do in applying the Bordeaux mixture, and,
therefore, in the use of this fungicide, the \'ermorel nozzle is decidedly the most
desirable.

Plu.m Cl'RCULIo. — liuiletin 83, of the Michigan Agricultural College, notes
that the " Little Turk" sometimes appears upon plum trees before the flowers open,
and, as it has recently been decreed in the interest of bee keepers that no spraying
be done while the trees are in bloom, it will be wise to give an application to
our plum trees just before the blooming time, in order to destroy any curculio
that might be waiting around U) begin its mischievous depredation.^.

i'KOTECTiNd VouN(; Trees From Mice. — In bulletin 17 of the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College, a simple recipe is given for protecting trees frcm
mice. The advice is to paint the trunks of the trees late in the fall, from eighteen

The Canadian Horticulturist. 183

to twenty-two inches from the ground, with a mixture of Portland cement and
Paris green ; one tablespoonful of the latter to a gallon of the paint. Only a
small quantity of the paint should be mixed at a time, and it should be made-
thin enough to apply readily with a common paint brush. If mixed with skim
milk, the paint adheres belter than if mixed with water.

Girdling Grapes. — -Dr. Fisher reports, in the same bulletin, that he has
been experimenting in girdling grapes in several plots in his vineyard, each plot
containing one hundred and twenty vines. As a result of his experiment, he has
come to the conclusion that wherever a grape will ripen fairly by the natural
processes, girdling is a complete drat't upon the gains of the present. With him
the increase in weight of fruit was more than offset by the waste, through split
berries, and the consequent extra time required to prepare the whole for market-
There was no gain in the price from the ten days' earliness. The Concord does
not reach the market early enough to command the early prices. Another evil
result of girdling was a diminished crop from the vines th& ensuing season.

Pasturing Stock in orchards that have been recently sprayed, is usually
considered exceedingly dangerous. We have, ourselves, as a rule, been very
careful to avoid turning in horses and cows into an orchard which has been
sprayed with Paris green or London purple. It appears from experiments that
have lately been carried on in certain experiment stations, that there is much less
danger in this regard, than we had supposed. Prof. Cook, of Michigan, pastured
sheep and horses under trees that had been sprayed with four times the usual
amount of poison, without their receiving any injury. The fact is that the
poison, which we apply to the trees of our orchards, is so extremely diluted that
the amount falling upon any particular point is almost imperceptible.

Late Keeping Grapes. — We have received from Hon. R. W. Scott, of
Ottawa, a package of Agawam grapes, which were grown in the open air on the
north-west bank of the Ottawa river, and have been kept in cork dust for eight
months, during all which time Mr. Scott states that they have had a supply of
grapes of various sorts for the table. He packed five kegs of Delaware, which
lasted until Christmas. P'or the following two months he relied on Lindley and
Roger's No. 9, and during March and April he used the lona and the Agawam.
When properly ripened the two last have always proved the best keepers. Mr.
Scott does not see why we should not have a constant supply of grapes nine
months of the year, by making a proper selection of the varieties, packing them
in dry cork dust when the grapes are perfectly ripe, and keeping the kegs in a
moderately cool, dry cellar.

Apples in Liverpool. — A circular from Messrs. Woodall & Co., dated 3rd
of April, gives high quotations for Canadian apples in England. It states that

1S4 The Canadian Horticulturist.

arrivals have been on a Small scale during th-j month of April, and the shipments
are nearly over, but there has been a good demand for Canadian apples and
extreme prices have been realized. Some samples, which were excellent in
quality and condition, sold from 345. to 385. per barrel. This seems encourag-
'ng. The season has been the largest on record, the receijjts at Liverpool, alone,
being nearly one million barrels, and the demand during all the shipping period
has been so good that the apples have brought a higher range of prices all
through the season than usual. Canadian Baldwins opened the season at igs.
6d., and since then the lowest prices touched for sound stock was 14^. 6d. The
heaviest receipts were in the month of November, amounting to about one
(juarter of a million barrels, ninety thousand of which were received in one week.
But the demand was so good that they were readily bought without causing any
decline in the prices. Canadians will be interested in noticing that Canadian
Ben Davis apples are quoted at a lower price than either the Baldwin or the Spy-
From this circular it would appear that the arsenic scare, which has been raised
by the Horticultural Times, has, after all, had very little effect upon apple con-
sumers in Great Britain. They evidently have too much good sense to be so easily
deterred from purchasing a good article.

The Evils of the Black Knot.— Bulletin 40, of the New York Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, is devoted to the black knot, and gives some instances
of the terrible nature of this disease.

Mr. G. D. Powell, of (ihent, gives the following as his experience :
"The black knot has about swept the plum growing .interest out of exis-
tence in the Hudson River Valley. I planted an orchard of one thousand
trees and fought off the knot for seven years. Each year there would be
some formation, but we persistently kept it off. Last spring there was
none to be seen on my trees when they were in bloom, every particle having
been taken off. But on the first of .September, the trees were completely
covered, and the entire tops had to be destroyed. The whole trouble came
from some old trees adjoining my farm, which were neglected by my neighbor."

Mr. G. Brandon of Athens, N. Y., says, that some time ago there was a plum
belt three miles wide on each side of the Hudson River, beginning at Cedar
Hill, near Albany, and extending to the southward .some thirty-six miles. He
himself had an orchard of 6000 trees. At that time it was no uncommon thing
for a steamer to carry thence, from one hundred to five hundred barrels of plums
to New York, at one trip. For four days' picking, in one week, he once
received $1,980. In 1884 he netted $8,000 from his plums, but the next year
he rooted out over five thousand trees, on account of the plum knot.

We extract these instances merely as a warning to Canadian plum growers,
hoping that all may be aroused to seek more effective legislation for the destruc-
tion of this dreadful fungus.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 185

The Fruit Exhibit in London, England. — Mr. W. White, of Ottawa,
sends a clipping from the Canadian Gazette, of April 21st, concerning the ex-
hibit of fruit which is to be made in London, England, in the autumn of the
present year. In the elaborate preparations which our country is making for the
exhibit of our fruits at the Chicago Exposition of 1893, there is a danger of over-
looking other almost equally important exhibits which are within our reach.

Great Britain is the principal apple mart for the apples of Ontario, while very
few of our apples go to Chicago, or to any other country of the world. We
should, therefore, lose no opportunity of making known to the people of Great
Britain the superior excellencies of the apples of Ontario. London is an enor-
mous city, containing according to the latest reports, nearly five million inhabi-
tants ; the importance, therefore, of taking advantage of the opportunity which
will be offered to us next September is too evident to be passed by without
careful consideration. We, therefore, call the attention of the fruit growers, not
only of our own Association, but of the Fruit Growers Associations of British
Columbia and Nova Scotia, to the notice that next September there is to be an exhi-
bit of fruit in London on the largest scale ever attempted there. It is to be under the
auspices of the Fruiterers' and Gardeners' Companies, the Royal Horticultural
Society, the British Fruit Growers' Association, and other kindred societies.
According to the Canadian Gazette, published in London, England, the corpora-
tion of the City of London has lent the vacant land of the Thames embankment
for the purpose, and a temporary building will be erected for the exhibit which
will last at least one week. The exhibits will be classified under three heads,
and prizes to the amount of over $1,500 will be offered for the best specimens.
The classes will include dessert fruits, orchard, house-grown fruits, collections of
fruit trees, English market fruits, hardy fruits grown in the open air, farm, orchard
and plantation grown fruit, cottage garden and allotment produce, foreign and
Colonial fruit and jams. Canada should not fail to be well represented, and the
Canadian associations may be able to use this exhibition to dispose finally of any
false impressions left by the recent arsenic scare. Canadian fruit, as we now
know, was not included in the allegations, but it would be well to seize this and
every opportunity to bring home to the English consumers the superiority of
the Canadian product.

1 86 The Canadian Horticulturist.

^ Qa^stici) ^paLc^p. ^^

FRUIT STORAGE.

Sir, — I have been tryiug some time to get some reliabk- information about the build-
ing of a good cellar, for the keeping of fruit and vegetables. We have a cellar under our
house, but do not wish to keep tiieni there, and, if we did, the cellar is too hot. I am
recommended by Mr. Ikuce, of Hamilton, to write to you for information, as you are an
expert in such matters. I want a first-class cellar, and if we can make one suitable in
every jway, I am willing to spend some money upon it. I wish to keep all kinds of fruit,
besides vegetables for table use, and for one cow.

John Penman, Paris, Out.

The scientific principle, which is the basis for all methods of keeping fruit
in good condition, i.s that the apartment be kept dry and cool. Too much mois-
ture favors the growth of the germs of decay, while, on the other hand, too dry
an atmosphere has a tendency to absorb the juices of the fruit to a great extent,
tnus causing the shrivelling of the skin. This, however, is avoided in the case
of such varieties as the Russets, which are particularly subject to this trouble, by
keeping them in close barrels, where the moisture given out by the fruit itself is
sufficient to keep the apples from shrivelling when thus confined.

The temperature should be kept down very little above freezing point. For
apples 34° is counted a suitable temperature, but grapes may be kept in a still
cooler atmosphere.

Any means by which these ends may be secured, will keep fruit in satisfac-
tory condition. It is quite evident that the house cellar will, in most cases, be
too warm for keeping fruit. If the house cellar must be used, the apartment
intended for fruit and vegetables should be separated from the rest of the cellar
by means of a close brick wall. Serious objection to the use of the house cellar
for fruit and vegetables is, that the gases generated by the vegetable matter
render the air of the cellar foul, and unfavorable to the health of the family.

In order that the temperature of the air in the fruit cellar may be entirely
under control, it needs to be very carefully separated from outside influences by
double wall.s, double doors and double windows, thus enclosing a dead air space
between. This may be effected by the use of a lining of building paper, so put
on as to enclose a dead air space between it and the stone walls, and also
between it and the floor above.

In ordinary cases the temperature of the cellar may be controlled l)y carefu]
management of the cellar windows, which may be opened at night and closed
during the warm days of the spring and fall. A still better mode, however, is to
arrange for the admittance of fresh air througii a pipe coming up from beneath
the floor. The openinu from this should be near the ceiling where it would at
once dis|)lace the warmer air. This latter should be carried away through a pipe

The Canadian Horticulturist. 187

which starts near the floor and runs up through the roof. By means of such an
arrangement of pipes, the temperature inside can be quickly reduced at any
time as low as that outside. It will evidently require to be so arranged that
when the temperature inside has been sufficiently reduced it may be tightly
closed up. In places where the winters are very cold, it is well to introduce
the air through an underground passage.

Of course, it will be necessary to keep a thermometer in the fruit cellar so
that the temperature may be kept as even as possible.

Such a cellar properly managed, will be well adapted to keep fruit in good
condition during the greater part of the year. Of course, in the summer, when
tiie nights are too warm to furnish cool air, the arrangement will fail of perfect
success.

In the Canadian Horticulturist for 18S9, page 283, there will be found
an article written by J. J. Thomas on " Fruit Rooms and their Management."'
A perusal of that article will be very serviceable to any one desiring a more
elaborate and costly fruit house, than is herein referred to.

THE CR.\XDALL CURRANT.

Sir, — I had two bushes of the Crandall currant given me this year, and I have looked
through my books and reports and cannot tind anything with leterence to it. I am not at
all acquainted with it, and would like to know whether it is a currant worthy of a place
in the garden ?

Mks. Johx George, Port Elgin.

A late report of Cornell Experiment Station speaks of this currant as follows :
The Crandall is a simple variation of the Buffalo or Missouri currant {Ril'es
aureu/n), known in yards as the " flowering currant." It does not appear to be
a well " fixed " variety. Some of our bushes produce berries little larger than
those of the red currant, while others give fruits five-eighths of an inch in
diameter. It is also variable in period of ripening on our plants, although the
soil is uniform throughout the row.

Our bushes were fairly productive, but a heavy crop could not be expected
from young plants. The habit of the plants indicate probable high productive-
ness.

The plant is hardy and vigorous, and so far our specimens have been free
from insect attacks, although the currant worm' was very abundant upon adjacent
rows of common sorts. The bushes attain to a large size, and need more room
than other currants.

The fruits are large and fair, bluish-black and polished. They separate from
the stem, and are, therefore, picked and sold singly, like gooseberries and cherries.
The flavor is sweet and agreeable, though not pronounced. There is none cf
the grossness of flavor characteristic of common black currants. It makes good

188 The Canadian Horticulturist.

stews, pies, and jellies, whether used green or ripe. In jelly we prefer it to other
currants.

The variety is wholly distinct from every other. It re[)resents a new type of
small fiuit, which, when further selected and improved, must come to be a staple.

GAS LIME AS A FERTILIZER.

SiR^ Have any of your readers had any experience in the use of gas lime as « fertilizer *

\V. White, Ottawa, Ont.

Gas lime has no great excellency as a fertilizer. Its action is chiefly chemical
on the soil, liberating the fertilizing elements. The lime, however, is especially
useful in the growing of roots, as, for instance, mangles, and turnips. After
exposure to the weather the fresh lime in it is changed to sulphide of lime or
gypsum. It is not wise to apply this substance too liberally, as in that case it
may destroy the vegetable growth.

PRIMULA OBCONICA

Sir, — Is the Primula Obconica poisonous, and if so in what way ?

A i\l0XTKE.\L StB.SCBIBER.

It would appear that Primula Obconica is covered with minute hairs which
are liable to penetrate the skin of persons handling them, and so poison them,
though not dangerously. Florists in packing this plant have, in some cases,
had their hands and arms swell with the poison.

4^ OpcQ Lettep^?. ^

POMME ROYAL AND OTHER APPLES.

SlR^ — As to the ouestion regarding the Blenheim Orange apple, I have found it to be
a very fair, moderate nearer almost every year, but better each alternate year, and witii my
neighbors it is an apple that is well liked.

The Kin): lias Ijorne very well for me in the town of Goderich, oti a gravelly soil
l)ut on my farm, which is a clay loam with clay sub si)il, it is shy of bearing. lk)ti)
these are noble apples.

I have the I'oiiime K(jyal in town, which used to ripen earlier. The fruit was much
finer than some varieties grown on the farm. Whether it is liecause of the soil or because
grafted on dillerent stock, I cannot tell. I grafted it on a bearing tree that was a seedling.
It appears to me that sti^ck intluences the graft.

W.vi.TER Hli'K, Codcrkh.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 189

BISHOP BOURNE APPLE.

Sir, — I do not remember whether I ever sent you scions of tlie Hishop Bourne apple
to introduce into Ontario after trial by yourself, and approval. The apple is much like the
Princess Louise in size, shape and color, if I may judge from the representation of the latter
in the Canadian Horticulturist. It is in fair condition for eating in October, and I
have kept it perfect until March. My children all prefer it to any other variety. The
Bishop Bourne apple was named from Bishop Bourne of England. It was grown l)y VVm.
.Sutton, of Cornwallis, X. S., from seeds of the Newton Pippin. It is described in '• Down-
ing's Fruits and Fruit Trees," edition of 187'2. It has been very little propagated, l)ut I
think it would become a very popular apple wherever it succeeds, on account of its beauty
and good quality.

The Andrews, or Major Sweet, is a popular and productive kind, and it is considered
quite protitable. Its season is from November to February or March, and always saleable
when it is known. This apple is a seedling originating in Yarmouth, N. S., grown bv one
of the first settlers. M ijor An Irowi. After bei'ig known for Hfty or sixty years, and lately
coming into competition with about one hundred and thirty kinds, it is preferred in the
home market to any other kind for a pleasant eating apple. It is described in " Downing's
Fruits and Fruit Trees," third appendix.

I send you scions of both these varieties.

C. E. Brown, Yarmouth, N. S.

APPLES FOR THE NORTH.

I received a number of new Russim varieties from the Experimental Farm at Ottawa,
this spring, for testing. These varieties are Little Hat, Saccharine, Red Raspberry, Bode,
Hare Pipka, Blushed Calville and Sugar Sweet. I am well pleased with the appearance
of these new comers, so far as one is able to judge from their appearance. The smooth
dark-colored bark, the texture of the wood, etc., leads me to think they will be quite hardy
here. The trouble with the Russian varieties ^is that there seems to be very few long
keepers among them. If we could get a tree of the Duchess type, that would keep like
the Spy or King, it would be a great acquisition. But I have great faith in the Russians,
as the trees best suited for the colder sections of this Province ; and I believe we shall yet
get just the varieties we require among them. There is a prospect of a good fruit year so
far as one is able to judge at present. Fruit trees of all kinds are full of blossom buds.
Grape vines came through the winter in good shape. Strawberries wintered well ; and
although they suffered considerably from the cold winds and hard frost of early spring,
they are looking well now, and give promise of a good crop. More attention will be given
to spraying fruit trees this year in this country than ever before ; people are finding out
the necessity of it.

G. C. ('ASTON, Craif/hurst , Ont.

CANADA'S GREAT INDUSTRIAL FAIR.

Sir. — On revising the prize list for our next Exhibition, our Committee have added
prizes amounting to fifty dollars (.SoO) for the best exhibit of fruits grown in the Dominion
of Canada, by any Electoral District Society, Horticultural Society, or Fruit (iioweis'
Association. They have also increased the prizes for plants in pots by nearly three hun-
dred dollars. The prizes for the best display of plants in pots are now very liberal, being
$75, $50 and $25.

H. J. Hill, Secretary, Toronto.

lyo

The Canadian Hokticui.tl-ri.st.

TO A •\\i:i-PlXG WII.LOW IN (iRIMSBY
CEMETERY.

^^^^^EXEATH the mossy bosom of
^^&' the sod,

With slow and reverend hands
we laid to rest

Our loved ones side by side.
Sweet thought of God
That raised thy head, child of our
mother's breast.
Thy pendant frondlets drooji so kindly o'er.
And sigh amid the sough of summer
breeze ;
While softlv suririno^ wavelets on the shore

Are murmuring sweetly, minor symphonies.
Kind sympathiz(ir, burden-bearer, iriend ;

Lo\-e, like an autumn mist, rests on thy leaves.
In unshed tears ! with ours th\- love doth blend
While the fell Angel gathers up his sheaves,
Thy beauteous fringe, thy ht-avenly drapery,
The sleejjer mantles, as love's mystery.

<ii-i))ish)\ O. G. L.\N(;FOKn,

DWAHF .irXi:i5Kl{UY

THE

Canadian Horticulturist.

Vol. XV.

1892

No. 7.

DWARF JUNEBERRY.

AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS.

iMONG the new fruits which seem to be possessed of a certain
degree of merit, is the Juneberry, which is indigenous to a
large portion of North America. There are a number of
varieties of these, ranging from about the size of a currant
bush to a handsome ornamental tree. The latter form may
be found growing alongside the old forty-mile creek at
Grimsby, and it is handsome enough to grace a lawn, especially when in bloom.
The dwarf varieties, no doubt, were originally introduced from the Rocky Moun-
tains. These are more productive and fruitful than the larger growing ones.

The fruit of the Juneberry is delicious, and is very desirable for pies, jellies,
jams and sauces. The Indians have long known its excellencies, and use it, both
dry and fresh, freely. It is a wonder that it has not been more frequently men-
tioned in papers descriptive of our native fruits.

The chief difficulty in raising this fruit is in combatting with its numerous
insect enemies, and, in populous districts, perhaps still more serious enemies are
the boys and birds, all of whom are extremely fond of it. As the form most
likely to be grown in the garden is the dwarf variety, which is the subject of this
sketch, it will be an easy thing to protect it from the birds by the use of leno, but
this would be impracticable if it were grown in large quantities for market.
However, it has recently been noticed that, where it is grown by the acre, the
quantity of fruit taken by the birds is scarcely noticeable.

192 The Canadian Horticulturist

In season, this berry comes very opportune, just after that of the currant and
gooseberry.

Prof. H. E. VanDeman, United States Pomologist, says of it: "I am not
aware that any attempt has been made to improve, by cultivation, the tree-Uke
form of the species, but in the case of the dwarf forms some advance has been
made by way of subjecting them to garden culture, and with (juite satisfactory
results. There is really much in this fruit to encourage the experimenter in the
work of domesticating and improving the species."

Mr. Greenlees says in the Orchard and Garden : " More of these berries in
the market would be found quite profitable, if brought in early before whortle
berries. Those who have had a taste of the wild service berry and have hked it,
eagerly pounce upon the stray quarts and pints of this " upper ten " relative, and
are glad to pay a high price for it. The culture of the Juneberry is very simple,
similar to that of the currant, which it resembles in size and habit. It is
increased from rooted suckers, and I have never seen it infested by insects or
disease. Very tiny bushes of it bear heavy crops of the pretty fruit, of a dark,
reddish purple color. The flowers are also pretty and showy, larger than those
of the wild Amalanchier, whose white, graceful, tassel-like flowers are so conspic-
uously beautiful in spring. We cannot have too many kinds of fine berries even
in June."

A special variety of dwarf Juneberry, called " Success," commended by Prof.
VanDeman has been propagated for sale by J. T. Lovett, of New Jersey.
Whether it is really of value for market, or will simply be confined to garden
culture for home uses, is still an open question. No one in Ontario, so far as
we know, has made any attempt to grow them for market purposes. The fact,
however, that a variety, commonly known as the Saskatoon berry, grows freely
in the North-West, encourages us to expect that this Juneberry may be a useful
fruit to grow in that country.

PiCKixr., AND Pavini; Berry Pickers. — 1 would rather pay $250 to $400
l)er acre for land near a good market, than $25 for land of equal fertility 20 miles
distant. I can save annually $150 to $175 per acre in express charges, com-
missions and lost berry crates. I'^ngage your pickers early and pay good ones
2C. per qt. the season through ; others who are needed only in a rush, i^c. I
give my pickers a stand containing six quart boxes. When filled, this is taken
to the foreman in the fruit shed, who gives a tin check stamped with my initials
for it. At night these checks are called in and each picker credited on a berry
card his day's picking. Saturday night all the pickers are paid off at the rate of
I »^c. per qt. the other half cent being held as a hostage until the season is over.
Crate as soon as possible and place in a cool cellar. Avoid commission men,
and sell direct to merchants who do a retail trade. — Farm and Home.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 193

PEACH LEAF CURL.

(exoascus deformans.)

Sir,— Is there any remedy for the peach leaf curl ? Already, May 26th, the young
leaves are showing its presence. The prospect of a good peach crop is so favorable, that I
would like to try any means of stopping this curl.

W. Smith, Wiriona, Ont.

NFORTUNATELY we know of no remedy for this evil, at least
none that can be applied so late in the season as this. Prof Scrib-
ner suggests spraying the trees before the buds begin to swell, with
a strong solution, 30 or 40 per cent, of sulphate of iron, as a pre-
ventative. The curl, tlwugh usually considered a minor evil, has,
of late years, done us much mischief, taking off both fruit and
leaves before maturity. Sometimes the curl kills the young shoots.

Mr. E. Ainslie, of Beaconsfield, wrote for this journal in May, 1888, that he
had succeeded in destroying this fungus by burn-
ing old leather on some coals in a tin pail, under-
neath the trees. The pail can be levated
through the tree by the pitch-fork.

Mr. Briggs, of Massachusetts, also speaks
of rubber fumes as being an effective insec-
ticide. He states that he was successful in driv-
ing away the rosebug by the use of fumes of
burning rubber. It is barely possible that good
may result in the use of this remedy, but it has
not yet been established. The swollen, pow-
dery appearance of the leaves, affected with
the curl, needs no description. Fig. 46 shows
a cross section of a healthy leaf, from the upper
to the under surface, a representin
and /> the lower surface. Of course
by the use of a magnifying glass that any such
distinction of cells, as these here shown, can be
discerned. The fungus begins on the leaf as a
small swelling on the tissue upper half of the
leaf, and .spreads until it affects the whole sur-
face, and consequently becomes nearly double in
width and greatly increased in thickness. As a
result the leaf finally shrivels and drops. The
tree is thereby so weakened as to lose its fruit
as well as its foliage.

I

194

The Canadian Horticulturist.

^.-tlilby

Fig. 47 shows a vertical section of a leaf thus
aflfectcd, swollen out of the normal thickness ; a,
as above, representing the upper, and b the under
surface. The cellular structure of the under sec-
tion is very little changed, but the change in the
upper portion is easily seen. The walls between
each of the cells above have become much thick-
ened, and the long narrow cells much swollen and
divided. The result will be that the leaf will have
a tendency to curl undcrward. The dark lines in
these cells represent the vegetative portion of the
fungus, which penetrates among these cells. This

These

Fig. 47.
vegetative portion throws out numerous branches, as shown in Fig. 48

enlarge and form asci or fruiting portions,

containing six or seven spores each, which

are the means of spreading the disease.

Sometimes a somewhat similar effect upon

the peach leaves is produced by the peach

tree aphis, when it is very abundant. This U^^/' ~]T ^/^^^i

louse, by sucking the juice from the under /^^^^^^^l JL lU^^oC""^*^

side of the leaves, cause hollows with cor. ^| / \ )/ 1(~\\^

responding reddish swellings above, and Fig. 48.

the leaves, in consequence, are made to curl. These may be destroyed by a

decoction of tobacco and water, or by the kerosene emulsion.

A MODEL EXPERIMENT STATION.

One of the most novel, instructive and elaborate exhibits, and one that
will undoubtedly attract the attention of every scientific person and scholar
interested in any phase of agricultural life, will be that made by the Association
of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. This exhibit will
occupy nearly 8,000 square feet of space, and will be located in the southwest
corner of the building, on the first floor. It will represent the entire work of a
model Agricultural Experimeni Station, covering entirely the field of experiment
and research in crops, botany, horticulture, entomology, feeding stuffs, animal
nutrition, dairy solids, milk testings and veterinary science, and will include an
elaborate and complete botanical, biological and chemical laboratory. —
Selected.

A Coon Practice commends itself to the orchardist in the cultivation of
hoed crops between trees, not alone in the extra air and sunlight given to the
soil, but in the moisture saved for tree's use. Mulching is a great thing for trees,
and next to mulching is surface stirring. — Farm and Home.

f

4^

'f

THOMAS I'.KALL, Esq,

The Canadian Horticulturist. 195

SOME PROxMINENT CANADIAN HORTICULTURISTS.— XVI.
Thomas Beall, Esq.

N continuing the sketches of those gentlemen who are
prominent in Canadian horticuUure, we are enabled to
give in this number a brief notice of the life and w^ork of
the Director for the Fifth Division, to which position he
was elected in 1878, and has ably filled ever since.

Thomas Beall was born at St. Blazey Gate, Cornwall,
England, in May, 1828. In 1840 he came with his
parents to Canada, who settled on an uncleared farm near the centre of the
Township of Whitby, Ontario County. Here our Director, then a lad of twelve
years, commenced his experiments in fruit culture, which he may be said to have
continued up to the present. His neighbors living on the front assured him
that not even the apple would succeed so far north of Lake Ontario; but, nothing
daunted, he resolved to try. In i860 he removed from Whitby to Lindsay, and
at once commenced experimenting in horticulture, and has now demonstrated
that not only apples, but that some varieties of all of the staple fruits, except
peaches, could be successfully grown. He has planted nearly a hundred varieties
of apple, and forty of pear. Of the apple, some sixty kinds are succeeding well,
though of the pear only four sorts have yet proved to be a success.

Nor did Mr. Beall confine his experiments to fruits alone, but proved that it
was quite within the range of possibility to grow many of the best varieties of
flowering shrubs and plants, including many of our most choice hybrid perpetual
roses. Of the latter there are now growing in his grounds, in perfect health,
some thirty varieties, the most of which were planted a quarter of a century ago.
He was also the first to plant the black walnut in that part of the country. In
1880 he read before our Fruit Growers' Association his first paper on the suit-
ability of the black walnut for cultivation in Central Ontario. This essay was
widely copied by both urban and rural newspapers, and doubtless many thou-
sands of that valuable timber tree are now growing that would never have been
planted but for the philanthropic spirit that actuated Mr. Beall in giving to the
public the results of his black walnut planting.

The public is also indebted to him in large measure for the efforts that are
being made to secure greater uniformity and correctness in the judging of fruit
at fairs, as well as to give to the residents in each agricultural division a list of
the varieties of the several fruits that can be successfully grown therein.

The crowning work of Mr. Beall's life, however, will be the accumulation of
meteorological data, the value of which, in its bearing upon the labors of the
fruit grower, can hardly be over-estimated. When such observations shall have
been so extended that we can know the average summer heat and winter cold,

196

The Canadian Horticulturist.

and the extremes of each at least in every county, the number of days without
injurious frost, and of summer sunshine, the average rain-fall, and the force and
direction of prevailing winds, most valuable data will then be available for the
solution of fruit growing problems. To this work Mr. Beall has given much
careful attention for the past twelve years, during which time he has accumulated
a large amount of valuable information. D. W. B.

.\ BERRY TICKET.

Here is a cut of a ticket which I find very convenient in berry time, in
keeping accounts with my pickers :

Tens :

I. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1
9-

JA

MES iM

BROWN,

Grower of

Small Fruits

Burder

, N. Y.

Units

I. 2. 3.

4. 5- 6. 7. 8.

9-

The row of figures at the bottom represents units from one to nine ; the
upper row of figures consists of tens. Any figure punched in this row is equal
to 10 times the figure punched below. If you punch eight in the tens row, it is
equal to 80. If a picker picks in a day 73 quarts, I punch seven in the upper
row and three in the lower. If a picker picks 173 quarts in a day, I punch
nine and four in the upper row, making 90 and 40, or 130 (juarts ; then I punch
seven in the lower row. I do not take up the tickets until the season is over.
This method does away with book accounts, and it is easy to settle with each
picker at night when through picking. One' should use a good punch — one
which cannot be imitated. — Rural New Yorker.

Thkre are Many Remedies for mildew and blight, but nothing is better
than a simple solution of sulphate of copper. It is free from the features of
other fungicides. It is in no way injurious and its operation is sure. Dissolve
I lb. of sulphate of copper in 800 gals, of water, or 2 o/.. in 100 gals., or i oz. in
50 gals. Probably a much weaker solution would answer, but that is for future
experiments to decide. 1 spray the tree with this solution, using a plain brass
hand syringe i^ in. in diameter, which holds a pint. It has a rose nozzle with
99 holes, three times the usual number, and will throw from 20 to 25 feet, spread-
ing the spray aljout 6 feet. — Farm and Iloim.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 197

GROWL\G THE CURRANT.

r!»_

HE many plantings of currant bushes one sees, bereft of foliage in
mid-summer, bespeak either a want of knowledge or a lack of carfe
on the part of those who tend them. The erroneous idea that
currants may be planted anywhere is an all-prevailing one. To
have them do well they need deep soil and, preferably, a damp one.
^S^'* A few years ago I set a row of the Versailles in such a location, and
"•^ the size of the bunches and berries was really wonderful. Some of

my neighbors thought that I had possession of some new sort, and more than
one of them got cuttings from me, because they thought it a new kind. As a
rule there is too much of the let-alone idea prevailing, and something more than
this is necessary to have good currants. My neighbors have an idea that it
hurts their bushes to be dug around. Now, the bushes of mine, referred to
above, were on the boundary line of a grass plat and a vegetable garden, and on
the latter side of them the soil was forked up every spring, and it certainly .
showed no injurious results at all. Still, as these bushes root near the surface,
digging should not be done close to them. Forking is better, as being less liable
to hurt the roots by cutting them. Those who do not get good results, probably
leave their plants too much to themselves. Unless wood needs cutting out
annually, the cutting back of a shoot here and there to cause some strong new
ones to form for the next season, is advised. The plants of my own that I have
referred to were not mulched, save by the sod on the one side of them, and they
never lost their leaves in summer ; nevertheless it is a good plan to do it, the •
coolness and moisture it induces being of much benefit. Young plants, too, are
much better than old ones. It is better to cut old ones back, to have them
form new wood, or plant younger ones. When not practicable to grow them in
the exact station they would like, mulch them in summer with coarse hay or
grass, to gain moisture, and be sure that there is good food for the roots. This
will lessen the tendency of the bushes to drop their foliage in summer, a some-
thing now all too common, and which weakens the plants greatly. Partial shade
is a benefit to currants, but it must not be that afforded by large trees, because,
to get this, they have to be so near that they get into soil robbed of its food by
the roots of the trees, which extend a long distance from the tree. That afforded
by some fence, or building, is better. Regarding the laest sorts to plant, there
are some of our marketmen here who stick to the old red Dutch, as they say
they get the greatest quantity from it. But if this doubtful statement be correct,
there is no doubt at all that the larger fruit of Fays, Cherry and Versailles bring
the better price. In the long run the larger sized fruit sells the best of all.
Currants are largely used for preserving, and for this purpose also is a good
sized fruit the best — Green's Fruit Gnnver.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

PREPARING FOR CHICAGO.

R. N. AWREV, has been apjiointed Commissioner for
Ontario to the \Vorld's Fair, and Mr. A. H. Pettit, our Pres-
ident, superintendent of the fruit exhibit at the Cireat Ex-
position. This gentleman is now, June 8th, in Philadel-
phia, where he will meet Prof. Saunders and purchase a
large number of suitable jars to contain the choice
Ontario fruit. Prof. Saunders has been experimenting
with various liquors in order to find one that will effectually preserve our
berries, peaches, pears and other fruits, without changing the color and causing
shrinkage; he is placing all the results of his investigations at our disposal.

Ontario has a large and well-chosen allotment of space of 2400 square feet
in the Horticultural Hall, at Chicago, for her fruits, and it is desirable that it be
filled the whole season, from the first of May until the end of October, with the
best possible display of our fruits, both canned and fresh.

Arrangements are now being made to have a cold storage in Chicago, ready
by the first of November, for keeping a good stock of the different varieties of
our winter apples and pears. These will be brought out as required during the
first month of the exhibition.

Each Provincial Government has agreed to make as fine a collection of their
fruits as possible, so that Canadian progress in this industry will be fully repre-
sented. Each will undertake the work of preparing its own fruit for this great
exposition, and the expenses of providing containers for the same.

Speaking of the grandeur of the horticultural exhibit, a recent bulletin says :

" In the rear curtains of the buikling will be shown the fruit exhibit, which will include
all varieties grown in any part of the world. As far as it is possible to do so, probably in
a great majority of cases, tine specimens of the natural fruit will be shown. Otherwise wa.x
moilels, so perfect in appearance as to be indistinguishable from the real fruit, will be sub-
stituted. For this exhibit about 44,000 scjuare feet, or more than an entire acre of space,
13 resers'ed. A very complete and splendiil exhibit of citrons and other fruits will be sent
from California, Florida, 5lexico and Soutii American countries. Hy means of refrigerators
lipe fruit can be sent long distances without injury, and after reaching the Fair cold
storage facilities will be available to keep it in perfect condition.

" In the north pavilion of the Horticultural building will be a very extensive display
of vegetables, canned goods, liorticultural appliances, etc. In the second story of ejich

Savilion will be a restaurant capable of seating about "JOO and profusely adorned with ferns,
owers, and exotic plants. Outside will l)e a nunilier of greenhouses, where visitors may
Bee an exceptionally complete collection of tropical vegetation. There will also l>e large
auxiliary greenhouses, not open to tlie general public, wjiere plants will be brought to
perfect exhibit condition, and wlicre plants will be cared for after their beauty season has
paiHsed.

" It may be rightly inferretl that the Horticultural exhibit at the ex])osition will l>e
tlic most complete and extensive ever made or attempted. It is certain to attract a great
deal of attention an<l prove to be of great scientilic and educatioiuil interest. It will have
important featuicH not hpeci/ied above, as, for examjile, a very complete collection of
insects, i>otli the injuricjus and beiieticial ones, whose operations allect tlie fruits and other
products of tlie horticultiuint. It is the intention t> have in one place an exliilut of all of
the species of plants mentioned in the l^il>le, and in otiiers collections of almost et^ual his-
torical interest.''

The Canadian Horticulturist. 199

PRESERVATION OF FRUITS FOR CANADIAN DISPLAY AT THE
CHICAGO EXPOSITION.

E are just in receipt of an interesting circular from Prof. Wm.
Saunders, Executive Commissioner for Canada, giving a list of the
various fluids recommended for preserving fresh fruits in glass jars
for the Chicago Exposition, ^^■e give our readers a large extract
from the same, tor it is often useful to know what preserving fluids
^]^ are best, for other purposes as well.
General Directions.— Select the finest specimens of the fruit both as to
form and size. Handle them carefully to avoid all bruising and place them in
bottles, arranging the specimens so as to show the fruit on all sides. F'ill each
bottle to the neck, then pour on the fluid recommended, filling the bottles to
within half an inch of the stopper so as to entirely cover the fruit, then place the
stopper in the bottle and run a little melted beeswax or parafifine over the joint to
make it air tight. Tie the stopper down with a piece of canvass or strong cotton
and attach to each bottle a label containing the following particulars : Name of
variety of fruit, character of soil on which it was grown, the name of the grower
and post office address, adding the name of the province in which the party
resides. Wrap the bottles in paper to exclude the light, and preserve in a cellar
or other cool place where they may be kept from freezing until required for
exhibition. Strawberries and raspberries should be cut from the plants or
bushes with a pair of scissors, leaving a short piece of stem attached.

Fluid No. i. — Coal Oil or Kerosene. This fluid has been found more satis-
factory than any other yet tried for preserving strawberries for exhibition. Being
lighter than water the berries sink in the fluid and their natural form and appear-
ance may thus be well preserved. It has also been found useful for Blackcap
raspberries. Fruit preserved in this fluid should be free from drops of water
(dew or rain) on the outside.

Fluid No. 2. — A solution of Boric Acid in water in the proportion of one
per cent. This may be made by dissolving half a pound of Boric Acid in fifty
pounds of water, agitating occasionally until the solution is complete. If the
fluid is not clear it may be allowed to stand and settle and the upper clear
portion poured off and the remainder filtered through filtering paper.

This fluid may be used for the preservation of red and black raspberries,
blackberries, red and black cherries, black currants, and other red or dark
coloured fruits, including red apples.

Fluid No. 3. — A solution of Zinc Chloride in water in the proportion of two
per cent.

This is readily made by dissolving one pound of Zinc Chloride in fifty pounds
of water. Allow the mixture to stand, pour off the clear fluid and filter the
remainder.

200 The Canadian Horticulturist.

When poured on the yellow varieties of raspberries this fluid has been found
to preserve their colour well ; it is also recommended for the preservation of red
and white currants, gooseberries, white or yellow cherries, peaches and other light
coloured fruits, including green and yellow apples.

Flitd No. 4. — Solution of Salicylic Acid one drachm to the (}uart. Dissolve
one ounce of Salicylic in eight ounces of Alcohol and add this to two gallons ot
water, shake well, allow it to stand for a short time, when it will be ready for use.

This fluid has been found useful for preserving red and dark coloured grapes ;
it may also be used in place of Fluid No. 2 for the fruits mentioned under that
head, although it has not proven quite so successful as the Boric Acid.

Fluid No. 4 was used successfully by the writer in preparing fruits for the
Indian and Colonial Exhibition in i8<S6. Nos. i, 2 and 3 are recommended as
the most successful of a number of fluids tested during the past year by Dr.
Chas. E. Saunders, of Ottawa.

Thinning Fruit. — An experienced orchardist in the East covers the same
ground we have already advocated in Fruit nfid Floivem in what follows : He
says that "he thinned the fruit on his trees at the rate of twelve trees in ten
hours. They were large enough to yield an average of six bushels to a tree.
He figures in this way : If he had a thousand trees it would cost him $85 to
have them thinned, with labor at $1 a day, or $170 at .$2 per day. He has but
few culls among his apples, and the selected crop will easily bring him ten cents
per bushel more than the fruit from trees which were not thinned out, which, at
six bushels to the tree, would increase his sale by $600.

"Again, he claims still another greater advantage It is not the growth of
the fruit that exhausts the tree so much as the formation of the seed, and reduc-
ing the number of seeds grown by picking off one-half or two-thirds of the fruit
that sets, he relieves the tree so that it can form fruit buds in the fall for the next
year's crop. In ten years he has not had a failure of the trees to bear every
year, excepting when they were overloaded and he neglected the thinning. Then
all the strength was used up in growing fruit, or rather seed, and there were no
blossom buds formed."

The last clause in the above has not often been so plainly stated and is often
overlooked, but is so plain that it is correct that we wonder that sensible men
should need to be told of it. — Fruit and Flowers.

Tmk Hi.st Ki;.mi.I)\ ior I>i.a( k Knot in plums is the knife, cutting out all

knots early in spring, before the leaves appear. The branches and trunk should

then be sprayed with the simple solution of sulphate of copper — 1 lb. to 26 gals.

of water — to which 2 oz. of Paris green may be with benefit added. .Ml wild

rees in the neighbourhood should be treated in the same way. or cut ilown.

The Canadian HoRTicui/rirRisr. 201

EXPERIMENTS WITH FRUIT PRESERVATIVES FOR EXHIBITION

PURPOSES.

URING the past three years experiments have been carried
on at the Central Experimental Farm, with the object of
ascertaining the effect of certain chemical solutions in pre-
serving fruits. In view of the coming Exhibition at Chi-
cago, and the necessity of placing samples of the fruit of
the Dominion on the tables next May, in bottled form,
the publication of the most important results so far obtained — though in some
instances they are given tentatively — will, it is believed, prove interesting and
useful to intending exhibitors and those who have charge of the fruit displays
from the various provinces.

While many of the solutions tested have not proved to be successful fruit
preservers, others have given good results. The work is still in progress, and
the confident hope is entertained that before long it will be possible to give
more definite instructions in regard to the proper fluids for the different fruits.

In considering this matter, it is necessary to remember that not only must
the fruit be preserved from spoiling, but that its color and form be retained.
While a certain solution may serve to retain the form and texture of the fruit, it
may be found to discharge or extract the color. Again, on account of the den-
sity of the fruit-juice being greater than that of many preservative solutions,
osmosis takes place — the fruit bursts and the whole becomes an unsightly mass.
To overcome this latter trouble, glycerine has been used. If glycerine is added
to the fluid until the fruit remains suspended in the mixture (not floating on
top), the fruit will not be apt to burst or shrink, as the fluid will be of the same
density as that of the fruit-juice, and there will be no interchange of liquids.
From 5 % to 10% of glycerine are the quantities recommended. Fairly satis-
factory results, however, have been obtained without the addition of glycerine,
when the following were the preservatives used :

Chloral Hydrate. — Four ounces to one gallon of water, for red currants,
cherries, grapes and raspberries. This extracts the color of high colored fruits,
somewhat, but, as a rule, not to the same extent as salicylic acid. It is, how-
ever, more expensive.

Corrosive Sublimate. — For red and black grapes, dark colored cherries and
currants, it is advisable to use two solutions, the one in the proportion of one-
quarter ounce to the gallon of water, the other half an ounce to the gallon. The
latter strength, while preserving most thick-skinned fruits perfectly, is apt to coat
them with a thin white film of calomel. It is, however, useful for preserving such
varieties of grapes whose general appearance would not be much affected by
this deposit, and, according to Prof. P. Pichi, of the Agricultural School, Cog-
nelians, Italy, may serve to replace the weaker solution after the fruit has been

202 The Canadian Horticulturist.

preserved for some time. Experiments are now being made with a view of
obviating this deposit of calomel spoken of above.

Salicylic Acid. — One-quarter ounce to the gallon of water. Kor tomatoes^
red and yellow raspberries and blackberries. One of the best known and most
generally used of the antiseptic fluids. In order to render this acid soluble, it
is necessary to treat it with hot water, allowing the solution to cool before using.
As already stated, the bleaching tendency of this fluid is its principal objection.
With tomatoes and yellow fruits it has given good results.

Sulphurous Acid. — For pears, peaches and light colored fruits. This may
be prepared by saturating water in a barrel with the fumes of burning sulphur.
The barrel being half full of water, a tin or iron vessel holding flowers of sulphur
is floated on the water and the sulphur set on fire ; when the flame goes out and
a sufficient time has elapsed to allow the sulphurous acid formed to dissolve in
the water, fresh air is admitted by taking off the cover and relighting the sulphur.
This should be repeated several times.

Coal Oil. — This has been used successfully in the preservation of straw-
berries and raspberries. A colorless grade of oil should be employed.

In selecting the fruit to be preserved, great care should be exercised in
picking and handling. Raspberries, strawberries and blackberries should be cut
instead of picked, leaving the receptacle and a small portion of the stem attached
to the fruit.

Ottawa., Out. John Craig, Horticulturist.

Frank T. Shutt, Chemist.

SULPHATE OF COPPER FOR SCAB.

R. JABEZ FISHER, one of the experimenters in connection with the
Hatch E.xperiment Station, has laid us under a debt of gratitude, if
his views are well grounded. He believes copper sulphate in simple
solution to be just as effective in destroying injurious fungi as any
other preparation of copper. Moreover, it is much less expensive ;
the amount required being only one pound to 600 or 800 gallons of
water, while the Bordeaux mixture requires four pounds for 50 gal-
lons of water; counting the copper sulphate at 8c. a pound, this is 32c. per
barrel full, which amounts to a considerable sum \\\ a large orchard.

His plan of operation is as follows : As early in spring as weather permits,
gather and burn all stubble, weeds, grass, and debris, thus disposing of a large
proportion of the winter sp(jres of the various fungi. Then spray all trees,
trellises, and vines, and the surface of the ground not l)uriK'd over, witli sulphate
of C(jj)per — one pound to 100 gallons. This strength is only allowable before
foliage has developed. Just before blossoms open, spray all foliage with the
solution, one pound to 800 gallons, adding Paris (ireen, one pound to 200
gallons. This should be repeated two or three times, in ilic month of June, when
the great bulk of b(nh insects and fungi appear.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 205

THE FRUIT PROSPECTS.

A grievous change has come over the fruit prospects for the summer and
fall of the current season. During the blooming season, the hopes of the fruit
grower were highly exalted in anticipation of an enormous crop. Never were
our apple trees fuller of bloom, and the same is true of the pear and cherry.
The even year is usually the bearing year with the greater portion of orchards
in Ontario, and it was only fair to suppose that this season would have been
unprecedented in a prodigious yield. The abundant rains, however, which fell
during the month of May appear to have washed out the pollen from the
blossoms and so caused imperfect fertilization. More than this, it favored the
development of fungi and blight of every kind. As a result, the young fruit
was no sooner formed than it fell wholesale from the trees, and after a few days,
it was evident that, instead of a very abundant crop of apples, pears and
cherries, there would be, in many sections, the lightest crop known for years.

Along the line of the Great Western Railway, in Southern Ontario,
the Baldwin has retained its fruit better than most other varieties ; the Rox-
bury and Golden Russets are fair, and the same may be said of the Gravenstein
s-nd King, but the Greening, which is one of the most largely planted varieties,
is almost a total failure, and so is the Spy, the Early Harvest, the Red Astracan,
and many other varieties. This is so at Maplehurst and also in a greater por-
tion of Southern Ontario.

The pear crop is almost a failure. The Bartlett particularly is either barren
of fruit, or what fruit remains on the trees is so sadly blackened with fusic-
ladium, that it will scarcely be fit for market. We have sprayed carefully
with the Bordeaux mixture, but not until the scab had appeared. We hope,
however, that it may check further progress of this evil.

The English cherries are a complete failure. There will be a few Knight's
Early Black, and a few Black Eagle, but the trees of nearly every other variety
have shed their fruit.

The plums have set remarkably heavy, but in many localities the monilia,
or fruit rot, has set in so severely as to threaten the entire loss of the crop.

The leaf curl has been very bad upon the peach, and, as a result, the peach
crop will be very considerably thinned.

Small fruits and grapes, on the other hand, are very promising. Indeed,
should we have exemption from the mildew, in our orchards, there will be a
most prodigious crop of grapes. Encouraging prospects lie before us with
regard to raspberries, currants, gooseberries and other small fruits. It is pos-
sible that the abundance of these may help the disappointed fruit grower in
meeting at least his needful expenses in the care of his property, even though
it leaves him no balance in the bank.

The following are a few notes from letters received from various counties
concerning the prospects :

204 The Canadian Horticulturist.

Perth Cocntv — Sir — Strawljcrries will be u heavy crop ; currants, eooseberries and
raspberries promise well : apples setting fairly well ; pears moderate ; plums very li^'ht.
Tbe latter are so badly stuni; witii tlie curculio that the crop promises little or nothing. —
T. H. Race, Mitchell, June 'Jlst, l.st»L>.

Sir, — The exceptionally heavy rain falls of late have 8a<lly marred the fruit prospects.
Summer and fall sorts, however, promise well, especially the Duchess of Oldenburg. In
winter varieties, the American and the (Jolden Russett, Swuzie, (Crimes an<l Kibston, also
will be a fair crop. I'ears, cherries and plums will be a medium crop. Currants and goose-
berries will be light. The English sorts of the Utter are mildewing badly for the first time
with me. — J. D. .Stkwakt, Russelldale, June 18th, 1892.

I'icTON County — Sir — The prospects, as far as I have been able to ascertain, are very
slim. Small fruits are likely to be an immense crop ; cherries, scarcely any ; plums, a
failuie ; pears, good in some sections. There was an immense bloom, but the unfavorable
weather and freijuent showers have ruined the prospect. Some varieties of apples which
happened to bloom in a favorable time have set well, but there is any aniount of the ap})le
scab upon them. We aie spraying and doing the best possible, but we fear the frequent
rains are very much against us. — P. C. Demi'SEY, Trenton, June "Jlst, 1892.

Pkterkoro' Cointv — Sir — In this neighborhood there was an extraordinary show of
blossDms, especiall}' upon the apple trees The fruit set, however, is small in comparison.
I look for a fair crop of apples. There will probably be more need of spraying this year
than there was la?t year. Plums and cherries will be scarce. The young trees and vines
are duing wonderfully well. Insects and fungus growths promise to be troublesome. —
K. IJ. Edwards, Peterboro', June 21st, 1892.

Cornwall County — Sir — You ask me for the prospects for fruit. They were never
better. The season, as a rule, is about a week later than last year, but we ha\e escaped
the late frosts. True, we are having very showery, humid weather, but the growth is
wonderful and the prospects good. Spraying of fruit trees, thanks to the Horticiltirist
and the bulletins of the Government Experimental Farm, has been, and is, more univer-
S'illy resorted to ; and as I tirnily believe humidity of the atmosphere is the cause of the
apple scab and other fungoid diseases, there is greater need of it than ever. I, myself, am
setting a good example by spraying liberally, and \\ ill report the results at the close of the
year. — W. S. Turner, Cornwall, Ont.

Ottawa — The fruit prospects are very cheering. Apples promise a good crop. Plums
and cherries have set ■well, and shouhl yield above the average The raspberries were con-
siderably injured in most sections ; the crop will jjiobably fall below the average, and will
be somewhat later than usual. Strawberries are fruiting heavily. With a continuance of
the present warmth and excessive moisture, we may look for the scab. — John Crau;, Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, June.

Si MODE County— Sir — The prospects for fruit here are the best we have had for a
number of years, excepting plums, which are light. — G. C. Ca.ston, Craighurst, June.

EssE.K — Sir — I have just returned from a trip around Windsor, with our president,
galiiering fruit for the Chicago Exposition, and may say that strawberries are abundant,
and the sample good. Cherrie.-i are not so plentiful, not being more than one half a crop.
Cu' rants and gooseberries two-thirds of la- crop. The plum trees in some places are heavily
laden, and in other places not so fortunate On the whole 1 should t'xpect 70 ])er cent, of
a full crop. The ])eiich blos.soms were caught with the early frosts, and heiue they will be
iis scarce in this locality as hens" teeth. Pears are setting well, and there will probably be
%eventy-tive ])er cent, (if a ciop. Some varieties will be spotted with fungus. The apple
trees promised much at blosHoming time, bnt, alas, to-day the crop ])romises very little,
not a quarter of a croj), probabU , owing to the many rains during the blos.soming time,
and since.

F<)REi<;v Pkosi'Ects- .Mr. J. N. Johnston, F'ruit .Merchant, 21 Victoria Street, Liver-
jiool, who is agent for the (Canadian Hormcui.turi.st there, writes that the juosjH'ct for
fruit in England and the continent is giKxl. He says, "A friend who has visited (ihent,
Antwerp, Krussels, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Hamburg, and up the Elbs, driving for
many hours through the |iriiicipal fruit garden districts. rej)orts to me thai the aj>ple croj)
i.i everywhere large. Pears are short there antl in France."

The Canadian Horticulturist. 205

GIPSY MOTH.

^HIS is one of the worst enemies of the fruit grower, and we hope
that it may never invade Canada. It has been devastating a large
area in Massachusetts, spreading throughout that State with
fearful rapidity, until energetic remedies were adopted to rout it.
This insect was introduced about the year 1868, by Mons. L.
Trouvelot, a Frenchman, then living in Massachusetts, and
experimenting there in the production of silk. From this beginning, this moth
has been distributed in twenty-nine cities and towns in the western part of Mas-
sachusetts. It feeds upon the apple, plum, cherry, quince, elm, linden, locust,
oak, maple, balm of Gilead, beech, birch, willow, poplar, chestnut, catalpai
Norway spruce, arbor vits, corn, grass, clover, etc. Evidently it is an almost
omnivorous insect, and in the infested region, it has stripped clean the village
woods, groves, lawns, gardens and orchards, in a wholesale manner. Bulletin
19 of the Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass., gives a full description of
this insect and its ravages, with excellent illustrations.

Last year, it was only with the expenditure of some $50,000, and setting to
work some thirty teams and spraying apparatus, that the terrible pest was kept
in bounds. A large force of police was also appointed to quarantine the infested
territory and see that the laws were enforced which had been enacted. And
now, it is only by the continuance of the same energetic measures that it can be
totally destroyed.

The following code of rules, which was adopted by the State with regard to
the destruction of this moth, will be of general'interest :

" All persons were forbidden by law to remove the gypsy moth, its nests or eggs, from
one place to another, in any city or town, and requested to exercise care against so trans-
porting the gypsy moth on teams and carriages.

" AH persons were forbidden to remove any hay, manure, wood, bark, trees, rags,
lumber or shrubbery of any kind, without a written permit from the Department. AH
loads must be covered with canvas.

" AH vehicles leaving the district might be stopped and delayed until their contents
were inspected.

" No person might remove the bark from trees, nor attempt to scrape and clean them.
without first notifying the Department, and having said trees thoroughly inspected and, if
found infested, cleaned under its direction.

" Owners or tenants were requested to gather and burn all rubbish and useless
material upon their premises that might provide nesting-places for the insect, and to till
with cement or other solid material holes in trees upon their premises.

" Windows of houses weie protected by screens during the summer months, as the
insect lays its eggs in the houses wherever it can gain admittance.

" Fences and buildings could be torn down if necessary, and the owners were to be
recompensed by the State."

In Cultivating the Strawberry Patch, run the cultivator the same way
of the rows every time. This will carry the runners with the rows and not tear
up the plants as if you went one way and the next time you cultivated went the
opposite. — Farm and Home.

2o6 The Canadian Horticulturist

DLEXHEIM ORANGE APPLE AND SAUNDERS' PLUM.

Sir, — The correspondence addressed during the past few months to the
Horticulturist on the merits of the Blenheim Pippin must, I think, have
fully established that excellent apple in the confidence and favor of the Ontario
fruit growers. There never was any question raised as to its high individual
qualities, the only one being as to its productiveness, and the complaints as to
that still come to me by letter from the localities mentioned in my first article on
the subject, namely, Middlesex, Kent, and Norfolk counties. However, the
Blenheim is fully re-established in my former confidence and favor as a result of
the many positive testimonies as to its productiveness. It was one of the varieties
that I recommended to the Fruit Committee as most suitable and desirable for
this district ; but when the report came out I was somewhat surprised to find
that another — the Cranberry Pippin, an apple that I was entirely unacquainted
with — had been substituted for it. How the error occurred, or, if not an error,
why the Committee meddled with my recommendation, I never learned. I
think the correspondence regarding the alleged defect — unproductiveness — has
been profitable.

As to the Saunders plum, I was not aware until the last number of the
Horticulturist reached me that our good friend, Mr. Dempsey, had stood
godfather to that most excellent fruit. I am glad to know that it had so worthy
a sponsor. My only crime seems to have been in believing that I had discov
ered the birthplace of the plum so appropriately named by Mr. Dempsey. It
was not a grave offence, and I am not yet certain that I sinned at all in that
belief; though there does seem to be a discrejjancy as to the season of ripening
and I could not desire to conflict with so acknowledged an authority as our
good friend Dempsey. But why dwell upon so trifling a matter ? The plum
that I referred to is a very firm one. If the Saunders is no better but a month
earlier, Messrs. Morris & Wellington have in their hands a plum that cannot be
surpassed in its suitability to the conditions and requirements of this country.
Mitchell, Out. T. H. Raci:.

Raspi'.errv. — Of the Black Cap family the Older, Tyler, and Shaffer's
Colossal, are giving the best crops of best (juality for dessert and canning in
north Iowa. The secret of setting the tips to secure a uniform stand, is to put
them in with the roots pressed downward as in planting the strawberry, leaving
the crown at the surface or near it. Deep planting always results in a poor
stand. Of the red species the Cuthbert has given the best satisfaction for home
use. At the north it will pay to cover the rnsj)berry as is now practiced with
the blackberry. By watching the neighbor who has l)ecome an expert, it will
be found that the job of covering is not as great a labor as is usually suspected.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 207

PROFIT AND LOSS.

HOW SOME CROPS PAY A BIG PROFIT AND OTHERS DO

^S'^,2f' THE REVERSE.

^ ITEN a person who has raised a large crop reports the figures, with
the profit, to the agricultural press, without telling the other side of
the story. The real profits of farming are to be ascertained after
Jf^ averaging up the good crops with the poor ones. A correspondent
^^i^y^^- of the American Garden gives some instructive figures of several
*-i-'^/'^ crops. A plot of one-seventeenth of an acre grew three crops —
lettuce, cabbage and celery. The income was as follows :

617 heads lettuce § 12 20

194 heads cabbage 8 16

150 bunches celery. 15 00

Total S 36 36

Rate per acre $601 12

The above plot was manured the fall previous with two tons of well-rotted
manure, costing about $3.50. The plot was cultivated at odd times, and the
crops sold with other produce. This plot also supplied a family of six persons
with an abundance of the above vegetables.

Plot No 2 contained three acres, and grew potatoes, five varieties, with the
following result :

7^ barrels seed potatoes § 9 25

800 pounds phosphate, in hills 13 76

500 pounds plaster 1 50

2 pounds Paris Green 50

I>iggiug 3 50

Plowing and cultivating , 10 00

Interest on land 15 00

Total expenses $53 50

BESULT.

23 barrels marketable potatoes at $2 § 46 00

5 barrels seed potatoes at §1 , 5 00

5 barrels small potatoes at 30c 1 50

Total receipts §52 50

A plot of three-tenths of an acre was planted with strawberry plants. Every-
thing looked promising for a good crop, when the heavy rains set in, which
destroyed much pollen, causing many blossoms to blast. During ripening and
picking time no rain fell, thus cutting off the crop still more. The berries were
small and ill-shaped. The following is the result :
Cr.

252 quarts berries at 1 Ic S 27 72

Dr.

Cultivation and setting §7 50

Picking 2.52 quarts at 2c .... 5 04

Interest on hand — 1 year 1 35

Marketing 252 quarts at 1 c 2 52

S 16 41

Profit S 1 1 31

Rate of profit per acre $ 37 70

2o8 The Canahian Horticulturist.

The reader must bear in mind that this crop occupied the land for the best
part of two years, which, if taken into account, reduces the profit still more.

The following is his experience with a piece of sandy loam of one-sixth of an

acre, planted with sweet corn and squash. The first week in May he applied

seven loads of stable manure on sod and plowed it under. After harrowing, he

marked out the piece into rectangles, two and a half by three feet, and planted

it with white Cory corn and squash, and dropped a good fork-full of well-rotted

manure in every sixth hill of every alternate row. He put four kernals of the

corn in each of the remaining hills, and then dropped a handful of hen manure

and wood ashes, one part of the former to two of the latter. He had a hard

time with beetles on the squash vines, but managed to save three-quarters of the

hills. The piece was hoed twice by hand and twice with a horse hoe, and the

corn finally hilled. The corn was a fair average crop, but the .squashes were

below the average. August 5, the first corn was picked, and August 13 the

stalks cut. The result was as follows :

Cr.

1 ,2~n ears corn S 1 S 50

165 squashes 17 04

Total S 31 14

Dr.

7 loads manure §6 00

1 one-horse load rotted manure 75

2 barrels hen manure and ashes 1 00

Seed 70

Cultivation, etc 4 00

Interest ou laud 1 00

§ 13 50

rrofit S 17 04

Rate of profit per acre : " . S105 84

N. V. Herald.

How TO Grow Tomatoes. — Where more than one row is set, the rows
should be five or six feet apart. The plants should be kept off from the ground
by stakes or some form of trellis, as fruit will soon rot unless kept hot and dry.
AVhen the plants get up to about the right size, cut off the ends of the large
branches and carry the refuse away. Trim off the bottom branches also, and
keep the plants well up from the ground. Many pick the fruit when it turns to
a whitish green and place in a south window to ripen. If most of the leaves
which cover the fruit are removed, you will get earlier tomatoes and finer flavored
ones than can be secured in any other way. To get large vines, select good
plants and place them in rich soil. They must have an abundance of water,
and large fruit cannot be secured in any other way. To grow premium tomatoes,
keep the vines pruned well l)ack and remove the larger part of the blossoms,
allowing only two or three fruits to develop. With an abundance of water and
fertilizer, you should have no difficulty in growing two pound, or larger, tomatoes.
—New England Homestead.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

209

CUT-FLOWERS Ox\ GRAVES.

The trough form of flower-holders, designed for use on graves, is not yet so

well-known as it deserves to be. These flower-holders can be filled so that they

will look very pretty, by the use of a moderate quantity of foliage and flowers, as

shown in the engraving (Fig. 49) of the cross annexed, for there is no special

incentive to crowd the flowers. Flowers

placed loosely in water keep much fresher

than if they are crowded. By placing a little

sphagnum moss in the bottom of the troughs,

and then filling them with water, the foliage

^" '"' and flowers may be kept fresh nearly as

Fig. 49. — Trough Flower-Holdek.

long as the water lasts. The holders

may be made of zinc or tin, the first

being preferable, on the score of

durability. The forms most in use

are shown in the engravings (Figs.

49 and 50). They can be made

by any tinsmith at small cost.

The metal should be painted green

on the outside, so as to be incon-

picuous when the designs lie on

the sod. — American Garden.

Fig. 50. — Trough Flower- Holder.

A New Use for Tile. — Common drain tile can be put to a very pretty
use. Paint a light color, w-ith the new enamel or metallic paints, and when drv
arrano-e pretty colored scraps on the surface. Stand the tile on end, place a pot
of ferns or flower on top, and set it wherever it will be effective, in the hall, on
top of staircase, or on the lawn. — American Garden.

Petunias for Pails and Tubs. — If you want a pretty lawn ornament,
paint a tobacco-pail a delicate lavender-gray, bore several holes in the bottom,
put in two quarts of coarse charcoal, over, this a layer of moss, and fill the pail
with very light rich earth. In the middle, plant a thrifty young double-fringed
petunia, preferably pink, set the pail in a sunny situation, give the plant plenty
of water every day and you will be richly rewarded with beautiful blossoms. A
large candy pail similarly treated, holding three plants, is prettier ; and an old
tub or half-barrel, containing five, is prettiest. The plants may be all alike, or
each one diff"erent : suit your own fancy about this, you will be plensed in any
case. — American Garden.

2IO

The Canadian Horticulturis

The Approach from the Hichwav. — Do not stint nor narrow down the
approach to your dwelling from the public high way. We like to see one of
ample dimensions when we drive up to a farmhouse — one that is hard and
smooth and free from loose stones and rubbish — one that betokens the careful,
orderly hand. A border of shade trees on each side of the way adds much to
the attractiveness of the homestead. A custom which prevails in Holland and
some other parts of Europe, and copied in the Sandy Spring neighborhood of
Montgomery County, Md., of affixing the name of the farm and that of its owner
at the outer gate of the approach, ought to meet with favor and be generally
adopted by farmers in this country. The custom, if general, would result in
good influences to neighborhoods. 1 1 would stimulate every farmer to greater
exertions and more care to have all the appointments about his premises in pre-
sentable shape for the eye of criticism. John Careless after a while would
become ashamed of having his wreck of a barn or his unhinged gates and falling
fences conspicuously labeled with his name, and so would go to work to fixing
up things in emulation of the worthy examples of I'eter Progress, Joseph Thrifty
and many others of his acquaintances on the highway, who were not ashamed to
let it be known to the passer, who owned and managed their sightly premises.
A well-improved farm, then, with an ample driveway to it from the public high-
way, and your name set up at the entrance so that everybody may know where
you are living and who is making the improvements. — Americaii Farmer.

Jl

LJ

Fio. 51

A Wire Stretcher. — Having occasion to build a piece
of wire fence with no one to help, the handy boy of the
family constructed a stretcher, which did its duty excellently.
It is simply a roller, 3 ft. long and about 3 in. in diameter.
A stout handle 2 ft long is inserted in an augur hole, about
2 or 3 in. from the top. A wooden pin is firmly fastened
about 8 in. from the bottom. It should project 2 in.
at least. It stands at right angles with the handle and is
marked P on the figure. The wire is twisted around the
pin and then wound on the roller, which is pressed
against a post, and turned by means of the handle until
the slack wire is made taut. One person can do it easily.

Barhed \Vike Discarded. — Our best farmers in making new fences are dis-
carding the dangerous barbed wire, which has .uined so many horses and colts.
If used at all it is only in combination with some other material. Woven wire
is being largely used and seems to meet the requirements of a popular fence. It
is neat and comparatively cheap. A single strand of barbed wire may be used
on toj) if desired. Kences are an expensive necessity, but safety to stock and
durability should first be considered. — Farm and Home.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, $1.00 per year, entitling the subscriber to membership ot the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including a copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees,

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

Errata. — On p. 165, for Bubach read Bubach. The article is commonly
known as insect powder.

The Fruit Exhibit in London, England, referred to on page 185, June
No., according to a letter just received from Mr. Wilkes, Secretary of the Royal
Horticultural Society, has fallen through for the present year. He will notify
us farther should it revive for the year 1893. The reasons given for this, is the
concentrated public interest in the general elections, in England, and represen-
tations, made by intending exhibitors, that notices for preparations were insuffi-
cient.

A Visit to Canada's Veteran Strawberry Grower was made by the
writer recently, to secure strawberries for the Chicago Exhibition. Snugly nestled
away among the trees in a delightful rolling country, approached by a well-hedged
carriage road, r^Ir. John Little, and his aged partner in life, have spent many
happy years. Strawberries are his pets, and he has over eighty varieties. We
were highly flattered, when he named his finest seedling, the Woolvcrton. It is
a long way ahead of any berry we have ever seen. Every berry a monster and
plenty of them.

Letters from Russia. — We have lately received another valuable letter
from Mr. Jaroslav Niemetz, our Russian correspondent. It deals with several
specially hardy varieties of apples and pears, which he believes might prove of
great value to Canadians ; as, for instance, the Panna, Princess, White Doyenne,
Slutsk, Beurre Blumenback, Flemish Beauty, Nina (or Manning's Elizabeth),
Liegel's Winter Butter pear. Scions of all these he has forwarded us, and they
have been placed in charge of the horticulturist of the Experimental F"arm at
Ottawa for careful propagation. The letter, in full, will appear in our next report.

212 The Canadian HoRncuLTURisx.

Insecticides and Fungicides are not so highly valued by Dr. Hoskins, of
\'erniont, as by some of us. While it may be well to use them in years of light
crops, when it is important to save every apple possible, he thinks that in years
of abundance, thinning of the crop done by the various insects is not detrimen-
tal to the success of the orchardist. The spotting and cracking of many fruits,
he considers a sign of a weak constitution and of varieties unsuited to our
climate. These should be done away with and varieties chosen which are more
suitable. For instance, in place of the Fameuse, he recommends Shiawassee
Beauty ; and nearly all Russian apples are perfectly able to resist the spot.
This advice is very good for those who are planting orchards, but to us who have
large orchards, already planted with staple varieties, it means a great loss of
time and very considerable expense, to dig them out and replace them with such
varieties as he mentions. No doubt the best ultimate solution of the difficulty
is in the line the Doctor indicates.

The Inspection of Apples. — -The following article is going the rounds of
the press :

"Hon. John Costigan, on Tuesday, informed a deputation consisting of Messrs. Pettit
and Awrey, accompanied by Messrs. Mackay, Carpenter, Henderson, Boyle and .Montague,
M P's, that the Government had decided to amend the Inspection Act to provide fur the
inspection of a|)ples for export. The deputation were highly gratiried to hear the news.
The bill which was introduced in the Senate Tuesday night makes it optional with an
apple exporter to have his stock inspected at tiie place of shipment, tlie maximum fee being
pU'jed at 10 cents per barrel. A large number of shippers will avail themselves of the
inspection, as it will guarantee them higher prices for first graile apples in the English
market."

We have, as yet, no official information, further than this, that the chairman
of the committee, appointed by our Association on fruit inspection, has reported
to us that they have received the promise from the Government at Ottawa, that
provision will be made for a proper inspection and branding of Ontario apples.
The inspector is not to be a salaried official, but his income will be dependent
upon the amount of work done. For the work of inspection the maximum charge
is to be ten cents per barrel. This, we consider, is rather high, for, while we as
growers, very much value the benefits that will be derived from the inspectors
brand, especially when making contracts for our apples in foreign markets, yet
we shall be loath to pay $15 a car load to have the work done, unless there is a
very well-defined advantage to be gained. Two or three cents a barrel, or $5
per car load, seems enough to pay, and, in our opinion, the (lovernment should
have made provision for a portion of the inspector's salary, at least for a year or
two, until the financial benefits were plainly evident to all. Still, if we can
succeed in making high contracts with luiropeaii buyers on the strength of liie
confidence which will be established by the inspector's brand, we need not be-
grudge the ten Cents per barrel, or, i)ossibly, even two or three times that sum*

The Canadian Horticulturist. 213

CURRANT WORM.

Sir, — What shall I use for the worm on my currant and gooseberry bushes. I have
been using hellebore with water, applying it with a whisk broom. That does for a few
bushes, but for a great many bushes, it is too slow. Would Paris green do ? I have been
thinking that a knapsack sprayer with a vermorel nozzle would answer.

A. W. Graham, St. Thomas, Ont.

Certainly Paris green applied with a knapsack sprayer would be one of the
most convenient and effective appliances that could be used for ridding the
currant bushes of the currant worm. The use of Paris green would be perfectly
safe, a few weeks before the currants would be required for use, because the
poison is so dilute and so soon shaken and washed from the bushes. Applying
hellebore in water with a whisk broom is too slow a process. A watering can,
or a sprayer of some kind, would be better. The writer has been applying the
hellebore in the dry state, with a very fine sieve, and by parting the bushes and
applying it to the lower leaves where the worm first appears, it can be quickly
routed. If a sieve is not at hand, a glass goblet is a convenient article, using a
piece of leno tight over the top, through which the powder may be sifted. The
powder should be applied in the early morning, while the bushes are still wet
with dew.

MAPLE LEAF MITE.

Sir, — I enclose you a le^f of a map'e tree, covered with soTiethin;7, caused, I suppose,
"by an insect. I have two maple trees and one pear affected in this way. and the same
trees were jint the same last year. Cui anything be done to remedy this ? An answer
thn)ugh the Horticcltukist will much oblige,

E. H. D. Hall, Montreal

Reply by Prof. Fletcher, Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

The insect which causes the blistered appearance like that upon the maple
leaves you sent last week, is a very small mite, which causes a gall by the irrita"
tion of the tissues of the leaves. I have treated of this insect in a preliminary
manner in my forthcoming report. Under the head Remedies, I say :

" No satisfactory remedy has as yet been hit upon for this pest. Prof. Com'
stock's experiments showed that kerosene emulsion sprayed on the leaves wa^
not satisfactory, and all that can at present be suggested is spraying freely with
kerosene emulsion at the time the buds burst in spring. It is difficult to mix
any powder with kerosene emulsion, but this can be done with care, and
flowers of sulphur would certainly be a valuable addition on account of its
efficacy in destroying mites."

This however is unsatisfactory and I am trying to get a better remedy.

2 14 The Canadian Horticulturist.

PLUMS ROTTING.

Sir,— The plums in my orchanl are rotting wholesale (June 17). Is there any remedy ?

SiuscKiBER at Whtoiia.

The fungus (Monilia Fructigena) which causes this rot does not show itself
until actually forming its mischievous spores, and then it develops so rapidly
that little can be done to destroy it. The application of flowers of sulphur is of
some use, and the spraying with the Bordeaux mixture, or the ammoniacal car-
bonate of copper, will do still more to check the evil. Prof. Scribner thinks that
if the fruit were sprayed before infection, with either of the above, the disease
might possibly be prevented. Spraying the trees, before the foliage appears, with
a strong solution of sulphate of copper, say, one pound to twenty-five gallons of
water, will be an excellent preventive. Gathering and burning all affected fruit
is also helpful.

This same fungus affects peaches and cherries, and this year seems certain
to clear off" the trees what little of the latter fruit has escaped the blight. It first
appears as a grayish white patch on one side of the fruit. These patches are
made up of little tufts, making the surface somewhat uneven. The mycelium
(corresponding to roots) of the fungus penetrates among the cells of the fruit, and
turns the flesh brown. A single aff"ected plum may produce thousands of spores,
and each of these may infect healthy fruit. All that is needed is a high tem-
perature and moisture, and such spores will immediately send down a germ
tube through the skin and produce rot.

As the fungus lives over winter in the rotted fruit, the needfulness of their
destruction is evident, and since the twigs of aff"ected fruit may also carry the
disease over, the advantage of an early spraying with the sulphate of copper is
also manifest.

RASPl'.KRRY CANE BORER.

SiR,_My raspberry bushes are attacked by a borer which appears to enter at the joint
and tlien work in the pith. In some cases it enters near tlie top, and in others, near the
root, and completely kills the cane. This is done apparently in the spring. Last year
was the first I saw of it. Some of the canes came out in leaf and then withered down.
This year those that were attacked did not leaf out at all. The ones that were atlected
last year I dug out, planting in otheis in their places, and I liud tlie newly planted ones
affected in the same way. The new canes came out all right but soon became very sickly,
and tlie foliage soon turned very yellow. I have not seen it before around liere. but
now several gardens are affected the same as mine. The variety of raspberry which I
gr<jw is the the Cuthbert. I <lo not find any reference to tliis borer in the annual report
of your Association. Can you tell me if the Bame trouble is found in other places, and
what is the remedy ?

Rout. PniiM'KN, J'ark/iiU, Otit.

This is the raspberry cane borer and it is fully described by Prof. Saunders
n his "Insects Injurious to Fruits." It is injurious both to the rasjjberry and
blackberry. 'Ihe (jnly remedy is occasionally going over the rasi)l)erry plaiita-

The Canadian Horticulturist. 215

tion, and removing and burning all the withered tips, down to the lowest ring,
so as to insure the destruction of the eggs. The natural home of this insect is
among the wild raspberries. The perfect insect is one of the long-horned
beetles, known to entomologists as Oberea bimaculata, and has a long, narrow
black body with the tip of his thorax and the fore part of his breast pale
yellow. The beetles are on the wing during the month of June. The eggs are
laid between two rings, made by the insect somewhere near the top of the cane>
and, as a result of the stoppage of the sap thus caused, the tip of the canes,
above the upper ring, begin to wither and shortly afterwards die. The young larva
burrows down the centre of the stem, consuming the pith until it is fully grown,
which is usually about the end of August, when it is nearly an inch long.
Here it remains during the winter, changing to the pupa state. The beetle
escapes in the month of June following, by gnawing a passage through the cane.

GRAFTING DIFFERENT SPECIES.

Sir, — I have one dozen pear trees I wish to change. Will apple grafts succeed well on
them, such as Baldwins, Wagners, Ontario and Mcintosh Red ? If not, why, and what
will ? Also five cherry trees I wish to change. Will plums do well on them, and if not,
why, and what kind will ? Are the Ontario, Mcintosh Red, and Red Canada, winter
apples? Please answer through Horticclturi^t, and oblige,

Wm. E. Browx, Blyth, Out.

The varieties mentioned are all winter apples. The apples would not succeed
very well on the pear stock, nor the plum on the cherry. They would live for a
time, and be a kind of curiosity ; but very little more. The reason is that the
texture of the wood and the habit of growth is somewhat different in each, so that
the same perfect union is impossible, as that which takes place when stock and
scion are the same kind. Of course special objects are sometimes gained by
grafting different kinds, as the pear on quince stock, to dwarf it, the peach on
plum stock for hardiness, or to adapt it to a heavier soil ; or the pear on the
Mountain Ash, to adapt it to dry light sandy soil.

MIXING VARIETIES.

Sir, — A discussion arose between a few Meaford subscribers of the Horticultcrist about
potatoes, some asserting that, if different varieties were planted in alternate rows, they
will mix ; others saj' they will not, and that, no matter how many kinds were planted
together, they will keep as separate as if planted in different fields. We agreed to refer
the matter to you for solution, Thos. PirNKEXT, Meaford.

No. Potatoes will not mix by planting varieties near each other, because
the tubers are not the seed ; they are simply enlargements of the root, and are in
no way affected by the pollen. The seeds, which are grown on the potato stalks
above ground, will mix, when fertilized in this way, by the pollen of another kind;
and, if sown, will give rise to new varieties.

2l6

The Canadian Horticulturist.

HLACKHERRV RUST.

SiR,_Euclosecl you will Hiul diseased Blackcap leaves (Souhegan). Please examine,
and let me know what the disease is. la it infectious, and what is the best thing to do

for it? ^ „ „ „

Gko. Smith, Vamlla.

The Blackcap leaves which you send are covered with blackberry rust, a
fuiT^us known to mycologists as Ca3onia nitens. Experiments have been made
to ascertain whether the mycelium, or portion of the fungus which grows in the
interior, is perennial ; it has been proved that it does live through the winter
on the underground stem, hence the Bordeaux mixture, or any of our excellen

Flli 52. — C.K.dMA NlTKNS, OkAN(;K Kl >T ok TMK r.l.ACKP.KKKY.

copper solutions, though effective in destroying the spores, will fail of entirely
destroying the fungus that produces them. 'I'he only effectual remedy is to root
out and burn up all affected bushes, as soon as seen, and before the yellow dust
his been blown to healthy plants. The blackberry, especially the Kittalimiy,
is badly subject to this rust. We have .almost L'iven up growing this excellent
variety on this account.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 217

Fig. 52 shows a section through a portion of a blackberry leaf, affected with
Casoma nitens ; a a shows the epidermis of the lower side of the leaf, ruptured
by it, exposing to view at d a mass of golden colored spores, each of which is
•capable of conveying the disease to other plants ; c c represent haustoria, by
means of which the fungus draws nourishment from the cells.

PEAR LEAF BLISTER MITE.

Sir, — I enclose you leaves of pear trees, diseased or blighted. If you can explain the
cause of the blight, and the remedy, I would be pleased. I have eight or ten trees attacked
with this disease.

RoBT. Fife, Ptterhoro\ Ont.

This mite is by no means a new enemy. Leaves affected with the same
were sent us last summer from J. K. McMichael, of Waterford, and George H.
Nixon, Hyde Park Corner ; and a description, with remedy, was then given on
pages 253 and 35=; of the Horticulturist for i8gi. However, for the benefit
of others we will here insert a brief description of the insect. The name of the
blister mite is Phytoptus pyri. It is an extremely small mite, that forms blister-
like galls on the leaves. In each of these galls there are several young mites,
which make their exit through a small hole in the centre of the gall. The young
mites, after remaining inside the gall for some time, come out and work their
way into the tissue of the leaves at some uninjured spot. They increase rapidly
and eventually do much harm to the trees. The mites live in the galls until the
autumn when the leaves fall, when most of them migrate to the leaf buds and
€nds of the twigs, where they pass the rest of the winter. It is a very trouble-
some insect to overcome. The remedies advised are close pruning in the
winter or early spring, followed by a thorough syringing of the young foliage
with kerosene emulsion. It is also wise to burn all the leaves which fall in the
autumn. Prof. Fletcher advises the addition of flowers of sulphur to the kero-
sene emulsion, in the proportion of two ounces of the former to every ten gallons
of the latter after dilution.

NAMINCx FRUITS ON EXHIBITION.

Sir, — I have for a long time been thinking of writing to you about the exhibits of fruits
at the Toronto Industrial. I notice that our exhibitors, almost without exception, write
the names of the different fruits so small that people with poor eyesight cannot decipher
them. This causes the caretakers a great deal of trouble, answering questions If there
were printed labels used, there would be none of this trouble. Do you not think this sub-
ject worthy of being discussed in our Society ? It would certainly convey a great favor
upon the old and poor sighted, and, indeed, the general public, if the change were made.

Thos. Handley, Orton, Ont.

The subject suggested by our correspondent is certainly worthy of careful
consideration by the directors of the Industrial, as well as the directors of every

2iS The Canaiuan Horiiculturist.

other fair in Ontario. We have long felt that an improvement was needed in
this particular. If the people are to be benefitted by a display of the best vari-
eties of fruits, it is necessary that they should be able to see at a glance what
those varieties are. A plan was suggested by American friends, some years ago,
of having printed labels suspended over each plate of fruit by a wire hook. This
hook is elevated by a coiled wire, which rests on the plate, and coils about
through the fruit without displacing it.

LOCAL 1 RL IT (iROWER.S' ASSOCIATIONS.

Sir, — J was much interested in a paper road by you at a meeting of tlie Fruit Growers'
Association of Ontario on " Horticultural Institutes." I believe the scheme is a good one,
and, after talking up the niatter with other people here, I find that all are favorably
impressed with the idea, and see no reason why we should not liave such an organization
in Oxford County. I am reijuested to send to you for organization papers. Do I under-
stand you to say the members of such institutes, who pay $1 into their own treasuiy, are
entitled to all the advantages of the Ontario Association ".'

R. \V. Newton, Woodstock:

By referring to the appendix of the report for 1891, our readers will see full
draft of the scheme for the affiliation of local horticultural societies with the
Ontario Association. The plan has been adopted in a general way, and several
local societies have already taken advantage of it. I'he particular wording of
the by-laws has not yet been fully decided upon. The Ontario Association is
willing to arrange to hold their own meetings in connection with these local
societies when so invited, and the results promise to be exceedingly advantage-
ous to all concerned. Next December, the meeting will be held at Brantford,
with the Brant Fruit Growers' Association, and the following year it will probably
be held with the Peterboro' Fruit Crowers' Association.

Sl'R.WINC. rCMP.

Sir, — What spraying pump would you advise for the garden and small oichards of
say, 2') or 10 trees? Those sold here at $1.50 are little use, and the larger, at §10, are too
expensive. -^. A., Hamilton.

We have lately been testing several spraying j)umps, large and small, in t)rder
to answer such ijuestions as these. The best hand one we have tried is the
Lewis Combination Spraying Pump, sold by Mr. W. H. Vantassel, Belleville,
Out, agent for Ontario. It distributes the water in a fine spray, which is easily
regulated, and can be pushed up with considerable force.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 219

SHIPPING APPLES TO ENGLAND.

Sir, — I think of shippiiif^ a car-load of my apples to England tiiis fall, and I liave been
referred to you as one who could give me all information u))on tliis sultject. I would like
the addresses of some rcliahle firms in England. I also want to know the average cost per
barrel for freight from Ontario to Liverpool or London. Do you think it would pay me to
ship there ? Is there any great demand in England for Canadian apples ?

S. P. FooTE, Beihesda, Out.

The addresses of reliable apple firms will be given in our advertising columns.
The expense of shipping apples to the old country, including the freight com-
mission, insurance, etc., will amount to about $1.50 per barrel. It is possible to
get special rates, which may reduce the expense ten or fifteen cents a barrel
below this. There is considerable risk in the business, unless one is experienced
and knows exactly how to put up apples for the British markets, and there is
frequently as much probability of losing money as making it. It is better for an
inexperienced fruit grower to take any good offer that is made him for his fruit,
in the home market, rather than venture consigning to the Old Country. What
we want more and more is, to encourage purchasing on this side, and the sooner
we can bring the buyer and the grower of fruit into closer relationship, the better
it will be for us. If by corresponding with apple salesmen in Great Britain, sales
could be made direct, on the basis of the Government brand of inspected apples,
it would be the most satisfactory way to dispose of our apple crop.

BEST VARIETIES OF PEARS.

Sir, — ^Vould you name six of the best varieties of pears for home use or market '

A Member.

We would be pleased to receive the opinions of growers in various parts of
the country with regard to questions like these. Mr. Hilbo rn, of Leamington,
gives the following as his choice : Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett, Flemish Beauty,
Anjou, Sheldon, Louise Bonne.

BEST VARIETIES OF PEACHES.

Sir, — What would you name as the six best tested varieties of peaches for home use or
for market? » A Member.

Reply by W. W. Hilborn, Leamington.

I would name the following : Alexander, Early Barnard, Tyehurst, Early
Crawford, Hill's Chili, and Smock.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

refrk;erator service to England.

Sir, — A Hrm of fruit ami sliip Ijrokera of Hull, Kngland, are equipping a steamer with
refrigerating apparatus to ply between Annapolis, N. S., and London, England, exclusively
for the apple trade. If sutiioient encouragement could be given them from the apple
shippers of Ontario, I believe they would run the steamer to Montreal, this coming season.
The steamer in question will carry ten thousand barrels of apples, and will make the voyage
from Annapolis to London in nine days. Such a service would be a great boon to Untario
<ipple shippers, for, with such facilities, we could safely ship our tenderest apple.s, which,
under ordinary circumstances, rot in our orchards. In addition to apples, we couhl experi-
ment in shipping to England our small fruits, and the probability is that, in a short time, a
lucrative market for tliem could be opened up. The rate of freight, of course, would be a
little higher than is charged by the ordinary steamers.

Jo.s. Scarborough, Hanoi-er, Out.

Such a service as that referred to in this letter, would be highly appreciated
by all growers and shippers of apples in Ontario. We could afford to pay a
higher rate of freight to have our apples landed in first class-condition, and we
hope that our correspondent will encourage his friends to make the experiment
this present season, if possible.

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE.

Sir, — Has any one tried corrosive sublimate in dilute solution for extermination of
insects and destruction of fungi ?

I. J. Cle.ment, Sarnia.

We know of no one who has tried this substance. Probably the strength
required would be also destructive to the foliage of the plant, which we would
wish to protect. Prof. Shutt of Ottawa, to whom we have referred the matter,
says he will undertake a scries of experiments, determining the effects of using
this substance.

THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA.

Sir, — Knclosed please find a piece of the root from one of my vines. JMeasc state in
the Horticultubi.st what is the matter.

V. Scott, Cromarty.

Prof. I'lctcher has examined this root and finds that it is severely infested
with phylloxera. This subject is exhaustively treated in Saunders' " Insects
Injurious to Fruits." See also the Canadian Horticulturist for 1891, page
247.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

GROWING AND KEEPING APPLES.

8iK, — My method of handling apples is as follows : — (1) Hand pick in September. I
handle them like eggs, and never pack fallen apples, or dent with the tinger the apples
intended for sale. Then sell them as early as possible. (2) I never keep my apples in a
damp cellar. I find it better to build a cellar purposely for fruit. I keep them airy until
freezing weather, in piles, not too deep, eight inches is enough. I never put apples in
barrel-; or boxes before shipping time ; they do not succeed as well as if kept open to the
air, and they are apt to sweat and draw dampness, then " good-bye Mr Apple," for it will
lose flavor and rot. If propeily handled and kept in a suitable place, winter apples should
last until the first of June. I consider it careless and shiftless for any man to neglect close
attention to his fruit in which there is so much money. (3) The orchard should receive
special care. I have learned by experience the benefits of pruning. Prune one tree as it
should be and leave another unpruned ; gather the fruit carefully, and keep them separate,
giving the same attention to each, and the result will be that the apples from the well
cared-for tree will last two months longer than that from the unpruned one. It astonishes
one to travel through the country and see how the orchards are neglected. Some trees,
thirty or forty years old, have never been pruned, and sometimes you will see several hun-
dred shoots springing out from their roots, and yet the owners complain that thej' cannot
raise apples. (4) I leave no limbs on my trees that I think ought to come off, and I prune
in October only. This I find is the best time for pruning. I always keep the groi;nd rich,
using unleached ashes, two quarts annually around each tree. I am careful to keep the
bark of my trees smooth and clean, allowing no worms to make webs and destroy the
foliage.

J. H. SH.4VER, South Finch, Out.

A CANADIAN IN CALIFORNIA.

Sir, — The Mills grape vine came to hand and was planted yesterday. It is a little
singular that the first vine that I have planted in this country was a native of Canada, and
I sincerely hope it niay do well in memory of the " auld sod." By the way, the receipt of
this vine " recollects me " (as the German says), that I ought to renew my subscription to
The Canadian HoRTiCLLTCRibT, which please find enclosed. In this valley, from 15 to
300 feet above tide-water, four miles east of the centre of coast line of ^lonterey liay,
grape vines do not do well at all. Anj' quantity of roses and other most lovely flowers,
the year round, but "nary a vine" in the whole town. But, up on the mountains, Santa
Cruz coast range, at an elevation of 1500 to 2000 feet, twelve miles inland, grapes do
splendidly. Down here in the valley we raise the very finest of apples, which command
good prices Apricots and cherries are at home here. Large crops of prunes too are
raised, but they do not have the same sweetness and rich flavor of the same fruit, raised
where fogs are less prevalent. Our climate is very enjoyable, equable, mild and salubrious.
•James Stimsox, M.D., Watsonville, Santa Cruz Co. Cat.

THE STRAWBERRIES GROWN IN THE COUNTY OF BRANT.

Sir, — Strawberries are looking well in this county, as a whole. The winter was favor
able for them. There are not so many plants being set this spring as usual. A large
number of varieties are being planted, but probably the Crescent is still the leading one.
The new Williams is quite largely set, and is quite a favorite in this county. I have for a
few years been trying to improve the old Wilson. I put out seven acres this spring, and
set three fourths Crescents and one fourth Improved Wilson, New Williams, Manchester,
Cloud, Sharpless, May King, and Lovett's Early, so you see what my preference is. We
are making great count on the meeting of the Fruit (Growers' Association of Ontario, in
Brantford, next December.

D M. Lee, Paris, Out.

222 The Canadian Horticulturist.

PROTECTIXO THK I'EACH.

SiK, —Perhaps you are aware that we in I'arifi live on the colil side of the peacli grow-
ing belt ; so that we cannot grow a crop more than aliout one year in seven, on account of
the winter killing of the fruit buds. 1 have a seedling standin^' in a somewhat sheltered
place, and three years ago it bore blossonid on a lower l)ranch that was covered with snow
all winter. Taking tiie liint, the next fall I bent down the trees, laying sticks of wood on
it to keep it down, and covering all with straw until about the first of April. Thut year I
gathered about one bushel of fruit from it. The ne.xt fall I did the same covering as
before, and it bore one and a half bushels now, although partly injured by the rough treat-
ment it is well covered with bloom, while other trees in tiie garden are entirely killed by
the winter. I have young trees standing under an eastern bank, these I threw against the
bank by cutting the roots on one side and covering as before, on these the fruit buds are
preserved, evidently from the same treatment. If you please give this item a place in
some corner in (our) magazine, it may help some fruit loving northerner to get a taste of
his home grown peaches. Allow me to say, sir, I am proud of The Can.\I)I.\n Hokti-
CULTURIST. 1 am, Yours, etc.,

J. A., Pdris, Out.

THE BISHOP BOURNE APPLE.

Sir, — The Horticulturist was received last evening and read with interest. From
the paragraph relating to the scions of the Bishop Bourne apple sent to you, one would
infer that the name ha<l an ecclesiastical origin, whereas it is the name of a place in Eng-
land, where .\Ir. .Sutton, the originator of the apple, was born. Also, the apple was grown
from the seed of Ribs/on Pippin and not the Neivtown Pippin. We have had a very late
spring, cold frosty nights continuing through May, and only within the last week have we
had any even comfortable weather ; this, June 14th, being the first really warm day. I
hope to hear a good account of the fruit crop in Ontario, so that we may have a car-load of
your apples in due season. The last shipment proved, on the whole, quite satisfactory,
— C. E. Bhowx, Yarmouth, A'i S.

FRUIT GROWING IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

8iR, — I wish to acknowledge the receipt of the Moore's Diamond grape vine and the
volume 4 of the journal. I hope tlie vine will succeed in this Puget Sound region. My
place is situated adjacent to the waters of tliis be lutiful sound, and I have planted upon it
two thousand fruit trees, chiefly Italian prunes. My man in charge tells nie that he likes
your magazine more than any other than for which I sul)3cribe ; it contains more practical
articles. I would like to see articles from fruit growers in Western Canada. We have a
glorious climate here with no danger of loss of trees from cold weather. Last December
and January I planted over one thousand trees, a proof of the mildness of our climate.
Prunes, cherries and all small fruits do better here than any other place of which I know.
We can even beat California. I have just marketed some sharpless strawberries for which
I sieceived .SO cents a (juart. They were retiiiled at 40 cents, along side of Californian fruit
at 2.'> cents.

May;Wth, 1892. I. B. S, Instei*. Tacoma, Wash. Ten:, U. S.

I-RUIT AT EDMONTON.

SiK, -The appii; tree which you sent mo has come to hand in fiist rate order. Many
thanks for sending it. I am very sorry to report poor success in raising apples, or small fruits,
here. I have reoeiveil many pAckages of bu-iiies and trees from tlie Kxpi'rimental Karm,
Ottawa. Some of the bushes have lived through two winters unprotected, but have not
fruited yet. None of th<; berry bushes ever lived through the first winter except the
Turner, 1 have a pitch of tlie Turner growing since the year 1SS(5. Sometimes they have
yiohled lari^e crops, but last winter there was very little snow and the canes died. Some-
times the canes reach a height of five feet and, when the snow falls early and deep, they
winter well.

J. H. Lose. Edmonton, AlUrta, N.'W. T.

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THE

Canadian Horticulturist.

Vol. XV.

IS{^2.

Xo. 8.

SOME CANADIAN HORTICULTURISTS.— XVII.

^

MR. MURRAY PETTIT.

^ROMINENT among the vineyardists of Niagara district stands Mr.
Murray Pettit, director of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association for
district No. 7, which includes the counties of Wentworth, Welling-
ton, Waterloo and Halton. To this office he was elected at the
annual meeting held in the Town of Wingham in the year 1885, a
position which he has held ever since.
Like Mr. A. H. Pettit he belongs to one of those old and respectable fami-
lies of U. E. Loyalists, who would not stay in a country that had broken its
connection with England, and, therefore, came to Canada soon after the Declar-
ation of Independence. His grandfather, John Pettit, came to Winona, then
called the Fifty Mile Creek, and received from the Crown a free grant of four
hundred and sixty-eight acres of land, as a reward of his fidelity. There, on
the south shore of Lake Ontario, the family has ever since resided.

Mr. Murray Pettit was born in 1843 on the old homestead About twenty
years ago, he awoke to the possibilities of his situation for the cultivation of
fruit. Little by little he has extended his efforts in this direction, until now he
has over fifty acres so occupied. His first venture was a peach orchard of eight
acres, then considered a very large one. He reaped a few fine crops of peaches
and was just beginning to feel encouraged with the prospects of excellent returns
for his venture, when in the year 1S79, the yellows, that scourge of peach

2 24 The Canadian Horticulturist.

orchards, appeared. I'his was then so little known to fruit growers in Ontario,
that it was not recognized as an evil, and trees, so affected, were thought to be
of some earlier variety of their kind. Conseiiuently they were not destroyed,
and, being thus unchecked, the yellows soon spread over the whole orchard and
utterly destroyed it.

Mr. Pettit then turned his attention to grape growing and soon proved it to
be a more reliable branch of industry than peach growing. In addition to his
vineyard, he planted a sample row of over one hundred varieties, by means of
which he has become well acquainted with their merits and is well fitted to act
as judge of grapes at our Canadian fairs. When the Niagara grape was introduced
into Ontario he was one of the first to plant a vineyard, under the terms which
the company imposed upon all buyers, namely, that the proceeds should be
equally divided between them and the planter, until the company had received
$1.50 for each vine. The investment was a profitable one for Mr. Pettit ; the
three hundred vines planted in the spring of 1882 yielded him in the fall of
1S85, not three years from the time of planting, an income of $1.84 per vine, or
$553.20 for three hundred vines. The average price was about 12 cents a
pound and the proceeds were at the rate of over $800 per acre.

Mr. Pettit has always shown a public spirit with regard to the interests of
fruit growers in general, throughout our country. That this spirit was appre-
ciated by his fellow growers is evidenced by his being appointed a director of
the Fruit Growers' Association at (irimsby, of which he at one time served as
president. He was chosen as one of the deputation from this Association to
wait upon the Local Legislature, to secure the passing of the " Yellows Act " in
1 88 1, and he was also appointed by the township council as inspector of yellows
in his township.

On the organization of the Niagara District Fruit Grower's Stock Co., he
was chosen a member of the first directorate and served either as director or
or vice president, until his retirement from the company. For several years he
was also a member of the directorate of the Central I'armers' Institute. In the
township of Saltfleet he has served for five years as Reeve. His membership in
the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association dates back to his first entrance upon
fruit culture, twenty years ago.

It is such men as Mr. Pettit, who have long been members of the Associa-
tion, and who have in various ways exerted themselves to further the interests
of their fellow fruit growers, who have the first right to be noticed in these pages
as prominent Canadian Horticulturists.

Saunder-s and Woolverton Strawberries. — W'oolverton is a large,
productive variety, and is very firm for so large a berry, and a first-class variety
to plant with large pistillate kinds. Very valuable ; from Canada. Saunders
is from the same source as the Woolverton, and is another valuable berry, being
early, firm, of large size and productive. — American Ex.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

225

THE GIBB CRAB.

Sir, — Last season I was persuaded to set out a good many Gibb crab apple trees. Can
vou tell me whether the Gibb has any better qualities than Hyslop, Montreal or Toronto
Beauty? (i. W. Keebee, Agassiz, B.C.

HIS hybrid, or supposed hybrid, Siberian crab, was intro-
duced into the Province of Quebec some fifteen years ago,
by the late Chas. Gibb, of Abbotsford, in whose honor it
was named by the originator, Mr. G. P. Peffer, of Pewaukee,
Wis. Mr. Gibb says : " It is a seedHng of the Siberian,
fertihzed by Fall Greening. The fruit is large in size, aver-
aging two inches across by an inch in depth. I have grown
specimens which were three inches in diameter. The skin is yellow, with a
blush of dull red on one side. Flesh, remarkably yellow, crisp, and juicy, with
a rich mingling of acidity and sweetness. Its astringency is hardly perceptible
unless specially looked for. The flesh is quite firm, but breaking — though not
melting — until it becomes mellow and ceases to be crisp. Its thinness of skin
and sprightliness of flavor are Siberian characteristics, which make it a favorite.
It has borne heavily with me for the last four years, and is my favorite canning
crab. It is as yellow as a Crawford peach, and has much of the richness of a

\ .V.

Fig. 53. — Gibb Crab.

Fig. 54. -Orange Crab.

plum of the Yellow Gage type, yet too sweet for constant use. Season, from
September 15 to 30th." In the IViscofisin Horticulturist for 1884 this is classed
among the "six best crabs." Wherever this has been introduced in the Pro-
vince of Quebec it is highly esteemed as a canning crab. It is thinner skinned
and much less astringent than either Hyslop or Montreal Beauty, in fact, less

2 26 The Canadian Horticulturist

crab-like. The tree is a slow, spreading grower, fairly hardy, and very produc-
tive. With twenty-five or thirty varieties of crabs to choose frorr\ at the Oibbland
Farm, Abbotsford, this has been selected in canning for home use annually for
the past ten or twelve years. Gibb and Orange (of Minnesota) are the two best
canning crabs I know of. Planting for profit, I should include (iibb, Hyslop,
Transcendent, and Montreal Waxen. This latter is more generally known as
Montreal Beauty, but is distinct from the true Montreal Beauty as originated on
the Island. Orange was introduced by Mr. Gibb from Minnesota — a yellow
fruit, not sufficiently attractive as a market sort, but excellent for canning, being
almost wholly free from astringency. The accompanying figures have been
copied from drawings by Mr. Gibb. John Crak;.

Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

The Profit in Raspberries. — Raspberries would hardly be a profitable
crop at five cents per quart, unless it was five cents net, as it costs iJa to 2^3
cents per quart to pick them, to say nothing of expenses of marketing, which are
as much more. An average crop is about 1,000 quarts per acre for the three or
four years which they bear fruit and they soon run out. They ought to bring
eight cents per quart, to make it a fair business. They do best on a good
garden soil, but would grow on sandy land if there was moisture enough in the
summer. Well rotted yard manure should be applied every fall and worked in
around the roots with a fork. As far north as Nova Scotia and Northern
United States they would have to be laid down through the winter, which is
neither an expensive nor long job. — Farm and Home.

The Peach Rosette. — This formidable disease of the peach is fully
described and figured in Prof. E. F. Smith's able and copious report issued by
the Department of Agriculture. It seems to occupy the ground in the South
that the yellows covers through the North and in the Central States, but it is
more speedy in its work of destruction. It is equally fatal to budded trees and
seedlings, cultivated, uncultivated and wild. It takes the Wild Goose and other
wild plums. It runs its course in about six months, and does not linger.
Commonly, it first appears in early spring. The leaves form compact tufts or
rosettes, turn yellow in early summer, and afterwards fall. They do not afford
enough shade to hide the branches, and the tufts are conspicuous and may be
seen at long distance. They drop their fruit early ; it is small, green and more
or less shriveled. It has occurred abundantly in Northern Georgia, but not in
South and North Carolina. It differs from the yellows in the absence of pre-
maturely-ripening fruit, and in a less tendency to develop slender shoots from
the large limbs It is virulently contagious. Extermination is of course the
only remedy.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

227

TRIMMINC, GRAPE VINEb.

S I promised you to say a few words upon this practical
subject, I shall remark that pruning, in its essential quality,
is antdgonistic to nature. It is an effort to bring her in har-
mony to our designs and our uses, so as best to promote
our advantages and to reach our ideals. Or as Shake-
speare says : " This is an art that does mend hiature."
Further, it may be regarded as a mortal thrust at the life
of the plant, and often causes it to produce and do what it would not or could
not otherwise be induced to do. As, for example, to bring a fruitless plant into
the state and condition of fruit bearing, and to improve the quantity and the
quality of the fruit of a plant, heretofore unsatisfactory. Further, I may remark,
that all pruning should be with matured and enlightened judgment, and to the
least possible expenditure or loss of the vital forces in the plant. It is better if
it can be made not so much a severe and bleeding slaughter process, threatening
and taking the very life of the plant, but rather corrective and directive of its
forces, so as to accomplish our ends and designs in its life, and to show us
its beautiful fruits in highest perfection of quality and with the least possible
disturbance of its vital economies. The plants most easily affected by pruning
and other manipulation, are the grape vines and raspberries of all sorts. These
can be made, to produce for us almost up to the demands of our will and by
mild and judicious manipulations are improved by the process. The readiness
and willingness of response in these directions will often astonish us and is itself
a proof of the perfect subjectiveness of nature, in all its forms, to man, as the
head of creation and lord of the vegetable and lower world.

The vine may be regarded as an immense reservoir of pleasing resources
of force and fruitfulness, that, to be so pleasing and satisfactory and profitable to
us, must be properly developed, controled and directed to our advantage, but if
neglected, seem to waste itself — and actually does — in rampant, useless
growth, and mere showful foliage. The philosophy of pruning, is simply to
throw the vital forces of the plant where most useful, viz.: in the full and
proper production of fruit in the highest perfection of form and internal quality,
and to prevent loss as much as possible by useless exuberance. In the case
of grapes it is very easy to tell by looking at the fruit, what the management has
been, whether good or bad. The small, poorly filled bunch and meagre skinny
berries filled merely with seeds and a valueless scanty liquid, is a standing com-
ment of neglect and a severe stricture upon Canadian grape growing. The
opposite of this is the exception and not the rule, for which we greatly lament,
as better things might and should be said of us. Only witness the studied art
in this particular as seen practically carried out in our best vine-houses under

2 28 The Canadian Horticulturist.

the best trained and skilful practice? This system brought directly trom older
lands, commends itself to us and our attention, and is the outcome of genera-
lions of training and high culture. The effect upon the observer is at once
proof conclusive of excellence, as I, myself, had the great satisfaction of inspect-
ing one of these grape-houses near St. Catharines only a few days ago, and saw
the rich, beautiful, ample and well-placed hunches, now ripe and ready for the
knife on July i ith. Cannot this fine culture be utilized, at least in some of its
main features, in the production of ordinary Canadian grapes out of doors? We
think it can, and should. This matter as it appears to us, lies at the very bot-
tom of all successful culture, and it appears useless to expect good results where
these fundamental principles are either disregarded or ill-applied, for in reality
the force of the principles in either indoor or outdoor work, are the same. It
makes us impatient to be obliged to listen to objections to fundamental princi-
ples, but as these are urged by otherwise intelligent grape growers, we may be
excused in attempting to reply to a few of them.

1. // /nay he good, but we cannot get skilled labor to do it. This objection if
true, is simply a crying shame, either upon us or our country, or upon both, as
skilled labor can be secured upon every other art or business that we are deter-
mined to do. And amid the light and knowledge of industrial and art schools
and agricultural colleges, it cannot be in any respect true, and therefore not valid.

2. It is too expensive and ivill not pay. This objection is refuted by prac-
tice and patient trial. We believe that it cannot be substantiated, as it is found
on trial that it does pay, and pay liberally and well, as a few days' work upon a
vineyard will soon make a difference of several hundred pounds for the market.

3. It might do very ivell for vine-houses, or for vineyards on a small scale,
but it is impracticable on a large one. This objection at once loses force, for
what use has a man for a vineyard on a large scale, when better results can be
accomplished on a much smaller one ? In traversing the Grimsby area, for in-
stance, for vine culture, we notice that every farmer almost is planting out more
acres and then leaving them to the mercy of the sun, the weeds and the weather
for hopeful profits. Is this not a ruinous waste of good soil, worth several hun-
dred dollars per acre ? AVhat good can be served by such a practice, except to
astonish the occasional visitor by mere dimensions? We believe a better prac-
tice must be adopted, before such grape growing can be made a success.

4. The grape market is not as yet sufficiently discerning of methods and
qualities. This objection is simply the grandest mistake of all, and is founded
upon false or imperfect observations. Take a market like that of Toronto, to-
day, and very many others throughout Canada, and the taste and discernment
in these markets is, to-day, sufficiently acute to drive out every basket of poor
quality, if a sufficient number of baskets of good (luality are obtainable by them,
even at an advanced price per pound. Poor grapes are not of much value any-

The Canadian Horticulturist. 229

where, but they should never be forced upon the tables of our people ; but if
produced and offered, should be at once consigned to the factories and wine
vats. Skillful culture and good results should be and must be the motto for
each and all of our Canadian vineyardists for the future. Though these remarks
are largely confined to the grape vine, they may be very largely applied to the
raspberry and other fruits. Should it be desirable, I shall have no objections to
give, as far as possible, for the good of others, methods and processes in detail.
In the meantime, I do hope for Canadian fruit-growers over this whole country,
the highest distinction of the art.

Arkona, July 20th, i8g2. B. GoTT.

TREATMENT FOR BLACK KNOT.

T a recent meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
Professor Maynard said that the black wart should be treated at
once upon discovering its presence, by an application of the
Bordeaux mixture, and followed up by another application of the
same remedy every two weeks, as a new crop of the fungus spores
( Fiotvrightta rnorbosa) will generally mature in that time, and
continued until no evidence of fresh spores can be found. If applied in the
spring, the eau celeste liquid will destroy these germs, but if they become
established the knife will have to be used, and the wounds thus made should be
covered with a coat of paste, composed of some ochre or whiting, or any other
of the dry, earthy pigments, mixed thoroughly with kerosene to a consistency
that can be readily spread with a brush over the exposed surface, without
running beyond the limits of the wound. This would protect the surface from
atmospheric action, kill the wart, and prevent the development of any fresh
spores which might fall upon it. He had visited a plum orchard in Lancaster,
which was literally breaking down from the development of black wart. In
that case nothing could be done but cut off all the tops. Should a dressing of
hen manure and ashes be applied to the land the trees would, in due time,
produce new and healthy tops. Allusion was also made to the wild choke
cherry as a much neglected propagator or nursery of the black wart.

Nathaniel T. Kidder called attention to Professor Maynard's remark about
the wild cherry trees, which are infected with not only black wart but sundry
insect pests. He wished to impress this fact upon the minds of all present, and
would like to encourage a war of extermination against the wild cherry because
of its availability for the multiplication of these enemies to fruit production.

Mr. Strong asked about the extent to which cutting out the black wart
should be carried.

Professor Maynard said the diseased portion should be cut out clean. The
rootlets (mycelium) penetrate deeply into the wood, and if not all removed the
disease continues to extend ; therefore a partial cutting is a waste of time.

230 The Canadi-an Horticulturist

THE CULTIVA'IIOX OF BLACKBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES.

r is not an agreeable sight, after a winter of heavy snows, to find
our small-fruit gardens giving no promise of a crop for the year.
Really, this is unnecessary. My raspberry canes have come
through in almost perfect order ; the loss from breaking is not
one per cent. This is accomplished by tying the canes, in
bunches of three or four, above or below a wire which extends along the row.
The variety I mainly grow is Cuthbert, which does well in solid rows. These
rows, before I learned to tie them, were often flattened to the ground under
drifts. In the spring much labor was needed to put them in order. I adopted
the plan of cutting low ; but, while the breakage was less, the crop was also
diminished. I now grow canes five or six feet high, and tie them with stout,
coarse hop twine. Our only cultivation is in the spring, when the ground is
mellowed as soon as possible, and kept mellowed until the cultivator will break
the growing shoots too badly. After that nothing is done except to manure the
ground in the fall.

The object of running the cultivator closely in spring is not so much to
destroy weeds as to cut up the sprouting bushes and throw all the strength of the
new growth into canes in the rows. If left alone the ground between rows
would be absolutely filled with young shoots. In spite of the cultivator, I am
obliged in the fall to dig out superfluous canes. These are heeled in till spring,
and then sold. Every grower of small fruits should have his surplus bushes and
vines in shape to be disposed of at some profit. Until last year I grew my rasp-
berries even higher than at present, and the advantage was in shading the
ground, as well as making it more convenient to pick ; but I have changed my
plan somewhat, because the tendency was to shade too heavily the young shoots
and weaken canes. The wall of berries presented on solid rows of canes, tied
as described, is a picture.

In growing blackberries we are compelled to take into consideration the
style of growth, for some of our standard varieties send up invariably erect canes
with few side shoots, while others are spreading and sprawling. Of the former
kind are Snyder and Wachusett's ; of the latter, Minnewaska, and between the
two, Erie, Agawam and Taylor. There is a decided advantage in the upright
growers if you insist on cultivating between the rows. But this, after the berries
have taken full possession of the soil, I abandon. They will smother weeds
and grass and no hoeing is necessary. After the second year I do nothing but
cut out dead canes and shorten the tops, either in the fall or spring. The main
point with blackberries is the soil. This, if possible, should be cool, loamy and
rich, but I never allow any application of barn manure. Fertilize with soil, rotted
chip soil, or whatever will mulch and cool the soil.

Our chief danger with blackberries is a dry spell when the berries are reaching

The Canadian Horticulturist. 231

maturity. Of the berries now in cultivation, my choice for quahty is Taylor and
Agawam. Erie has not killed back this winter, as it sometimes does, but it is
not with me a good cropper of fine berries. Snyder is always reliable, but of
moderate quality. Wilson Jr., I see, is still spoken of by some as hardy, but here
it is hopelessly a failure. It kills down always, and even in the winters when
peach buds escape. Kittatinny is a noble fruit, and I get a crop from a small
field by bending down the canes. Wachusett's Thornless does not differ largely
from Snyder, and is entirely hardy.

Few berries are badly affected by dry weather. On the whole, the key to
success is cool, moist soil, not wet. If planted on high land, either mulching
must be resorted to or frequent use of the cultivator. The Lucretia Dewberry
is tender, and must be laid down for winter and covered with leaves In the
spring I lift mine and tie to trellises. It will not pay to plant large fields. The
demand for the dewberry is, however, unlimited, but few persons are willing to
incur the labor of cultivating it. The fruit is enormously large, very rich, and
two weeks earlier than the high blackberries. It will not ship to a distant
market. — E. P. Powell, in Gardeti and Forest.

ARRANGING HOME GROUNDS.

E wish here to point out the gain that in many cases would result
from substituting a graceful curve for the straight walk in the front
footpath to the house, which, in ninety-nine cases out of a hun-
dred, prevails. The gain would be five-fold in nature : First, as
we approach the home from the street, it is a direct relief to the
eye to have the house, in which straight lines and square angles
everywhere abound, set off, by way of contrast, with a gentle yet
bold curve in the outline of the approach. Second, to approach a house from
such a direction that a glimpse or suggestion of its side, in addition to the front,
meets the eye, gives a more favorable impression than to come up from directly
in front, with only one side visible ; but this principle should not be applied to
such an extreme as to make the walk lack directness, or to give it a strikingly
serpentine course. Third, as seen by passers by, a residence of almost any style
appears handsomer when observed from the front across a stretch of lawn than
when seen at the end of a straight walk, directly in front of it. Fourth, the
advantages that have been named will appear about equally marked in reverse
order — to a person standing on the front verandah or looking from the front
windows. Fifth, in the present instance the location of a bold, irregular group
of flowering shrubs directly in front of the \erandah gives a better effect than if
the same shrubs were arranged in one or more beds on either or both sides of a
straight walk, as in the original plan. — American Gardetiim^.

f32 The Canadian Horticulturist.

BEST TIME TO TRAXSPLAXT EVERGREENS.

r^ HE impression prevails tliat there is more risk of loss in transplanting
evergreen trees than deciduous trees. This is undoubtedly true when
trees of considerable size are taken. The very name indicates
that these trees are always in full leaf. Consequently there is an
immediate draft upon the resources of the trees, after planting. It
is essential, therefore, that there should be immediate root action, to
supply the demand. It is then self-evident that the fall is not a favorable time
for this work. Undoubtedly there are many instances where trees, with more or
less earth, have been removed late in the fall, and have lived. But in our cold
climate there is little or no root action from November until May, and hence the
tax upon the tree late planted and exposed to the drying winds of winter and
early spring is very great, and frequently fatal. There is a very general agree-
ment among planters that early spring is also an objectionable time. The
ground in March and April is usually wet and cold and the root action
must necessarily be very sluggish and insufficient to supply the increasing
demand from evaporation.

But in the month of May the ground has become warmer and all the organs
of the tree are excited into activity. It has been found by uniform experience
that a most suitable time for removal is just as the buds begin to swell and
indications of returning life appear. There is sap enough stored in the tree to
sustain it until the speedy action of the roots will continue the supply. Conse-
quently the great bulk of this work is confined in our latitude to the month of
May. It is unfortunate that this large work is confined within the narrow limit
of this busy month. There is also a more serious objection that the inevitable
check consequent upon removal occurs just at the time when the tree is coming
into its active growth. It is, therefore, to be expected that this growth will be
enfeebled and the appearance of the tree affected, for the first year. If a hot,
dry spell occurs in June, the evaporation from the young growth is excessive and
losses frequently occur Still we must repeat that May is the month for
removals. Is it the only month ? For many years past I have advocated the
month of August as a most suitable time.

An extensive experience covering a period of over twenty years leads me
then to this general opinion that in cases where conifers can have quick transit
it is safer to remove in August than in May. Especially is this true with large
sized trees, like Spruces from eight to ten feet high, where distance does not
forbid taking them in wagons. In all cases the growth of the first season after
transplanting will show a marked contrast in favor of the August planted tree.
If this opinion is sustained by the experience of others it will prove to be a most
important advantage in extending the time of planting to more than double its
usual narrow limits, and to a season when there is more leisure than in the
hurry of spring time. This subject appears to me to be of such importance that
1 am willing to bear the brunt of sharp adverse criticism until the truth can be
1 onstrated. — W. C. Stkonc, />i'/ori- Mass. Hort. 'u)C.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

233

FRUIT GROWING ABOUT ST. CATHARINES.

1-.^ ^ ^"1 HAT St. Catharines has many empty shops and dwelling
houses, and that real estate is offered for sale at very low prices,
is no ground for supposing that it is inferior to any other part
of the famous Niagara peninsula for commercial fruit growing
and market gardening. To-day (July 23) the writer made a
short tour about this town and out as far as Port Dalhousie,
^^"v^^i^re^'^' c£) 'ind the result is that he now has a higher estimate of that sec-
^.^^vTfeO tion than ever. The finest peach orchard we know of is the
-^ one we visited to-day, owned by Mr. McxVrdle, and in charge

of Mr. Kotmeier. There are about fifteen hundred trees, three years planted, of such
varieties as Alexander, Rivers, Wheatland, Crawford, etc., and every tree was
loaded with fruit. Some two-year-old trees w-ere also full of fruit. We would
not be at all surprised if the yield should reach over three thousand baskets of
beautiful peaches, largely Early Crawford. The foliage was healthy, and the
fruit is holding on firmly. We can only explain this marvellous success in
peaches by the extraordinary care which the trees are receiving. The spring
tooth harrow is kept constantly moving, so that the ground can never harden or
dry out. Ashes are applied liberally, as well as other commercial fertilizers,
while the trees receive an annual shortening in. This instance proves how well
it pays to give the best treatment possible to the fruit garden and orchard.
Mr. A. M. Smith's orchard and garden at Port Dalhouse was next visited
This is the home of the Pearl gooseberry, which has previously been fully
noticed in these pages, therefore, sufifice it to say, that it is bearing out its good
reputation for wonderful productiveness. Besides growing plants Mr. Smith has
set out two acres of the Pearl to grow the fruit for market. This year it has sold
in Toronto at an average of ninety cents a basket, and the crop is so heavy that
he has no trouble getting it picked at ten cents for a twelve quart basket.

Sjnith's Giant blackcap is one of the most interesting new things here shown
us. It is a new berry which equals, if it does not surpass, the well-known Gregg
in size and productiveness. The bush is certainly a more vigorous grower, ana
Mr. Smith states that he finds it much more hardy. This latter quality alone
would be a raison d'etre. It was surprising, the load of fruit on bushes one year
from the tips.

Saunders' Black Currant is another well-tested and commendable novelty.
In his large plantation of black currants were Champion, Black Naples, and
Saunders, side by side. And while the Champion was a sweeter currant, the
Saunders was the most heavily laden of all, and its bunches most easily
gathered. This latter is truly an important characteristic of any black currant.

234

The Canadian Horticulturist.

We concluded tliat our readers, who passed it l)y when it was on our list for
plant distribution, made a serious blunder.

Like the peaches and pears elsewhere, these fruits were a small crop at Port
Dalhousie. Mr. Smith has, perhaps, one-third of a crop of peaches, and Mr.
Kerman possibly half a crop.

With a daily boat service across the lake to the City of Toronto, we see no
reason why the country about St. Catharines should not become, in time, one
vast and beautiful garden.

OUR CANADIAN FAIRS.

L\CE the establishment of Central Fairs, such as the In-
dustrial at Toronto, the Western Fair at London, and the
Central at Ottawa, a much greater local interest is awak-
enL-d than was possible in the case of the Provincial,
which, like some travelling show, came occasionally within
one's reach, but was entirely managed by ourside parties.
The prize lists of the two former fairs have come to hand,
and are a credit to the local enterprise of the cities of Toronto and London,
respectively.

The Secretary of the Industrial, Mr. 11. J. Hill, has kindly sent us a cut of
the grounds, and it is so well executed, and so truthful, that we give place for it
in our columns with pleasure. On the Committee in charge of the Horticultural
Department, we notice the two representatives of our Association, Mr. W. E.
Wellington, who is Chairman, and Mr. Joseph Jackes. The Superintendent
is Mr. Robert Murray, of Toronto.

Attention has frequently been called in these columns to the want of some
more legible system of naming all fruits and flowers on exhibition. These names
should be printed in heavy type, and attached in some conspicuous manner, so
that visitors could have more satisfaction in viewing the exhibits.

Hou.se Plants. — Neglect will bring on insects. Aid plant-health by proper
watering, cleansing the foliage, removing dead leaves and faded flowers, and re-
potting as needed. If a few insects appear, notwithstanding this treatment, pick
them off by hand. Watering cannot be neglected without serious consequences.
In summer, the best time to water is towards night. Coolness and moisture will
then surround the plants until morning. Winter-flowering plants, such as
begonias, chry.santhemums, carnations, poinsettias, heliotropes, roses, etc., should
now grow rapidly. Pinch them back every few weeks to promote stocky, shapely
forms. Shift the potted plants into pots one size larger as soon as the roots
begin to mat in their old quarters. Stake fuchsias, cobaias, and other plants
promi)ily, as needed. — yh//rrioj/i Gnre/efiimr.

236 The Canadian Horticulturist.

THE BORER OF THE CURRANT BUSPf.

|HE parent of the now common and widely distributed currant bush
borer is a small, slender, dark-blue moth, with transparent wings, but
rarely seen except by entomologists who know where to look for such
insects, or breed them from the larvae found in the stalks of currant
bushes. These moths usually appear in July, and the females deposit their
eggs singly at the axils of the leaves and on the vigorous young shoots. When
the ethers hatch, the minute grubs bore directly into the stalk until they reach
the soft, succulent pith, following this and feeding upon it until they arrive at
maturity the following season. This destruction of the pith of the cane so weak-
ens it that it is very likely to be either broken off by winds or it dies the next
season before the fruit comes to maturity. But sometimes the cane is not killed
the first season, especially if the grub bores its way from some lateral twig into
an old cane, and the latter may live a year or two after its pith has been com-
pletely bored out : usually, however, the presence of the borers may be detected
by the feeble growth of the young canes, and their pale-green or yellowish leaves
Lite in the summer. By carefully examining the bushes in August and Septem-
ber, or very early in the spring, the infested canes can be found, and these
should be cut out back enough to reach the sound pith, and the part removed
and burned, in order to destroy the grubs within them. No other effectual way
of getting rid of this pest has been discovered, but this is not at all difficult or
expensive, and it should be repeated annually so long as a grub is to be found
in the bushes. — Andrew S. Fuller, in N. V. Trilnme.

Graft Early. — The reason why many fail in getting a good stand of
cherry grafts is that they undertake the work too late. The buds should be in-
serted just before the trees burst into leaf. They must be cut early in winter and
placed in sand in a cool place to keep them dormant. If the buds start previous
to grafting, the unison will not be rapid enough to supply them with sap.

P.\sturing the Orchard. — This question was fully discussed at the last
meeting of the Central Illinois Horticultural Society. One member spoke of
turning goats into orchards, but others warned orchardists against them. Mr.
Winn says he once turned Angora goats into his orchard but they began to feed
upon the trees' foliage at once. Hogs are the only animals that can be pastured
in orchards. They will pick up the apples and eat the worms. But perhaps it
would be preferable to cultivate rather than to pasture the orchards. The only
proper method of pasturing is to drive in the hogs, let them stay in the orchard
1 jng enough to pick up the apples, and then turn them out again. '" Pig-power"
cultivation for orchards was not universally approved. Professor Morrow said
hat whatever harm the hog may do to the orchard, the orchard certainly will do
much good to the hog.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

237

Xl;e harder) af)d I^d^jCQ.

THE PICOTEE.

!)/ P to the year 1850 carnations were among the most popular flowers
of the garden, but, since that time and until very recently, they
have given place to other flowers in obedience to the dictates of
fashion. Of late they are again being restored to their place, and
surely no flower is more worthy of a prominent place in our garden
than the various members of the pink family.

There are three principal varieties of the genus Dianthus, viz. :
Carnations, Picotees and Pinks. The first two differ only in the marking of the
flowers, the petals of the carnations are either flecked or barred, while those of
the picotee (see F^ig. 57) have a ground color bordered with a second color, and
the variations in this latter are used to separate it into sub-varieties. They are
more beautiful than the carnations proper, especially when grown under glass
but they will succeed very well grown in the open air under similar treatment.

The pink is smaller, more compact,
and more mottled than striped. It is
hardier than the others and is very
seldom injured in winter when left in
the open ground, but in sheltered
locations all will endure our winters.
The most suitable way of planting is
in beds, separate from other flowers.
The soil may be improved by the
addition of soot, and otherwise it should
be well enriched. The plants should
be set one foot apart and should
receive good cultivation. As the buds
develop, they may be treated with
liquid manure. If the buds are very
numerous, some may be pinched off,
in order that those remaining may be
finer. The young plants may be kept
up by making layers in midsummer.
Mr. Vick thus described the method.
" Tne layering is simply cutting a slit in a young shoot to ol)Struct the flow of
sap, and thus aid in the formation of roots. First cut half way through the
shoot, then make a slit lengthwise about an inch. Remove the earth a few
inches in depth and press down the branch, so that this slip will open, and then
cover with the soil. Roots will form where the cut was made, and thus new
plants will form which can be removed either in the autumn or spring."

57. — TnK PicoTEt.

2-j8 The Canadian Horticulturist.

C'.ROWIXC; ROSES IX CITIES.

HEN I began to grow roses in the city I was told by a number of
men, clever in gardening, that success in my undertaking was out
of the question because of smoke, dust, gases, foul air, etc. I
paid no attention to their warnings or advice, well knowing that
if the roses received six to eight hours of sunshine each day, and
care such as is given by skilled men in the country, my chances
for success were as good as theirs. I have grown pretty good
roses of the leading monthly varieties in the City of Brooklyn for the last seven
years.

Every year, about the first week in July, I set young rose plants in fresh
soil. The cuttings from which they are grown are taken from healthy plants
the preceding December, and placed in the propagating bed ; they root in from
2 1 to 28*days. When nicely rooted, I prick them off in flat boxes, setting the
plants 2 V2 or 3 inches apart, and grow them on until they are large enough to be
placed in 4 or 5-inch pots. Great care must be taken that the roots of young
rose plants are not broken when removing them from flats to pots. From the
4-inch pots my plants are shifted into larger ones before planting in those that
are to hold them while blooming. ....

Buds must be kept pinched out until the young rose bushes are strong
enou<^h to bloom ; with proper care they ought to be in good condition for this
by September 30. The house in my charge has a span-roof east and west, and
is heated by hot water. I use for roses elevated benches 5 inches deep, with the
bottom boards left wide enough ^apart to allow free drainage. I put a light layer
of shavings over them to keep the soil from going through these openings. The
benches are from 4 to 6 feet from the glass, and I use galvanized wire to keep
the roses in place. ......

To keep down the greenfly, fresh tobacco stems are moistened and strewn
on the hot water pipes ; and the evaporating pans are filled with a liquid pre-
pared by steeping tobacco stems in water. My roses are seldom troubled with
mildew, but in such cases I dust sulphur lightly over all diseased plants ; this is
a sure remedy for mildew. The ventilators of the house are left open night and
day until the evenings get chilly in September, after which I close the ventilators
on the sides and shut down the top, leaving a little opening until obliged by cold
weather to close tight. Night heat through the winter should range from 50° to
55' ; day heat should be 60° in dull weather, allowing the temperature to rise
15° or 20° more with sun heat. I syringe the ro.ses every bright day, heavily or
lightly, as the occasion requires. — Americart Gardering.

The Cavaimav Horticulturist. 239

ROSE CULTURE.

'OU can succeed with roses as with other shrubs, giving but httle
lime to their care, but that care must be in the line of the needs of
the plant. Three "plenties'' are absolutely essential to success in
growing roses — plenty of sunshine, plenty of water, and plenty of
manure. They will not flourish in gravelly soil, nor in its opposite,
clayey soil. Good loam is the thing. If the soil be already poor,
spade in barn manure about it, then cover a place as large round as
a wash tub, with the manure three or four inches deep about each rose bush ; a
half wheelbarrow load to a bush is none too much. This mulching is better
done in the fall than spring, but it will do good now. In dry seasons, the bush
must be watered freely ; wash water is good. Except with yellow roses, it is the
new growth that blossoms, so cut your bushes back to within a foot of the ground,
that will give the new growth a better chance. Rose bushes should set where
the sun can cast his rays freely upon them. Persian insect powder, used with a
little blower, such as are sold at the stores, and blown over and under the
leaves, will kill the white lice; white hellebore, such as is used on currant bushes,
will kill the slugs (worms). Three or four applications in the season usually
sufifices. Your eyes and heart will be delighted with the result. — Connecticut
Farmer. ^^^

BUDDED ROSES— SOME GOOD KINDS.

At a recent meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, President
Spooner said that he is a strong advocate for budded roses, if they are budded
in the right place and properly grown. They should be planted so as to have
the stock three or four inches beneath the surface, and the bark should be raised
a little on each side to enable them to emit roots more readily ; you will then
get a better plant in one year than in three or four years if they are on their own
roots. The Manetti stock is the best for light .soils ; the brier sends up too
many suckers. All the best roses that come to our shows are from budded
stocks. He does not want to wait four or five years to get a strong plant.

Among the best summer roses are La France, and, for later, Fisher Holmes
or Prince Arthur (the last named a seedling from General Jacqueminot), Hein-
rich Schultheis, and Lady Helen Stewart. For white, Merveille de Lyon and
Mabel Morrison. Gloire de Lyonnaise throws up fine shoots. Madame \'ictor
Verdier is a grand garden rose. Alfred Colomb is of globular form and high
scented. Mme. Isaac Pereire, a Hybrid Bourbon, is a good climbing variety.
Earl Dufferin has a full flower and is destined to be one of the best. Marshal
P. Wilder is too much like Alfred Colomb. Mme. Montet is a free flowering
variety, and of very fine color. Mme. Gabriel Luizet is very desirable for this
purpose. Mrs. John Laing is almost as free flowering as General Jacqueminot.
2

240 The Canadian Horticulturist.

FLOWERS AT FAIRS.

The Maine State Pomological Society issued a circular encouraging the
exhibit of plants at their State fair to be held next September in Lewiston. The
special object is to encourage the young to cultivate flowers ; and a free ticket
to the State Fair is given every child who exhibits even a single plant. This
circular was issued on the 8th of June and, although a little late, the directions
there given, with reference to preparing plants for exhibition, may be interesting
to many of our readers. The following are the chief points :

Soil. — Many plants need to be re-potted. The best soil for this pur-
pose is rich garden loam, to which add one-third well rotted stable manure.

Pots. — The best pots are the unglazed kind with saucers ; those painted
or glazed, are not so desirable for flowering plants. Great care should be used
to secure good drainage. Before filling the pot with soil, a little charcoal and
some broken bones will be very acceptable to the plants. They will very soon
cover the bones with a tiny network of roots.

Treatment. — Plants are often injured by too frequent waterings. A safe
rule is to apply the water only when the surface of the soil is dry, then do it
thoroughly. Sometimes they may need water every day, at other times they
may do for several days. Careful attention is all that is needed. Frequent
sprinkling is useful for keeping off insects from the leaves and makes the plants
hardy. Have the pot clean, trim the plants often, take off" all dead leaves, and
you may be sure of beautiful window plants.

Tre.\t.ment of Easter Lilies. — After bloom, ripen the growth thoroughly
by standing the pots out-doors after the hardest frosts are past. Later on, plant
the balls of earth from the pots in the garden. The same bulbs are not good
for forcing a second time. After several years the young bulbs around the parent
bulb will, in good sort, have developed sufficiently to answer for forcing. —
American Gardeiiin9.

Hardy Roses. — Hardy roses, including hybrid i)er[)etual, June, and yellow
roses, do best in deep, cool, rich soil, in beds exposed to light and air, but not
to sweeping winds. The soil should be made fine and mellow to a depth of 20
inches before planting them. The rose-beds should be dressed annually with
some good comi)ost — half decayed grass sods and half well decayed fertilizers,
or bone-meal with sods, is good. Autumn is the best time for applying the com-
post. Hybrid perpetual roses should be pruned every year, either in autumn or
spring. Remove weak and dead wood, and cut back last year's shoots to 3 or
4 eyes. Tobacco stems scattered under the plants is a good remedy for thrips,
and fir-tree oil is sometimes used. Mix one-fourth of a pint of oil with 2"^
gallons of water, stir it well and syringe the plants with it. —A/iuriidn Gdrdining-

The Canadian Horticulturist. 241

PREPARATION FOR NEXT SEASON'S RADISHES.

ADISHES, grown for market, give more profit than any other garden
crop, except, perhaps, lettuce. The culture is simple, for the crop
has but few enemies. Still, to make it profitable, it must be early,
tender and crisp. To secure all of these characteristics I had last
year's hotbed spaded over occasionally during the summer and fall to
thoroughly mix the top soil with the manure, and get it as ripe as
possible. After getting sufficiently moist a good cover was put
over it. On March 5 this was all thrown out and fresh manure was put at the
bottom, about a foot deep, and trampled firm. This compost was then put on
the manure some six inches deep. As soon as the bed was ready seed was
sown in rows five inches apart. These were made by placing a plank five inches
wide, with straight edges, across the bed to stand on, the short way. A line
drawn with the finger was made and the seed sown. Then the plank was turned
over and the operation repeated. Standing on this plank gives the bed the
necessary firmness. Each line was covered with half an inch of soil as soon as
sown. This bed was 6 by 1 2 feet and covered with ordinary tobacco bed can-
vas, and when the weather was especially cold boards placed on top. A bed of
this size takes just two squares of canvas and all the radishes can be gathered
without getting on the bed. The manure, seed and labor of this bed cost $1.50.
From it I sold 160 dozen radishes at five cents per dozen, with enough left for
the family. This season I shall treat the bed the same way, except it will be
fifty feet long with one-third sown to lettuce. The Dark Scarlet turnip radish is
my favorite, it being tender and of good quality. — T. D. Baird, Muhlenberg
County, Ky.

Sure Death to Thistles. — I had a piece of land that was badly infested
with the Canada thistle, and after putting on all the fresh stable manure I had I
plowed it the first time about June 25, a year ago, with a plow which cut off
everything as wide as I turned the furrow. I rolled and harrowed it down and
as soon as a few of the thistles made their appearance, which was about three or
four weeks after plowing, I again plowed it with the same plow about 4 in. deep,
and by several harrowings kept the surface mellow until about Aug. 20, when I
plowed it deep and sowed it to fall wheat. At the time of this plowing there was
not a thistle to be seen on the fallow and now after having cut the wheat, which
was a very fine crop, the field is perfectly clean and not a sign of a thistle or
other weed is to be seen. By thoroughly summer fallowing Canada thistles can
he killed in a year. — Farm and Home.

242 The Canadian Horticulturist,

HOW TO GROW ONIONS.

Onions delight in a rich sandy loam, not too light but porous and friable and
free from stones. The preparation of an onion field should begin in the fall.
Put on a good dressing of stable manure and plow it under, and leave it until
next spring. How much stable dung to be used cannot be defined here. It
depends on the nature and quality of the land. It is well enough to say let the
application be liberal, yet there is a limit, where an excess of it may do no harm,
neither will the crop be benefited thereby. The following spring, as soon as the
ground can be worked, plow again, but shallow. Broadcast some special ferti-
lizer (Mapes is mostly used here) about 1 500 hundred pounds to the acre. Mix
it well with the surface by harrowing thoroughly and finish with a smoothing
harrow to make it as even as a board. If the land be stony, the stones must be
raked off by hand. If it is intended to follow onion growing as a special crop, it
will be well to buy a regular table seed drill, one that will sow two rows at a time
The one I have reference to sows the rows twelve inches apart. The seed cups
are placed between two wheels, which are six inches from the centre of the cups,
the wheels thus serving as markers. After sowing roll down the seed. As soon
as the seeds are sufficiently up to show the rows go through them, either with a
shuffle hoe or wheel hoe. I prefer the former. When plants are large enough
to handle, thin out to one or two inches. It is not necessary for me to say to
keep down weeds, which is best done by going through them with the hoe after
every rain.

If sown early enough the onions should be ready to pull in the fore part of
August. Should they not ripen fast enough, hasten them by breaking down
with the back of a wooden rake. When you are satisfied that the onions have
stopped growing, do not delay to pull them, which is best done durmg a dry
spell. Lay them in long rows and leave in the field until perfectly dry. Give
them an occasional stirring, and house as soon as dry enough. — Farm and Home.

About Shipping Peaches. — In picking peaches always look at the blossom
end ; when the green shade turns white, pick it. P'or long shipments I use the
quart berry box, never over sixteen in a crate, and it is best to wrap with a paper,
and be sure they are in the crate tight, that they do not shake about. Put up so
the expressman can throw them end on end, which he must do. He can't help
it. For a near market I use the four-basket crate, four quarts to a basket.. The
baskets fit closely in, and are one tier only, with a tight cover nailed down.
Never put up soft fruit of any kind in a crate that has any aroma from the wood
— say pine or cypress. There are a few points we must keep in sight : Don't
pick green fruit, and don't ship any specimens that are soft, and don't expect to
sell the poor fruit for good prices because it is in the bottom of the box. Hettir
keep it at home. And don't exjject me, as many do, to write you or tell you to
ship your peaches to the same man I am sending mine to. — James Moit, in
Florida A^ricuUurist.

SUtJSCR'.PTION PRICE, $1.0D per year, entitl^n- the subscriber to membership ot the rruit
Growers' Association of Outario and all its privileges, including a copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees.

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.
Err.\ta. — On page 135, for "gargens," read gardens; "prunus Armeniaca,"
add, variety nigra ; " who lives in China," read Chiva ; " measured at China,"
read Chiva, On page 165 and 211, for '' Bubach," read Buhach. On pages
193 and 194, transpose figures 46 and 47, the latter being the section of the
healthy leaf, the former the one affected with the curl.

Enlargement of our Journal. — This subject was carefully discussed
at the meeting of our Directors at Grimsby Park, last July. Very frequently the
editor finds it necessary to carry over several pages of useful matter from one
month to another. The journal is too small for the needs of Ontario fruit
growers. Our aim is to make it first-class in every particular, and we are desir-
ous of receiving from Canadian growers more frequent communications concern-
ing their work. The experience of one fruit grower is always useful to others.
It was decided, providing sufficient encouragement was given, to add eight pages
to the present size. By this means we will be able to include in our publication
a larger number of illustrations, and to publish more fully the experience of our
readers in their work.

We hope also to open up some other departments. It was suggested that
a department under the head of "Bee Keejjing " would interest a large number
of our readers, and extend its circulation and usefulness. We would be glad to
know the views of our readers on this subject.

Of course, the price of the publication will still remain the same. If this
enlargement takes place, it will go into effect on the first of October next. We
believe that all those who have so kindly aided us in the past in our work, will
give us their support and sympathy in this undertaking. ^Ve want to double the
subscription list during the coming year, and this can easily be done if every
member will exert himself a little in advancing the interests of our Association
in his locality.

244 ^"^ Canadian Horticulturist.

The Meeting at the Park. — The great farmers' pic-nic, which was so
widely advertised through all our papers to be held at Grimsby Park on the 7th
and Sth of July, was not so fully attended as was expected. The entertainment
was certainly very creditable to the Directors of the Central Farmer's Institute
and the Fruit Growers' Association, who combined in bringing special talent for
the occasion. The Heintzman's Band, of Toronto, contributed most delightful
music, and the addresses were all first class. The speakers were the Hon. John
Dryden, Minister of Agriculture, Professor Mills, of the Ontario Agricultural
College, Mr. J. S. Woodward, of New York State, and Prof. Dean, of the Agri-
cultural College, Guelph.

The address by Mr. Woodward was of special interest to fruit growers.
The subject was " Sheep as Assistants to the Fruit Grower." He spoke from
experience, and showed that by keeping one hundred sheep in every ten acres
of orchard, and feeding them about fifty quarts of meal per day, the sheep would
consume every fallen apple, would keep the grass closely shaven and keep down
all the sprouts around the tree, and, in a word, keep the orchard in excellent
condition. Not a worm would escape from a fallen apple before the sheep
would devour it. He condemned very decidedly the common method of con-
verting the orchard into a moving lot. He considered it slovenly and lazy.
The cost of supplying the mixture of bran and linseed meal for the hundred
sheep, at the rate indicated, was $2.63 a week. It would cost $3 a week to hire
pasture for the one hundred sheep, and, therefore, there would be an actual
saving of 37 cents a week over hiring pasture, and the orchardist would thus
reap a double profit from the industry. A fuller report of this paper will be
given our readers in the next Annual Report.

The Directors of our Association were called to meet at the Park during
the pic-nic, on account of the low rates of return passage at this time. A visit
was made to the office of the President in order to see the work which is now in
progress, of putting up the various fruits of the season in beautiful glass jars, for
the Ontario fruit exhibit at the World's Fair. Our President and his assistant,
Mr. James Brodie, are working with untiring zeal in order to make the display a
success. The strawberries are very difficult to preserve, but kerosene seems to
be the most satisfactory fluid for them. Cherries are being put up in boric acid
and in salicylic acid, and in other fluids, and most of them, thus far, appear
unchanged.

The Directors expressed their willingness to co-operate with Mr. Pettit in
his arduous undertaking, by contributing from their various districts such fruits
in their season as seem of particular merit. It is satisfactory to Mr. Pettit, the
Superintendent of this exhibit, that parties all over the country have sufficient
patriotism to contribute samples of fruit, in a liberal spirit, without asking any
compensation. Every Canadian must feel that it is to his interest to uphold the
credit of his country among the nations, anil thus draw the attention of the
world to Canada as a fruit producing country.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 245

THE FRUIT CROP.

It is very important to the fruit grower to have some idea of the general
state of t^e crop in his country a good while in advance of the harvest. Such
information will enable him to better judge of the value of his fruit and place
him in a better position to dispose of it to advantage.

Last month we gave the res alt of our first enquiries, and these showed an
unfavorable state of our prospects at that time. Fuller inquiries, just made,
prove that estimate of the unfortunate state of the crop was below rather than
above the mark. Were the quality proportionately superior, we might hope
that the prices would rule high e;;ough to more than counterbalance the shor-
tage in quantity, but it is not. Scab was never so prevalent upon both apples
and pears, while rot and mildew threaten to sadly diminish the plum and grape
crops.

The Apple Crop is possibly one-third of the average in the Niagara Pen-
insula and all along the south shores of lakes Erie and Ontario. It will consist
chiefly of Baldwins, with a sprinkling of some other varieties. A fairly good crop
is reported in some localities in Central Ontario, as, for instance, the counties
of Waterloo, Simcoe, Perth and Victoria, and in some favored spots near the
mountain in the County of Lincoln. The finest prospects in Canada are
reported from Nova Scotia. In the United States the best reports come from
the State of Maine. New York State, one of the foremost apple-growing sec-
tions in the Union, is quite as unfortunate as Southern Ontario.

Pears are reported poor quality in all parts, owing to the scab, and the
crop itself is also very short. The Bartlett will be the most prominent pear,
but even that variety is badly blemished in most places.

The Peach Crop is almost a total failure about Grimsby and Niagara,
but, strange to say, in the higher elevation just about St. Catharines, there is a
fair crop. These should prove a fortune to the growers in that part, as reports
state that there is scarcely half a crop in the great peach orchards of Delaware,
while in New York and other nearer States, the peach crop is almost as bare as
it is in Ontario.

The (iRAPE Crop is a very full one, and, in spite of the mildew, will give
a very large yield in Ontario. The prices should rule high, owing to the short-
ness of other fruits. Indeed, where the quality is at all good, all kinds of fruit
should bring a high price this season, and so help to make up the growers' losses
in quantity.

Below are some of the statements of our correspondents with regard to the
prospects :

Carleton" Co. — Sir, — .\pple9 blossomeil and set heavy, afterwaiils dropped very con-
siderably, and the crop will uot be above medium in quantity, and will be of poor quality,
with the exception of summer varieties, which are fairly free from spot. The twig blight
has been destructive ; even Wealthy and ^ome of the Russian apples and pears have suflfered.
— John Crak;, Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont.

246 The Canadian Horticulturist.

Huron Co. — Sir, — Plums are scarcely half a crop, Pears good. Apples varied ;
Duchess and Ontario best, Baldwins fair. Upon the whole, apples will not be over half a
crop, with sample not up to the average. Grapes a good crop. — A. McI). Allan, (ioderich,
Out.

Norfolk Co. — Sh-. — Apples a poor crop, will be less than one-half the average. Both
fruit and foliage is badly affected by fungus. J. K. McMiciiael, Waterford, Out.

IvE.NT Co. — Sit; — Apples do not seem to be more tlian one-half a crop. Winter apples
are producing the best. Tlie trees are looking rather dried in foliage. Pears are a medium
crop. Of pears, the Kietier seems to be the most productive. — F. \V. \Vii,soN, Chatham,
Ont.

Frostenac Co. — StV,— After having made several inquiries, I have concluded that
there will be no more than hilf a crop of apples here. The trees look healthier than usual,
and the fruit is fairly free from fungus. — D. Xichol, Cataraqui, Ont.

Haltos Co. — Sir, — Pears are a fair cio}) here. Flemish Beauty is well loaded, but,
unfurtunatelj', the trees are badly blighted. Apples very light, Duchess fair. The only
late apple with a good crop is the Riljston Pippin. Every other kind is very thin. I find
that the Kiliston bears every year, and always brings a far better price than any other
apple, yet 1 do not believe that one per cent, of the orchards are planted with tiiis variety.
— Geo. Bl'Nhury, Oakville, Ont.

York Co. — Sir, — The fruit in this district is light. Apples, pears and plums not
more than one-(jaarter of a crop. A man in the central part of Yoik county writes that
the American (Golden Russet, Cooper's Market and Baldwin are the best in his neighbor-
hood, antl that the crop will not average more than o"e-third. — W. K. Wellington,
Toronto, Ont.

SiMCOE Co. — Sir, — The apple crop here will be above the average, although some varie-
ties are scabby. Plums fair, not up to the average. Pears, good crop, but Flemish Beauty
badly spotted. The prospect is for the best crop of grapes we have had for some years.
— 0. C. Caston, Craighurst, Ont.

V'ictokia Co. — Sir, — The apple and pear crop will be good. There will be a full aver-
age in this locality. Pears are spotted, but apples are clean. — Thos. Beal, Lindsay,
Ont

Waterloo Co — .9«r,— The apple crop in this vicinity is a good deal better than last
season and of superior quality ; the fruit is comparatively free from scab. Pears a failure,
and, what is worse, the trees are badly blighted. — Simon Roy, Berlin, Ont.

Perth Co. — Sir, — I have just returned from a trip north. In North Perth, North
Wellington, and on northward as far as Walkerton, the apple crop promises heavy.
Throughout this county and part of Middlesex, it will be a fair average. Pears are a fair
crop here and northward. Plums poor. — T. II. Race, Mitchell, Out.

Perth ('o. — Sir, — From extended in(iuiries, I conclude tliat there will be a fair aver"
age crop of apples and pears. Farther north, I am led to understand that the fruit crops
are decidedly more favorable. Plums dropped badly and consetjuently are a short crop. —
J. D. Stewart, Russeldale, Ont.

Lincoln Co. — Sir, — The cherry crop has been most disappointing, but currants have
been a good crop ; raspberries are very fine, indeed in this locality ([uite free from insect
pests ; gooseberries have also been first-class. The English varieties are so often said to
he always liable to mildew. I had the privilege, only a few days ago, of visiting the fine

farden of .lames Wilds, of Handlton, and there received a large addition to the Ontario
ruit exhibit, for the Chicago Exposition, in a very fine collection of goosel)erries, many of
them English varieties, and I faile<l to Hud one specimen affected with the mildew. \\'ith
regard to the prospects for our crops, from my observations after visiting various paits of
the county, arranging our collction of ciioice fruits for the Chicago Exposition, I would
say that in peais. Bartletts will form about one half of the crop, the (puility l)eing very
ordinary, owing to the imperfections of form. Other varieties will be light. Peaci) crop
exceedingly scant. Now and then an oichard shows a fairly gooil crop, but these are tlie
exception. Plums varial)le, in some instances a fair siiow, but in others a failure. (J tapes
promise abundantly, the bun<;he8 are setting well and tiie vines are vigorous and stiong.
The mildew has made its appearance, l)ut a free use of sulphur w ill no doubt ciiock it.
Tiie apple crop, which is the 8ta])ie fruit crop of our country, both for home ir.aiket and
the export tra<le, is a short one this season. Some fear that fruit growing in some lines,
a.'^ for exam|)le the apple, will be overdone, but I do not think that the time for that has
yet arrived. There will alway.s be room for first-class fruit, /nopcrly iiitjtecli'il and graded
as to quality.- A. H. I'kttit, (Jrimsby, Ont.

The Canadian Horticulturist

247

BOOK ON (;ardenl\g..

No. 477.

Sir, —Could vou tell me where I could ol>taiii a book on the cultivation of flowers. It

must, as nearly as possible, comply with the following conditions, viz. : Give the bol
cal and ordinary name of each plant. Why so called. Its orii,'in. State whether it is ah

Give the botani-

ouse

Watering. Flower-

plant or an outdoor plant. Soil in which the l)est results will be given
ing and resting periods. How propagated. Sunshine or shade, etc.

D. J. McCakthy, Norwood, Out.

The only book we know of which fully answers the needs of our correspon-
dent, is the "Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening," which gives information
about all the flowering and foliage plants for the open garden, ferns, palms,
orchids, cacti, and other succulents ; green house and stove-plants, bulbs, trees,
shrubs, fruits, herbs, vegetables, etc. No pains nor expense have been spared
in preparing this work which is an authority on horticulture. It is published
complete in four volumes, cloth, gilt edges, with colored plates, for $20.00.

Mr. E. E. Rexford, a well-known American florist, has published a smaller
treatise on floriculture, which is exceedingly valuable as a practical guide. The
title is " Home Floriculture," and the price is $1.50 post paid. Any of these
books may be ordered through this office.

GRAPE VINE BARK LOUSE.
No. 478.

Sir,— I enclose a cutting from my grape vines to which my attention was drawn on
account of the large number of ants frequenting it and also by the yellow color of the
leaves. A large part of the vine is covered with black exci'esceuces, and I would like to
know what they are, also the cause, the remedy, and the result if not
attended to. If you can do this in the next number of the Canadian
H0KTICULTURI.ST, others besides myself would be glad.

Geo. Hallen, Oakville, Ont.

The excrescences referred to by our correspondent have
very little appearance of life, and yet they are really the shell
of an old mother louse, protecting a large number of its eggs.
Fig. 58 represents them very clearly ; the whitish, cottony
substance which protrudes from them protects the eggs, from
which, early in July, there issues numerous young, yellowish-
white lice. These distribute themselves over the branches
of the grape vines, and soon attach themselves to it, and
remain in one spot for the rest of their lives, sucking the
juices. They are not usually found in any great abundance.
They should be scraped off with a knife and destroyed. Scrub-
bing the young wood with a cloth or brush charged with kero- -> \ttiti^
sene emulsion, would perhaps be a still better remedy. yig. 5S.

248 The Canadian Horticulturist

BOOK ON WINE MAKING.

No. 479.

81R, — I wouUl like to have a book as a practical guide in manufacturing wine, with
recipes. Could you supply me with one, and at what price. ?

O. riA(;NON, Montreal, Que.

One of the best works on this subject is "Grape Growing and Wine
Making," by Prof. Geo. Husmann, who is a recognized authority in the United
States on this subject. The price of the book is $1.50.

SUMMER PRUNING OF. THE GRAPE.
No. 480.

.Sir, — My grape vines are growing so profusely that 1 do not know when, or how much,
to prune them. A few lines from you would very much oblige me. Please instruct me.

Wm. McMi'RRAY, The. Rectory, Niai/ara, Out.

Summer pruning of the grape receives less attention in Canada than it
deserves. The reason is found in this, that the fruit growers all have too much
work on their hands, in the summer time, to attend to this important operation.
As we prosper more and understand our business better, we shall, no doubt, do
better work. If we knew fully what is meant by summer pruning, and appreciated
its benefits more fully, we would, no doubt, find ways, even in the busy season,
of getting the work done. Most growers think it means thinning out of the wood
and foliage, at any time during the summer ; but this is wide of the mark. Per-
haps a better term for the operation would be "summer pinching," which more
properly describes it. Summer pruning, if indulged in too freely and too late in
the season, will seriously weaken the tree or vine, while pinching is simply direct-
ing the young wood where it is most wanted. Severe pruning of the young
vineyards in July and August would be more injurious than beneficial. The
mischief brought about by neglect, early in the season, is accomplished, the
growth has taken place just where it is least wanted ; and now it is better to leave
the vineyard untouched, excepting, of course, such tying as is necessary, until
after fruiting season, allowing the vines to have the full benefit of the young
leaves, which they have spent so much energy in producing.

Pinching off the young wood growth, just as it e.xtends two or three joints
beyond the last bunch of grapes, is very important. The energy of the vine is
thereby directed to strengthen the fruit stalk and to increase the size of the fruit.
If the buds at the axis of the leaves are thereby started into growth, they also
should be pinched several times in the season, if necessary. In this way the sap
is concentrated about that part where we most want it, namely, in the vicinity of
the fruit.

Many people say they see no use at all in suninicr pruning, and, indeed, this
appears to be the general opinion in the commercial vineyards in Southern

The Canadian Horticulturist, 249

Ontario. If practised in July or August, no wonder that this notion should pre-
vail. Vineyards have been almost ruined for the season's crop by such injudi-
cious treatment.

We would advise our correspondent to wait now until the fruit is off, then he
may give his vineyard a thorough pruning and next June begin early to keep
them in proper bounds, by pmching.

" Practice what you preach," many will say to the editor. " Your own vine-
yard was not pinched back last June." Pardon, dear critic ! While you ask,
consider whether you did all you ought, last June. Were you not much of the
time confined to the house or barn, by constant rains, anxiously waiting a dry
day, in which to do many of the things you should have done.

STOCK FOR BUDDED ROSES.

No. 4S1.

Sir, — My hobby is hybrid and tea roses for out-door planting. Anything upon roses
will especially interest me. I would be glad to have your opinion as to the best kind of
budding stock for our climate, whether Dog rose. Briar or Manetti ; and your reasons
therefor. Geo. O. Goodhue, DanvilU, Que.

Reply by Webster Bros., Florists, Hamilton, Out.

Replying to your enquiry as to rose stocks : The Manetti is the most
desirable stock upon which to bud all hardy varieties of the rose. The Dog
rose is but little used for that purpose now, the Manetti having almost entirely
displaced it. The Briar is desirable as a stock only for standard or half standard
roses, but neither of those forms are suited to our Canadian climate. Roses
budded on the Manetti stock are worked as low as possible, and when planted
where they are to bloom are set with the bud three or four inches below the
surface, thus rendering protection in winter an easy matter. We doubt, however,
if budded roses will ever become as popular in America as they are in Great
Britain and the Continent.

APPLES AND PEARS STUNG BY CURCULIO. ♦

No. 482.

Sir, — I do not find from my reading that the curculio attacks apples. I send you
some samples that have very plainly been stung by it. A neighboring orchard could fur-
nish many more affected samples.

G. M. Aylesworth, CoUin'jwootl, Out.

We have long recognized the injury done apples and pears by the curculio^
which is responsible for so many knotty and ill-shapen specimens. On page 219
of our journal for 1SS9, is a reference to the knotty specimens of Bartlett pears,

250

The Canadian Horticulturist.

caused by work of curculio ; and the writer's experience in spraying with Paris
green, and its good results in preventing such injury.

Fig. 59.

Fig. 60.

The accompanying illustrations (figs. 59 and 60) clearly show the benefits of
spraying the Bartlett pear. We notice some varieties of apples are quite subject
to curculio stings — for example, the Duchess — when not treated with Paris green.

BUDDING ROSES.

No. 483.

•*>IK, — Will you give iiic the art of Inidding roses, also tlie iiaines of some of the best
varieties of lianly roses. I fiud spraying (with force) from tlie garden hose the best way
of ridding tlie rose bushes of lice. I spray mine once or twice a week, and it gives great
satisfaction. Geo. W. Roach, Hamilton, Out.

In answer to this question, we give the following extract from '' Parsons on
the Rose," an excellent treatise regarding the cultivation of the rose :

In budding, there are two requisites — a well established and thriftily-growing
plant, and a well-matured eye or bud. The operation can be performed at any
season when these retjuisites can be obtained. In the open ground, the wood
from which the buds are cut is generally not mature until after the first summer
bloom.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

251

Fig. 61.

''^\ Having ascertained, by running a

knife under the bark, that the stock will
peel easily, and having some perfectly ripe
young shoots with buds upon them, the
operation can be performed with a sharp
knife that is round and very thin at the
point. Make, in the bark of the stock, a
longitudinal incision of three-quarters of
an inch, and another short one across the
top, as in a, Fig. 61 ; run the knife under
the bark and loosen it from the wood,
then cut from off the young shoots of the
desired variety, a bud, as in b, placing the
knife a quarter to three-eighths of an inch
above the eye or bud, and cutting out
about the same distance below it, cutting
sufificiently near the bud to take with it a
very thin scale of the wood. English gar-
deners will always peel off this thin scale, l)ut in our hot climate it should always
be left on, as it assists to keep the bud moist, and does not at all prevent the
access of the sap from the stock to the bud. The bud being thus prepared,
take it, by the portion of leaf-stalk attached, between the thumb and finger in
the left hand, and, with the knife in the right, open the incision in the bark
sufficiently to allow the bud to be shpped in as far as it will go, when the bark
will close over and retain it. Then take a mat-string, or a piece of yarn, and
firmly bind it around the bud, leaving only the petiole and bud exposed, as in
c. Fig. 61. The string should be allowed to remain for about two weeks, or
until the bud is united to the stock. If allowed to remain longer, it will some-
times cut into the bark of the rapidly growing stock, but is productive of no
other injury. It is the practice with many cultivators to cut off the top of the
stock above the bud immediately after inoculation. A limited acquaintance with
vegetable physiology would convince the cultivator of the injurious results of
this practice, and that the total excision of the branches of the stock while in
full vegetation must be destructive to a large portion of the roots, and highly
detrimental to the prosperity of the plant. A much better mode is to bend
down the top, and tie its extremity to the lower part of the stock. Several days
after this is done, the bud can be inserted just below the sharpest bend of the
arch.

252

The Canadian Horticclturist.

PRUNING RASPBERRIES AND CURRANTS.

No. 4S4.

Sir, Would some one give, through your Journal, the best plan of pruning and trel-

lisine grapes and raspberries ?

* * *^ W. C. Adams Toronto.

Elsewhere in this number we have treated of summer pruning of the grai)e.
The same caution needs to be observed i:i raspberries and blackberries as in
grapes, viz., that it is unwise to remove very much foliage in the summer season,
as this is a serious check upon the growth. All such work should be done by
pinching, and thus simply stopping the young growth at the proper place. We
give an extract from American Gardenitig on trellising these fruits, which seems
to us to be interesting.

Trellises for Grapes and Raspberries.

Notwithstanding the warning given me six or seven years ago— that grapes
could not be grown successfully on the shores of Cayuga Lake — I made the
experiment, and am satisfied that there is no better grape-land in the state than
can be found on the west shore in Seneca county. So far, my vineyard has
escaped the late frosts in spring and early frosts in fall, and the grapes are of the
very best quality.

Fk;. 62.— Grape-Trellis.

Our soil is a sand and gravel loam with shale subsoil. The plants are set
9x9 feet, trained on the Knififin system, and trimmed on the renewal plan. The
first wire is 3)4 feet from the ground, and the second 2 feet above the first. The
lower arms are started first; then I start a cane as near 18 inches from the
ground as I can get it and carry this to the second wire. By this plan I get a
much more even distribution of fruit than by the old method. This is my
method of putting on the lower wire : First the wire is made fast to bottom of
end posts, and staples are driven in all the other posts except the second from
the end. Here we use a wire spike, driving it at an angle of 45 degrees. When
the wire has been tightened, we lift it over the head of spike. This brings the
strain, or pull, on the bottom of the end posts, and does away with braces.
When you wish to slacken the wires in the fall, lift them from the spikes and
you have them as slack as you want them. This leaves a space without wire
between the first and second posts at both ends. You can use short pieces to
fill in these spaces— No. 9 wire should be used. I send herewith a rough sketch
(fig. 62) of the wire when in position, holding a vine as I trim and train it. I
find four or five l>uds to an arm are enough.

I have visited a great many vineyards in this and other states, and have
tried several ways of trimming and training, but have ailoptcd this one as the

The Canadian Horticulturist.

253

best for many reasons : It is the cheapest ; the grapes are up from the ground ;
never have muddy fruit ; have a free circulation of air
under vines, and less mildew than by any other system ;
the fruit is more easily clipped from the vines; and I can
grow more pounds per acre.

I also send you sketch of post and cross-piece (fig.
6^) 1 use for holding up red raspberries. I cut my posts
5 feet long, sharpen them and drive them t6 feet apart
in the row. I nail a piece of lath 13 inches long just 3
feet from the ground and saw a notch, as shown, at each
end of the cross-piece. When the wires are made fast
and moderately tight, then I lift them into the notches.
This trellis is simple, cheap, and will hold the canes with-
out tying.— Awenca;i Gardcfiing. ^'^- ^'"^ -Raspberry-
Trellis.

A DEP.ARTMENT OF BEE KEEPING.

No. 485.

Sir.— Would it not be wise to open a department of bee keeping in the Can-.-vdian Hor-
TICCLTURIST ? The two occupations are quite in line with each other, as the bees are
friends of the fruit grower, helping to fertilize the fiuit by carrying about the ])ollen.

Agricola, Grimsihy.

Replies from Bee Keepers.

There would be nothing inconsistent in adding a bee keeping department to the jour-
nal. Bee keeping and horticulture are allied industries. I believe it is a common practice
among the floral and horticultural journals in the Old Country to set apart a portion of
tlieir papers for the discussion of subjects pertaining to apiculture. Whether you could
maintain such a department in the Horticulturist is a question. I apprehend the neces-
sary " cupy " would be uncertain in supply, as good articles are eagerly sought after by
the journal devoted exclusively to bee keeping.

R. McKxiGHT, Owen Sound.

Sir,— On my return home your letter was handed me. It would be wise to call the
attention of fruit growers to the great benefits they would derive from keeping a few bees.
\\ here bees are kept largely much better crops of fruit are secured, as fertilization is abso-
lutely necessary in order to secure good yields. There are many localities wliere bees are kept
e.Kclusively for fertilization. Of cour.se they may take honey from them as well ; but some of
our best fruit growers have found that bee keeping, in connection therewith, has enabled
them to reap a double benefit. We dj not think that it would injure any bee periodical,
but, on the other hand, that it would be a benefit to the Canadian Bee Journal to have a
department in the Hokticulturi.st, and in the same way we may say that we have fre-
quently thought that it would be wise to occasionally have a little horticulture in the
Canadian Bee Journal, and we have no doubt it would be beneficial to your most valuable
j""''"al- D. A. Jo.Nts.

No. 486.

FRUNINCx HEDGES.

Sir,— Will you give, in next number, some advice as to pruning cedar and spruce
hedges; time of year, etc. ? Robt. McIstosh, yewca-Mlt, Out.

Since evergreen trees are always in foliage, there is less reason for choosing
a special season, than for diciduous trees. A good time is in summer, just as
the current season's growth begins to turn hard, because it will check the growth
without injuring the plants.

254 The Canadian Horticulturist.

$ ©PC) l£)ettep(?. $

CANNA SEEDS NOT GERMIXATIXG.

Sir, — Seedsmen say that they are continually tormented about CanLa seeds not ger-
minating. Now, if thej' will take a pair of flat-pointed pincers to hold them witii, and cut
a hole through theii hard shell, they will find in ten days they will be all started. This
is nothing new, but from complaints heard it will be none the worse of being repeated. I
have tried many suggestions for this, but I must say this is the only one 1 have found sure.

N. RoBERT.><ON, Goreriiment Grounds, Ottawa.

THE JESSIE STRAWBERRY.

SiK, — I thought I should let you know how the Jessie strawberry has succeeded with
me. I have now a good-sized bed from the two plants I got from you ; they are a great
success. Thrre is a heavy crop of very large berries, several measuring five inches around,
and all the berries are much larger than any grown in this neighborhood.

Yours truly,

Thos. R. Hcghes, Cote des Hfir/es, Montreal.

THE RASPBERRY CANE BORER.

Dear Sir, — I was on the point of writing you about what I now conclude, since reading
your July number (p. i214), on the " Raspberry Cane Borer," that it is the same insect that
has troubled my plants this spring. 1 made an examination of some old canes that I had
thrown away on the garden heap, and also of the tops of new ones which were withering,
and found how he worked.

I would ask you to tell me in the next number how to manage with a Weeping Mountain
Ash as to the destruction of the insect which feeds on its leaves ; also, as to what is the
best soil for rasplierries, and if they are better in a partial shade or where they will have
the whole days sun. Mine are planted on a rich lf)amy soil, partly shaded, but I wish to
take my currants up from a made gravelly soil and transplant them to where the raspber-
ries now aie. Would the exchange be beneficial to both ?

I remain, etc.,

M. 0. Hart, Cou-antn-ille, Qui.

Note bv Editor. — Currants usually do better on a clay loam than on light sand, if
well cultivated. Partial shade does not appear to injure them. Raspberries appear to
delight in sandy loam, or, indeed, in a light sand, providing it is a little moist.

Our readers will please make free use of this corner. W^e invite all to send
in replies to (juestions asked, or to ask questions for others to answer. It will
be a suggestive column, showing what the public want most to know about.

(1) How should grape vines be pruned ?

(2) Please explain best method of pruning the ornamental trees and shrubs.
(.S) How should currants and gooseberries be pruned ?

T H E

Canadian Horticulturist.

Vol XV.

1892

Xri. 9.

PERLE DES JARDINS,

LTHOUGH the most of our readers are more interested in
growing hardy, remontant roses, that large class of hardy out-
door varieties which will endure our Canadian winters and
make so grand a display of bloom with so little trouble to the
grower, yet some may desire to experiment with those exquis-
itely scented, though very delicate. Teas, with which florists
so often charm our senses. As Mr. H. B. Ellwanger says in
his book on " The Rose " :

" The Tea rose (Rosa Indica Ordorata) may well be
taken as a synonym for all that is delicately beautiful. What refinement of
color ; what subdued, yet powerful fragrance do they possess ! They are, indeed,
*^he centre of loveliness ; like fair maids at a reception surrounded by admiring
groups, these lend beauty to the others, which may well strive to find a near
approach to their sweet presence, that perchance they may receive a smile, and
borrow beauty, diffused from their chaste loveliness. There has always been a
warm place in my heart for the Tea rose, for, su/> rosa, let me confess it, this was
my first love (I fear no conjugal jealousy or censure in making this confession) .
a bed of Tea roses planted near my father's house first won me as a devotee to
the rose, and by foliage and flower I learned to distinguish varieties among them
before I even knew the names in other classes ; I should now as soon think of
doing without roses altogether as not to have a bed of Teas in my garden.

256 The Canadian Horticulturist.

"Most of the varieties in this group are very sensitive to any neglect, and will
show very quickly whether they have met with good or ill treatment. The soil
can scarcely be made too rich for their reception, but it must be light, warm and
well drained. If the place chosen consists of heavy clay soil, a foot or more
must be dug out, carted away, and filled up with that which is mellow. As
most of the varieties are of but modern growth, they require rather close pruning.
To protect them during winter, we advise hilling up earth about the plants and
then spreading over evergreen branches or loose litter. Care must be exercised
that the plants be not embedded and packed down with a heavy mass, otherwise
decay and death will ensue. Some air will needs be admitted. The plants
must be protected but not smothered."

The Perle des Jardins is one of a choice selection of Teas, which Mr. Ell-
wanger commends highly for healthiness and beauty of both bud and flower.
It is largely used by florists for forcing, especially for the New York market, and
for this purpose it is truly a superb sort, indeed, it has become a strong competi-
tor with the celebrated Marshall Neil. It is also- a suitable rose for growing in
the open ground in sheltered locations, providing it has proper winter protection.

This rose was raised by Antoine Levet, of Lyons, France, in 1874. It is
thus described : flowers canary-yellow, large or very large, full, well formed ;
stiff stems ; very free bloomer ; the leaflets are five to seven in number, deeply
serrated, very dark and glaucous.

Webster Bros., florists of Hamilton, say with regard to the Perle des Jardins
rose : " We would say that it ranks first of its color as a forcing rose, and is
invaluable for cutting during the winter. Yet we have not found it to be of
much value planted outside, the variety Etoile de Lyon being superior, as a
yellow Tea, for outdoor work. The Perle makes a nice pot rose that will sell at
sight, but, as a rule, it is hard for the amateur to keep it in good order. Its
chief value lies in its being a good forcing rose, that will give excellent results
under high cultivation. Clothilde Soupert is, in our opinion, the best rose for
either outdoor growth, or for a pot rose, that has been introduced, being very
free, easy to manage, fragrant ; it is, however, not very large."

Mr. Fred Mitchell, of Innerkip, a gentleman of considerable experience with
roses, writes : " I would not recommend the Perle des Jardins rose as a variety
which the ordinary amateur grower need expect anything like perfect success
with. I have never seen a truly perfect specimen of a plant of it produced by
ordinary pot culture in the house or on the veranda. Under such conditions it
becomes unthrifty and stunted in its growth, and blooming only occasionally,
and the blooms not of first quality. In my experience, it is more fitted for
planting on benches in the greenhouse, (lently forced in this way, with experi-
enced management, it will give a splendid return. The rose in itself has many
good points. It is highly perfumed, good form, and, to many tastes, of fine
color. There are not many Tea roses wliich I would reconinicml to the general
readers of the Horticultukisi."

The Canadian Horticulturist.

257

JUDGING FRUIT AT FAIRS.

'di

[his subject has been much discussed at the meetings of our Asso-
ciation, and much has been accomplished toward bringing about a
greater uniformity in the work of judging fruit in our province, by
^^M^^L^ means of our catalogues of apples, pears and grapes, with values
^J^^^m attached, which appear in our report of 1891. These will greatly
^^^-— r-TP. assist judges in passing judgment upon general collections. In
the case of small collections of apples and pears for special uses,
as dessert or cooking, some further points will need special obser-
vation.

Suppose, for example, there are entries made under the head of the best
five cooking apples, each variety will have an absolute value from one to ten.
according to our catalogue, as a cooking apple. In addition to this a ma.ximum
may be allowed of twenty marks for excellence of sample. In cooking apples
the size is very important, while for the dessert apple this will be of little or no
account. Indeed, too great a size is an objection rather than a merit in dessert
apples. These twenty marks might be distributed as follows :

Cooking Fcrpo.se.s.

Size 8

Color 2

Form 4

cleanness 6

Dessert PrRPOsEs.

Size

Color

Form ....
Cleanness

20 20

Add these twenty marks to the maximum value for cooking, which was ten,
and we have a total of thirty marks possible for each plate. No marks have
been allowed for size under the head of dessert purposes, because a small apple
is really more desirable for this purpose than a large one, as for example, the
Lady apple which is so popular. If, however, the sample shown under this head
is too large to be desirable, a maximum of say two points might be taken from
the total on this account.

It must be understood that we do not give these numbers as a basis for
judgment, as having passed the approval of our Association, but simply on our
own responsibility, in order to bring out the criticism of our readers, and thus
eventually arrive at some uniform basis.

Now, regarding plates of single varieties ; what points are needed ? If the
purpose is specified as cooking or dessert, then, perhaps, the scale just given might
be used, but if no purpose is mentioned, the absolute value, as found in our
catalogue, would need to be omitted ; and the twenty points would be the highest
possible number for any one plate.

In judging melons the quality is always important, and, therefore, it will be
necessary to cut them, in order to arrive at any proper conclusion.

258 The Canadian Horticulturist.

Mr. T. V. Munson, of Texas, writes as follows in the Rural New Yorker.
on the subject of " Judging Melons " :

"If musk-melons (not canteloupes) alone were in a country competition where the
farmers" families and local market used the crop, then I would be governed chiefly by size,
shape and general appearance, especially coloring and netting ; but if the competition were
among canteloupes, used at home in the local market, and for shipping to distant markets,
I would insist upon cutting, to compare thickness and firmness of flesh, and to taste for
(juality. I would want for judging such melons a scale of points, something like this :
Points when perfect— shape, nearest the nutmeg form, live ; size, to be nearestfive inches,
in the shortest diameter, five ; weight the greatest with the same diameter of flesh, thickest
and firmest, five ; quality, most buttery and aromatic, five ; general appearance (most
closely netted, upon a golden ground wlien fully ripe)^five ; total '2"). The prize would go
to the one scoring the greatest number of points ; 25 being perfect in everything. In size,
when going over six inches or under three inches in diameter, I would score zero. The best
strains of netted (iem canteloupe come nearest to filling the above score of any varieties
tried liere, in Grayson County, Texas ; hence I consider it the best, and it has certainly
proved to be more profitable than any other for market. Musk-melons are here regarded
as a difi'erent class of melon from the canteloupe, as much so as are pumpkins and squashes
separated."

In speaking of judging potatoes, the same writer says :

" In judging between competing potatoes of the same variety, I would prefer to work
upon a scale of points, as in all other such matters, so that I could always give a reason
for my decision. A good scale for the potato would be: Points— Size, for perfection, five,
regularity and uniformity, for perfection, five ; freedom from fungus and insect blemishes,
five ; freedom from hollow-core, five ; perfection of condition from digging, handling, etc.,
five ; total 2.5. Thus perfect kinds would score 25 points. T

HANDLING THE GRAPE CROP.

As the grape become affected with rot it will be found a most prudent
measure to pick them off and burn them. This should greatly diminish the
stock of disease spores for another season. Every rotten berry left on the
ground to increase spores increases the liability to a greater amount of disease
next year, just as permitting a weed to go to seed makes more to contend with
the following season.

Grapes should not be picked until the dew has thoroughly dried, leaving
them with the bloom that is so attractive to the eye ; they should be
allowed to shrink in the picking boxes for several hours and then carefully
packed for .shipment. Particular attention should be given to the sorting and
putting-up of the fruit. Remove carefully all green and imperfect berries from
the clusters, and preserve the bloom as much as possible. The best bunches
should be selected, and small, bare clusters or single berries should not be ])ut
in ; some other use may be found for these. For choice grapes, it will pay to
line the sides of the package, having a partial cover of pretty fringed paper to
turn over the face of the fruit. Packages containing five pounds, or neat
baskets of ten pounds, will l)u found best for markrting fine grapes. — Orcluxrd
and (lardin.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 259

FRUIT TRADE WITH BRITAIN.

^HE following extract from the Commercial Bulletin, No. 4, issued by

the Finance Department, Ottawa, will be of interest to our readers :

The High Commissioner, in his annual report, called attention to

the opening, in the London Market, for a large trade in canned

goods and dry and evaporated fruits, and gives the following useful

"Wi'*' information :

^^ Dried and canned fruits are increasing greatly in popularity in Great Britain,

especially during the time when fresh fruit is not available. An immense trade

is done in apples, which are cut into rings and dried. They are sold at about

ten cents per lb. This seems to afford an opportunity for an extensive trade.

Apples are done up in another way in the United States, somewhat similar
to what are known as the Normandy Pippins ; that is, the core is taken out and
the fruit dried. If proper regard was paid to the preparation of goods, so as to
ensure their being of the finest quality, I have no doubt that a considerable
trade would soon develop. These are put up in boxes, and are sold at ten cents
per lb. There is a considerable market in the winter season for tinned apples in
syrup. The apples are cut into quarters and the cores taken out ; they are
largely used for puddings and sauces, and for similar purposes. The supply is
said to be in no way equal to the demand, and, in order to show that the trade
is a profitable one, I may say that the wholesale price for tins containing a gallon
is IS. 6d. There are many varieties of apples not good for keeping purposes,
and which will not carry well, and these would certainly be available for the
initiation of such a trade as that referred to.

It is hardly necessary to speak of the apple trade which is done in barrels.
• It has assumed immense proportions during the last few years, and is capable of
indefinite extension. There is a large annual consumption of apples in this
country, and the seasons here are so uncertain that a good one only comes every
few years. Canadian apples have already established a reputation in this coun-
try, and bring a higher price than those from the United States. The selection
of the apples, and the packing, has greatly improved, but there is still room for
the work to be better done.

Canned peaches are also very popular, and immense quantities are sold
every year. Considering the numbers that are generally produced in Canada,
and that so many are often wasted because of insufficient local demand, it seems
to me that this is a matter also which is worthy of attention in the Dominion.
The fruit is put up in tins with syrup, and is sold in 3-lb. tins for about 16 to 18
cents wholesale. There is no necessity for quick transport in this case, the goods of
the best quality arrive here in February, having come from California by sailing
ship. It is said that the maturing of the sugar imparts an excellent flavor to the
fruit, and that altogether the article is improved by the few months which it
takes to reach this country in the way I have mentioned.

26o The Canadian Horticulturist.

Canned pears are also much in demand, and as this fruit does not carry
well in barrels it is worthy of consideration, whether a trade cannot be developed
in connection with its canning. Pears come over in very much the same
way as peaches, and the prices are, wholesale, about 28 cents per 3-lb. tins.
The remarks made about the transport in the case of peaches apply in the case
of pears.

The tomato trade is also one which has extended largely during the last few-
years, and the impression prevails that it will increase, ^\'hether prepared in
the form of tomato sauce in bottles or in cans, there is a large market. Toma-
toes are sent in large quantities from France and from Portugal, whole, in tins,
with some juice for purposes of preservation. There is a large demand, I learn,
for goods of this kind, and it may be worthy of attention in the Dominion : 3-lb.
or 41b. tins are sold wholesale for 5d.

In connection with all kind of canned goods, the following points must be
borne in mind, if an endeavor is made to open up a trade :

1. That the goods must be of the best quality.

2. That the quality should be kept up and not allowed to deteriorate.

3. That some brand should be adopted which will attract public notice, and
that the goods should be put up in attractive tins.

The Native Hornbean — Our native carpinus, or hqrnbean, is one of the
most ornamental of our small trees. Its clean, birch-like foliage in summer, its
furrowed bark in winter, and its trim appearance at all times, bespeak for it more
general use. In spring its catkins push suddenly forward before the leaves,
covering the tree with a mist of soft green that is a special feature of the land-
scape on the borders of swamps and streams. — Garden and Forest.

Soot as a Fertilizer. — There are few chemical manures that are so
valuable in an all-round way as soot, and this is easily procured with a long-
handled brush from the chimneys. It is best used in a liquid form, and should
be prepared in this way : Place a pound of soot in a square bit of rough sacking
or canvas, and tie it up securely with string, yet allowing the soot room to swell
and to be moved about inside the canvas. This bag of soot should be dropped
into a large pan of rainwater, and allowed to soak for twenty-four hours. The
black water surrounding the bag is then fit for use, and will require diluting if at
all thick. More water can be added as used, and the bag pressed with a stick*
as necessary, till the soot is gone. Soot-water is the best fertilizer for pot plants,
as it does not make the soil foul, and also destroys all worms and insects : but
it must not be used in a thick state, or the surface soil may become too hard and
dry. Thin doses once or twice a week for plants in full growth will be found
most beneficial to them. Soot in a solid state may be mixed with twice its bulk
of fine, dry soil, and used as a top dressing ; it is not safe to use it alone, as it
may injure the plant, being extremely strong, but when thus mixed it will benefit
all garden crops. — N. V. World.

The Canadian Horticuliurist.

261

THE LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.

rHIS bird, doubtless, derives its common name (Butcher bird) from the
fact that he slays many more creatures than he devours. He seems
to have an insatiate love of carnage. I have known him to kill birds
when enough food was stored in his larder to last him for weeks. He
has the curious habit of impaling on thorns, or sharp twigs, all the
carcasses not required fot immediate consumption. He generally
makes his residence in some locality in which there are thorn trees,
and woe unto- any small bird which may enter into his chosen territory. He is
remarkably swift on the wing, and when he makes a dash he seldom misses the
object of his pursuit. I have seen him with seeming amusement catching large
moths and grasshoppers, which he also impaled after cutting off their wings and
legs. Sometimes he impales mice and frogs ahve to perish miserably. The
majority of bodies thus impaled are eaten by bugs or left to wither in the sun
and be blown away.

Fig. 64. — Laxius Lidoviciants (Linn).

An instance of desperate rapaciousness is related by Mr. Macnamara, a
blacksmith in Kingston. He was startled by the screaming of a sparrow, chased
into his shop by a shrike, which certainly would have slain his intended victim
only for the timely interference of a sympathizing man. Sometimes a shrike will
attack a larger bird. Mr. H. Stratford, Naturalist, Kingston, while out hunting
for specimens, observed a robin being attacked by a shrike, which he shot in
order to save the robin's life. I have known him bolt through an open window
into an inhabited room and attack a caged canary.

The shrike is not provided with the murderous talons of the hawk or the
owl, but with his powerful beak he generally crushes the skull of his victim. Of
the two species of shrikes which visit us here, the Loggerhead or Grey shrike is
the more common. He comes from the south early in spring, and nests in >Liy.

262 The Canadian Horticulturist.

The great northern shrike, a little larger than the other, breeds farther
north, comes here in the fall, and, now that he finds abundance of food in the
European sparrow, stays with us all winter. The two kinds resemble each other,
only the larger bird is of lighter color on breast and head, but in essential parti-
culars they are as one — bold, defiant, reckless, they have little fear in the pre-
sence of man.

Their harsh outcries of seeming exultation are as unmusical as are the
creaking of an old windmill or the rusty hinges of a barn door.

Adubon says : " This violent little warrior possesses the faculty of imitating
the notes of other birds, especially such as are indicative of pain. Thus it will
mimic the cries of chased sparrows and other small birds, so as to make you
believe you hear them screaming in the claws of a hawk ; and I strongly suspect
this is done for the purpose of inducing others to come out from their coverts
to rescue their suffering brethren." I have seen him in the act of screaming in
this manner, when he would suddenly dart from his perch into a thicket from
which there would immediately issue the real cries of a bird he had seized.

The shrike is an impetuous and audacious bird which has few admirers ;
yet few enemies besides man, and, being prolific, has now become common in
most parts of the country, and, although he kills many a bird we would wish to
live, he is entitled to our favorable consideration for the part he is taking in our
behalf against the common bird-pest of this country — the European sparrow.

The shrikes generally build in a bush within arm's reach from the ground,
the nest proper resting upon an extensive basement of stout twigs, rather loosely
laid together and bristling in all directions. Upon this the inner nest is built of
an endless variety of fibrous substances, such as withered grass, strips of bark,
tree leaves, mosses, lichens, wool, etc. Sometimes fur and feathers are netted
in with the rest of the materials. The number of eggs deposited in this com-
pactly constructed receptacle is generally five or six. They are a little over an
inch in length and about three-fourths as much in breadth, of a greenish-grey
color, profusely speckled all over with brownish and purplish specks. The eggs
are of oval form, quite blunt at the smaller end.

Soon after the young birds leave the nest they may be seen hunting and
devouring grasshoppers, butterflies, moths and other large insects. This fact
alone has led some to believe that the good which shrikes do in the economy of
nature more than counterbalances the evils of their objectionable propensities.

The most remarkable part of the shrike's physical organization is his beak,
the upper mandible of which is hooked like that of the hawk ; hence he has no
difficulty in keeping hold of his struggling victim. There is no reticence about
this bird ; the whole course of his life runs on in almost incessant warfare— not
a very lofty character. 1). Nicou

The Canadian Horticulturist.

263

PACKING FRUIT FOR MARKET.

PEAKING of apples and pears, Ellwanger & Barry say, in
American Garde?/, that the fruit is dropping badly, and
consequently the crop will be smaller than usual. Their
method is to pack choice pears in bushel kegs, and plums
in fifteen pound boxes. Another expert advises packing
all summer pears while still hard. They will ripen rapidly
when once packed, much more so than is generally supposed Each specimen
should be handled most carefully, conveyed to the packing house in a spring
wagon, with as little exposure to the sun as possible, and there allowed to cool
before it is placed in the shipping packages. This point is very important.
When in a condition for packing the fruit should be sorted by hand directly into
kegs or barrels. The pears should be placed carefully in layers, observing uni-
formity in size and quality in all packages, and the outside marked to corres-
pond, so that no person purehasing will be deceived. When the fruit is scarce
the bushel keg is the most suitable, when abundant, the half barrel is to be pre-
ferred ; the full sized barrel is not in any case suitable for a choice quality of
pears, especially in hot weather.

In handling plums, this writer advises still greater care than with pears.
The trees need picking over several times as the different varieties color and
ripen. The fruit is picked with such care as not to disturb the bloom and as
quickly as possible taken into the shade of the packing house and there care-
fully packed in layers in boxes or packages in which they are to be shipped.
They ought to be packed so tightly that they will not move about. It will be
found wise to use baskets of different sizes, holding five, ten or fifteen pounds
each. The fruit that is quite ripe may be handled and marketed best in five
pound baskets. For second grade or cheap and common varieties, the fifteen
pound box may be used to the best advantage.

The points made by our American friends are all good, and, for the most
part, are similar to those observed by the best Canadian fruit-growers. We
have constantly taken care, in these pages, to emphasize the extretne importance
of the careful handling of all our best fruits in order to get the best prices,
whether in the home or the foreign markets.

Sulphide of Potassium. — This remedy for mildew has now been exten-
sively used by our leading gardeners. As it is a remedy, at once cheap and
effectual, I am anxious to make its merits as widely known as possible among
my fellow amateurs and gardeners generally. As mildew is common this year
in (England), I hope every one who is troubled with this pest will test the sul-
phide and report whether it proves successful or not. — Gardening World.

264 The Canadian Horticulturist.

THE GRAPE BUSINESS.

HE grace of the vine is proverbial, and the beauty of its fruitage
gives it a high rank among the more attractive products of the soil.
It is difficult to imagine a more delicate and delicious fragrance than
that which greets one when entering a vineyard loaded with well-
ripened fruit.

Grapes prefer a southerly exposure, a well-drained, fertilized and
cultivated soil. The uninitiated would scarcely credit the difference
careful cultivation makes, not only in the appearance, but in the flavor of the
fruit. The vineyards, in the famous grape region from Erie, Pa., to Brocton, N.
Y., look, in August, as free from weeds and as carefully kept as the daintiest
flower garden in the land, and the vines cling to the trellises perfectly, with no
vagrant branches to accuse their owners of carelessness. There is no fruit which
requires more delicate handling than the grape, for, if the bloom is rubbed off or
the clusters are in any way disfigured, the market value is seriously reduced.

As soon as the fruit has ripened, the labor of picking and packing begins.
The picker is supplied with wooden trays, each of which holds about 30 pounds
when a little less than even full. These trays are made so that they can be
piled up |in tiers on the grape wagons. The picker takes each cluster by the
stem and cuts it from the vine with sharp-pointed grape scissors, and lays it
carefully in the tray. The clusters are handled entirely by the stems, and the
careful picker lays them in the tray with the stems up, so that the packers may
find no trouble in taking them out These sit at long, low tables. When boxes
with wire nails are used, there is a slit in the table to receive the wire, as the
boxes are packed face down, and there are blocks to incline the box or basket
toward the packer.

Grapes are usually assorted by the packer into three or more grades. The
Niagara Company puts a certificate of excellence on its first-quality fruit, and
nothing goes into these boxes that is not absolutely i^erfect. The clusters must
be large and shapely, and the berries large, well ripened, and of good color.
The second-quality boxes contain smaller clusters, out all imperfect berries are
clipped out, and all webs and other foreign matters are removed. \o loose
clusters are packed in these boxes. If fruit is scarce and high, a third quality
may be packed with profit, but the fruit left from the second selection is usually
made into jellies, catsup, and fermented or unfermentcd wine.

It is said that grapes may be produced at a fair profit for two cents per
pound, but unless sold in bulk the margin from such sales must be very narrow.
The care necessary to pack the grapes for market renders this i)art of the work
expensive, as cheap labor cannot be utilized. True, a great bulk of fruit may be
raised per acre ; but the average packer will not put uj) more than 500 pounds
per day, and skilled packers receive a dollar per day. — Rural Ncu* Yorker

The Canadian Horticulturist. 26e

^ NEWS NOTES.

N currants, the Fay is the largest, and a better cropper than
.C herry. Cherry comes next in size; then comes Versailles,
which is a better cropper than either of the others. Red
Dutch is the best bearer I have, and if given rich soil and
good cultivation, is of fair size, but the greatest objection
to all of them is that they will not stand up with their load.
What we would like is a currant of good size, a good bearer, and one that will
stand up. I am told that the Victoria will stand up, but the fruit is no larger
than the Red Dutch, and late. The White Grape is a good bearer of good sized
fruit, the sweetest currant of all, and the best to eat with sugar and cream.

In gooseberries, I fruited this year Downing, Smith's Improved, American,
Industry, and White Smith. Smith's Improved is a better berry than Downing,
but Downing will produce double the quantity of fruit; White Smith, I
like better than Industry, but the latter is the best bearer. Last year my Indus-
try mildewed badly ; this year I sprayed with a decoction of cedar leaves twice
and I have no mildew. Whether I should credit the treatment or the season, I
don't know, but the treatment is easy and cheap, and worth trying. I shall try
again another year. Gooseberries were a heavy crop with me. I gathered ten
bushels off sixty bushes. Currants were also a fine crop. Raspberries are a
short crop here. This year Golden Queen are on the market for the first time,
and they are all the name implies. When better known they will be more
planted. They are the best bearers I have this year, and the best table berry
out of four kinds.

The winter was very severe on grapes. All my Rogers were killed to the
snow line, so I will have no fruit on them. Other varieties were more or less
injured. Brighton, Concord, A\^orden, Delaware, and Moore's Early are bearing
fruit. I thought Champion hardy, but mine was badly injured last winter. It
grows by the veranda for shade; alongside of it grows a Moore's Diamond, which
was not nearly so much injured as the Champion. So I take it that Diamond
is hardy. It had three or four bunches on last year ; the fruit was early, sweet,
and melting, but the bunches were not compact. There is no fruit this year!
I should think it ripens two weeks before Niagara.

The \\'illiams' strawberry did well with me this year. I like it better as a
cropper than Jessie or Sharpless, but, like them, the fruit is uneven.

I have planted out a lot of blackberries this spring. I planted Snyder,
Ancient Briton, and Agawam, as I consider them all hardy. I would like if
some one of your readers, who has had experience in growing blackberries would
tell us how to do it successfully. Should they be pinched back, and when ? I
also see that some one recommends laying them down, and says that it is not
difficult. I wish he would tell us how and when to lay them down, and how
and when to get them up again ; the latter being of the most importance.

There were no cherries this year. Pears will be a poor crop. Very few
plums. Apples will be fair crop ; Baldwin's pretty well loaded.

S/. T/iomas, Oni. \ \\ (^j

266

The Canadian Horticulturist.

HINTS ABOUT STRAWBERRIES.

R GEORGE T. POWELL, in an address on Strawberry Culture,
before a New York Farmers' Institute, made these remarks : In
fertilizing the strawberry remember that it yields from near the
surface and as a consequence is easily water-killed. To make
success sure it is therefore best to underdrain a piece of land to
carry off the surplus moisture in fall and spring. The soil should
be moist, but not wet. Under drains are fully as valuable in dry as in wet
weather, as they prevent, in a measure, the exportation of moisture from the
soil. A soil that will produce a good crop of corn will produce a good crop of
strawberries.

Potash is the best fertilizer for the strawberry. The vine and foliage require
nitrogen to perfect them ; the fruit, potash and phosphoric acid. The former
will be cheaply obtained from good barnyard manure, the latter from ashes and
ground bone.

I plant in the spring, in rows four feet apart one way, and grow in what is
called the matted row system, not permitting the rows to spread more than six-
teen to eighteen inches. The second season I obtained the best crop. When
the crop is harvested I put in the plough and turn under the whole mass. I
have a new bed coming on each year for next season's crop.

If the rows are four feet apart a row of beans may be grown between them
the first season, but the ground should be well cultivated, the cultivator running
within six inches of the crowns till the runners start to grow, which, when they
have reached a distance of eight or nine inches on each side pinch off. As fine
specimens and as large crops may thus be grown as by the hill system.

How TO Cook the Cranberry. — The American Cranberry Growers'
Association has approved and recommends the following recipes for cooking this
fruit : No. i. — -i quart berries, i pound granulated sugar, ^ pint of water.
Cook ten minutes ; shake the vessel ; do not stir. No. 2. — 1 quart berries, i
pound granulated sugar, i pint water. Bring sugar and water to a boil ; add the
fruit and boil till clear — fifteen or twenty minutes. No. 3. — i pound berries, i
pint (scant) cold water, l^ pound cranulated sugar. Boil together berries and
water ten minutes; add sugar and boil five minutes longer. Gently stir, or
shake, to prevent scorching. In all these recipes use berries of a bright medium
color, as they are more delicate in flavor, jolly better and make more sauce than
over-ripe dark ones.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 267

Xl7e harder) ai)d I^aLcQ.

THE CULTURE OF ROSES.

F you want roses, they must be in the richest part of your rich bed.
You cannot give roses too much rich feeding, and you cannot keep
them too clean. They must be thoroughly watered, and the plants
T^ syringed with whale-oil soap, dissolved in luke-warm water, once a
week at first, and later once a month, if there are no bugs. Instantly
V"^^ when you see a single bug, those small, green parasites, thoroughly
syringe with whale-oil soap. Water once a week with a wateringpotful of luke-
warm water in which a tablespoonful of nitrate of soda has been dissolved. This
can be bought in crude form at any druggist's at ten cents a pound. This en
riches the plant and improves the flowers. Let no rose remain on the plant
when it is in full bloom. It exhausts the plant very much.

If your climate is mild you may have a wide choice of roses. If a New
England climate, do not waste your time on many roses hut the hybrid remon-
tants. They will usually winter with some protection, and they give lavish
bloom, and the robust growth of the plant, with its solid leaves, is, to my mind,
handsomer than any other rose but a few teas. It is well to have some teas for
perpetual blooming and the beauty of the flowers, but they must be taken into
the house in winter.

Roses, like poppies and marigolds, need sun. Set your roses out in the
autumn only if your winter is mild. If you have a severe winter climate, start
them in the spring. Then they will get firmly established by the autumn, and
winter more safely. They must be " laid down " as late as possible — that is,
gently bent to the ground and fastened so by means of twigs put over them like
little arches, the ends of the twigs firmly stuck in the ground ; then, according
to the severity of the winter, cover them with straw, leaves, litter cloths, lighdy
or heavily, as the winter may demand. A snowless winter is their greatest
enemy. — Mrs. Dewing, in Harper s Bazar.

Soil for Grapes. — Most varieties delight in a sandy or gravelly loam,
made rich by potash, lime, and bone. Heavy soils do not suit the grape, and,
if wet, they require drainage, and are improved, if very flat and wet, by ridging.
The different types and thair crosses, generally delight in the same ktnd of soil
as those natural to them where originally found. Thus, those of the .-Estivalis
class thrive more successfully on dry or poor lime and sandy soils. Those of the
Labrusca, a more moist soil, richer in potash than lime. Those of the Riparia
are not so nice as to locality, but dislike a wet or heavy clay, and dry limestone
soil. With proper care we can make all varieties, not too far unsuitable thrive
on almost any soil, and produce abundant crops. — Orchard and Garden.

268 The Canadian Horticulturist

ARRANGE TREES ON COUNTRY PI, ACES.

N plantations depends largely the successful composition and coloring
of a country place. The first thing to consider before you begin to
plant is the adjustment of your views, vistas or outlooks. Ordinarily,
except where you require, for some reason, a special outlook, the
entire outside border of the place should be planted with a mass of
trees and shrubs, making a hedge of irregular waving lines. Or-
dinarily, too, there should be something like seven shrubs to every
tree, the shrubs standing eight or ten feet apart, and the trees forty to fifty feet.
This rule applies, of course, to only large growing shrubs ; the smaller ones can
be tucked in round about. It is an excellent plan to establish a lofty tree, like
the elm, tulip or poplar, at each marked angle of the place and at each side of
the carriage entrance. It tends to gives character to the entire lawn. If you
have room enough, one of the ways of emphasizing certain interesting parts of
your country place, and especially the pleasant home character of the house, is
to establish a grove near that building. Set out the best shade trees — elms,
maples, beeches, tulip trees, liquid ambers and lindens — and let them stand
forty or fifty feet apart, so that they may grow into broad and lofty trees, dispen-
sing abundant shade. Such a grove near the house will give perpetual delight
throughout the year. Even in winter, during snow and ice storms, you will find
unfailing pleasure in contemplating the unexpected and magical effects of snow
and ice in your grove, and, moreover, find comfort in seeking its protecting shelter
if you have planted a few pines in the midst. Planting groves means to many
people simply the setting out of a cluster of trees eight or ten feet apart, and
allowing them to slowly crowd each other to death. Properly managed, the
grove may be the most delightful and admirable feature of all country places,
except the smallest, and even there one great elm or beech may be a grove in
itself

In adjusting the vistas by means of your planting you should see that the
longest lines of view are secured. Let them extend diagonally from corner to
corner of your place if you can — Scribner.

Whitk and Blue Spruce. — Mr. C. G. Patten, a resident of Charles City,
Iowa, confirms the statements of Robert Douglass in regard to the superiority
of the White spruce over the Norway spruce for hardiness and beauty. He also
mentions some trees of Picea pungens, or at least a variety of it, growing about
two miles north of Floyd, in the same State. " Many of these trees have quite
a silvery appearance. The foliage is very dense, and never injured by our
extreme winters, being much mcjre hardy than the Norway."' This is the Colo-
rado Hlue spruce, which will, undoubtedly, be widely planted when it becomes
better known, and is more generally propagated. — VicKs Magazine.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 269

A LIST OF NATIVE FERNS PROMISING FOR CULTIVATION.

Most ferns are easily injured by exposure to strong winds, and a large per
cent, will not thrive when long e.xposed to direct sunlight. After observing these
two points, and the .sections under which the ferns are placed, a little thought
will enable any one to give most of our native ferns a suitable location and
treatment to ensure success.

a. Thriving in sun or shade in poor soil.

Fteris aquilina, L. Eagle Fern. Common Brake.

b. Thriving in cool, rocky places.

Asplenium ebeneum, Ait. Spleenwort.

" Ruta-muraria, L. Spleenwort.

" Trichomanes, L. Spleenwort.

Aspidiufn Filix-mas, Swz. Male Fern.

" fra^rans, Swz. Shield Fern.'
Cryptogramme acrostichoides, R. Br. Rock Brake.
Pelhva gracilis, Hook. Cliff Brake.
Polypodium vulgare, L. Polypody.
IVoodsia Ilvensis, R. Br.

" Oregana, D. C. Eaton.

c. Thriving in bogs or sivainps.

Aspidium cristatum, Swz. Shield Fern.

" Noveboracense, Swz. Shield Fern.

" Thelypteris, Swz. Shield Fern.
Woodwardia angustifolia, Smith. Chain I'ern.

" Virgi?iica, Smith. Chain Fern,

d. Thriving in rich woods.

AdiaJiiujn pedatutn, L. Maidenhair.
Asplenium angustifolium, Michx. Spleenwort.

" Filix-fa'mina, Bernh. Spleenwort.

" Thelypteroides, Michx. Spleenwort.
Aspidium acrosticlwides, Swartz. Shield Fern.

" aculeatum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Koch. Shield Fern.

" Boottii, Tuckerman. Shield Fern.

" Goldianum, Hook. Shield Fern.

" Lonchitis, Swartz. Shield Fern.

" marginale, Swartz. Shield Fern.

" spinulosum, Swartz. Shield Fern.

" " var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. Shield

Fern.
Cystopteris bulbifera, Bernh. Bladder Fern.

" f^<^gi^is, Bernh. Bladder Fern.

27© The Canadian Horticulturist.

Dicksonia pilosiuscula, \Vild.»
Onoclea sensih'/is, L. Sensitive Fern.

'' Struthiopteris^ Hoffman. Ostrich Fern.
Ostnunda cintiamomea, L. Cinnamon Fern.

" Claytoniana, L. Flowering Fern.

" regalis, L. Flowering Fern.
Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fee. Beech Fern.

" hexagonoptera, F^e. Beech Fern.

" polypodioides, F6e. Beech Fern.

— Flora of Michigan.

An effort is being made to secure for exhibition in the Horticultural
Department of the World's Fair a specimen of giant cactus from the desert region
of southeast California. The cactus grows at times to the height of seventy feet.
A specimen when boxed ready for shipment will weigh eight tons, and it will
require an expenditure of something like $2,500 to deliver it in good condition
in Chicago.

Illinois will have an exhibit in its State World's Fair building of specimens
of all the indigenous woods of the State. In order to secure uniformity each
specimen will be about forty-two inches long and consist of a section of the tree
trunk. It will be cut in such manner as to show the grain from the surface to
the center. On each specimen will be painted a picture of the leaf and fruit of
the tree.

i Fu;. 65 —The Caknation — See p. 2'M.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

271

M Tl?C KitcbeQ ^ardeQ. W

HARVESTINC; AND MARKETING OF ONIONS.

WRITER in Far//i and Home says : " If dry weather can be de-
pended upon, there need be no occasion for sheds, for then the
onions can be cured on the ground out of doors. In a dry spell
the crop can even be left unharvested for a time after it is ready
for pulling, though this is not a safe plan, as onions quickly
deteriorate in value if left unharvested too long. It is time to
pull the crop when the tops fall over and begin to waste away. If then left in
the ground and rain should fall, the onions will make a new start, and nothing
will stop them from keeping on growing, and if not quickly used they will spoil.
The same result will follow if rain sets in while they are left on the ground to
cure. A few hot, dry days will be sufficient for thorough curing out of doors,
but in wet weather they must be placed under cover in a dry, airy shed, on
shelves, and not over nine inches deep.

" Only bulbs that are perfectly cured are fit for winter or early spring use.
Onions should never be kept that are not capped over perfectly, and that are not
entirely dormant both at root and top. If perfectly cured they can easily be
kept over winter in a dry, cool and airy room, but they should never be stored
in large bulk together. Many farmers prefer to ship their onions to market as
soon as dried, rather than run the risk of carrying them over, and, as prices ruled
last season, this was the better plan. Good, new dried onions brought up to $6
per barrel in New York about a year ago, but this figure has not been touched
since. It is best to ship to market in good flour barrels which are strong, clean
and of neat appearance, a combination that always tells favorably in the selling
of any product."

Mr. Charles T. Parsons, of Massachusetts, writes the same journal as
follows : " Generally, the early onions sell the best. If they are not too scarce
and high stemmed, let them stand until the tops turn yellow and fall over. In
pulling the earliest, I make selections. If it is a general harvest, I use a rake,
made especially for the purpose, and take care not to bruise the onions. When
they are dried pile them up in small heaps ; this is recommended, as it improves
their looks. I have found it convenient to draw them with a dump cart to the
tobacco shed, to be spread out ; the tops can be cut at leisure, when the market
the owner designed them for, requires. Those for bunching need not be cut at
all ; they will keep much better with the husks and tops on. They absorb
moisture, and in this condition can be stored several feet thick. They should
be carefully watched, as they are very sensitive to the changes in the weather.
The scullions and late gathered should be kept separate and marketed early.

272 The Canadian Horticulturist.

Five hundred bushels are not a large yield per acre. This number was put
down as the average yield of 1865, while many record that much on half an acre.
The Bermuda islands and Spain send many onions to this country early in the
season.

Marketi-.ig the crop is expensive, as they must bu sold mostly in the large
cities. The cost of raising depends upon circumstances, so I will name some of
the items. The interest on the land, hauling, spading, plowing, and hoeing in
the fall, applying 20 loads of manure to the acre, a thorough cultivation in the
spring, carefully raking off the rough soil and raking in 100 bushels of ashes to
the acre, and as much else as you can afford to buy ; these are the chief items.
The seed is often high and should be sown with much care. The weeding and
hoeing should be done six or eight times, which means crawling that number of
times over an acre, with rows about twelve inches apart.

HOW TO PACK AND MARKET AEGETABLES.

g,^^ NE of the most difificult things to get a beginner in packing fruits and
vegetables to understand is the necessity for filling packages tightly,
so as to prevent jostling in transit. . . Another matter which

has been insisted upon for many years in all the farm papers, is the
necessity for honest packing of fruit and vegetables. Growers seem
to suppose that city buyers and dealers look only at the big speci-
mens put on top, when, in fact, the only one deceived in the trans,
action is the shipper, who always loses in cash and reputation. . . .

Growers are fast coming to the conclusion that it pays best to ship veget-
ables in crates of moderate size that can be easily handled. Even the crop of
early potatoes, still largely shipped in barrels, will pay better sent in crates, and
growers who have tested the matter are using crates for this crop. Plenty of
city consumers will buy a whole crate who cannot handle a barrel of potatoes,
and potatoes in crates go off at better prices. . . .

Our vegetables are sent to the exacting Boston market either in bushel or
barrel-boxes. The bushel-boxes are nine inches deep, and scjuare 19x19
inches. The barrel-boxes are 38 x 18 inches in length and width, and 10)^
inches deep. By considering the number of bunches or individual varieties
contained in the standard boxes, the buyer knows whether the size of the
bunches is right for his retail trade. Overgrown monstrosities and uneven
grading find little favor with dealers. . , .

Asparagus is done up in bunches of one pound each, and exposed for sale
in bushel-boxes. The less white found in a bunch, and the larger the individual
sprouts, the better is the price obtained for them. Many fmd it profitable to
make two sorts of bunches, putting the smaller and whiter stalks in separate
bundles, thereby obtaining enough more for the best to return a better price for
the gross lot.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 273

The only variety of cucumber recognized, whether in glass or field culture,
is the White Spine. It is sold in bushel boxes, and should be of such size that
ninety will evenly fill the box. Cucumbers are sold by count, and if the
number is short, the trade knows ihat there are overgrown, seedy ones in the
bottom. If the number is more than ninety, they are too small to please retail
customers. Therefore, a box containing ninety cucumbers brings the top price
if they are straight and true in shape. — American Gardeni/is;.

LAND FOR EARLY PEAS.

Sir, — Please say what is the best way to prepare land for early peas.

S. Peddle. Whitechurch.

Reply by J. J. H. Gregory, Marblehead, Mass.
In reply we would advise your correspondent to select a piece of warm,
early land— fall plowed, if possible — and spread on and plow in good composted
horse and cow manure, at the rate of six cords per acre. Plant as early in
the spring as the ground can be worked.

HOW TO OBTAIN MORE HIGH-GRADE FRUIT.

This subject was treated by Mr. George T. Powell in a practical address
from which we make the following extracts : " We cannot plant young orchards
in land from which we have taken continued crops of grain and grass for years,
and, while the trees are growing, continue to take off potatoes, oats and grass for
fifteen or twenty years longer, and then hope to secure full crops of good fruit.
The trees must be well planted in the first place, with roots pruned back to half
their length and the top cut in quite as severely. The branches of a nursery
tree are not where they are needed ; often two of them are nearly opposite,
which will make the tree liable to split apart. Therefore, it is good practice to
take off the top entirely, leaving only buds on the main trunk where the future
branches are desired. When trees are thus prepared for planting, pruning for
the next ten years can be done with a pocket-knife, and the fruit and foliage will
be where they are needed. Since the foliage plays so important a part in pre-
paring plant-food for use, a good growth of leaves should always be ensured. It
is of little consecjuence to use poisons against insects that devour fruit, and fun-
gus diseases which destroy fruit, when the leaves are left to be infested with
insects and parasites. Since I have sprayed the foliage of my orchards good
Spitzenburgs can be grown once more. Before they were treated in this way
these trees set full of fruit, but they never matured into large handsome apples.
Healthy wood and healthy foliage are essential to vigorous fruit-buds and perfect
("ruit. There is a demand abroad, which has never been supplied, for fruit of
high quality. In the Old World flavor counts for more than appearance. Every
barrel of Ben Davis apples we send abroad depreciates the value of the best
American apples. — Proceedings W. N. Y. Hort. Soc.

274 The Canadian Horticulturist.

HOW AND WHEN TO HARVEST THE ONION CROP.

MR. T. GREINER gives some good hints in his "Onion Culture" on
harvesting onions. When grown by the new method they matured
much earher than when grown in the old way, and as soon as mature
they need to be harvested. A long period of rainy weather afterward will
injure the bulb for the market if left unpulled. At maturity the tops fall over
and begin to waste away, the substance being gradually absorbed by the bulbs,
so, when the majority of the tops are dying down, the time has come for pulling.
They should be left upon the ground for some time to cure, and for this, it is
very desirable to have dry weather. If rain comes, the onions should be raked
over carefully with a lawn rake. A week or more of dry weather is necessary
for curing. Then, on an afternoon of a dry day, gather the crop and dry them
inside, storing them in open sheds, lofts, on the barn floor, or any dry airy place
where the onions can be spread out thinly. There they may be left until per-
fectly cured, that is, until the tops have almost entirely dried away.

Where a business is made of onion growing for market, a shed suitable for
storing onions should be built, varying in dimensions according to the needs of
the grower. All the bins are made of slats, with spaces between for free circula-
tion of air. In rainy weather the sides may be covered with canvas or adjust-
able boards.

Mr. Henry Price, of Missouri, furnishes a description and plan of an onion
curing crib which seemed worthy of commendation. It is described as
resembling a double corn crib. " It is sixteen feet wide, and eighty long, with
a ten-foot driveway in the centre the whole length. This leaves the width of
crib on each side four feet, its height eight feet. The building is lathed all
around, inside and outside, similar to a corn crib. Of course it can be put up
to suit the notions of the person building it, and quite cheaply, if desired.
Ordinary rough posts cut in the woods, set into the ground three or four feet
deep, may serve as a frame work. I think I would divide the storage rooms on
each side into shelves, making at least four of them, each two feet deep. The
onions can then be stored twelve to eighteen inches deep, leaving space enough
for free airing and drying between the layers. The loft may also be used for
curing onions, or for storing corn, and for other purposes."

Tin-: currant worm is said to be greatly inconvenienced if the bushes are
well mulched with coal ashes. Probably if some wood ashes were mixed with
the coal ashes greater results would be obtained. At the New York Experiment
Station bushes mulched with the material mentioned suffered much less from the
ravages of the larva: than others, although one plat was given no other treatment
than ashes, while the plat unmulchcd was several times treated with hellebore.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

275

^Qp^Cafpy

TREES AND SHRUBS BEST SUITED FOR SCREENS OR
WIND-BREAKS.

For this purpose, evergreens are mostly employed. Mi.xed with evergreens
or planted by themselves in dense rows or gi-oups, many deciduous-
leaved trees and shrubs are useful. Young white oaks and beeches hold
many of their leaves during winter and make a very good screen, but they
are unsightly at such times. The following are the common names of our best
evergreens :

Norway pine, where not too near the dwellings, though the tree is a little coarse.
Red cedar grows rather slowly, and becomes brown in winter.

White cedar makes a dense though somewhat slow growth, and is a general favorite.
White pine, one of the very best. It may be cut back if desired, thus keeping the
trees denser and more stocky.
White spruce. Very good.

We enumerate some of the best deciduous-leaved trees :

American elm, Black maple, Pepperidge, Silver maple,

Aspen, Black oak, Red maple, Sugar maple,

Basswood, Box elder. Sassafras, Tulip tree.

Beech, Mulberry, , Scarlet oak. White oak.
Black cherry.

In selecting shrubs to mix with trees, there is no danger of going amiss.
Each possesses some peculiar merit.

Alders, for moist land. Elders,

Bladdernut,
Bittersweet,
Blue beech,
Choke cherries.
Dogwoods,

Grape vines,
Hazels,
Hawthorns,
Honeysuckles,
Judas tree,

Mountain ash,
Mountain maple.
Prickly ash,
Service berr}-,
Sumachs,
Viburnums.

Virginia creeper,
Wild crabb.
Wild plum.
Willows,
Witch hazel,

-Flora of Michigan.

By overbearing many young trees are irrepairably injured. Many planters,
however, are so much afflicted with the muckle in their eye that they sacrifice the
prospective dollar. In other words, they are so eager for a crop that their trees
die of a broken back long before their days of usefulness should have been over.
Trees just coming into bearing should be carefully watched, and if the crop
promises too large for their strength, the evil should be averted by thinning.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, $1.00 per year, entitling the subscriber to membership of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including a copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees,

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

Popular Raspberries. — Conversing the other day with Mr. Jonathan R.
Pettit, one of our Grimsby fruit growers, we were comparing the productiveness
of the Marlboro and the Highland Hardy raspberries. In Mr. Pettit's opinion,
the latter yields almost double the quantity of fruit to the row, and is fully
eight days earlier in ripening. Indeed, with Mr. Pettit, the Marlboro is very
little in advance of the Cuthbert. We mention this, because we are aware that
some growers will scarcely agree with Mr. Pettit in saying that Highland
Hardy is as productive as the Marlboro. Certainly the latter is not quite as
early, but the fruit is much larger, and its color is another point in its favor.

The Cuthbert is, in our opinion, the most satisfactory of all raspberries, if
grown upon suitable soil. Where the ground is too hard and too dry, or inclined
to bake in summer, raspberries will be unprofitable, but on rich sandy loam,
moist, but well drained, the Cuthbert yields enormous crops. This year it has
surpassed its record for productiveness at Maplehurst, when compared with any
former year, and, on the whole, we are inclined to place it first among our rasp-
berries for profit. That other growers agree with us in this, is proved by the
large plantations of this variety which are being .set out, some even cutting down
apple orchards, intending to devote the land to this berry.

Shaffer's Colossal raspberry is, in our opinion, not likely to be popular. It
is a grand berry, so productive and so healthy a grower, and the quality so excel-
lent, when used fresh for the table, or for canning purposes. It ought to com-
mand a higher price in the market than the Cuthbert, but unfortunately its ctilor
is against it, and from consignees in every market, the same word is returned,
"Cannot sell those dark berries," and the returns are a j)roof of what they say,
being usually little more than half the price returned for the Cuthbert.

Thp: Canadian Horticulturist. 277

THE PROXINCIAL APPPLE CROP REPORT.

Prof. James, of the P.ureau of Industries, Toronto, has just issued a repoit of the
apple crop, based upon replies from very numerous inquiries, sent out hy the Department.
This corresponds very nearly with the report already given our readers, through these
columns. He says that the crop is almost a failure along the lakes from Sarnia to Toronto.
The prospects are better eastward through Ontario, Durham, Northumberland, Hastings,
Lennox, and I'rince Edward counties ; better still in the 8t. Lawrence and Ottawa dis-
tricts, and heavy in the Georgian Bay and adjacent counties south, as Huron, Bruce, Grey,
Simcoe, Perth, Wellington, Waterloo.

He estimates the total production of Ontario for this season at 3,.384,179 lbs., and
most correspondents place the whole apple crop of Ontario at less than one-half a full yield.
.Apples really suitable for export are likely to be few.

Exports of Canadian apples are valued at about one-half those of the United States :
our total apple exports for the last three years amounting to $3,969,05.5, while those of our
American cousins amounted to $6,597,065.

The variety of apples most grown in Ontario are as follows : Six autumn — Oldenburg,
Fameuse, Colvert, St. Lawrence, Fall Pippin and Alexander. Six xvinter — Spy, Baldwin,
Greening, Golden Russet, Roxbury, King.

The Market for Winter Apples promises to be good. As will be seen from our
various reports, the American crop is short, and our apples will be wanted at high prices
by our neighbors to the south of us. Any one who has a crop of clean apples will do well
to wait for a good offer before selling.

Pinching Bi.acki!Errie.s. — A subscriber recently made some inquiry about
pruning small fruits. Mr. Thayer, a member of the Minnesota Hort. Society,
speaking of pinching blackberries, says, that he performs this operation for
the most part, when the canes are about ten inches high. Formerly he had
left them until they were ten or fifteen inches high. He was led to make a
change from noting the effect of a severe frost cutting off the new shoots, when
they were six or eight inches high. He found that the stubs, thus made, threw
out new branches, and these formed the best canes he had ever had. The
result of his nipping them at ten inches was a finer growth of canes than he
ever had before. He is also careful to remove the surplus canes as soon as
possible, with the pruning knife, treating all suckers as weeds. He finds that
a blackberry plantation will, if cared for, last twenty or thirty years. The
varieties which he grows are, the Briton for the main crop, with a few Snyder's
to begin with. With good culture he finds the Snyder fairly productive, giving
him from one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five bushels to the acre, but
the Briton has averaged one hundred and fifty, and in some cases, two hundred
bushels.

To keep the curculio from the plum trees, stir one c[uart of lime thoroughly
in two gallons of water, strain through a cloth and add an ounce of sulphur.
Spray the trees with this solution about a week after the blossoms are off and
when the fruit is formed : repeat the operation in two weeks, and again in three
or four weeks more, and you will have plenty of fruit. About four or five times
is all that is needed, and the two gallons will answer for three trees. The cur-
culio can be kept off by corn cobs boiled in sweet water and hung on the trees.
—A. T. S., Clearfield, Pa.

278 The Canadian Horticulturist.

THE FRUIT CROI'.

Lambton, Kent and Essex Countie.^. — Sir, — Further iaquiiies substantiate the
fact that few apples will be harvested iu this district ; not a (juarter of a crop, especially
in Essex there will not be enough for home consumption. Pears will be half a crop, but
the sample is not up to the standard. There are scarcely any peaches in this part of the
country, except in this township near Lake Erie, where there may be a (juarter of a croj).
Plums are fair, and the grape crop an exception ; it promises to be very heavy.— N. J.
Clikton, Windsor, Ont.

Pkterbokouch.— Sj>,— The apple crop in this county will be short, so far as I can
learn, and will be of the early varieties. Some orchards are full, others lacking. The
fruit promises to be of good quality and tine looking. Pears are good and the tiees are
well laden, but there are not many grown in this county, not more than enough for home
consumption. Several members of our Association, to whom I have spoken, say that the
crop of apples will be below that of last year.— E. B. Edwards, Peterborough.

Renfrew. — 5ir,— Grapes, apples and plums will be an abundant crop in this section.
— A. A. Wright, Renfrew, Out.

THE EUROPEAN FRUIT PROSPECTS.

Sir,— As we are approaching the season for shipments of a})ples from your continent, on
which supplies this country largely depends, we have pleasure iu advising you that the
prospects for the sale of apples iiere is good. Our home crop is light, as also the conti-
nental one. This latter will be barely sufficient for home retjuirements, so that exports
from there to us will be small, leaving our markets open for shipments from across the
Atlantic. We strongly recommend shipping only the best stock. — L. H. Williams & Co.,
Liverpool, England.

5«V,— Although shipments from your side must be influenced iu some degree by the
success or failure here, in reality, the extent of shipments mainly rests on the success, or
failure, of your own crop. Our requirements are so large that, however good our crop, we
must still look for large additional supplies. The continental crops, especially those of
France and Holland, are to be considered, but when you have an abundant crop, the prices
will not induce continental growers to ship to us, as they can do better at home. A few
years ago shipments from Denmark were only made possible by the failure of the American
crop, and attempts to establish a trade between the two countries has proved impracticable
as against average American supplies.

The following is an outiue of the prospects for apples on this side :

United Kingdom.— The south-eastern apple districts, which usually supply the Lon-
don market, have sufifered largely from early droughts and subsequent frosts, and the
apple trees are in consequence quite bare of fruit. In the soutliern and north-eastern parts
of the country, there is an abundance of both early and late sorts, and the crop in these dis-
tricts, may, to a certain extent, neutralize the shortness of the supplies in the south-eastern
districts.

Holland and Bkli;ium. — A better crop than last year and tlie fruit of good quality,
but that in Holland will be largely unsuitable for our market.

France. — Half a crop, and in some districts partially a failure.

Oermany and Dknmark. -Half a crop, mostly early sorts, and shipments can only be
induced to our markets by tiie prevalence of high prices. The indications are, therefore,
that our apple crop will be, on the whole, heavier than la.st year, and supplies from your
side'should not reach us until the month of October, when our markets should be open for
large samples. For Liverpool and (Jlasgow, earlier 8up|>lie8 sliouhl moot a ready n:arkot.
— .f. H. Thomas, Covent Oardens, London, England.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 279

PROTECTING THE GRAPE VINE.
No. 487.

Sir,— I have carefully planted the Moore's grape vine you sent me and up to this date,
August 2nd, it has made a growth of eighteen inches. The winters here are cold and long,
and I would like to know how to manage with the vine. Shall I lay it down and cover
it. or let it stand on the trelUs where it is growing now ? I have been taking your journal
a little over a year and like it very much. I am setting out a small orchard and find con-
siderable information in the journal for me.

Ir.\ N. Bcrt, Keswick Kidge, A . B.

Although Moore's Early is a hardy variety of grape, yet there is no doubt
that, in your country, the best plan is to lay down every variety of grape in the
fall and cover it with earth. Even in warmer sections, this practice is found to
largely increase the productiveness of the vine.

HOW TO MAKE GRAPE JUICE.

No. 488. . . .

Sir, — In your next number would you please give a recipe for making grape juice,
such as we had at Maplehurst, and please mention the variety of grape from which it was
made. ^

\V. S. Tur-VER, CornvaU.

The grape juice referred to by our correspondent was chiefly made from
ripe Concords. We can recommend this beverage as most delicious and whole-
some, and one which, in no way, interferes with anybody's temperance princi-
ples. Probably no drink is so safe, and conducive to health, in summer time, as
grape juice, and we have pleasure in recommending it for general use throughout
the country. Of course, it can only be kept sealed up in the same way as our
canned fruit. The following is a very good recipe for its preparation, which has
already been published in this journal :

" Take grapes thoroughly ripe and fresh from the vine. The Concord and
Isabella are especially good, but any fresh, ripe and juicy grape may be used.
Allow one quart of water to three quarts of grapes, freed from the stems. Use
no sugar. Let it come slowly to a boil, and, when the whole mass is boiling
hot, strain the juice through a cheese-cloth, flour sack or other strong cloth*
Then return the liquor to the fire, and, as soon as it is at the boiling point again,
can it. The less the fruit or juice is cooked, the brighter will be its color, and the
better the natural flavor of the grape will be retained. This, like all other arti-
cles to be canned, must be at the boiling point when it is sealed. If the juice
is to be used at once, it should not be brought to the boiling point a second
time. Use wooden spoons in its preparation and only glass jars for keeping it.
The action of any acid substance on tin, is to corrode it and poison the
fruit."

28o The Canadian Horticulturist.

(;raiti\(; vouxii tri:i:s.

No. 4S9.

SiK, — I have a niimbi r of small apple trees that I want to graft next spring. Would it
be best for me to take them up this fall and store them in the cellar, or to let them stand
until next spring and then graft them and set out in the nursery rows. They are scattered
around tlie fields and I have to take them up before grafting.

Ira N. lU'RT, Keswick Ridye, N.B.

If the seedling apple trees you refer to are small, suitable for whip grafting,
the best way would be to take them up this fall and store them in green sawdust
in the cellar until the convenient time for grafting them, and when this operation
i.=i finished, they may be put back again in the sawdust until the time for plant-
ing out in the nursery rows. If, however, the trees are of a larger size, so that
they would require cleft grafting, we would advise planting them out first or in
the places in the orchard where they are to remain, and to leave the grafting until
they have made a vigorous growth. They could then be grafted in the May or
June following.

BURDOCK STALK BORER.
No. 490.

Sir, — I send you a borer found at work among my burdocks, boring the stalk. .Surely
he is a friend that ought to be encouraged ? — W.

IieJ>/j' by Prof. Fletcher, Ottawa.

Your post card is just received and also the accompanying caterpillar which
is that of Gortyna cataphracta, a species closely related to the potato stalk borer,
Gortyna nitela. It is always sent in every year from various localities as a borer
in different kinds of plants ; among others, I have had specimens sent me as
injurious to reed canary grass, and a few other large-stemmed grasses, including
Indian corn, tomatoes, lillies, potatoes, sunflowers It is sometimes sufficiently
abundant among, tomatoes to be noticed by a casual observer, but, as a rule,
escapes detection, except to the quick-sighted, on account of its feeding inside
the stems. When one stem has been hollowed out, the caterpillar leaves it and
bores into another. When full fed, which is about this time of the year, it bur
rows a short distance into the ground, and changes to a yellowish-brown chry
salis, from which the perfect insect, a pretty, tawny moth marked with dark
lines, emerges in about a month.

Amongst fruits, I have found this caterpillar troublesome in the young
shoots of raspberries, and this year a very unusual attack was brought under my
notice in which the fruit of a gooseberry bush was hollowed out, several berries
being destroyed.

The fact of the caterpillar you send having been found attacking bur-
dock, cannot, I fear, entitle it to the designation of friend. Its friendship, I fear,
would be too much akin to that shown by the Saxons to the ancient Hritons,
and if there were no I'icls and Sc(jts, in the shape of l)urdocks, they might pay too

The Canadian Horticulturist. 281

much attention to our vegetables. It must not be forgotten either that their
title to friend would even then stand upon the weak foundation of our want of
appreciation of the burdock, for in Japan this plant is one of the most highly
esteemed vegetables.

THE YELLOW TRANSPARENT IN QUEBEC.

No. 491.

Sib,— I take pleasure in sending you two Yellow Transparent apples, grown in my
little garden, as specimens of what, with care, can grow here, under the 4.5g latitude, but
not with the pretention that something superior can be produced in more favorable locali-
ties. They are off a two-years ago top-grafted tree ; first bearing the worst apples I ever
saw in this and the Old Country. No human being could eat the fruit, and yet it was sold
to me by a good(?) agent for a grafted tree ! I consider the Yellow Transparent as a pre-
cious acquisition for this part of the country. With the best wishes for you and your work.

Pasche, Bryson, Quebec.

These samples are fine. Indeed, no better can be produced in any other
part of Ontario. They are quite large, reaching about 3^4 inches in diameter,
and beautifully clear in skin. With many varieties of apples, the farther north
they can be grown with success, the finer the sample.

FALL vs. SPRING PLANTING OF STRAWBERRIES.
No. 492.

Sir, — Is it better to set strawberry plants in the spring or in the fall ?

W. H., Rock-ton, Out.

Strawberry plants may be set almost any time during the summer, from
April to October, but the most favorable months are April and May in the spring,
and September and October in the fall. Most fruit growers have the most leisure
in the spring, and, therefore, choose that season. There is litde advantage in
planting in the fall unless it can be done quite early so that the plants may
become well established before the winter. Well-rooted young plants cannot
often be found before September, and, if they can, August is generally too dry
a month for success in transplanting. But, if set by the beginning of September,
a small yield may reasonably be expected the following spring.

FERTILIZERS FOR STRAWBERRIES.
No. 493.

Sir, — VVhat is the best manure, when you have not barnyard manure, to use on straw-
berry and all other small fruits, including grapes '/

W. H., RocHon, Out.

For vigor of plant growth, the strawberry, and all other small fruits, need
nitrogen. This is well supplied in dried blood or nitrate of soda. For the per-
fecting of the fruit itself, potash and phosphoric acid are needed. The latter is
easily procured in the form of ground bone, and the former in wood ashes.

282 The Canadian Horticulturist.

The writer makes very free use of this latter material in the vineyard and in the
small fruit plantation. Wood ashes contain, not only a large percentage of
potash, but a small percentage of phosphoric acid, and on a light soil appear to
be of especial merit. In one case, some rows of raspberry and blackberry
bushes, which had been bearing; very small crops for several years, were thrown
into abundant bearing by a liberal application of wood ashes. The quality of
the fruit is also benefited by the potash which they contain.

(4) In beginning to keep bees, wliat kind would be beat for nie to purchase ? How
many hives would be sulticient for nie on the start ? What kind ? Should the bees )»
wintered out of doors ?

(5) Would it not be well to allow members a choice of two or more plants by paying
an additional sum to cover expenses ?

(6) Would it not be a good plan to have a list of Horticultural books that could be
obtained at a little over cost, or by paying two or three years" subscription at one time ?

THE BEE-KEEPING DEPARTMENT.

Sir, — With regard to hav ing a part of the Canadian UoKTiciLTruisT devoted to bee-
keeping, I may say that at present the Bee-Keepers' Association is giving its members the
Canadian Bee Jourtud. and is somewhat interested in making that journal a success. I
think, however, that there could be a few pages of the Hokticultukist devoted to bee-
keeping, t<> advantage. As you remark, quite a number of the bee-keepers are interested
in fruit raising.

At our last annual meeting there was quite a discussion on the subject of starting a
bee journal, under tlie management of our Association. It was decided that the Associa-
tion was not in a position to manage a journal, but iiad tiiere been some similar proposal
then made, it is possible tliat a definite arrangement couhl have been arrived at between
the bee-keepeis and the fruitgrowers. Should the matter come up again at our ne.\t meet-
ing, I will speak of the possibilities of some agreement being made between the two Asso-
ciations.

W. Cor.sE, Secretary of the Ontario Jiff Keepers' Association.

Sib, — I thank you for the sample copy of the Canadian HoRTiccLTrRisr, and must
say that it is a neatly got up jjaper, and should judge that the subscribers must be well
remunerated for their invoHtmiiit. Regarding a departnuiit on lu'e-kroping liiiiu; sUvrtcd
in your journal, it might hv well to go »Unv in the niattcr. Had .surh a projtusition been
made to the I »ee Keepers' Association last .January, I l)elieve that we would liave jumped
at it. A jiroix)Hition of the sanie kind might very properly bi- placed before th*- mcetJLug
of the I{eeKcej)erB' Assuciation at Walkerton, next January. You art- rigiit in saying
that our intt-rests are closely counecti:il, l)nt it must be <|uito a tusk to induce i>.i>ple to
■writf paperM. If you get houie contributions from oui best men, such as 1\. Mi-Kniglit, of

The CANADfAN Horticulturist. 283

Owen Sound ; S. Corueil, ot Lindsay ; Allan Pringle, of Selby ; R. T. Holtenian, Brant-
ford ; and F. A. (ieinmel, of Stratford, it would be (juite safe to start sujh a department.
As for myself, I am not much of a writer, and would not promise to write regularly for
any paper, but would contribute at times to the bee department in the Horticcltuki.st, if
you make such an addition.

B. B. Chalmers, Pook, Ont.

Sir,— Thank you for the sample copy of the Horticultdrist, with which I am much
pleased. As to the advisability of adding a department on bee-keeping, I think it would
be a step in the right direction, and I think it would pay. I do not anticipate any trouble
in getting matter to fill a reasonable space, thus making it, if possible, still more interest-
ing.

A. Pickett, Nassagaweya, Ont.

Sir, — I do not think it would do any harm to add the subject of bee-keeping to your
paper. It might do a great deal of good, as many fruit-growers keep bees, and nearly
every keeper raises more or less fruit. I do not know whether bee-keepers would write
for such a department, as generally our best bee-keepers write the least. Yet, I think you
would receive sufficient support.

The HoKTicrLTUKi.sT was highly spoken of at the meeting of our Association, and I
have no doubt that many bee-keepers would take a great interest in your journal, if that
department were opened.

Martin Emigh, Holbrook, Ont.

Sir, — Your card and sample copy of the Horticulturist to hand. I agree with you
that the two industries go hand in hand, horticulture and apiculture ; and therefore think
that the opening of the latter department in your journal would be of benefit to all con-
cerned.

F. A. Gemmill, Stratford, Ont.

Sir, — Concerning the propriety of adding a department of bee-keeping to your journal,
I think favorably of it. Writing for the press is out of my line, but 1 think there are
plenty of bee-keepers in Ontario who would be willing and competent to contribute to such
a department.

F. A. Rose, Balmoral, Ont.

Sir, — I have no doubt that you conld keep up an interesting bee-keeping department
in your journal. On the other side of the lines I know some of the foremost writers in
America contribute to journals not exclusively devoted to their own pursuit. I have no
doubt that you could get contributors, but you might have to pay them. Your proposal
to start a bee department strikes me as interesting, in view of the discussions on bee
journalism in Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association. As a single director, it would be unwise
for me to express an opinion as to the future possibilities, but I will bear the matter in
mind when onr next meeting comes off.

S. CoRNEiL, Lindsay.

.Sir, — I think the proposition to have a bee-keeping-department in the Horticul-
turist a good one, but you might not have very much to put in it sometimes. I think that
while bee-keepers would be glad to contribute to such a department, there would some-
times be a deluge and again none at all. I was wishing for such a department in your
journal when this spraying was under consideration.

J. K. Darling, Almonte, Ont.

Sir, — My opinion with reference to the proposed amateur bee-keepers' department in
your journal, is that such an undertaking would be hailed with pleasure both by bee-
keepers and fruit growers, as their interests are mutual. Thank you for the sample copy
of the Canadian Horticulturist.

^V. J. Brown, Apiarist, Chard, Ont.

Sir,— I think it would be an excellent idea to open a department on apiculture in the
Canadian Horticulturist. Fruit and bees go well together, and a great majority of the
bee-keepers in Michigan are great fruit-growers, and would presume that the Ontario
climate is much like that of Michigan. I have no doubt that you can manage that depart-
ment with credit to your journal, providing you make it a -.tudy yourself.

A. I. Root, Publisher, " Gleanmjs in Bee Culture," Medina, Ohio.

284 The Canadian HoRricui/ruRisr

FIN FOR IRLir I.ABELS, AND IOWA FRLTr rROSPECTS.

m

SiK, — I enclose you h sample pin whicli I have been using to hold a card with tlie
names of fruit and the entry tag. at our exhibitions. I have the Dames of the fruit
printed in Knglish and Ccrmiiuon clear wliite cards, and it shows a long way from
the fruit stands. The card enclosed will show you wliere the pins may be bougiit
at a cost of thirty cents for a bo.x of one hundred. Our fruit crop is poor this year
owing to 80 much rain and cold weather during April, May and the first part of
June. All our fruit blossomed very full, but dropped badly. Plums are an
entire fAilure ; cherries rotted on the trees and the grajjes have mildewed and are
rotting. I am selling my early api)les, largely Ducliess of 01denbur,g for S4 per
bai rel.

J. E. CoKLETT, Si'c. Clayton Uor. Soc, Firnmrshurtj, lova.

Fig. «(i.

GARDENING IN MIDDLESEX.

This will not be a very profitable year to the fruitgrower in this part of Middlesex, as
the late frosts in the spring iiijured both strawberries and raspberries, aad also currants,
and when the apples, plums, cherries and pears came in blossom the weather was so wet tiiat
fertilization was not complete, and consequently our crop of fruit is very light, compared
with what it was last year. Peaches were badly winter-killed and did not blossom ;it all,
and, owing to the excessive dry weather, some of my blackberries and black raspberries
have dried up without ripening their fruit. The Erie blackberry is not hardy here but it
gives larger berries than either Agawam or Ancient Briton. The latter I tind tl>e hardiest.
The Rancoces raspberry did not do well with me this year, and tlie Cuthbert was winter-
killed to tlie snow line.

Potatoes will be a short crop here. Many planted them the second time, and vegetables
generally will be a poor crop, but we have a very good crop of early potatoes, cabbage,
onions, and we had ripe tomatoes by the first of August. The flower garden has given a good
account of itself this year so far, and now the monthly roses are giving some excellent
flowers. Even though tiie past three or four weeks have been extra dry, the Polyantlius
have been continually in bloom. The following roses of the hybrid perpetuals did best
with me this year. White Baroness, Merveille de Lyons, Perfection de Blanches, Helen Paul,
and White Perpetual Moss, I'aul Neyron, John Hopper, Vick's Caprice, Comtesse de
Serenye, Dinsmore, Zebrina, Little (Jem, Henry Martin ; but some others 1 have are not as
good. (ien. Jacqueminot did not bloom nearly as well this year as formerly. I iiave a seed-
ling pink Scotch rose, that gave some excellent blooms early in the season, but, like most
of Scotch roses, only bloomed early in the summer and then took a long rest. I got some
French Canna seed this spring and they are connnencing to bloom now. I tiled small holes
in tlie seed and then soaked them in hot water before planting, and then I tried to keep
the ground from getting too dry, as that is sure death to any kind of seed after being soaked
in water, and when I transplanted them to the open ground I puddled the soil in around
them and tiien put some dry clay on top and shaded them for a few days, and they never
stopped growing when the dry wcither came.

Your proposed changes in the HoKTKiLTrRi.<5T meet with my approval, the size of
the page as at present just suits my fancy and of course no reader should grumble at an
aildition to the number of pages and illustrations.

J AS. .\I. Waters, Fenihill P.O., Out.

Tin: WILLIAMS' STR.\Win:RK\-.

SiK, — Tlie Williams' Strawberry has ^leased me this season better than ever before.
Tiie cool moist weather seems to have f-avored tlie dcvelopiiuiit of its characteristic qual
ities. The crop was something enormous and the berries tiie largest of any I ever saw ;
There was no trouble with the wlii^e tips. Some of the best berries mea.xu red five and a
((uarter inches in circumference. Its season lasted over a muntii.and iield its size longer

The Canadian Horticulturist.

285

11 any other berry grown here. It was tested alongside of such good sorts as Bubach
sie, Warfield, Haverland, Mrs. Cleveland, Eureka, Itasca, Daisy, Viola, Ladyj Rusk'

than

Jessie, Warfield, Haverland, Mrs. Cleveland, Eureka, Itasca, Daisy, Viola, Ladyj „„

and a few others considered the best sorts ; Init it far outstripped all competitors and com-
manded one or two more cents a basket in the Brantford markets than any other variety.
I consider it the best all-round berry I have ever seen during an experience extending over
forty-tiiree years in strawberry growing.

Wm. Grek;, f'aimvilh, Ont.

[Sir, -The five Williams' strawberries received of you in 1891 wintered well ; far better

than the Sharpless. They are a very thrifty growing plant. The apple tree Gypsy Girl
received'from you this spring was in good condition and is doing finely.

A. i^- Crosby, Complin, Que.

CANADIAN APPLES FOR FIRST-CLASS FAMILY TRADE IN

ENGLAND.

Sir,— Kindly allow me to call the attention of your leading apple shippers to the im-
portance of putting up a really choice line of Baldwins, or other specially sound keeping
fruit. Until recently the green fruit business in the United Kingdom has almost ex-
clusively been done by fruiterers, but last season, my principals, Messrs. .Marples, Jones &
Co., Liverpool, sold a considerable quantity of apples, particularly Baldwins, at good prices
to provincial grocers with whom they do a very large trade. These were consigned through
the Imperial Produce Company, of Toronto, and paid the shippers a good profit. In mov-
ing around amongst tlie provincial grocers I find an inclination to go into this business
more extensively, especially if our Canadian friends can send forward really choice, selected
keeping fruit, packed in cases containing about a bushel of apples, looking quite' as large
as they are and neatly branded on the end. What is needed is a package that can be sold
whole to the consumer, containing such goods only as will be a credit to the Dominion.

Walter Stark, Toronto House, Newsham Drive, Neivsham Park, Liverpool.

SEEDLING STRAWBERRIES.

Sir,— I send you to-day a sample of seedling strawberry. Would you kindly pass
judgment on it in your next number. Three years ago it was discovered growing where "a
large number of refuse berries were thrown out. It was transplanted, and last year we
had quite a number of plants, which flowered profusely, but were all killed by a late frost •
This year I have quite a bed, and they bear very abundantly. They are very hardy, and
strong growers, and their roots penetrate deeply. I think they are a seedling of the Wilson
possibly fertilized by the Sharpless. '

Robert McIntosh, Neivcastle.

[Unfortunately these berries were too loosely packed, and came in bad order. The
appearance of them, however, leads us to want to see more of them. — Editor.]

THE HONEY STRAWBERRY.

Sir,— This new strawberry belongs to the Alpine species, indigenous to the Sierra
Nevada mountains. Fragaria chilensis is the botanical name of this variety. It is an ever
bearing variety and yields its greatest crops during the months of August and September,
after other varieties are gone. The berries are glowing red in color, exceedingly sweet,'
juicy, aromatic, delicious, melting in the mouth, without a particle of hard core. The ber-
ries are not large, but, by proper cultivation, will average three quarters of an inch in
length ; they are oblong in shape. This season I noticed berries that were the inch and a
half in length and a half inch in diameter at the base. I have counted at one time sixty-
five berries on a single plant and found numerous young shoots loaded with blossoms
besides, and this plant was no exception.

The Honey strawberry is exceedingly prolific and, in favored climates, will bear abund-
antly all the season long; here it continues in bearing about eight months. It will also
stand shipment well. The Honey strawberries raised in this country, are shipped to that
great pleasure resort, Lake Tahal, where they bring a good price. It is a perfect flowering
variety and would be valuable as a fertilizer among pistillates. In a word I might sum up
the good qualities of the Honey strawberry as follows : great productiveness, spicey,
aromatic, flavor, delicious sweetness, sweet fragrance and splendid coloring.

S. L. Watkixs, Orizdy Flatu, Col.

286 The Canadian Horticulturist.

^ 0CJP Soo4 Table. ^

Michigan Flora. — Prepared for the thirthieth annual report of the Secretary of the
State Hoard of Agriculture, by W. J. Beall, M.S., Ph.D., and C. K. Wheeler, H.S.,
Agricultural College, Michigan, 1892.

This is a most interesting report. It contains, not only a complete list of the flora of
the state of Michigan in natural orders, but a great deal besides, which is both interesting
and valuable to students, whether of that State or not. For instance, there are interesting
chapters on the trees and shrubs of Michigan, as compared with those of the rest of the
world, with rea.sons why tiie Michigan llora is so rich, and why there are so few specimens
in (Ireat Britain. There are interesting lists of trees, selected for various (jualities, as, for
example, the native trees and shrubs which should be selected for the color of their leaves
in autumn ; small trees distinguishable for their flowers ; shrubs and trees which are dis-
tinguishable for their beautiful fruit, and lists of those which are distinguishable for showy
bark. Then follow lists of plants which clindj or twine ; jjlants suitable for winter
boutjuets ; native ferns ; trees which indicate a fertile soil, ami others which indicate a
barren soil ; trees valuable for timber, for posts and sills, for cabinet work, etc., etc.
Clippings from these parts of the volume will be made for use in future numbers nf our
journal.

Annals ov HoRTict'LTruE in North America, for the year ItSStl. A witness of passing
events and a record of progress. By L. H. Bailey, Cornell University.

This book comes to us beautifully bound in cloth. It is a volume of over four hundred
pages, and is quite a new departure in book making. It is an attempt at making an
annual record of the horticultural progress of North America, and of Classifying our
S'jattered knowledge of American horticultural literature. Part I of this volume is
devoted to Ceneral Annals under the following heads : 1st, Fruits, vegetables and general
interests ; "ind, Ornamentals ; .3rd, Plant diseases ami insects ; 4th, National and educa-
tional interests ; and Part II to Special Annals as follows : 1, New introductions of 1891 :
2, Census of cultivated indigenous plants ; 8, Plant portraits of 1S91 ; 4, Directory of
the national, state, provincial, and other most important horticultural societies in North
America ; 5, Directory of horticulturists, or those in charge of horticultural work, of
experiment stations in North America ; G, The botanic gardens of the world : 7, Title
index to experiment station horticultural literature in North America of 1S91 (including
publications of the Department of Agriculture) ; 8, Subject index of the experiment
station horticultural literature in North America for 1891 (including publications of the
Department of Agriculture) ; 9, Rooks of 1891 ; 10, Horticultural periodicals of the
world ; 11, Tools and conveniences of the year ; 12, Necrology of 1891. Evidently this is
a book which no student of liorticulture can afford to do witliout.

Transactions ok thk .Maine Statk Pomolooical Society for 1891. Secretary D. H.
Knowlton, Augusta, Me.

These reports are always interesting to us in Canada, because of the similarity of
climate between that State and tlie northern parts of our province. Tlie experience of
fruit growers in Maine witli hardy fruits is valuable to our apple growers in the colder
parts of Ontario. Some of the subjects discussed are. Marketing of apples, Crape growing.
I'ear culture. Fruit growing comparetl with other agricultural indnstrios, Fruit lists.
Becretary's portfolio, etc.

THE

Canadian Horticulturist.

Vol XV.

1S92.

No. lo.

THE CROSBY PEACH.

O uncertain is the peach crop in Ontario that very few
plant orchards with confidence. The venture compares
well with gold mining ; here and there one makes a for-
tune, while some meet only with failure. ]\Ir. Tyehurst,
with his seventy-five acres, gets a crop worth $10,000 in a
single season, while many have either a small crop or a
complete failure. The disease known as the Yellows has cleared out many
orchards before they have given any returns, and climatic influences are often
destructive to the fruit buds, even in places where other conditions are favorable.
The Crosby comes highly commended from the Eastern States. It is an
attractive looking peach, but its great merit consists in the hardiness of its fruit
buds, an important consideration with us. During the last decade it has been
on trial in Massachusetts and Connecticut, and has given ten consecutive crops
of fruit, when the standard varieties, during the same term, gave only tsvo or
three crops.

The Crosby resembles the Wager in tree and fruit, but the Wager cannot
be compared with it in hardiness of its fruit buds.

Our colored plate of this peach shows a very large sample, quite above the
average, such as would only be produced under special conditions. The fruit
averages only medium in size, from two to two-and-a-half inches in diameter.

This peach was first sent out in 1876 by a Mr. Crosby, a nurseryman of
Massachusetts. It was distributed by the Massachusetts Agricultural College,

288 The Canadian Horticulturist.

under the name of Excelsior, and has also been called Hale's Hardy, because
Mr. Hale, a very prominent peach grower in Connecticut, first grew it exten-
sively. The name Excelsior, however, was found to be confusing, because there
was also a peach cultivated under the name Prince's Excelsior. The United
States Division of Pomology decided to give it the name of its original intro-
ducer, Mr. Crosby.

Mr. VanDeman, of the United States Division of Pomology, describes it
as follows : Size, medmm, about two inches in diameter ; shape, round or
oblate, sometimes being compressed towards the apex ; cavity, medium ; suture,
moderately deep, and extending from the base to beyond the apex, often causing
the tip to be sunken ; color, bright yellow with crimson splashes and stripes,
very attractive ; skin, moderately thick, with short pubescence ; flesh, bright
yellow, red at the stone, juicy ; stone, small, blunt, parting readily from the flesh ;
flavor, mild sub-acid, rich ; quality, above medium ; season, the last week in
September in Massachusetts, ripening just before Crawford's Late.

We wrote Mr. J. H. Hale, the famous peach grower of South Glastonbury,
Conn., regarding this peach, asking his opinion with reference to the correctness
of the colored plate we are using. He writes as follows : " Your plate of the
Crosby peach was made from extra selected specimens grown on young trees,
in a high state of cultivation, and so represents the greatest possibilities of this
variety, while the plate shown by Mr. VanDeman in his report was made from
average specimens, grown in sod on trees twelve or thirteen years old. Both
these specimens were grown in Northern Massachusetts, just on the border of
New Hampshire. The Crosby is an abundant bearer, and most of the trees I
have seen fruiting for some years past have been overloaded. The fruit runs of
a good even size, averaging about two to two-and-a-quarter inches in diameter.
It is the most attractive yellow peach I have ever seen, with small pit, and of
excellent quality ; still, it is not so large as the Crawford, and I do not think that
it would sell so well in the market as that variety when abundant. But, in my
opinion, the Crosby, on account of the hardiness of its fruit buds, will produce
full crops many years when there are no Crawfords or other peaches of that class.
I have a three-year-old orchard here of Mountain Rose, Crawford, Old Mixon,
Stump, not bearing this year or last, but two hundred trees of Crosby, in the
same lot, are full of fruit, as they were also last year, and they are only in their
second summer. We, who know the Crosby best in New ICngland, think that
in it we have a variety which can be depended upon to fruit at least four years
out of five. In fact, the trees in the States of Massachusetts and New liamp-
shire are now loaded with their tenth successive croj). Old orchards of assorted
varieties are fruiting well this season, and we expect to harvest ten or twelve
thousand bushels. The |)rices are high, as there is little to come from the south
to us."

November and December Numbers free to all persons subscribing

durine the iiionlh of October Un the year 1S93.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

289

GRADING FRUIT.

HE importance of carefully grading our fruit for market can
hardly be over-estimated. One shipper, sending his pears
without grading, got low prices, and on inquiring the rea-
son, he was told that they were all seconds, and the price
returned was good for that class. The fact was, he had
sent his firsts and seconds mixed together, in the same
package, and the whole lot sold as second class.

The writer has for years made a practice of carefully grading nearly every
kind of fruit. Pears he puts up in three classes ; No. 2 are the best of the blem-
ished, and go in barrels ; No. i are all clean, well-formed samples, and go either
in kegs or 12-quart baskets; extras are very fine large samples, and these are
put up in 6-quart baskets, with pretty fancy cover, cut one-eighth of an inch
thick, with a large elliptical opening cut out of the middle, over which cardinal

leno is stretched, see Fig. 67. This is a
handsome package, showing the fruit, and
at the same time completely protecting it
from injury, when packed basket upon
basket in the car. The grade and the
sender's name is marked on the handle,
while the address is branded upon the
cover, or written on a card and placed
inside of the cover.

While it is a great advantage to ship
No. I and 2 in separate packages in-
stead of being mixed together, yet, if the latter class could be kept entirely out
of the market, except as evaporated or dried fruit, it would be a great relief all
around. Every one hates to handle second-class fruit ; the grower won't put
his name on the packages containing it ; the salesmen hate to offer it for sale,
and the buyer grumbles, no matter how cheap he gets it, and so nobody is
satisfied.

In packing apples, equal care in grading is needed, whether for home or
for foreign markets. Mr. W. White, of Ottawa, encloses us the following clipping
from an English paper, advocating the use of small packages for choice apples :

" Why don't Canadians take a leaf out of the Australians' book in suppljing British
apple-markets ?" said a well-known Canadian man of business the other day. "I know
that the Canadian fruit comes in at a diflferent season, and is of not quite the same class,
but I believe that were Canadian exporters to send their choice apples here in smaller boxes
or barrels, they would do a large trade. You may see the Australian apples at Corent
Garden in 40 lb. boxes, and upon each box about 10s. is realized. A barrel of Canadian
apples of the weight of 196 lbs. goes for about the same money. A man will often buy a
small lot of 40 lbs. for his family use, and I fancy the Canadians would do well to consider
the possibilities of meeting the demand for smaller lots which the Australian trade has
shown to exist."

Fig. 67.
Carpentei|(s Cover for Frcit Basket.

290

The Canadian Horticulturisi.

Mr. White adds, — " The suggestion is an excellent one. Purchasers, par-
ticularly in large cities, don't keep articles of domestic consumption in large
quantities — they have no convenience for so doing. When fruit especially is
wanted, the prefer to purchase just what is required, and are quite willing to pay
a high price if they get just what they want."

We scarcely see where the advantage v,-ould be in using the 40 lb. boxes.
Surely the keg or the half barrel is much better. We have for some time prac-
tised putting up apples in three grades. No. 2 is understood to mean the
second class apples, which, on account of some blemish or imperfection, is unfit
for export. These are packed in ventilated barrels, as they are cheaper than
the ordinary closed barrel, and any fungus spots are less apt to grow than when
shut up tight. Sale can usually be found for this class of apples for cooknig
purposes, in our own markets, toward the end of November, and usually bring
all they are worth. If the fruit-grower has an evaporator on his place, he can
use them in it to still better advantage. No. i is understood to mean first-class
fruit, that is, the samples are fairly perfect, clean and well-colored, besides being
uniform in size. In favorable seasons the great bulk of the crop comes in this
class, but, unfortunately, in a year like this, nearly one-half must go as No. 2.
Extras, are very choice selected fruit, nearly uniform in size, and of high color,
suitable for table apples, and these go in half barrels for special markets.

In packing grapes, it is well to observe similar care in the selection. No. 2
are second class, and should go for the wine vat or vinegar. They will consist
of such bunches as are very straggling, or contain either unripe or imperfect
berries. No. i, which includes all first-class bunches, well ripened, and of good
si/.e, may be packed in the lo-llD. basket, se^ Fig. 67,
with the same cover as shown in Fig. 68, only using that
color of leno which best corresponds with the color of
the grapes in each package. For very fancy grapes, or
extra assorted, special packages are sometimes used,
such as are shown in Fig. 00, made with a sliding
top, and packed from the bottotn in such a way that
on opening an even surface of choice grapes is shown,
the stems being concealed beneath. The
use of a little pinked out paper, of suitable
color, under the top of the cover, to pack
against, will add to the fancy apj)earance
of the jjackages.

The use of small packages for fancy
fruit is not to be commended in general,
but only in cases where the fancy grade is
carefully kept up, and an appreciative market for such goods can be found.

American Gardening has been making iiKjuirics among various correspond

Fic. 6s.

Fk;. Git.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 291

ents regarding grape growing. The general opinion of the growers seems to be
that the markets are opening up quite as fast as vineyards are being planted, and
that no fear need be entertained that in the very near future, our markets will
be so over-stocked as to make the business unprofitable. One writer says the
great need is improvement in quality, cheaper and quicker transportation, and
the season of maturity such, that every northern market may be supplied with
fine grapes from June until January, in abundance.

JUDGING MELONS.

3N view of the importance of establishing correct principles in judg-
ing fruit, we give place to the following remarks by E. Williams
in \.\\& Rural New Yorker : The judging of melons as generally
practised as a farce, as they are almost invariably judged by ap-
pearance, size being the ruling factor, and oftentimes by persons
unacquainted with the varieties. Musk melons are often evidently
wrongly named, and so mixed by crossing as to seriously impair the quality, but
they are seldom tasted, and taste should be the deciding factor as to quality, as
it often would be of identity. If there is anything more disappointing in the
fruit business than, after cutting a large, handsome melon, to find it no better
than a pumpkin inside, I do not know what it is. The absurdity of the in-
detiniteness governing these exhibits and awards must be apparent to all who
have ever had any thing to do with them. The judges should be experts and
know the tastes and characteristics of the fruits they are to judge well enough to
recognize any departure from the normal condition, and the shedule of instruc-
tions should specify and define what is meant by best — size, appearance or
quality. If the former, the Hackensack, and other pumpkin-hybrids, will invariably
secure the prizes, and the delicious Jenny Linds, Christianas and Golden Gems
may as well stay at home. The nomenclature of these exhibits needs correcting,
and the judges should be able, and it should be their duty to do it. Our socie-
ties should secure at least one expert on each committee and pay his expenses ;
or, better still, reduce the duty to one person in each class ; let him be an expert
and pay for his services. It would be cheaper for the society, and more satis-
factory to all concerned, and more expeditious in the bargain.

Keeping Grapes Fresh. — The following recipes were given at a fruit-g owers
meeting in Ohio : (i) Dip the stems of the bunches, where broken off, into
melted red sealing-wax and pack them in cotton in large pasteboard boxes.
They must be kept where it is dry and cool. (2) Toward the end of October
cut the shoots with the cluster attached, sharpen the lower ends to a point and
stick them into potatoes. Spread the bunches out on straw or dry hay, so that
they shall not touch each other. The grapes must be placed where it is dry
and cool.

292 The Canadian Horticulturist.

INSPECTION OK APPLES.

E have just received a copy of the " Act to Further Amend the
(ieneral Inspection/ Act," to which has been added a section pro.
' \\d\x\giori\\Q inspection of apples. This, of course, was in response
to the request of our Association, made through a committee to
the House of Commons at Ottawa. Unfortunately, the wording
of this amendment has been done without consultation with the
members of our committee, or with any apple giower ; and the
standards have been made so absurdly exacting that it will be absolutely impos-
sible for our packers to come up to the requirements. In consequence, no one
will be likely to attempt to comply, and the Act will become a dead letter.
The following are the sections referred to :

109. (1.) In the inspection of closed packages of apples, the inspector shall open not
less tlian one package in every five ; and, if the manner of packing is found to be fraudu-
lent, or unfair, then he shall oi)en all the packages put up by the shipper of such package.

{•!.) Every brand found to be fairly and properly packed he shall brand as No. 1 In-
spected Canadian Apples, or. No. '2 Inspected Canadian Apples, as the case may be, if tit
to be so branded.

(3.) The inspecter shall also examine the varieties of apples submitted for inspection,
and shall correct the nomenclature if incorrectly marked, or, if the name of the variety is
not marked, he shall cause it to be marked on the package.

(4. ) The inspector may charge a fee of ten cents for each package inspected by him,
and such charge shall cover the cost of opening and closing the package.

110. (1) No. 1 Inspected Canadian Apples shall consist of perfect specimens of one
variety, of uniform size, and, in the case of a colored variety, of fairly uniform color, and
shall be free from scab, worm holes, knots and blemishes of any kind.

{•!.) No. 2 Inspected Canadian Apples shall consist of specimens of one variety, free
from scab, worm holes, knots and blemishes of any kind, but not of uniform size or color.

Now let us look into the matter. To open one barrel in five my be neces-
sary in the case of shippers that are known to be somewhat careless, but we are
of the opinion that, where the inspector has become acquainted with the charac-
ter of a certain packer, it is not at all necessary that he should open more than
one barrel in ten, taken at random. To open one barrel in five would mean at
least thirty barrels in a car-load. Now this would cause too great a delay of a
shipment of apples, at Montreal, or at whatever port they were inspected and
transferred to the steamer. The inspector should not be obliged by the Act to
open more than one barrel in ten.

It is all right to correct the nomenclature, if incorrectly marked ; but to
make it compulsory that every unnamed lot should hv named by the inspector
might frecjuently give him a task which no human being could satisfactorily
accomplish.

The fee of ten cents a barrel is too high, at least while the benefits of inspec-
tion are as yet unproved. The Dominion (iovernment should provide for the
larger part of the work ; a small fee of two or three cents would be enough for
the shipjjcr to j)ay, and, if found r.ecessary, after the benefits are fully appre-
ciated, the fee might be raised.

The Canadian HoRTicaLTURisT. 293

In section 1 10 we read that No. i shall consist of perfect specimens. Now
perfection is a lofty word and is a state not easily reached either by apples or
men. Had there been a modifying adverb it would have been all right, but no
packer would be able to submit his apples to inspection, with any confidence, if
the inspector is to apply this word in its strict sense. It provides that the apples
are to be of a uniform size. " Nearly uniform " would have been a more suit-
able phrase. How would it be possible to put up a barrel of apples of exactly
one size ? Perhaps it is well enough, in the case of No. i, to say that they shall
be free from blemishes of any kind, but, in the case of No. 2, the same provi-
sions are made, making scarcely enough distinction between the two grades.

That a properly arranged system of inspection, for Canadian apples which
are going forward to Great Britain, would result in immense benefit to apple
growers in Canada, seems well assured. We have lately received a communica-
tion from an extensive dealer in apples in Liverpool, England, who says that he
is pleased with the prospect of such an Act being in operation, and that a reliable
Canadian brand would much encourage our export trade. What a pity that the
whole thing is inoperative, for this season, on account of such stupid legislation.
It will be necessary that this whole matter be carefully discussed at our next
meeting, at Brantford, and the secretary authorized to make representations to
Ottawa concerning these egregious faults, in order that they may be remedied
before another fruit season.

Our own views on this subject may be seen on pages 128 and 129, where
the grades were thus described :

Grade No. 1 shall consist of well-grown samples of the variety named, nearly uniform
in size, well shaped, of normal color, free from scab, worm holes, curculio knots, etc.

Goods No. 2 shall consist of apples free from scab, worm holes, but which for lack of
uniformity in size, deficieacy in color, abnormal shape, or any other reason, are considered
by the inspector unfit to be graded No. 1.

Possibilities of Small Fruit Culture. — The figures given in the last
report of the Seneca, N. Y., Experiment Station, of yield of strawberries, seems
rather startling. The Burt, in matted rows, four feet wide and twenty-four long,
yielded at the rate of 11,344 quarts per acre; Beder Wood, 10,890; Parker
Earle, 8,168. These, says the Horticulturist, were grown precisely as they
should be grown by the "mall fruit grower.

The Shaffer raspberry gave a grower near the Station 6,839 quarts from
2,550 bushes, occupying one-and-a-half acres. The crop was sold to a canning
factory for six cents a quart, and amounted to $340. The Gregg produced for
the same grower, from 2,400 plants, three feet by six, occupying one acre, 2,440
quarts, which sold to a canning factory for six cents a quart.

We often hear of large crops of strawberries from small areas, and count
what a prodigious yield per acre the same rate of yield per square foot would
give ; but, alas ! we sadly fail when we try to get the same results in field culture.
The possibility of it remains, however, and why can't we ?

294

The Canadian Horticulturist.

SCALE OF NUMHKRS FOR SIZES OF APPLES.

r would be a great aid to uniformity in the descriptions of

new varieties of apples if we could adopt some scale of

sizes, so that when we spoke of a variety as being small,

medium, or large, it would have a more definite meaning.

At the present, the term medium size might convey to

one person an entirely different meaning from what it

would to another.

We notice in the last report of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society,

an excellent suggestion by the Committee on Nomenclature. Speaking of the

indefiniteness of the terms small, medium, large, and very large, they recommend

S.MAl.I..

Mkdhm.

Large.

9 10

Kifj. 70.— ScAi.K or NiMiiKiis kok Si/.k ok Arvi.Es.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 295

a system of designating the size by a number from one to ten, starting at two
inches in diameter, and adding one-quarter of an inch for each number. Num-
bers I, 2 and 3 will then represent all under medium ; 4, 5, 6 and 7, medium ;
and 8, 9 and 10, large. Any varieties exceeding the diameter represented by
these numbers would be designated as very large.

We have made a copy of this scale, and would suggest its adoption by our
Association, for use in Canada.

Since writing the above we have corresponded with Mr. J. S. Harris, of La
Crescent, Minn., who is the author of the table. He writes :

The square No. 1 should be exactly two inches, and each succeeding one one-fourth
inch larger, which will make the outside one, numbered 10, measure 4^ inches, which is
the size of the largest specimens of apples grown in this State that have come under my
notice. In describing by this method, the numbers are to stand for full average size of
typical specimens of the variety. In numbering by this plan, I class all fruit measuring
•2 inches or ^ inch less, as size 1 ; from 2 to 2]^ inch,^8ize 2, etc.

Five Best Strawberries. — A member : Name the five best varieties for
market purposes ?

Mr. Thayer : Well, to start with, I will tell you that you are asking a good
deal. Situated as I am in Wisconsin, with no home market, my aim is to select
the berry which is nice looking and firm. That is the berry that gets there in
good condition, and takes the public eye. That is why I believe in the Warfield
as being the best berry for shipping to a far market. I have used the Jessie as
a pollenizer, but its shipping qualities are not so good, unless it is shipped before
it turns red very much. For near markets there are the Bubach and Haverland.
The Crescent is an old standard for near market, and I have found it a good
berry. If I were to select for myself I would take the Warfield, Jessie, Bubach
and Haverland, and like everybody else I am skirmishing around to find a good
pollenizer. We have a fine pollenizer in Michel's Early. I have found it hard to
get a staminate variety that is as prolific as the pistillate. — Minn. Hort. Soc.

Cutting out the old canes of raspberries, as soon as the fruit is gathered,
seems to be of great benefit to the new canes. Pinching the new canes as soon
as they are three feet high seems to produce better results than allowing them
to grow unchecked. Red raspberry plants from new plantations give better
results than those from the older ones. The Houghton Seedling gooseberry
seems to lead all others and is productive on a larger variety of soils and under
more varied conditions than any other sort. The Red Dutch currant, kept free
from weeds and grass, with old wood cut out and plenty of manure on top of
the ground, seems to be good enough for the average planter. — Minn. Hort. Soc.

2

296 The Canadian Horticulturist.

SOME PROMINENT CANADIAN HORTICULTURISTS.— XVIII.

MR. T. H. RACE, OK MITCHELL, ONT,

T is a source of strength to the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association
that it numbers among its directors men occupying so many different
positions. We are thus able to come in touch with horticultural life
in its various phases, and reach the sympathies of a very wide circle
of readers. In the composition of our directorate, we have had, in
addition to practical fruit growers, ministers, merchants, lawyers,
judges, professors, farmers, florists, nurserymen. Civil Service employees, etc.,
all, of course, practically engaged in some line of horticulture, to such an extent
that it amounted almost to a hobby.

With this number of our journal, we have pleasure in introducing to our
readers another member of our directorate, who by vocation is an editor, but,
at the same lime, an ardent lover of the garden and a successful grower of
hybrid remontant roses.

Mr. T. H. Race is editor of the Mitchell Recorder, a weekly paper, standing
well with the general public in Western Ontario, because so ably conducted, A
native of Northern England, he was born in 1846 ; and when a mere boy came
to Canada with his parents, who had purchased a farm in the vicinity of Port
Hope. He was educated in the excellent high school of that place ; and it was
while living on a farm in the neighborhood of that romantic town, in full view
of Lake Ontario, that he became enamored with the beauties of nature and first

"Held communion with her visible forms."
There, while yet a boy, he was wont to revel with those poets of nature, Byron,
Bryant and Emerson, in the solitude of the beach and the adjacent ravines.

His first lessons in the propagation and cultivation of fruit trees were
learned among the fruit growers and nurserymen of Rochester, about the time
of the Civil War.

Mr. Race continued farming until he was twenty-six years of age, when he
entered upon business life. During the years he was thus occupied, he never
lost his fondness for the cultivation of fruit and flowers ; but it was not until he
went to Mitchell and engaged in the newspaper profession in 18S0, that he
became an enthusiast in fruit culture. His particular hobby is hybrid remontant
roses, of which he grows some fifty or sixty varieties.

For many years he has been a reader of the Canadian Horticulturist
and of the reports of our Association, but he first attended one of our
meetings at Hamilton in i88g, and gave a paper on "The Garden." The follow-
ing year he was elected director for the counties of Perth and Middlesex, and the
City of London. In December, 1891, on the election of Mr. A. H. Pettit, as
President, Mr. Race was elected Vice-President, a position of honor which his
previous literary training and practical experience has well qualified him to fill.

T. H. Race, Esq.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 297

EXPERIENCE WITH GOOSEBERRIES IN SOUTH SIMCOE.

HE enlargement of our journal, and the kind invitation to all mem-
bers, to take hold, should certainly have the effect of bringing out
a good deal of practical experience, and it may be discussion ;
which in their turn should furnish material for the meetings of the
' Association. It seems to me that some of the things I want to
know about are :
I St. Pruning.
Fertilizers ; quantity, kind and results.
Varieties grown, and results.

Novelties tried, and have they proved to be improvements.
Time, which is more important than the mere price, is often lost with these
for the want of a little information! from those who know.

With your permission, I will give a few notes out of my experience with
some of the different varieties of gooseberries :

Downing stands first, all things considered, it averaged three quarts per
bush, every year, for four years.

Smith's Improved, I have dug up. Fruit fine, but no yield in four years'
trial. [It yields abundantly at " Maplehurst.'' — Ed.]

Industry, ditto. I have tried boards, laid tightly underneath, for mildew,
but the result was failure.
In new varieties.

Autocrat grave a large crop, of very large fruit, less mildew than any other
variety.

Pearl, apparently no larger than Downing and nowhere in crop, but I still
hope for better things in future.

All these were heavily dressed 'with stable manure and ashes. With me, the
tips of the new growth, on even Downing, are affected with mildew, at this sea-
son of the year. Autocrat seems to be exempt from this.

Trimming, with me, consists in cleaning out underneath, and thinning out
head ; not too thin, or fruit scalds. No cutting back ; any stem that is cut at all
is cut clean out.

Nantye, Aug. ij, i8g2. Stanley Spillet.

Tile Draining an Orchard. — To drain an orchard, the soil of which is
hard pan with a foot of muck on top, the drains should be not more than 50
feet apart and, if the land is very wet and cold, two rods to 40 feet would be
better. Run them parallel and lay them 3 to 3^ feet deep. Round tile are
best and, if they have to run only 200 or 300 feet, 2 inch tile will do, if they are
to carry nothing but ram and surface water. If the land is quite wet, an
occasional line of a larger size of tile should be put in from the most springy
parts of the field. — Farm and Home.

298 The Canadian Horticulturist.

THE RASl'HERR\' ClALl. 1- LY— (Dastrophus Turgidus).

ASSET gives a brief description of this gall fly and its pro-
ducer in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 2, p. 100. His
specimens were collected in the State of Connecticut, and^
although found in Ontario from Essex to Ottawa, very few
notices of it have been published in Canada.

This gall has been more or less common on the
stems of the wild raspberry, Ruhis Strigosus, and on the
cultivated varieties in the County of York during the last
thirty years ; and during this period it has occasionally increased so as to do
noticeable injury to raspberry gardens. In one instance, near Toronto, the
gardener took the galls to be knots, and when trimming cut them out and
threw them into a fence corner. Of course, this did no good, and it was not
until he was advised to burn them that he was able to rid his garden of the pest.
The producers, as is the case with many gall producers, increase with astonishing
rapidity, and were it not for the opportune — though gruesome — services of three
species of parasites, raspberry culture in Ontario would soon come to an end.

But, as it is according to the order of nature that plant-eating insects are
held in check by parasitic species, we generally find this check sufficient ; unless
natural relations are disarranged, usually by artificial means, such as the clearing
of forests, the draining and cultivation of land, the introduction of foreign plants,
and in various other ways. And so it is when conditions are unfavorable to the
due increase of parasitic species, the leaf-eating species increase, and farm and
garden crops are devoured, unless by some artificial means the balance of para-
sitic to phyophagus species is re-established.

It has been estimated that in the Province of Ontario there is an annual
loss of over $500,000 from the attacks of plant-eating insects, and many think
that our mildly paternal Government might do a good deal more in preventing
this controllable waste ; for, indeed, to an intelligent and thinking community»
as fruit growers and farmers, it is a very culpable waste.

And it should be considered an important duty by all who are engaged in
garden or farm culture, to be able to recogni7,e plant eating and jvarasitic species
at sight, and to keep a strict watch over them, carefully noting their respective
increase or decrease. -Ml this is very easy, especially to school boys and school
girls, who should be carefully instructed not to destroy nor injure beneficial
insects ; for, indeed, the protection of these is of greater importance than the
protection of insectivorous birds. To carry out these suggestions in the case of
the raspberry gall, is especially easy. In the first place, the gall is usually large
and easily seen —often over two inches long and three-quarters of an inch in
diameter — covered with short prickles and of the same color as the bark of the
cane. They may be readily recognized from Fig. 71.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

299

Fig. 71.
Raspberry Gall.

Fig. 72.— The Gall Producer
(Diastrophus Turgidus).

Although the galls are full-grown towards the end of
[une, they should not be gathered until the following
spring. When collected, the galls should be placed in a
glass jar — a candy jar having a mouth about i }4 inches
wide will do very well — -and the mouth should be loosely
stopped with a plug of cotton batting. The producers
begin to come out about the middle of May, and may be
seen walking on the side of the jar next the light. They
are " short and chunky." The head and thorax are
black and the abdomen is
reddish-brown, flattened lat-
erally and rounded. They
may be readily recognized
from Fig. 72.

They are easily transferred
from the large jar to a small
bottle, say, a 4 or 6 oz.,
wide mouth, by placing the
mouths together and laying them horizontally, with
the small bottle towards the light, and, as insects
always move towards light, they will soon pass from
the large jar to the small bottle, when, if they be all
producers, a few drops of chloroform will soon finish them ; but, if there be any
parasites among them, they should not be chloroformed, but all allowed to
escape on a window which is open above, when the producers can be killed as

they crawl over the glass, and the parasites will
escape at the open space above.

Usually the most numerous parasite is a To/y-
mus, of a coppery, brown-greenish color, with a
long ovipositor — "a tail" — which is slightly turned
upwards, and they walk about with a staid and
majestic step. Fig. 73 is a very good outline. Of
course, none of these should be killed.

The next most numerous parasite is an Ichneu-
7non. The head and thorax are black, the abdo-
men reddish-blackish towards the end. They run
about with a quick, nervous, weasel-like gait.
They may be readily recognized from Fig. 74.
None of these should be killed.

The next in order is an Ormyrus ; of a uniform
black color, the thorax punctured and rough,

the abdomen smooth, shining and pointed. Fig. 71;. t^ „, ,

_- , u ,■! L , -.r J ^10. 74.— IcHXEUMON- Fly.

Of course, they should not be killed. Parasite of the Gall Fly.

Fig. 73.
Parasite of the Gall Fly,

300

The Canadian Horticulturist.

Such is a brief outline of a plan which I have practised
for many years, and know it to be easily worked, cheap,
and very efficacious.

Simply stated, it is to destroy injurious insects only in
such a way as not to destroy nor injure their natural
insect parasites, and to preserve parasitic species in every
possible way.

Wm. Brodie.
Toronto, Ont.

Fig. 75.
A Species of Ormyrds

THE PITHY GALL OF THE BLACKBERRY.

In connection with Dr. Brodie's
valuable article regarding the rasp-
berry gall-fly, it may be interesting to
call attention to another species of
the same genus, Diastrophus nebulo-
sus, which sometimes causes a curious
gall on the blackberry canes, such as
is shown in Fig. 76. If cut open
transversely, it will be found to contain
a number of oblong cells, about one-
eighth of an inch long, each contain-
ing a single larva. The latter remains
in this state till toward spring, when it
pupates, and the perfect insect appears.
Pig ye. The fly is described by Prof. Saunders

as about i ^^ of an inch long, black,

with transparent wings, and red feet and atenna;. Parasitic insects also prey

on this as well as on the raspberry gall-fly.

The Souvenir de Congres is a beautiful pear, and "takes" with the
market, but the fjuality, according to a writer in the Ru nil New Yorker, is "so
miserable that it ought to have some distinguishing mark, warning uninformed
people against it." This pear is among the varieties recently being shipped to
London, England, from California.

For Street Shade Trees, the same writer condems the soft maple as
being very brittle, and easily broken down by ice storms or heavy winds. The
elm, hard maple, tulip and white ash are considered more desirable. In our
opinion the elm is the finest of all.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 301

EVERY FARMER'S NAME UPON HIS FRONT GATE.

The tree is known by the fruit it bears,
The lord or peasant by the garb he wears.

ND SO the principle obtains throughout the whole economy of human
life and existence. The Jews of old looked for a sign, and so has the
world ever since. In trade and commerce much depends upon the
sign ; hence we find tradesmen vieing one with another in the strik-
ing and attractive features of the trade-mark or inscription that
indicates or suggests the kind of business in which they are engaged.
But with the tradesman the trade-mark or sign is not enough. He always has
associated with it, in very conspicuous letters, his own name. John Smith may
keep a place of business, and carry on a trade in drugs, dry goods, or what not,
and he lets the public know this by a trade-mark, or sign, and a display of his
wares. But he wants the public to know that John Smith is the man who keeps
and sells these wares, so he places his name over his front door, or somewhere
conspicuously upon his premises. In what sense does John Smith, the trades-
man, differ from John Smith, the farmer, in their relations to the public ? Both
alike have to depend respectively on the public for the consumption of the com-
modities they produce or deal in. Why should not John Smith, the farmer,
have his name upon his front gate as well as his namesake, the tradesman, his
name upon, or over his front door ?

A few years ago a bank manager was moved from one to another of the
many pretty towns that are to be found scattered throughout this rich and highly-
favored province. What could be more natural than that this banker should
desire to know something of the country immediately surrounding the commer-
cial centre in which his bank agency was situated ? On the first convenient
day Mr. Walker (for such we will call him), having secured a span of horses,
double carriage and a driver, started out with his family for a pleasure drive
— with an eye to business as well — through the adjacent country. Just how
frequently the driver was plied, during the trip with the query, " Who lives there ?"
w'e will not venture to say. But it is safe to hazard the assertion that the in-
quiry was never made except when the attractiveness of the [home and its envi-
ronments prompted or awakened an impulse complimentary to the owner of the
premises inquired about. On the return journey, a course was taken along one
of the leading concession lines of the township of Woodhouse, when the ques-
tion came for the twentieth time, " Who lives there ? "' This time the query was
not left for the driver to answer, for on approaching the road gate there,
upon the upper frame, was the name in bold letters, J. H. Smith, Could Mr.
Smith have heard the remarks that the new idea called forth from the occupants
of the passing carriage he would have felt amply paid for the cost and trouble of

302 The Canadian Horticulturist.

his new and commendable departure. But his hour of triumph was yet to
come. Passing by Mr. Smith's farm, and on the opposite side of the road was
the home of Mr. W. Johnston. Mr. Johnston's farm of many broad acres of
waving grain and pasture lands, would have been passed by in silence, except
for the marked contrast between the adjacent places, in their home surroundings.

On the following Saturday afternoon the bank manager was upon the street
in company with one of the old and prominent citizens. Coming to one of
the busiest thoroughfares his companion accosted a number of very respectably
dressed farmers, and turning to the bank manager he said, " Mr. Walker, Mr.
J. H. Smith, one of our farmers from Woodhouse township." " Pleased to meet
you. Mr. Smith ! By the way, 1 drove past your farm a few days ago and noticed
your name over the gate. It struck me as a capital idea, and my wife and
family remarked at the time that Mr. Smith had no reason to be ashamed to
have the public know that he lived there, and owned and worked that place.
Vou have a magnificent farm there, Mr. Smith, and my wife and daughters
were delighted with the attractiveness of your surroundings and the tempting
fruit that hung upon the trees. Maybe I could get a few barrels of those apples
from you in the fall, and my wife thought she would like to get an occasional
crock of butter, or anything that you have to dispose of from the dairy, orchard
and poultry yard."

While these remarks were passing, the banker's companion was waiting an
opportunity to extend the introductions. The opportunity coming he pro-
ceeded: "Mr. Walker. Mr. W.Johnston, a neighbor of Mr. Smith's." " Pleased
to meet you, Mr. Johnston; I think I remember passing your place when out
the other day."

" Likely you do," responded Mr. Johnston, in a somewhat subdued tone.
How different the emotions that animated the two neighboring farmers ! Mr.
Johnston had heard all the complimentary remarks that had been applied to
his neighbor's home and farm, and he never before had the contrast between
the two places, equal in quality and soil, and every other natural feature, brought
home to him so practically. Then in his own mind he contrasted his own tree,
less surroundings and uncut grass, with his neighbor's neatly-trimmed shrubbery
and closely mown lawn, he inwardly felt it to his advantage that his name was
not on his front gate ; and inwardly felt at the same lime that it was his naked
and unkept surroundings ; his neglected orchard and fruit-garden, and his
slovenly methods of farming generally, in contrast with his neighbor's, that
provoked the in<iuiry in his case, "Who lives there?"

(To be continued.)

f'AUIJ', F1{()M WOOD.M.L A CO.

0.10 P.M., LivKui'ooi,, Ski'T. '_»(>. lH«h».
At to-tlay's sale market continued active at following' <|U<it)ition8 : Rod Variotiea 14/
to 17/3 ; (ireen VarietieH 10/ to 13/ Kstiinated shipinenta for this wcok not yet reported.

"0. & L."

The Canadian Horticulturist. 303

NOTES FROM A STRAWBERRY EXPERIMENT STATION, WITH-
OUT GOVERNMENT SUPPORT.

S I test more new varieties each year than any other strawberry
grower in Canada, not excepting the Experiment Stations, I think
I may claim the above credit. In noticing varieties, I shall not
mention the old well-known standard varieties, but some of
recent introduction, that have done well here, in matted rows,
with ordinary care. My soil is clay loam.

Well-tested Varieties :

Woolvertoti — This has been well-tested in the United States. It was intro-
duced there by Mr. Crawford. The Woolverton and Saunders are better known
there than in Canada, and are well spoken of by all who have tested them. I
would refer all, who might doubt the praise given the Woolverton, in this notice,
to the editor of the Canadian Horticulturist, who saw them in fruit.

My object in testing so many varieties, has been to get profitable and
improved varieties, to grow for market, and help those who grow and love the
strawberry, to the same desirable end.

Saunders — Dark scarlet ; large ; good quality ; productive ; late ; profit-
able for market.

Bederwood — I cannot pass this and Bessie by ; they are not of the large
class, but are so productive ; good size, good color ; early ; profitable for market.

Prhicess — I have fruited this once. I believe it to be a valuable kind, large
plant ; large berries, and productive.

Lovetfs Early — (It is not early). It is medium in season ; good in plant
and fruit at any rate. Those who grow berries for market, will do well to plant it.

Parker Earle — Large, quality good ; late ; some speak well of it. It has
not done well here, this season ; I will give it another trial.

Gillespie and Auburn — I have fruited these once ; these are from the same
originator, and are up to the standard claimed for them. The seedlings from
the Haverland and Sharpless are superior to it.

Barton's Eclipse— Dark scarlet ; quality good ; productive ; plant hardy and
vigorous ; good for family garden, or market.

Martha — Dark red ; large ; productive ; a promising market berry.

Middlefield — Berries large; suitable for a market that appreciate large
berries. Bright glossy red ; fairly productive ; plant healthy and vigorous.

304 The Canadian Horticulturist.

The following are of

This Season's Introduction :

Vliilip Seedling No. i — Notes taken at Geneva (N. Y.) Experiment Station.
Stems unable to hold up the enormous fruits, which arc produced in large quan-
tities. Berries showy, scarlet, firm, good flavor.

Beverly — The color is dark and rich ; large size. All reports are favorable
so far, and the variety is one of great promise.

Muskingum — This has succeeded well everywhere; with an ordinary
chance it bears a heavy crop of large, fine looking berries.

Dayton, Iowa Beauty, Beebe, Jefferson, Clark's No. 14, and one or two
more will be reported on in due time, if spared.

John Little.
Granton, Aug. /J, i8g2.

THE STRAWBERRY

^V.. WM. SAUNDERS, Superintendent of the Gardens and Grounds
of the Agricultural Department at Washington, submitted, with
some other papers on horticultural subjects, the following to the
Secretary of Agriculture :

The principal points involved in the successful culture of the
strawberry are :

I. Prepare the ground by deep plowing and subsoiling ; apply
a dressing of rotted manure, equal to twenty cords per acre ; spread it over the
surface, and mix it with the soil by repeated disintegration with a harrow. The
best crops are produced on strong, loamy soils ; if somewhat clayey it will be all
the better, provided it is drained.

2. Allow the plants plenty of space ; the rows thirty inches apart and th.e
plants about half that distance between each other in the rows.

3. Remove all runners as they appear, and keep the surface pulverized and
clean. If young plants are wanted, keep a portion of the plantation for that
purpose.

4. Cover the plants in winter in all localities where the thermometer may
run down to 10 degrees Fahrenheit ; this to be done after the first frost, using
straw, leaves or other similar material as a partial protection.

5. Do not disturb the roots by any process of cultivation from the month of
September until after crop has been gathered the following summer.

6. Destroy the |)lantation after it has produced its second crop, lu-w ones
being planted to succeed those that are abandoned.

Thk Canadian HoRricuLTURisr. ^05

-^ fi^bo ai)d Littl^ }Kr)0(jOf) T^p^its ^

EARLY FAVORITE.

Sir, — I send you a sample of a chance seedling of the Damson plum, which I have
named the Early Favorite. It was in good condition for using on the 25th of August, which
is very early for this section. This is the first year of bearing. The tree is a rapid grower ;
strong, straight limbs, with small leaves.

W. A. Brownlee, Mount Forest, Ont.

The samples are small, roundish, about an inch in diameter ; skin, dark
purple, covered with thick blue bloom ; flesh, melting, juicy, not very tart ; free
stone. Ripens last of August, in advance of the ordinary Damson.

PLUMS FOR NAME.

Sir, — I send you by parcel post three samples of plums grown in my father's garden
(Thos. Wilson, one of your subscribers). Could you give me the names in your next issue ?
No. 1 we consider our best plum ; two trees gave us twenty pounds this week. The trees
have been growing here for twelve years, and were purchased as Green Gage. No. "2 is
not quite ripe. It will, I think, give us twenty pounds. No. 3 is, I think, the Yellow
Egg, and three trees will have about forty pounds. No. 2 and 3 were brought from
Lachine twenty years ago.

A. E. Wilson, Clarence, Ont.

No. 3 is, as you suppose, the Yellow egg. On consultation with our neigh-
bor, Mr. G. W. Cline, we conclude that No. i. is Bingham, and No. 2. Denison's
Superb.

FOREIGN PEARS.

Sir, — Some time ago I wrote you I had imported some French pear, apple and plum
trees. Some of them are now bearing, and I send you three varieties of pears, viz.,
(1) Marguerite Marillat ; (2) Chaumontal ; (3) Triumph de Vienne My garden of three-
quarters of an acre is half a mile from my house, so that 1 lose much of my fruit. A year
ago I imported Laxton's Noble strawberry. It is a grand fruit ; four, picked at one time,
weighed one-quarter of a pound. The flower is perfect, the plant is very productive, and
the fruit of good flavor. J. IX Roberts; Colour;/.

It is certainly astonishing what interest may become centered in a small
garden. Our former President, Rev. R. Burnet, became an authority on pear
nomenclature, by the great number of varieties he grew on dwarf trees in his
garden. Mr. Roberts once sent us a fine collection of foreign varieties of apples
grown in his small garden. The results of his experiments will be interesting to our
Association. No. i above named is a beautiful pear, not mature enough to
pass judgment on its quality ; No. 2 lacks in quality, and is not juicy enough.
No. 3 has already been noticed in these pages.

Xl;e (g-apdei) ar)d La^jOQ.

PREPARATION FOR PLANTING FALL BULBS.

HAT more desirable ooiament can be suggested for the Ijordcr of
a well-dressed lawn, than a few beds of spring flowering bulbs ?
They are so <ielightful to the eye in early spring, after gazing so
long at the monotonous white snow and defoliated trees. The
month of October is the very time for planting hardy bulbs, and,
if they have not been already ordered, no time should be lost in
securing them. The mere mention of tulips, hyacinths, crocuses
narcissi and snowdrops is surely enough to enthuse the flower lover with ardor
in the preparation of the ground and the selection of varieties for planting.

The soil should be well drained, and before planting, spaded deeply and
well enriched with old cow manure. Then plant each kind of bulb by itself, and,
if contrast of color is needed, it can be secured by using different varieties of the
same kind. The following cut, which has already appeared in this journal, well
shows the proper depth for planting the various bulbs. Crocuses and snowdrops
should be planted two or three inches apart, tulips five inches and hyacinths
seven.

ZlNCHCS. ■ ;

s»{bWo|(oi';tH6c05\

■3 ^NCHc.s.■

A\- . ■ .■.4-,ifNi.eHES

^JONQUILS TVLIPS \
'^^^ — -^— ' ■ JARCI53US

hyacinths:.

Fu;. 77.— ScALK (»k Dki'Tii for Bdlu I'lantixo

Mr. E. l"^. Rcxford, a well-known American florist, writing about tulips in
the ArnericdT' Agriculturist, says : " Among the tulips can be had scarlets and
yellows, and other light colors in suflficient variety to afford charming and strong
contrast. In the hyacinths; reds, whiles and blues, afford ample chance for con-
trast. Hut (Id not pl.nnt double and single varieties promiscuously, because
they happen to l)e of the color desired. Better keep each kind by itself. The
same will a[)ply to tulips, which show better in masses."

(306)

The Canadian Horticui-iukist.

307

^.^^1?^^'^^ •

THE TULIP.

^^ ¥ all the bulbs for spring flowering there is none more charming than the
well-arranged bed of tulips of contrasting colors. There are now hun-
dreds of varieties which can be purchased for very little money —
quite a different state of affairs from that which existed some years
ago, when there was a wide-spread tulip mania and the prices rose
so high that none but the rich could afford to purchase bulbs. The
following account of that mania is given by Lindley & Moore : " In
the middle of the seventeenth century, tulips became a large trade, such as is
not to be met with again in the history of commerce,
and by which their prices rose above that of the most
precious metnls. It is a mistake, however, to suppose,
that the high prices paid for bulbs,
amounting in some instances, to
2500 and 4600 florins, represent-
ed the estimated value of the root,
since these large sums often
changed hands without any trans-
fer of property. Bulbs were sold,
often without being seen. In
fact, they were the subject of a
speculation not unlike that of rail-
way scrip in this country, at no
very distant date. Tulips should
be planted in the month of Octo-
ber, about three or four inches deep and about six inches apart. In buying,
it would be wise to vi ^ habit of growth. Of

double varieties

Fig. 78.
Single Tulip.

Fig. 79.
Due Von Tiiol Tulip.

select varieties which
will afford a succes-
sion of bloom and
those which flower al
the same time, should
be planted together.
Single and double
tulips are both de-
sirable, but, of the
two, the single is pre-
ferred as most beau-
tiful. Fig. 78. One
of the best early, sin-
gle varieties is Due
VanThol, (Fig. 79.)
which may be had in
a variety of colors,and
has a neat dwarf

Fui. 80. — Pakkot Tulip.

which succeed, Van-
Thol, La Candeur,
White and Yellow
Rose are varieties
highly recommended
by Mr. Rexford. The
Parrot tulips (Fig. 80)
are very effective if
planted in groups
with shrubbery, or
along the border of
walks. The flowers
are large, brilliantly
colored and often
they are fringed or
twisted in an inter-
esting manner.

^o8 Thk Canadian HoRiicuLiURisr.

A rWO ACRE CEMETHRN'.

SiK, — A number of us here — including all the subscribers of the Canadian Hokticil-
Ti'RisT in tlie village— purpose making a new burying grountl of, say two acres. We wish
to lay it out in an orderly and ornamental manner, before it is occupied. Please give us a
rough sketch, and oblige, Geo. S. Wason, Hamkenbury, Out.

Rt'plv hy Mr. D. Nichol, Superintendent Catara(/ui Cemetery, Kingston, Ont.

CCORDING to request, I send you a design for laying out,
on the garden and lawn plan, a cemetery, on a square two-
acre lot, such as is required at Hawkesbury, Ontario. In
regard to future management of a cemetery, be it small or
large, I would here take the liberty of offering some sugges-
tions, which from experience and observation I have been
led to consider of great importance.
In the first place, an imperative rule should be established, that railings,
copings, hedges, and fences of any kind, around cemetery lots be strictly prohi-
bited. They are not only utterly useless, but they seriously detract from the
natural beauty of the landscape. They render the tidy keeping of the ground
almost impossible, and as they become dilapidated with age they are offensive
to refined taste. It is a traditional notion which originated many hundreds of
years ago, when church-yards, improperly fenced, were the only burial grounds.
In the modern cemetery, the boundaries of lots should be marked by small
corner post.s, sunk in the ground so that the tops are level with the sod, in order
that the lawn-mower may be worked without hindrance.

Any one who has been accustomed to see only old style cemeteries, with
lots fenced like sheep-pens in a show yard, will take the trouble to see an
improved cemetery, where all enclosures have been abolished, will readily become
convinced of the folly of expending millions of dollars on useless railings.

Secondly. The height of headstones should be limited to two feet, or less.
Few old style, tall, slab headstones are erected anywhere now, because of the
difficulty of keeping them erect, their liability to be broken when leaning over,
the certainty of their becoming moss-covered, and their altogether unpleasing
apj>earance. In a cemetery which is to be beautified they should be strictly
prohibited. A chaste monument, with space for several inscriptions, erected on
a good foundation in the centre of the family lot, answers a better purpose than
a number of headstones, and may be cheaper. Only one monument should be
erected in a family lot. The initials should be cut on the top of all footstones^
which should be level with the surface of tlie ground, permitting the lawn mower
to pass over them.

Thirdly. Sucii a thing as a raised lot. or terrace, nuisl never be permitted,
because it mars the beauty of surrounding lots, which ;ue kepi even with the

The Canadian Horticulturist. 309

natural slope of the ground. The desire on the part of some lot-owners, entirely
devoid of taste for landscape gardening, to have their lots raised to a dead level
without regard to surroundings, is one of the greatest difficulties which cemetery
managers have to contend against. Hence it is actually necessary that a rule be
established prohibiting the raising of any lots more than four inches above the
standard grade of the ground.

Fourthly. There can be but few well-kept gravel walks in a cemetery.
They should be made only where there is likely to be so much travel that turf
would be worn out. There is nothing so pleasant to walk upon as closely mowed
turf ; there is no walk more beautiful than one of nature's green carpet, there-
fore, the gravelling of paths or aisles between or around lots should not be
allowed. Badly-kept gravel walks are nearly as objectionable as rusty railings.

Fifthly. Many lot-holders make a practice of planting flowers on and about
the graves of their deceased relatives. The sentiment is praiseworthy, and
should be encouraged to some extent, but it is quite possible to have too much
of a good thing. Some kinds of flowers are short lived, and their dying foliage
gives a shabby appearance. I have often seen cemetery lots turned into flower
gardens, which did not look nearly so well as other lots kept in neatly cut grass,
with only a small bed of flowering plants at the foot of the graves. A monthly
journal, entitled The Moder?i Cemetery^ is published by R. I. Haight, 243 State
Street, Chicago. Everyone interested in the management of cemeteries should
read it; costs only one dollar a year. Publication commenced March, 1891.
I would recommend getting it from the beginning if it can be got.

Ashes for Rose Insects. — In La Nature the statement is made that if
wood ashes are sifted when dry over the heads of rose bushes, after they have
been syringed with water, the ashes will adhere to the leaves, and, on account of
their alkaline nature, will soon make it very uncomfortable for any insect pest
that may infest them. The ashes in moderate quantities will not injure the
plants, but, on the other hand, will be rather beneficial as a fertilizer when
washed off into the soil.

Large, Luscious and Handsome. — Pears should be picked before they
are ripe enough to eat and stored in a cool, dry place. They have better flavor
and longer keeping qualities if ripened off of the tree. They will do to pick to
ship as soon as the seeds are dark brown or when the stem parts easily from the
twig. If they are wanted for family use only, they had better be left a few days
longer. The last few days on the tree is when they grow the fastest. Always
pick pears, and all fruit in fact, by hand. Place carefully in shallow baskets or
ventilated boxes and store away where the air can have free circulation around
them. They will keep longest in a cold, dry, dark place.

310

The Canadian Horticulturist.

A MECHANIC'S GREENHOUSE.

EIN(] a mechanic with a very moderate income, but desiring more
'tm^j'y\ lowers than mv slender means would allow me to buy, I determined
"^^^^C- to huild a small greenhouse, believing that I could grow not only my
own flowers but enough more to help pay for the f>xpense of building
such a house. The house is a three-quarter span, 24 feet long and
1 1 feet wide, extending east and west. It has a shed on the west
^ end. The south wall is 4 teet high; the north wall 6 feet. The roof

is made of sashes, the long span 7 feet, the short span 4}^ feet. I used lo-inch
glass, and there are three rows of glass in tne sashes, as I found that wider sash,
7 feet long, would be too heavy to handle. I am a renter, and the greenhouse
must necessarily be a movable one. The nouse is heated with a common brick

lurnace, built under the west end
of the south bench, with the
door opening in the shed. Five
or six feet of the flue, next the
furnace, is made of brick ; the
remainder is made of 6-inch
sewer pipe. The upward turn
of the flue, at the eastern end of
the greenhouse, is made with a
T pipe (see A in illustration).
By means of a swab thrust in at
B, I can soon clean the flue.
The south bench is built 2 inches
back from the wall to allow the
warm air to strike the glass at
the lowest point and thus keep the frost off" all the way down. I built most of
the house myself, and do not think it cost more than $25 or $30. A bushel of
coal will heat this house for 24 hours.

I can grow many kinds of plants, and every year I sell more than enough
to pay for all the expense of running the house. On very warm days, while I am
away at work, my wife ventilates the building. I try to do all the watering before
I go to work, or after I come home. The work required to keep the house in
order is but a pleasant way of spending sonic of my leisure moments, and the
little greenhouse gives much i)leasure to my family and friends.— A Mechanic
in American Gardening.

Fig. 81.— a Mechanic's Gbeeshocse.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

311

M Tl?C )Kitcl;er) ^apd^Q.

K
tt

THE COTTAGE GARDEN.

T is a pleasure, but, unfortunately, a very rare
one, to see your vegetables or fruits as fine and
large, and of such beautiful glowing colors as many
of the spring catalogues depicted. Experience
has taught us, or will sooner or later, that many
of these novelties are gotten up for the occasion,
and to induce the unwary to spend money fool-
ishly. Henry Ward Beecher used to say that he
took as much pleasure conning the pages of a
^_ spring catalogue, as he would in those of a work
^ "^~ ^-^^^^^^=^ of fiction ; and most enthusiasts in gardening will
agree with him, for when these visitors come along during the snows of January
or February, the old fever comes on us, and we find ourselves wondering again, if
it is possible for anything to be so beautiful, and we invest once more in another
novelty, very often to find that the catalogue is "vanity and vexation of spirit."
But it is a real solid pleasure, when you look over your garden, to call to mind
the many good things you have enjoyed in the shape of peas, beans, toma-
toes, etc., not forgetting that best of all small fruits, the strawberry, and other
things too numerous to mention. It thus serves a double purpose, reducing the
butcher's bill, and also giving fitting nutriment to the body during the hot months
of summer. Vou will also call to mind the surplus of good things you have in
the cellar, in the way of preserved fruits and vegetables of different kinds, and
last, but not least, is the pleasure you e.xperience in knowing that (provided
you are a good gardener) your garden is clean ; that there are no weeds gone to
seed, to commence their work as soon as the warm days of spring come.
And then there is a satisfaction in having made a deposit in the bank, in the
shape of a goodly pile of well -rotted manure in the corner of your garden.

Some of the duties are included in the pleasures, for instance : It is your
duty to acquire this same pile of o/d ma.nure, because many weed seeds are killed
during the process of fermentation and decomposition, thus saving labor during
the following season. In any case enough weeds will spring up to keep you
busy, and it is a wise provision of nature, for, if we had no weeds we should not
cultivate so much, and cultivation is necessary for growth, and also for the
admission of the life-giving sun and air.

There are two classes of weeds against which I would particularly warn the
amateur, and they both spring up late in the summer ; I refer to purslane and

312 Thk Canadian Horticulturist.

chickweed. It is almost impossible to get entirely rid of either. Purslane is
very tenacious of life, foV, if you pull it up and shake the earth from the roots,
you shake the seed out, as it sheds its seed freely while still green, while the
plant will take root again at the first shower of rain, in fact, there is no resource
but carrying it out of the garden altogether. One writer has said, that if you
hoe it up when but an inch high, you will get rid of it. That is not my
experience, and I have tried many ways, finger and thumb weeding, and I find
that putting it where it can do no more mischief is the most effective.

Chickweed is another insidious weed, for you will have a thick carpet of it
almost before you know it is there, especially if the season be at all wet. Its seed
also will shake out very easily ; the only resource is, watch for it, hoe in time,
and do not let it seed at all ; if you do, you will repent when too late.

Another duty is, to clean all tools not in use, grease them, and put them
away for the wmter. If you wish to take time by the forelock, lay out your
plans for the following season, and try if you can grow some specimens of fine
and beautiful fruit for the Ontario exhibit at the NVorld's Fair, Chicago. It will
be a credit to you and to your country, and will let the world see that this is not
the land of snow and ice, so many suppose it to be.

In conclusion, I will give a few rules which a cottage gardener would do
well to learn off by heart, as they would be both money and pleasure to him.

1. Do not let any weeds go to seed.

2. If there are any seeded, burn them.

3. Rake up all rubbish, and what is not fit for the compost heap, burn.

4. Dig in old manure as soon as the leaves fall.

5. Prune grape vines when the leaves have fallen, and cover them with soil
six inches deep later on.

6. I^y down raspberry canes, especially in exposed places.

7. Mulch strawberries with meadow hay, leaves, wheat straw, or straw
manure, and cover the plants lightly when the ground begins to freeze.

8. Clean all garden tools, and wipe over with an old cloth or piece of cotton-
waste, well soaked with coal oil.

Having complied with the above rules you may take a rest till those delu-
sive visitors, the spring catalogues, begin to wake you up in the new year.

Cornwall, Ont. W. S. Turner.

Thk Nativk Hornuean. — Our native carpinus, or hornbean, is tine of the
most ornamental of our small trees. Its clean, birch like foliage in summer, its
furrowed bark in winter, and its trim appearance at all times, bespeak for it more
general use. In spring, its catkins push suddenly forward before the leaves,
covering the tree with a mist of soft green that is a special feature of the land-
scape on the borders of swamps and streams. — Oarilen and l-'orest.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 313

HOW TO WINTER CABBAGE

When cabbage are wanted in the spring only, they may be taken up, roots
and all and laid on the ground, roots up, as close together as they will lie, the
cabbage part just covered with soil. Where they are wanted for market or use

during winter, a very good way is

shown in the illustration, and is de-

^,. ^.^g«j<^^-:' scribed in the Rural New Yorker, as

^^i^j^^^i ""^^^^^'^^^X A pit eight inches deep, and three

j^^ffii^^^=**^^^is**^^^^P and one-half to four feet wide, and of

J^j^^^^^^^^^'^'^Z^^^^^^^^^ the proper length, is first dug, and

'*^~^^^:^=p^^ ' ' ""^ boards or slabs are placed at the

Fig. 82.-DEVICE for Wintering Cabbage" bottom. The cabbages are cut and

well trimmed, and packed in the pit, as
shown. Frames of 2X4-inch scantling are made and placed upright in the
pit. For a pit 15 feet long, three of these are needed. Fence-boards are
nailed to these frames, thus forming a complete crate. This is covered lightly
with straw, and then with about four inches of dirt. The ends are stuffed
with straw, which can be removed whenever cabbage-heads are desired.

Cellar for Storing Roots. — Fourteen hundred bushels of roots will
require between 2150 and 2200 cubic feet of storage-room. The main object
in storing roots is to keep them at a uniform temperature as little above the
freezing point as practicable. One of the best ways to do this is simply to pile
them in long narrow piles on well-drained ground, convenient to the place where
they are to be fed. An excavation about a foot deep should be made and a
layer of clean straw placed beneath the roots. When the pile of roots has been
made it should be covered thickly with straw and then with a foot of earth. At
distances of six or eight feet along the apex of the pile, a drain-tile should be
inserted to give ventilation. For a permanent cellar, in many cases, the most
convenient arrangement is simply to partition off a corner of the barn basement
by setting up 10 or 12-inch studs, boarding on both sides and stuffing the
interstices with chaff or cut straw.- Often a very convenient root cellar may be
made in a gravelly or sandy bank adjoining the barn cellar. This arrangement
is especially convenient where the root-cellar can be so built that it can be filled
from the driveway in the second floor of the barn. Where a cellar is built in
this way, grout w'alls, cemented on the inside, should be used, both as a protection
from cold and against rats. The relative advantages and cost of these various
ways of storing roots will, of course, depend entirely upon individual circumstances
and surroundings. — Am. Gardening.

314 The Canadian Horticulturist.

HOW TO PACK APPLES.

Messrs. Pancoast & North, commission merchants of Philadelphia, speak
favorably concerning the prospect for the sale of api)les this fall. As soon as
the markets are clear of peaches and pears, and stock of firmer quality comes
forward, high prices are expected. Even now desirable apples, carefully packed,
range from $2.50 to $3.25 per barrel for such varieties as Duchess of Oldenburg,
Alexander, Gravcnstein, Maiden's Blush, 20 Oz., Black Detroit and King.
They also give the following suggestions and directions for packing apples,
which, just at this season, will be of especial interest to our readers :

Two barrels of apples of the first grade sell quicker and for more nionoy than a three
barrel mixture of thtse two barrels with anotlier barrel of the second grade. It pays better to
market only the rinest fruit in the best possible shape.

Apples for marketing should be picked from the tree by hand and handled gently ; all
that fall should be discarded, even if they do not show any Inuise at the time. Discard
everything specked, or in any way faulty or imperfect. Pack in the best new barrels ;
don't use poor barrels. Marketable apples will bring higher prices enough in neat, iirst-
class barrels to more than pay the ditl'erence in cost. See that the barrels are made of
well-seasoned wood, both heads and staves, so that they will not warp and the heads come
out in transportation.

Remove one head of the barrel ; select uniform, fair average apples (not the largest)
and hand jiack them, stem down around the edge of the barrel ; then another row inside
the first, and so on until the head is nicely covered close and tight, so they will not shift ;
then put in about a half bushel more and shake the barrel carefully, so as not to disturb
the facing, then add another half bushel and shake as before, and so on until the barrel is
filled. It is important to shake the barrel five or six times while being filled to settle
the apples into the closest space, to prevent further settling in 8hii)ment. Let the apples
come up to the top of the chime, lay the head on, lean over the barrel, bear your weight
on the head and shake until every apple is fixed into a shiftless place ; then use the press
to gently crowd the head down to its place, and nail securely.

Turn the barrel over and mark the kind of apples, the growers name and initials, and
brand Extra, Choice, Prime or Xs, to suit the grade.

GoosEBFRRiES — The great drawback to the successful raising of gooseberries
in this country is mildew. It is quite possible, however, to furnish conditions
under which the plant may flourish e(iually as well as in more favorabltt
localitie.s. For instance, we know that the gooseberry delights in a moist, rich
and cool soil, which we are able to furnish by deep [lowing, heavy manuring,
and mulching the soil thoroughly. To afford protection from the sun, partial
shade and a northern location may be chosen ; the northern side of a barn or
oiher building, or even of a board fence, is a great advantage in location. The
center of the bush may be kept open by careful pruning, so that light and air
can be admitted freely. Whilst it is not always possible to avoid mildew,
especially in seasons when the weather is so favorable to its development, there
are many painstaking gardeners who are very successful in growing English
varieties which, it is almost impossible to raise, under ordinary circumstances, in
this trying climate. The best fertilizing material that we have yet found for the
gooseberry, is well-rotted cow manure, ai>plie(l liberal!)- and well mixed with the
soil. — Orchard and Cardeii.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

315

M fcpc^^fpy. ^

PI.ANTINC; THE ROADSIDE AND ABOUT THE HOME.

S students and admirers of nature, we are unable to name a
single native tree or shrub that is not interesting, and, in
some important respects, beautiful and worthy of consider-
ation in making a list for ornamental planting, especially on
a large estate. For certain places each kind of tree is "just
the thing." With a more extended knowledge of these
trees, one is usually much less liable to be hampered by
fashion. He will not make the same selections as his
neighbors, and will thereby exhibit more originality in his designs.

In most species there is considerable variation in the modes of growth of
different individuals. The student of botany and horticulture is learning never
to express surprise at finding or hearing of specimens of any species of our trees
or shrubs which have a weeping habit. In like manner, time is almost sure to
produce dwarf specimens of every plant, and those with variegated or cut leaves,
as well as those with white or double flowers. Testimony regarding variations
of this sort is all the time coming in from different sources.

For shade trees along the roadside, or in the front yard, in country or city,
among our deciduous-leaved trees, the sugar maple (including the black maple)
is a general favorite, and the one most extensively planted. It is a fashionable
tree, producing a dense, clean top, much the shape of a well-built hay stack
Too many trees of this sort, however beautiful they may be, give a monotonous
appearance to a yard or roadside.

The American elm, when well grown, is the queen of the deciduous-leaved
trees of northern temperate regions, and is often planted. Our numerous species
of oaks are too much neglected as ornamental trees, partially, perhaps, because
they often hold their dead leaves during winter.

Among evergreens, for general planting, the white pine, arbor vitK, hemlock,
red cedar, and Norway pine, can scarcely be equalled by any species in temper-
ate climates. Well-grown hemlocks have been considered by competent judges
to be the finest evergreens in cultivation, while, in many respects, the white pine
cannot be excelled.

It should not be forgotten that a very large proportion of foreign trees and
shrubs have not proved hardy, or, after a few years, in some respects fail and
become unsightly. In this regard, if we try natives of our own region there is
scarcely any risk.

Doubtless, the time will come, when the officers of at least some of our

31 6 The Canadian Horticulturist.

rural highways will learn that it is next to vandalism to remove the last vestige of
every shrub or small tree along the roadside. They often leave a tree here and
there, but these are frequently damaged by the trimming. Groups or thickets
of native shrubbery, including vines, untouched by ax or bush-hook, are a great
source of delight to a well-trained person, as he views them while passing along
the road. As a rule, at present, all bushes and shrubs are considered by the
average pathmaster as entirely out of place, and not to be tolerated in any well-
regulated neighborhood. There never was a greater mistake, and the more we
talk about it, the sooner we may look for much-needed reforms. Mr. C. W.
Garfield writes in Garden and Forest as follows :

" Many of the most attractive highways in the State owe their beauty to the
shiftlessness of the pioneers, who allowed a mass of bushes to grow up in the
corners of the old worm fences undisturbed for a generation ; afterward to be
utilized by more thrifty successors in the embellishment of the roadsides. No
plantations formed by man are equal in beauty to these irregular masses of trees
that are of Nature's planting.

" Occasionally I note an example of the workings of some man's mathema-
tical mind, who has tried to clear out one of these rows, leaving a tree once in
so many feet, and thus ruining the effect for all time." And again, in the same
journal we read: "The thorns and dogwoods and viburnums, the thickets of
elder and hazel, the bitter-sweet and clematis and moonseed climbing over all —
the flora of the world has no more beautiful plants than these and a hundred
more which spring up of themselves and flourish until some one with a zeal for
' trimming up ' attacks them with grubbing-hoe and brush-hook. And when the
vines are stripped from the fences, and the brush all cut, gathered and burned,
the roadsides are thoroughly cleared, it is true, but a desolation of rocks and
ashes is all that is left in exchange for the fragrance of flowers, the beauty and
coolness of green leaves, and the melody of the birds among them.

" It is a comfort to note that road borders of native shrubs are being used
more and more in the best park work. Every one of these shrubs would grace
a i)alace garden, and yet, when they modestly appear along a rural highway they
are mowed down, to ' improve the appearance' of the country." — Flora of Michi-
gan.

Those of our readers who may have more or less celery in their gardens
that is imperfectly blanched, or not blanched at all, may easily blanch it i>er-
fcctly after it is taken uj), Lift the plants from the ground, leaving a little soil
adhering to the roots. Take common barrels, or the cases in which boots are
ship|)ed, put about two inches of sand in the bottom, and on this place your
celery in an upright position. Pack the barrel, or ca.se, full, of course jnitting
only one layer. Sprinkle the sand before you put the celery in. Then put the
barrel or case in a cool cellar, and cover with boards loosely, so that light is kept
out, and in six weeks your celery will be blanched to the tips. Look at it
occasionally, and if seems too dry and shows signs of wilting, sprinkle it with
water. Care must he taken not to wet it too much, as it is apt to produce rust.
— Floral Instructor.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 317

^ The /\piapy ff

THE BEE FOR THE BEGINNER, AND THE METHOD.

^.

BOVE other considerations the beginner in bee-keeping ought to have
a bee which is amiable and docile, so as to be easily handled, without
danger of much punishment from stings, else there will likely be
premature discouragement, and the enthusiasm so necessary to suc-
cess, will be nipped in the bud. Another consideration of much
importance to the beginner, is to have bees whose queen may be
readily distinguished and found among her offspring. To fulfil both
essential requisites I know of no bees to surpass, if equal to, the Italians. We
have the Carniolans, very amiable, but not so well tested, and the Albinos, less
tried among Canadian apiarists ; but the character of the Italian for docility and
manageability is well established and well-known.

I would, therefore, advise the beginner to commence with the pure Italian ;
and, as experience and skill increase, try other desirable races, and choose the
best for himself, or at any rate that bee which, to his peculiar personality
and circumstances, is best for him. It is a fact, and not at all strange, that the
very best apiarists, after ample experience in testing and handling, differ widely
as to which is, for all purposes, the best bee. This is, of course, owing to the
different circumstances ; and the different make up, mental and physical, of the
manipulators themselves ; as well as the differences in the bees of the same
race.

As to the best method or methods for beginners, circumstances must, to
some extent, determine. Having got the best bees the next thing is the hive to
put them in, and the hive which to him (the beginner) will be the easiest to mani-
pulate and work to the best purpose (profit). With so many good hives before
us, and so many " best" ones, it would be a rather dangerous, as well as pre-
sumptuous, business to attempt to name fke very best. I shall not attempt it ;
but allow the novice to find out by experience (as I did myself) which is best
for Aim.

I shall, however, describe the hive which I now make for myself, and which
suits me better than any of the many hives I have tried. It takes eight Lang-
stroth frames crowded closely together for spring brooding and seven for after
part of season and winter. The top-bars of frames are about an inch wide and
double with bee-space between. The bottoms are both fast and movable to
suit taste. There is an inch and a half hole in about the centre of the back end
of hive, for ventilation, winter and summer — during the hot weather of the latter,
and in the cellar in winter. The hole is of course covered by a button outside
and a wire gauge inside ; zinc adjustable entrance.

3i8 The Canadian Horticulturist.

For comb honey I use a super, holding seven brood section frames with
ten separators, each frame holding four sections. For extracted honey, I use a
second story, same size as brood chamber, with zinc queen excluder between it
and brood chamber. Excluder also between section super and brood chamber.
This hive can be used with equal facility for comb or extracted honey, or for
both : and is the hive I prefer for myself.

The beginner ought to produce only comb honey at first, till experience
familiarizes him with the manipulation necessary for extracting. Of course, the
invention of the " bee-escape," has materially lessened the work and worry of
extracting as well as of taking off the section honey. The " escapes " are in
the form of honey boards and are placed between the supers of sections and the
brood chambers, or between the extracting story and the brood chambers, when
it is wished to remove either : the bees will then, in the course of a few hours,
pass through the escape below into the brood chamber. The escape is so
constructed that they can pass out but cannot return. It is certainly one of the
best and most useful of recent apiarian inventions. With the valuable aid of
the "escape," in extracting, the beginner may go into extracted honey, say the
second year. Every apiarist worthy the name, ought to produce both comb and
extracted honey, instead of either kind exclusively, except under very exceptional
circumstances. If his market is local he will find a demand for both, and
ought, of course, to be able to supply both In the out market he will also find
a demand for both kinds.

SeU>y, Ont. Allen Pringle.

Currants. — The best currant to grow for home use is the White Grape.
Its fruit is sweetest and best for dessert use, its jelly has the best flavor, and it
is superior to all others in quality for canning. If a late red berry is wanted,
the Victoria is not excelled for northern culture. The Fay is larger but it is
more sprawling and delicate in habit and the fruit is poorer in quality. If you
want first-class currants in size and quality, set in rows in the open sunshine,
cultivate thoroughly, and manure heavily. In pruning, permit the new wood to
come on and cut out the wood that is four years old or upward. The Black
Naples currant has a value not realized, except by our settlers from England.
By scalding the fruit for a few moments in boiling water, and then putting into
fresh water for cooking, the peculiar flavor of the skin is removed, and when
canned for winter use it is much like the cranberry sauce in flavor and color.
In growing the black currant, it must be kept in mind that it is borne on wood
of the preceding year's growth, and to secure a succession of new wood it is
necessary to cut back the j)oints of growth each fall. The Crandall has no
relative value for any use. — Orchard and (larden.

November and December Numbers free to all i)crs()ns subscribing

during the in(jnlh of October lor the year 1S93.

Thf: Canadian Horticulturist.

AMATEUR BEE-KEEPIX(}.

HAVPv selected the above topic as the basis of a few remarks on the
loney industry of Ontario. If an amateur be one who.takes up and
[)rosecutes the study of his subject, because his tastes lead him in
that direction, regardless of the substantial profits he may reap
from it, then I fear there are but few true amateurs in bee-keeping.
Exaggerated notions of the profits derived from bees, and the erroneous opinions
entertained by many, that bees " work for nothing and board themselves," lead
more men to engage in bee-keeping than does the desire to cultivate a closer
acquaintance with the life and habits of the bee. Still, the interior economy of
a bee-hive is so wonderful, the instinctive powers and social habits of the insect
so remarkable, that ordinary people become enamoured of the calling, and, in a
measure, prosecute it for the pleasure and information it affords. Most practical
bee-keepers are more or less amateurs, and like their calling for the pleasure it
brings with it, which goes far to compensate them for hopes occasionally defer-
red, or a stinging resentment of their untimely interference with the domestic
concerns of their pets.

A dozen years ago bee-keeping was in its infancy here and but few under-
stood the subject. To-day there are hundreds of people throughout the province
who have little to learn of the life history of bees, or of the theory and practice
of their management. A dozen years ago honey was considered a luxury and
could only be bought in drug stores. To-day it finds a place in every well regu-
lated grocery, and is with many people a daily article of food. A dozen years
ago a few hundred pounds of honey was considered a large gathering. To-day
there are hundreds of men throughout the country, who annually harvest tons of
it. A dozen years ago its price precluded its common use. To-day it may be
bought for a little more than the cost of good syrup. Such has been the increase
in apicultural knowledge, and what that knowledge has produced in the last de-
cade, that we sometimes wonder what it will result in twenty years hence, for people
are constantly joining the ranks of those engaged in the honey industry, whose
possibilities can only be known when the necessary force to fully develop it is

employed.

R. McKxiGHT,

07i'en Sound, Aug. nth.

The Prince Albert is reported from the Geneva Experiment Station as an
excellent red currant, with distinct dark green foliage. The fruit stems are extra
long, and the fruit is of fair size. The fruit ripens about three weeks later than
either F'ay's Prolific or Cherry, thus lengthening the season about six weeks, as
the berries hang a long time on the bushes before they become unfit for use.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, $1.00 per year, entitlng the subscriber to membership ot the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including a. copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees.

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

Special Attention is called to the proposed enlargement of this journal
for the year 1893, which is set forth by this number. The editor, with the advice
of the directors, is anxious to spend every available cent the treasury will permit,
to increase the prosperity of Canadian fruit-growers. To accomplish this end
the latest and most reliable information on horticulture will be published in
this journal. The editor will unite with his own practical experience at Maple-
hurst, the results of the work of the horticulturists of the various Experiment
Stations of Canada and the United States, and the gist of the information
contained in the leading horticultural magazines of Europe and the United
States. In view of this, we ask all our friends to second our efforts by sending
in long lists of new subscribers, or names of persons to whom circulars, concern-
ing our work, may be sent from this ofifice.

Whether we continue the additional eight pages during November and
December will depend upon the response in new subscriptions ; but the purpose
is to continue the enlargement through the year 1893, if properly supported.

F.\Li, Work. — There is plenty to do at all seasons in the fruit garden.
Where it is the intention to enlarge the small fruit [)lantation, it is well to make
a beginning this month, if possible, completing the work in early s[)ring. Ras[i-
berrie.s, blackberries and currants begin to grow very early in the spring and are
checked in growth by a late removal. Fall planting should be done as early as
possible after the fall of the leaf, in order that the plants may become well set-
tled before the very cold weather. Currants are very easily propagated from
cuttings, and nurserymen say that tho.se which are set in the fall make nuich
stronger plants than the spring-set ones. They are cut six or seven inches in
length and inserted in the soil, with the exception of the top bud, at a distance

(320)

The CAXAniAN Horticulturist, 321

of four or five inches ai)art in the rows. As cold weather approaches it is well
to throw up the soil towards the cuttings and when the ground freezes cover the
ground with strawy manure, thus preventing heaving of the ground.

Our Apple Crop. — From the news received, both through the public

press and private correspondence, it would appear that the prospects for the

sale of our winter apples this season, are very bright. We have just received a

letter from Messrs. James Lindsay & Son, Edinburgh, Scotland, in which they

speak as follows : —

" Judging from the appearance all around, we think the season will be a fairly good
one for the consumption of American and Canadian fruit of good quality, green fruit, free
from scab, and well packed. The European crop is fairly good and large, but the fruit is
of very small size, hence such will not interfere with American and Canadian shipments.
We hear that the States are about an average crop, so there will not be an excessive supply
from that district. These are our reasons for thinking that the outlet is veiy good for
Canadian stock. Your fruit should go forward carefully packed in full sized barrels, all
of one weight. When they come in diflferent sizes it is a difficult matter to sell satisfac-
torily. The kinds that sell best here are Baldwins, Spy, Spitzenburg, Canada Red, Greening,
Rox and Golden Russets and Snow."

Messrs. Otis & Lawrence, Montreal, agents for Woodall & Co., Liverpool,

England, write :

"The English market is still in good condition. We think that if the market is seriously
affected, it will be because of the poor quality, but, if the (juality is all right, quantity
need not be feared much. There will, no doubt, be a large quantity of apples sent to
England this year, and, to be on the safe side, shippers ought to send only their best and
soundest fruit. Montreal will ship about "2,000 barrels to Liverpool this week, and Nova
Scotia will ship about 10,000 barrels to London."

The Collection of Bottled Fruit for the World's Fair is making
excellent progress. Mr. Pettit and his assistant are giving their whole time to
this work, and our directors and others are donating liberal supplies of their
finest fruits. Magnificent peaches from Essex and Lincoln, plums from Went-
worth and Essex, grapes and apples from every quarter come to the office of the
superintendent in succession and need constant vigilance to care for them
properly. He has some 1,700 glass jars of all shapes and sizes, many of them
very ornamental, and in these the fruit mentioned shows to the very best advan-
tage. They will be stored in a cellar until next spring and then conveyed to
Chicago. Too much cannot be said in honor of our President for his able
superintendence of the work, but, as the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association are
the chief donators and are always ready to further the work in every way, it will
be manifestly unfair unless their assistance in the work is duly recognized by
our Government.

Currant Growing. — Orchard and Garden gives the following as the
essential elements for successful currant growing : deep, rich, moist soil ; ample
top dressing of manure in the fall ; mulching applied to the soil about the
bushes immediately after the spring rains ; regular annual pruning, cutting back
old wood about one quarter, trimming out the old and useless wood and keeping
the bush open and airy.

322 The Canadian HoKTicuLiUk.sT.

The Fruit at the Industrial was about equal to its usual standard of
excellence. There was to be seen at this fair a large number of exhibits of the
very finest fruit which our fair province is able to produce ; and the quality this
year in this department was exceedingly good, considering the unfavorable
season. The pins for supporting the names of prize cards, which were com-
mended in our September number, were used at our suggestion and gave great
satisfaction, both to exhibitors and to visitors. Everyone was able to see at
a glance the names of the various fruits, as well as the prizes conferred, which is
one of the great objects in making a good exhibit.

(1 ROWING Black:.Currants would bc profitable, providing we could secure
varieties that would be more fruitful than those commonly cultivated. On some
soils it is a waste of time to grow black currants. They seem to succeed best
on rich sandy loam, not too dry, and even then they need the best of cultiva-
tion. At the Geneva Experimental Station, the Prince of \\'ales, a new variety,
has been tested and found to be productive and healthy. The horticulturist
there, also recommends the Champion Black, Lee's Prolific, and Baldwin's
Black. At our own Experimental Farm at Ottawa, a large number of seedling
black currants have been raised by Professor Saunders, many of which are
exceedingly promising Among them we may find some even surpassing those
named above.

The Fruit Exhihit of the Western Fair was a creditable one, but the
number of exhibits was not as great as was anticii)ated. Grapes, apples and
pears were especially good, notwithstanding that the season has been unfavor-
able. Peaches and plums were (juite limited. The greater number of prizes
were carried away by Hamilton growers, the names of Marshall, Bambfylde,
Wilds and Burner appearing frequently.

A Shortace in the Onion Crop for the season of 1892, is reported by
Farm and Home. The information has been gained by careful inquiries from
many correspondents. This is contrary to the estimate made early in the sea-
son, based on the amount of seed sold by the seedsmen to growers. The
extremely wet season has very much injured the quality of the crop, and, in con-
sequence, first-class stock will be scarce, notwithstanding the extensive sowing.

Woodall's Diagram of the weekly fluctuations of the Liverpool Market in
apples, is of interest, because it enables one to see at a glance the various changes
which the prices have undergone. Last year Baldwins opened in Liverpool at
196 on the 30th of October, was at the lowest on the 20th of November ; rose to
18/6 on the I St January, 20 6 on the 5th of February, and to "^t^I in the week
ending 22nd of April. Total number of barrels imported into Great Britain
last season was 1,450,000. There were nearly as many imported in 1SS8-9, the
number reaching 1,435,222. 'I'he smallest was in i Si)o-i)i. when the total was
only 451,000 barrels.

THE LATE P. C DEMPSEV,

[n the gcath of om- dcai- oia friend, Mr. P. C. Dempsey, of Albury,
on the 27th of August last, the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association loses
an honore<l director and a faithful supporter. For nearly twenty years
he has kept his place on our Board, and ever shown the deepest interest
in our work, a fact which was recognized by the Society in making him president
for two years in succession. His work as a hybridist is well known, resulting
in the production of several fruits of value, among which may be especially
noticed the Trenton Apple and the Dempsey Pear. A sketch of Mr. Dempsey's
life appeared in Volume XI, p. 242, therefore we need not repeat it here. Suffice
it to say that the officers and members of our Association unite in expressing their
sympathy with the bereaved ones, and in testifying to the worth of the departed.

324

The Canadian Horticulturist.

-^ (D^^c^tioi) ^Pd^bC^P. ^

SHOT HOLE FUNGUS.

494. Sir, — My plum tiees made a rapid growth during the first part of tlie season
and were heavily laden with fruit, but, about the latter end, 6th .July, the leaves appeared
as if scorched and have since dropped, leaving the trees almost bare The fruit, however,
still remains on the trees, but has grown very slowly. Can you tell me the cause and cure?

R. Tkotter, Oiven Sound, Ont.

The leaves enclosed by our correspondent are riddled with small, round
holes, as if made with small shot, for which reason this disease has been called
the shot hole fungus. It is known to scientists as Septoria Cerasina. It attacks
the foliage of both the plum and the cherry, and, though not usually so
serious as in the case before us, inflicts considerable injury by interfering with
the proper function of the leaves, or by causing them to drop prematurely. The
leaves attacked first show dark purple spots, visible on both sides, from one

Fig. 83 — Shot Hole Fungus.

twenty-fourth to one-eighth of an inch in diameter. The tissue covering these
spots soon becomes dead brown in color and finally drops off from the leaf
entirely, leaving numerous clear-cut, round holes, such as are well shown in
Fig. 83.

Under the microscope we may detect, upon the under surface, very minute
black spots. These spots are the fruit of the fungus-like capsules in which the
spores of the fungus are produced in great abundance. These are very slender,
many times longer than broad, and (juite transparent. Each spore is divided by
cross walls into two or more cells, each of which is capable of producing a new
parasite. The spores live through the winter on the old leaves, and thus serve
to propagate the fungus in early spring.

In Vol. XIII, J). 316, may be seen an illustration of an highly magnified
section through the leaf, including one of the spore capsules above described,
and at a above are shown some spores still more highly magnified.

Nothing can be done at this season beyond destroying in some way, if
possible, the old leaves. The best treatment, however, will be a preventive one.

The Canadian Horticulturist 325

Spraying in the early spring with copper sulphate compounds for the purpose of
preventing the plum rot, or Monilia, of the fruit, may also prevent the develop-
ment of the shot hole fungus.

ROOT PRUNING.

49-^. Sir, — ^Will you kindly tell me in the next issue how far from the trunk of
apple trees should I prune the roots. The trees are twenty years old, Kings, and very large.

0. F, BuRCHARD, Kings Court, Ont.

This is very little practised by horticulturists in Ontario, and the operation
is one that should be attempted with considerable caution. The danger lies in
too much lessening the vigor of the trees by cutting off those roots by which
supplies are taken in for its growth and development. If the roots are over-
pruned, the life of the tree will be shortened. The benefit consists in checking
the over-luxuriant wood growth, in order that the elements of nourishment, which
are stored up in the tree, may be diverted to the formation of fruit buds. The
same end is accomplished by grafting the trees on dwarf stock, as when a pear
tree is grafted on the quince, or an apple tree on Paradise stock, and by summer
pruning of the top. In England, where gardening is a higher art than here, root
pruning has been much practised.

Root pruning should be done in the autumn or early winter. A trench is
dug around the tree, at a distance from the trunk proportioned to the size of
the tree. If begun when young, the tree may be so dwarfed that it will never
become large ; but, in the case of our correspondent, where the trees have
grown twenty years and must be very large, the trench should be at least 10 or
15 feet from the trunk The exact distance in each case will need to be left to
the judgment of the operator. The roots should thus be laid bare, and, if found
to be destitute of fibres, the leaders should be cut off in order to produce fibrous
growth.

Mr. Rivers, an English nurseryman, who practises this root pruning yearly,
with his apple and pear trees, sometimes makes them prolific dwarfs, growing
only six feet apart, and producing abundantly. But Mr. Downing is of the
opinion that, in this country, a single pruning is all that will be required to bring
over-luxuriant trees into a fruitful condition.

Should our correspondent be successful in bringing his King apple trees
into a state of productiveness, by giving them a thorough root pruning, the result
will be worth making public through our journal. The great objection to this
variety is its unproductiveness. Some say that, if top-grafted upon the Talman
Sweet, the King becomes productive ; but very few of the orchards of this
variety have been so grafted, and, consequently, we will be glad if root pruning
will accomplish the desired end.

Nkw York Agkicvltckal Exi-kkimknt Station Te.mh An.M'al Rhukt, ISfll,
Mr. Peter Collier, diiector. Tliis report cf ;")o4 rages, boiiinl in clotl), is full of the results
of experiments in agiicultural lines. The repoit of the horticulturist at the end is inter-
esting, and we have made a few notes from it vhich may be interesting to our readers.

FlK.'.T RkPOKT CK lUE DETAKTMtNT (K AcnildLTlKK OF THE PkoVINCE OF UrITI.-H

CoLrMBiA, 1^91 This contains seclims upon diseases and pests; imports and expoits ;
bard woods, culture and value: sugar beet; fruit trees and fiuit, etc. Fiom this repoit
it tij)i)ears tliat about TCdO people in the Province of British C'olunibia are engaged in agri-
culture, stock raising, fiuit culture, etc., and the re])oit is compiled from corresponderee
nith them all.

AcciiiEKTs AMI Emergencies ; what to do till the doctor comes, by I). .T. Groft', M.D.
.\ thirty page pamphlet publislied by the Rural Publishing Co., New York, price 'JO cents.
'Jliis is an exceedingly useful hand-book to have within reach, giving information much
needed in emergencies.

Canning and Preserving and Preparing Fruit Pa.stes and syrcp, by Ermentine
Voung. A thirty-page pamphlet published by the Rural Publishing Co., price 20 cents.

B. BLCBBS BEOINa HI8
GARDEN.

80W.S A CnOICS V.VRIETT OF
SEEDS.

^fN^6a,'

BUT IS TROrBLED A 000
PEAL WITH POCLTRT.

B SETS UP A SCARE-CnOW
r IS ALL RKiUT A.S FAR AS
Cr.OViS A?.E CONXERNED.

UK I'l-ia MORE FAITH IN
WATCHING rr HIMSELF.

HBN REOINH TUB CRrSADB
AG/HNSr HIGH. Woit.MS,
ORAS'Mf rPEIi.l, ETC

THE Pnor» MOMENT OK HIS
LIIK WIIKN UK niNK.S ON A

-I'- ' • iiK 1 is ( \VN l.AISl N<i.

THE CROP BEGINS TO SPROD'
HB MAKES .*N INSPBOTIOH.

MOBAI. — BTBRNAL VIOII
ANCK AND LABOU IS Th
VUR !C < .' ( IIOLERA HURBVS

BLOBBS AND HIS GARDEN-

^J

VWlKCAl OF WAIJ^:S.

THE

Canadian Horticulturist

Vol XV.

1892.

No. 1 1.

THE PRINCE OF WALES PLUM.

,^^gg^p^g^^_

j Q^' INCE plum growing has become such an important industry in
VIJ Ontario, our readers

jrs will be interested m a colored plate of a
^\>»^^~ ^ ^ » new variety which was commended at our last winter meeting
by Mr. S. D. Willard, of Geneva, N. Y. Of course it is a
novelty, not yet tested except at Geneva, yet its behavior
there is sufficient to encourage growers elsewhere to give it a
trial. The colored plate is one vvhich was prepared under the
direction of Mr. Willard, from fruit which he grew in his own
orchard. The variety was origi;;ated by Mr. Thos. Rivers, a
celebrated horticulturist of Sawbridgeshire, England, and was imported direct
from him by Mr. Willard, who writes us his opinion of this plum in the following
terms : ''The tree is very hardy, exceedingly productive, and the fruit is of good
quality. Its appearance renders it quite a favorite in the markets which we
patronize. It is one of the best out of a large number of varieties of plums
which we imported from Mr. Rivers. My experience, however, leads me to be
careful in recommending any varieties for general planting upon all soils and in
all sections."

The fruit is round, medium size ; skin reddish purple, with a thick bloom ;
flesh greenish yellow and of good quality ; very productive, and ripens early in
September.

330

Thf, Canadian Horticulturist.

THK IJROWN THRASHER

^ HE Brown I'hrasher, commonly known hereabout as the Brown
Thrush, is not very generally known, otherwise it would not occasion-
ally be said that we have no song birds in Canada. Although
not a rare bird, he is not common throughout Ontario. Here, at
the foot of Lake Ontario, seems to be a favorite locality for him. I
have known him by his annual summer residence here, for over a
a quarter of a century. Early one morning last June, while walking

through Cataraqui Cemetery, I had the pleasure of listening to three individuals,

perched on tree tops, not more than loo rods apart, and have no doubt the

mate of each was engaged in domestic affairs, not far away.

I have often heard the " mavis " in the forest skirts -of the British Isles,

when it seemed as if he had been created for the very {)urpose of cheering the

Fi(i. S."). — HAKiMiKiivNcnrs KnKis.

hearts of the human race ; yet not more cheering is his music, than the
melodious strains of this Canadian songster. We claim him as Canadian.
because here he is born and bred, although he stays with us [ess than half the
year, coming about the beginning of May and retiring in September.

His grandest brilliancy of expression is generally given early in the morning,
and that, doubtless, is partly the reason why he is known by so few. The

The Canadian Horticulturist. 331

dwellers in towns and cities cannot enjoy his musical charms, he loves solitude,
and is too proud to sing in captivity, which shows a higher degree of intelligence
than is possessed by some birds, who do not refuse to gratify the morbid curiosity
of persons who cruelly confine them in cages.

The Brown Thrasher is a magnificent bird ; although his plumage is not of
bright colors, his form is handsome, his actions are graceful, and his habits are
admirable. His gr^^at compass and power of voice, his musical composition, his
artistic execution, as well as the vigorous manner in which he pours it forth,
is beyond that of any bird I know of. I wonder why brown thrashers have
not multiplied nearly so fast as the robins. They are probably as long-lived,
and in their nests I have generally found about the same number of eggs ; they
exercise great care over their nests. I have seen the female alight on a man's
arm, outstretched towards the nest when full of young ones ; and they always
make surprising demonstrations of displeasure when their nest is approached.
Perhaps it is partly because the robins nest near human habitations, where they
are partially protected from rapacious birds and other nest robbers, whereas the
thrashers make their nests in solitary places, on or near the ground, where they
are easily preyed upon by snakes, weasels, skunks, owls and crows. I believe
many of them are killed when they go to their winter residence in the Southern
States, where there is no law against killing migratory birds.

The food of the Brown Thrasher is chiefly insects and their larvtC ; 1 have
seen him catching the codling moth, and on that account alone he should be
protected. Insects injurious to the interests of the horticulturist are alarmingly
on the increase. This year I have seen hickory, butternut and walnut trees
stripped of every leaf by the forest tent caterpillar, and some orchards not far
from here are sadly destroyed by the orchard tent caterpillar, so I fear that unless
our friendly birds are protected and encouraged, we will, in a few years, have
neither fruit nor forest trees. This bird, especially, should be guarded, even
although he takes some cherries and raspberries in their season, by way of dessert.
The good he does, and the pleasure he affords us, far over-balance what harm
he does. It is a great mistake to condemn a bird which does so much good,
meuely because he does a little harm. I do not know of a more lovable bird
than the Brown Thrasher. In color and markings, he very much resembles the
" HermitThrush," but is of more slender build, and nearly as long as the Black-
billed Cuckoo — about eleven inches.

I). NiCHOL.

Some Lar(;e Tomatoes are being produced at Orillia. Mr. H. Pellatt
sent the Packet office one sample weighing a pound and two ounces ; and Mr.
C. L. Stephens, one weighing a pound, three ounces and a half. Both were
Peter Henderson's new variety, the Ponderosa, an excellent show tomato, and
withal of good quality.

332

The Canadian Horticulturist.

HINTS FOR NOVEMBER.

BL'SV MONTH. — With the fruit-grower the month of
November is by no means a time of leisure, as with the
farmer. The picking and packing, of apples so delays every
other work, that Jack Frost has his icy hands upon us ere
we are prepared for him. Much fall ploughing should be
done in our orchards, in order to expose the soil to the
disintegrating influences of the frost, and to rout the mice,
who are so fond of nesting in the proximity of fruit trees.
Especial care should now be given to young trees

to guard them against mice, which are almost sure to

attack their young and tender bark under deep snows of

winter. The simplest mode of protection is a mound

of fine earth thrown up about the trunk. This any one liv' 'nM^

can do with no expense, except for the labor, and, after

twenty years of practical experience, the writer can

commend it as perfectly reliable. Tin guards, wire

netting, thin flats of veneering placed about the tree

and simply fastened in place with wire, or string, arc

excellent. The only question is that of economy of

time and money in deciding the preference.

Cuttings. — In enlarging our fruit plantations it is

quite unnecessary to spend money purchasing vines and

bushes of such fruits as may be easily grown from cut-
tings. Grapes, currants, gooseberries and quinces are

all easily propagated in this way, even by the merest

amateur. It costs little trouble to bury or preserve in

sawdust the wood from the annual pruning, and, at the

proper season, to plant it in nursery rows which can

easily be cared for with a one-horse cultivator. Of

several thou.sand currant cuttings made by the writer,

and planted out last spring, in such rows, scarcely one

failed to grow ; and on other occasions we have had

similar experience with grape and quince cuttings.

Mr. A. S. Fuller in his '< Grape Culturist," gives the

following as his method of preparing grape cuttings :—

"About the last of November, or the ist of December,

I select the .wood for cuttings, and with a pair of garden

shears cut it up into lengths of about six inches, leaving

not less than two buds upon the cutting. If the wood |.'„;, st;.

is very short jointed, a cutting of this length will have

The Canadian Horticulturist. 33

two or three buds upon it ; if so, they are all the better, as roots usually start
from each bud, but are seldom emitted the first season, in cuttings grown in the
open ground, from the stem between the buds.

With a sharp knife smooth off the wood close to the base of the lower bud,
and cut off the top end about an inch above the bud, at an inclination as shown
in Fig. 86, which gives the form of a two-bud cutting."

The cuttings, after being prepared, are buried in the ground, placing them
at an inclination of 45°, in layers of about an inch or so dee[), of grape wood
and fnie earth, alternately. In the spring, as soon as the ground is ready, they
should be set upright in a trench, or, if more than six inches long, they will
need to be somewhat inclined. They are usually planted three or four inches
apart, leaving the upper bud about even with the surface of the soil. The earth
should be pressed firmly about the cuttings. A simple way of planting is to
make a trench along the side of a line by simply inserting a spade full depth in
the ground and moving the handle back and forward until the soil remains
sufficiently open to receive the cuttings. They are then put in place and the
ground pressed back firmly about them by the treading of the foot. This same
mode of planting will apply to all kinds of cuttings.

Grapes are sometimes propagated by joints of a single eye with
an inch or two of wood attached. These should be prepared in the
fall and packed in clean, damp, not wet, sand, in a cellar that i? not too warm.
Under such conditions a callus will soon be formed — -a cur ous excrescence,
nature's mode of covering an exposed portion of wood —
and from this roots will soon be sent out. The accom-
panying illustration, Fig. 87, from Dov/ning's " Fruits and
Fruit Trees of America," will clearly show how single eye
PIG. 8/. cuttings are made.

The making of cuttings of gooseberries and currants scarcely needs any
directions, even for the novice. In the pruning time we make it a rule to
remove about one-third of the last year's growth, and these, averaging from three
to four inches in length, are buried in the soil, as above directed, and then
planted in the spring in rows about four inches apart. If the cuttings are of
more account than the fruitfulness of the bush from which they are cut, it will
be an advantage to remove with each cutting a small portion of the older wood
along with the new, or, in the case of a side shoot, the cut may be made very
clo.se to the old wood. While this is helpful, it is by no means necessary, as
these cuttings, in a favorable season, grow with the greatest ease.

Formerly writers on horticulture advised removing every bud from the
cuttings with the exception of a few at the upper end, the object being to pro-
cure young plants with clean straight stems at the surface free from suckers.
Were it not for the borer this plan would still be advisable, but in our e.xperience
of later years we find it important to encourage suckers from the roots, because

334 The Canadian Horticulturist.

the older stems are so frecjuently destroyed by the currant borer, and need
frequent renewing.

The quince also roots very easily from cuttings and it is a j)robleni why the
price of quince trees should be kept so high when they are so easily propagated.
Perhaps it may be explained by considering what slow growers they are, occupy-
ing nursery rows so long before they are suitable for planting in the orchard.

'i'he pruning of the quince tree is usually sadly neglected, and, in conse-
(juence, presents a perfect network of limbs. Such trees cannot bear fine
fruit or any quantity of it. They should be thinned annually and the young wood
cut back. Cuttings should be of the last season's growth. If taken off close to
the old wood, at the shoulder, they will mostly grow, if planted in moderately
moist soil, especially if the cutting? have first been callused. The surest method
of propagation, however, is by suckers, the growth of which is easily encouraged.
These may be pulled off with a portion of the root attached, and m that case
can hardly fail to grow.

Winter Protection. — In Southern Ontario we pay little attention to the
laying down of grapes or raspberries, but, much oftener than we think, our short
crops of red and black berries and grapes are due to the severe weather of our
winters when the thermometer reaches lo or 15 below zero.

The work of protection is not so great as one might suppose. The vines
are easily loosed from the wires and thrown down to the ground, where they are
held in place with a shovel of earth. The snow will then cover the wood and
protect it. But in some sections, as in Southern Ontario, snow falls are rare
and cannot always be depended upon. In such cases a few furrows of the plow
in the vineyard will bury the fruit-bearing portion of the vine with earth, and
thus be a complete protection to the fruit buds.

Raspberries will easily bend if their canes have been allowed to grow long
but in the case of the stiffer canes of the blackberry, a little digging may be
necessary in order that they may be easily bent to the ground.

Covering strawberry plants with some light, loose material, such as leaves,
evergreen boughs, straw, etc, will well repay the owner by the immensely
increased yield of fruit the following season.

Kekimn(; the Cem..\r Cooi. at a temperature a little above freezing point,
is the secret of preserving fruit throughout the winter. i-Vw consider the
importance of such a condition, and wonder at the early decay of fruit and
vegetables which they have stored away. The temperature may easily be
regulated by the opening of the windows in the night and closing them during
the warm days of the autumn ; and, in winter time, an occasional opening of
the windows will, of course, reduce the temperature whenever it is needed.

" See here, waiter, this pie hasn't any apples in it !" Waiter : " I know it.
sah ; it am made of evajjoratcd apples." -Lampoon.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 335

NOTES FROM THE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA.

GRAPES.

^HILE the total summer heat in this locality was probably up to
the average, yet the heated period, arriving as it did early in the
season, was more favorable to a rampant growth of vine than the
early ripening of the fruit. The fact that many of the Rogers'
and other hybrids are dependent, in a measure, on cross fertiliza-
tion was more clearly brought out this season than usual, owing,
no doubt, to the moist and rainy weather which prevailed during
the blossoming period. Some interesting experiments were made along this line
recently by Prof. Beach, of the Geneva Experiment Station, N.Y. By enclosing
in paper sacks, before blossoming, a number of clusters of each variety in the
vineyard, he readily determined which sorts were perfect in blossom, and which
were dependent on cross fertilization. The results showed all gradations from
sterility to complete fertilization. Among the Rogers' varieties impotence was
more common than among those not hybrids. These results contirm the opinion
of many grape growers, and point as a practical remedy for this defect to the
mixing or intermingling or these varieties in the vineyard.

Among red varieties which have done well on these grounds the past
season are Vergennes and Gsertner ; they have made good bunches, ripened per-
fectly and have been entirely free from mildew. Salem set well, but where
unsprayed, mildewed considerably. Massasoit and Agawam failed to ripen thor-
oughly, while Lindley set poorly and was attacked by Bird's Eye 'Rot(espaceloma
ampelimnnj. Eldorado (white), which has been a vigorous grower, a good bearer,
and has taken the lead of all varieties in the vineyard for the past two years in
regard to quality, made a very poor showing, owing to incomplete fertilization.
Scarcely a perfect bunch was obtainable. Among other white varieties Duchess,
Hayes, and Kensington are to be commended. They are all of good quality, ripen-
ing with, or soon after, Delaware. Kensington was produced at London some
years ago by Prof. Saunders, who pollenized Clinton with Buckland's Sweet Water.
In a remarkable way it combines in fruit and vine the characteristics of both
parents. Vine, fairly vigorous ; wood, short jointed ; leaves, deeply cut ; bunch,
medium to large, sometimes very large; berry, medium size, oval ; skin, thin; pulp,
rich and juicy ; a grape of first quality, ripening a week later than Delaware.
Thus far it has not been propagated to any extent, but its probable value, especi-
ally for home use, should lead to more extended trial by grape growers.

Among black varieties Eaton does not deserve such high praise as is so
generally accorded ; bunch and berry are very large, but on these grounds its
quality is much below par. Potter is much better in quality, earlier, but the
berries drop almost as readily as some of the Southern Fox grapes when grown
in this locality.

Moore's Early, Worden, Merrimack, and Roger's 36 were very satisfactory.

33^ The Canadian Horticulturist.

The disease, Bird's-Eye Rot, or Anthracnose, which I have already referred to,
seems to be on the increase in grape growing districts. This should be very
carefully watched, as I am unaware that it has thus far been successfully treated
with any of the copper compounds. The results of my own experiments this
season have been entirely negative. I should be pleased to get any information
relating to the spread of this disease, and especially glad to know if any journal
reader has treated it successfully. . —

In comparing Bordeau.x mixture, half strength, and ammoniacal copper car-
bonate as remedies against grape mildew, I find a slight difference in favor of
the latter, though the use of both has been highly satisfactory.

This matter of spraying should receive more attention from fruit growers
than it has heretofore.

PLUMS.

A very interesting member of the Japanese family, which had been planted
under the name of Botan, fruited this year. It is interesting alike from its
ability to withstand this somewhat severe clin)ate, and its e.xtreme earliness,
being ripe here on August 8th, about two weeks ahead of any other variety.
The tree is a strong, upright grower. Fruit medium size, egg shaped, no
suture, skin, which is thick, is yellow in color, overlaid with red markings, and
a light lilac bloom. Stem fairly long set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, firm,
with a peach-like flavor. The pit, which is very small, not much larger than
a cherry stone, separates readily from the flesh. Not of high quality, but on
account of its season may have some market value.

A large number of varieties selected from our native plums fruited this
season. They will undoubtedly be valuable in sections where finer varieties of
the domesticfE class cannot be grown. In connection I may say that one of the
finest examples of a perfectly laden plum tree was to be seen last month in the
garden of Mr. R. B. White, an enthusiastic fruit grower of Ottawa. This was
in the shape of a well grown specimen of Glass, seven or eight years of age,
literally covered with fruit, each branch a perfect rope, describing an arc of
a circle. This tree has borne regularly for several years. The variety can safely
iie considered hardy in this vicinity, but its fruit buds, Mr. White informs me,
are occasionally injured by spring frosts.

Among native varieties thoroughly tested De Soto is undoubtedly the best.
It is remarkably productive and desirable, both for canning and eating in its
natural state. Wolf and Hawkeye, dark red, are larger and later, but retain
more of the wild astringent characteristic. Cheney and Van Buren, light red
and yellow, are almost free of stone and of good quality. They lack the vigor
of tree of the former, but are very desirable.

These varieties should be headed low and should be annually shortened in,
as their habit of growth is naturally ramltling. I may say that Weaver for the
past three years has borne heavily, but is not equal to De Soto in quality of
fruit. John Cuaio, Ilorticu'lurist.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

337

THE CANADA BALDWIN.

URING the year 1884, our Association distributed trees
of this hardy apple among its members for testing. A
few days ago, Mr. T. VV. Beall, of Montreal, sent us a
basket of beautiful samples of this apple, for the World's
Columbian Exposition, one of which we had drawn
and engraved. Fig. 88, showing its form and markings,
while Fig. 89 shows a section of the same. The apple,
which is of the Fameuse type, originated in the orchard of Mr. Alexis Dery,
St. Hilaire, Que. It is described as handsome, of medium size, oblate in form,
skin white, thickly striped with red and splashed with crimson. The flesh is
white, tender, tine-grained and juicy, with a peculiar subacid flavor. Ripe for
use from January to April.

Fig.

-The Canada Baldwin.

The particular adaptability of this apple to heavy clay soils, and its great
hardiness, peculiarly adapt it for cultivation in certain sections ; on light soils
it is a slow grower, and the fruit less satisfactory. We shall be pleased to
receive further reports concerning its merits.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

Fig. 89. — Section* of Canada Baldwin Apple.

LABELS FOR TREES IN PLEASURE GROUNDS.

While a ground label may be the proper thing for a young and choice tree
in parks, etc., because another kind could not be affixed to it in a satisfactory
way, a much better device for large specimens, simple and cheap, is made of a
piece of tin about four inches long by three inches wide. Bend down about
half an inch of the upper edge at a right angle, which will form a little coping
for the label ; then make two little holes just beneath this and pass a strong
copper wire through them, firmly nailing it to the tree. This should be about 5
or 6 feet from the ground, and in a position where it can be easily read. Such
labels last a long time and are safer from displacement or loss, and hence more
satisfactory then labels inserted in the grass at the foot of trees.

Eor garden plants, young trees, etc., strong
but neat cast iron labels will be found service-
able. If you wish to get a stock of them for
your choicer plants, make a model of wood,
about 10 or 11 inches high, one inch wide at
the shank, the head 4 to 5 inches across and
2 inches wide, as shown in engraving, and
send it to the foundry. In writing these labels
first write in the outlines of the letters, and
then fill in rather thickly with finely strained
l)aint. l'"or grouiul color white is preferable
to black. AVrite the common name first, then
the generic name, then the species, and a little to the right below, the genus. It is
always desirable to put down the native country of tree or shrub, and date of
planting. The writings on these labels should be occasionally renewed in winter
— Popular Gardening.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 339

EXPORT OF APPLES.

PPLE shippers to the British markets are not realizing such prices as
.^ they should so far this season. There are doubtless many reasons
1^^ why this is so, but looking over some of the auction sale bills, I con-
clude without hesitation that one great source of loss is in shipping
late varieties too early. Fancy Baldwin selling in Liveppool in
Sept. ! No wonder the price was 8/9 per barrel for the best, and less
for some that were used as samples at the sale. Greenings, Pomme
Grise, Seeks, and even Kings, in market at very little advance for the best
samples of the latter. Both at our own meetings and at Institutes, the matter
of shipping at proper seasons has often been discussed. Russets are not
wanted in British market, at their proper value, until after the new year.
February and ]N[arch are the best months to sell them. It is a mistake to ship
fall and winter varieties at the same time, as 1 see many have done. Then
from the fact that so many are reported as " slack and wet " it is evident that,
generally speaking, there is no improvement in manner of culling and packing ;
too many seconds are allowed to pass into the packages with firsts, and hence
the shipper has to take the price of seconds for all. I observe one sale of
winter kinds as early as September 16th ; no wonder the shipper lost money, as
the fruit was unfit for use, not being properly matured. Besides this sort of
thing is a decided injury to the country that produces such fruit, and the market
becomes demoralised. At the sales on September 30th, and October 3rd, 5th
and 7th, matters appear even worse, as many varieties that should have gone
forward early, appear at that late date as " wasty," "slack and wet," and
*' rotten." It seems to me if we could get our shippers to cull out only the
best fruit, pack tightly enough to carry without loosening, and ship specific
kinds only in their own season, that it would be money in their pockets, much
better satisfaction to the consumers, and build up a reputation for honest deal-
ing, and catering strictly to the wants of Britishers, that would be a credit to
Canada. There are shippers who work in this way, but they are the exception,
and the prices they obtain are also an exception. I find also that those who
ship to till private orders or for private sale to retailers, obtain much better
prices. Is this because their fruit is of superior sample, or is it an argument
against the auction style of doing business ? Perhaps both. We will see later
on.

The Wealthy, so far as I have observed it this season, holds its reputation ;
and from experience up to date, would say plant more. Ontario also is clean
and a good crop wherever I know it, and bids fair to supplant its parents for
profit. Pewaukee requires cultivation and manure to keep it up to mark ; a
little neglect and you will find many miserable specimens on the tree. It is
evidently not a variety for the grower who would let the tree take care of itself.

34° The Canadian Horticulturist.

Blenheim Pippin was always good, and will remain so if it receives any sort of
decent encouragement now and then. But then they all want that. Educate
growers to devote half the manure and labor on the orchard that they do on any
other equal portion of the cultivated farm, and generally tiner samples of fruit,
more of it and better prices, with a rapidly rising demand, will be the result.

Mulch. — At this season of the year, Mr. Editor, F believe it would pay to
post a card containing these five letters over the front door of every fruit
grower's house. Nature is busy laying down a mulch in her domains, and if we
follow her example we do well. Especially is this necessary in newly-planted
trees. Yes, mulch with manure now on to the time that frost comes, and when
spring opens instead of taking oflF this extra blanket turn it into the soil.

A. McD. Allan.

Toronto, Oftt.

An English Fruit-Grower's Views on Marketing. — As most of the
fruit grown is consigned to salesmen, I would try and discover some one who
bears the character of honest dealing, and trust him. Do not dodge about from
one to another ; this often has led to getting " out of the frying-pan into the
fire." If the fruit be honestly packed, giving good measure, customers soon dis-
cover this, and' inquire for the goods, with the result that full market-price is
obtained with little difficulty. I find it to be a good plan, as a rule, to have
a continuous supply of the same kind of fruit. In sending, say, loo
bushels of apples of one kind to market, I would not send them all at once, but
begin with 15 or 20 bushels, increasing the quantity as the customers seemed
to appreciate them. On the other hand, do not send a small quantity of a large
number of sorts, which is very bewildering to the salesman, who finds such con-
signments a great nuisance Let all fruit be in a marketable condition when
sent, or it will probably be left for days or weeks before finding a purchaser,
and then only at a low price, alike unsatisfactory to the salesman and the grower.
The great advantage of the fruit from abroad is this, " that when placed on the
market it is fit for immediate use," which seems to suit the circumstances of
most buyers, who .say, " we do not want fruit to keep, we want it to sell."' ij^Ve
must, therefore, try and supply not only the article, but supply it also in the con-
dition in which they require it — G. Hammond, before the British Fruit-(irowers'
Association.

Crocuses in Sod. — Crocuses grow readily in ordinary sod. The bulbs
should be 2 or 3 inches beneath the surface. The flowers are scarcely out of
the way by the time the grass needs cutting, assuming that the sod is one that is
kept closely mown. A favorite place for growing crocuses in grass is under the
shade of deciduous trees, where the grass does not make a strong growth.
Another good place for them is about the base of evergreen trees, and under
the branches of flowering shrubs. — Am. Gardening.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 341

RANDOM THOUGHTS ON VARIOUS TOPICS.

UST in proportion as we get liberated from self and its tyrannical sway,
will we be desirous that others should profit by our experience,
hence we may speak and write much that others know and have
practised as well as ourselves ; but then we may have found some-
thing that is new to others which may excuse an effort for the
advancement of what we have profited by. The preparation of fruit
exposure at the Chicago World's Fair, seems to be an interesting
topic just now, and although one may not send samples to exhibit, yet would be
glad to know that a fair representation had been sent by others. The usual method
of exposing fruit samples in oval jars, does not afford a fair representation.
The oval surface magnifies, and the fruit seems larger than it is. Square glass
jars, with one side scaled off into inches, halves and quarter inches, something
like the scale on a druggist's measuring glass, would be better vessels for fruit
exposition than are usually seen at fairs. It is to be hoped that Canada will be
fairly represented at the Chicago World's Fair, which bids fair to prove a grand
success, if the cholera does not get there to dampen the ardor of the exhibitors
and visitors.

There is an increasing interest in fruit growing yearly in the Ottawa Valley,
and especially in the vicinity of Ottawa City. " It pays " is one reason, and as
some of the climatic obstacles are overcome, success is more prevalent than
formerly. Strawberry cultivation is on the increase largely, but a great deal of
inferior fruit is thrown on the market owing to a want of care in cultivation, and
also a lack of variety in kinds, the Crescent and Wilson being the chief varieties
grown. Raspberry culture here has a large, wild pick to contend with, yet there
is a fair showing of garden produce, which is increasing.

The Early Richmond cherry is coming into favor, being hardy, and brings
a good price on the fruit stands. But we are forced to forego novelties in
general, as Jack Frost has too strong rule through our winters to allow an
indulgence in novelties to any great extent. But one strong encouragement
meets the fruit grower in this section, what fruit he does turn on the market
brings a fair price, and is eagerly' sought for. We find in the line of fertilizing,
that to throw our wood ashes into the privy vault, and in the fall take out and
mix with equal parts swamp muck and stable manure, a valuable compost is
formed for filling in furrows to plant vegetables on after covering the compost
back with earth. (Coal ashes may be prudently mixed in this way, but wood
ashes are better kept separate till time of application to soil. — Ed.) I experi-
mented some by plowing two ridges four times for planting strawberries on,
raising a crop of corn this year. The growth was simply immense, and the
ground is now in fine order to set on strawberries. I believe it will pay largely
to plow all vegetable ground three or four times before planting, as the soil is

342 The Canadian Horticulturist.

well pulverized, and draws from the air certain elements wliich adds to vege-
table production largely. Plant food comes largely from the air, and a porous
soil is far more congenial to plant growth than a close packed soil.

Manuring just enough is better than over manuring. Some people crowd
in more manure than the soil can assimulate profitably, and wonder why they
don't get better returns. Let the land rest from manuring a year or two and
better results will appear.

Nepea/i, Sept. i8g2. L Foote.

Strawberries Tested at Geneva. — The Bessie and MichePs Early straw-
berries are condemned as being unproductive. The VanDeman is reported as
the very best extra early variety ever tested, and, in the opinion of the horticul-
turist there, has a great future. The most productive of all the varieties tested
was the Burt producing in matted rows at the rate of eleven thousand quarts
per acre ! Of course the experiment was made with small plots ; still it shows
us what is possible. In the station's bulletin for August, 1 892, the Becder Wood is
reported as leading in productiveness; the Burt, which for three years had given
the best yields, falling behind. The VanDeman is a little in advance of Michel's
Early, in beginning to ripen, and matures its crop so quickly that it quite out-
ranks the latter as a market berry. The Warfield, Eureka and Haverland are
reported as standard varieties extensively grown by fruit-growers about Geneva.
The strawberry blight has been severe, but Bordeaux mixture is recommended
as a preventive, prepared with two pounds of lime and three pounds of copper
sulphate to twenty two gallon's of water ; two or three applications each season.

NOVEMBER.

iTORM ! storm ! storm !

And the snow-flakes fall amain.
And the wintr}' winds moan drearily,
How unlike last evening's rain.

Storm ! storm ! storm !

And the winds incessantly roar,
And the long dark waves of the ocean,

Roll heavily on the shore.

Storm ! storm ! storm !

And the winds of memory roar,
But the joys of my joyous childhood,

Roll into my heart no more.
linntlfoi'il VV. II. PoRTKR, M.A.

-h Tl;e \7ir)eyard. -r

ABOUT GRAPES.

LARGE amount of plant food is lost in the soil near our houses.
It accumulates in the shape of ashes, bones and slops. In what
way can it be utilized ? We cannot grow vegetables nor flowers in
all out-of-the-way places. Neither can we have trees too near the
house to shut out the light. In addition to its being an improper
place to raise these things, the soil is often so hard and dry that but
few things will flourish; and the heat reflected from the house is too much for most
crops. What is it that can send roots through hard, dry soil, down beside found-
ations, under buildings and walks — anywhere and everywhere, 40 or 50 feet
away — and make use of all the plant food within its reach ? The grape vine can
do this, and its foliage is all the better for the heat and the shelter that it gets in
such situations. It needs a dry, rich and hard soil, and if its foliage can be kept
dry, so much the better. The sides of buildings are admirable places to train vines
on. The fruit never rots when it is kept from rain and dew by the projection
of the roof, or by any means. Three sides of our house have been covered
with vines for ten years, and a rotten grape has never appeared, although we
lost most of the crop on the trellises in the garden near by.

It makes no difference how rocky land is for grapes. I have known them
to flourish where it was necessary to carry soil to cover the roots in planting.
I have frequently planted vines with their roots under buildings and brought
the vines out at the foundation. They never fail in such places for want of
water, the natural dampness of the soil being sufficient for them. Not unfre-
quently such vines come through the winter uninjured, when those in the garden
or vineyard are seriously damaged.

Vines trained on a building are quite ornamental, and, if judiciously man-
aged, produce a large amount of fruit. They keep the house cool in hot weather,
and do no injury in any way except to get their tendrils under the siding or
occasionally overload the gutter.

I have known of vines that produced an immense amount of fruit when
trained on buildmgs. A large vine in a city yielded nearly a hundred dollars"
worth every year. A friend of mine had an Isabella vine that produced a ton
of grapes in a single season. Another man of my acquaintance sold $50 worth
of fruit from a vine, and not a very large one either.

In village lots, where there seems to be no room at all, one can raise grapes
if he only has a fence or building to train the vines on. I know of one person
who covered the roof with a vine. If there be no soil to plant in, one can take
up a little of the pavement, plant the vine and replace it. The roots seem to
do better under flagging than anywhere else, especially if there be fertility to
encourage root growth.

(343)

344 The Canadian Horticulturist.

The grape is the fruit for the people. It is enjoyed by all and injures none.
^\'hile there are things about it that the .skilful vineyardist hardly understands,
the fact remains that when a man plants a few vines, he and his family have
grapes : while those who hesitate on account of possible failure, deprive their
families of this fruit. — M. Crawford, in Farm and Fireside.

To Keep Grapes and Pears. — By exercising care in selecting and
handling the fruit, both grapes and pears can be kept for a long time, at least
until after the holidays. The most important item is to use only sound speci-
mens. There is no advantage gained in using bruised or partially decayed fruit, for
it will cause the sound to decay more quickly. Select the largest bunches of
grapes and lay them out separately for a day or so, to partially cure, cutting
away any berries that are in the least damaged. Use sawdust for packing,
putting a layer first, then a layer of grapes, (each bunch being first wrapped
with paper,) followed by another of sawdust, and so on until the box is full.
Set the boxes where they will keep very cool, but not freeze. A great deal
depends upon even temperature Pears will keep in a much warmer place,
but like the grapes, the temperature must be uniform. Take perfectly sound
pears, not too ripe, for even quite green ones will ripen nicely in this way.
Spread them out one layer deep in shallow boxes or drawers. Wrapping each
separately in paper will help to preserve them. Keep dark, but above all keep
the temperature even. The constant changing from warm to cold and vice
versa is the main cause of decaying.

Grape Juice. — The grapes should be of the best quality. Wash them
thoroughly, after stripping from the stems and discarding any that are imper-
fect. Throw them into a granitized kettle with half a pint of water to every
three quarts of fruit, skim when they begin to boil, and cook very slowly for
ten minutes. While still boiling hot, strain through a jelly bag, squeezing the
skins and seeds into a separate receptacle, as the juice from them will be apt to
be discolored. Return the liquid to the preserving kettle, and after boiling
lialf an hour, seal in heated glass cans like fruit. The juice from seeds and
skins may be bottled separately. It can be safely kept till grapes are again
ripe, if packed in a cool, dark place. The absence of light is as imperative as
the al>.sence of heat. Cooled on ice, it makes a delicious and wholesome bever-
age, and is supposed to have specially tonic qualities. If grape juice cannot be
kept in a very cool place, add one cup of sugar to every quart of juice at the
end of an hour, then boil ten minutes longer.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 345

SHALL WE CONTLNUE TO PLANT VINEYARDS?

AM by no means sure that the continued heavy planting of the grape
will prove to be a safe commercial venture. It is, doubtless, true
that the consumption of this fruit in a fresh condition is increasing at
a rapid rate, and it may reasonably be anticipated that such con-
sumption will continue to increase. On the other hand, public
sentiment grows stronger and stronger against wine-making, and this
seems likely to diminish the demand for grapes for such purposes.
The grape can be, and is, successfully and profitably grown much farther
north than any of the tree-fruits, since by laying down and covering the vines
they can be carried safely through the severest winter cold. With judicious
selection of a vineyard site, many of even the late-ripening varieties mature with
nearly or quite the same certainty as farther south. As a case in point, a fine
collection of well-ripened grapes, grown in southern-central Minnesota, was
shown at the New Orleans Exposition during the winter of 1875. Among them
were perfectly ripe Catawbas which, even in southern Michigan and northern
Ohio, ripen thoroughly only in exceptionally favorable seasons or in protected
or sheltered localities. A subsequent visit to the vineyard in which these
specimens were grown revealed the fact that their maturity was due to the
training of the vines upon a low trellis with a southern slope and exposure.
The vines were covered with earth in winter. — T. T. Lyon.

Just so long as bananas are sold in our northern towns by the wagon and
car-load we say, plant grapes. The capacity of our people to consume grapes is
only just beginning to be tested. What we want is to improve their quality, to
cheapen and quicken transportation and to extend the season. Every northern
market should be supplied with fine grapes from June until January, and in
abundance. Our people have only been eating grapes for two months ; they
ought to be supplied for six.

Fruit-growers need to tone up on honesty. They should put up honest
goods in first-class order, stop growling at commission-men, and improve the
quality of their fruit. Have a perfect understanding with your commission-house.
Let the house know what you have, and just when it will be shipped. Make
daily reports, use the telegraph, get acquainted with a trustworthy firm, and
stick to it. It is possible to have good, faithful, conscientious producers and
shippers at one end of the route, and good, prompt, honest dealers at the other
end ; but there must be mutual and continual understanding and co-operation.
— S. S. Crissey, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.

Modest bearing is very commendable in a man, but it is no recommendation
to a fruit tree. — Lowell Courier.

Father : " No appetite this evening, eh ? What is the matter ? Late
unch?-' Little Boy: "No, sir; early apples." — Good News.

^ jsf^U: arid Little Kqc)Loi) frbWs ^

FOREIGN FRUITS. '

Sir, — I send you by express two baskets containing six varieties of apples and nine
varieties of pears. The pear narneil Wilinot was ))rouglit from Toronto to Newcastle about
seventy years ago by the late Mr. VViliiiot and was named after him. Do you know what
variety it is ? J. D. Kouerts, Cohounj, Ont.

The interesting packages of fruit from our successful amateur fruit grower,
Mr. J. D. Roberts, includes the following varieties. Pears: — Beurre Chaudry>
Beurre Baltet Pere, Therese, Directeur Alphaud, Wilmot, Fertility, Souvenir de
la Durand, Zol and Beurre de Mortillet ; Apples ; — Queen, Peasgoods Nonsuch,
Cornish Gilliflower, Lord Suffield, Lane's Prince Albert and Red Bietigheimer^
The pears are mostly French varieties and are large, but scarcely showy enough
to attract the Ontario fruit grower. Beurre Chaudry and Directeur are large and
fine, but not sufficiently mature for us to judge of their quality.

Fi<;. 1);1.--Pkah(;(u)1)'.s Nossroii Aii'LK.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 347

Wilmot is a fine pear for dessert, of medium size, the skin a bright yellow,
the quality good. It reminds us very much of the Ritson which was described
in Vol. 14, page 387.

The apples are worthy of special notice being English varieties of high
standing. Cornish Gilliflower has an ugly appearance and poor color, a true
Gillifiower in shape ; strange to say, it is one of the most valued of dessert
apples in Great Britain. A writer in the English Garden speaks of the powerful
aroma of the fruit when cut in half as being one of the characteristics of the varietv,
and of its rich flavor, which makes it so popular, and declares that there is no
better dessert apple for the months of April and May, than this variety.

Lord Suffield is one of the leading cooking apples of Great Britain for use
in the months of August and September. The fruit is large, white, soft and
excellent for tarts and pies. A writer in The Garden says that it is the best of
the Codling family, but the tree is a bad grower chiefly in consequence of its
prolific habit.

Peasgood's Nonsuch is a very large beautiful apple. The sample before us
is four and a- half inches in diameter. The skin is green with a bright red
cheek and streaked with the same color. The tree is a loose grower, but the
fault is v/ell made up in such beautiful specimens of enormous size. The
quality of this apple is excellent for cooking. We give an engraving of this
apple taken from the Garden. The Gardeners' Chronicle says that, apart from
its beauty, this apple is recommended as one of the very best varieties, especially
for culinary purposes.

Lane's Prince Albert is a winter cooking apple, large, clean skin, marked
something like our Cayuga Red Streak. A writer in the Garden says : " Two
good apples which every one should plant are the Cellini and Prince Albert.
They will be useful both for home use and for market, as they are not only
good, but they look good, and the latter point is as necessary as the former in
anything grown for sale.

A FINE APPLE.

Sir, — I send you two or three sample apples from a tree received from the Association
four years ago in place of a Yellow Transparent These apples have been off the tree
about three weeks. The tree had between three and four pecks of fine large apples like
the sample. It is a very thrifty grower with an open head.

Andrew Walker, MetccUfe.

It is surprising that a tree planted four years ago should produce such a
crop, and this speaks well for its productive qualities. The apple is very fine in
appearance, somewhat resembling the King. Size, large ; color, red on greenish-
yellow ground ; cavity, small, deep, ribbed ; calyx, closed ; basin, similar to
cavity ; flesh yellowish-white, tender, mellow, juicy, good flavor ; season, about
the first of September. The apple is surely a seedling. At least we know of
none like it of its season. It has a strong competitor in the Duchess, a variety
which can hardly be surpassed.

t^^

^ 7l?G (i'apdei) ar)d ]^a(A:Q.

CANADIAN WILD-FLOWERS.— I.

^

Sli^

•jc E have many beautiful flowers growing in our woodlands
and meadows that can be used to adorn our homes,
belli in town and country. They can be transplanted
from their native localities at no other expense than a
few hours of the children's time, and will thrive in culti-
vation as well as in their woodland haunts, many of
them better. The expense of procuring flowering
plants deters some from planting them about their dwellings, and hence many,
especially of our rural homes, are so devoid of attractiveness in their surround-
ings. Now, this need not be, and, in truth, should not be. The influence of
the home in which the children are reared remains through life, and oftentimes,
nay, usually, shapes all their after years. If the influence of the home of our
children is refining, stimulating thought and observation, thus leading on to
useful reading, and intercourse with thinking minds, we may reasonably expect
that when they become men and women they will be persons of intelligence, and
therefore of influence. Our farmers, some of them at least, complain that they
are looked down upon by those in other walks of life, that they do not enjoy the
consideration and influence which their position, as producers of the wealth of
the country, entitles them. In some measure this may be true ; for the writer
has more than once heard it remarked that the farmers of Canada, as a class,
were at once the most suspicious and the most gullible of men. But in what-
ever measure the farmers fail of enjoying the consideration and influence which
they should possess, it is wholly their own fault. As a class they have been
prone to confine their attention to the mere routine of the farm, content to go
on in the methods of their ancestors, never enlarging their mental vision by
excursions into other fields than their own, or by indulging in studies or investi-
gations of natural science related closely to their daily pursuits. There is noth-
ing more true than that ignorance begets conceit. The ignorant man is the
man that thinks he knows it all, and those who attend the January meetings of
the 1-armers' Institutes will testify that those who stand most in need of informa-
tion are conspicuous by their absence. When the farmers of Canada lay aside

(348)

The Canadian Horticl^lturist. 349

their conceit, and avail themselves of the means, now so abundant, of increasing
their knowledge, and expanding and strengthening their mental powers, and
thereby make themselves the peers of any class of their fellow-citizens, they will
no longer have occasion to complain that they have not the influence and con-
sideration that belongs to them as the great producers of national wealth.

Anything that enlarges our field of thought, that calls into play our powers
of observation and comparison, especially if enjoyed in early life, helps on that
mental development and strengthens those faculties which are essential to success
in any calling, and especially in that of the farmer. If also that to which the
mind is thus directed in youth has somewhat of a refining tendency it so much
the better helps to the formation of such tastes as tend to correct the condition
of our human nature, and produces in us that bearing toward each other that is
the charm of social life. Therefore, we plead with our farmer friends for the
planting of fruits and flowers about their dwellings. What is there that will
make home so pleasant to your children as to make it bright to the eye with
flowers, and rich with both the varied colors and flavors of our several fruits ?
Not only will you thereby make home more dear to them, but you will be giving
them that which has both a refining and expanding influence, and if you encourage
them in the cultivation of these you will be drawing out and strengthening
faculties that will be needed much in coming years.

It is with the view of removing the objection of cost, that is urged by some
against the planting of flowers, that the writer proposes to devote a few papers to
the cultivation of our wild flowers, and, further, because the very matter of gather-
ino- them from their places of natural growth, and cultivating them in soil and
situations best suited to their needs, will call into action those powers of obser-
vation, comparison and reflection so much to be desired by every tiller of the
soil. In doing this it shall be our endeavor to avoid technical terms as much
as possible, to explain fully what is meant by those that it seems necessary to use,
and yet so fully and minutely to describe each plant that there need be no
trouble in identifying it, and distinguishing it from any other. The name by
which it is known to botanists will be given, and likewise the name by which it
is commonly called by others. The treatment needed for successful cultivation,
so far as known to the writer, will also be given.

(To be continued.)

450 Markham St., Toronto. D. W. Beadle.

Carnations in the open ground should be lifted toward the end of the
month, leaving a ball of earth on the roots. In potting, this ball should be
reduced to fit the pot by means of a pointed stick. Try to retain all roots.
Firm good soil in between the ball of earth and the pot. Water the plants well
and set them in the shade for a week, sprinkling them frequently. Afterwards
gradually accustom them to more light and sun. — Am. Gardening.

35°

The Canadian Horticulturist.

ANEMONE FLOWERED CHRYSANTHEMUM.

_^i,^g^ PROMINENT flower in the month of November is the chrysanthe-

si^»l^'\ "^""''- ^o enduring of frost is it that when other flowers have hidden

*™^j|^p their glories, and even the giants of the forest have mostly shed their

].i^^s> foliage, this cheery friend beams upon us in robes of brightest hues.

Indeed, one writer claims for this flower that there is not a single

brilliant hue decking the landscape in autumn, but is more than

equalled by her gorgeous colors, in her numerous varieties.

If wanted for indoor blooming, they should be potted in September. Still,

with care, ordinary success may be had by lifting them even now, if they have

been fortunate enough to escape the frost.

The anemone-flowered chrysanthemum is quite distinct. It has three or
four beautiful bright petals and a centre formed of small tubular star-like florets
of a different color, which gives them a very pleasing appearance.

Fif;. 93. — Anemone Flowekeu Chrysanthemum.

Keeping Away Frost. — A writer in the American Agriculturist gives a
good plan for preventing the freezing of plants in the cellar during the coldest
nights in winter. He places a lighted central draft lamp on the cellar floor.
Since he has tried this experiment he has found it unnecessary to bank up the
house to keep out the cold. The heat from this lamp was very great, and could
be used to protect hou.se plants in the windows, or those stored for the winter in
the cellar or cold-pit. A lamp of the same pattern may also be attached to the
window box, so as to give bottom heat for starting early flowers and vegetable
seeds.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

351

RAMBLING NOTES {Conduued).

HE Downing Everbearing mulberry has evidently come to stay: at
least, it has proved to be perfectly hardy in this section, and for the
last two seasons yielded a nice crop of fair-sized bluish-black,
sprightly flavored berries. Besides its fruiting qualities it has a
pretty ornamental appearance. Have re-considered my decision of
cutting down the Russian variety, as stated in a previous article, and
now purpose utilizing the stock by grafting or budding the former
upon it, otherwise the latter is not worth the space it occupies. Hardy Catalpa
may be all that is claimed for it in its western sphere, but with us the name
hardv somehow seems to read like a misnomer. The original tree received
from the Fruit Growers' Association, put forth an effort to sustain its reputation,
but eventually succumbed to our rigorous climate. A young shoot, however,
started from the base of the parent stem, and by careful nursing may in the near
future become a valuable addition to our arboreal collection. Liquid Amber with
its fine rounded top, glossy green leaves, and wealth of purplish crimson foliage
in autumn, make it very desirable for shade and ornamentation. Salisburia
(Maiden Hair tree), though for a time looked upon as quite an acquisition,
apparently lacks the essential hardiness to show off its unique fern-like garb to
advantage. The Double Scarlet Thorn when in bloom, brings vividly before us
the oft remembered hedge, that adorns the private grounds and public highways
of Great Britian. The stately elm, " Birks of Aberfeldy," red and sugar maple,
horse chestnut, basswood, walnut, butter-
nut, mountain ash, white and scarlet •"^:

£--

^

W>:

'^^^^'i^'

^KiT^

i^r^?^^^^^^

■^>v\i^;7

Fig. 94 — .St oar M.\i'le.

Fig. 95.— Cit-Leaveu Weepixg Birch.

352

The Canadian Horticulturist.

oaks, etc., have a place in our assortment. Each have their admirers, and justly
too. But above and beyond them all there is no single tree in the writer's
estimation can compare with the hardy, graceful, drooping form, of the Cut Leaved
Weeping Birch. As this, very general favorite, received its due mead of praise
from the veleran horticulturists, Simon Roy and P. E. Bucke, in former pages

of this journal, any further comments by me
upon the same would be surperfluous, saving
perhaps one, and that is, that there is surely
good grounds for entertaining the hope that
ere long this useful and elegant tree will find
a place on every well kept lawn, seeing the
first cost would rarely exceed the price of
half a dozen imported Havanas. Amongst
the " departed," which found our soil and
rigid winter clime uncongenial to their
longevity, may be mentioned the Purple
Leaved Beech, (iolden Chain (Laburnum),
Double White Thorn, and Kilmarnock Weep-
ing Willow. Some of these may be replaced
for another trial. Nothing adds more to the
comfort and beauty of our rural homes, than
a select variety of evergreens. A row of
Norway spruces, planted so as to form a
])leasing and effective wind break along
three out of the four points of a fruit enclo-
sure, leaving the southern exposure free, to
fan at will the genial health-giving rays of
summer, lends enchantment to the aspect,
and adds considerably to the profit side of
the ledger. Balsam nr, red cedar, hemlock,
Scotch and Austrian pine, dovetailed with
dwarf, pyramidalis, Siberian and heath-leaved
arbor vitals, including mountain pine and
Irish junipers, in all their varied hues, im-
part in an eminent degree a truly fascinating
effect to the surroundings.

No doubt this amateur sketch would partly

tail in its object if a few of the matchless

gems amongst our deciduous shrubs were

denied a setting in Nature's floral casket.

Who that has once seen them in their beauty

.^^/^i/!imK^MXXofaSlS(i^^''' of bud and blossom would willingly be with-
gt^mm[llin.imnr}mmm)lM\MM\m ^^^^ Prunus Triloba, Weigela Rosea, Deutzia

The Canadian Horticulturist.

353

Crenata, Rose of Sharon, Scarlet (^)uince, White Fringe, Garland .Syringa, High
Bu.sli Cranberry, Colden Bell (forsythia). Hydrangea Paniculata, Florida Cornus
(dogwood), Tartarian Honeysuckle, Snow Ball, Laburnum, Flowering Almond,
currants, white and purple Lilac, van Houtti, callosa, and plum leaved spirea, or
the equally charming variegated wrigela, Prunus Pisardii, Golden Leaved Elder,
Purple Fringe and Berberry, Red Osier Dogwood, green branched globe flower,
and the popular Christmas holly (mahonia), all of which are hardy here
and extremely pretty during their blooming season. Carolina allspice.
Daphne mezereum, and purple leaved filbert showed a feeble constitution
from their first planting out, and at date of writing are numbered with some
other lovely companions (all) faded and gone. Climbers are beginning to
receive the attention which their grateful shade and free flowering habits deserve.
Jackman's and Henry's clematis climbing on either side of a rustic archway and
blending their exquisite colors of while and violet purple ; clematis coccinea and
Chinese blue wisteria gracefully intertwining themselves along the porch in
front ; Cobea Scandens and the Evening Glory (moonflower), spreading o'er a

Fig. 97. — Hvdk.4Ngea.

trellised gateway into the yard ; golden leaved, scarlet trumpet and monthly
fragrant honeysuckles trained around the south and west windows, are
each, throughout their blooming periods, a source of delight to the house-
hold, and objects of general admiration to the passing crowd. Virgin's
Bower, Southern Blue Bells, Cinnamon, and Madeira vines, not tried long
enough to have their vitality thoroughly tested in this locality. Baltimore
Belle and Prairie Queen climbing roses show up well and full of promise for
another year. The former a little tender and requires protection. The old
Virginia Creeper's rampant growth, gorgeous fall tints and rapid natural covering
for either new or old unsightly buildings, is finding a formidable rival in the
smaller leaved \'eitchii Ami)elopsis. The Trumpet Flower and Dutchman's Pipe
will find a spot prepared for them next season. Thus, for a trifling expense, one
can hive his home looking gay from early spring until " chill November's surly
blasts make fields and forests bare.'"

Russeldale, Ont. ( To be continued.) ^. D. Stewart.

M T^?< f^Wcl^tv) (iard^r). ^

MARKETING VEGETABLES.

G

OM PETITION in market gardening
near large centres of population
makes it absolutely necessary for one en-
gaging in it to adopt the most approved
methods^ and to be wide awake and
progressive in all of the improvements.
Enormous truck farms are now established
in different parts of the country, and these
sui)ply the markets with the finest vege-
tables grown in the world. The profits
from these farms have been large in the
past, and many others have entered into the
industry. The competition has thus become more intense, and the most pro-
gressive farming and intensive cultivation of the soil are demanded.

The truck farmers probably represent the forward advance of farming in
this country. Their methods are based more thoroughly upon sound, enlight-
ened business principles ; their cultivation of the soil is both practical and
scientific ; their idea is to get the greatest amount of the best crops from each
square foot of the ground, and they feed the soil liberally, expecting great profits
in return. Many general farmers in other parts of the country draw their inspi-
ration from the market gardeners. New plants are tested and improved by
these, and they are always in the line of progressiveness.

But they do not stop with good cultivation. They carry their same prin-
ciples into their marketing. They watch the markets to get the best results,
and they know when and where to send their produce. The packing and
marketing of their vegetables are just as important to them as the sowing of the
seed. They realize the importance of well-packed, nicely cleaned and fresh-
looking vegetables. Many farmers who send produce to the market neglect
these essentials. The external appearance do not bother them, and their finest
goods often find poor sale.

The marked improvement in recent years in preparing berries and vege-
tables for market makes it essential that one should spend time and thought on
this part of the work. The farmer who still clings to the shiftless method of
sending vegetables to the market unwashed and packed in any cheap thing,
cannot expect to compete successfully with others. Every kind of vegetable
now is washed, graded and packed carefully before leaving the truck farm.
They are brought direct from the field to tlie packing-house, where experts
handle them carefully.

(354)

The Canadian Horticulturist. 355

Turnips, potatoes and other roots are washed and cleansed until their skins
shine. The turnips are trimmed with knives and their tops cut evenly. Then
they are graded and packed in their appropriate boxes or barrels. Green, crisp
asparagus is evenly cut, packed, tied, and then placed in their boxes so that
they will keep and always look fresh. Celery is trimmed, cut, wa!;hed and
picked in nice, large bunches, so that it looks fit for the table without any further
handling. Some of the vegetables are even tied in bunches with colored cord
to give a belter appearance to them. All of this washing, packing and care,
proves profitable, and in some cases it enhances the value of the vegetables
almost double. Everything sent to market from the garden must either be
counted, measured, graded, sorted, trimmed, washed and polished until they
have a most presentable appearance. This part of the work is generally
neglected, but is a most important one. — Albany Journal.

PACKING VEGETABLES.

R. E. P. KE R BY, of Massachusetts, writing in ^W(fr/crt« G^rtr^(?«,
^* advises packing tomatoes in boxes, the tops being nicely faced.
His plan is knock off the bottom, set the box on a level surface,
and then lay the fruit in the box, smooth side down. After plac-
ing two layers thus, the remainder are thrown in promiscuously
and the bottom then nailed on. The red tomatoes he finds most
^ salable. The Boston market is ten days earlier than any

other. It is not a smooth sort, and, therefore, it is not favored when the Emery,
Livingston's Perfection and Dwarf Champion come into the market.

In celery the Paris Golden is selected as the best early variety, and the
Boston Market as the best late variety. This latter is less liable to blight, if,
allowed to perfect its growth late in the season. The celery is sold in long
barrel boxes, holding three dozen bunches.

Of melons the most popular sweet variety is the Arlington Nutmeg, which has
a green flesh, but of late years this variety spotted badly except on new soils.
The American Gem is less liable to spot and is now grown in a limited quantity
it is luscious in quality with salmon colored flesh, but is not yet widely known.
The melons are sold in both bushel barrels and boxes, the former being the
most popular, " eighteen to the bushel box " gives some idea of the popular
size for melons in this market.

Asparagus is done u]) in bunches of one pound each, and exposed for sale
in bushel boxes. The less white found in a bunch and the larger the individual
sprouts, the better the price that can be obtained.

^ J\)t /Ipiapy ^

THE MOST IMPROVED KIND OF HIVES.

What kind of hives would you recommend for a beginner in bee-keeping ? — See
Qiieslioii Budtjet.

:^

HE subject of hives has received a great deal of attention since the
advent of the movable frame hive. We all know how the straw
skep and the box hive were used for many years, and in the fall
the bees were smothered by brimstoning the comb cut from the
hive, and eaten either in the comb or the comb was crushed and
the honey strained from the wax, hence the term strained honey.

The Rev. L. L. Langstock was one of the first who thought of putting the
combs in the hive and having them attached to movable frames instead of the
walls of the hive. This work led to great progress in the bee-keeping world, such
as the honey extractor and extracted honey, honey in sections instead of broken,
leaky pieces of comb, difficult to handle and market. It also lead to some dis-
advantages. It would almost appear to be treason to say that the invention of
the movable frame hive led to disadvantages, but such is, nevertheless, the case.

It has led those too greedy and those without experience, those careless and
those having not sufficient time, to make too much honey from the bees, and as
a result the mortality in wintering has been much greater than it would have
been if the old box hive were still used. In other words, what has proved to be
a great blessing and benefit to the careful and advanced bee-keeper, has been a
detriment to the careless and badly informed. To impress this matter still
more upon our minds, let us put the case in this way : If we advance in the
direction of using better hives we must advance in the direction of being better
informed and taking more care of our bees. The two must go hand in hand.

As to what is the best hive to use, the question has not the importance
that many a beginner would imagine, and not the importance that inventors and
supply dealers would often lead us to believe. Nearly every bee-keeper of any
extent has invented a hive. I am no exception. But the longer we stick to the
bee business the more likely we are to disregard our own ideas and tall bark
upon some standard already in use. Locality, management, experience, and
personal adaptation has much more to do with success in bee-keeping than the
hive — as long as it is a hive within reason.

Perhaps the latest invention in the direction of a hive is the one in which
the brood chamber can be divided in two, horizontally ; that is, it consists of two
stories, half the depth of the Langstock frame, and the brood chamber can,
therefore, be manipulated tea greater extent than formerly. Tlic hive, although
for some years on the market, is meeting with but poor headway. True, it has
its warm advocates, but they are few. The advantages to men of experience are

(356)

The Canadian Horticulturist. 357

fewer than the disadvantages. To those not having experience, no one need
hesitate to condemn such a hive ; the chances for blundering are too great, and
the box hive would be far better. The eight-frame Langstock hive — which is
not patented — is used more generally throughout America than any other ; in
fact, it would be safe to estimate that eighty out of one hundred are of this
design. Other hives of about the same capacity are probably just as good, as
far as results in honey production go, but supplies for this hive are more easily
purchased, and when the time comes that these hives are to be sold (that time,
however distant, is almost sure to come) they can be sold more readily in this
hive than any other.

An old and successful bee-keeper, who has tried many hives, and who has
a hive of his own design in the majority, stated to me, " After all my experi-
mentation, I confers with regret that Father Langstock struck it just about right
when he made the first movable frame hive." Above all, do not get up an odd
sized frame of your own if you continue in the business. You will surely regret
it. Take, at least, some hive that is somewhat generally used. The chaff hive
may be sufficient protection for winter ; but a severe winter may come when it
is not. A single-wallei hive is cheaper, and if outside wintering is desired they
can be put in large boxes and packing placed between.

Brant/ord, Ont. R. Y. Holter.man.

FERTiLiifKRs FOR ORCHARDS. — The Michigan Experiment Station strongly
recommends unleached ashes for apple orchards, to be for several years the ex-
clusive application ; and in addition to this on light soils twenty loads of rotted
stable manure, and in other cases fifty pounds of nitrate of soda and two
hundred pounds of fine ground bone. In most instances ashes have proved
highly beneficial to orchards, but discrimination should be made with varying
soils, as in some cases it has greatly increased growth, while in others it has pro-
duced no sensible effect. The above authority, in recommending 50 or 100
pounds of nitrate of soda, and 100 or 200 pounds of muriate of potash and 400
pounds of ground bone, regarded 50 to 100 bushels of wood ashes as better to
take their place, and would supply at least one-half the phosphoric acid. The
only objection we would make to this prescription would be in strongly modify-
ing the substances and their (juantities, according to variations in the nature or
composition of the soil, to be determined by careful measured trials.

P.\cking Apples for Market. — I use a table eight feet long with side
boards six inches high, that will hold two barrels of apples. Sort them into two
grades at least. For the first grade set two tiers of smooth, good-colored,
medium-sized apples, and fill up the barrel with apples that will run as good or
better. Shake them well, level off the end, press the head in so tight that there
is no chance for an apple to move, and after the head is nailed turn the barrel
upside down and put your name on it as guarantee of a No. i apple, to be sold
for what the buyer is willing to give.— Nelson Cox, at Farmers' Institute in
Ohio.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, $1.00 per year, eutitlng the subscriber to membership ot the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including a copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees,

REMITTAKCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

The Eaton Grape. — According to a writer in the Rural New Yorker, the
Eaton grape has little to recommend it except its size. In quality it could
scarcely be distinguished from the Concord.

The Crosby Peach. — We are in receipt of a letter from Mr. H. E. Van-
Deman, Chief of the Division of Pomology of the United States, criticising the
colored plate of the Crosby peach, which appeared in our October number, as
being overdrawn with respect to the size of the peach. He says that Mr. Hale
had a lot of the Crosby peaches at Washington at the time of the last meeting
of American Pomological Society there, and that none of them were over 23^
inches, in diameter.

We are particularly desirous of giving our readers a correct description of
fruits through this journal, for our work is purely disinterested, having no
connection whatever with any nursery concern, either in Canada or the United
States. Our only object is to work for the benefit of fruit growers in Ontario.
We are, therefore, glad to receive this criticism from Mr. ^'anDeman, and shall
welcome similar criticisms from any of our readers, should anything appear in
our pages which seems to over-estimate the value of any fruit, new or old.

The Finer Varietie.s of Grapes. — The public is slow to appreciate the
higher classes of grapes. The experience of a writer in the Rural New \'orker is
largely verified in our own experience in Canada. Here is the clipping referred
to :

"'Have you any Agawaiii, Lindley or Wilder grapes on hand?" I said to a New
York ooiiimiasion man a few <litya ago. ' None to-day,' said lie, ' and I am lieartily glad of
it Tlie general grape-hnyiiig public and especially tlie dealers who l)uy of us, don't
know anything about these fine grapes and it is very hard work to sell them. Tliey look
them over, wluike their heads and then buy Concords, because they know what they are.

(35«)

The Canadian Horticulturist. 359

Once in a while I find a man who knows what tiiese tine grapes are worth and who lias a
trade for them an<l he buys them reidily, but, a8 a rule, they are a drag on trade and it is
hard to get more for them than for tiie Concords.' "

Still we are confident that a trade can be worked up in these high-class
grapes, and that, in the near future, these varieties will bring the giower more
money per acre than such heavy bearers as the Concord. This year Concords
are only bringing from i, i ^^ c. to 2 c. As soon as the general public begins to
appreciate the difference between the Concord and the Rogers' giapes, there is
no doubt that these will be in great demand and that the difi"erence in their
selling price will far more than counterbalance their lack in productiveness.
There is a certain amount of satisfaction in catering for the trade of that class
of people who appreciate first-class stock, and are willing to pay for it.

Possinii.iTiES OF Apple Culture. — A writer in the E.ural New Yorker
has been much encouraged over apple culture by a visit to an orchard on the
Hudson River, belonging to Mr. W. H. Hart. The varieties grown are Baldwin,
Ben Davis, Spy, Peck's Pleasant, Jonathan, Russets, Greening, etc. The
trees were loaded to the ground, many of the Baldwin.s, 25 years planted, are
carrying eight or ten barrels apiece. In places the apples hang in ropes, and
on a space of two feet, he counted 17 apples. Some beautiful Ben Davis trees,
not over ten feet high, with trunk only six inches in diameter, are literally covered
with bright red fruit, three barrels to a tree. This is not due to wonderfully
fertile soil. The land would not grow corn enough to pay for the labor, being
mosdy rough broken hillside, not worth $25 an acre for farming purposes. The
secret is in a liberal feeding of the trees year after year. They are annually fed
with muriate of potash, ground bone and stable manure. The owner attributes
the high color and firm texture of his apples to the use of potash and bone,
believing that farm manure tends to produce growth of wood and loose texture,
and inferior color in the fruit.

The Standard Apple Barrel. — The standard apple barrel of Ontario,
is said to measure 17 inches diameter of head, and 27 inches from croe to croe of
staves. In Michigan the standard is, staves 27 inches long and head 16 ^4
inches in diameter, and this is the same as the standard flour barrel of Michigan.
The Fruit and Produce Trade Association, of Xew York City, have held a
meeting and have adopted the Michigan standard barrel, or American flour
barrel size. Some Western apple buyers have been resolving not to purchase
apples unless packed in barrels measuring as follows: staves 2S inches long,
head 17 inches in diameter, circumference at bilge 65 inches, which is really the
same as the Canadian standard. It is unfortunate that a uniform size has not
been adopted by all the States, and the Provinces of Ontario. There is,
however, one advantage to us in Ontario, in choosing the larger barrel. Our
apples bring in the foreign markets 25 to 50 cents more, partly on this

360 The Canadian Horticulturist.

very account, and find more ready sale than those in the smaller barrels.
The importance of keeping to some standard is evident, when we try to make
contracts with buyers at a distance. This is almost impossible unless there
is a standard size which is known to both parties.

The L.\te P. C. De.mi'SEV. — In reply to a letter of condolence, in behalf
of our Association, to the family of the deceased, we have received the following
letter from his son, Mr. Walter Dempsey :

^^ My Dear Sir, — In your letter of the 2nd of September, you ask for some
notes concerning my father's death. This is a hard task for me, the loss is so
great, and often seems more than I can endure. He was more than a father to
me, leading me on in the study of horticulture. He was always a great student
of that subject himself, always spending his leisure hours in studying either books
upon it, or his Bible. There are five hybrid pears and four hybrid apples
fruiting for the first time this year. These he was watching very closely, as long
as he was able to go to see them, and then he had me bring samples that he
might examine them, often remarking that he would like to live to see them
come to maturity.

" He complained a good deal all winter. Last March his feet began to fail
him. In June the trouble settled in his right foot, and, in the latter part of July,
gangrene set in, causing death. He bore his intense pain cheerfully, quoting
favorite promises of the Master. The day before he died he seemed more
cheerful than usual and he walked out, with the aid of his crutches, to admire
some flowers, and went to see one of his hybrid pear trees. He had a good
night's rest, and rose between five and six the next morning ; but, a few minutes
after six o'clock, he was gone. I am very grateful to the Directors, and to your-
self, for the sympathy expressed to me and mine.

"Yours truly, Walter H. De.mi>sev."

Tuberous Begonias. — Mary Frost, a Canadian writer in the Rural New
\'orker talks of flowering begonias. Sandy soil, she says, is best suited to them.
Although the tuberous kinds have large flowers and are very showy, the older
flowering kinds are still much grown and are very useful for variety. Begonias
are charming in foliage, colors and flowers, and they are as easily cultivated as
geraniums. Those bedded out during the summer should be potted and
brought in before the frost comes, or, if they have been in pots during the
summer, they need to be re potted in fresh soil and well cut back. They will
then soon start into bloom. Begonia rubra is one of the most desirable-
Argentea, metallica, Saundersoni, and others, are free flowering, and have very
fine foliage. The earth in the pots should not be left to get dry, for, if the soil
dries out, the plants will not look well again, ^\'ith good drainage in the bottom
of the pots, they cannot have too much water. l.i(|uiil manure will help their
bloom.

-^ @^^<5ticr) '©paL^^p. ^

CLARIFIED CIDER.

495. Sir, — Would you please tell me through the Canadian HoRTict'LTrRiST how
cider is prepared to remain sweet. It is called clarified cider and comes here from Ontario,

I. N. Hurt, Ke-vric/c Ixidy, N. B.

Had our correspondent given us the name of the manufacturer of the
article referred to, we might answer him more fully. Cider is often kept sweet
by the addition of salicylic acid, which substance, however, is injurious to
the health. It is also sometimes bottled in the same way that fruit is canned
and thus kept from fermentation. Clarified cider, as usually sold in our mar-
kets, is not perfectly sweet. It has'undergone partial fermentation until about
one-third or one-half of the natural sugar in the cider is converted into alcohol,
as shown by the use of a hydrometer. It should then be clarified either by
fermentation or by the use of isinglass. In the latter case it is carefully
racked from the sediment into clean casks and isinglass added to clarify
it. The solid matter in the solution adheres to the latter substance.
When it is clear, it is again racked from the precipitated isinglass into clean
casks and tightly bunged. Some advise bottling the cider the following spring ;
others say that it should be kept a couple of years before bottling. Half
barrels for holding cider suit the grocery trade, and, where bottles are used,
the best sizes are pints and quarts.

THE MOONSEED CUMBER.

496. Sin, — I enclose you a portion of a climbing plant, quite common on my farm.
What is its name, and is it poisonous? Two or three cases of poisoning, similar to that
from poison ivy, have apparently resulted from handling and cutting it in harvest time.

\V., Grimsby.

Reply by Prof. Fletcher.

The pretty climber enclosed in your letter is the Moon-seed (Menispermum
Canadense). The flowers of the male plants are sometimes freely produced,
and, together with the elegant foliage, render this climber well worthy of culti-
vation. I do not know that it is actually poisonous, but the family contains
climbing shrubs which are common in the woods of tropical Asia and America,
which are noted for their bitter and narcotic qualities.

Jateorhiza palmata, a plant with the habit of Bryony, supplies the well-
known drug called " columba-root." Cissn mpelos Pareira gw&s "Pareira brava.'
The celebrated berries called '' Cocculus Indicus" are the produce oi Anamiria
paniculata.

(361)

362 The Canadian Horticulturist.

PLANTING APPLE TREES.

49T. Sir, —Please tell me if 20 x 20 feet would be far enough apart to plant apple
trees in a small orchard, in this locality, where cold winds prevail in winter.

W. C. C, Ottawa.

Unless for very small growing varieties the distance named is too small. Dwarf
apples would do well at this distance, but for most of the vigorous growing
standards, thirty-five feet each way is none too much. We have some old trees
at Grimsby whose branches are interlocking at a distance of forty feet each way.

PRUNING THE BLACK WALNUT.

49S» Sir, — When is the best season to prune black walnut trees, three or four years
old?

0. T. B. , Kinijs Court.

The best time for pruning all deciduous trees for the encouragement of
wood growth is between the fall of the leaf and the beginning of the growth in
the spring. Pruning during the summer season is a check to the wood growth.

NEW BLACK CURRANT.

49!>. 81R. — I send you saniple of new seedling black currant. Do you think it worth
propagation ? Tuos, Conolly, Lindsay.

Could not answer without watching habit of plant. Better send a plant to
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, for testing. The quality is very ordinary, and
taste bitter.

Containing questions for our readers to answer.

7. Can you suggest points, rules and regulations to be observed by tiie jurors in
judging fruits at Chicago? The ordinary methods of ju<lginj^ will not be suHicieut where
the fruit of all climates ai)pear, and especially where so much will be in competition of the
same variety, grown umler so many varying circumstances, dilfcring climates, etc. Have
you particulars for a scale of points for judging, and what point would you advise to
observe specially, and how would you divide the points in tlic scale ?

8. Is the Hangor Blackberry of any value where Snyder will not succeed ?

9. Is the one judge system at fairs an advantage of throe judges ?

10. What package is best for shipping onions ?

And not one flower of the summer
Answers the robins call.

" But lo I- in the corner yonder

There's a gleam of white and gold —
The gold of Summer sunshine,
The white of Winter's cold.

And, laden with spicy odors,
The Autumn breezes come
From the nooks and corners brightened
By the brave Chrysanthemum.

" Hail to thee I beautiful flower.

With royal and dauntless mien
Facing the frosts of Winter —

I crown thee Autumn's queen.
With your gleam of late sweet sunshine

You brighten the closing year.
And keep us thinking of Summer

Till the Winter we dread is here."

-E. E Rexford.

OL'R APl'LK MARKET.

There has been little durinj,' the past month to encoujage the export trade in apples.
Such quantities of fall apples and immature, uneolored winter fruit have Ijeen Hooding the
Kaglish market that prices there have declined almost below precedent. In one week,
ending October 15th, about 4o,00() barrels arrived in Liverjjool, and the total to all points,
up to October '21st was over .'Uit.UOO barrels. The result has been a very accute depression
in prices, some varieties bringing very little beyond the freight. Kings hold almost the
first place reaching up to §4 and $3 per barrel, even during the greatest depression, when
even Baldwins were selling away down at .^2.50 and §.S.OO. Since October 21st the cables
indicate an advance and a sharp demand for our best winter fruit. The quantity likely to
go forward is very small, so that much better prices may be looked for. A cable received
on the 24th ult. from James Adams, Son & Co., Liverpool, reads as follows. Market better ;
more inquiry. Greenings §3.2.') to .$3.50 ; Kings $5.25 to §(J ; ColvertsSl.25 to §2.25. The
prospects are favorable for good winters.

In Montreal tirst-class winter apples are now commanding $2 75 per barrel, and in
Toronto §2.50. It is just possible that our own markets may so advance as to yield better
returns to the shipper than foreign ones.

OF THE

Ontario Fruit Growers at Brantford.

THE ANNUAL WINTER MEETING

OF THE Ontario Fruit Growers' Association will be held in the City
of Brantford, beginning on Tuesday evening, Dec. 6th, at 8 o'clock, and
continuing the two following days.

The first meeting will be a public gathering of Ladies and Gentlemen in
the ]\Iusic Hall of the institute for the Blind, when the Mayor of the City
will "ive an address of welcome, the President of our Association will deliver
his Annual Address, to be followed with addresses by Rev. A. H. Porter,
A. McDAllan, Principal Dymond and others. The evening will be enlivened
Vjy an interesting progrannne of music by the Students and Teachers of tiie
Institute.

The day ^Meetings will be held in the Court room, beginning at 10 a.m.
and 2 p.m., and will be given to papers and discussions on topics connected with
fruit growing.

On Wednesday evening the 7th of Dec, the meeting will be held in the
Temperance Hall, when Prof. J. H. Panton of the O.A.C. Guelph, will give a
most profitable lecture on " Our Insect Foes," illustrated by the stereopticon ;
questions and discussion if tlie audience so desire.

~S\r. Fred Mitcliell of Innerkip, will also give a paper on the Tuberous
Begonia.

The election of oiRcers will take place at 0.;')0 a.m. on Thursday,^the 8th,
after which the discussion of Horticultural topics will be continued.

A list of papers and subjects is now being prepared by the secretary, and
any one may contribute to the same.

All the meetings are free, and should liring together a large number of
townspeople, as well as of farmers, interested in the garden or the orchard.

Interesting samples of fruits, or implements useful to tiie fruit grower will,
be received for e.xhibition at the Court room. The headijuarters of the Direc-
tors will be at the Kirl)y JIou.se.

L. WOOLVERTON, Secretary.

\viii:,A"ri.AXi)

'lllE

Canadian Horticulturist

Vol XV.

1892

No. 12.

^:?)

THE WHEATLAXI) I'EACH.

HE readers of our journal are not to suppose that every fruit
pictured and described in this journal is commended as being
valuable for the commercial peach orchard. The object is to
make known to all Canadian growers those new or old varieties
which appear desirable, and which need more general testing in
order to know their adaptability to the various parts of our
country.

The Wheatland is a new peach which freciuently comes
under notice at fairs, and ripens at a time when a good yellow
flesh peach is needed, just after the Early Crawford.
The variety originated near Rochester, X.Y., with Mr. D. S. Rogers. He
grows a great number of varieties, but of them all he considers the Wheatland
the finest. The following is a description of the Wheatland peach : Fruit
is large, roundish ; skin golden yellow, shaded with crimson on the sunny side :
flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, and of fine cjuality ; tree vigorous and healthy.
Our colored plate of this peach is rather too highly colored for the average
samples. Its behaviour, too, does not seem to be uniform in all localities, for
Mr. A. M. Smith, of St. Catharines, says he has trees six years planted that have
never yielded him a half-dozen peache.s, and he considers it a very poor bearer.
Mr. E. McArdle, a peach grower in St. Catharines, writes us as follows
with reference to the Wheatland peach : " My own experience with the Wheat-
land is very limited, but others tell me that this variety is a very shy bearer.
AVe planted very few of them, only twenty-five Wheatland in an orchard of two
thousand trees. I consider the peach a very fine one in appeaiance, and of
good quality, although not very highly colored." We shall be pleased to receive
for publication the experience of other peach growers.

.366

'I'liK Canauian MokiicuLruRisr.

AMOXC. I'm-: FRUIT CKOWT.KS OF \i:\V \()RK STATF.

,1)11" is due to Professor F. H. Bailey,
of Cornell University, for his persevering
industry in compiling useful books on
horticulture for fruit grow-
ers. The bulletins issued
by the Station under his
direction are all got out in
a most unique, attractive
fashion. The Professor has
lately been making a tour
among the fruit growers of
Western New York, and
his " Notes of Travel."
which appear in the Garden
and Forest, are of much in-
terest to us in Canada.
He speaks of an immense Niagara vineyard at Romulus, N.Y., of 590 acres,
divided into three parts, from one of which seventy tons of grapes was expected
this season, and from another 140 tons. When the vineyards are eight years
planted, the yield is calculated to reach from two to three thousand tons annu-
ally. Only a small portion of this will be marketed as green fruit ; the greater
part of it will be made up into grape juice, for which there is a growing demand.
The process of making this article is as follows : (kind the grapes coarsely,
taking care not to crush the seeds. This is done in the afternoon. Place the
material in tubs. Next morning filter through paper and heat nearly to the
boiling point, remove the .scum. Filter again, heat nearly to the boiling point,
and bottle. These immense vineyards are trained on the Kniffen system, and
the tying is mostly all done by women.

The great fruit region of New York .State begins near (leneva and stretches
away to Niagara Tails and Fake Ontario on the northwest, and to Chautauqua
County on the south-west. Orcharding is the dominant industry in nearly all
this portion of the country.

Professor Bailey speaks of an immense plum orchard near (ieneva belonging
to the Maxwell Bros. It covers 85 acres, and every tree was carrying a bounti-
ful crop at the time of his visit. The orchard was kept scrupulously clean.
The tops are started at four or five feet from the ground. There are about two
dozen varieties in the orchard, of which the most profitable are, Reine Claude,
Purple Egg, Tields (often called Early Bradshaw), and Bradshaw. On this same
fruit farm there are 80 acres of (juince:; of Orange and Rea's Mammoth, but, of
the two, the Orange is preferred. In another place, this same farm has a block

The Canadian Hokiicui/ruKiST. 367

of quinces of 80 acres, and ten acres of sour cherries, chiefly the KngHsh Morello
and the Montmorency Ordinaire ; the latter being the j>opuIar market cherry of
this region of country.

One [)aragraph of Mr. Bailey's shows us hov/ wide-awake the fruit growers
of New York State are to their business, and the importance of spraying and
cultivation, in producing the best quality of fruit. " All these orchards of one
hundred and fifty acres, are carefully sprayed for insects and fungi. A hand
field force pump, carried upon a tank in a wagon and I'eerless nozzles, are used
exclusively. Plums are sprayed two or three times for the septoria, or shot-hole
fungus, which causes the premature falling of the foliage, but for curculio the
sheets are still used. Plums are treated with the ammoniacal carbonate of
copper. The knot is fought industriously. Twice during the summer every
tree is carefully examined by two men, who walk up either side of the row.
This examination, together with the search which is made in winter, has thus far
kept the knot in check ; but all growers in this region are apprehensive of this
disease, and the new law for its extermination is being enforced with vigor.
Cherries are also sprayed with the copper carbonate to combat the leaf blight, a
disease which causes the leaves to fall before the fruit matures. The best fruit-
raisers recognize the fact that abundant and healthy foliage is essential to a good
crop of fruit. Quinces and apples are sprayed twice with Bordeaux mixture,
about a week after the blossoms fall, and again two weeks later. This treatment
is aimed at the leaf blight on the quince and the scab-fungus on the apple. For
both quinces and apples, Paris green is mixed with the fungicide for the purpose
of killing the codling moth larvse. This is a fair sample of the attitude of our
New York fruit growers toward spraying. The practice has taken an assured
place among the operations of the orchard, and I imagine that if either spraying
or cultivation had to be given up for any year, most growers would discontinue
the cultivation.'

Marketing Ungraded Fruit. — " I brought three bushels of Bartlett
pears to town today, and I could not get more than 40 cents a bushel. That
price doesn't pay, but I had to let them go." This is what a farmer said to us
one day. ^^'e turned to look at the fruit. He had been paid all it was worth.
The fruit was brought in large baskets holding one and one-half bushels, and
was evidently just as it came from the tree — a most unattractive looking lot of
fruit. Had this man picked out only two bushels of the finest fruit, rejecting
every irregular-shaped and all small and worm-eaten specimens, he would have
had no difficulty in getting $1 a bushel and would thus have received 80 cents
more for two bushels than he got for three, and had a bushel of inferior pears
left. These again assorted would have produced a half bushel of fair pears ;
the remainder he should have given to the pigs, or used for drying. — Orange
County Farmer.

368 ']"hK CaNA1)IAN HOKIICILI UKIST.

GOOSEliERRV CULTURE.

HE mosl important thing connected with gooseberry culture is
judicious pruning. This work, whicli cannot be neglected, is
done from late autumn to early winter. Many of the vigorous-
growing shoots and branches are annually removed, and only a
moderate supply of young growing wood is left. The bush is
made to assume a cup-shaped top, with slightly drooping branches. The
cultivation and manuring are like that just described for the currant. As far as
I have learned, the varieties of gooseberry in cultivation in (ireat Britain are far
more numerous than the varieties of any other small fruit, and the choice of
variety appears to depend to a large degree upon locality. Eor ])icking green or
for preserving when ripe, the Whitesmith, Early .Sulphur, and Warrington, appear
to be general favorites. Crown Bob, well known in many American gardens, is
also a much prized sort, and its large, finely-colored fruit sells well in the market.
Other varieties largely grown are Red Rifleman, Golden Drop, Monarch and
Lancashire Lad. I believe that Lancashire, one of the northern counties of
England, is quite famous for its gooseberries, and usually succeeds in capturing
a large number of the prizes offered for this fruit at horticultural exhibitions.
Many new varieties were originated in this county, and the names with which
they have been heralded to the world are not unlike those used by our own origi-
nators. Among some of the best known I find the following : Roaring Lion,
Leveller, Napoleon, Red Champagne, etc. Whinham's Industry is also highly
regarded, and is thought to be one of the leading sorts.

I can speak less confidently of the yield of an average crop of gooseberries
than I could of that of currants. The greater number of varieties in cultivation,
and the fact that more skill is required in pruning, are among the reasons why
the " average " crop is variable. Good growers are not satisfied with anything
less than a crop of 7,000 pounds an acre. The price received for goose-
berries varies greatly. Early fruit of choice varieties, raised in sheltered localities,
often brings from 15 to 18 cents a pound. But this is exceptional. I'nder
ordinary circumstances, the price received for the first few pickings is 6 or 8 cents
a pound. It soon falls, however, a fair average price for the whole crop would
be three or four cents a pound.

Gooseberries are bought very largely for canning and preserving, as well as
fi^r immediate use as a des.sert fruit, or for jiuddings, tarts, etc. I judge that the
expense of raising gooseberries is about the same as that of raising currants
perhaps a little more. It can scarcely fall below $100 an acre.

Both the currant and gooseberry bushes, especially the latter, are subject to
attacks from the currant worm or saw-fly (Netnaius). In order Ui check the
ravages of this insect, (juick lime, lime ashes, or soot, is scattered close around
the bushes late in autumn, and dug into the soil. This is said by many to be

The Canai>ian Horticulturist. 369

nil clTc-(ti\e remedy. OiIkt Liiowcrs syringe tlie hushes wiili soft stjaj) and soda
and water.

.Sprinkling with powdered hellebore, or using it in solution, is practised by
some, but not nearly so generally as in the United States. Hellebore is regarded
just as dangerous a poison as London purple or Paris green, and most growers
will not apply it after the fruit is set. When used, the powdered hellebore is
generally applied with a soufflet or hand bellows, which useful apparatus costs
about seventy-five cents. — W'li.i.i \\i R. Lazknijv, in Country Gentleman.

I'OINrs ON BLACKBERRIES.

The main ])()iiit with l)lackberries is soil. This, if possible, should l)e cool.
loamy and rich ; but I never allow any. application of barn manure. Fertilize
with soil, rotted chip .soil, or whatever will mulch and cool the soil. Our chief
danger with blackberries is a dry spell when the berries are approaching maturity.
Of the berries now in cultivation my choice for (|uality is Taylor and Agawam.
Erie has not killed l)ack this winter, as it sometimes does ; but it is not with me
<i good cropper of fine berries. Snyder is always reliable, but of good quality.
Wilson, Jr., I see, is still spoken of as hardy, but here it is hopelessly a failure.
It kills down always, and even in the winter when peach buds escape. Kitta-
tinny is a noble fruit, and I get a crop from a small field by bending down the
canes. Wachusett's Thornle.ss does not differ largely from Snyder,s and is
entirely hardy. Few berries are badly affected by dry weather. On the svhole,
the key to success is cool, moist soil, not wet. If j)lanted on high land, either
mulching must be resorted to or frequent use of the cultivator. The Lucretia
Dewberry is tender and must be laid down for winter and covered with leaves.
In the spring I lift mine and tie to trellises. It will not pay to plant large fields.
The demand for the dewberry, is, however, unlimited, but few persons are willing
to incur the labor of cultivating it. The fruit is enormously large, very rich,
and two weeks earlier than the high blackberries. It will not ship to a distant
market. — L. P. Powell, in Fruit Grower's Journal.

Pk KiN(; Grapes. — To pick and pack grapes for market, wait until the dew
is off the vines and the cluster, then cut the stem with a sharp knife or shears,
and deposit carefully in the basket, not crowding or heaping them therein, and let
them be taken to the packing house, without much exposure to the sun.
especially if well ripened, but give thorough ventilation until the next day, with
as little handling as possible, and it will then be found that the stems are soft
and easily bent, and the grapes still plump, but adhering to the stems more
closely than when first gathered. Now they may be carefully packed in the five
or ten -pound baskets without danger of crushing or heating, if properly handled-
A partial covering with a green leaf not only shows well against the color of the
fruit, but has a tendency to keep it brighter and firmer.

Thk Canadian Hoktk ui.TURisr.

IIARDN CHERRIES.

HE original home of the cherry is in Asia. Ihe Romans arc
credited with bringing it to Italy, and thence to England.
Our cultivated varieties have arisen from two original forms,
the one tall growing, now sprouting {Pruiius a-,'ium) Bird
Cherry, the other more shrubby, and throwing up suckers or
sprouts. The first of these is the parent of the black and
white varieties, more or less sweet, known as Hearts and
Bigarreaus. The second is the parent of the red cherries, more or less sour, now
known as belonging to the Morello class. Seeds of both of these were brought
from Holland and England to New England by the early colonists. The two
families have become so intercrossed lately that in many cases it is now impos-
sible to distinguish their descendants. Among other things for which Ireland is
noted are its cherry trees of great size. One near Dublin is said to have a cir-
cumference of nineteen feet, and a height of eighty five feet. Mr. Gibb, speak-
ing of cherry growing in East Europe, says : " There is a district in Russia

- ^^=^to#vi!;3^s<t.-*^^

l-'ic. 9S — Hakdn Chkkks Tuke.
(l->om a rhotograph.)

The Canadian Horticulturist. 371

where cherry growing is the industry o( the populati(;n. It is in the Province of
Vladimir, between Moscow and Nigni-novgorod, where the winter temperature
is about three degrees colder than the City of Quebec. The little trees only
grow three feet high. So extensively are the cherries cultivated that they are
shipped by the carload in all directions, and I am told that entire trains have
been loaded with this one product."

The natural distribution of the wild representatives of both cla.sses, the
Hearts and Morellos, seems much the same, though the cultivated representa-
tives of the latter, have a much wider distribution in northern and eastern Europe
at the present time. This class seems to have had a greater climatic adapt-
ability than their tenderer relatives, the Hearts, and to have gradually worked
northward and eastward till they have become common roadside trees in Poland
and Central Russia. Before reaching this northern latitude they have become
however, specialized forms, differing materially from our west European types.
The west European Morellos, which in ordinary or average seasons have been
fairly successful south of the forty-third parallel, in the somewhat dry western
and middle States, and further north in the moister, though colder, portions of
Canada, have, in late years from one cause or another as in the west, injury
from winter and black knot, and bark bursting in the east and been dying so rapidly
and giving such poor returns, as to compel the thoughtful planter to look for
varieties more suited to the vicissitudes of our northern climates.

Within a few years several varieties, as instances, Ostheim and Wragg, have
been brought into notice as having special qualifications in the way of hardiness
and adaptability to climate. As far as we can learn, these varieties have been
'• incidental seedlings from east P^urope importations, and to have inherited their
hardiness from typical varieties of those regions." The result of investigation
is that several importations followed, being special and personal selections made
by Prof. J. L. Budd, of the Iowa Agricultural College, and Mr. Charles Gibb,
of Abbotsford, (^ue., in 1883-4. These introductions comprise about forty vari-
eties. From five years of personal observation, and from reports received from
widely-separated sources, I am lead to believe that we shall find among them
many adapted to the more trying districts of (Quebec and Ontario, and the
milder portions of the North-West But should our success be only partial with
the originals, we can still use them as stepping stones to something better, by
means of crossing and selection, and this line of advance is taking a prominent

place in the horticultural work of the farm.

John ( "raI'..
Experimental Fnni,, Otta^va.

Hattie. Mamma .says that my canary's life just hangs by a thread.
SvMP.vTHETic Caller. — My, I do hope it is number 8, you know that is
awful strong.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

RAisixc, i!i.Ar'Ki!i;kkii:s.

1 were lo recommend any variety it would be the Ancient Ikiton,
as i)referable in many respects to most of the otliers. It is a
lardy plant, and being of medium growth makes it quite easy to
ay it down in the fall, and the fruit, when properly ripened, is all
thai could be desired in a blackberry. It is an abundant fruiter,
and. as it is a little later than some of the other sorts, there is a
good demand for them at a good price.

Blackberries need plenty of moisture, and it will not pay to plant them on
the top of some dry knoll : for the fruit will not grow to perfection in such dry
places, it will be hard and sour. Chose a place where the ground is of good
quality and where there is plenty of moisture. Prepare the ground thoroughly
by plowing and harrowing before planting, and make the ground mellow, down
(juite deep, where you set the plants. You cannot be too particular in this
respect — remember you are setting them out for profit and not simply to see
whether they will grow or not. I think they should be set about four feet
apart one way, and eight feet the other way. Keep the ground loose by constant
cultivation, and the sooner you can get a good large buf^h, the sooner you will
get fruit, and keeping the ground loose will help to keep it moist.

. When the bushes get quite well started) .say three years after they have
been set), it will be some trouble to remove the old brush, this I do in the
following manner : I take a hooked knife, with a handle attached which is
about five feet long. The knife is made from a piece of old file welded to a hoe
shank in such a way that the knife stands at right angles with the handle. With
this kind of a tool I cut the brush out of an acre in eleven hours, and as I cut
them I pull them out of the row with the knife, so I can gather them easily. I
next hitch a horse to the side of one-half of a two-horse harrow, and drive over
the brush with the horse and harrow, which draws them together into piles, and,
if in a dry time, the harrow will break the brush so there will not seem to be
more than one-half as many of them after being harrowed as before.

After the brush is piled, I hitch the horse to a sled made of wood without
any shafts, and with four stakes in it to hold the brush on : with this 1 haul the
brush out of the field. I think the old brush should be taken out as soon as
practicable after they have fruited, as it keeps the new shoots from making as
good a growth as they otherwise would if left in.

}>lackberries, to be grown successfully in cold climates, must be covered in
the fall : if not covered, they should be put close to the ground and fastened
there till spring. I commence to put them down by digging the dirt away on
one side so as to let the bushes over : then I stand on the opposite side, and
with a fork, which I place in the top of the bush, I commence to i)ush with the
fork and at the same time push with my foot against the stumj) of the bush :

The Canadian Horticulturist. 373

with this method I have no trouble in getting the bushes down, when they should
be covered with enough dirt to keep them on tlie ground. I do not think it is
of much advantage to entirely cover them with dirt, especially when there is
plenty of snow. I think, as a general thing, the bushes .should be taken out of
the ground as soon as the frost is out deep enough to allow of it, as being a late
bloomer, there is not much danger from frost. It is better not to stand the
bushes erect, when taken up, as those left near the ground bear the nicest berries.
Mulching the ground with wild hay, straw, corn stalks, etc., adds greatly to the
growth of the plant and size of the berry. — S. Cutler, of Excelsior, Minn.,
before Minn. Hort. Soc, 1892.

FRUIT IN VICTORIA COUNTY.

I had the pleasure of visiting the gardens and orchards of Mr. Thos. Beall
and Mr. Robson, both well-know horticulturists. J>oth had good crops of
apples, pears and grapes. Mr. Thos. Beall grows the Niagara grape in its high-
est perfection. Mr. Beall thinks very highly of the Ontario apple. My fear
is that bearing such overwhelming crops as I saw on Mr. Beall's trees, and else-
where in this county, it will not grow to be a large tree. Mr. Beall also greatly
prizes the Alexander apple, one of his Alexander trees only about 12 years old,
produced 12)^ bushels this year, and such apples ! A few apples over sixty mak-
ing a bushel every time. Apples are a good average crop here this year.

Mr. H. Reazin, Inspector of Public schools, has one of the best orchards
in the county. He is an enthusiastic orchardist. No plums in this county
this year.

The following apples are grown in high perfection in this county by the
above named gentlemen :

.Summer Apples. — Tetofsky, Yellow Transparent, Duchess, Montreal
Peach, Red Astrachan, etc.

Fall Apples. — Snow, St. Fawrence, Haas, Wealthy, Gipsy Girl, Alexan-
der, etc.

Winter Apples. — Pewaukee, Golden Russet, l\:>mme Grise, .Mann, Salome,
Magog Redstreak, Ontario, Scotts \Vinter, Ben Davis, Baldwin, etc. I think the
(juality of the apples grown in this county superior to the same kinds grown
farther south. H.

Water.melon Test.s. — I draw my thumb-nail over the melon, scraping off
the thin green skin. If the edges of the skin on each side of the scar are left
ragged or granulated, and the rind under the scar is smooth, firm and white,
and has something of a glassy appearance, the melon is ripe. But if the edges
of the scar are smooth and even, and the thumb nail has dug into the rind in
places, and the skin does not come off clean, then the melon is green. You can
easily learn on two melons, one ripe, the other green, noting the difference after
they have been cut open. — Southern .Stockman and Farmer.
2

Thk Canadian Horticililkisi.

l-Ri:Vl IN NORTH SIMCOE.

HE i)ast season has been a favorable one for fruit in this section.
Strawberries were a very fair crop and of good quahty, in fact I
never had finer berries than I had this year. The main crop, as
regards varieties, were the old reliable Wilson and Crescent. The
Haverland, though comparatively new in this section, is a decided
success here ; yields well and carries its size well to the end of the
season. My experience with the Bubach does not lead me to think
favorably of it. The fruit is large and of very good quality, but it does not bear
half as well as the Haverland ; it makes very few runners, so that it propagates
very slowly : the fruit stems are very short, so that in seasons like the past one,
with frequent heavy showers, the fruit is badly sanded. I think the Williams
berry will prove a decided acquisition here. The worst enemy to the strawberry
i? the rust on the leaves, the Wilson being the most susceptible to it. No
remedy has as yet been tried to check it, though I purpose experimenting in
this line next year with the Bordeaux mixture, and other solutions of that kind.
Raspberries did well, though not very promising in the early part of the
summer, being backward in leafing out, owing, I think, mainly to the severe cold
weather in April after the snow was gone. Yet they recruited wonderfully and
<^ave a very good crop, and i)rices were better than have been for some years. I
o-row the Cuthbert principally and the soil and climate here seem to suit it well,
except that in very severe winter, it kills back a little of the tips.

My experience this year with grapes has not been a happy one, and shows
that except with the earliest varieties they are a very uncertain crop in this
locality. My vines were well loaded, the fruit (mostly Concords), large, bunches
well shouldered ; the berries much larger than those grown further south. But,
owing to wet backward weather and lack of sunshine, not more than half of them
ripened. The severe frost in the first week of October caught them, and spoiled
them. I tried smudging but it was no use.

The apple crop has been a good one and the fruit, as regards quality,
probably the best of any section in Ontario. The section known as the Geor-
gian Bay Counties, has been especially favored this year in the apple crop. The
crop has been saved in good condition and buying was brisk, the bulk being
bought for export and fair prices realized. Considerable fruit has been sent
from this section for exhibition at the World's Fair, and when that opens next
spring, the fruit from this section will speak for itself. I believe the Georgian
Bay Counties produce the best apples in America, if not in the world. 'Tis a
big assertion to make, but as Burns said, " Facts are chiels that winna ding and
canna be disputed."

1 notice Mr. Allan's article in the November nuniUr, and that he .says some
very trite things concerning the fruit trade There is more truth than poetry

The Canalhan Horticulturist.

375

in what Mr. .\llan says. First, as to cultivating, fertilizing antl caring for the
orchard in order to produce the very best (quality. Then the e.vercise of good
judgment and care in picking, packing and shi[)ping, culling carefully, putting
up best quality, and at the proper time. I feel certain that if Mr. Allan's
advice were acted upon (for he just hits the nail on the head), it would be the
•'open sesame" to success in the fruit business, and too much cannot be said on
the subject.

I shall have something to say on this suijjcct myself in a future number ;
having intruded sufficiently upon your space for this time, for which, Mr.
Editor, you will please excuse me; and I will close by express. ng my gratifica-
tion at the increased size, efficient conduct and spicy appearance of our reliable
little journal.

Craighurst. (i. C. Caston.

Shipper.s ok Drikd Fruits. — Apples should be carefully peeled and
cored, then sliced or quartered, placed upon frames and dried in a gentle heat,
(inarly or wormy apples should be thrown aside, or such places carefully cut
out. Peaches may be dried either peeled or unpeeled. They sell best if cut
in halves. Apples and peaches, to bring best prices, must be bright and light
colored ; to secure this, they must be dried in a dry air. The atmosphere is
often so charged with moisture, even in sunshine, that it absorbs more moisture
very slowly. Such an atmosphere is very unfavorable to the drying of fruit, the
juice evaporating so slowly that it decays and darkens the color. Those who
cannot construct drying houses should prepare and dry their fruit upon days
when the air is very dry only, out of doors, or else indoors in a gentle fire heat
and current of air. Apples on strings are objectionable. If dried on strings
these should be removed before the apples are packed.— M. Kiely's Shipper's
Guide.

Top-Dressing Orchards. — The published reports of the proceedings of
the Illinois Horticultural Society give the statement of H. Dunlap of his success
in top-dressing bearing fruit trees. He top-dressed two rows of cherry trees, and
at the same time left some that were not treated. On the top-dressed trees the
shoots grew from 12 to 18 inches, while on those not top-dressed the growth was
only 3 to 6 inches. The superior bearing of the top-dressed trees continued for
two years. These results are similar to those we have witnessed for many years
past, where young and newly transplanted and mulched cherry trees in one lot
all lived and grew through a hot and dry summer, while a number of the un
mulched ones either made little or no growth, or positively perished. The cherry
is more sensitive to the heat of a hot and dry soil than other fruit trees, and
mulching is more important. — Country Gentleman

\-]G The Canadian Horticulturist.

SHEEP IX THE ORCHARD.

I" properly managed, the orchard may he pastured profital)ly by sheep
The only essential is not to pasture too closely and to have it sa
arranged as to turn in the sheep from the yards in the morning and
take them out when they get restless and rambling, as this is the stage
when they reach up for the limbs and hunt for a branch where the
bark is tender. In Benton county we kept down the weeds and grass
in a large orchard for ten years with sheep without spoiling a single tree by
disbarking. If the pasturage alone was the main consideration, it would not
pay to turn the sheep in and out. But experience has proven that the orchard
insects do not thrive 'where the sheep run. With' the sheep in the orchard our
apples had less worms, and the leaf-eating insects, thrips, etc., were not as
common and destructive as in orchards near by where grass and weeds grew
The common belief of nurserymen and fruit growers is that the sheep and goat
are the natural enemies and eradicators of trees and shrubs. It is true of the
goat, but sensibly managed " the animal with the golden hoof" is the friend of
the nurseryman and orchardist. Year after year I have turned them into the
nursery rows after we had quit cultivating. It was interestmg to watch their
quick and eager search for the tender weeds. Of course, when their appetite
was satisfied they were turned out for the day. In the corn-field they proved
an eejually satisfactory way of gathering up the weeds in early August. In many
other ways the sheep, and a boy, cleaned up the unsightly places. A\'here clean
work of a big weed patch or hazel corner was wanted we had hurdle fence
panels to throw around them, and the sheep 7vere kept there until the work was
done. In a hundred-acre pasture on the old homestead we had a corner of
about ten acres in hazel brush, with here and there a young, bushy-topped elm,
oak, wild cherry, etc. This was fenced in for the sheep when not on their
foraging expeditions during the growing season. When the sheep were salted
it was by brining the leaves of the taller hazel brush. In two years the brush
was killed, and in four years a rich matting of grass took its place among the
growing shade trees. I wish to make it emphatic that the sheep, properly
managed, is the helper and friend of the horticulturist. But in late fall, winter
and early spring, the place for the sheep is the feed lots and sheds. When tree
bark is the only obtainable green thing, the sheep will decide that it is made for
their use. Prof. I. E. Budd.

An I-lxfUisii Wa\- oi- Kkeimng I-kuit. — Thoroughly dry a ([uantity of
sawdust. Roll up sound, perfect fruit — bunches of ri[)e grapes, tomatoes, etc. —
in paper, and pack it in boxes, filling spaces with the sawdust. Then wrap the
box in newspapers, and keep it in a dry, cool room.

-^ Kc^' ^')d I^iltle y\\)Oix\) frliWs. ^

CANADA RED.

SiK, — 1 send you by mail a sample of an apple which is grown at Hudson, on thf
()ttaw;i river, and would ask you to name it. Out of an orchard planted at Mount Victoria
at Hudson, i^ue., some thirty-tliree years ago, about IfiO or jOO only survive. Of thes..-
thirty or forty of this variety have lived and seem to do remarkaltly well. Tliey are " the
survival of the fittest," and must he well woithy of cultivation in this part of Canada. I
know for a fact the Mount Victoria orchard has been much neglected since the deatii of the
late Mr. Matthews, some twenty years aj^'o, owing to a succession of tenants. The present
tenant says he has taken si.\ barrels of apples from one tree, nearly all first (|uality. I
have shown specimens to several dealers in western fruit, and some say that it is the
Canada Red, others that it is not. The (|uality of tiic fruit is good and its keeping ijuality
e.xcellent. Locally the apple has been called the Red .Spitzenburg.

R. W. Shepherd, Jr., Montreal, Que.

This apple is without doubt the Canada Red, an excellent apple for com-
mercial purposes, where sufficiently productive. Larger apples are, however,
more sought for.

THE SALLY BROWN APPLE.

Sir, — The sample I send you is a seedling of the Duchess, grown by a lady here of
the same name. This is its first year in Ijearing, nine years from seed. The tree is a close
upright grower with smallish sharplj- cerrated leaves, absolutely free from down on the
under side. The tree, about one inch through, had twelve to fifteen apples this, the first
year. The sample was picked on the loth of September and has had rough usage, having
fallen from my hand to the floor twice. I have not tasted it, but think it is about ripe
now.

J. P. CocKBf RN, Gravtnhurst.

This apple is of the Duchess style, but later in maturing, making it valuable.

It is now October 27th, little past its best but evidently is of good quality?

equally attractive with the Duchess.

THE BRITISH COLUMBIAN.

Sin, — I send you a sample of an apple for identification. In my opinion it resembles
the Canada Reinette, but the producer claims that he planted the seeds some thirty years
ago, and could take his oath to the fact that this tree is a production from that seed. The
tree is a very strong and healthy grower, with large thick, glossy leaves, and has borne
extraordinarily heavy crops of fine fruit every year for the last twenty years or over, some
years yielding thirty bushels of marketable fruit. At the desire of the originator, we have
named it the " British Columbian."

G. W. Henkv, Port Hammond, B. C.

The apple sent us by our friend in British Columbia corresponds very
closely with Downing's description of the Canada Reinette. It is of an immense
size, reaching No. 10 of our scale for apples, as given in the October number.
It is not so flat an apple as the Canada Reinette, being considerably longer in
proportion from the calyx to the basin, and this, if a constant characteristic, may
be sufficient to entitle it to a separate name. In our next nimiber we will give
a drawing and description of tlie Canada Reinette.

{177)

378 'riiK ("anadian Horticulturist.

THE Ri:i) RAM BO.

SiK, — I send you by the same mail some samples of apple which is saiil to have origi
Dated in this neigliborhood in an orchard of seedings. It has ))een called Red Jiiunbo. It
is only cultivated to a limited extent, and mostly by the descendants of the originator, })y
wiiom it is highly prized as a dessert apple. From my experience with it, I find that top
working is best way to deal with it. being somewhat tender when worked at the bottom.
Some think that it is identical with the Pennsylvania N'andevere, but, according to
Warder's description, the two are different. It is an abundant bearer, and will keep until
March. I find it sells on a par with Russets, Spys, (Jreenings, Baldwins, etc. Please give
me your opinion of it. S. Roy, Berlin, Out.

Thi-s is a pretty table apple, but if it keeps till March it is (juestionable
whether it is the Red Rambo. The latter is a sub-variety of Rambo, almost
identical with it, only the fruit is more red, and its season is October to
December. It is certainly not Vandevere ; it much more nearly resembles the
Rambo.

Description of the sample : I'Yuit, medium size, roundish, smooth, yellowish
in shade, bright red on sunny side, streaked and blotched with deeper red.
plainly marked with brown dots. Stalk slender, straight, three-quarters of an
inch long, deeply planted in a smooth, funnel-shaped cavity. Calyx closed, set
in a broad, slightly plaited basin. Flesh cream-colored, tender, rich, mild,
agreeable flavor. Oood. Sample sent ripe Nov. 14th.

A PRETTY RUSSIAN APPLE.

SIR, — I send you two Russian apples for inspection. The tree on which they were
borne was sent us about five years ago for testing.

W. H. RoBSON, Lindsay y Out.

About the time mentioned by our correspondent, some Russian apple trees
without name were distributed among the members of our Association, in order
to test their hardiness. This probably is one. The apple is strikingly pretty in
appearance, and, had it excellency of quality in proportion, it would be the first
of its season for a dessert apple. It is medium in size, No. 5 in our scale ; oblate
conical in shape; skin creamy color, waxen lustre, with a beautiful carmine cheek ;
stem slender, short, in a deep, even cavity ; calyx closed, in a plaited basin ;
flesh creamy white, tender, but with a somewhat peculiar flavor not quite agree-
able at first : season ])r()bably October and November.

JUNEBERRV AND OREGON GRAPES.

Sir, The .luly numlier of tiie Hoktk'Itlturi.st contains a colored plate of a berry
indigenous to this district of British Columbia. It is very common, and the work ahead of
me would be very much lessened if my land were cleared of them, 'i'hey thriAe best on
warm, fandy loam, and those which come under partial cultivation are double the size of
those shown in the colored plate, and, besiiles, the flavor ia improved. They are very little
appreciated by the white population, but the Indians have gatiiercd them for ages. They
dry them for winter use.

W'l- have another kind of fruit in<ligenou8 to this portion. It grows on small evergreen
shrubs and resendjies bunches of small blue grapes. They are of a sprightly acid flavor,
rather astringent, and excellent for making into jelly. Aithongii they have no relation to
the grapes |)roper, tliey are locally called Oregon grapes.

Akthik (". (Ikant, Armxt>o7iii, B.C.

■ 0

^-C^i^^' Jl?^ (a^r^der) ar)d LaloQ.

f
^

^

CANADIAN WILD-FLOWERS.— II.

In considering our wild flowers, we shall group them according to their
families, describing each under the head of the family to which it belongs,
commencing with the

BUTTERCUP FA.MILV.

This is known to botanists as the Ranunculus family, and is also called the
Cnnvfoot family. It embraces cjuite a variety of plants, some of which climb by
their leaf stalks, some are found in marshy places, others grow in dry, sandy
soil, some prefer the shade, and others the open sunshine. We will first describe
some of the plants that have given the name to the family, and afterwards some
of the other members which will be interesting and pretty for the flower border.

You will find in many meadows a bright yellow flower during the months
of June, July and August, that is an immigrant from Europe w^hich has taken too
kindly to our soil and climate. It grows from two to three feet high, the leaves
are thrice divided, and each division is again parted, not so deeply, but usually
into three lobes, which are again irregularly notched and cut, and the leaf stalk
(which is called the petiole) is furrowed on the upper side and covered with fine,
short hairs ; leaves are also so covered, and likewise the flower-stalk, which
botanists call the peduncle. The flowers are borne singly upon a tall, branching
stalk, which is leafless except at the base of the branches, the stalk leaves
becoming smaller as the stalk grows in length until they are mere bracts, which
is the name given to the leafy appendages from the axil of which the flower stalk
arises. Axil is the angle on the upper side, formed by a branch with the stem
from which it springs, or by a leaf-stalk, or, when the leaf has no stalk, by the
leaf itself, or by the flower-stalk. When a leaf or flower has no stalk it is said to
be sessile. Now let us examine the flower. We notice first of all that it is
complete-, by which we mean that it has a caly\\ ix corolla, stamens, and pistils.
These four organs are all that any flower has, and when any one of them is
wanting we say that such a flower is incomplete. The calyx is the outer covering
of the flower, and is usually green, though not always. The corolla is the inner
leaf or leaves of the flower, it is very seldom green, but is usually either white or
colored of some other color than green. The calyx of this flower consists of
five distinct and separate pieces, which are called sepals : the corolla of five

3So

Thk Canadian Horticulturist.

separate parts, these are called /r/rt/.v. Within the corolla and next to thu petals
we find the male organs of fructification, these are called sfameiis. They consist
of two parts, the stalk, which is often very slender and thread-like, and is called
the Ji/ame/if, and the anther, which is borne on the top of the filament, and is
the organ which produces the fine, powdery substance called /rV/cv/. Within
the stamens and surrounded by them are the female organs of fructification,
called //V//7-V A [)istil is formed of three parts, the bottom part is called the
ovary, within which the seed is formed ; the middle portion, which is usually
prolonged and slender, is called the style, and upon the top of this style there is
usually an enlargement called the stigma. Sometimes there is no apparent
enlargement, yet the upper part of the style will have the same moist, naked,
rough, stigmatic surface as when enlarged. By naked is meant that there is no
membrane covering the surface, as exists on all the other surfaces of the plant.
It is purposely naked and moist in order that the pollen grains falling upon it
may stick fast, from each of which a slender tube pushes out, and thus can
penetrate without obstruction the stigma and style, and enter the ovary. In
this flower there are numerous stamens, each having both filament and anther :
there are also many pistils, of which the ovaries are the most conspicuous part,
the other portions seemingly a mere point. The petals are yellow, the interior
surface looking as if varnished, obovate in form, that is, inversely ovaL having the
narrower end at the bottom.

It will be important that those
readers who are not familiar with the
names of the different parts of flow-
ers should carefully familiarize them-
selves with them as above described,
as in future it will be taken for
granted that the reader knows what
is meant by these terms.

To sum up then what has been
said about this plant, we find that
it grows to the height of from two
to three feet, that it is hairy, the
leaves divided into three parts, each
of which is again divided into three
irregularly cut and notched lobes,
that the petiole is furrowed on the
upper side, while \\\c peduncle is not
furrowed : the flowers are boine
singly on a long, branched stalk at
the end of the branches, and have
\\\Q sepals and five petals, numerous
stamens (they are more than ten).
V^ii. 9J(. I'vAMxei-Lcs Acms (Kali Uuttfrcup). and numerous />/.v///.v : that the corolla

'1'he (Janaiman Horiiculturist. 3<Si

is yellow. The root is fibrous, not bulbous. This is called the Kail Buttercup.
ISotanists call it Ranunculus acris. It will grow in any dry soil, and has become
a troublesome weed in many meadows. The juice is so acrid that cattle do
not eat it. It is. nevertheless, a i)retty flower, though not desirable in the
flower garden, especially w^here it is abundant in the meadows.

4jO Markliam St., Toronto. D W. F^RADLF..

KULB-FORCIN(i.

HEN you pot your bulbs, water them well, then set the pots away
in a cool, dark place to allow roots to form. Plant a bulb in
spring, and roots and top make simultaneous growth, so that you
have weak, unsatisfactory bloom. It is the same when you plan^
bulbs in pots and put them at once in a warm, light place. If
you want good flowers from potted bulbs you must put them away
in the dark for at least six weeks to form roots. The cooler the
place, provided they do not freeze, the better.

When you bring bulbs to the light, do not put them in a very warm room,
or they will make a weak, rapid growth, and very often the buds will blast. If
you have a room that is proof against frost adjoining one in which fire is kept,
keep your bulbs there. The cooler you can keep the air of the room in which
your bulbs bloom, and have it above frost, the longer the flowers will last. If
hyacinths show a tendency to develop buds in a little bunch down among the
leaves, make a cap of thick brown paper, like a cone, cut off its apex and slip
the cone over the pot. The flower-stalk will reach up toward the light coming
in through the opening at the top, and in this manner you lengthen it.

In selecting tulips for pot-culture, get single sorts. They bloom better than
the double ones, and are really more desirable in all ways. Among hyacinths,
too, the single sorts are best. The Roman varieties are favorites of mine. They
send up several spikes of bloom, while the ordinary varieties seldom have more
than one. Their flowers are arranged more loosely on the stem, and have a less
stiff and formal effect. They are delightfully sweet, and come in pink, pale
yellow, blue, and white. They are single, and excellent for cutting. Tulips,
hyacinths, and daffodils generally bloom in about a month after being brought
out into the light. By keeping the pots in the dark the time of flowering can be
retarded, so that one can have a succession of bloom. It is not easy to say
when the Harrisii lily should be brought up in order to have it in bloom at
Easter, because the conditions under which it is grown vary so much that advice
seldom hits the mark. In a warm room the flowers come on rapidly ; in a cool
room, slowly. From this you can get an idea that may help you in governing
the blooming period somewhat. If the plant seems developing too rapidly, put
it in a cooler place ; if too slowly, give it more warmth. — Ei;en Iv Rexford, in
American Gardening for September. 3

38:

Tui. Canadian Ht)KjicuLTURisT.

NlCiri" P.LOOMINC, CIlRias.

:3.

N interesting account of a social of this
^ kind appears in the Coufttty Gentleviait.
jii which, however, the name ot the plant is
probably a misnomer. Cereus grandi-f^orus is
not so commonly grown as a house plant,
as a species of night- blooming IMiyilo-
cactus, which is also commonly known as
Night Blooming Cereus. The Phyllocacti
are easy culture and very profuse in
flowers, which are of exquisite beauty.
The best soil for them is a light sandy
loam, but to which is added one-third of
mold, cow manure and sand, all well mixed. It is important to
have the pots well drained ; stagnation of water about the roots is
sure to cause failure. They are not fastidious about temperature,
and hence will succeed well in the window under ordinary
conditions. They are easily propagated from fleshy cuttings in-
serted in sandy soil, and kept dry for about a week. Altogether
the Ph\llocacli are among the most satisfactory of house plants.
We here give our readers the clipping referred to :
^^-^^ About eight o'clock the guests drop|)ed in by ones aiul

.•ic. twos and ranged themsehes in a semi-circle of chairs w\) and
lfi(^r^ -■'•'''■"' down the parlor, at the end of which stood two cereus

If^ '^^»^mSAM'^:\ plants against a black draped background. At the left
g^J' a large bracket lamj), artistically shaded, supplied them
with both heat and light. The i)lani
stems were covered with long, narrow
pendant leaves, somewhat resembling in
shape tobacco leaves when hrst hung up
to dry. From very near the extremities
of some of the leaves ])endulous stems
depended, and upon these, when the
first guest arrivi'd, were sharp, conical-
pointed buds which were partiall) un-
folded before the last couple ilropped
in. The old saying that a plant grows
so last thai one <an see it grow, was here actually verified. The guests
watched, with curious eyes, the large, while petals as they gradually unfolded,
revealing a pendulous star-shajicd <entre, so intricate, so delicate and nebulous
that art must have stood appalled before it. About llu' middle ol ihc evening

The Canmdian 1 foRricuLXURiST. 383

refreshments were served, ami in llu; l»ii// ol coiiversalion which ensued, sonic
one asked the hostess liow long the llouers would last.

" Until midnight," was the reply. " If left on tht- plant until morning, they
would he the most wretched lo(jking objects you ever laid eyes on."

^\'hcn these snowy, majestic flowers were fully opened, they were as beau,
tiful a sight, of the kinti, as one would care to look upon. Considering the
great si^e of these flowers, the wondrous deliiacy and beauty of their construc-
tion is the most startling thing about them. It is much like being brought sud-
denly face to face with a botanical impossibility. When the guests arose to
dejiart, the hostess detached the flowers from their stems and sent them to
friends who were unable to be present.

Klowerini. lU'ELih FOR PHK W'lNuow. — I'he Same joumal says that it is
a \ ery easy matter to prepare hyacinths, tulips, crocuses, freesia, and other bulbs
for winter blooming, and that failure is hardly possible if any kind of attention
is given to their wants. One hyacinth bulb should be placed in a four-inch pot,
three tulips, and a half-a-dozen each of crocuses and freesias may go in the same
si/ed pot. 'I'hey should be potted with rich soil, and the hyacinths set only
about one-half their depth in the earth. They should first be well watered and
then set in a dark, cool place, where they may be left about six weeks in order
to become well rooted At intervals of several weeks they may be brought out
and by this means a succession of flowers may be had during the whole winter.
.\s the bulbs swell, an occasional watering with a weak manure water will result
in more perfect flowers.

S.ALT AS A Fertilizer. — It is not known by chemists how salt acts as a*
fertilizer, but the opinion is that salt has the power to liberate ammonia from
the soils that have been manured with nitrogenous manures. This is the case
in sandy soils, where the ammonia exists in fertile combinations. The salt acts
upon the ammoniacal salts by forming soda in the soil, and chloride of ammonia,
which i)asses into solution, and then becomes an active fertilizer. It is known
that on poor land devoid of humus and ammonia it acts as a very indifferent
manure, while on rich lands, where ammonia has been stored up in clay or humus,
it acts well by eliminating the ammonia and placing it in combination suitable
as soluble plant food. Salt is also beneficial on soils as fertilizer by aiding in
rendering insoluble potash and phosphate soluble, which dissolves the bone
phosphate and renders it into soluble phosphate of lime. Salt is a beneficial
solvent when added to the manure heap by drawing moisture, and keeping
down the fermenting heat in the nitrogenous manure, and making it more
soluble and better decomposed a-^ plant food when applieil to the soil and croji.

Till ('\N\|il\N HORI ICIJI.II'UIST.

THI-: CULTURE OF ROSES.

S Nvc all wish the finest roses, it must not be forgotten that if
you want roses they must be in the richest part of your rich
bed. Vou cannot give roses too much rich feeding, and you
cannot keep them too clean. They must be thoroughly
watered, and the plants syringed with whale oil soap dissolved
in lukewarm water once a week at first, and later once a
month, if there are no bugs. Instantly when you see a
single bug, those small green parasites, thoroughly syringe with whale oil soaj).
^Vater once a week with a watering-pot full of lukewarm water, in which a table-
spoonful of nitrate of soda has been dissolved. This can be bought in crude
form at any druggist's at ten cents a pound. This enriches the plant and
improves the flowers. Let no rose remain on the plant when it is full blown.
It exhausts the plant very much.

If your climate is mild you may have a wide choice of roses. If a New
England climate, do not waste your time on many roses except hybrid remon-
tants. They will winter usually with some protection and they give lavish
bloom, and the robust growth of the plant, with its solid leaves, is to my mind
handsomer than any other rose but a few teas. It is well to have some teas for
perpetual blooming and the beauty of the flowers, but they must be taken into
the house in winter.

The Sombreuil is a very floriferous tea rose of a charming subtle creamy
tone. But no rose of any class seems to me so fine as a successful Souvenir de
Malmaison. It is a tea rose, but its leaf and stalk have a vigor of a remontant.
The great dark green leaves have no rival among all the rose plants, and the
flower is large, most exijuisite in form, and in color a pure silvery flesh tone,
with a blush of rose in the centre. The Bon Silene is very floriferous, and the
full open ro.se is as beautiful as the bud, though of all teas it is supposed to be
most valuable for its buds.

The Duchess de Brabant is a charming tea rose, of a delicate shell pink. It
grows luxuriously, and if housed in winter can be grown to a fine size, and lends
itself easily to being made into a " standard rose " a form of rose the Prench
delight in, and which is the handsomest artificial form that a rose can be
trained into. It has great style. The method is to cut away all but the
strongest shoots of the tree after the tree is pretty well grown, and then all the
strength goes into that one stem, and it grows very large, and straight and tall,
no side branching allowed u])on it. The foliage at the top of the one stem grows
very thick, and it is traiiud iyto a shapely mass that bears many ruses. The
hartly remoiuanls can be excellently used for this form of rose.

1 will giw the names of a few hard reinontanls which I have seen success-
lul : jhi- M.M^li.ill 1'. WildiT. \\lii<li i^ of a suroerb rcil : the Maniiiise Cast-

Tin; Canadian Houncur/ruRisr. 3''^5

illaiic, \vhi.:li Ucars ii very large ruse of a magriilkeiU deep pink : llie Anna de
1 )ie.sbacli which is of a beautiful pink, and very large and very fragrant ; the
Abel Grand, very floriferous. and of which the bud is most shapely ; the Silver
Queen, which is a blush rose of great beauty ; and I might have said first of all,
the Mabel Morrison, a white with a pink blush : the General Jacciueniinot,
dark and fragrant ; the beautiful Baroness Rothschild, a full shell pink incohjr,
absolutely perfect in form and the most decorative rose. It has one fault -it
has no perfume, liut do not let this deter you. Place a Jacqueminot ne.xt to
it and you will miss nothing. The Marguerite de St. Armand is a lovely rose :
the Dinsmore is not so beautiful in form, but covered with bloom from end t(j
end of the season. One delicious sweetbriar must be among your roses. Mix
other flowers with your roses. They are finer so in a garden than alone.

Roses, like poppies and marigolds, need sun. Set your roses out in the
autumn only if vour winter is mild. If you have a severe winter climate start
them in the spring. Then they will get firmly established by the autumn, and

winter more safely.

They must be " laid down ' as late as possible— that i.s, gently bent to the
ground and fastened so by means of twigs put over them like little arches, the
ends of the twigs firmly stuck in the ground : then, according to the severity of
the winter, cover them with straw, leaves, litter, cloths, lightly or heavily, as the
winter may demand. A snowless winter is their greatest enemy.— Harper's
Bazar.

HOW TO LAV OUT THE FARM GARDEN.

A correspondent of the Practical Farmer says : " Make your garden long

and narrow. Build your fences along the sides of good material and set them

solid. Make the fence at the ends movable and support it with the common A

brace instead of posts. The panels should be light and strong. Eath crossed

like lattice work and nailed to two pine boards four inches wide and twelve feet

long will make it. When the garden is to be manured, plowed or cultivated

move the end panels out of the way and drive straight through. Plow deep.

harrow fine and smooth with a broad plank. Do the job thoroughly and you

will have a seed-bed good enough for anything, and the soil will be easy to

cultivate the whole season. Set a row of currants and gooseberries close along

the inside of the south fence (we are presuming the garden lies the longest way

east and west), and a row of Blackcap raspberries along the north fence. Four

feet from the raspberries set a row of asparagus ; four feet from this two rows of

strawberries, three feet apart : then plant your radishes, lettuce, peas, beans.

beets etc ,— everything except corn and potatoes— in rows far enough apart to

■idmit your stead'iesi horse and narrowest cultivator. P.ut little hoemg will be

miuired and in one sea.son you will he convinced that you can garden as easily

•IS farm.' The fruit and vegetables will lessen the cost of living fully a thiril.

\our doctor bills will decrease, your health increase, and as the years pass you

will wonder how you ever got along without a good garden."

H foPics\n\.

M

•nil", w i.\ Moi 111. OK wiiriK PiNi;. i'ok vonK lands

IMliJ.R of every kind is now becoming very scarce in Canada, hut

especiaily is this the case in regard to W^hite pine. Il being the most

iieneraliy useful kind of timber, the demand for it abroad has been so

Vfi" <;ontinuously supplied, that it is now only a matter of a few years' time

when our country will be almost without it, and already it has become

a matter of serious consideration Iron is now used for many purposes

for which formerly only wood was used, but the coldness of iron, aside

from (X)ntraction and expansion, seems to preclude the probability of its ever

being well suited for the building of dwelling houses, or even farm buildings for

the comfort of live stock.

There is, throughout the country, many thou.sands of acres of impoverished
land, producing little, if any, value. If those lands were planted with While
pine, they would, in course of tim.e. become more valuable than much of the
land which is now cultivated For agricultural crops. There is scarcely any land
so poor that \\'hite pine will not thrive on it.

From no kind of tree has there been so much vahie in limber and lumber
obtained in Canada, which fact evidently shows its adaplal)ilit\' to this climate
and country. No kind of tree produces useful timl)er on poor land in so .>hoit
.1 time.

The Scotch i)ine, Austrian pine, European larch, and Norway spruce are
all fairly well ada[)tcd for producing timber rapidly on poor land, but planted
side by side with the White pine they are excelled in every instance.

1 can point to mixed plantations where White pine trees have grown to be
fifty feet high in twenty-two years, and every tree straight as a mast. I'his
growth has been attained on poor land without any cultivation whatever, beyond
thinning out as the trees grew large, and clearing away decaying under-branches.
Ten feet apart, an acre contains about four hundred trees. No other kind
of forest tree does s(j well growing so closely. There are but few farms on which
there are not some poor spots yielding nothing but weeds. If these lands were
planted with White pine, and protected for a few years, the>- would, in course of
lime, become the most valuable lands on the estate.

Catara<iui, Out. I ). Xit iioi..

The best time to sow lawn-grass seed is early in spring. Preparations
can be made in fall, and if seed is sown on a frozen surface in March, such a
thing as the seeds failing to germinate is almost impossible. .April sowings,
even, are sure (;f enougii spring rains to almost wIioIIn remove any risk of failure.

(386;

^ l\)t J\\)'\<\\\\

THK BKS|- I'lMK TO i;i.(.|.\ i;i:i:-KKi:i'l .\( . >l'l<l\(. oK lAl.l.,

AM) IHI". \L'Ml!i:k ()!• H1\KS THK P,K(;i\M;k

SHOT I.I) I NDI-.kTAKI': A'!' I'lRS'l".

HIC best time for a beginner to get his first bees is in spring, say
about the 25th of May, after all danger of loss from wintering and
spring dwindling is past. But, if the subject is entirely new to him,
the beginner will require some mental preparation, which, perhajjs.
lie had better commence in the long evenings of the previous fall.
He should read all the works on bee culture within his reach.' 'l"he
study of several authors is advised, because when a student has to get up the
natural history, the anatomy, and the physiology of the honey bee without the
aid of such teachers as Prof. Cook, of Lansing, Mich., or Prof, ("larke, of (luelph,
( )iu., lie will get a belter knowledge of these subjects by comparing the teachings
of diftere'nt authors on the same points. For instance it would be difficult to
find anything better on the natural history of the honey bee than the first 40
pages of Dziertzan's Rational Bee-Keeping ; but when the student has read, in
addition to this, the first 100 pages of Langstroth on the Honey Bee, revised by
Dadant, and the first 140 pages of (,'ook's Manual of the Apiary, he will feel
that he has a better grip of the subject than he could possibly get by confining
his studies to either one of these authors. If the beginner has, by this time,
become deeply interested, and desires to study the scientific part of the subject
still further. Cowan's Honey Bee, and Cheshire's Bees and Bee-Keeping, \'ol 1.
will probably keep him busy till spring, 'ywo chapters in the latter work,
entitled Bees and Flowers Mutually Complimentary, and Bees as Fertilizers,
Florists and Fruit Producers, are very instructive and exceedingly interesting to
horticulturists as well as bee-keepers. While engaged in the study of those
authors, the student may get a few bees for examination from some neighbor
If he has a good magnifying glass, or, better still, a good microscope, muth
im[)ortant information may be gathered by examining the various parts of the bee.
Iwo or three stocks are cjuite sufficient to commence with. The bees should
be of a quiet strain of Italians, and they should be in movable frame hives : tin.-
Langstroth is as good as any. 'llie beginner should provide himself with a bee
veil and a smoker. If his motions are slow and deliberate, as they always should
be when working about his hives, gloves are unnecessary. But by all means let
the beginner provide himself with an ob.servatory hive. .Vbout the middle of
June he may go to (jne of his hi\es and remove a brood t:omb, with the queen
and adhering bees, and place it in a hive having glass sides, through which all
the operations of the bees may be readily seen. This hive may be placed in a
window in the living-room of the dwelling. A passage may be made for the
bees by raising the sash, and |ilaring beneath it a piec<' of wood through which

08:)

38S The Canadian Hokticui.turisj'.

a tiil)e may be carried to the observaloiy hive. \\'ith such a hive the unloachni^
of lioney and pollen in the cells, the egg laying of the ijueen, the time required
for the hatching of the egg, the nursing of the larv;c, the time of sealing the brood
cells, and the time at which the mature insect emerges, may all be clearly
observed, as well as many t)ther operations of the hi\e, which are important to
he known, whether beekeeping be followed for pleasure or for jjrofit.

The subse(|uent course of the beginner will dei)end to some extent upon
whether his object is the dollars and cents to be derived from the business, or
U) have a hobby. Even the latter may be profitable financially. I know of a
business man, in failing health, who said recently to a friend that he would give
$i,ooc? per year for a hobby which would divert his mind from business matters.
There is nothing such a person could take up that would take him out as much
into the open air and sunshine, and which would be as likely to secure the object
desired, as beekeeping. Dr. Dziertzon says, " Whoever has once experienced
the pleasure to be derived from the study and culture of bees will, I am con-
vinced, spend every leisure hour in his a))iary.'' The experience of several
others confirms this opinion.

I am aware it may be said that a beginner may learn the business by getting
the bees first, and making experiments and observations as he goes on.
True, but life is too short to commence de novo, and overtake in this way all the
work which has been done by others. Far better for the beginner to inform
himself first of what has been accomplished, and if he then feels disposed to
pursue original investigations, he will find that there are still unexplored fields suffi-
cient t(j give .scope enough for the exercise of all his abilities during the
remainder of his lifetime.

Lindsay, Ont. • S. CoRXiat..

A TiMiii-V Hint. — Here is one of Professor T,. H. Bailey's practical stories,
" I know a man by the name of Jjixey, and after he went into the {)each business
1 went to see him. Out behind the packing house he had a large dyke vat, and
some men and women were dipping the tops of his baskets into this analine
dye. Everybody soon learned to recognize his fruit by the bright color of his
basket tops. So he is making lots of money out of the dyeing business, but he
takes care that his fruit is carefully graded and all thai is put into such baskets
is of the finest (juality.— I'arm and Vineyard.

OuiitooK KosKs. Plant roses in the richest bed \c)u ha\e. \ Ou can
hardly give them too much decayed vegetable and animal fertilizer, o\ keep
them too clean of'weeds and insects. If thoroughly watered just before bloom-
ing time, with whale-C)il soap dissolved in lukewarm water, insects will givi' little
trouble, (live the plants also, once a week, a pot full of warm water in which
a tablespoonful of nitrate of soda has been dissolved. Keep fullblown roses
[)icked off, as they exhaust the jilants. Roses may be set in fall in climates
liaving mild winters. Protect them during winter by pegging down and ccner-
ing them with straw, leases, e\ergreen Ijoughs or soil. — S. S. Stouv.

The Canadian Horticl'lturist.

389

BEES AND C.KAI'HS.

i\.. ML'1\I\A\' : On the question of the bees puncturing
and destnjying grapes, I may state that I have been
twenty-five years in the bee business, and that I can keep
my bees as near my grapes as I am to these gentlemen
here, which is about four feet, and they do not harm
the grapes. I have read a great deal on the subject,
and watched closely, and I would say that the gentleman
makes in his paper one statement that contradicts his own assertion. He says
the bees take the grapes and suck out the juices until there is nothing left but
the skin, in which there is a little round hole. It is not the bees but the yellow
jackets that make those punctures and cut those little round holes. I have fre-
quently found that to be the case. It is well-known by those who understand this
question that the yellow jackets do this. The yellow jacket makes that puncture,
and then the bees, after the grape .is cracked or punctured, either by the yellow
jackets, or in any other way, pitch in for their share of the juices. But that
does not occur until after the skin is broken. That is what has given the
gentleman the impression that the bees did it. But the fact that that little
round hole was left there proves to me that the jellow jackets made it, not the
bees.

Mr. Wilcox : I believe that it has been well established that the honey
bee cannot puncture the skin, or the little film or inner skin that surrounds
the grape. This has been demonstrated in our Society by overwhelming
evidence.

Mr. Cutler : I will state that when the material for honey was very
scarce last summer, the bees came and settled in swarms upon my raspberry
bushes so thickly that a lady could not go in there and pick the fruit. I know
that they punctured the cuticle of the raspberry. They did not touch my grapes,
although they were within two rods of my bee hives.

Mr. AVii.cox : I will state the experiments of Prof. McLean, in which he
confined colonies of bees in a glass house and took their food away from them,
so as to bring them to a starving condition, and hung bunches of grapes of
different varieties around inside the house, and even hung bunches of grapes
inside of the hives, and kept them so confined until the bees died of starvation.
There was not a single grape injured by them. But as soon as the grape was
punctured, even with a needle, so as to penetrate the epidermis, then they
went in and cleaned them out entirely. That is the entire basis of these charges
against the honey bees. It has been my experience that whenever any bird or
insect once punctures the skin of a grape, then the bees take possession and
clean out the grape. But they have no biter by which they can penetrate the

390

The Canadian Horticulturist.

skin of a sound grape. This fallacy is one that the bee-keepers of this country
have been obliged to fight for years and years, and yet it has many times been
proved to be wrong.

Mr. Harris : I do not believe that the honey bee injures the grape,
that is the sound grape. — Minn. Hort. Soc, 1892.

NATIVE BEE PLANTS.

N Michigan there is a very large number of plants which
furnish a good quality of honey. If the species is abun-
dant in any region, it usually becomes known to the apiarist
as a good bee plant ; if not abundant it very likely fails to
attract attention. A plant may be rare or important in
one region and abundant in another. In autumn, asters
and golden rods are known as excellent bee plants, because some few of the
many species in the State are plentiful in nearly every neighborhood, but the
same sorts of asters or golden rods do not everywhere throughout the State
furnish a great amount of honey. As a rule, those plants which produce odor-
ous or showy fiowers afford honey and will be visited by honey bees, unless
the flower is of a shape which makes it impossible for the bee to reach the
food. Probably in the State there are of native plants, introduced weeds and
field crops, a thousand species which furnish excellent food for bees This is
nearly one hundred times as many as the beekeeper has in mind, unless he ha
given unusual attention to the subject. Our open, low lands furnish a large
proportion of the bee pasture ; the forests some ; the weeds and some of the
field, garden, and orchard crops a fair amount. Extremely dry, or very wet
weather, are both unfavorable to the yield of honey. Drainage of the swamps
and the clearing of waste places are unfavorable to the interests of the bee-
keeper. As the botanist now looks at the subject, colors and odors are mere
advertisements to call the attention of insects to the rich supplies of food in
store for them. It may be said that the honey is there for the bees, but
primarily it is there for the good of the plant, secondarily for the good of the
insect. Had good old Dr. Watts lived in our day, he would have, no doubt^
written his familiar verse in this way :

How (loth the little busy bee
Improve eaoli shining hour ':

By carrying pnUen <lay by day
To fe)-tili/.t; ffich flower.

-Michigan Flora.

Stakes and similar nijuisitcs gather up carefully, and store in a safe place
for another season. — American Gardening.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE, $1.00 per year, entitling the subscriber to membership ot the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including a copy of its valuable Annual
Report, and a share in its annual distribution of plants and trees.

REMITTANCES by Registered Letter are at our risk. Receipts will be acknowledged upon
the address label. •

NOTES AN'D COMMENTS.

Crosby Pe.^ch. — Mr. E. McArdle, who has a large peach orchard in the vicin-
ity of St. Catharines, writes us as follows, concerning our plate of the Crosby peach-
He says : " 1 notice that one of your correspondents has taken exception to the
plate of the Crosby peach. I myself think it is overdrawn ; but I got some of
them as samples from Mr. W. D. Hines, Townsend, Mass., this season, which
were larger than those mentioned by your correspondent, though not so large
as Crawford. They were a very attractive peach in color, and, if they are as
ihey are claimed to be, the variety is a valuable one.

F.^RMERs' Institute Work. — We notice in the reports of the Sheep
Breeders' and Swine Breeders' Association, that it is considered somewhat of a
grievance that they have not a special representative speaking at Farmers
In.stitute3, as well as the Fruit Growers' Association. Certainly, we. as fruit
growers, have no idea of standing in the way of our brethren in other occupa-
tions. If farmers can do better raising swine and sheep than fruit, we have no
object in persuading them to engage in fruit growing. Indeed, it would be
rather in the personal interest of the fruit growers to lessen, rather than extend,
the acreage of land devoted to fruit in our province ; because, in this way, there
would be less competition in our markets for the sale of our fruit.

Acrea(;e Devoted to the Variols Kinds of Friit. — The Annua
Report of the Bureau of Industries does not give sufficient attention to the fruit
growing industry. \'ery careful estimates are given of the area of jirodi'ce of
wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, etc., but when you come to the department o
fruit growing, we find simply a list of the acres in the various counties devoted to
the orchard and garden : but no specific account of the number of acres devoted

'390

392 Thk Canadian HoRiicui.TURi.sr.

to the apple, pear, peach, plum, grape or any other of the fruits. It would help
us in our work, as an Association, and make this report of value to many more
of us, if careful inquiries were made under the head indicated and the results
published in their annual reports. Surely the products of the orchard and
garden are of just as much importance to our country as any of those of the
field. '

The Standard Aim'i.i: Barrel. — Since our last issue we have secured,
through the kindness of Wm. White, of Ottawa, the following extract from the
Revised Statutes of the Dominion :

" 1 8. — I. All apples packed in Canada for sale by the barrel, shall be
j)acked in good and strong barrels of seasoned wood made as nearly cylindrical as
may be ; the staves of such barrels shall be twenty-seven inches in length from
croe to croe, with heads trom sixteen and one-half to seventeen inches in
diameter; and such barrels shaU be sufficiently hooped, with a lining hoop within
the chimes, the whole well secured by nails.

" 2. Every person who offers or exposes apples for sale by the barrel,
otherwise than in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this section, shall
be liable to a penalty of twenty-five cents for each barrel of apples so offered or
exposed for sale. 48-49 V., c 16, s. 18."

New York State is waking up to the importance of making a good
exhibition of fruit at the Chicago Exposition. Mr. (i. T. Powell has been chosen
superintendent. He proposes, as an exhibition of fresh fruits in their season,
200 varieties of strawberries, 50 of raspberries, 25 of blackberries, 25 of currants,
25 of gooseberries, 75 of cherries, 150 of peaches, and 250 each of apples, pears
and grapes. In addition to this, he is ordering from an expert German artist
about one thousand wax models of each of the natural fruits which are supposed
to be the exact copies of the originals grown in New York State. These will be
very beautiful. In our opinion, however, wax models are inferior to the real
thing every time, for people will constantly question whether anything in nature
could equal the waxen copies. We believe when our own collection of fruit in
glass jars, under Mr. I'ettit's charge, is shown, it will gain us more credit than a
collection of wax ones, and the expense will probably be much less.

E.XPERIMENTS IN HoRTicui.TURE. — Mr. John Craig's evidence for 1892,
as the Dominion Horticulturist, before a select committee of the House, contains
a resume of horticultural progress up to the present time. After speaking of the
work of propagating nursery stock and protection against mice, he refers to
unleached wood ashes as one of the best and cheapest fertilizers for the orchard.
A bushel contains three pounds of potash, one of phosphoric acid, besides lime,
magnesia, etc. He cautions against using Paris green with any combination
containing ammonia undiluted, because the arsenic is thereby dissolved and

The Canadian Horticulturist. 393

becomes injurious to the foliage. The difficulty is avoided, however, by adding
Paris green after the mixture has been fully diluted with water.

Ammoniacal copper carbonate and dilute Bordeaux mixture are spoken of
as the leading fungicides for apple and pear scab and grape mildew. The spores
of the mildew remains over winter on the dead leaves and on the bud scales of
the young twigs of the trees and on the fruit, in fact, on any resting place. They
are easily distributed by the wind, and other agencies, after the growth begins
in the spring. This explains why it is im[)ortant to apply a strong copper
mixture to the trees and vines of our orchards before the foliage appears in the
spring.

McMahon's White apple is very highly spoken of as a very hardy and
profitable variety. In Milwaukee it brings the highest price of any apple of its
season. It is an early winter apple.

Some experiments with potassium sulphide for gooseberry mildew, in the
proportion of an ounce to three gallons of water, was successful. The spraying
was repeated frequently, about once a week, until the fruit was formed. Even
the English gooseberries were kept free from mildew by this method. The
result of this experiment is of great importance to us, for, hitherto, the only
reason why Canadians have not succeeded with the fine English gooseberries
has been the exceedingly destructive fungus, the gooseberry mildew, which
attacks those varieties with great severity.

Mr. Craig's evidence occupies 27 pages, and contains much else that is of
interest.

The Brook. — While the whole literary world mourns the loss of Lord
Tennyson, England's poet laureate, it will not be out of place for us to note that
he was an appreciative observer of country life, its flower gardens and lawns and
forests. How beautifully he gives expression to his love of such scenes in this
delightful poem, the rhythm of which is as musical as the rippling brook itself:

I chatter over stony ways
In little sharps and trebles ;

I bubble into eddying bays,
I babble on the pebbles.

With many a curve my banks I fret
By many a field and fallow.

And many a fairy for land set
With willow-weed and mallow.

I chatter, chatter, as I flow
To join the brimming river.

For men may come and men may go.
But I go on forever.

394 The Canadian Horticulturist.

I steal by lawns and grassy plots,
I slide l)y hazel covers :

I move the sweet forget-me-nots,
That grow for happy lovers.

I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,
Among my skimming swallows ;

I make the netted sunbeam dance
Against my sandy shallows.

I murmur under moon and stars
In brambly wildernessess ;

I linger by my shingly bars ;
I loiter round my cresses.

And out again I curve and flow
To join the brimming river.

For men may come and men may go
But I go on forever.

THE WOOLLY APHIS AND THE SCAB.

.'50I- — Sir, — Many of nij' peach trees have mildewed leaves on the ends of the branches.
Can you explain ? My apple trees have woolly aphis on them. What is the most simple and
liest remedy ? I have used this year a solution of sulphate of copper and lime for spraying
my Winter Nelis pear trees for scab, and found them remarkably free from it. I under-
stand that ,this preparation is recommended, for not only the scab, but for the mildew in
the grape and the fungus diseases of the potato. Has anyone tried it for the peach leaf
curl which I understand to be a fungus growth ? If not, would you advise using it for
that purpose.

H. Cottle, Salnn, Ore<jon.

We could not explain the cause of the mildew leaws of the peach trees with-
out seeing them.

The woolly aj^his is easily destroyed by spraying with kerosene emulsion. It
may be made thus — one quart of soft soap, or (^ne-quarter of a pound of hard
soap, two (juarts hot soft water and one pint of kerosene. The kerosene is best
added when the soap suds are boiling, for then it will easily emulsify, if stirred
briskly. When iieeiled for use, dilute with water to one-half or one-third the
strength.

.\ kerosene and milk emulsion is also conuiieiideil for destroying plant lice.
It is made thus :' -Sour milk one gallon, kerosene two gallons, warm to blood
heat and iiii\ thoroughly. I>ilute with ten limes the (]uaiUit\()f water.

The Canadian Horticulturist. 395

Our corrcspondc-nt was wise in using sulphate of copper and lime, or Bord-
eaux mixture, for the scab. It is very effective, and this, or some similar solution
of copper, seems to be the hope of future apple and pear growing for profit.

The miklew of the grape and the rot of the potato are also effectually
checked by its use. But in all cases the work needs to begin in good time,
before the disease has developed, as the ai)pli(,ation is nKjre preventive than
remedial.

The Bordeaux Mixture is thus formed : — Dissolve six {)ounds of sulphate
of copper in sixteen gallons of water; in another vessel slack four pounds
of fresh lime in six gallons of water. When the latter mixture is cool, it is
slowly poured into the copper solution, care being taken to mix thoroughly by
constant stirring. Prepare some days before using. Stir before applying. This
is somewhat exi)ensive, when a large amount is required, and it is thought by
experimenters that one-half the strength will be quite effectual.

Spraying the trees and vineyard in winter or early spring with sulphate of
copper, one j)ound to twenty-five gallons of water, is also useful, becau.se the
spores must live through the winter on the old wood, and may at this season be
destroyed by such a powerful solution as could not be safely used when the foliage
is out.i We could not say whether the Bordeaux mixture would be useful in thecase
of the curl leaf of the peach. The foliage is very tender and these poisons must be
applied to it very cautiously.

PARIS GREEN AND THE CODLINCx MOTH.

>502. — SiK — Is Paris green \nything like a check upon the codling moth ? Do you find
that lime mixed with Paris greeu lessens its effect ? I have found Paris green no use, seven
teaspoonf uls to forty gallons of water, lime ad, lib.

W, T. Payne, Pokeno, New Zealand.

In our experience we have found that a careful application of Paris green is
very u.seful in checking the working of the codling moth. Applied in a fine
spray, in the strength of one i)ound to two hundred gallons of water, it will
result in fruit comparatively free from injury by either the codling moth, or the
curculio. Possiblya weaker solution might suffice. Anyway care must be taken to
keep the poison thoroughly stirred, or it will settle at the bottom and the dregs
of the barrel will be destructive to the foliage of the trees.

Lime lessens the evil effects of Paris green upon the foliage, and probablv
also upon the moth, although we have not proved this. Certain it is that a much
larger quantity of poison may be used if lime is added.

Probably our correspondent used too little Paris green considering the
amount of lime used.

396 Thk Canadian Horticulturist.

EXriCRIMKN'l- WITH CAUSTIC POTASH.

.SOS* — Sir, — I liiive an oruhaid of •J,.')0() plum trees, .")00 apple and "JOO peach trees.
Last .May I sprayed the major part of tliis orchard with caustic potash, diluted to about
the proportions of one pound to two gallons of water. The bails had swollen to cup-like
forms, but the green edge of the leaf had not appeared. I used a brass pump. Tlie appli-
cation was sufficient to deeply darken the bark, remaining for several weeks. .\ly object
was to destroy the germinal ijuality of insect eggs, cleanse the bark, and possibly destroy
fungous spores incidental to tlie trees, which may- have just lodge«l. 1 know the immediate
value of potash applied in a soluble form, and the annual need. The ashes of a ))lum
showed 75 per cent, of potash. This season, by accurate observation, my plums and apples,
where the potash was so used on the buds, are pronounced one-eighth larger than previous
years. I am perplexed as to the cause of this larger fruit. Each cup-like bud was capable
of holding one or more drops of the showered potash, and the hundreds of thousands of
buds wo\ild hold an appreciable ((uantity, and timely developed larger leaves and stronger
fruit blossoms. The absorption by the bark would be influential in the same direction.
Kindly favor me with reliable data gathered at Maplehurst along this line of experiment.
W. C. Archibald, Enrmdiffe Gardens. Wol/ville, N. S.

The experiment made by Mr. Archibald is worthv of notice, and we would
direct the attention of our experiment stations to the excellent results which he
obtained. We have never tried caustic potash in this way. The only use we
have made of it has been in a weaker solution applied to the trunks and brandies
of trees to destroy the oyster shell Ijark louse. Most experimenters have been
endeavoring to destroy fungi with solutions of sulphate of copper, one pound to
twenty-live gallons of water being recommended for scab and mildew, apj^lied
before the foliage appears, and the Bordeaux mixture after. Possibly a strong
solution of caustic potash will be as serviceable, for we can only account for the
clean, large fruit resulting, except by the destruction of minute fungi and insects
which weaken the growth of the trees, and bring al)Out the production of small
sized fruit.

RASPBERRY GROWING FOR HOME USE.

."$04. — Sir, --I want to set out next s))ring two hundred raspberry bushes. What
varieties, and in what proportion would you advise. The ground slopes to the west, is
sheltered on the east and south by a cedar hedge and is clay. 1 want them for home use,
not for shipping.

F. (i. Tkkmavnh, Sutton MW, Out.

Of red raspberries we would rcromnicnd Turner and Cuthbcrt, and for
white, the (iolden Queen. If sufficiently hardy, or if winter protection can be
given, we would recommend Brinckle's Orange, on account of its superior excel-
lency of <iuality. \ fine red raspberry, surpassing either of the above-named in
flavor, was sent us by Mr. (iibbard, of Najianee, some time ago. The bushes
are fairly productive and seem (juite hardy. We have called it Gibbard's Seed-
ling. Of the black caps for family use, we would recommend Souhegan and
Hillborn. For canning ])urposes the .Shaffer raspberry is the most desirable of
all, and should have a ])lace in every home garden.

'1'hf. Canadian Hoki k ri.i cki-i. 397

i'RUNiX(; R.\si'i^.i:kKiKs.

.50.5.— Sir, —Wow higl' should Shatl'crs Colo8>al raspberry be traiuefl ? Is four feet

too low '!

F. iKV.MWitt:, Sutton H •'«/.

If fall or spring pruning is meant, the operator must be governed by the
strength of the wood growth, simply cutting off the weaker portions having the
least vigorous buds, and no rule could be given. If summer pruning is meant,
three feet is none too low, for if the canes grow too high before branching, they
will become top-heavy and bend over to the ground, soiling the fruit, and inter-
fering with cultivation.

HOW TO INTRODUCE NEW FRUITS.

.506.— Sir,— Would you please inform me through the .Journal, the best way to have
a valuable winter seedling apple introduced. Had my whole orchard been of this variety, the
orchard this season would have netted tne SI 000 more than it has done. It is a beautiful
color, always free of scab and will keep until May or .lune. It is an annual bearer, every
alternate year it is a sight to behold. I have frequently propped up the limbs to keep them
from being broken. I planted my orchard eighteen years ago, and this variety has been a
thrifty grower, and began bearing as early as the Duchess of Oldenburg.

S. C. Wait, St. George, Out.

The best way to introduce new fruits is to send samples to the meeting of
the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, and also to the horticulturist at the
Experimental Farm, and, in addition to this scions should be sent to the latter
place to have the variety thoroughly tested. If you get a favorable report from
the Fruit Growers' Association and from the Experimental Farm, you will no
doubt be able to dispose of the right of propagation to some nurseryman.

GROWING PEPPERMINT.

507.— Sir,- Could you, through your valuable Journal, let me know something with
reference to the planting, cultivation and marketing of peppermint ? Also the varieties
likely to give the best returns, in ;i district about thirty miles north of Toronto.

Wesley .I.m'Kson, Cannintjton, Out.

We have had no experience in growing mint for market and do not know
of any one in Ontario who has had. There are three species of the mint family,
all hardy, which are cultivated in gardens for the use of their tops or leaves in
sauces or for other culinary purposes, viz.: Pennyroyal (M. Pulegium) ; Pepper-
mint (M. piperita) : and Spearmint (M. viridis).

Pennyroyal is least used. It is easily propagated by the division of the
roots and succeeds best in a moist, loamy soil. It may be planted six inches
apart, in rows one foot apart.

Peppermint is grown chiefly for the use of its tops for distillation in order
to obtain that valuable cordial which is so well-known. The roots are divided

39^ ^Hi'- Canadian Horticulturist.

and jilaiUed in shallow trenches about nine inches apart and about two inches
deep. Cuttings may also be made in the summer. A moist situation is
preferable for peppermint, but it will succeed in almost any soil. The tops are
cut off just as they are coming into flower and distilled as soon afterwards as
possible. The beds should be top-dressed with a good soil.

Spearmint is most largely in request, particularly in the spring and early
summer. It is wise to have a good stock, in order that a portion may be
available for forcing. Otherwise the propagation and cultivation are the same
as for jieppermint. A portion of the tops should be cut when coming into
flower and hung up to dry. (ireen leaves are preferable to dry ones, and forcing
is easy, the only preparation being the insertion of a (luantity of roots in a box of
soil placed in a temperature of sixty degrees and kept watered.

We are indebted to the " Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening '" for most of
the above points. *

FOWJ. MANURE FOR PLANTS.

50^. SiK, — Will you say in your next issue, whether fowl manure leached will
answer all the purposes of a fertilizer for plants in pots? And if the manure should be left
to ferment before being leached, should the liquid be diluted before being applied to the
plants ?

Stearnk TiGHE, Amherat Inland, Out.

Reply by N. Robertson, Siiperiiitfiidcnt Goi'ernmeitt Grounds, Ottawa.

Fowl manure will answer as a fertilizer for plants in pots, but there are
many things preferable. It can be used either after fermentation or before. The
former method I should prefer for various reasons. If it is not diluted and
made very weak much damage may be done by its use. I would advise its
use only on what is called soft-wooded material.

^VHA^ PAYS BEST?

509. SiK, — 1 intend t<> begin fruit growing, and would liki' to know wliat to plant
thivt w ould give me the l)est retuins in tlie sliortc.st time 'i

S. K. .Mkkckk, A'urnha)iithorpi'.

There is no doubt thai small fruits give the ciuickest returns. Indeed, take
it year by year, they probably yield more money, acre by acre, than the larger
fruits. Of course, proportionately more time and labor is required in their
cultivation. It would be diflicult to advise our correspondent with regard to
which fruits pay best. They are all profitable, providing a good market for each
is at hand, and upon this everything nnist hinge.

The Canamian HokTicui.TURisr. 399

I'Roi rrAHi.i-: aim-les.

510. SiK, I have a few trees, such as (jreening, Ulenlieiiii Oranj^e, and Wagner,
that ought to be grafted. What kimis would be the most profitable? .

S. K. Mercer, Burnhamthorpe .

We would recommend our correspondent to try Duchess and Gravenstein
for summer and fall apples, and Wealthy, La Rue and Ontario for winter apples.
They arc large and profitable kinds.

CRADING APPLES.

!i\\. Sir, — I saw an article in your paper on the proper method of grading ap})les, ^
which I do not understand. If I had to grade them up to that size, I would not iiave one
barrel out of four or five from a tree, fit for shipping. Suppose an apple would measure
3J or 4 inches across, how much smaller would go in for first class ?

S. K. Mercek, Burnhamthor])e.

Our correspondent does not quite understand the object in publishing the
scale of sizes. It was simply for use in describing fruit. There is so much
confusion in describing apples, some writers differing very much from others in
what they mean by large or small.

INSECTS ON CELERY

512. Sir, — I have a (quantity of fine celery and am much troubled with " snails and
elaters." Is there anything I can do to drive them away ? The soil is black muck and
grows celery finely.

Geo. C. Ba.s<'OM, tialt.

Reply by Prof. James Fldcher, Entomologist, Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Ont,

I wish your correspondent had sent you specimens of what he called
" snails and elaters." His snails, I opine, are slugs, and with regard to elaters,
is it the grubs (wire worms) or the perfect beetle, to which he refers ? I imagine
that by this time the celery is being' dug, and what is wanted is a remedy for
next year. For slugs, frequent dressings with freshly slacked lime, sown broad-
cast over the beds at night time, have proved the best remedy. For wire worms
we have no satisfactory remedy. Prof. Comstock, of Cornell University, after
careful study has only been able to prove that many of the reputed remedies were
useless, such as sowing salt and the cultivation of buckwneal and odier crops.
Plowing as late in the fall as possible is considered useful, ahso the destruction of
the insects by poisoned baits spread over the infested ground.

400 The Canadian Horticulturist.

ONE JUDCiE SYSTEM.

513. Si'r, — lu question bubget (No. 9) some oae asks, " Is the one-jiulge system at
fairs ail advantage over liaving three judges?" 1 do not think it is. Of course, there is
an advantage in having only one judge to pay instead of three, but, as an exhibitor, I am
a sufferer. At our fair I exhibited a peck of potato onions, as Iteautiful a sample as was
ever seen. We had only one judge, and he did not givo me a prize. He declared they
were not potato onions. Had there been three judges, no doubt I would have ha<l my
right. Such ignorance does societies great harm.

Thos. Ham-Oway, Clinton, Onl.

It i.s quite possible for three judges to make mistakes as well as one. The
great point is to secure competent men, and surely such can only be secured by
liberal reward. Were the money paid to three judges given to one, an expert
could be secured, in whose judgment the public would have cotifidence. This
would surely be better than three judges, none of whom were experts. If the
one judge is not an expert, it would be far better to have three.

BLACKBERRY LEAF BLIGHT.

514. SfR, — Many of my Kittatinny blackberry leaves are turning yellowish as f
with rust. I enclose samples, can you tell me what to do with them ?

\Vm. McMiKKAV, Th^ Ri-ctory. Nlaijara.

Reply by Prof. James Fletcher, Central Experimental Farm.

I have submitted the leaves to Prof. Halstead and he has decided that the
leaves are attacked by the fungus disease Septoria rubi, West, which is of the
common leaf spots of the Rubus family. It resembles very much the Strawberry
Leaf Blight, Sphcxrella fragaria?, which is figured in a paper on " Some Pro-
blems in Horticulture " read by our editor before the Hamilton Association.
This disease will probably yield without difficulty to the treatment of the Bord-
eaux mixture. Your correspondent is correct in stating that the disease is
injurious to the blackberry plants.

LOCATION FOR GROWING FRUIT.

515. Sir, — Do you think the sand in Telhani, or the soil about (irinisby best for
grapes and small fruits ? Wliat ought fifteen acres of good soil and orchard, or small fruit,
without any waste, to be worth, first, clear and under cultivation, and second, with fruit ?
I am offered fifteen acres or* sandy soil, cleared, for $1,3(>0. It has no buildings.

W. A. ("i.Ai'TON. Femrick. Out.

Questions like these can only be answered approximately, there is so much
to consider which cannot be put on paper. In some sections of country land
is worth more without an apple orchard than with it, because gt)od markets
are so inaccessible that tiiere is no ()pi)i)rtunity of si'lling tlie surplus. Generally

The Canadian Horticulturist. 401

speaking, where markets are accessible, land is increased in value two or three
times by being set with good varieties of fruit and properly cared for. Such
land as is described, can seldom be purchased at less than $100 an acre, and
our subscriber appears to have a good offer under consideration.

fiOOK OX NURSERY WORK.

•S16« Sir, — Is there any work on hybridizing, budding, grafting, etc. ?

A. ('. CiiAi'MAN, Frank/ord, Out.

The most useful books for the amateur on these subjects is Thomas-
American Fruit Culturist. Baileys Nursery Book, also give pretty full direc-
tions on nursery. Both of these books are advertised in this journal.

GOOSEBERRY LEAF SPOT.

517. Sir, — Will you kindly tell me in next month's Horticulturist why the leaves
of my red currants dry up and all fall off ; at this time they are all bare and are now starting
to put out new leaves, they are mixed alternate with black currants, five feet apart, and
get same attention as black, yet the black are looking splendid and doing well, while red
are not making any growth, and looking like winter, all bare. I have enclosed a leaf.
Kindly give me what you think reason and remedy for same, and you will greatly oblige.

Herbert Bligh, Whonnock, B. C.

Reply by Prof. Fletcher.
The red currant leaves, from our correspondent at Whonnock, B. C, are
attacked by the common disease septoria ribis, the gooseberry leaf spot. This
disease is prevalent through Canada. An interesting observation has been made
this summer by Mr. Craig, that upon some gooseberry bushes which were pro-
tected against the mildew by the carbonate of copper treatment, the septoria
upon the leaves was about as abundant as on the untreated leaves. It is ques-
tionable whether spraying bushes for this trouble would pay for the material and
the labor. The injury does not show itself here until August, and very fre-
(luently a second crop of leaves produced. I shall try some experiments next
year upon this disease, with Bordeaux mixture, as this annual defoliation must
have a very weakening effect upon the trees.

GOLDEN-LEAVED ELDER.

51§. Sir, — I send you sample berries of the Golden Leaved Elder. I think a note of
this beautiful showy golden leaved shrub would be of interest to the many readers of the
(.'anadian HoRTici'LTiTRisT. I find them perfectly hardy, bearing fine large fruit, as you
will see by samples sent. With its striking golden foliage, it is a shrub worthy of a trial,
both for fruit and for ornament.

M. MiLtJAU, Briijht, Out.

Where golden colored foliage is desired on the lawn, this would be no
doubt one of the most satisfactorv shrubs. Even the common elder is counted

402 The Canadian HoRrK;ui.TUKisT.

by some landscape gardeners as worthy of a place in the lawn. Mr. Geo..
Nicholson in his "Illustrated Dictionary of (hardening,' says : " The (lolden
Elder (Sambucus nigra aurea) is a fine ornamental plant for shrubberies or for
use in sub-tropical gardens. If the shoots are regularly pinched off at the tips,
the plants may be kept dwarfed and of a fine golden color all summer.

BUTTER AND EGGS.

•'>I0. Sir, — I enclose you a weed that I planted in my j^arden last year, and tliis
year it has spread in every direction. The root goes down about a foot and breaks easily,
so I do not know wliat to do with it.

J. M., Sturgeon Falls, Out.

The plant is Linaria Vulgaris, commonly known as Toad Flax, or Butter
and Eggs, and is difificult of eradication. Digging or plowing the ground in
summer, when the plant is in full bloom, should destroy it.

A HYBRIDIZED (JOURD.

!i*iOm Sir, — Last year I grew some mock oranges and saved one of them for seed
which I planted this year, but, instead of bearing mock oranges it lias something resembling
vegetable marrow, in color, size and shape. As I cut the orange open and jjlanted the seed
at once, there was no chance for a vegetable marrow seed to get in with the others. Do
you think it would be .safe to eat it ' Possibly the bloom of the mock orange was atfectetl
by bees last year. Henky Benner, Aifr.

The mock orange belongs to the gourd family, and so. does the vegetable
marrow, pumpkin, musk melon and Hubbard squash. These, when growing
near each other, very often cross, and, either on this account, or through the
agency of bees, the curious instance before us has come about. Probably the
mock orange from which the seeds were taken was grown near a pumpkin vine,
or a vegetable marrow, and was fertilized by its flower. The seeds therefore
produced what is neither the one thing nor the other.

^ ©pcQ Letter^?. $

ERRAT.V

Sni, I beg to correct some typographical errors wliicli appeared in my apiarian
article in last issue, and which naturally alter the sense. In tne last line on p. ."{17 read
wire i/iinze instead of wire " gauge. " In the next sentence (on following page) read hroad
.section frames instead of " brood " section frames ; and fin separators instead of " ten '
separators.

Al.l.KN I'kimii.k.

Tui: ( ANADIAN HoklK ULTL'RIST. 403

PRINCE OK WALKS ri.LWK

Siii^ We have just received a copy of the November No. of the C-an aijian Hoktu'LL-

HKisT, and Hnd the Prince of Wales plum described in it. It is not a new variety. We
had a tree in bearing as long ago as IS.')!). We always thought well of it, but the demand
for it was never great, and hence, when reducing the number of varieties, it was dropped
out from our propagvting list. We merely draw your attention to this to show that it is
not a new variety, although not well known.

Ki,lwan<;ek & Bakky, Ji'or/ifs/i'r, N. Y.

THE ENGLISH APPLE \L\r<Ki;i'.

According to latest advices, Canadian winter apples are now in good demand in the
British markets. Unfortunately, the immense .(Uantity of fall apples and poor grado
winters have been depressing prices terribly, but now the (piantity is so much lessened that
quite a re-action is setting in. -, , , .

Henry Theakstone, Liverpool, under date 9th November, quotes Baldwins 11/ to 14; 9 ;
Greenings 10/ to 1«/ ; Kings 14/ to 201 ; Ribston 18/ ; Canada Red 12/ to \l)/.

Jas. Adam, Sou & Co., under date November 18, quote iialdwins 13/ to 15/ ; Spies and
Greenings 13/ to 14/() ; Russets 12/ to 14/6.

Messrs. Woodall & Co , under date 12th November, quote the following as <iuotations
of actual sales : Baldwins 12/ to 17/ ; Baldwins, 2nds, 8/ to 11/; Spy S (j to Ki ;{ ; Russets
10/:S to 16/ ; 20 oz. ll/() to 16/ ; Greenings ll/;{ to 15/6 ; C. Red 12/6 to 15/6 ; Kings 13/ to
20/6 ; Ribston 14/ to lS/6 ; Ben Davis IH/ to 16/ ; Snow 8/ to 13/.

Messrs. Frank Rand & Co. Spitalfields Market, London, Eng.; dohn See & Sons, Hull :
B. & J. Shaw, Hull, and many others, give us weekly (luotations of sales, which fairly
correspond with those above given.

It may be explained that figures above indicate shillings and pence, the former equalling
twenty-four cents, the latter two cents each.

The Trade Journal of Montreal, under date 2.")th November, says of the apjile market
in Montreal : " The market remains in a very unsatisfactory condition, stocks being large
both here and in the West, which are selling at prices which show little or no profit to
holders. The sale of 5(t0 barreL of choice winter varieties took place at S2 50, and we
<luote fair to good sound stock in car lots $2.25 to $2.50 per barrel. Some are asking §2.75.

The Chry.santhemuJi Show in the Pavilion of the Horticultural Gardens, Toronto,
from the Sth to the llth of November, was a grand afifair, and reflected great credit upon
the Toronto Florists' Club.

Q^^stioi) ^h6%^T

II. — Has any member had any experience with the liurdeaux mixture, or any other
solution for the red rust on the strawberry leaves ?

12.— Could a better package be devised than the ordinary barrel for apples, for sliip-
ping long distances?

^ '<£

jt/$t likelier. ;:.-.

'Mil'

sWeetest sad ^en^cn)))mT)Cf, fi^i jl

fireside ^»i; \|
1)0 circU.it't,
llii)ew))at'd(idhe
ittlejifst like r|c.

OCT X 3 1965