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TO THE, DEIAD YEAR

It seems but yesterday, and yet I know

Thy smiles are dead, thy glories passed away I
Thy voice has left the earth where, to and fro,

Death's children wander now in bare array.
One would not guess a thing had e'er been gay

In fields or woods, where now the fall winds spread,
The leafless branches tossing in dismay,

'Neath skies no longer blue, but dark with dread.

Yes, thou art gone 1 and j'et a lesson rife

With truths from Him thy death is meant to teach.
Like thine, the summer daj'S of life

Must fade, and age's winter come to each.
Do not the falling leaves these sermons preach,

That hope is not a shield against decay ? —
That time will soon the dreams of youth impeach.

And write the summons none can disobej' ?
And yet thj- death old year but makes it plain

That though we die, we too, shall live again.

T. H. RACE.

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'pfe (anadian fjorticolrorist

Volume XXVIII

JANUARY, l*)();j

mm

Number i

THE FRUIT SHOULD BE A SEPARATE DIVISION

IT lias bet'ii announcccl in the press that
llie Dominion fruit division will short-
ly be placed under the control of the Do-
minion dairy division. This action is the
result of the resignation of Prof. James W.
Robertson as the Commissioner of Agricul-
ture and Dairying. That the fruit growers
of Canada are opposed to such action is
evidenced by interviews secured bv The
Canadian H(M-ticulturist with representative
growers.

'' Such action," said Air. W. H. Ijunting,
of St. Catharines, the honorary president of
the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, and
a prominent member of the Niagara Penin-
sula Fruit Growers' Association, " would
be very disastrous to the fruit interests of
Canada. Our fruit interests are important
enough to have a footing of their own and
should not be made subordinate to any other
interest, no matter how important that in-
terest may be. • As fruit growers we feel
that we should have the rignt, through the
chief of our division, to go direct to the
Minister of Agriculture. This right will
only be assured us by the fruit division be-
ing recognized as a division by itself, with
its head responsible only to the Alinister of
Agriculture. I am .satisfied that any svich
action will be strongly opposed by fruit
growers generally, and would like to see the
views of the growers laid before Hon. Syd-
ney Fisher in time, if possible, to prevent
the proposed amalgamation."

Air. Alurra}- Pettit, of Winona, a direc-
tor of the ( )ntario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion and president of the Xiagara District
Fruit Growers' Stock Co., Limited, said :
■■ It is decidedl\ in the interests of fruit
growers that the fruit division shall be con-
tinued as a division by itself and not amal-
gamated with any other division. The fruit
interests are of great importance and are in-
creasing in extent very rapidly. As fruit
growers we feel that these interests will be
best served by being directed solely 1n- a
person who represents the fruit interests,
this per.son to be directly responsible to the
Minister of .\griculture and to no other
person. Fruit growers gener.illy are of
this opinion and are stron.gly oppo.sed to any
action that is likely to affect the value of the
work of the fruit division or that will re-
strict its operations in any way."

One of the largest fruit growers in Can-
ada, Mr. F. D. Smith, of Winona, was
equally emphatic in his views as expressed
to The Horticulturist. " 'J'he fruit inter-
ests," said Mr. Smith, " while not as im-
portant as the dairy interests, are of suffi-
cient importance to be entitled to a division
independent of any other. When we make
suggestions to the head of the fruit division
we do not want to feel that these sugges-
tions must in turn be submitted for approval
to the head of some other division, who h
in no way interested in fruit, before action
can be taken. If it is proposed to com-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURlSi .

bine these interests no action should be
taken until Parliament meets, when this
matter may be thoroughly considered. As
a fruit grower I will strongly oppose any
fusion of the fruit and dairy divisions and
I am satisfied that other fruit growers feel
the same way."

As Avill be seen in another column the
I'rince Edward Island Fruit growers, at
their annual convention during the third
week of December, passed a resolution
unanimously opposing the proposed union
of the two divisions, the opinion being free-
ly expressed by those in attendance that

such an amalgamation would likely prove
disastrous to the fruit interests of Canada.

A leading Ontario fruit grower, speaking
to The Horticulturist, stated that were the
dairy and fruit divisions joined, with the
chief of the dairy division as the superior
officer, it would simply mean that the fruit
interests of Canada would be the tail of the
dairy kite. Owing to lack of space, The
Horticulturist is unable to give the views of
more growers on this subject, but can state
that every fruit grower heard from is thor-
oughly opposed to the proposed combina-
tion of the two divisions.

PRIN3E EDWARD ISLAND FRUIT GROWERS' PARLIAMENT

MATTERS of great interest and im-
portance to the fruit grow-ers of
the Dominion as well as of Prince Edward
Island were dealt with at the ninth annual
convention of the Prince Edward Island
Fruit Growers' Association held at Char-
lottctown December 20 and 21. The Fruit
Growers' Association is the most vital of
all the garden province's organizations and
keen interest was, therefore, manifested in
tlie subjects discussed.

Several important decisions were reached.
It was resolved to ask the Dominion ]\Iinis-
ter of Agriculture to place fruit commission
merchants under Dominion regulation ; to
give inspectors under the ]\Iarks Act right
of control in loading apples on shipboard ;
to put express companies under the juris-
diction of the railway commission ; to ask
for government assistance to inaugurate co-
operation ; to recommend the purchase of a
full line of horticultural implements for the
experimental farms ; to urge the convoking
of a National Fruit Growers' Council ; and,
to make The Canadian Horticulturist the
official organ.

AN IMPORTANT RESOLUTION.

The following resolution, which was
adopted unanimously, was recognized to be

of great imjxDrtance. In passing it the
growers felt assured of the support of the
great body of the fruit growers throughout
the Dominion. This resolution read as
follows :

" Whereas it has come to the knowledge
of this association, through the press, that
an amalgamation of the Fruit with the
Dairy Division of the Department of Agri-
culture, Ottaw'a, is in contemplation; there-
fore it is resolved that this assemblage of
the fruit growers of Prince Edward Island
do respectfully express to the Honorable the
Minister of Agriculture its unqualified dis-
approval of any such amalgamation as detri-
mental to the large and increasing horticul-
tural interests of Canada, which call for ex-
tension in their central offices rather than
restriction."

THE CONVENTIOX A SUCCESS.

Much of the credit for the decided suc-
cess of the convention is due the president
of the association. Rev. Father A. E. Burke,
of Alberton, who was unanimously re-
elected as president amid much enthusiasm.
Rev. Father Burke's sympathy with the
agricultural interests and splendid powers
of direction are known and appreciated and
perhaps more thoroughly without his own

WITH THE FRUIT GROWERS.

province than within, although his leader-
ship is there universally admitted. The
manner in which the meetings were man-
aged and the enthusiasm and spirit of en-
quiry they aroused was most noticeable,
Nothing but questions of vital interest were
considered, and they were discussed so
thoroughly as to give general satisfaction.

The principal speakers were Messrs.
Alex. McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Division,
Ottawa; Mr. W. T. Macoun, Horticultur-
ist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
both of whom are very popular with the
Island's fruit growers ; Saxby Blair, Horti-
culturist, Nappan, N. S., and G. H. Vroom,
D. F. I., of Middleton, N. S., who are be-
coming noted in the Maritime Provinces as
horticultural authorities. All the speakers
gave splendid satisfaction. Mr. McNeill
spoke on " Varieties in Canadian Orchards,"
" The Fruit Marks Act " and " Coopera-
tion " ; Mr. Macoun, on " Guides to success
in fruit culture." " The work at the Farms,"
" Strawberries," and answered many inter-
esting questions in the question box.

The president's address was one of those
comprehensive reviews of the horticultural

situation for which Father Burke is noted.
Its saHent note was the one advocating co-
operative packing houses for the Island
where the grading, packing and storing of
apples would be done, as well as jamming,
canning and evaporating. Attention was
drawn to the value of a Canadian congress
of fruit growers. A touching moment was
reached when the president asked the as-
semblage to stand and attest its condolence
with the families of the members who died
during the year.

Among the subjects on the program, all
of which proved interesting, were : An ad-
dress by Dr. Fletcher, of the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa ; Pollination of
Apple Blossoms, T. Ross, B. A. ; Cranberry
Culture, C. R. Dickey ; Commercial Or-
charding, Senator Ferguson, who is a most
enthusiastic fruit grower ; Plum Culture, D.
J. Stewart ; Some Difficulties of Island
Horticulture, John Johnstone, and Further
Notes on My Experimental Orchard, W.
C. White. Demonstrations were given by
representatives of the Dominion Fruit Divi-
sion of the i)roper grading, packing and
marking of fruit for the home and export

Fruit Exhibit at tlie Kecent Conveniion of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association.

( Photogiaph taken specially for The Canadian Horticulturist. j

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

trade. Several oi ihe.se papers will be pub-
lished in The Horticulturist.

Among the prominent people at the con-
vention were : vScnator Robertson, the

ivieutenant Governor, who attended two
sessions and spoke twice; Mayor Kelly,
Alex. Martin, |. J. Hughes, M. P., and
others. „• ,- 1

NOVA SCOTIA FRUIT GROWERS ARE WIDE AWAKE

1

>lll'", annual con\enli()n of ihe Nova
Scotia I'Vuit (irowers' Association
was held at Windsor. N. S., during the
week of December 5. Fine addresses were
presented throughout the sessions, a large
number of interesting and profitable sub-
jects being discussed by experts in various
lines.

The fruit exhibits were awe of the best
features. The Ontario exhibit was the
same as shown at the Toronto Industrial
Exhibition, it having been placed in cold
storage immediately after that exhibition.
A very creditable display was made from
Prince Rdward Island, consisting of 18 dif-
ferent varieties, while British Columbia was
represented by four varieties. The New
Brunswick exhibit, unfortunately, went
astray while in transportation. About 20
varieties of Nova Scotia apples were dis-
played, making the finest collection on exhi-
bition. The Elwanger & Barry Nurseries,
of Rochester, N. Y., showed the best collec-
tion of pears ever exhibited at Windsor.

The officers chosen at the convention for
the ensuing year were : President, Ralph
S. Eaton, of Kentville ; vice-president, John
Donaldson, Port Williams ; secretary, S. C.
Parker, I'erwick, and treasurer, G. W.
Munro, Wolfville. The treasurer reported
a balance on hand December i, 1904, of
$1,893.36, which with the government grant
added gave the society a balance of $2,100.
The secretary explained that $750 was re-
ceived for the Horton school equipment,
when it was turned over to the new govern-
ment college at Truro.

The president, Mr. Ralph S. Eaton, gave
an interesting address. " The past season,"

he stated, " was a rather discouraging one
to Nova Scotia fruit growers, following, as
it did, the best year they have ever had.
The spring of the year opened with marked
freedom from diseases in orchards of any
kind. Until nearly the middle of June the
weather seemed so like that of the previous
year, most growers sprayed only once, hop-
ing for a duplicate of the season of 1903 in
regard to the quality of their fruit. How-
ever, the black spot made a fearful inroad,
especially in the greater part of King's
county, more particularly on Graven-
steins, Spys, Ben Davis, Baldwins, Russetts,
and others. The action of the government
in sending, as an object lesson, a power
sprayer into the section was a commendable
one." As the experiment cost the govern-
ment but little, each orchardist having paid
five cents for each tree sprayed, Mr. Eaton
expressed a hope that the experiment will
be repeated. A thoroughly successful
trial in Hants, King and Annapolis counties,
he believed, would be worth thousands of
dollars to the industry.

The quality of the fruit this year has
not alone been disappointing. The first of
July the crop promised even heavier than
last year, the largest record being 600,000
barrels, but on account of dropping of the
fruit in the summer, lack of size and dis-
count in quality, it is doubtful if Nova
Scotia shipped half that number this year.
The plum crop was rather light, and peaches
were practically a failure.

AN IMPORTANT MOVE.

The association took the initiative some
six years ago in moving for the federation
of the schools of asfriculture and horticul-

FRUIT EXPERIMENTS IN QUEBEC.

ture into a provincial college Circum-
stances led to the establishment of an insti-
tution at Truro the past summer. An ex-
periment is again being made with a sailing-
vessel for the ocean freighting of some
apples by the loading of the barque Skola
at Wolfville. The condition of the cargo
-on arrival is watched with interest. Refer-
ing to future business Mr. Eaton stated a

retrospective glance might be in order. In
1897 President Bigelow said, " The time
has come when we must base our calcula-
tions for apple crops at not over $1 per bar-
rel." Not until this year has the price ap-
proached this figure, and even this year,
with a big crop in all apple countries, the
buyers did not give more than $1.25 to $1.50
])er l)arrel. ,,- j ^

i (L oinimicd on V'a^e 44 )

A FAR NORTHERN FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATION

AUG. DUPUIS, DIRECTOR I'^RUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS FOR OUEP.EC

''"T^HE fruit station established at Gaspe
A Basin, Gaspe county, Quebec, by the
Quebec government in 1898, on the farm of
Mr. Wm. Clark, has been successful be-
yond my expectations. The orchard com-
prises two and a half acres and is a most
healthy and vigorous condition. The apple
trees bear good crops of fine apples of the
following varieties : Yellow Transparent,
Tetofsky, Duchess of Olds, Alexander,
Wolf River, Wealthy, and English Golden
Russet. The Yellow Transparent is a fall
apple, while the Duchess, a winter apple,
keeps till February. The Wealthy is a late
winter. Downing gooseberries and Cuth-
bert raspberries yield great crops.

The orchard is protected from the great
winds of the gulf by a hill, and from all
sides by rows of deciduous and evergreen
trees planted as wind shields. In plums
the little Mirabelle (of France) and the
Reine Claude de Montmorency (of the is-

The Scareet Cranberry. I was inter-
ested in the notes on the Cranberry Pippin
apple which appeared in the December issue
of The Canadian Horticulturist. Have
any of your readers made a comparison be-
tween the Cranberry Pippin and the Scarlet
Cranberry? I would greatly appreciate
information in regard to the origin and
chief characteristics of the Scarlet Cran-

land of Orleans, near Quebec) are the only
two varieties that have thrived when grown
on their own roots and not grafted. As
this orchard is in nearly the 49^ of latitude,
it is, I believe, the most northern fruit plan-
tation on the continent.

Two thousand apple root-grafts of the
above named varieties planted in nursery
rows in 1900 have grown and prospered.
Not quite 20 per cent failed. Mr. Clark
sold most of the trees last year to farmers
in the neighborhood, teaching them how to
cultivate the trees and how to protect them.

This successful experiment in the far
north has induced Mr. Henri Menier, of
France, to experiment on a large scale on
the island of Anticosti. He bought fruit
and ornamental trees last year at the Vil-
lage des Aulnaies Nursery to the value of
over $1,000, and will spare no expense to
obtain success in his experiment. lYees
bloom in Gaspe by June 20.

berry. — (S. A. Beach, Horticulturist,
Geneva Experimental Station, N. Y.

The sulphur, lime and salt wash, full
strength, California formula, thickened to
the consistency of cream, with fresh cow
dung, I find an almost sure remedy against
mice. Put it on with a whitewash brush.
— ( S. J. Rutherford, Quebec.

QUEBEC FRUIT GROWERS IN ANNUAL CONVENTION

IIAUCJLU JUNKS, MAITI.AXU, OXT.

1

the Quebec Poniological and Fruit
Growing Society, from the point of value,
was one of the most successful ia the his-
tory of the society. The meetings took
place December 14 and 15 at Ayer's Cliff,
Que. The speakers had been carefully
chosen and were men well qualified to deal
with the topics under discussion. I'heir
addresses were selected with careful con-
sideration to their special value to the Que-
bec fruit grower and farmer.

It is to be regretted that a larger number
of the farmers around Ayer's Clfff did not
avail themselves of this excellent oppor-
tunity to receive information on fruit grow-
ing. Those who did attend could not but
appreciate the effort made to make the
meetings lx)th beneficial and entertaining.

Owing to press of business, [Mr. Xorman
E. Jack, president of the society, was not
able to attend, but the able vice-president,
Mr. Fisk, of Abbotsford, warmly welcomed
everybody to the meetings. A valuable
paper on Cauliflowers and How to Grow
Them, was given by Mr. R. Brodie, of
Westmount, Que. This paper is published
in full in this issue of The Horticuluturist.

]Mr. W. T. Alacoun. Horticulturist,
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, followed with
an exhaustive and valuable paper on the
cultivation of potatoes. An extract from
this paper is also published in this issue of
The Horticulturist. The discussion brought
out the fact that early and frequent spray-
ino- with Bordeaux mixture and paris green
easily doubles the crop and that the perfect
beetle and hard shelled bug does not do
much if any damage. If the larvae or slug
is killed when young the crop will not be
injured.

Prof. G. Reynaud, Horticulturist. La
Trappe, Que., spoke in French on some
causes of unsuccessful fruit culture. His
remarks were listened to with a o-reat deal

of interest b}' those familiar with the lan-
guage.

A practical address on fruit growing in
connection with general farming was given
by Mr. Harold Jones, of Maitland, Ont.,
whose remarks caught the attention of the
meeting and led to a lively and interesting
discussion. This address will appear in
the February issue of The Horticulturist.

Prof. Waugh, of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College, Amherst, Mass, as is al-
ways the case, was the Hfe of the meeting.
He gave a valuable talk on dwarf trees,
their uses, propagation and management.
The pleasure and profit that may be derived
by growing apples and pears in large quan-
tities on small areas was clearly shown.
The quality of the fruit is superior to that
grown on standard trees of the same
variety. Dwarf trees come into bearing
at from one to three years after grafting,
wdiich makes them valuable to plant be-
tween standards while waiting for these
trees to come into bearing.

AN EXHIBIT OF FRUIT.

On the fruit tables w-ere showai about 80
plates of apples. It was a surprise to the
visitors from Ontario to see such fine sam-
ples and also to see such varieties as King.
Spy and Ben Davis grown to perfection.
Mr. Fisk, of Abbotsford, exhibited 10
plates, among which were very fine samples
of Lawver, Ben Davis and Fameuse. Mr.
J. B. Edwards, of Huntington, had 15
plates, which won him much credit, his
WoU River, Spy, King and Johnathan de-
serving special notice. Six plates, with
some very fine specimens of Kings, were
shown by ]Mr. Brodie.

Other exhibitors were Messrs. Asa John-
ston, 16 plates, including fine specimens of
Bethel, Spy, Baxter, Edghill and Fameuse :
\\'m. Craig, winter sweet crabs and some
fine cranberries; and Mr. Rowell, 15 plates
of fine Wealthv. Wolf River and Nodhead.

8

IV//AT THE QUEBEC FRUIT GROWERS DID.

Ralph S. Eaton, Kentville, N. S.

The new president of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association,
Mr. Ralph S. Katon owns probably the l.»rge.st orchard in Canada.
It contains 25,000 trees, inclu ling 15,000 apple, 6,000 plum, 2,000
cherry, 1,000 peach, 500 peai, and 500 apri ot and quince. A view
of a section of this orchard appears on the front cover of this issue.
A description of Mr. Eaton s orchard and methods will be published
in an early issue of The Horticulturist.

Messrs. Hichcock, Carter, Peck and Prof.
Macoun also exhibited plates of fine apples,
principally of the varieties mentioned above,
Avith the addition of Milwaukee, La Mctoire
and Canada Baldwin, all of them being
varieties of promise.

The directors, reporting for their several
divisions, stated little or no planting was
done during the past year. The only in-
sect of note was the railroad worm, which
caused some damage in Mr. Shepherd's or-
chard, and others adjoining, near Como.
Que. The spot injured some Fameuse,
but the damage was not serious. No
spraying was done in the majority of or-
chards, but those that did spray were satis-
fied with the results.

Prof. W. M. Munson, of the Tniversitv,
Orono, Maine, lent his valuable aid by giv-
ing an address, Horticultur-^l Education.
The value of practical education in connec-

tion with science was pointed out, and that
nature study is one of the most important
links in agricultural training. In the past
there has been too much luck and not
enough intellect in farming. Nature will
do a certain amount by herself, but it rests
with man to enhance the production. Col-
leges are maintained to help get the boys
and girls of our country out of ruts.

The afternoon session of the last day
was given over to Messrs. J. F. Scriver,
Fruit Inspector; F. L. Kenny, of South
Hero, Vt., and Harold Jones, of Maitland,
Ont. Mr. Kenny held his audience with
an able address on fruit growing compared
with other farm pursuits. This led to an
informal and interesting discussion.

Thursday evening brought out a paper
by Air. \V. H. Dempsey, of Trenton, Ont.,
which dealt with the question of fruit grow-
ing for profit. This address was listened
to with the closest interest and attention, as
those present knew they were listening to
one of the largest and most successful
apple growers in the province of Ontario
and that every word he uttered was worth
listening to. A copy of this address will
appear in a later issue of The Horticulturist.

The meeting closed with an address by
Mr. J. C. Chapais, St. Denis, Que., who
told the fruit growers in Quebec what
he saw and heard at the Fruit, Flower and
Honey Show in Toronto, Ont., in Novem-
ber, and his able account convinced those
present that he was endowed with a wonder-
ful pair of eyes and ears combined with a
conceptive and ready mind.

In travelling over this section of the
province one is astonished that there are so
few orchards when there are so many suit-
able locations available for planting. Many
eastern farmers are, thereby, denied this
health-giving fruit or obtain it at a cost
much greater than the cost of production.
— G. H. Hutton, Grenville countv.

ORCHARD MANAGEMENT IN NEW ENGLAND

PKOI'. \V. -M. MUNSON, UNIVKRSITV OK MAINK.

1"^ I IKK I'", arc certain general factors
which control orchard management
in all countries. J.rieHy summarized, they
are: Tillage, fertility, pruning, varieties,
propagation and parasites.

The soil is a storehouse for plant food,
and the object of tillage is to make this
food available. Iv)r this pr.rpose the
physical condition, or the texture of ti •?
soil, is of the greatest moment. Most soils
contain an abundance of plant food if the
soil particles are sufficiently minute to alKiu
the roots to lay hold of this food readily.

Plants take their food only in the for!ii of
solutions, which are absorbed by the root
hairs, carried up through the tissues of the
plant to the leaves,' where they are digested ;
after which they are returned for the build-
ing up of the tissues and the formation of
fruit buds. The root hairs lay hold on the
film of moisture which surrounds each par-
ticle of soil, rather than upon the free water
between the ])articles. For this reason it, v:
of the greatest importance that the number
of particles be as great as possible, thereby
greatly increasing the area from which the
food may be obtained.

Water which falls during the growing
season is entirely inadequate for the growth
of plants during that season, hence it is im-
portant that some provision be made for
storing moisture which falls at other times.
This can best be done by making the soil
loose and porous, that it may act ia the
same way as does a sponge.

Besides providing a storage reservoir for
moisture, it is necessary to prevent, so rar
as possible, the natural evaporation, in o."-
der that the water with the plant food i.i
solution, may be forced to escape throu^n
the n-:edium of the desired plants. The :ii)-
pcarance of grass growing by the side ot
an old log or stone, as compared with t!:at

at a little distance awa}', is a good illustra-
tion of the value of a nndch in conserving
moisture. The best mulch or blanket for
this purpose is a thin covering of dry earth,
such as is provided by shallow cultivation.

TIIIC FERTIIJTV FACTOR.

The value of tillage in aiding chemical
pn^cesses by warming the soil, admitting
oxygen and decomposing organic matter, is
self-evident, and a simple statement: of -fact
is sufficient. Any land wliicli will grow
good farm cro])s will mainUiin a fruit plan-
tation, but [)roht in fruit growing lies in se-
curing superior qualit\. The amount of
plant food to be added in any given case will
depend on the amount of increase of profit
which will result from such treatment. The
successftil merchant is the one who fofces
trade. The successful fruit grower is the
one who produces the best and finds a mar-
ket for it.

To get the besit results keep the land at
work. Weeds do not run out the land, but
they use plant food for purposes which are
not desired. The best treatment for weedy
land is to give it thorough cultivation and
to use more plants of a desirable character.
The weedy farm is, as a rule, a poorly
farmed farm.

True PRUNING FACTOR.

A tree is essentially a colony of indi-
\iduals among which there is a constant
struggle for existence. If left to nature
the strongest, or those having the best posi-
tion on the tree will S4.irvive, but to get the
most satisfactory results the orchardist must
prevent this natural struggle and give those
branches which he desires to favor a better,
opportunity for life. The cutting of large
limbs is not necessarily injurious to a tree,
but it is advisable to go through the orchard
every year and thus, as far as possible, avoid

the necessity of removing large limbs.

ASr-^rTfr",',"^ an address Helix ered ac the annual winter conxention of the Quebec P^mological and Fruit r,ro«er,'s Society, held at
rtjer s t iin, i^ue., Uec, 14 i.nd 15.

ORCHARDS IN NEW ENGLAND.

Pruning may actually stimulate the
growth of trees by throwing the vitality
into the remaining branches, exciting a
more vigorous growth and in turn causing
a reflex action on the growth of the roots.
Many trees, if left to themselves, will over
bear, and the removal of some of the
branches may often be one of the best
methods of (thinning the fruit. The time
and method of pruning will depend on the
purpo'se in view, whetiher for shape, for in-
creased growth, or fruit.

One of the most important elements in
the value of pruning is that the owner is
thus brought into closest contact with his
plants. The true lover of plant life shapes
and cares for his plants as thouglitfully and
works out his ideals as carefully as he would
train and guide a child.

Within the past few years there has been
a marked advance in the interest and atten-
tion given to orchard management through-
out New England. Many of the most ex-
tensive growers are practicing cultivation
and the use of cover crops, while the value
of spraying as a means of destroying in-
sect and fungus enemies is recognized.

One of the most serious problems which
confront the New England orchardist is
that of the apple maggot, or trypeta. Or-
chardists are united, 'however, in the belief
thaA the faithful destruction of windfalls,
and all affected fruit, will result in reducing
the loss from the pest. For this reason
many growers favor the use of hogs in the
orchard. An advantage claimed for hogs
is that, in addition to destroying the pest re-
ferred to and adding to the fertility of the

There is plenty of room in eastern On-
tario for the development of the fruit in-
dustry both for immediate consumption in
the homes on the farm, and as a means of
materially increasing the farm revenue. —
CG. H. Hutton. Grenville countv, Ont.

land, they serve a very important purpose
in the way of cultivation. Important object
lessons in the renovation of orchards, by the
use of hogs, even in the absence of an appli-
cation of specific fertilizers, may be seen in
many of the orchards in Maine.

At the Maine Agricultural Experiment
Station an important investigation as to the
relative merits of cultivation as compared
with mulching the trees, and also the rela-
tive merits of commercial fertilizers and
barn manures, is being conducted. The re-
sults of this work thus far indicate a de-
cided advantage in favor of treatment by
cultivation.

The leading commercial apple in the or-
chard centers of Maine is the Baldv^n ; al-
though Tolman, R. T. Greening, Roxbury
Russet, Northern Spy and Ben Davis are
received with favor by many. There is a
general belief that the Baldwin gives the
most satisfactory results when top grafted
on some stock of known hardiness, while
some would use native seedlings. There
is probably no doubt that some strong grow-
ing variety Hke Tolman, Northern Spy or
Stark is to be preferred, because of the lack
of uniformity among seedlings.

There is a strong tendency to increase the
planting of orchards in Maine and to more
fully enter into a friendly competition with
our Canadian friends in supplying the mar-
kets of the mother country. We must ad-
mit, however, that Canada is very much in
the lead in so far as the control of the mar-
keting is concerned, and it is to be hoped
that New England will profit b\ the ex-
perience of Canadian growers.

A Rack for Hauling Apples. — Do you

of the readers of The Horticulturist know
of a convenient rack for hauling apples
packed in barrels ? A subscriber would like
to read a description of one with, if ]>ossi-
ble. a diagram drawing.

TESTING SULPHUR WASHES ACROSS THE LINE

PHUF. LOCHKEAD, O. A. C, GUELPH.

MiCSSRS. Parrott and Sirrine, of the
Geneva Agricultural Experiment
Station, made three experiments in three
different orchards to determine the effect of
fall applications of various sulphur washes
upon fruit and leaf buds, and the compara-
tive values of these sprays for the San Jose
scale treatment. The results obtained in
these orchards were not alike and showed
considerable variation in the effect of the
treatment upon leaf and fruit buds.

In orchard Xo. i the average loss of blos-
soius on the peaches was "ji per cent., on
the plums about 83 per cent. The loss of
leaves on the peaches was about 68 per cent.,
and on the plums about 58 per cent. In
orchard No. 2 the plum blossoms were re-
duced by 10 to 50 per cent., with slight
edgery of the foliage. In orchard No. 3
the sprayed trees were unaffected by treat-
ment, and, in fact, they showed increased
vigor.

THK WASIIKS WliRt; EFFECTIVE.

With regard to the relative effectiveness
of the different washes it may be said that
all the washes tested proved effective.
The experimenters make the statement that
" the washes which are well suited to the
needs of the average orchardist are the
lime-sul])hur wash, boiled bv fire or bv

steam, and the lime-sulphur salsoda wash,
prepared without external heat." It would
appear, therefore, that further experiments
are necessary to prove definitely whether
fall spraying is likely to be followed by in-
jury to the trees. It may be aaded that in
some experiments carried out by one of our
(Ontario fruit growers in the Niagara dis-
trict the autumn spraymg was decidedly in-
jurious, not only to the blossoms and leaves,
but to the limbs.

The Entomologist of the Coiinecticut Ex-
periment Station, Mr. Britton, reports that
he sprayed 800 trees in December as an ex-
periment ; and as a result of this experiment
he is able to state that fall or eariy winter
spraying gives good results. Both boiled
and unboiled mixtures are used. He also
states that the boiled mixture of lime and
sulphur, using as much or a little more lime
than sulphur is probably as effective and as
inexpensive as any mixture for the ordinary
orchard work. Of the mixtures made
without boiling he finds that the potassium
sulphide and lime is an excellent one for a
few small trees and shrubs, but is rather ex-
pensive for spraying large" trees, and that
the lime-sulphur and sodium sulphide mix-
ture is a promising one, worthy of further
trial, and o"ivine" sfood results

DISEASES OF PLANTS AND TREES

FRANCIS WAYLAND GI.EN,

AR1\ trees and plants subject to the at-
tack of malignant, contagious, epi-
demic diseases similar to such as cause the
death in large numbers of men, women and
children ? Aly answer is : A'^es, and I will
give one of many facts I have learned from
personal contact with trees and plants wdien
attacked by such diseases. Between 1852
and 1858 cholera was prevalent in a certain
section of Rochester, N. Y. The neio-hbor-

hood was badly drained and otherwise in an
unsanitary condition, and the people used
stimulants freely. As many as 50 persons
died in a short time.

The same year we had a block of pear
trees budded on Anglers quince stocks
which we imported from Paris. They were
very strong and vigorous. The land upon
which we planted them was low, and the
soil composed chiefi\- of decayed vegetable

SPRA YING EXPERIMENTS.

'3

matter, and not well drained. When the
buds were one year old a large percentage
of them were six feet high. The next year
■we cut them down as usual to force
them to form branches, and at the end of
the two years the majority of the trees were
6 feet high. I had occasion to go through
the block daily to cut branches off for bud-
ding on quince stock.

In August I discovered one morning that
some trees, which, the day before were per-
fectly healthy, had turned black, the sap
in the body had also turned a dark color,
and the trees gave out an unpleasant odor.
I cut everv one of them out and burned

them, assuming that the disease was con-
tagious. Every night and morning I went
through the block removing every dis-
eased tree, and before the epidemic passed
I cut out at least 2,000 trees out of the 5,000
in the block.

In the same year 1 had another block of
pears on quince, the same age, but on well
drained ground, which was not so rich,
i nese trees made a growth of three and a
half to four feet in the two years. The
two blocks were within 1,000 feet of each
other. There were very few deaths in the
well-drained block. I had the same ex-
perience with plum trees.

LATEST RESULTS FROM SPRAYING FOR SAN JOSE SCALE

PROP. R. HARCOURT^ ONT. AGRI. COLLEGE, GUELPH.

DURING the season of .1897 the San
Jose scale was first discovered in the
orchards of Ontario. Since that time the
scale has caused serious damage and loss,
especially to the owners of peach orchards ;
but, thanks to the energetic manner in which
the matter was taken in hand by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, we are now able to say
that methods for the controlling of this pest
have been devised and are m operation and
that the majority of the fruit growers recog-
nize that the scale may he controlled and the
vigor of an orchard maintained independent
"of its surroundings. It may not be possi-
ble to entirely eradicate the scale, and. like
the potato bug, it may always be with us ;
but, just as the proper use of arsenical
poisons may be used to control the latter, so
the lime-sulphur wash may be used for the
former and with equally good results.

One pleasing feature in connection with
the application of the lime-sulphur wash is
that it has greatly benefited the trees in other
ways. To ascertain whether it is possible
to still further cheapen and simplify the pre-
ventives for the scale the following experi-
ments were undertaken :

In reporting the latest results from spray-
ing for San Jose scale, I wish first to draw
your attention to the trial of the relative effi-
ciency of the lime-sLilphur wash and the Mc-
Bain Mixture. This test was made in the
orchard of ]\Ir. Bunting, St. Catharines, and
under the auspices of a special committee
appointed by the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion. The orchard selected consists of 65
thrifty growing but badly infested peach
trees. Before the spraying was done each
tree was carefully examined by Messrs.
Buntmg, Thompson and Healey, the mem-
bers of the committee, and by Prof. Loch-
head, and full notes were made regarding
the condition of the scale on each tree.

Every other row was then sprayed with
the lin\e-sulphur wash, and the intervening
rows with the McBain Mixture. The ap-
plication of the former was attended to by
'\\x. Bunting and of the latter by Mr. Mc-
Bain. Both men were allowed to make the
spraying as thorough as they saw fit, but
nothing further was to be put on the trees
until after they were examined by the com-
mittee. The lime-sulphur wash was the
same as was being sold in the neighborhood

* A paper reid at the Annual Convention of the Oniaio Fruit Gro\ver>' Association during November ami which was crowded out of
the December issue owing to lack of space,

'4

THE CANADIAN IJORTICU LTURIST.

at 90 ccnis per Ijarrcl, and the Mel lain niix-
tiirt: cost $2.5.0 a barrel.

'I'he tree.*^ were carefnlly examined In the
coniinittee about the middle ol July and
a,£jain about a month later, and later still by
J'rof. i/ichliead: and the general (jpinion
was that there was practically no difiference
in the efficiency of the two remedies. 'J'he
cost of the Mcl'.aiii mixturi-, however. i)rac-
tically put its use out of the question, unle^^s
it was for a few trees where the limc-suli)hur
wash could ni il he pri leured.

oTIIIvK U .\SI1KS 'i'JiSTlvD.

Tlu' same day a barrel of the lime->nl])hur
atid sal soda and a barrel of the lime-sulphur
and caustic soda washes were prepared and
applied on the trees of an adjoining- orchard
which were also badly infested with the
scale. The former wash is one recom-
mended by Dr. \\. W Felt. State l^ntomolo-
gist, New N'ork. Mis formula and direc-
tions for prejjariug the mixture are as iol-
loW'S : Ivime, 25 pounds: suli)hiu- (ilow-
■ers), 20 pounds: sal soda. 12)/. pounds:
water, i barrel. ""Put 5 or 6 gallons of hot
water in a wooden barrel, add the lime,
(piickly following with the sul])hur and sal
soda, and stir until the slaking is practically
completed. It may be necessary to add a
little cold water at intervals to keep the mix-
ture from boiling over. After the violent
action has ceased, cover the barrel to retain
the heat and allow it to stand 15 to 30
minutes, dilute to the full (juantity and
apph." In our ])reparation of this wash w-?
first stirred the sul])hur into the hot wat'M*
.ind then added the lime and sal soda.

The lime-sulphur caustic sofla was origi-
nated wdth the Geneva Experiment Station.
New York State. The formula and direc-
tions for preparing the wash are as follow'S :
lyime. 30 pounds: sulphur (How-ers) 15
pounds ; caustic soda, 4 to 6 pounds ; wate''.
1 barrel. " In preparing the wash, the lime
was started to slake with six gallons of
water, and wdiile slakirig, the sulphur, which

had just previously been made into a thin
jxiste with hot water, was added and thor-
oughly mixed in with the slaking lime. To
])rolong the boiling of the wash, the caustic
soda was then added with water as needed,
and till' whole mixture was kept thoroughly
stirred. As soon as the chemical action
had ceased the re(|uired amount of water
was added, when the mixture was ready for
use. Aside from the heating of the water,
the cooking of the wash was done in a tub
or ]);iiTe], and took from ten to twenty
minutes. hi some preparations, especially
when h(jt water was used to start the slaking
of the lime, not all of the stated amount of
caustic soda was employed, but six ])ounds
was the maximum."

in preparing this mixture we followed the
same ])lan as mentioned with the former
wash. The sulphur was first stirred into
hoi water and then the lime added. W hen
the boiling ceased all the caustic soda was
init in at once. The wdiole was thoroughly
stirred to ])revent caking on the bottom jf
the barrel. The caustic soda should be used
in the granulated or powdered form to in-
sure the best results.

WIIEKK Tin-: TESTS WKRli MADE.

I'xith the washes developed the character-
istic color of the well boiled lime-sulphur
combinations, and those present were de-
lighted with the simplicity of the method of
preparation. These washes were made and
applied in the orchards belonging to the fol-
lowing gentlemen. Careful notes were
made on the condition of the trees before the
wash was applied. The orchards and tests
were: Mr. Geo. Robertson, one barrel of
lime-sulphur and sal soda, only two trees
badly infested ; Mr. W. C. IMcCalla, one
barrel of lime-sul])hur and sal soda, trees
badly infested; Mr. Greffith, one barrel
lime-sulphur and sal soda, one tree particu-
larly badly infested ; Mr. W. H. Secord,
one barrel of each wash, trees all infested,
worst ones marked : Mr. Tittrington. one

FIGHTING THE SAN JOSE SCALE.

S. C. Parker, berwick, N.S.

Much of the success of the work of the Nova Scutia Fruit Grow-
er^'As>ociatiun has been due to th- energetic and caiable work of
its officers, of whom one of the best is the secretary, Air. S C.
Parker. At the December convcniion of the association Mr. F.irker
was unanimously re-elected secretary.

barrel of each, trees badly infested ; Mr.
McArdle, one barrel of each, trees badly
infested.

These orchards were visited in Jnly and
August by I'rof. Lochhead, j. Fred. Smith,
Robt. Thompson, P. W. Hodgetts and my-
self, and in every case little or no difference
could be seen in the an:oun.t of living scale
between the trees sprayed with these mix-
tures and those on which the boiled lime-
sulphur washes had been used. Some of
the members of the committee were inclined
to think that the mixture containing the sal
soda gave rather better results but there
was very little difference.

Of this season's work Dr. Felt reports to
the effect that excellent results were ob-
tained from the use of the lime-sulphur and
sal soda ndxture. The Geaeva Experiment
Station workers state that the results ob-
tained from the wash were good,- but not
uniform. At the New Jersey Experiment

Station, Prof. Smith reports that this wash
has been quite effective, but that it is not so
good as the bottled mixture and costs a little
more. The indications from this year's
experiments are, that if properly made, a
useful material is obtained.

The ease with which these mixtures may
be prepared will greatly recommend them
to the small fruit grower who has not suffi-
cient trees to warrant the installing of a
steam boiling plant. It cannot, however,
be too strongly emphasized that the greatest
care must be exercised in the preparation n"
these washes. Only freshly burned lime ot
a quick slaking variety should be used and
it must be handled in such a way as to re-
cover the maximum of heat from the slak-
ing. In order to accomplish this hot water
should be used to slake the lime. In pre-
paring the lime-sulphur caustic soda wash
the caustic soda must be added in the pow-
dered form, as in this condition it dissolves
more C[uickly and cau.'^es more violent boil-
ing than when in the big lumps.

Regarding the cost of these washes, as
compared with that of the boiled mixture,
it is impossible to give exact figures, for the
cost of the boiling will depend on the effi
ciency of the steam plant used. .\s aboui:
the same amount of lime and sulphur arc
used in all cases, it practically leaves the cost
of the boiling to be compared with the cost
of the sal soda or caustic soda used, and the
required quantity of these to make a barrel
of tile mixture can be obtained for 25 cents.

There is no doubt any of these mixtures
will destroy the scale, but every part of the
tree must be covered with the wash. Any
part left uncovered acts as a seed bed for the
reinfestment of the whole tree. As it is
practically impossible to cover every crutch
and crevice on the tree, the use of the lime-
sulphur washes may not exterminate the
scale, but there is no doubt that when thev
are properly applied the pest can be c^'-
trolled.

FRUIT MATTERS IN MICHIGAN DISCUSSED

J. I,, nil, HORN', I.I-;

1HAD the pleasure and profit of attend-
ing, as representative of the Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association, the annual
meeting of the Michigan State Horticultural
Society. The meetings were held Decem-
ber 6, 7, 8 at Jienton Harbor, a beautiful
town of some io,ooo inhabitants, situated
on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan in
the midst of the Michigan fruit belt.

Three years ago I visited this famous
fruit section and spent a day or two inspect-
ing the numerous peach orchards and vine-
yards for which the . locality is noted.
Among those visited was the much lauded
and finely kept 2O0-acre orchard of Mr.
Roland Morrall, who believes in and prac-
tices tile most thorough cultivation and
pruning. I liked his system of pruning
the best of any J have seen. He has few
main branches and these are regularly
shortened quite heavily, making very stalky,
strong trees, which have produced many
very profitable crops.

There are many other very fine orchards
in that vicinity and the best kept vineyards
1 have ever seen. The latter are all trained
on horizontal trellises and most of them are
carefully looked after. As the fields are
quite level in the vicinity just south of Ben-
ton Harbor, where most of the grapes are
grown, they present a very attractive ap-
pearance. We also visited a number of
fine large peach orchards in the vicinity of
Fenwell and Douglas, nearly all of which
are headed much loAver than they are
usually grown in Canada and annually cut
back quite heavily.

The 1904 annual meeting was a decided
success. There was a nice display of plate
fruit of good quality. The superintendent
of the South Haven Experimental Station.
Mr. T. A. Farrand, had a fine display of
fruits grown there, including a dozen or so
plates of nuts. He gave us a valuable ad-
dress on varieties of apples, peaches, plums,
cherries, nuts, etc., which they had tested.

16

v.AMlNGTON^ OXT.

Prof. W. J. Green, horticulturist of the
Ohio station at Wooster, gave an interest-
ing address on mulching orchards. He is
strongly in favor of the sod mulch for or-
chards of all varieties of fruits. He pre-
fers to have a sod field to start with and to
dig good sized holes in the fall, planting the
trees in the spring and mulching heavily a
space four feet in diameter. The grass
is mowed once or twice during the season
and part of it is placed around the trees
while they are >x)ung. It is left where
cut after the trees get large. The speaker
was well acquainted with the famous Hitch-
ing orchards, also several others handled in
much the same way, which he claimed
are entirely successful. They have been
experimenting with that method for several
years at the Ohio station, and the speaker
claimed the results were very satisfactory.
They tried it on a block of peach trees, cul-
tivating half of it. The other h-alf was
seeded to grasses and the trees mulched.
The latter grew as well as the culutivated
portion and came through last winter in
good condition, while the trees that were
cultivated were all more or less injured.

A lively discussion followed the address
and many theories were offered in objec-
tion, but the speaker claimed that the suc-
cess of the orchards that had received this
treatment was the best argument. The
only real objections, he said, are danger
from mice and fire. The former is over-
come by removing the mulch directly
against the trees and earthing them up. By
exercising proper care there is not much
danger of fire.

The meetings throughout were well at-
tended and much interest was shown in
each session. The writer received every
attention and kindness from the officers and
members of the society and was assured
that they would send a representative to the
annual meeting of the Ontario Fruit Grow-
ers' Association next vear.

ONTARIO GROWERS ADOPT RESOLUTIONS

AT the annual convention of the Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association in No-
vember the following resolutions were
adopted :

That the thanks of the association be ten-
dered the sister society of Quebec for send-
ing a representative, in the person of Mr.
Chapais, to assist in our deliberations.

That the thanks of this convention be ten-
dered to Mr. G. H. /Powell, o^ the United
States Department of Agriculture, for his
attendance at our meetings and his valuable
address on cold storage.

That the members of the Ontario Fru:t
Growers' x^.ssociation have heard with sor-
row of the afifliction which has visited one of
our oldest and most respected members, Mr.
'1'. H. Race, in the death of his wife, and
wish to express their sincere sympathy with
him in the great loss sustained.

That this convention, representing the
fruit growing interests of Ontario, desires
to express its appreciation of the services
rendered by the Dominion Department of
Agriculture in inaugurating a system of crop

reporting in regard to iruit, and hopes the
service will be continued and be extended.

That this convention urges upon th'^
Minister of Agriculture. for Canada the ad-
visability of securing such legislation as will
give the inspectors under the Fruit Marks
Act, or other suitable officers, absolute con-
trol over the loading of apples on shipboard
for export from Canadian ports.

That this convention desires to respect-
fully but most strongly urge the Parliamen*:
of Canada to so amend the Railway Act as
to place express rates under the control >f
the Railway Commission as are freight rates.
That whereas there is reason to believe
that in many cases the returns made to fruit
growers by commission dealers do not repre-
sent the full amount of the prices realized
by such dealers, therefore be it resolved that
the Minister of Agriculture for Canada be
urged to take such steps as may be neces-
sary to place commission dealers under Do-
minion regulations with a view of wholly
preventing or largely reducing such fraudu-
lent practices.

WHAT THE PEOPLE THOUGHT OF THE FRUIT, FLOWER

AND HONEY SHOW

\ 1 7 HILE the Fruit, Flower and Honey
V V Show was in progress a represen-
tative of The Horticulturist asked a number
of the leading people present what they
thought of the show. The following ex-
pressions of opinion were secured :

" I believe this is the beginning of a big
annual affair." — (The President, R. J.
Score, Toronto.

" The show is a decided success and ought
to be continued. The general eft'ect has
been of a valuable educational nature. The
citizens of Toronto ought to give it their
fullest patronage." — (Edward Tyrrell,
•President Toronto Horticultural Society.

" A feature of the exhibition wdiich I con-
sider of great value is the opportunity it af-
fords for instruction in the best niethods of

grading and packing fruit, as shown b\ the
expert packers from the Fruit Division. In
addition to this the display of commercial
packages and the fruit from the different
provinces will serve to attract the buyers of
fruit from our large cities, the adjoining Re-
public and the Old Country, which, if the
show is continued, will develop a trade that
is capable of almost unlimited expansion."
— (W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines, Honor-
ary President of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association.

" The exhibit of flowers is the best ever
made in Toronto. It is unfortunate the
show could not have been held in a more
suitable location and in a place of crystal
construction, better lighted and adapted far
such a purpose. As a convention city, and

'7

iH

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

A Portion of The Fruit Stations' Exhibits at the Recent Provincial Show.

Among the mosl interesting features at the Provincial Fruit, Flower and Honey Show, were the exhiVjits made by the
OnL.rio Fruit kxperiment Stations, portions of which are here shown. The giapes on ihe table in the fi/reground were a fine
collecti>n shown by Mr Murray Pettit, ot Winona. The exhibits on the raised stand were ihe property of Mr. Linus W'oolver-
ton, ot Grimsby, the superintendent of the stations, ^nd Mr. A. W. Peart, of Huihngti n, both ot whom showed excellent speci-
mens of ma. y varieties of fruit. (Photograph taken specially for The Canadian Horticulturi>t.l

in view of future requirements, such a
building is one of Toronto's most pressing"
needs." — (Robert \V. King, Toronto.

" The exhibition is the best of the kind we
have ever held. The exhibit of commercial
boxes is a most interesting and promising
feature of the show. This feature can be
greatly developed, as can the commercial
side of the exhibition. I would like to see
it arranged so that exhibitors could take or-
ders for fruit." — (Linus Woolverton,
Grimsby, Superintendent of the Fruit Ex-
periment Stations.

" This is the best show ever held in To-
ronto. More florists from other cities have
visited the exhibition than ever before and
all have been delighted. "^ — (Thos. Manton.
Eglinton.

" The people who attended this exhibition
appeared to be a better class than at-
tended our previous shows." — (W. G. Rook.
Toronto.

" The citizens of Toronto ought to be
ashamed of themselves for not patronizing
this shoAv in larger numbers. Without ex-
ception the exhibits of fruit, flowers and
honey are the best ever seen in Toronto." —
m. R. Frankland. Toronto.

" I am delighted with the exhibition.
Every department is strong and I think the
organizations interested should feel greatly
encouraged." — (R. B. Whyte, Ottawa.

■' It is a grand afifair. For a start off we
could not look for anything better. The
bee men are satisfied." — (D. Anguish,
Scottsville.

" A perfect success. Some Old Country
people tell me they never saw anything like
it. A show of this kind is just what 's
needed. It affords an opportunity for the
growers to meet and bring out their ideas.
The management has been quite satisfactory-
under the circumstances and I trust the
show will continue." — (Alex. Biggs. Bur-
lington, Ont.

■' A grand success. The members of the
Bee Keepers' Association have passed a
resolution expressing the hope that the show
will be continued another year. If it is we
will be with you again." — (H. G. Sibbald,
Claude, Ont.. President of the Ontario Bee
Keepers' Association.

" The exhibits are excellent. The show
has been a decided success and should be
continued." — (W. T. Macoun. Central Ex-
jicrimental Farm, Ottawa.

COOPERATION AMONG ONTARIO FRUIT GROWERS

THE following article is the continuation
of the account, which started in the
December issue of The Horticulturist, of
the discussion on cooperation, held at the
recent convention of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association. Mr. D. Johnson, of
Forest, had been asked what price growers
in his section, who did not cooperate last
fall, received for their apples.

Mr. Johnson : " Very few growers were
able to sell their fruit at any price, but those
who did sell realized 50 to 60 cents per bar-
rel for their firsts and nothing for their sec-
onds. Some only obtained 10 to 12 cents
per bag for No. i apples."

Question : " What did you do with your
waste fruit?"

Mr. Johnson : "It was sold to two
evaporator firms and we obtained 15 cents a
bag for the peelers and 5 cents for chops.
One of these evaporators is located at my
place and handles 100 bushels per day ; the
second one is at Forest and is managed by
a company which handles 500 or 600 bushels
a day."

Question : " How much fruit did you
handle?"

Mr. Johnson : " Aoout 38 or 40 carloads.
We also cooperated in securing our barrels.
We uought our own material and employed
a cooper. The barrels were of excellent
quality and cost us only 28 cents each. At
the last of the season, when our supply was
exhausted, we tried to buy some barrels
from coopers, and although we enquired
everywhere we were unable to obtain any
for less than 45 cents per barrel and they
were not nearly as good as those we had
made ourselves.

" Some one. this afternoon asked how a
man could be expected to sink his own
identity when he joins an association of this
kind. The members of our association
sunk their identity and have never regretted
it. Occasionally some of the growers place
their initials on their barrels, but the initials

never appear in the invoices or bills. We
are well pleased with this year's work and
look forward with confidence to next season.
One of the benefits that has resulted from
handling our fruit in this way has been
that the steamship and railway lines have
been anxious for our business and have
made material concessions to obtain it. Mr.
^ Sherrington's suggestion that the growers
should have a central organization is a good
one. I have thought that if a central sta-
tion could be established, say at Toronto, so
that the various local associations could all
ship their fruit to it or arrange to have their
fruit handled in bulk it would be a much bet-
ter method than anything we have at pres-
ent."

Question: " Did you pack in cases?"

Mr. Johnson : " No. We were young
in the business and did not care to undertake
too much the first year. I am sorry now
that we did not ship some of our fruit in that
way."

Question : " What was done with your
culls?"

Answer : " We sent them to the evapora-
tor and the returns were utilized to defray
general expenses."

Question : " That seems hard on the
man who had a lot of culls ?"

Answer : " Yes, but we told such men
that it cost more to handle their fruit."

COOPERATION IN ONTARIO COUNTY.

A call was here made for Mr. Elmer Lick,
of Oshawa.

■' There are." said Mr. Lick. " a great
many difficulties before fruit growers when
they try to cooperate. In our district the
buyers combined and coaxed the growers to
forsake the cooperative association, and we
found it difficult to carry out our plans.
There were many buyers this year and they
offered the farmers good prices."

Question : " How much was offered ?"

Mr. Lick : " As high as $i per barrel in
some cases, but in the end the growers were

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

unable to obtain this amount when the buy-
ers settled."

" .A. few of us," continued Mr. Lick,
'■ combined and shipped our fruit together,
and 1 believe we are going to obtain better
prices than the growers who sold privately.
Now that we are forming so many coopera-
tive associations throughout the country 't
has struck me that wc need a central head,
to combine and watch the interests of all.
Such a body might be called The Ontario
Fruit Growers' l^iion, and the various sub-
divisions might be called the Forest Branch,
the Whitby IJranch, etc."

Mr. Sherrington : " Jt has been inti-
mated that the reason the fruit growers
in t..e Forest and Walkerton districts have
been able to cooperate was because the buy-
ers did not oppose the movement. That
was not the case in our district. The buycs
tried the same game with us that they did
with Mr. Lick. Some of our growers were
coaxed off, but they were afterwards sorry
and were glad to come back. It was the
same at Forest."

COOPICU.VTION IN the; NIAGARA DISTRICT.

Mr. Robert Thompson, of St. Catharines :
'■ The fruit growers in the St. Catharines
district became incorporated several years
ago and lately we have been devoting our
efforts largely to improving the freight ser-
vice. Last year, in spite of the heavy crop
of plums, we obtained fairly satisfactory
prices, and we now find that our members
expect higher prices for their crops than
they used to before we cooperated. La^t
spring we held a number of meetings along
the line of the railways to urge greater co-
operation, but as this year's crop has been
rather small and the prices good we did not
push the matter as we would otherwise have
done. We do quite a little in the line of co-
operative spraying. In the township of
Louth the fruit growers bought an outfit
and did good work. In our township some
of the threshers took charge of the work and

the growers agreed to pay their share of the
expense. The results of this spraying have
encouraged the growers to grow more fruit.
The response of the trees to this treatment
has been very encouraging as the spraying
not only prevents but acts as a remedy for
the scale and has an equally beneficial effect
on the curl leaf and other kindred diseases.
The residts have greatly encouraged the
grow'ers.

" W'e have also cooperated in the purchas-
ing of i)aris green, blue stone, boxes, etc.,
and, thereby, have made a nice saving.
When purchased in large quantities we find
that the quality of the spraying material
secured is much better than where growers
buy individually in small (|uantities.

In regard to the trial shipment of fruit
l(j W innii)eg i ma)- say that the fruit grow-
ers in the vicinit}- of St. Catharines are suffi-
ciently well satisfied with the results that
they are willing to continue such shipments
provided proper oversight is given and the
interests of growers are safe guarded at th';
other end."

Question: "What is the largest district
that can safely be included in a cooperative
association ?"

Mr. Sherrington : " About ten miles. I
am not in favor of districts that are too
large. Where the district is too large I
would like to see a number of smaller asso-
ciations put in charge, which in turn would
ship to a large central station. I am strong-
ly in favor of F. O. B. salts. W hen grow-
ers do not know what they are going to ob-
tain for their fruit it keeps them on the
rack. Buyers with whom I have talked as-
sure me that they are willing to do anything
they can to assist the formation of coopera-
tive associations but they desire to be as-
sured of the proper grading of the fruit."
riip; liURijNGTON FRUIT gro\vi':rs associa-
tion.

The methods that have been adopted by a
number of the fruit growers in the vicinity

THE VALUE OF CO-OPERATION.

of IJurlington were described by Mr.
A. W. Peart. " A small number of the frnit
growers in my district," said Mr. Peart.
"' have cooperated in a general way. By
doing so we find we can buy our supplies
much cheaper and also obtam better ship-
ping rates. Each individual shipper places
his name on his own shipments in addition
to which they are branded with the common
brand of our association, which is simply h
number. The buyers in Great Britain make
separate reports in regard to the prices real-
ized by each man's shipments. In this way
we are able to keep track of the amount due
each grower. All our fruit is shipped in
boxes and we find we make 50 cents to one
dollar per barrel more by shipping in this
way. Our boxes average four to the barrel.

" We find that it is cheaper to handle our
fruit in this way on account of a saving in
the cost of labor. In sorting and grading
apples, women are able to do as much and in
some cases more work than men and at one
half the wages. The women will not handle
large packages and were we to use large
boxes we would have to employ men, which
would cost more."

Question: "What is the size of your
boxes ?"

Mr. Peart: "Nine by 12 Dy 18 inche-
inside measurement. We have found this
size works well as our growers obtain
due credit for their shipments."

Question: "Is there anything binding
in your association ?"

Mr. Peart : " No, only our honesty. If
we had a central packing house we would
endeavor to arrange so that each man's name
would continue to appear on his consign-
ments of fruit."

Question : " Do you think it would be
possible to grade your fruit to the satisfac-
tion of your members?"

Mr. Peart : " No, that would be reach-
ing the ideal."

Question: "If you found a man was
shipping poor fruit is there any way in which
you could prevent his using your brand ?"

Mr. Peart : " We are very careful when
taking in members. We will not allow a
man to join our association unless we know
he ships good fruit. The price each grower
receives is the best safeguard we have that
he will ship good fruit. We find it is a good
one.

" Wlien the market in the Old Country 's
not satisfactory we sometimes arrange to
have our fruit stored. On some occasions
fruit has been stored for some months. Our
system works out well for late pears suitable
for export. We have shipped without cold
storage and have found that the pears ar-
rived in good condition."

Question : " Do you send a man to Great
Britain to watch your interests ?"

Mr. Peart : " No, we simply consign our
fruit to commission men."

Question : " Could not growers place a
man in Great Britain to watch their inter-
ests?"

Mr. Peart: "Such an arrangement
would be very difificult. The British firms,
handling Canadian fruit, have been in the
business for a great many years and are
firmly established. Most of them have
numerous connections in other cities and
know how much credit they can give their
agents and how long it is safe to let their
credit run. Were growers to try to com-
pete against these firms we would find it al-
most impossible to meet their opposition.
Such a man, however, might be of great
value in watching the prices at which fruit
was sold, etc,"

Mr. H, W. Dawson, commission mer-
chant, Toronto : " I have made a study
of this cooperative question and have
reached the conclusion that apples handled
through central packing houses with a com-
mon brand will do more to improve the trade
than anything else."

DISEASES OF THE GRAPE IN ONTARIO IN 1904

W. T.

MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA.

KNOWING that rot was causing serious
damage in a number of vineyards in
the Niagara peninsula, I took an opportunity
during September, to visit some of them
in the hope of learning facts of value in re-
gard to the diseases of the grape. Accom-
panied by Mr. W. H. Bunting, of St. Catha-
rines, 1 visited his vineyard and others in
the neighborhood of St. Catharines and
found that Mr. Bunting had sprayed seven
times and his fruit was only slightly injured.

When the grapes were the size of peas
Mr. Bunting had bagged i,ooo bunches in
order to find out if infection took place be-
fore that time. Most of the bunches thus
bagged were perfect, but some had the black
rot in various stages of development, show-
ing that infection had taken place before the
grapes were as large as peas. The Niagara
grape was the variety most aiTected. Sev-
eral vineyards of Concord near Mr. Bunt-
ing's were examined, but black rot had not
worked to any extent in them. Brown rot
was, however, found in one vineyard, but
had not done much injury to the fruit.
Another vineyard, containing about 15 acres,
was visited, consisting principally of Con-
cord, Brighton, Niagara, and Moore's
Early. Of Niagara and Brighton there
was scarcely a sound grape anywhere, and
none of the bunches of Concord, even with
manipulation, could be made fit for market.
Moore's Early was not afifected. This
vineyard had not been sprayed.

The infection by the olack rot as it ap-
peared in the vicinity of St. Catharines was
first noticed on the fruit as a round, brown-
ish spot about the size of the head of a pin.
This brownish appearance gradually spread
over the surface of the berry, and by the
time one-third of the surface was covered
the original brown spot had become paler,
showing distinctly the mark of infection.
After the whole grape became brown, the

tissue gradually shrunk and dried, and wheu
thus shrunken the fruit appeared black and
prominently and irregularly ridged, the sur-
face being covered by small black postules.

THE BROWN ROT.

The vineyards of Mr. Murray Pettit, of
Winona, Ont., and others in that vicinity
were also visited. No black rot was
noticed at Winona, but brown rot was quite
abundant, and while it had not caused such
damage as .the black rot, it had done con-
siderable injury. The leaves of the vines
affected with brown rot had a downy ap-
pearance underneath. The affected fruit
first showed a brownish spot or patch on one
side and a shrinking of the tissue. The
brownish appearance spread all over the
grape and the whole grape eventually shrunk
into a hard shrivelled mass. When badly
afifected the vine loses a large amount of
foliage. Powdery mildew was also found
in these vineyards.

The Niagara grapes, both in Mr. Pettit's
and adjoining vineyards, were affected this
year with either a new disease or more pro-
bably, as Prof. Selby suggests, a condition
caused by either powdery mildew or brown
rot affecting the stem to which the grape is
attached. This disease causes a hardening
of the grape and gives it a pale, unhealthy-
color.

Another disease of the grape which was
doing a great deal of injury at Winona was
what we took to be the grape-leaf blight, a
disease which has not received the attention
that it deserves. This blight causes the
leaves to wither and drop, thus preventing a
free circulation of sap and the proper de-
velopment and maturing of the fruit.

PERSISTENT SPRAYING REQUIRED.

The diseases of the grape can be con-
trolled by thorough spraying, but the work-
must be done persistently and carefully.
The following are descriptions of some of

* Rxtra-t from an address delivered at the annual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association held in Toronto, Noverabet
16-18, in connection with The Provincial Fruit, Flower and Honey Show.

OF INTEREST TO FRUIT GROWERS.

23

Two Monster Bunches of Grapes.

These Iwo buncho of hot-liouse grapes were shown at the recent Provincial Fruit, Flower and Honey Show, by Mr. John
Chambers, City Park Coinnn^sioner, Toronto, and attiai ted a great deal of attention. One weighed six pounds, two ounces,
and the second four poun Is. < ne ounce. The ),i apes were grown in an ordinary greenhous-. (Photograph taken specially for
The Canadian Horticulturist.)

the most injurious diseases of the grape in
Canada, with the best remedies known :

Anthracnose, Bird's Eye Rot, Scab
(Sphacelouia Ampelinum). This is the only
g^rape disease which has given any trouble
at the Central Experimental Farm. It i-.
difficult to control by spraying, but fortu-
nately, only a few varieties have been af-
fected, Lindley being the worst. This fun-
jus attacks leaves, stems, and fruit, but it is
on the fruit where it is most noticed. Hie
disease is apparent in depressed patches ex-
tending along the stems, which checks the
growth. There are also reddish brown
patches on the leaves.

The stems of the clusters of grapes are
frequently aftected, and when the disease
occurs there the fruit remains green and
eventually withers, making an imperfect
bunch. The disease on the fruit occurs in
roundis'h brown spots with a purplish mar-
gin, giving somewhat the appearance of a
bird's eye. Frequently spots unite and
form a large irregular area. This is a very
difficult disease to control, and though
spraying with Bordeaux has not checked 't
to any extent, spraying before the buds
open, before blossoming, after fruit has

set and ten days later with Bordeaux mix-
ture, is recommended.

IS INVADING CANADA.

lUack Rot (Laestadia Bidwellii). Up to
recent years this disease was thought to have
reached its northern limit south of Lakes
Erie and Ontario, but during the last few
years in Essex county, and more recently
in the Niagara peninsula, it has caused much
damage. The appearance of this disease
has already been described, but something
further may be said regarding it. The
spores live over winter on the vine and in
the affected grapes, and germinate when
growth starts in the spring. The disease
attacks the leaves and shoots, the leaves
showing the disease in roundish reddish
brown patches and on the stems, small, long
shaped, dark, brown, slightly depressed
spots, on the surface of which appear the
characteristic postules of the black rot.

When conditions are favorable the disease
only requires 8 to 12 days from the time the
spore germinates until the mycelium has run
its course through the fruit and has pro-
duced new spores. Before the grape shrinks
much in size the mycelium concentrates, as
it were, in small masses underneath the skin,

24

HIE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

and ill these arc produced the spores.
Tlicse masses soon break through the skin,
and the black pustules with the spores ap-
pear. The spores arc scattered and the}
reinfect other fruit and vines. .\lthough
it is possible for a new generation of spores
to be borne williiii two weeks, it requires
favorable weather o<inflitions for the disease
to develop.

While early sprayings, in some cases, have
not been found to give the results expected,
the life history of the disease shows that it
is wise to endeavor to destrov as many

spores as possible at or before the first in-
fection. The first spraying should be made
just after the fruit has set, the third and
fourth at intervals of about a week — all with
ordinary Bordeaux mixture. There should
then be three sprayings with ammoniacal
copper carbonate of soda Bordeaux. Al-
though the disease will probably not be
eradicatefl from a vineyard in one season,
the more thoroughly the spraying is done
the less trouble there should be. It is now
1 6 years since it was conclusively shown
that liordeaux mixture would control this.

GIANT SEEDLESS GOOSEBERRIES

SAMl'SdX MKKCiAX, RICH J'.i )k(JUGil VILLAS, BRCJADSTAIKS, i:\C.I, AND.

''I^HE list of seedless fruits is being
A rapidly extended. The seedless
orange was followed by the seedless plum,
which was succeeded by the seedless apple,
and now we have the seedless gooseberry.
There can be no doubt as to the importance
of this latest new comer, at least as far as
the fruit trade is concerned. The seedless
gooseberry will become popular, directly it
is put on sale. Judging from the enor-
mously increased consumption of berrv
fruits during recent years, it will readilv
take a firm hold upon the public taste.

When this fruit is well grown and
ripened, few others surpass it. That is evi-
dent when we bear in mind the fact that
during the past year gooseberries put up in
flat punnets have sold as high as one shil-
ling a pound retail and in quantity. Freed
from its numerous seeds, the gooseberry of
the future will command equal prices with
mid-season grapes. The new berrv is not

onh free from seeds, but it has a remark-
ably thin skin, and the amount of acid in
the pulp has been reduced materially. The
fruit has been almost perfected.

The hard skin of the old-fashioned goose-
l)erry has always been a defect, and one
that lias prevented most of the supplies
marketed from being sold at more satisfac-
tory values. A sweet gooseberry of full
size, devoid of seeds, and with a thin soft
skin, would be an undoubted acquisition
to retailers and consumers. It should, in
fact, soon equal the summer grape in popu-
larity. The introducer claims that the
seeds can in tlue time be eliminated from
all of the fruits in commerce, and
that it is just as easy to produce a seedless
grape and pear as a seedless apple or goose-
lierrv. It will surprise many of the public
to be told that gooseberries are often grown
as large as many kinds of plums. The new
seedless berry is of mammoth proportions.

The Cuthbert raspberry, notwithstanding
its liability to kill back at the tips during
winter, in a good season leads all others in
quantity and quality. — (O. C. Caston, Craig-
hurst. Ont.

Of the cooking cherries, nothing can com-
pare with Dukes, a class of semi-sour red
cherries that cannot be excelled for sauce
and pies. — (Linus A\'oolverton. Grimsby,
Ont.

SOMETHING ABOUT SMALL FRUITS.

1

Growing Gooseberries

R. 1!. WliVTlC, OTTAWA, ONT.

^ HK chief difificultics in growing goose-
berries are the hot weatlier and the
Jiabihty to mildew. The gooseberry suc-
ceeds in Britain, and we should compare
our conditions with those found there to
see in what way we may overcome otn-
difficulties. One of the first conditions in
Britain is the rich soil. We here are apt
to forget that farm soil in England has been
cultivated and fertilized for 200, 300 or 400
years. Gooseberries must be well fed. I
am inclined to believe in the theory that jio
insect or disease ever attacked a healthy,
well-fed tree.

Another consideration is the moist cli-
mate. They never know in Britain what
it is to have long spells of dr}- weather like
we have, and the climate is n:ore moist.
Other conditions are a more equal tempera-
ture and the saltiness of the atmosphere.

With regard to temperature, it is difficult
for us to get the moderate temperature that
growers have in the Old Country. Some
obtain it very satisfactorily by planting the
bushes between trees, but certainly we can
get fine gocjseberries by so doing, and they
should be in partial shade. The trouble
which comes from excessive temperature is
that the berries which are exposed to the
sun are actually cooked. I have seen ber-
ries with a side scalded yellow by the sun.
and then drop off.

It is rather a surprise to those who im-
port plants from the Old Country to see the
dififerent styles they grow them in to what
we do. The stems of some plants I had
were about half an inch in diameter, about
10 inches long, and had roots about four
inches across at the bottom. The advant-
age in that style of growth is, that you en-
sure the free circulation of air under your
plant, and that, I think, is one of the great
considerations in preventing mildew. I

have grown some of my plants in the Am-
erican style, and, as a rule, those I start my-
self I grow in that style ; but those from the
Old Country are on the long straight stem
style.

A Yellow Blackcap

PR01-. ir. I.. IIUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH.

Is there a " Yellow Blackcap Raspberry " on
the market ? I have a Yellow Blackcap rasp-
berry that grew up among my Blackcap rasp-
berries. It bears a large crop of fruit, similar
to Gregg in size, bu.t of a beautiful yellow color
and of an extra fine quality. The canes are
very strong growers and of a peculiar yellowish
color. It stood the severe cold of last winter,
uninjured, and was unprotected. — (Chester
Wiederick, Nanticoke, Ont.

I do not know of any Yellow Blackcap
which has been propagated for sale, al-
though we had one here a few years ago
which originated with Air. A. E. Sherring-
ton, of Walkerton. We grew it under the
name of Mulatto, but after growing it a
few years, discarded it on account of its poor
quality. If yours is as promising as you
describe it to be, we would like to get a few
plants to give it a thorough trial, and would,
of course, keep the plants under restriction
if you so desire.

I am doubtful, however, if a Yellow
'Blackcap will ever be popular in the mar-
ket. Yellow strawberries, yellow toma-
toes, yellow raspberries, and most freaks of
that kind are not in general favor in the
market, although, no doubt, some are well
worth\- of propagation for home use.

To Grow Grapes of fine sample and good
quality the first and most important point 's
short pruning to prevent overcrowding.
The next is to apply sulphur about the last
week in June or first in July to prevent mil-
dew, and the next is to allow them to fully
ripen before picking. If grape growers
would comply with these conditions the
market for grapes would require one-half
more than it does and at higher prices.—
(Al. Pettit. Winona, Ont.

THE SPRING TRADE OF THE FLORIST*

WAI. GAM MAGE, LONDON, ONT.

ONCh the Christmas holidays are over
preparations for the next great
event in the florist's year, that is Easter, must
be attended to. The varying dates on which
Easter falls iinist ahvays be borne in mind
so that you may govern your crop accord-
ingly. For the Easter holiday a number
of different varieties of plants, than those
forced for the Christmas holidays, will be
used. First and foremost are Easter lilies,
either the Longiflorum or Harrisii.

For pot plants I consider the seven to
nine-inch bulbs the best size. There is a
difference of opinion how these should be
grown : some contending that they should
first be potted in a four or four and a half
inch pot and then shifted up into six or
seven inch pots, as the plants come along.
Others again that they should be potted in
the pot in which they are to bloom. The
only difference that I can see is a slight
economy of space in their early stages.
From my several years of experience in
growing and handling these I see but little
difference in the result when handled by a
careful grower.

There is one essential point to always bear
in mind ; from the time the lily starts growing
it should never receive a check, for if it does
any germs of disease that are lying dormant
are sure to develop. Nor can you guage
its date of flowering with the same degree
of success as if it had not received a check.
There are a number of brands of Lilium
Longitlorum on the market, but I do not
think that there is any material difference
between any of them.

GOOD BULBS REQUIRED.

The main object is to have good, sound,
well ripened bulbs. Under the same con-
ditions Longiflorum will come in if started
from four to five weeks later than Harrisii.
While the lily is the Easter flower par ex-

cellance, it is also the most expensive to
grow anf] hardest for the store man to
handle.

Other plants that will need immediate at-
tention are hydrangeas, crimson rambler
and hybrid perpetual roses ; these should
be brought in and started into growth in a
moderate temperature, gradually increasing
it, governed by the time at your disposal.
Azaleas that are to be held for Easter should
be kept in a cool house with an even tem-
perature, free from drip or excessive mois-
ture. Other varieties of plants, such as
metrosideros, lilacs, rhododendrons, deut-
zias, etc., 'will not need to be brought in be-
fore the last week in February or the first
in March.

Amongst the soft wooded plants the im-
proved varieties of pelargoniums are go-
ing to take a prominent place as an Easter
plant. These, if propagated during Sep-
tember and October and kept growing, will
make fine bushy plants in five or six-inch
pots, with six to ten large trusses of flower,
by April. They are easily handled, very
floriferous, and find a ready sale, giving
customers as good satisfaction as an azalea
or a crimson rambler, and will yield a bet-
ter profit to the grower. Spirea, or Asti-
bula, are also a prominent Easter plant and
are sold in large quantities. Dutch bulbs
should not be lost sight of. Pans of hya-
cinths, tulips and narcissus, in their various
varieties, are sold in large Cjuantities and
are easily brought in at the right time ;
three w-eeks in a moderate temperature is
all that -is required to bring them to perfec-
tion.

rjlies of the valley and forget-me-nots in
pots and pans are also desirable. It will be
necessary to prepare a few foliage plants,
such as Boston and Pierson ferns, palms
and rubbers, but let vour main effort be to

Kxtract from ;i paper read at the annual convention of the Canadian Horticultural .Association, held in Ottawa last August.

26

THE FLORAL SECT I OX

prepare a stock of g(X)d tiowering plants for
the Easter trade. Of all the holidays in the
year, Easter is the one on which most flow-
ering plants are used. Its associations are
of a joyous nature and all people, be they
rich or poor, high or low, are imbued with
the happiness attending the occasion and
want something bright and cheerful, in
keeping with their feelings.

Care in handling and delivering plants is
mecessary at all times. Easter klies are
very hard to handle without bruising. For
shipping the best method is to allow the
plants to become somewhat dry so that the
flowers will be just a trifle wilty and each
individual flower and bud wrapped in cot-
ton, batting. The plants should be firmly
staked and each row should be cleated into
the cases and a top cleat nailed across the
case just below the buds and each row of
plants tied to this cleat. If this work is
thoroughly done you will have no drawback
or rebates to make, for bruised flowers,
while in transit.

There- are a number of plants that I have
not mentioned which might be brought in
for the holidays, such as freesias, ericas,
ardesias, capsicums, bouganvillia, etc. It
is well, from year to year, to change the
varieties that you are growing, dropping
some that you find the demand decreasing
on and adding others that are likely to create
a demand. That the demand is increasing,
and wnl continue to do so, is without a ques-
tion of doubt.

The time was when all our efforts were
concentrated in endeavoring to have a suffi-
cient supply of cut flowers to fill the de-
mand, but gradually plants are superseding
this demand, and while at holiday times
there will always be a demand, sufficient to
take all the cut flowers that can be produced,
the demand for both plants and cut flowers
is not likely to be overdone, for some time
to come, for the growth of our country is
such that her ultimate possibilities are
greater and grander than all the European
and American States combined.

An Exhibit of Commercial Packages at the Fruit, Flower and Honey Show.

The exhibit of Commercial Packages in< luding boxes at d barrels, was one in which great interest was taken by fruit
growers. The tjoxes and barrels had been packed with the greate-t rare and presented a fine appearance. A portion of the
grape exhibit is also shown. (Photograph taken specially for The Canadian Horiiculturist.)

A PLEA FOR THE AMATEUR FLOWER GROWER

KCDl'iUK'k CA.MJvKdX. MAGAR

IT is presumed that the main object of all
agricultural, horticultural, and even
truit, i^ower and honey shows, is the edu-
cation of the general ])iil)lic to a higher
standard of proticiency in llie arts, being
promoted. May 1 ask if, in the holding of
(.:;liibitions like the recent Provincial Fruit,
I lower and Honey Shov, we are on the
right track ?

Here they are, at our very doors, the old
and young, male and female, with a griev-
;M.ce, which the professionak florists can
1 ctify if they choose; and depend upon it,
ii" we are to attain excellency in horticulture
as a nation, if we are to succeed in teaching
ilir rising generation the art of bcautifymg
our land as has, and is being done in Great
■Britain, this grievance of the amateurs must
be attended to immediately and their wishes
be Complied with.

Were the exhibitors at the recent show-
amateurs? No they were all professionals,
particular!}- in the floral sections. Only
experts could grow such large flowers as
those that were shown. We should show
more equality and liberality towards the
amateurs. Were they treated as liberally
as the professionals at all fairs I am satis-
fied the results would be surprising, both in
([uantity and quality. Would this not be a
benefit to the commercial florist? There is
a prevailing notion among some commer-
cial men that to keep the public in ignorance
is a harvest to the florist. What a mistake !
Does it not instill into Mrs. Smith a greater
love for floriculture if she succeeds in grow-
ing a plant successfully? And does not
ignorance discourage Mrs. Jones, who says
" I have given up buying plants, they all
die on me." Why? It is not lack of de-
sire, but a lack of knowledge. As men of
business we should also be men of instruc-
tion.

What is the method usually adopted at
the Canadian .Mational Exhibition in To-

2.S

A FALLS SOUTH, ONT.

ronto and all country exhibitions ? No en-
couragement is offered the amateurs, all
prizes are entered in the i)rize lists in such
a way that they are open to the profes-
sionals to compete for. I question if any
amateurs are on the conimittee that revise
the prize lists, where they might be able to
right things for themselves. This is not
the worst feature ; the prizes that are of-
fered are principally for tropical plants,
and professional florists' flowers, that can-
not l)e grown successfully without the aid
of glass structures, an expense that ordi-
nary amateurs cannot afiford.

Have any of us taken the trouble to ex-
amine the plants and flowers shown at our
principal exhibitions? If Ave have can we
tell how many had their names attached to
them ? I have seen ladies and gentlemen
looking in vain to find the names on plants
at the exhibitions held in Toronto each fall.
What is the value of any flower without a
name, that its history may be obtained.
What educational advantage does such im-
part to the amateurs we are supposed to be
helping? It should be made compulsory
that all plants and cut flowers be correctly
named, and that in a legible manner. Ex-
hibitors who cannot comply witn this re-
quest should be cut short ten points for
every plant not named, or the unnamed
plant should not be counted at all.

The prizes offered for fruit are of a gen-
erous nature and are worth trying for,
apart from the honor, but the prizes offered
for flowers and plants, that amateurs can
grow, are of a very penurious nature. This
should not be the case. It is of more value
to the province for an amateur to grow a
pine tree than the best tropical plant. Why
then not encourage the growth of hardy
plants more than has been done in the past?
^^'hy not encourage the growth of hardy
plants by farmers" sons and daughters by
offering prizes for the best essays upon

SOMETHIXG ABOUT FLOWERS.

29

such ? WouW it not have a tendency to
make them more famihar with what grows
in their own surroundings? It has beea
said that the best and cleverest men and
women in all other pursuits have been
reared in the rural homes of meager circum-
stances. If this is true is there not a
chance for the aniateur to rise in the art of
gardening even, to the strength of a Groff,
Dale or Dunlop? Give them a fair chance
since gardening is the only recreation in

which a man of limited means may equal
the owner of a thousand acres. Although
the owner of only a single lot and ten cents
worth of seeds, he can produce whatever
he grows quite as well as my lord can his,
and his pleasure in doing so may be greater
to him than that of the nobleman to whom
he may be laborer. Gardening offers so
many subjects for an amateur's attention
that he or she need not take up that which
some one else excells in.

A CHEAP GREENHOUSE

W. G. ROOK, TORONTO, ONT.

AT a meeting of the diiectors of our
society the opinion was expressed
that many of our members would have
greenhouses if they knew they could be ob-
tained for a small expenditure. As I have
succeeded in building a small greenhouse at
but slight expense my experience might be
of value to others.

Early in the spring of 1900 I decided i
would build a small greenhouse in which to
grow the plants I wished to grow in my
own garden. The snow was cleaned from
the spot selected and soon the ground
thawed sufficiently to enable me to com-
mence building. Two sash, seven by eight
feet, were purchased for $3.75. The lum-
ber for the sides, ends and benches and the
glass for the end cost $7.70. When this
material was placed in position I had a
greenhouse eight by ten feet.

There not being sufficient time for nie to
put in a heating system I formed one of the
benches into a bin and filled it wdth fresh
manure. This gave enough heat to keep
out the late frosts and enabled m.e to grow
2,000 annuals besides my chrysanthemums
for the fall. My success encouraged me
to purchase another frame for $1.75 and
lumber for $5.35 with which to build a pot-

* R.v tract from a,n address de'ivered Ijefore the Toronto I'liticu
read at their meetings.

ting shed and a place for the heater. This
also being a success, I added in the spring
of igo2 another eight feet, which gave me
a house 12 by 25 feet. The total cost of
construction, including even the latch on
the door, was $60. There was no expense
for labor, as the building was erected and
the heating system installed by myself with
the assistance of a former member of this
society.

The house is heated by a Globe heater
with a Bigley coil inside. One one-and-a-
half-inch flow runs from the coil to the
greenhouse and then enters two one-inch
pipes, which carry the water around the
house and return it to the heater. A tem-
perature of 50 degrees can be maintained
at night with the weather at zero. During
the winter between three and four tons of
coal are required to heat the house. The
heater and pipes used were bought second
hand and cost, with all necessary connec-
tions, $15. which is included in the $60 men-
tioned.

In 1901 I grew about 2,000 annuals. In
1902 I again grew about 2,000 annuals and
filled my hanging baskets and window
boxes. During 1903 I grew 4,000 annuals
and 500 chrysanthemums, and am now

tural Society. Societies are invited to forward interesting papsrs

.^o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

growing cnrnations. sniilax and forcing there is a jxjssibility of securing an income
bulbs, besides keeping my stock over the from your labor by growing flowers for ex-
winter. With a greenhouse such as this. hibitions, ])rizes, etc.

THE WINTER CARE OF WINDOW PLANTS

W M. HINT, OXT. AGKI. COIJ.EOE, GUELPH.

^> I'RINKLING the foliage of most win-
v3 (low plants with clear water on fine,
warm, sunny days is desirable. Rex Be-
gonias and even geraniums, however, do
not like the leaves moistened too heavily.
The true Rex Begonias would be better
without any sprinkling or sponging of the
leaves. Fuchsias, roses, heliotrope and
most foliage plants, except coleus, like a
sprinkling or sponging of their foliage
every few days. This operation can be
performed with a small rubber sprinkler, or
the plants can be taken to a sink in a warm
room and the foliage well sprinkled. As
a rule all glossy, smooth leaved plants re-
quire freciuent syringing or sponging with
clear water. It removes dust, and coun-
teracts the evil effects of the dry atmos-
phere prevailing in most dwelling houses.

Almost all window plants delight in a
moist atmosphere, except a few cacti and
similar plants. A few shallow pans of
water placed under the hot water or steam
radiators will help to give the plants a taste
of their natural environments.

Prepared commercial plant foods are the
best fertilizers for windo^v plants. If, how-
ever, good potting compost is used, there
will be little need of plant foods. Plants,
whose pots have become too full of roots
and which have exhausted the soil they are
in, are usually the only plants that require
fertilizers when properly prepared potting
soil has been Ksed.

TEMPERATURE.

More plants are injured and destroyed
in these days of self-feeders, hot air furna-
ces, and steam and hot water boilers, by

over-heated and dry atmospheric conditions,
than are destroyed by a too low temperature.
A temperature of 65 or 70 degrees Faren-
heit in the day time is ample for most win-
dow plants, with a night temperature of
50 to 55 degrees. Plants like a rest at
night as well as people. One point in re-
gard to temperature is of importance, and
that is to avoid extremes of either heat or
cold, as they are dangerous to plant life.

The insect pests that trouble house plants
most are the green and black aphis or fly,
red spider, scale, and mealy bug. A dry
arid atmosphere is conducive to the increase
of all these pests, hence the necessity of
keeping the foliage of plants they infest as
moist as possible. For the aphis, use a
strong solution of tobacco water and
sprinkle it on where the insects are. Raw
leaf tobacco or tobacco stems from the cigar
factory make the best tobacco solution, as
the ordinary commercial plug tobacco is of
little use for plants.

To make the tobacco solution till a pail
about three parts full of the leaves or stems
and press them down rather firmly. Pour
in enough boiling water to cover them about
an inch in depth and nearly fill the
pail. Cover the pail with an old bag to
retain the steam. Let it stand until cold,
in which condition it is fit for use. It will
not require diluting, as tobacco water does
not injure the foliage like many insecticides.
A pint of boiling Avater poured on a bruised
cigar will also make a good tobacco solu-
tion. Fumigating with tobacco smoke is
very effective, but is scarcely practicable in
a window.

' E.xtract fr.Mn .iii address delivered at the convention of delegate^; froin horticultural societies, held in Toronto Nov 15-16.

SOMETHING FOR LOVERS OF FLOWERS.

3'

Prevention is better than a cure with red
spider. A moist atmosphere and sprink-
ling the foHage, especially on the lower
side, is the best preventive against attacks
-of red spider. These little mites usually
attack the lower side of the leaf. A dust-
ing of finely powdered sulphur beneath the
leaves, after syringing or sprinkling, is a
good remedy and will not hurt the plants.
The red spider is the greatest enemy the
fuchsia has, and is often the only cause of
failure in their growth. It is so small that
it is often unseen until the plants are ruined ;
hence the necessity for preventing its at-
tacks.

The small scale-like insects that attack
the oleander, ivy, orange and other plants,
as well as ferns, notably the sword fern,
■can be got rid of by u-ashing the leaves with
strong soap suds and rinsing afterwards
with cold water. An old tooth brush dip-
ped in soapy water will also remove scale
•easily. If scale is once moved from its
position on the plant it Avill die.

Mealy bug should be brushed off the
plants with a small brush or piece of stick
and destroyed, as soon as they appyear. This
bug infests coleus very badly sometimes,
and is very fond of nesting itself on the
passion flower plant or in the thick waxy
flowers of the wax plant. Good culture is
the best preventive of disease in plants.

Most window plants are propagated from
cuttings or divisions, chiefly from cuttings
of the young wood. Sharp, fine sand is
the oest material in which to strike cuttings
or slips. Almost all kinds of window
plants such as geraniums, fuchsias, helio-
trope, tradescantia, coleus, chrysanthe-
mums and many others will strike root
readily from the young cuttings or growth.
Voung plants of chrysanthemums are easily
struck in the window in a temperature of
55 to 60 degrees in well drained pots or
small boxes of sand.

If plants should be frozen, remove them
at once into a temperature of 45 to 50 de-
grees, and cover them up carefully from
light and air. If not frozen too badly they
will recover. I have found this method
more successful than sprinkling the plants
with cold water. Unless the latter is done
the plants should be kept in the dark for
24 hours before being again introduced
into the light. Keep frozen plants out of
the sun until they have fully recovered, and
do not give them much water until growth
has started.

Almost all the spring flowering bulbs
flower well when grown in the window.
Hyacinths — especially the white Roman
hyacinth — and the different varieties of nar-
cissus give the best results for window cul-
ture.

Hardy Climbers

PROF. H. L. HUTT, O. A. C.^ GUEI.PH.

Would Ampelopsis Veitchii, Clematis Henryii,
Jackmanii and Madame Ed. Andre be hardy
enough for the Bobcaygeon district? — (E. D. S.

Ampelopsis Veitchii is only about half
liardy at Guelph. It usually requires some
protection for the first two or three years
until it gets started and somewhat acclima-
tized. Often it is frozen down to the
ground during the winter and yet makes a
good growth the next season. The best
protection is a light screen of cedar boughs

or old sacking tacked over the vine upon,
the wall.

Clematis Jackmanii is quite hardy here,
and usually makes a fine display. The C.
Henryii and C. Madam Ed. Andre are also
fairly hardy, but are not nearly as much
grown as C. Jackmanii. I cannot speak
with certainty as to the hardiness of these
climbers in the Bobcaygeon district, but at
all events they are well worth trying, and I
am inclined to think that with reasonable
protection at the start they would give
satisfactorv results.

THE CAN AD I AM HORTICULTURISl

A Beautiful Collection of Hardy Azaleas.

All hough this is the sea'on of snow '[..jiiis and cold weather, the illu-traiion shouli carry us bark to the " good old sum-
mer lin.e." VViiai we e proliabl\ 'he best and most successfully gn wn hardy Azaleas in Ontario last .-ummer are shown.
Tliey weie grosvn by Air. Roi erick Camera, of Niagara Falls buuth, and c ntain about lOO varieties, double and >ingle
lluwcis. iianud. .\lr. Cainen,n is shown ni ihe illustration.

Make Fine Decorations

E. MEPSTED, OTTAWA, ONT.

1 ."^ \'ERY one in a large or small house
JLv should have a plant or two. They
are the nicest decoration you can put in
your room. A large, handsomely furnished
rooiu is not complete without a plant or
two. A palm or Boston fern in my eyes
is a better decoration than any bric-a-brac.
The luost suitable plants for house cul-
ture are foliage : Palms, Boston and
Pierson feras, araucaria, aspidistra, aspara-
gus and fern dishes. Don't forget that
these last soon get filled with roots and,,
therefore, need plenty of water, but should
not stand in it.

In flowering plants, which should always
have the sunniest spot, the best are prim.-
roses, begonias, cyclamen, primula obconi-
ca, azaleas, cineraria, heather and others.
Give the azalea lots of water, keep it in the
coolest place, and when it has done flower-
ing don't put it down in the cellar to rot, as
many have done to their sorrow. Keep
it grrv. iiv^ ?\\ the time.

Asparagus Plants Wanted

PROF. II. L. IIUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH.

I am thinking of planting an acre of Palmetto
asparagus next spring. Can you furnish the
name of anyone selling first-class plants in
Ontario Last year I purchased 2,000 roots

from a Toronto house, and they proved far from
satisfactory. — (W. O. Burgess. Queenston. Ont.

I do not know of anyone who has plants
of Palmetto asparagus for sale. It would
be better to procure seed and grow the
plants for yourself. You would then have
fresh, strong plants, which you would find
much more satisfactory than any you could
purchase.

If you succeed in getting true Palmetto
seed you should have no difficulty in grow-
ing the plants. Seeds should be sown
earl}- in the spring in rows, much the same
as garden peas are sown. Plants' should
be ready for permanent planting in one or
two years, depending on their rate of growth.

I consic?er The Horticulturist one of the best
papers coming to my address, and cannot afford
to b" without it. I have bepn glad to note a
steac'y improvement, and wish the paper could
be found in every country home in Canada. —
(R. J. Messenger, Bridgetown, N. S.

CAULIFLOWERS AND HOW TO GROW THEM

R. BRODIE, WESTMOUNT, QUE.

IHxWE been led to choose this subject
by the number of people who ask how
to grow this delicious vegetable. In grow-
ing cauliflowers successfully the first con-
sideration is the selection of good seed.
Cheap se6d will generally grow poor cauli-
flowers.

Varieties of cauliflowers that may do well
in the m-oist, cool climate of England, would
be a failure in our warm, dry climate. I
have seen some of these varieties grow
three feet high without forming a head. A
good strain of the Dwarf Erfurt variety is
the best suited to our climate. Nearly
every large seed house has special strains
of the Dwarf Erfurt, named Snowball,
Snowstorm, Giltedge, Alabaster, Ideal, etc. ;
all good, varying a little in earliness.

All farmers should know how to make a
hot-bed ; a few have small greenhouses. I
prefer the hot-bed to start vegetable plants,
as those grown in a greenhouse are apt to
grow too large and spindly. In choosing a
spot for a hot-bed select a place sheltered
from the wind and where the glass will get
the morning and afternoon sun.

TO OBTAIN AN EARLY CROP.

A good way to have extra early cauli-
flowers is to sow the Snowball variety the
end of February or beginning of March.
In about three weeks the plants will be
large enough to set out into other hot-beds.
Set the plants one foot apart each way.
Some growers plant early lettuce between
the cauliflower. The lettuce comes into
use so much earlier than the latter, it does
not interfere with the growth or cultivation
of the cauliflower, for the soil needs to be
stirred and cultivated round the plants in
the hot-beds as well as in the open ground.

For early cauliflower in the open, sow-
Dwarf Erfurt in a moderately warm hot-
bed in the middle of March. Keep the

temperature down to between 60 and 70 de-
grees by lifting the glass an inch or two.
In about three weeks set out the plants in
other hot-beds three inches apart; some
growers set them in two-inch pots plunged
in the soil, close together in the hot-bed.
These plants should be ready to set out the
first week in May, as soon as there is no
danger of frost. For summer and autumn,
make a seed bed in the open ground. Those
who grow large quantities use a garden
seed drill. If the black fly is troublesome
use road dust or plaster of paris. With two
gallons of road dust or plaster add one
tablespoonful of paris green, mix thor-
oughly and dust on the young plants in the
morning when the dew is on them.

The soils best suited to cauliflower are
black muck, if well drained, black sandy
loam, or any soil that will retain the mois-
ture. Avoid light gravely and sandy soil.
My Italian neighbor took a field of poor
clay soil last spring that had a stunted crop
of oats and which had been full of couch
grass the previous year. By plowing and
grubbing till he got out most of the couch,
grass, then plowing in manure at tne rate
of 75 tons to the acre, he had a fairly good
crop of cauliflowers this autumn. He is
now applying as much more manure, and
said to me, " With plenty of manure I can
make this field all right," and he is right.

I believe there are some market garden-
ers in the States W'ho condemn the use of
stable manure for growing cauliflowers.
These men only use commercial fertilizer.
On the other hand, growers around Mont-
real believe they can beat the world in grow-
ing cauliflowers. Our large growers sell
their best to the green grocer and butcher,
the rest they sell to the pickle factories for
$30 to $40 per ton. Some growers sold 50
to 75 tons.

* A paper read at the twelfth annual winter meeting of the Pomological and Fruit Growing Society of the Province of Quebec, hrld
at Ayer's Cliff, Que., Dec. 14 and 15.

33

34

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

If the soil is in a fertile condition it will
not require as heavy manuring as if the
land is riui out and impoverished. Good
results can be obtained by using one half
stable manure and one half comn':crcial
fertilizer. The fertilizer should have an
analysis of lo per cent, phosphoric, lo per
cent, potash, and 5 per cent, amiuonia, us-
ing 800 to 1,000 pounds per acre along with
manure. A good way to apply the ferti-
lizer is to sow one half broadcast. Of the
other half put a handful around each plant,
but be careful not to touch the plant for fear
of injury. The fertilizer around the plant
will prevent the cut Avorm and help prevent
the lly that causes the maggot depositiag an
•-^g'S ^^11 the stem.

When preparing the land to set out plants
be sure and plough deep. Some growers
have a drag like a heavy iron rake, attached
to the plow, to level the furrows and pre-
pare the land in one operation. Make the
rows three inches apart and set the plants

18 inches apart in the row. It is best to
have a marker to mark four or five rows at
a time. it is always best to set out plants
in the afterncjon so as to avoid the heat of
the morning sun. This is not necessary if
the weather is cloudy and threatening rain.
If the weather should be dry at the time of
setting out the plants it is best to water
them.

Cultivate often; never let the suil get
baked round the plants. .\s soon as the
head begins to appear it needs to be shaded
immediately from the sun. Go over the
field every morning and bend the leaves
over the head. Sunburnt cauliflowers bring
very poor prices. Plants that do not head
up before frost should be pulled. Leave
all the soil that adheres to the roots and set
them up close together in a root house or
cellar. In this way I have had cauliflowers
right into the New Year. One ounce of
seed should produce about 3.000 plants and
costs $2 to S5 per ounce.

THE CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOMS

I^llK L'nited States Department of Agri-
culture has recently published Far-
mers' Bulletin No. 204. on " The Cultivation
of JMushrocms," by Dr. B. M. Duggar,
Professor of Botany in the University of
Missouri, Columbia, Mo. In the letter of
transmittal Dr. B. T. Galloway, Chief of
Bureau of Plant Industry, says : '" Under
the direction of the Pathologist and Phy-
siologist of this Bureau, Doctor Duggar has
been engaged for several years in the in-
vestigation of mushroom culture in all its
phases, and great advances have been made,
especially in the production of purer and
better spawns."

On this side of tb.e Atlantic most people
are quite unfamiliar with the practical cul-
tivation of mushroonis. The few that are
grown here are seldom displayed in the
public markets, because they are usually
sold to special customers in advance, and at

what ma} be considered very fancy prices.
Indeed, it is hard to understand, considering
the prevailing prices, why mushrooms are
not grown in greater quantity. Some idea
of the magnitude of the industry around
Paris, France, may be obtained from the
figures given in the bulletin. In 1898,.
3,960,000 pounds of nnishi-ooms passed
through Central Market of Paris, while in
1901 the quantity was more than double
this, 9,680,000 pounds. It is not .so stated"
in the bulletin, but it is known that about
two-thirds of the French crop is preserved
and exported to American countries.

Persons wlio grow mushrooms have three
fundamental conditions to observe: (i)
Character of the spawn used, (2) proper
composting of the manure, and (3) control
of the temperature and moisture of the beds.
All these points are discussed by the bul-
letin in a simple practical way.

OF INTEREST TO VEGETABLE GROWERS.

That part of the Ijulletiii which will most
interest practical mushroom growers is the
announcement of new and improved
methods of spawn growing. Two methods
of seciu'ing the coveted " virgin spawn "
are descrihed. The first is the artificial
germination of spores. By this method
one will he able to select spores from par-
ticular mushrooms, which by constant se-
lection may give superior varieties. An-
other line of development discovered by Dr.
DuQgar vielded even better results than the

Sporeculture process. It may be termed
the ■' Tissue Culture " method. This

method is comparable to the use of " Cut-
tings," as |)ractised In the nurseryman in
propagating superior .sorts of fruits, and its
use in growing mushrooms has been marked
by the same improved results. This pro-
cess renders it possible to select muslirooms
of a given character, or to select toward a
given end, with the same certainty growers
may select the seed of other crops commer-
cialh- trrown.

THE CULTURE OF POTATOES *

W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, CF.NTRAI, IvXPIvRIMJiNTAL 1-ARM, OTTAWA

'''I'^HE potato is one of the most import

1

greatest yield that we have been able to ob-
tain has been at the rate of 6go bushels
marketable potatoes, or a total cro]) with
the unmarketable potatoes of "jyi bu.shels.
This was from the old Peachblow ; not a
flesirable variety, on account of deep eves
and inferior qualitw One thousand bushels
l)er acre is something to aspire to, and it is
to try and make clear to farmers that the
crop can be increased ver}- much by pro])er
methods that this paper is presented.

The tubers are not the roots of the
pot;ito, but are the tips of swollen under-
ground stems, the eyes being the buds ;
hence the tubers have little to do with the
development of the plant, but the develop-
ment of the root system of the plant and the
consequent development of the top has
much to do with the development of the
tubers. As heat is very essential in grow-
ing potatoes, it is important that the soil
should be warm. For this reason, sandy
loam and gravelly soils w^hich are naturally
well drained have been found the most
suitable, but the largest crop will be grown
where the soil is naturally moist, but has
not too cold a subsoil. As the conservation
of moisture is naturally well drained and
not very moist soil is very important for the •
best success of potatoes, every effort should

* Extract from an address delivered at the twelfth annual convention of the Pomological and fruit growing Society of Quebec, he
at Ayer's Cliff, December 14-15. The remainder will be published in the spring when most seasonable.

ant food products of Canada and one
of the commonest articles of diet. In the
province of Quebec alone, when the census
of 190 1 was taken, there were 127,205 acres
devoted to this crop, producing 127,135,731;
bushels, or about 135 bushels per acre. The
potato can be obtained at all seasons of the
year, and if pro])erly kept is about as good
at one time as at another.

There is no farm crop which will repay
good culture as well as the potato nor any
of which the crop can be increased so much.
A few more bushels per acre may be added
to the wheat and oat crop by careful hus-
bandry, and the crop of turnips and man-
gels may also be slightly increased, but the
percentage of increase in all of these is
much less than in the potato. The average
yield per acre of potatoes for the province
of Ontario for the year 1904 was 116
bushels, and for the past 22 years 115 bush-
els, while in the United States it is under
100 bushels per acre. Yet it has been
proven by careful experiment that over
1,000 bushels per acre can be produced. An
authentic experiment has shown that from
a one-twentieth acre plot potatoes were
grown at the rate of 1,061 bushels per acre.
At the Central Experimental Farm the

36

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

be niade to retain it. It is a good plan to
have the potato crop follow clover or grass
sod, as the sod when turned under forms
humus, and the more humus there is in the
soil, the more it will retain moisture. This
vegetable matter will also help to keep the
soil loose, which is another factor in the
growing of the crop.

The best method is, if the soil is loamy,
to plow early in the spring, so that the sod
will be thoroughly rotten, and then use the
disc harrow and smoothing harrow thor-
oughly jusi before ])lanting. By plowing
in the spring, plant food is saved which
might be lost by leaching. Stiff soils.
which, if possible should not be used for po-
tatoes, may be plowed in the autumn. The
looser the soil is at planting time the bet-
ter the results will usually be. Farmers
make a great mistake b}' manuring heavily
for potatoes. A moderate top dressing of
barnyard manure of lo or 15 tons per acre
on the sod before plowing is quite suffi-
eient to ensure a good crop if cultivation
and spraying are attended to. If these are
neglected heavy manuring is of little avail.
I believe thorough cultivation to be more
important than manuring.

\'ery satisfactory results have been ob-
tained at the ^enlral Experimental Farm by
having the potatoes follow a root crop which
was well manured and by not applying any
manure direct to the crop. Manuring in
the rows induces scab and should be
avoided. The time of planting will vary
according to the district, but the best time
to plant for a main crop is about a week be-
fore the danger of frost is past, the object,
being to have the potatoes come up just
about when danger of frost is over. From
the middle to the 24th of ]May is a good
time. In 1902 in a test made of plantingf
])otatoes at different dates an early varietv
planted on ]\Iay 15 yielded at the rate of
294 bushels per acre, and when planted on
May 29 of only 217 bushels, a difference of
yj bushels in favor of ]^Iay 15. A late

variety yielded at the rate of 459 bushels
per acre when planted May 15, and 411
bushels when planted j\Iay 29, a difference
of 47 bushels in favor of the earher plant-
ing. Potatoes planted on May i did not
yield as well as those planted on the 15th,
the soil probably being too cold. The longer
the plants are growing before blight appears
the better the crop is likely to be. For an
early crop the seed can be planted earlier
and some risk taken. Anything which re-
tards the growth of the plant lessens the
crop, hence danger from frost should be
avoided for the main crop".

In 1904 there were yi^ varieties tested at
Ottawa under as nearly uniform conditions
as possible. The most productive variety
was the Vermont Gold Coin, which yielded
at the rate of 554 bushels per acre, and Mor-
gan's Seedling, which produced 514 bushels.
Both were new varieties. The third most
productive variety, and one which we have
been recommending for several years, was
the Carman No. i, which yielded at the
rate of 501 bushels per acre. Three of the
least productive varieties were Early Andes,
123 bushels; Bliss Triumph, 127 bushels,
and Bovee, 180 bushels, or 431 bushels per
acre more from the heaviest yielding variety
than from the lightest cropper. These
great dift"erences are obtained every year,
showing the importance of trying different
kinds. Some of the best varieties are dis-
tributed free from the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, in 3 pound samples.

The 12 varieties which have averaged
best at Ottawa for the past five years, with
their yields per acre, are :

Bush. Color.

1. Late Puritan 485 White.

2. Barnaby Mammoth. . . 483 Pink and white.

3. Money Maker 482 White.

4. Flemish Beauty 467 Pink.

.5. Carman No. 1 459 White.

6. Dreer's Standard 458 White.

7. Sabean's Elephant. . . 454 White.

8. Canadian Beauty. .;. . 452 Pink and white.

9. Rural Blush 437 Pink.

10. I. X. L 433 Pink and white.

11. Clay Rose. 432 Pink.

12. Irish Cobbler 432 T^'hite.

THE VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT.

37

An Established Industry

S. WARD KENNEDY, LEAMINGTON, ONT.

EARLY vegetable growing in Essex
county is an established industry.
It has been proven to be extremely profit-
able by some well-known growers. The
work is on a satisfactory basis and will
warrant a considerable increase, but I do
not believe in exceptional cases of success
being cited to mislead the public. There is
considerable risk in the work, and those not
understanding the raising of plants under
glass can easily lose a great deal of money.
Hot air, hot water and steam have been
tested for heating greenhouses and the re-
sults have been published. All have proved
practically successful if rightly installed,
the choice resting with the amount of glass
and sash at one's disposal. It is possible
useful experiments might be carried on to
determine whether to plant seeds early to
grow slowly ; or to plant later, thereby sav-
ing fuel, and growing them a little faster.
Should plants be fed quite heavily, in the
greenhouse, with nitrogen, pnosphoric acid,
and potash is a point on which there is some
doubt, and experiments might be carried on
in the field to determine how much fertilizer
or fertilizers can be used profitably with
regards to ripening, as a difference of lo to
14 days is often the difiference between profit
and loss.

The Cabbage Black Rot Germ

THE Vitality of the Cabbage Black Rot
Germ on Cabbage Seed, is the title
of a bulletin recently issued by Messrs. H.
A. Harding, F. C. Stewart and M. J.
Prucha, of the New York Agricultural Ex-
periment Station. Black rot of cabbage is
a distinctive bacterial disease for which no
satisfactory method of controlling it in the
field has yet been found. Concerning the
ability of the disease germs to survive the
winter on the seed, there has been a differ-

Rev. Father A. E, Burke

The success of the ninth annual convention of the Prince Edward
Island Kruit Growers Association, held Dec. 20 and 21, at Char-
lottown, P.E.I., and described in this issue, wa;- due in a lorge
measure to the en-rgetic and capable efforts of the president, Rev.
Father A. E. Burke, of Alberton, P.E.I., who is well known to
f eaders of The Horticulturist.

ence of opinion. The bulletin gives an ac-
count of some investigations bearing on this
point.

The conclusion is that much of the cab-
bage seed on the market is contaminated
with germs of the black rot disease and
that some of these germs may survive the
winter and become a source of infection to
the young cabbage plants. As a precau-
tionary measure, it is advised that all cab-
bage seed be disinfected before sowing, by
soaking for 15 minutes in a i-iooo corrosive
sublimate solution or in formalin, one pound
to 30 gallons. It is not expected that this
treatment will prevent either leaf or root
infection in infected soils ; but it may be
safely relied on to prevent all danger from
infected seed. It will not injure the ger-
mination.

Send us a card if you are not receiving The
Horticulturist regularly. We will attend to it.

EDITORIAL.

Tf[e Gn^dian fjorticfiltdrist

TKe Only Horticultural Magazine in
tKe Dominion.

H. liiioNsoN Cowan, Editor and Business Manager.

1. The Canadian HorUcuU.urlst is published the first of
each inoEith.

2. Subscription Price $1.00 per yc.nr, strictly in advances
entitliiij; the subsirribcr to meinberi>hip in the Kruit Growers
Association uf Ontario and all its privileges, including a copy of it,
report. For all countries except Canada, United States and Great
Britain add 50c for postage.

3. Kemittances should be made by I'ost Office or Money
Express Order, or Kcgistercd Letter. Postage .Stamps accepted for
amounts less than $1.00. Receipts will be acknowledged on the
address label, whith shows the date to which subscription is paid.

4. DIscontiiiuauceB— Kesponsible subscribers will continue
to receive 'I'lie Horticulturist until the publishers are notified by
letter to discontinue, when all arrearages must be paid. Societies
should send in their revised lists in Jinuaiy : othei wise it will be-
taken for granted all will contii.ue members.

6. ClianKe of Aiklress— When a change of address is or-
dered, both the old and the new addresses must be given.

6. Advertislnc Kates quoted on application. Circulatien
5,iOO. Copy receipcd up to the 24th. Responsible representatives
wanted in towns and cities.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be
thankfully received by the editor.

8. All C^ommunicatlons should be addressed':

THE C.\N.\I)I.\N HORTICULTURIST,

TORONTO, CANADA

That its readers will succeed in keeping all
tiheir New Year resolutions and tliereby make
1905 the happiest year they have ever known, i.s
the hearty wish of The Canadian Horticulturist.

THE FRUIT DIVISION.

The great majority of fruit growers are
unanimous that the Dominion Fruit Division
should be continued as a separate division and
not anialsaniated with the dairy division. The
Prince Edward Lsland Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, at its annual convention last month,
unanimously carried a resolution condemning
the proposal to place the fruit division under
the control of the chief of the dairy division.
Ontario fruit growers are opposed to the pro-
posed move as is evidenced by the interviews
with leading growers published in this issue.
As it has only lately become known that such
action was under consideration, fruit growers
generally have not had time to give expression
to their views. Enough growers, however,
have been heard fro'm to show there will be bit-
ter opposition to any action which is likely to
curtail the work of the Fruit Division. Should
the two divisions be united, fruit growers have
expressed a determination to immediately en-
deavor to have the divisions separated again at
the earliest possible moment.

This feeling is not the result of any objection
to Mr. J. A. Ruddick, the chief of the Dairy
Division. The fact is very few growers are

actiuainteil with Mr. Ituddick or his work. The
general feeling is that the fruit interests are of
sufficient importance to require a division of
their own and that the head of that division
should not be forced to consult with the head
of another division, but that he should be
subordinate only to the Hon. Sydney Fisher,
Minister of Agricultui-e.

AN UNSATISFACTORY METHOD.

l^id any i>erson ever know of a wholesale
merchant forwarding supplies to retail firms
with a retjuest that they sell the goods to the
best advantage and, after deducting the cus-
tomary commission, return the balance of the
proceeds to him ? Has a business man been
heard of who was willing to ship his season's
stock of goods hundreds of miles to ibe sold by
utter strangers with the right to make their
own returns ? Such a person would not be
called a busine.ss man.

Fruit growers are an intelligent class of men
tuid yet this is what hundreds of them do every
year. While the weakness of this method has
long been apparent the matter has never been
brought home more forcibly than during the
past six weeks. The statement was made by
Mr. Robert Thompson, of St. Catharines, at the
recent Ontario Fruit Growers' convention, that
while in Winnipeg last fall he found cases
where the commission men had reported to
Ontario growers that their fruit had sold for
considerably less than had actually been the
case. Not having any proof to the contrary
the growers had been forced to accept payment
on the basis of the prices quoted by the com-
mission men.

Following this has coine the aiuiouncement
from Boston that a coterie in England has
systematically banded together for several
years to secure the product of Canadian and
United States apple growers for little or noth-
ing. l<^ruit sold at public auctions is bought
in by these parties and resold at inuch higher
prices. The growers who consigned the fruit
receive their returns on the basis of the prices
realized for the fruit at the public auctions.
It is necessary that stejis shall be taken to pre-
vent fraud of this kind. In England the Cana-
dian Commissioner should take this matter up.
Our Canadian commercial agents should also
watch to .see that the interests of Canadian
growers are safeguarded. In Canada it has
been suggested that commission merchaiits
should be placed under Dominion regulations.
The Canadian Horticulturist would like to re-
ceive suggestions from growers as to what they
believe should be done.

THE VEGETABLE GROWERS.

What are the hundreds of vegetable growers
in Canada doing ? Have they a Dominion or-
ganization or provincial associations of any
kind. If not, why not ? If they have what are
they doing ?

There is no department in The Horticulturist
for which it is tnore difficult to obtain live, in-

EDITORIAL.

39

teresting information than the vegetable sec-
tion. This department should be one of the
strongest. Vegetable growers should be as well
organized and should hold as many meetings
and conventions as the fruit growlers and flor-
ists. Speak up, vegetable growers, and let us
know what you are doing.

FROM FAR AND NEAR.

If the good that is done by The Horticulturist
as it goes fortih every month, is in comparison
to the territory covered, it does indeed fulfil its
mission to the very full. During the past
month subscriptions and renewals have been
received from Finland, South Afiica, Tasmania,
Switzerland, and Belgium, w'ith one as far
south in the United States as Georgia.

Our aiivertising columns are sought by firms
as. far away as Mexico, one firm sending us an
advertisement from that country, which ap-
peals for the first time in this issue. Truly
does Spakespeare say, " How far doth the little
cancle throw its beams, so shines a good
deed in a naughty world." This does not neces-
sarily mean that we consider the world not
what it should be.

It has been the custom in New England and
in several of the other eastern states, for a. few
years past, to place on the door of a house, at
the time of death in a family, a w'reath or
bouquet of flowers. In the case of the death of
an infant this sign of mourning iS' of smaller
dimensions and consists of small white flowers.
For olier persons larger bouquets are used, or
mere bunches of loose flowers tied with wiiite
ribbons. An excellent emblem often used is a
wreath of ivy leaves, or a sheaf of wheat tied
with white ribbon. These floral emblems
are much less gruesome than the customary
crape or ribbon decoration furnished by the
uncertaker. Would it not be a good idea to
adopt this custom in Canada ?

Horticultural societies when planning their
wo;k for 1905 should arrange to subscribe for
The Canav-^an Horticulturist for all their mem-
bers. Many societies do this every j'^ear and
more should. The Horticulturist can help the
societies and the societies can help The Horti-
culturist. Officers of societies should bear in
mind that The Horticulturist is the only horti-
cultuial magazine published in Canada and
that it is 1he equal of any of the kind published
in the United States.

The Quebec, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward
Isl-^nd Fruit Grow'ers' Associations held suc-
cessful conventions last month. Let us unite
in a hearty wish that the convention to be held
this month by our British Columbia brothers
will be the best of all.

Prince Edward Island Fruit Growers

(Coiuii.ued fii. Ill p.^Le 6.)

The exhibition of fruit was ii surprise to
every one, as ail past exhibits at meetings of
the association w&re eclipsed by this one.
Fully 500 plates of Island fruit were shown, in
addition to which were the provincial collec-
tions from Nova Scotia, Ontario and British
Columbia, shown by the Dominion Fruit Divi-
sion ; a large number of varieties from the Ex-
perimental Farm, Nappan, and a splendid ex-
hibit of boxes and barrels. The visitors from
Ontario admitted that with the exception of the
recent fruit show at Toronto the exhibit of fruit
at Charlottetown was equal to any that has
been held in recent years in connection with the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association.

The great adaptability of the different parts
of the Island for growing apples was demon-
.strated, both the eastern and western parts of
the province being well represented. Kings
county, which has in the past taken a large pro-
portion of the prizes, was beaten in the county
collection class by Princes county, which ex-
hibited a fine lot of well grown fruit.

One could not but notice the varieties which
are succeeding best on the Island, by the large
number of plates which were in competition and
by the color and maturity of the fruit. Among
these King, Spy, Ben Davis, Alexander and
Gravenstein would certainly rank highest. The
competition in Kings was very keen, the fruit
being well matured and highly colored. A la"rge
number of plates of Spy were shown, and while
the color of these was not as high as the King,
the fruit was clean and well f?i-o\vn. Ben Davis
is a great favorite on the Island. There was a
large number of plates of Alexander. This
variety succeeds especially- well en the Island.
The Gravenstein were in prime condition. Some
fine plates of Baxter, Bishop Pippin, Mann, On-
tario, Ribston Pippin, Blenheim Pippin, Stark,
Wagener and Wealthy were shown, all of which
varieties do well on the Island. Baldwins and
Greenings were not so good, and it is doubtful
if the foi'mer, especially, will prove a profitable
commercial apple.

The exhibit of fruit in boxes and barrels Avas
good. The Gravenstein took first prize in
boxes, and the King in barrels. The Baxter is
an apple which is succeeding admirably on the
island and is proving a profitable variety with
those who grow it. The Dodd apple appears
to be a winter sort well worth looking after,
as the specimens shown at the exhibition were
of fine color and good quality, and it is a
variety which has keen tested for many years
on the Island. On the whole this Fruit Grow-
ers' meeting was an inspiration to str^n^er piid
Isl-^nd folk alike, a striking testimony to the
president and' an augury of the triumphant suc-
cess of horticulture in the garden of Canada.

I greatly enjoy The Canadian Horticultui ist
and think it very instructive to fruit growers.
— (A. N. Ball, Port Hope. Ont.

Have just read the December issue of The
Horticulturist. It is brimful of interest. My
congratulations and best wishes for future suc-
cess.— (J. C. Chapais. St. Denis. Que.

THE WINNIPEG FRUIT MARKET

During the recent shipping season a number
«)f leading Ontario fruit growers were at a loss
to know whether or not to ship fruit to Winni-
jjeg. Commission firms, which have been es-
tablished in Winnipeg for many years, would
write, discouraging shipments, while in the
■same mail letters would be received from other
firms asking for consignments.

The disturbing factor on the market ap-
peared to be the branch of the Ottawa Fruit &
Produce Exchange, recently established in Win-
nipeg. This concern was apparently fighting
for the field against the old firms.

Desiring to locate the trouble, if possible.
The Horticulturist wrote to a number of lead-
ing Winnipeg commission dealers for informa-
tion concerning that market. The following re-
ply has been received from one of the best
known firms in that city with a request that
the name of the firm should not be published.

SELLS FRUIT BY AUCTION.

The Ottawa Fruit & Produce Exchange is a
competitor of ours only in a different way. The
Exchange puts the goods up by auction and
sells them, regardless of cost and value, to the
higfiest bidder. They have men throughout the
country soliciting orders and no doubt get a
^ood many fresh shippers, but it is very doubt
ful if any of the shippers will be satisfied, or, if
they are satisfied, they are easy to please.

The Exchange is run under the direction of
■G. W. Hunt, of Ottawa. I will give you a few
of the prices that it realized here for fruit.
When we were paying shippers $1.75 for Duch-
-ess apples in Ontario (the freight all rail is
practically $1 per barrel) Mr. Hunt sold his XX
for $1.55 to $1.75 per barrel and XXX for $2.25
to $2.65. Tomatoes in baskets were sold for
30c to 50c per basket and pears for 40c to 75c.
They came by express. We were not handling
any of those goods, but we understood from the
representative of Griffith & Woolverton, of
Grimsby, that they were paying in the east 40
to 60 cents for tomatoes and the same for pears.
Mr. Hunt last spring handled a few cars of
■oranges from California for which the growers
■did not realize more than 30 to 50 cents a box.

I point out a few of these things just to
demonstrate that this city is not ready for auc-
tion fruit. If it is ready, we are prepared to
go out and solicit fruit, sell it by auction and do
the same kind of business as the Ottawa Fruit
& Produce Exchange does, if the growers want
it in that way, but we think they will soon be-
come tired of it because fruit has a cost, and it
must cost the growers something. Peaches
•and plums from Ontario will not carry here;
apples, grapes, tomatoes and basket pears find
ti ready market for a limited amount.

THE OTTAWA FRUIT AND PRODUCE
EXCHANGE.

The following statement was received from
IVIr. Wm. Borthwick, manager at Winnipeg for
The Ottawa Fruit & Produce Exchange :

We opened business in Winnipeg, March 1
last, with the object of doing a strictly commis-
sion business. On account of the large num-

ber of orders we have had from dealers in other
towns outside of Winnipeg, we have been
obliged, in order to fill some of these orders, to
buy small lots of goods. At least 90 per cent,
of the goods we have handled have been on a
strictly commission basis.

Our goods are all sold by auction as soon as,
or as quickly as possible after they arrive. Our
sales have been well patronized, from the time
we commenced business, by the best dealers of
this city and the surrounding country, and the
attendance has steadily increased until the
premises, which seemed large when we first
began, are entirely too small.

Our terms to those who buy our goods are
strictly cash, and for those who consign goods
to be sold we charge 10 per cent, commission
and pay every Monday for goods sold the pre-
vious week up to Saturday night. The best
evidence I can give that we are getting the best
price going for the goods is the fact that nearly
every person who has come up here lately with
fruit to sell has handed their goods over to tis
to dispose of.

With regard to Ontario fruit I have been sur-
prised to find that there has been such a preju-
dice worked up against it, but I have no doubt
that, with better transportation facilities and a
little care on the part of the grower, Ontario
will soon control the fruit supply of this mar-
ket. There is great need for improvement in
the matter of transportation, especially with
the express company, for the facilities furnished
by them and the manner in which goods are
handled here would not be tolerated in the east
for one day.

Packing^ Apples in Boxes.

J. B. THOMAS, LONDON, ENG.

There has been a good deal said about pack-
ing in boxes, but I cannot advise the use of this
style of package, although in seasons of scarcity
it might be adopted with some chance of suc-
cess. When, some years ago, I suggested the
advantage of packing in boxos I had in m'nd
the manner and style of packing adopted in the
case of Californian Newtons. T have since ob-
served the Canadian attempis at packing in
boxes and, with very few exceptions, I may say
that the less we see of such boxes and such
packing the better for those interested in ship-
ping apples from Canada. At present I inust
urge packing in barrels only, as this style of
package is best known here and best understood
in Canada.

Has Been Disappointing. — Taking everything
into consideration the quality of the Canadian
fruit this year has been very secondary. This
has occasioned much disappointment to im-
porters, who from early reports expected to see
a crop of fine fruit. — (Clark & Sinclair. Dun-
dee, Scotland.

Success to your excellent Horticulturist.-
S. Hood, Gait, Ont.

-(R.

4"

THE NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT GROWERS

The Niagara Peninsula United Pi'uit Grow-
ers' Association held a profitable meeting in St.
Catharines about the middle of December. The
president, Mr. C. M. Honsberger, presided, and
a large number of members were present. The
following were elected officers for the coming
year : President, C. M. Honsberger, Jordan
Station. Vice-presidents, Joseph Tweedle,

bioney Creek ; A. Muir, Niagara Township ; A.
Railton, Fonthill. Secretary-treasurer, Carl E.
Fisher, St. Catharines. Executive committee —
F. Pay, W. C. McCalla, W. H. Bunting, St.
Catharines ; Robert Thompson, W. H. Lee,
Geo. A." Robertson, Alfred Griffin, Grantham ;
P. A. Goring, Major James Hiscott, Isaac Usher,
Niagara ; Thomas Berriman, Stamford ; E.
Morden, Niagara Falls South ; Win. M. Hen-
dershot, Thorold ; S. H. Rittenhouse, Jordan
Harbor ; Andrew Haynes, Camby Wismer,
Louth ; Rev. W. J. Andrews, S. M. Culp,
Beamsville ; A. H. Pettit, C. W. Vanduser,
Grimsby ; M. Pettit, J. W. Sniith, Egbert Smith,
Winona; Erland Lee, Stoney Creek.

A comprehensive and instructive report was
presented by Mr. Robert Thompson on the re-
sults of the investigations into the San Jose
scale. Most of this information has already
appeared in The Horticulturist. Mr. W. H.
Bunting, of St. Catharines, stated he thought
the experiments made bore out the results ob-
tained by tests of a similar nature carried on
in other parts of the continent. He stated that
the McBain mixture ha,s been used with good
results, but for smaller orchards he thought
lime and sulphur the more applicable.

On motion it was decided not to ask the gov-
ernment for further aid in supplying material
for experiments. This action was objected to
by Mr. Murray Pettit, of Winona, who pointed
out that the black rot of grapes is causing trou-
ble and that government assistance may prove
desii'able. Mr. Pettit moved in amendm.ent
that the government be requested to continue
its aid. This amendment brought out a lively
discussion, but was finally withdrawn and the
resolution to adopt the report carried. A com-
mittee of some of the most prominent growers
was appointed to interview the government and
request that assistance be granted in fighting
other blights which threatened the fruit crop
of the district.

A lively address on Cooperation was given by
Prof. Reynolds, of Guelph, who presented a re-
sume of the results of trial shipments of fruit
to the west. An account of tihese shipments
has already been presented in The Horticultur-
ist. In closing, Prof. Reynolds stated that
the obstacles to a trade with Manitoba and the
Northwest are :

First. Ontario fruits are not of good shipping
quality. Second, transportation is not satis-
factory. Third, markets are uncertain and
commission men and others who handle our
fruits do not always give satisfactory returns.

The various difficulties in the way of estab-
lisihing 'this business can be overcome for the
average fruit grower in no other way than by
cooperation. Cooperation will give the fruit
growers strength to deal with the railway com-

panies, to compel frorrt the latter proper regard
for their rights, and, furthermore, the added
business which would result from cooperation
would make it appear to the railways more and
more worth wlhile to give the matter of fruit
transportation the attention it will then deserve.
An organization will be able to grapple success-
fully with the problems of marketing, which it
is difficult, if not impossible, for the private
shipper to do. At the shipping point the co-
operative concern could take charge of the
selection of the packages, grading, packing and
sihipping of the fruit, thus relieving the indi-
vidual fruit grower from the necessity of at-
tending to these exacting details, and giving
him time to attend to his legitimate business of
producing prime fruit.

Should Take The Horticulturist.

The directors of the Lindsay Horticultural
Society offer to their members for IQO.'i the fol-
lowing advantages :

Each of the first 100 persons (only) who pay
the sum of $1 on giving in their name to the
secretary, will receive the following collection
of choice plants and bulbs for pot culture dur-
ing the winter : One azalea, two cyclamen, as-
sorted colors, three of the best hyacinths in as-
sorted colors, or one althea, one hibiscus and
one perennial larkspur, to be delivered in the
spring of 1905. The choice of any of the fol-
lowing journals free, is given : (a) The Cana-
dian Horticulturist, a 52-page illustrated
monthly, devoted to fruit, flowers and vege-
tables. This choice includes membership in
the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, and the
combined annual report of the Fruit Growers'
Association and the Entomological Society of
Ontario, a book worth to those interested in
fruits and flowers, more than the membership
fee. (b) The Mayflower, a bright, interesting-
journal devoted to fruit, flowers, birds and
other interesting subjects. (c) The Lindsay
Watchman-Warder for one year, containing the
news of the town and country, with articles in-
teresting to fruit growers and gardeners in
general. (d) Success with Flowers, a monthly
journal devoted to flower culture.

Work in Gn'msbv.

During the winter the Grimsby society aims
to have discussions on fruits and flowers,, the
meetings taking more of a literary character
than during the summer, when social sessions
are more in order. Members are taking deep
interest in flowers, gardens are becoming larger
and more beautiful every year, and greater
strides will yet be made stimulated by the in-
creased interest and enthusiasm evinced by the
members of the society. — (J.' W. Brennan,
Grimsby Hort'l Society.

Have Bought Barrels. — The Forest Fruit
Growers' and Forwarding Association has
bought the material for making apple barrels
for next season. The barrels will cost the as-
sociation 26% cents made up.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND THEIR WORK

At thf meeting of tlie delegalL-s fium horti-
oultural societies of Ontario, held in Toronto at
the time of the Fruit. Fh)\ver and Honey Show.
iiiterestinK descriptions wei'e given, by a nuni-
l)cr of the delegate.s-. of the lines of woi-k beins
(■allied on l)y Iheii- societies.

The secretary of the Hamilton soiiety, Mr. J.
.\1. Dickson, reported that hi.s society made a
distribution of aster seeds to over 3,000 school
children, with very satisfactory results. At a
Mower show held in September the flowers
brought in by the children were immerous and
beautiful, some very fine specimens of Msters
heing exhibited. During 1903 the work of im-
IMoving lawns, grounds around houses, parks,
etc.. was undertaken, and in 1904 t^he competi-
tion was more keen than ever. In this work
the Hamilton society has been especially suc-
cessful. Pi'izes were offered for best kept
lawns, i-ockeiies, hanging baskets, window
boxes, general improvement, and for keeping
places clean. The result has been that where
formerly in Hamilton one used to stop and ad-
mire a beauty spot of this kind, he now stop?
and gazes with astonishment at a neglected cor-
ner oi- nook. The fact that the streets and
walks in the city have aM or nearly all been
Iiaved during the past few years has helped
greatly to improve the looks of the grounds,
and it has left places between streets and
houses, where grass or flowers have been
[ilanted.

The Work in Cobourg.

The Cobourg society was represented by
Major A. J. Snelgrove, who reported that three
years ago his so<*iety adopted the plan of giving
seeds to their members, with very satisfactory
results. These seeds were distributed early in
the spring. The best aster seeds procurable
were obtained and given to the children of both
public and separate schools. Instructions were
.given to the teachers asking them to see that
the scholars were shown how to plant and care
for the seeds and plants. Prizes were offered
for the best specimens of flowers from these
seeds. These flowers were exhibited in Sep-
tember and furnished one of the finest flower
shows ever held in Coburg.

The prizes consisted of small sums of money,
bulbs, seeds and potted plants. This plan of
giving seeds and then offering prizes for the
flowers grown does really more for the
childreiv in the line of Nature work than most
other lines of work. The Coburg society is
anxious to promote a civic spirit for the de-
velopment of the i)ublic beauty of the town and
is succeeding.

Toronto Horticulturists.
The president of the Toronto Horticultural
society, Mr. Edward Tyrrell, gave a few re-
marks concerning his society. No premiums
or seeds were given to members last year.
Meetings are held every month at which
plants in bloom are shown. Certain kinds of

plants are allotted so many points of merit.
Judges determine how many points each plant
has earned. These points are recorded and
every point is worth ten cents to the owner of
the plant. Some plants score as high as twenty
points, others but ten and below. Every one
bringing a plant to the meeting has an interest
in the meeting and a prize is given appropriate
to the value of his plant.

This plan makes it an incentive to the mem-
bers to strive for the best they can obtain, and

P. U KEYES, OTTAWA.

Much of the success of the
Ottawa Ho' licultural Suci-
ety, piiticul rly during the
past year h s been due to
the efforts of the pr sident.
Mr. P G. Keyes, who tias
1 een a member of i he So-
ciety since its ■ ryani/atjon,
>i.\tcpn years ago. Mr.
Keyes holds an important
l«j>iiiun in the D purtnient
f the Int>rior. His spec-
ialty in horticultural lines is
gr..pe culture. For \ e rs
he has taken the first win-
nings ai ihc Central C an-
.ida Exhibition in the grape
sections. The cold riimate
of Eastern ' nia io has not
prevented Mr. Keyes mak-
ing a success of liis yra| es,
and in this resptct his wjH-
ninjis have been most re-
markable.

has been found to result in much good and to
keep up the interest which otherwise is
found to lag at certain seasons of the year. The
society has 114 members and is in a prosperous
condition.

What Deseronto Horticulturists Have Done.

The first j'ear of its organization, the Deser-
onto Horticultural Society followed out the re-
quirements of the Agriculture and Arts Act.
The board of directors chose plants which were
given to members. This plan, the president
Mr. McClew, reported caused much dissatisfac-
tion. Some members wanted bulbs, some
plants and some seeds. Each member is now
allowed to choose any plant or bulb, as shown
in a selected florists* or seedsmens' catalogue,
up to a certain price, both for spring and fall
distribution. This year the amount stipulated
was $1.35 for each member.

The first year the Deseronto society was or-
ganized, a flower show was held, and this fea-
ture has ibeen continued every year since, with
most successful results. Not only have the
members been interested, but the town haa
been improved. Prizes have been given for
the best kept grounds, which have added to the
interest among members.

Guelph Horticulturists Are Active.

The Guelph society has followed the same
lines of work as many other societies in the

4^

WITH THE SOCIETIES.

43

giving of seeds, plants, bulbs, etc., to members
and school children. One mistake was found
to be a detriment to good results, and that was
in not obtaining the cooperation of the teachers
when giving plants and seeds to the children.
Both ways w.ere tried by this society, and the
added interest of the teachers adds much to the
good results obtained.

This year 400 packages of aster seeds were
distributed through the teachers to the chil-
dren, and when the exhibition of the flowers
was held in the fall the teachers, with their
classes, were there with 373 entries frum the
400 packages of seeds distributed. Nearly
every child that took seeds brougiht something
in letuin. Prizes consisting of hyacinths' and
narcissus Ijulbs, tulips, etc., were graded ac-
cording to the value of the specimens. For
the culture of the asters, little two-page pamph-
lets with cultural directions were distributed
Four bulletins were issued by the .society dur-
ing the year. Aside from the distribution to
the schools, bulbs for fall planting were given
away, as well as plants for spring plantiner.
These latter consisted of sweet peas and rose
bushes. Members take a deep interest in the
specimens they secure and competition is keen
as to who shall grow the finest. Eight meet'
ings were held, at four of which speakers from
all over the province spoke.

The Delegates Present.

Among the delegates at the convention were
noted the following : Messr.s. W. M. Robsnn.
Lindsay ; C. W. Schierholtz, Elmira ; Major

Since 1898 Mr. J. F.Wat-
son has acted as secretary
of the Ottawa Horticuhural
S ciety, giving much of his
time and energy to the
work and impi-ovement of
the society. As the
socit-ty has grown rapidly,
the duties of secretary have
inc eased i proportion, but
Mr. Watson has always
hren equal lo the situation
His efforts have been duly
appreciated, as is shown by
the fact that he has been
duly re-elected for six suc-
■essive year> ' or eleven
years he ha.-. Ijeen employ, d
in the hoitirultural division
of the Experimental Farm,
and for five years was
superintendent of horticul-
ture at the Centril Canada
Exhibiiion. There is no
more popular or h.ard work-
ing officer connected with
the Ottawa Horticultural
.Society.

J. F. WATSON, OTTAWA.

Snelgrove, Coburg : D. McClew. Deseronto :
John Cape, Hamilton ; A. K. Goodman, Oayuga:
J. Cavers, OaKville : Jas. J. Hcarff. Woodstock :
R. B. Whyte, Ottawa ; W. T. Macoun, Ottawa ;
H. L. Hutt, Gueiph ; Allan Cameron. Owen
Sound ; J. W. Brennan, Grimsby ; Edward Tyr-
rell, Toronto : Miss J. S. Campbell and Miss J.
Douglas, St. Catharines ; David Rife and Ed-
ward Gurney, Hespeler : .J. Evans, Randolph :

G. M. Hill, Fruitland ; Alex. T. Armstrong,
Millbrook ; John McLaren, Orangeville ; J. O.
McCulloch and J. M. Dickson, Hamilton ; Jas.
Symington, Port Dover ; Allan McNeillage,
Eberts ; E. E. Adams, Leamington ; John Aikin,
Sarnia ; C. Firth, Durham ; S. E. Wedden and
W. C. Reid, Belleville ; Robert Hamilton, Gren-
ville, Que. : J. C. Chapais, St. Denis, Que. ;
Roderick Cameron, Niagara Falls, and H. H.
Groff. Simcoe.

Ottawa a Progressive Example

It has already been made known through The
Horticulturist, the good work being done by the
Ottawa Horticultural Society. Monthly meet-
ings are held throughout the year. Lectures
are given at each of these meetings by capable
speakers. During the past two years bulletins
have been issued, the one this year on Bulbs
receiving general commendation. The society
considers it a wise plan to give plants and
seeds, and then ask the members for their ex-
perience with the same. Cannas, geraniums
and perennials are usually given and the money
is considered well spent."

Some inducement must be offered to the
greater mass of people in general to have them
take an interest in the matter. It costs the
Ottawa society about $3 a year per niember for
the plants, etc., given them. The society has
246 members, which large number is partially
accounted tor by the giving away of- these
plants every year. The society starts work
for 1905 with a balance in the treasury of $28,
and considers itself stronger and better than
ever before since organization. Much good
has been done the city of Ottawa by its horti-
cultural society. The standard of flowers, and
all pertaining to horticulture has been raised,
and the people taught to look on them as a
necessity rather than a luxury. At the exhibi-
tion lield this year there were 9-00 entries.

notice to Subscribers

Several thuusand readers uf The Canadian
Horticulturist are members of horticultural
societies. The subscriptions of these readers
expired with the December issue and they have
been sent copies of the January issue in the
hope that they will continue to be members
throughout 1905. Members of societies who
desire to receive The Horticulturist regularly
should renew their membership in their local
horticultural societies immediately as other-
wise their subscriptions will be discontinued
with the February issue. The Horticulturist
has been greatly improved during the past year
and will be further improved this year. The
management hopes that all its readers will con-
tinue as regular subscribers during 190.".

44

THE CANADIAN HGRTICULTUR1S2

New Work for Fruit Experimenters

At a meeting of the Board of Control of the
Fruit Experiment Stations held recently at
Guelph, several very important decisions were
arrived at which, it is hoped, will lead to even
more valuable reports being received from tha
stations than in the past. As a result of the
disasters which again overtook the peaoh grow-
ers in Essex, due to the extreme winter, th-e
Board decided that something should be done
at once to assist those who desired to replant.

It was felt that the use of cover crops should
be encouraged, and their effect on freezing of
the soil, ripening of wood growth, etc., thor-
oughly tested. With this object in view five

acres at the Essex Experiment Station, on the
farm of Mr. W. W. Hillborn, will be set out this
spring with about ten of the best varieties of
peaches for that district in lots of 100 of each
variety. Extensive experiments will be car-
ried out to find the value of the hairy vetch,
crimson and red clover, rye, etc., as cover crops.
An additional test as to hardiness of plum
roots for peach trees will be carried on by hav-
ing ten trees of each variety budded to plum
stock.

The Essex district is one of the best fruit
sections of Ontario and it is hoped that some
definite results may follow these experiments
at Mr. Hillborn's. The peach industry there
received a decided set back by last winter's

"Canadian Plants for Canadian People"

Our complete soringf catalogue of Plants, Shrubs, Seeds,
Ere, will be out in March. Be sure that you get a copy.

THE WEBSTER FLORAL COMPANY, LIMITED

HAMILTON,

CANADA

(SUCCESSORS TO WEBSTER BROS. I

CT7B0PEAN LARCH.

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Finest Stock of Apple Trees on Earth.

WINONA, ONT.

Salesmen Wanted.

TEN DOLLARS for the person who buys Goorls to the Greatest Value from Advertisers in this Issue.

See Notice in Advertising Columns.

FRUIT WORK IN ONTARIO.

45

freeze, and the Board could not make a better
move than they are thus doing through this sta-
tion to re-establish the confidence of the grow-
ers.

It has been felt that the stations have carried
on tests of several of our most important fruits
for a sufficient length of time (over 10 years in
most cases) to be able to speak with authority
for their several districts. Last year, as a re-
sult of these tests, a partial list was prepared
and published in the annual report showing the
most valuable varieties of apples for Ontario.
All of the stations will now be supplied with a
compete set of these recommended varieties and
many of the poor varieties will be destroyed or
top-grafted as being unworthy of further test.
While the stations will still specialize as in the
past, it is hoped that each experimenter will
have a small collection of the standard varie-
ties of each fruit as recommended by the
Board, so as to know from experience their
adaptability in his own district.

WILL, TEST FRUIT IN NEW ONTARIO.

The Board is arranging to send several farm-
ers in the Temiscamingue and New Liskearn
districts a collection of small fruits and some
of the hardier trees for trial. The conditions
of soil and climate in these new and promising
sections of Ontario have been found to be so
varied it was thought better to conduct experi-
ments in several portions of the country till
more definite information as to the existing
agricultural conditions can be obtained. From
specimens of fruit, both wild and cultivated,
which have been grown there, .ae Department
of Agriculture hopes that many of our hardier
varieties of tree fruits, and most of the small
fruits, will be found to succeed with proper care.

During 1905 two exhibits will be made, one at
the Canadian National Exhibition in Septem-
ber, and the other at the Provincial Fruit,
Flower and Honey Show in November. The
former will be largely shown in commercial
packages and should be an object lesson not
only to the fruit grower, but also to the con-
sumer. An interesting collection of injurious
insects and fungi will also be shown in connec-
tion with both exhibitions.

Nova Scotia Fruit Growers Are N\ide Awake

(Continued frum page 7.)

An interesting discussion was led by Mr. W.
H. Woodsworth, of Berwick, on " Conservation
of Soil Moisture." Questions were asked and
answered by Messrs. McNeill and Fletcher.
Considerable attention was given to root kill-
ing, and many different opinions were ex-
pre.ssed. " The London Markets," was the
subject of an interesting paper by Mr. Freeman
Fitch. His report was a brief but comprehen-
sive one, showing the advantages and disad-
vantages of the fruit growers in the London
market, with its wonderful amount of business.
The proper insurance of shipments was dis-
cussed and many questions asked were an-
swered by Mr. Fitch.

An address by Captain C. O. Allan, on Marine
Insurance, proved valuable. Information was

AsK TTO^xT Grocer Tor

^ng

Tie

Best for Table Use.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Parks, Cemeteries, Public aud Private
Pleasure Grounds made by

Chas. Ernest Woolverton, Landscape Gardener

GRIMSBY

Drawings made to a scale, so that any ga-denfrcan carry
them out. Coiresponfience solicited.

FRUIT GROWERS and FARRIERS

The Southern Fruit Grower is he liest. ino~t
pniciical fruit paper to read 2i to 10 i)ages every
month .jUc a year. Send lUc and 10 names of fruit
growers and tiet I he paper ti mos. on trial. Sample
free. Southern Frut Growar, B:x 10. Chattanooga, Tenn

MAROHMENT'S
SURE GROWTH COMPOST

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by Cit or boat, at reasonable prices.

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105 Victoria Street
TORONTO

Established 1872.

FLOWER POTS

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MAY bE HAD FROM

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Davisville P.O., Ont.
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circulars, testimonials, terms to agents and free sample.
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AMERICAN TREE PAINT CO.

FREEMANSBURG. PA.

Dept. 10.

A Hanilsome Calendar will be Given Free to a'l Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

46

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

fjiven about the shipment uf apples by the
steamer Loyalist, in which Nova Scotia growers
had shipped 20,000 barrels of apples (the F'ur-
ness. Withy line) and which were lost. The
insurance on the apples was paid and the com-
pany proved equal to the best on the continent.
Many were interested in listening to Mr. R.
W. Starr, who spoke on "Impressions of On-
tario Fruit ami Fruit Growers." The speaker
when in Ontario found Ontario apples were well
colored and learned that this was on account of
their being left on the trees as long as possihtc
before frost came.

A DOMINION ASSoe'IATloX.

References were made to packing fruit by A.
McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Division at Ottawa.
Regarding the formation .of a Maritime Fruit
Growers' As.sociation, Mr. McNeill thought it
advisable to have a Dominion Association in
order to give fruit growers more influence witli
the government.

Spraying was discussed by Dr. Fletcher, of
the Kxperimental Farm. Ottawa. Discussions
followed, in which Mr. McNeill, Dr. Fletcher,
G. H. Vroom and others participated. The
concensus of opinion was that spraying done in
a thorough manner either once, twice or three
times during the year, to suit local conditions,
brought the best results.

At one of the evening sessions. Secretary of
Agriculture. Mr. B. W. Chipman. traced the de-
velopment of fruit growing in Nova Scotia dur-
ing the past 50 years. Last year the superin-
tendent of agriculture sent fruit to the Crystal
Palace exhibit at London which received the
.highest praise. The exhibit of 82 varietiesj grown
on one farm in King's county, was an eye
opener to the English people. Nova Scotia
holds first place among all apples from abroad.
The speaker ti-aced the increase in the value of
apples from 1867 to the present time. The fruit
growers of Nova Scotia feel greatly encouraged
as a rpsult of the convention.

Advertisers Read This. — I see very few adver-
tisements in The Horticulturist along the line
of fruit growers' seasonable wants, such as
fruit baskets, fruit boxes, barrel staves, hoops
and headings, and where they are made, un-
leached wood ashes, fence posts, and many
other things fruit growers need. There is no
time in the busy season for us to purchase these
articles, and we would like to order them at this
season in advance. I would also like to draw^
attention to the reports circulated during the
months of July and August last by foreign deal-
ers as to the probable large yield of apples for
export and the actual results in comparison to
other years. — (A. H., Grimsby. Ont.

I am very well pleased with The Canadian
Horticulturist. It handles the subjects I am
interested in. — (H. Rutherford. Long Island.
N. Y.

The December number of The Canadian
Horticulturist is by far the best number that
has ever been issued. — (J. Cavers, Oakville, Ont.

THE WAGGONER LADDER

(Juality of Fruit dependB largely on proper prim-
ing. To do this, Y' n rKjuire one of our Extension
Ladders. Look for our advertisement on cover of
February and March issues of tliis .Journal or send
tor free circulars aud prices.

The WAGGONER LADDER CO., Limited
LONDON, ONT.

F RUIT GROWERS and FARni[£R&

Tin- Sotitlit-rii I'riiiC (iro\i<Tis he I i-st. most
|iiaci ii' • 1 fruil ii.iper lo read .'4 lo 41) paijes every
iiioiilti )l)c :i year. Send Mic .md Id n.iiiii-^ lA fniil
(jrower.s anil iret 1 he I'i'i"''' l> iiios. <pn Iriai. Sample
free. Southern Fruit Grower, Box io . Chattanooga Tenn.

CRAZE & GOODWIN
Fruit Brokers

HANCHESTER

Shippers of Apples to England are invited

to correspond with us.
Central Market for nearly Seven riillion

people. Consignments accepted tor all

English ports.
Highest Refet^ences.
Cablegrams, " Campania, Manchester."

Practice with Science

DO NOT

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BEFORE HAVING
COMMUNICATED WITH

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CANADIAN FRUIT IN LONDON.

47

A crop that pays may not
])av as well as it should.

Potash

i\ ;i plant i'lxid wliicli all crops must liave.
WitlKJiit sufficient Potash to feed upon
i:o croi) can reach that
point wlicre it pays In-s/ . ^^^

Experiments have de-
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of I'otasli.

We will send free,
to any farmer who
will write for it. a
li tie book that, will
gise facts in fii

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'^° Salesmen Wanted.

-jlM<*£* If you want to eet the ^}Ak
ffitfS^f biggest raurna for /MTSffi
^ifSl& you labor an 1 ^if^M^
lflSf|Kf> your ground, irmftf^gi
iS^h'i^t' you cant ulloid vSiMVltffi
IJWC^/^ to plant unylbrng but *4>Cfi^

FBRRYi

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tree on request

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WINDSOR, ONT

TEN l>i>l^L,Al4S for the person who ou,

Canadian Fruit at the London Fall Exhibitions

The Canadian fruit was a prominent feature
of the Dominion Government exhibits at the
Confectioners', Bakers' and Allied Traders', the
Grocers' and Allied Traders', and the Dairy Ex-
hibitions, all held at the Royal Agricultural
Hall, Isling-ton, "N., London, England, last fall.

The fruit exhibit consisted of all the early^
autumn apples. Yellow Transparent, Red As-
trachan, Charlottenthaler, Early Harvest, Broclt-
ville Beauty, St. Lawreniie,' Alexander, Wolf
River, Antmann. Duchess, Wealthy, Switzer,
Gravenstein, Early Joe, etc., and plums, pears,
peaches and grapes, and the far famed Mont-
real Nutmeg melon.

Besides these natural fruits there was a large
collection of fruit put up in fancy jars, in'
antiseptic fluids. These comprised all the,
small fruits, strawberries, gooseberries, cur-
rants, cherries, etc., with plums, peaches,'
pears, apples, grapes and tomatoes.

The manner in which this display was made
was a great credit to Canada and resulted in a
verj' large number of specific inquiries as to
where these fruits could be procured, either
from agents in Britain or from the exporters in
Canada. The officials in charge gave all infor-
mation possible, explaining the manner in which
goods were packed, dwelling particularly on the
advantages of the 40-pound box for extra choice
apples, and explaining that all Canadian
peaches, pears and grapes are grown in the
open air, a fact not generally realized or appre-
ciated in Great Britain.

A GIFT OF $10.00

Will v^e civen the reader who huvs goods
to the gr- a'est value on or before Feb.
15ih, 1905 from t) e adverrisers in this
mntli's issue of The Horticulturist. - - -

Readers must notify «fl vertisers that they saw their
Hdvertisemeiit in this paper.

When applxiog^ for the $io bonus, they must
inform this office <•£ the name or nanes of the
advertisers th- y dealt with, ai d the value of the
goods they purchased from each.

Ap])liration f'>r this boniT; mu-t he made to this
office oil or before Feb. 18th, 1905.

Ad Iress,

ADVERTISING MANAGER,
The Canadian Horticulturist, TORONTO, ONT.

SPRAY

for scale with the Wallace Spray-
ers. No expense foi ]iower

WALL CE M CHY CO . CH4IVPA CN, III.

Froiit Grower's

AND FARMERS

Thousands of the best friit growers and farmer.s
read th3 Southern Fruit Grower because they
find it the most hjlpful fruit ))aper i)ublished. Con-
tuns 21 to 40 p;i2Cs of valuable fruit and fanning
inforiKUion every month. 5(ic a year. Send )Ut;
and ly I' >nios of fruit, growers and get it 0 months
on i "-i''! Sitn'ii" fr'-e.

THE SOUTHER 1 FRUITGROWER. Box io. Chattanooga, Tenn.
Goods at the Greatest Value from Advertisers in this Issue*

See Notice in Advertising Column.

Simmers'

Illustrated

Seed

Catalogue

For 1905.

Unlike any other work
of its kind. Not only
tells what are the best
Flower 5eeds, Bulbs,
Small Fruits, Garden
and Farm Seeds, but
tells plainly how to get
the best results in the
growing, whether you
plant for pleasure or
profit, ilany new feat=
ures this year. It's free.

Address,

J.A.Simmcrs

Toronto, Ont.

MEXICAN PLANTS and SEEDS

W. liuve tlic largest and lineet stock in Mexico
of ORCHIDS, CACTI, AGAVES, Ktc.

Just issued o'lr Beaitifull Illustrated and Descriptive
Caltural Catalogue; end lOcentB in postage stamps fur it.
*••; Price Ijist Free.

J. BALiME & CO.. Horticulturists, Mexico City.

NOR I HERN GROWN TREIS

.\pple, Pear. Plum, Cherry, Peach, Nut and Ornamental Trees.

Small Frujis, Roses, Shrubs, cheap.

Mammoth Prolific Dewberry a Specialty.
Send for Free CaLilogue. It tells the whole story.

J. H WISMER, Nurseryman, ''S^.^^fJ'

DOMINION NURSERIES

(ESTABLISHED IN 1860.)

THE SMITH & REED CO.

PROPS.

ST. CATHARINES, ONT.

Those desirous of purchasing NURSERY STOCK

send for 1905 Catalogue — Just published.

We cata-
logue this
season the
earliest mar-
ket potato
ever produced
in the Uuitcd
States.

GREGORY'S SEEDS

We lalaluKUt' a iihu- driunlieail rablia^ie

which in the triivi-r'niicnt test sui passed all

varieties found in th s Comitry and Kurope.

Catalosiue ft ce.

J. J. H. GREGORY & SON, Marblehead, Mass.

FLOWER POTS

Strong ^
Durable

%Be:st MAOt

FOSTER'S

STpDARt'
/POT

Porous
and

Light HiiiiHf Cheap

THE FOSTER POTTERY OO.

HAMILTON, ONT.
Write for Price List and Catalogue.
A Handsome Calendar will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers*

8^'

I

^^ The ^

most careful farmers

and gardeners everywhere

place confidence iu Ferry's

Seeds— the kind that never fall

^

have been the standard for 49 yeara.

They are not an ex|>i'rirnent.

Bold liy all dealers. 1<J05 Seed

Animal /ree for tae asking.

). M. FERRY £t CO.

WINDSOR, ONT.

ra. ^^

AalC yotir Grocer for

Absolutely Pure

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Parks, Cemeteries, Public and Private
Pleasure Grounds made by

Chas. Ernest Woolverton, Landscape Gardener

GRIMSBY

Drawings made to a scale, so that any ga'denircan carry
them out. Correspondence solicited.

The Island View Strawberry Plant Nurseries

CHOICE selected stock grown under the most modern methods of intensive cultivation
on moderately rich soil, together with the selection of the parent plants being chosen
" not indiscriminately " but with that marked vascular ability to produce good crops of
large fruit, has enabled me to grow a moderate quantity of the Newer Varieties and a
fairly good supply of the "Older Standards" suitable for the amateur and the exacting com-
mercial grower who is willing to pay slightly in advance for such stock.

A postal card, name and address plainlj' written, brings catalogue.

CHAS. H. SNOW. Plant Specialist - Cummings Bridge, Ont.

PRACTICE WITH Science

ARNOTT'S
COMPLETE CHEMICAL MANURES

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UNDER THE SUPERVISION OP CHEMICAL EXPERTS BY

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BUSINESS FOUNDED IN 1853.

Books and Particulars Free on
Application.

CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

CONTENTS FOR FEBRUARY

Fruit Growers' Association of P. E. Island [illustration) . . .Frontispiece

Wood A^hes Are a Valuable Fertilizer 53

Black Knot on Plums 54

The Ontario Fruit Fxperiment Stations 55

Will Fncourag-e Cooperaiive Associations 5S

A Canadian Institution To Be Proud Of {illustrated) 59

Fruit Growing in Hriiish Columbia 62

The Manuring- ot Fruit Trees 63

The Time to Apply the V\'ash 64

Pedigreed Strawberry Plants . 65

Black Rot of Grapes 66

Grape Fertilizers 67

Pruning Currant Bushes (illustrated ) 68

Varieties of Strawberries 6g

Disease Among Lilies 70

Fertilizers in the Greenhouse 71

The Red Oak as a Shade Tree ( illustrated) • 72

House Plants in the Winter 73

Flower and Plant Lore ( I'lustrated) 74

Chrysanthemums in the Garden 75

Mild, w on Lettuce 76

The Manuring of Market Garden Crops 78

Forcing Lettuce 7c)

Forcing Tomatoes 80

Fertilizers Benefit the Crops 81

Growing Earls Cauliflowers 81

EditO' ials 82

Selling- Fruit in (ireat Britain on Commission 84

Packing Apples in Boxes For Export 84

The .Annual Meetings of Horticultural Societies 86

*^>fV^'f^iV^'^^(V^'f^^

J^

^^

ff^

sTnP

'J

^

£g7

Si

sTsf

5^

sTnP

THE OLD YEAR GONE

It seems but j'esterdaj', so free from care,

I watched the June-enchanted fern hills wave,

Green as the billows which the deep seas bear :
Bird, leaf and brooklet greeting everywhere

The glory of the breaking summer day.

But, thou art gone I and we have but the same

Stern law of earthly life. Joys vanish fast;
Then sorrow comes, with more enduring flame,

Till o'er life's bridal robes death's pall is cast
The heart must wait if it would taste at last

Once more the rapture of the days long dead
Life is so full of storms, and deserts vast,

The heart nmst bleed ere it is comforted ;
The feet must falter ere they leach the door

Which shuts on grief to never open more.

But thou, I know, will come again to me,

Fair Summer, with thy laughter and thj- song :
Then 'neath thy smile shall joy more perfect be.

Because for thee my heart has waited long.
Grief now maj' fill mj' heart, but hope is strong,

And it shall bloom to joy wher. thou dost come.
Then let the cold winds rave, my thoughts belong

To thee alone ; to them my soul is dumb.
Awake, or when by sleep's sweet sense possessed,

The thought of thee to come shall be my guest.

T. H. RACE.

5 5^

lie (anadian "Horticdltdrist

v_

FEBRUARY, 1905

Volume XXVIII

Number 2

WOOD ASHES ARE A VALUABLE FERTILIZER

J'ROF. R. HARCOURT, O. A. C, GUICIJMl, ONT.

WHEX properly applied wood ashes
are of great value for increasing
both the quantity and (piality of the various
crops of the farm and garden. Yet, im-
mense quantities of this valuable fertilizer
are exported annually from this province.
Returns from the Department of Customs,
Ottawa, show that during the last calendar
year $43,392 worth of ashes were exported
from Ontario.

These ashes were probably bought from
their original owners for not more than five
cents per bushel, when, at the lowest calcu-
lation, figuring their value at the market
price of the potash and phosphoric acid con-
tained in them, thev would be worth fully
five or six times that. In addition to this,
in the aggregate, tons and tons of ashes are
allowed to go to waste through being ex-
posed to the rains.

The three substances specially required
by plants to induce a healthy ana vigorous
growth are : potash, phosphoric acid, and
nitrogen. All three substances have their
own particular j^art to perform in the de-
velopment of the plant, and neither one can
take the place of tne other.

Nitrogen as a plant food appears to in-
fluence more especially the formation of
stems, leaves, roots, etc., or, in other words,
the growth of the framework oi the plant.
Potash is necessary for the formation of the

woody parts of stems and the pulp of fruits,
and is apparently essential to the formation
of sugar and starch. The flavor and color
of fruits is also credited to potash. Phos-
phoric acid influences more particularly the
maturity cjf plants, and the production of
seed or grain.

The natural plant food of the soil comes
from many sources, but chiefly from decay-
ing vegetable matter and the weathering of
the mineral matter of the soil. Both these
processes are somewhat slow, except under
favorable conditions, and both supply pot-
ash and phosphoric acid, but only the for-
mer supplies nitrogen. Comparatively re-
cently it has been learned that by the
growth of certain crops the immense sup-
ply of nitrogen in the atmosphere may be
drawn on to replace that taken out of the
soil by plants, consequently it is only for
special crops and under special conditions
that nitrogen need be applied to the soil
other than as farm yard manure.

In the case of potash and phosphoric acid
it is somewhat different. The supply will
depend on the nature of the rock from
which the soil was formed and on the
amount of these constituents returned in the
form of manure. Clay soils usually con-
tain large quantities of these ash constitu-
ents, the availability of which will depend
largely on cultivation, drainage, etc. On

53

5-4

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIS2 .

the other haiul, saii(l\ and loam}- soils are
nearly always deficient in potash, and those
naturally rich in organic matter, such as
svvanip soils, also contain little potash.

SOir.S WJIICII NEED POTASH.

These latter types of soils are those on
which market garden and fruit crops are
generally grown, crops which are particu-
larly in need of potash, and, as the yield is
limited by the constituent of plant food
present in smallest quantity, these soils, es-
pecially for the kind of crops mentioned,
are in need of potash. Further, the quality
of the crop, as measured by appearance and
palatibility. is affected not only by the na-
ture of the soil, but by the crop being able
to obtain from the soil a proper balance of
the essential constituents of plant food- and
in sufficient quantities to permit of a con-
tinuous and rapid development.

Wood ashes are one of our natural sources
of potash. Clean fresh burned ashes will
contain 6 to 35 per cent, of potash, depend-
ing on the kind of wood from which they

were obtained. They also contain one to
two ])er cent, of phosphoric acid, and about
35 per cent, of lime. Further, the potash
is all soluble in water and, therefore, im-
mediately available to plants.

Thousands of acres of land in Ontario
are deficient in potash and many of the
crops of the farm, especially vegetables and
fruits, are in particular need of potash. It
seems too bad that wood ashes, which con-
tain such large quantities of potash, and
that in the very best form for plants, should
be so extensively shipped out of the country.

If some people will continue to sell ashes,
let them be advertised in Ontario so that
they may be bought by those who know
their value, and thus save us the humilia-
tion of having Canada wood ashes adver-
tised for sale throughout the Eastern States
of the American Republic, and at the same
time keep that at home which we need for
good crop production, and which we are
now beginning to bring back into the coun-
try in other forms.

BLACK KNOT ON PLUMS

PROF. F. C. SEARS. \\ OLFVILLE, N. S.

\\/K have conclusively proved that
V V black knot can be controlled, even
in the midst of infected orchards, by spray-
ing the trees, cuttting out the knots and
burning them. In that part of the experi-
mental orchard which we have had only two
years, there were, at the time we leased it,
about 40 old plum trees that were so thor-
oughly infested with knot that it seemed the
wisest course to root them out and burn
them.

Instead of doing so we cut them back so
as to reinove all the knots. In removing a
knot we cut at least six inches below it so
as to remove every trace of the disease.
We then gathered up and burned all the
trimmings. During that summer the or-
chard was sprayed three times with Bor-

deaux mixture, and in the fall the knots
were again removed and burned. The
trees had made a vigorous growth after
their severe pruning, and there were few-
knots compared with the year before.

The next sunmier we decided to remove
the knots as soon as they appeared, and
with this object we went through the or-
chard twice, once in July and once in
August, and cut out the knots. We did
this regardless of the fruit on the trees, as
our object \vas to stamp out the disease
without considering how much fruit we had
to sacrifice. We found that by taking the
knots at this stage when they were soft it
was often possible to pare off a knot instead
of cutting away the entire branch on which
it grew.

THE ONTARIO FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR, PROF. H. L. HUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH.

''I'>HK past year was one of the most try-
A ing that Ontario fruit growers have
experienced in a long time. The extreme
severity of the winter of 1903-4 caused the
loss of at least one-third of the fruit trees
of the province. This loss was not con-
fined to any particular section, but was
more or less general throughout Ontario.
On the whole, the Niagara district suffered
less than most others, the injury being con-
fined mostly to the loss of fruit-buds. In
the Essex district hundreds of acres of
peach orchards were destroyed, while plums,
cherries, and even apples, were more or less
seriously injured.

In northern and central Ontario more
than half of the plum and pear trees were
winter killed, and many varieties of apples
proved too tender. In eastern Ontario
apples are the principal tree fruits grown,
and the most of these are of the hardier
varieties, but in many cases even the so-
called hardy varieties were winter killed,
particularly where the trees had born heav-
ily the previous season. This fact was evi-
dent in all sections ; that those trees which
were over-loaded in 1903 and consequently
were somewhat weakened by the heavy
drain upon the vitality of the tree, suffered
most severely from the severity of the win-
ter. An excellent example of this was af-
forded in the orchard of Harold Jones,
Maitland, where a dozen or more of his
Fameuse trees most heavily loaded in 1903
died in 1 904, and one tree, which bore heav-
ily on one side only, is dead upon that side,
and so far quite healthy on the other.

On account of the great loss of trees
throughout the country there will neces-
sarily be an extra lot of replanting to Jo
next spring. For this reason I have made
it a point to get from each of the experi-
menters a carefully prepared list of the

varieties of the different kinds of fruit he
would recommend for planting in his sec-
tion. These lists, coming as they do from
men of wide experience in fruit growing,
are of particular value to intending planters.

THE SOUTHWESTERN STATION.

This station, which is in charge of Mr.
W. W. Hilborn, of Leamington, is in the
centre of what has been regarded as the
finest peach section in Ontario. Many
growers had gone so extensively into peach
culture tliat they had 50 to 100 acres of
peach trees in bearing. The first great set
back came with the severe winter of 1898
and 1899, when 90 per cent, of the trees
were winter killed. Mr. Hilborn at that
time had 100 acres of peach trees just nicely
bearing, but lost all but four or five acres.
Since then he had been replanting till he had
about 80 acres in trees. Last winter, how-
ever, killed out nearly every peach tree on
his place, and I heard it stated that there
was probably not ten acres of healthy peach
orchard left in all of that district. Mr. Hil-
born is not discouraged, however, but would
like to plant again a small orchard of the
leading varieties for experimental work.

The following is a list of the varieties of
peaches, plums and cherries whicn Mr. Hil-
born recommends for planting in his sec-
tion :

Peaches: Alexander, Yellow St. John,
Brigden, Early Crawford, Fitzgerald, New
Prolific, Engol Mammoth, Elberta, Crosby,
Kalamazoo, Golden Drop, Banner, and
Smock.

Plums: Burbank, Satsuma, Bradshaw,
Lombard, Monarch, Imperial Gage, and
Reine Claude.

Cherries: Napoleon Bigarreau, Mer-
cer, Schmidt's Bigarreau, Yellow Spanish,
Windsor, Montmorency, and Early Rich-
mond.

* This report was presented to the Board of Control of the Fruit Experiment Stations at the time of the Provincial Fruit Flower and
Honey Show.

55

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Since Mr. Ililhorn lias liad to turn his at
tion to something else than peaches, he has
gone largely into the growing of early vege-
tables, such as cabbage, cucumbers, toma-
toes and melons. He says his tomatoes
last year paid better than peaches ever did.

Till'; WICNTWORTII STATION.

The fruit to which special attention is be-
ing given at this station by Mr. Murray,
Pettit, of Winona, the experimenter, is
grapes, of which he has about 25 acres, in-
cluding 146 varieties.

The vines set their usual heavy crop, but
on account of the cold backward season the
fruit was very late in ripening, hardly any
of it being fit for display at the time of the
Toronto exhibition. Many of the late
varieties, in fact, did not ripen at all. The
brown and black rot of the grape were much
worse last year than ever before in Ontario.
In many vineyards, particularly of the
Roger varieties, the crop was more than half
spoiled. It is important that grape grow-
ers should know that both of these forms of
rot can be kept in check by thorough spray-
ing with the Bordeaux mixture. If the
disease gets a good foot-hold in this coun-
try, as it has in many of the grape growing-
sections of the United States, it will be im-
possibH after a time to get a crop of grapes
without thorough spraying.

The results of Mr. Pettit's variety tests
are already valuable, for tney show plainly
that but very few of many varieties adver-
tised are of value in this country. From
among the large number tested the follow-
ing are recommended as a few of the best :
Black — Concord, Worden, W^ilder, and
Campbell's Early. Red — Lindsey, Dela-
ware, Agawam, and Catawba. White —
Niagara and Aloore's Diamond.

In addition to his vineyard Mr. Pettit has
about 40 acres in orchards, niostly of pears
and plums. He has 28 varieties of peaches,
2t of phnr.s. 16 of cherries, 12 of pears, and
6 of ppples. Of the other fruits tested Mr.

^Pettit recommends the following varieties
as the most profitable for his section :

PivACiiics : Alexander, Greensboro, Yel-
low St. John, l^arly Crawford, Elberta,
Smithson, and Smock. These are given in
their order of ripening, and he would ad-
vise planting only a few of the two first
mentioned.

Pilars: Gififord. llartlett, Howell, Duch-
ess, and Anjou.

Pi.UMS: Bradshaw, Lombard, Grand
Duke, Jjurbank, Vellcuv Egg, Reine Claude,
and Monarch.

ChivRRIES : Xapoleon Bigarreau, Wind-
sor, Reine Hortense, Black Heart, Early
Richmond, and Bossarabian.

rut; BURLINGTON STATION.

At this statioii ^Ir. Peart, of Free-
man, the experimenter, has a large general
collection of fruits, made up of 69 varieties
of apples, 45 of pears, 50 of plums, 10 of
peaches, 8 of cherries, 28 of grapes,
2^ of currants, 6 of gooseberries, 22
of blackberries, 3 of respberries, and
one of quinces. Many of these he
has had under test for a long time, and
is thus in a position to give valuable infor-
mation regarding the best varieties to plant
in his section. Following is a list of the
varieties he recommends of the various
classes of fruits :

Apples : Sunimer — Astrachan, Duchess.
Fall — Ribston and Blenheim. Winter —
Baldwin, Northern Spy, Greening and King.

Pears : Wilder, Bartlett, Clapp's Favor-
ite, Anjou, Clairgeau (dwarf), Kieflfer,
Winter Nelis, Easter Buerre.

European Plums : Bradshaw, Niagara,
Ouackenbos, Lombard, Imperial Gage,
Reine Claude. Japan Plums — Willard,
Abundance, Burbank, Satsuma and Wick-
son.

Peaches: Champion, Crosby. Elberta,
Earl}- and Late Crawford, Smock and Ty-
hurst.

Cherries: Earlv Richmond, Mont"0-

THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

57

rency. English Alorello, .May Duke, and
Windsor.

Grapes : Worden, Concord, Delaware,
Lindley, Niagara, Aloore's Diamond.

Currants : Red — Wilder, Cherry, Po-
mona, New \'ictoria. North Star. Black —
Saunders, Naples, Collins' Prolihc. White
— White Grape and Imperial.

Raspberries : ^Marlboro, Miller, Cuth-
bert, and Louden.

Gooseberries : Industry and Downing.

Fruit trees on the whole wintered fairly
Avell in this section^ and the crop last year
was about up to the average. In Mr.
Peart's apple orchard the crop of Ribston
was exceptionally fine. His plum orchard
has suffered severely with shot-hole fungus
during the past two or three seasons, and
most of the trees will not survive another
year. The young experimental pear or-
chard set out six or seven years ago is com-
ing nicely into bearing ; a number of new
varieties were fruiting last year for the first
time. The black rot of the grape made its
appearance in this section last year as well
as in the Niagara district. The crop in
Mr. Peart's vineyard was more or less
severely injured.

THE LAKE HURON STATION.

An excellent general collection of fruits
for experimental work has been started at
this station by Mr. Sherrington, the experi-
menter. It is made up oi 75 varieties of
apples, 35 of pears, 45 of plums, 25 of cher-
ries, 20 of raspberries, 15 of blackberries,

verity of the winter and also from the
drought in that section last summer. Plums
and cherries had suffered from winter kill-
ing more than any other fruits, and there
was no crop in the trees left. Strange to
say the Japan plums had, with few excep-
tions, proved more hardy than the European
varieties. This has been clearly shown at
a number of the other stations.

THE GEORGIAN BAY STATION.

Mr. John Mitchell, of Clarksburg, the
experimenter at this station, has a good
general collection of apples, pears, peaches,
etc., but special attention has been given to
plums, of which about 170 varieties have
been under test. The trees here, as in
most other sections of the province, had
suft'ered more or less from winter killing,
particularly in the old orchard where they
were heavily loaded in 1903. The crop
last year was comparatively light. A num-
ber of the Japan plums have, for several
years, been fruiting heavily, and last winter
they stood well while a number of the Euro-
pean varieties succumbed to the severity of
the weather.

The following is a list of the European
varieties which Mr. Mitchell recommends
as having done the best with him : Wash-
ington, Imperial Gage, Bradshaw, Quacken-
bos. Archduke, Diamond, Monarch, Yellow
Egg, Coe's Golden Drop, and Reine Claude.

The Japan plums he finds are not nearly
so saleable as those of the European class
just mentioned. The following he gives as the

15 of currants, and 6 of gooseberries, and ^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ j^p^^ varieties: Red June,
a half dozen or more of strawberries. So

far ]\Ir. Sherrington has been reporting
principally on apples, plums and raspber-
ries. At the time of my visit he was in the
midst of his small fruit harvest. Currants
and gooseberries were an excellent crop.
The raspberries had suffered from the se-

Burbank, and Satsuma. Mr. Mitchell has
under test 10 varieties of peaches, all the
trees of which bore heavily in 1903, but last
winter gave them a severe test, and where
the trees were not killed outright the fruit
buds were destroyed.

(To be concluded in March issue.)

I am glad to find The Horticulturist so much The Canadian Horticulturist is a welcome

liuproved. It is the best of its kind. — (A. J. visitor in our house. — (W. T. Patulla, Cree-
Collii.s, Listowel, Ont. more, Ont.

WILL ENCDURAGE COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS

p. \v; IIOUGICTTS, SliCRICTARV ONTARIO FRUIT GROWERS^ ASSOCIATIOX,

AT a special iixetiiig of the executive
and the cooperative committee of
the Ontario Fruit Urowers' Associatioi^
held in Toronto during January it was de-
cided to assist the fruit growers of the pro-
vince to form cooperative- associations.
With this object special assistance will be
asked for from the Ontario Department of
Agriculture.

Those present were Messrs. Alex. Mc-
Neill, Chief of the Fruit Division, Ottawa ;
the president of the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines ;
A. E. Sherrington, of Walkerton ; Elmei^
Lick, of Oshawa ; Murray Pettit, of
Winona ; J. S. Scharf, of Woodstock ; P. J.
Carey, of Toronto ; A. Gififord, of Meaford ;
P. W. Hodgetts, of Toronto, and Messrs.
G. A. Putnam and H. B. Cowan, represent-
ing the Department of Agriculture. Last
year, through the efforts of the association,
a number of cooperative fruit growers' as-
sociations were formed which proved the
salvation of the growers who joined them.
In many places where buyers were offering
25 to 50 cents per barrel for apples on the
trees, or not handling the fruit at all, mem-
bers of these associations netted $1 or more
per barrel for their XXX apples, and were
able to dispose of all of their crops at good
prices. The conditions in other places
where the growers had to depend on the
buyers were so bad the association has de-
cided to encourage the formation of addi-
tional associations this year throughout
western. Ontario.

One of the most successful cooperators
in Ontario, Mr. A. E. Sherrington, of Wal-
kerton, told of the conditions in the western

Treatment For Aphis - The black soap
from France for treating aphis I applied to
a row of cherry and plum trees with satis-
factory results. The foliage on the treated
trees retained a bright, glossy green, and

and southern parts of the province, and ad-
vised that a capable man be sent next spring
into the best apple sections to thoroughly
organize the growers. After a lengthy
discussion it was decided to endeavor to
organize a limited number of associations in
sections where the growers have asked for
help. The assistance of the Farmers' In-
stitutes in this educational work was pro-
mised by the superintendent, and the cam-
paign will be opened by a couple of meet-
ings in Forest and Thedford, January 27
and 28. Other places will be visited, and
it is hoped that before the faM of 1905 15
or 20 cooperative fruit packing associations
will be in good running order.
GOVERNMENT HELP.
To further assist such associrvtions. a
resolution was unanimously adopted and
forwarded to the Ontario Department of
Agriculture asking that the Act for the in-
corporation of Cooperative Cold Storage
Associations be extended for five years, and
so amended that co-operative fruit growers"
associations can be incorporated under the
act with power to acquire by lease, purchase
or otherwise cold storage plants, fruit cool-
ing houses and central fruit packmg houses.
The Government was further asked to ex-
tend the grant of one-fifth of the initial cost
of cold storage plants to apply also to fruit
cooling houses and central packmg houses.
A recommendation was also forwarded to
the r^Iinister of Agriculture asking that a
special appropriation be made this year to
cover the cost of operating several power
sprayers in dilTerent parts of the province,
and to provide for instruction in the proper
grading and packing of fruit.

the aphis was almost destroyed. I find
strong tobacco water and soap a satisfac-
tory treatment for aphis, and not injurious
like kerosene emulsion. — (Harold Jones.
Afaitland, Ont.

A CANADIAN INSTITUTION TO BE PROUD OF

A GREAT change has taken place in
Canada and all things Canadian
during the past few years. From being
content to watch the tremendous strides
made by our neighbors to the south Cana-
dians have awakened to the fact that they
have a country and institutions of their own
of which any nation might well be proud.
It has been a surprise to many to find that
in the Dominion there are industries and
institutions that will hold their own with
any in the world.

Canada's horticultural interests are
greater than is commonly realized. The
descriptions published in The Horticulturist
last summer and fall of some of the Domin-
ion's leading nurseries were a revelation to
many fruit and flower growers. Another
horticultural institution of which Canadians
may well feel proud is the Steele, Briggs:
Seed Co., whose head office is located in
Toronto, but which has branches in all parts
of the world. Some conception of the
wide scope of the business conducted lay this

firm may be gained by a glance at the list
of countries from which it secures its seeds.

Most of the seeds are grown under con-
tract. Peas and beans are principally
grown in Canada, carrots in France, pars-
nips in California, onions in California and
Connecticut, and cauliflower in Denmark.
Flower seeds come principally from Ger-
many and bulbs from Holland.

" Our idea," said Mr. A. W. Annandale,
the manager of the retail department,
greenhouses and trial grounds, to an editor-
ial representative of The Horticulturist who
visited the coinpany's establishment during
January, " in having our seeds and bulbs
grown under contract in distant countries
is to ensure our being able to obtain plenty
of seed and bulbs a high percentage of
which will germinate. Take, for instance,
onion seed, a great deal of which we obtain
from California. While we can obtain
this seed in Canada when the season is
favorable there are many years when we
are unable to secure it. Some years we

A Horticultural Institution With Branches All Over the World

The second largest seed firm n the continent is that 'f the S'e'-le Brisjgs Seed Co., of Toronto, a description of which
appears in this ssue. (Fiom a photograph taken specially for The Canadian Horticulturist.

59

6o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

nia) be able to get seed, but only a small
portion of it will germinate. The season
in Canada is too short to enable the seed to
mature properly every sea^5on.

" Were we to rely for our supply on the
Canadian crop there would be many years
when we would not have any seed for our
customers. In California conditions arc
(li liferent. The season there is long and
dry, and a good crop of seed is secured
practically every year. California is better
in this respect than Connecticut, where
some of our seed comes from, as the atmos-
phere in Connecticut is often -so moist, on
account of the nearness of the ocean, that
difhculty is experienced in obtaining good
seed."

"Is there not," was asked, "a danger
that seed secured under such ditferent cli-
matic conditions will not be suitable for the
purpose of Canadian growers?"

■■ We guard against that." ^Nlr. Annan-
dale replied, " by carefully testing the seed
before we ofifer it for sale. For this pur-
pose we have established trial grounds,
comprising about seven acres, in the east-
ern part of the city. Samples of the seed
received /from the different countries are
taken and sown under conditions approach-
ing as near as possible those under which
the seed is finally to be sown. Where the
seed is to be sown in the open we sow it in
the open on our trial grounds. If the seed
of bulbs are of some delicate plant or vege-
table we first plant them in the greenhouses,
which we have had erected specially for that
purpose, and later transplant the plants to
the open. This work has grown so rapidly
we have had to add one greenhouse after
another until now the greenhouses cover
about an acre of ground. A careful record
is kept of the percentage of seed from each
lot which germinates. If the percentage
is low we do not sell that seed."

" How," was asked, " do you manage to
make your arrangements with the growers
in so many different countries, and how do

you make certain that they are giving pro-
per attention to the work?"

" We have found it necessary," replied
Mr. x\nnandale, " to send representatives
to these different sections and countries,
who arrange with the growers at first hand.
Some of the growers in Canada and the
L'nited States are visited two and three
times a year. Our business in flower seeds
and bulbs is not large enough to warrant us
in sending a representative to such places-
as Bcrnmda and Japan so often. These
points are not visited more than once vx
three years."

" What guarantee have you," was next
asked, " that the growers will send you good
seed?" " If," replied Mr. Annandale, " we
find, after testing the seed on our trial
grounds, that certain growers are not send-
ing us seed of high quality we immediately
warn them, and if necessary break off our
contracts with them. Some of the grow-
ers with whom we deal have been sending
us seed for years and we have found them
so reliable we hardly deem it necessary to
even test their seed. The rule for good
seed is that 85 per cent, should germinate,
though in some cases, such as sweet corn,
up to 100 per cent, will grow, while in some
other seeds 85 is a high percentage.

" Some seeds," continued Mr. Annan-
dale, " are very costly. A consignment of
cauliflower recently received is worth $28
per pound, and a calceolaria, not a new
variety, costs $40 per ounce. Some varie-
ties are sold by the thousand seeds and are
so fine that we have considerable difficulty
handling them as they have to be counted
under the magnifying glass."

THE BUSINESS DEPARTMENT.

The representative of The Horticulturist
was much interested in certain features of
the business that were pointed out to him by
Mr. Annandale in connection with a visit
to the wholesale premises on Front street,
Toronto. Although the start of the Steele,
Briggs Seed Co., ^i- years ago, was a hum-

A BIG r> LSI NESS FIRM.

6i

ble one. like those of the nurseries that have
been described in The Horticulturist, the
business has grown to such an extent that
everything has to be done on a large scale.
In addition to the wholesale department,
and the greenhouses and trial grounds al-
ready described, it has been found neces-
sary to establish a retail store on King
street, as well as branches in Hamilton and
Winnipeg. Some conception of the volirme
of business transacted may be gained from
the fact that over loo.ooo catalogues.

Lilies Growing in Bermuda

A view of one of the fields of lilies as grown in Bermuda under
contract for the Steele Briggs Seed Co., of Toronto, is here shown.
In Bermuda lilies are grown to perfection.

printed in English and French, are dis-
tributed every year, describing the seeds,
small fruits, fertilizers, garden tools, etc..
that the firm deals in.

SEED MUST BE CLEAN.

A most interesting piece of apparatus at
the wholesale warehouse is one used for
cleaning the seed. This is accomplished
by a sort of fanning machine. " A\'e have
to exercise great care," said Mr. Annan-
dale, " to see that the seed we send out is
free from all impurities. The germinating
seed is the heaviest, and when we turn the
blowing machine on the seed the lighter im-
purities are forced out.

" As most of the seeds sold through our
retail branches, and the firms with whom
we do business, is put up in small packages
many hundreds of thousands of these paper

packages are required. On this account
we have found it necessary to instal ma-
chinery for the special purpose of making
these bags. One machine will make 35,000
in a day. These bags are printed on ordi-
nary printing presses on the premises and
then filled and sealed by another machine
at the rate of 28,000 per day. The card-
board cartons containing larger seeds, such
as sugar corn. peas, beans, turnips, man-
golds, etc.. are filled by a machine similar
to that used for tea packages.

" As the greater part of our business is
done on a commission basis, assortments of
our seed neatly arranged in cases for dis-
play are sent out early in the year to mer-
chants all over Canada, and after the sea-
son is over the cases, with any unsold seeds,
are returned. A staff of carpenters i5 em-
ployed in repairing seed cabinets and boxes
which come back in a damaged condition."
." The great bulk of your seed must be sold
in Canada," said the representative of The
Horticulturist. " Yes," replied Mr. An-
nandale. " outside the older portions of
Canada w^e find that ^lanitoba and the
Northwest, including the Yukon, furnish a
field for almost unlimited expansion. Of
the colonial markets Australia is the best
we have."

In the wholesale department Mr. E. F.
Crossland is manager. The other leading
ofiicers of the company, besides ^Ir. An-
nandale, are Air. R. C. Steele, president;
Mr. S. E. Briggs, vice-president, and Mr.
W. D. Steele,

Although the representative of The Horti-
culturist found a great deal to interest him
in what he saw he was informed by Mr. An-
nandale that a visitor to the company's trial
grounds and green houses is most enjoy-
able from July till the end of September^
when there is a profusion of bloom. With
such institutions as these Canadians may
well look forward hopefully to the future
of the horticultural interests of the Do-

FRUIT GROWING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

FVkUlT growers in British Columbia
had a successful season last year and
are looking forward hopefully to the future.
This was shown at the annual convention,
of the Fruit Growers' Association held at
Duncans, B. C, January 5.

In his annual address the president, Mr.
J. C. Metcalfe, of Port Hammond, B. C,
reported that schedule prices had been ob-
tained antl well maintained throughout the
season. There was a marked general im-
provement, not so much in areas planted,
((uantities and qualities of fruit grown, as in
the mechanical part, viz., packing and grad-
ing, qualities of packages used, and the cul-
tural methods employed in orchard work.
The fruit growers, he considered, should
congratulate themselves on the prices ob-
tained, as compared with either eastern
Canadian or United States growers.

There has been a disposition on the part
of British Columbia growers in the past to
cut prices as the season advances. With
this in view, the association in the early part
of the last year attempted to secure the co-
operation, of fruit growers, and thus far
has been quite successful. In no case has
a member of any of the local unions quoted
below the schedule of prices agreed on
and sent out to dealers in British Columbia,
Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.

President Metcalfe strongly urged grow-
ers to cooperate more, not only that lower
rates may be secured from the railroads, but
that fruit may be marketed in better condi-
tion and to better advantage.

the; secretary's report.
Much interesting information was con-
tained in the report of the secretary, Mr. W.
J. Brandrith, of Ladner. B. C. which was,
in part, as follows :

Fruit growing in British Columbia is not
a " get rich quick " proposition, but those
who have paid attention to their business,
neglecting no detail, however trivial, have
had the pleasure of handling more monev

for their fruit during the past season than
for several years. Although the plantings
have been large the acreage of fruit bear-
ing orchard is still insufficient to supply the
rapidly increasing demand for No. i fruit.
The large increase in the population of our
cities and the immense immigration, into
the northwest and Manitoba assures us of a
profitable market, to say nothing of the trade
that might be developed with the far east.
The opening of the Panama Canal will give
us a chance in the markets of Great Britain
and Ireland. With such an outlook for
profitable markets we should use every en-
deavor to produce strictly No. i fruit and
advertise it in every way. The people of
the northwest are as anxious to get our fruit
as we are to get their flour.

I think I may justly compliment the as-
sociation on the success of the display of
British Columbia fruit at the Dominion Ex-
hibition in Winnipeg last summer, under
the auspices of the Provincial Government,
and al-so on the splendid achievement of
British Columbia fruit at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's show in London, Eng.,
during October, at which the province re-
ceived the first prize.

The success achieved in this competition
in London should stimulate those who have
the direction and supervision of the British
Columbia fruit industry to still greater ef-
forts to maintain and improve the quality
of the fruit raised and to protect the crops
from the inroad of insects and other pests.
It is a matter of common knowledge how
the orchards of Ontario and some of the
Pacific Coast states have been ravaged and
almost made valueless by the lack of pre-
cautions and the absence of a system of
rigid inspection and supervision.

Considerable as the growth of the indus-
try has been it is but in its infancy. Some
of the districts on the island and coast sec-
tion of the mainland will be put largely
under fruit, while the Okanagan and some.

ENRICHING THE ORCHARD.

63

other districts of the interior are destined
to become famous throughout Canada for
their fruit products. Difficulties incidental
to the settlement of a new country are being
gradually overcome, and experience is be-
ing accumulated from day to day as to the
best methods of cultivation. We venture
to prophesy that it will not be many years
before an annual provincial exhibition of
fruit will be one of the leading and regular
incidents in the history of British Columbia.

KRUIT MARKS ACT ENDORSED.

The good' effects of the continued enforce-
ment of the Dominion Fruit Marks Act are
very noticeable. Still large quantities of
inferior fruit are put on the market, and be-
ing marked No. 3 escape the penalties which
they justly deserve. I would suggest that
the association ask the department to specify
what constitutes No. 2 and No. 3 apples.
My own opinion is that No. 3 apples should
never leave the farm.

THE MANURING OF FRUIT TREES

PROF. A. WAGNER.

-^I^HE notion is still very prevalent
1 amongst agriculturists that it is un-
necessary to manure fruit trees. This idea
is principally due to the fact that many fruit
trees, even without any special manuring,
occasionally give good yields. Further, an
impression has gained ground that a fruit
tree which has borne well one year cannot
give any yield the next or even the follow-
ing year, because it needs rest.

Neither of these opinions is correct. The
fruit tree is subject to the same natural
laws, as regards nourishment, as any other
plant. When the nutriments which are
present to a limited extent in the soil have
been used they must be restored, or in other
words the soil must be manured. The rea-
son a tree which has yielded well one year
generally bears little or not at all the next
yea^r, is capable of a simple explanation;
the necessary assimilated plant food is no
longer available in the soil and the tree can-
not again form fruit until the soil is ren-
dered able to supply this food.

If a tree which has yielded well is cor-
rectly manured at the right time there is no
reason why it should not bear fruit year by
year. Plenty of examples can be given
where trees thus manured have given good
crops for many years in succession, any
failure being attributable to some other

cause, such as unfavorable weather at the
time of blossoming, birds, insects, fungi,
etc. There has been an improvement of
late years, and there are already farmers
and fruit growers who, when manuring, do
not forget the fruit orchard, but there is
still a great deal wanting in this respect.

In order to grow and thrive, the fruit tree
requires, like every other plant, warmth,
sunlight, and moistuire, as well as a number
of other substances, which are taken partly
from the air through the medium of the
leaves, and partly from the soil by means of
the roots. The latter substances are called
nutrients, and include carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, pot-
ash, lime, magnesia and iron. All these
substances are indispensable to the pros-
perity of the fruit crop, as if any one of
them is wanting the tree cannot develop. If
one or several of these substances are pres-
ent to only a limited extent the tree cannot
take up the remaining nutrients — even if
these are present in excess — in quantities
sufficient for its complete developn^ent.
The yielding capabilities of a tree atre there-
fore regulated by that nutrient which is
least available in the soil.

SHOULD SUPPLY FOUR SUBSTANCES.

Fortunately, most of the substances
named are so largely present in the soil or

64

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

in the air that the grower has not to trouble
himself about supplying them by means of
manuring; in fact, only the following four
sul)stances need come into question: nitro-
gen, potash, phosphoric acid, and lime.
These substances cannot be supplied to and
taken up by the plants in their elementairy
forms, but have to be applied in combina-
tion with other substances.

Nitrate of soda, containing 15 to 16 per
cent, of easily soluble and available nitrogen
in the form of nitric acid, is very suitable
for the manuring of fruit trees. It is more
completely used up when applied to flruit
trees than when used for ordinary crops,
as that part of the roots of fruit trees which
o-o deeper into the soil are able to take up
anv part of the nitrate of soda which the
rain may wash deep into the soil, and which,
in the case of ordinary crops, would be
wasted, having gone beyond reach of the
roots.

Superphosphate contains 12 to 20 per
cent, of wated-soluble phosphoric acid. The
phosphoric acid in this manure is soluble

in water, its action therefore rapid ; but on
the other hand thcjre is little or no subse-
quent benefit. On soils deficient in lime
the full effect cannot be obtained from the
use of superphosphate, as on these soils the
soluble phosphoric acid is converted into
the insoluble phosphates of iron and
alumina, the phosphoric acid of which can-
not be made use of by the plants, but super-
phosphate can be employed in cases where
the phosphoric acid is required to act quickly,
and where no prolonged action is expected.
Kainit, containing 12 per cent, potash, is
not to be recommended for the manuring of
fruit trees on ordinary and heavier soils ;
it should only be used on light, dry, sandy
soils, and must then be applied in the au-
tumn. Aluriate of potash and sulphate of
potash both contain about 50 per cent, of
potash. Muriate of potash can be specially
recommended for supplying the potash re-
quirements of fruit trees on soils faitrly rich
in Hme, whereas sulphate of potash is to be
preferred for soils where the lime is present
in small quantities only.

The Time to Apply the Wash

PROF W. LOCHHE-\D, 0. A. C, GUELPH.

Would you kindly let me know what time of
the year has been shown to be the most satis-
factory for the application of the lime -sulphur
caustic wash. I understand, of course, that its
primary purpose is to clean the bark, but is it
also good as a fungicide ? — (J. Robertson,
Chateauguay Basin, Que.

As the result of experiments carried on
for the past two years, when applications
were made at different periods during the
dormant season, it was pretty well proven
that it is not safe to apply the lime-sulphur
mixture any time before the middle of Janu-
ary. Trees treated in December last year
were badly hurt by the application, while
trees in the same row and same block treated
in late winter suffered not at all. It is
pretty well conceded that the best time to
apply the lime-sulphur caustic mixture is in

the spring while the limbs are still dormant,
just before the buds unfold.

There seems to be no doubt that this mix-
ture is also an excellent fungicide. It ap-
pears to kill many of the winter spores which
would otherwise mature and spread the
disease. Regarding its value as a check to
the " spot " on the Fameuse, I am of the
opinion that an application of this mixture
will very materially check the disease. It
is likely true that two or three additional
sprayings with Bordeaux will be necessary
to check the spot completely. A spraying
given in early spring, while the trees are
still dormant, will have no effect in protect-
ing the leaves of the trees later on in the
summer from infection by spores which are
blown to those leaves. Subsequent spray-
ings with Bordeaux are, therefore, neces-
sary.

PEDIGREED STRAWBERRY PLANTS

A GREAT deal of discussion has been
taking place among strawberry
growers, both in the United States and
Canada, in regard to the claims of excel-
lence that have been made by growers of
pedigreed strawberr}- plants. The result
of enquiries made by The Canadian Horti-
culturist indicates that Canadian growers do
not believe that so-called pedigreed plants
are any better than ordinary stock that has
been given good treatment.

" The thoroughbred plant people have
been doing an injury to honest nurserymen
by their false statements," writes Mr. R. H.
AIcDowell, of Tillsonburg. "' 1 he experi-
ment stations should have exposed their
fraud long before this. There may be
something in the pedigree theory if properly
worked out, but I have proved to my own
satisfaction that the plants sent out as thor-
oughbred pedigree [plants are in no way
superior to the average scrub stock.

" In order to test the matter I selected
the Michel's Early, as some plants of that
variety will stool out and send up a number
of fruit stalks, while other plants apparent-
ly strong and well matured will fail to put
on any fruit. It looked quite reasonable
to me that if they were propagated year
after year from the productive plants a more
productive strain would result. I had taken
no pains to select the productive plants in
my patch, and had been growing them in
that manner nearly ever since their intro-
duction. I sent for some pedigree plants
of the above variety. They came promptly.
I threw out a nuniber of poor, little, sickly,
immature ones that I did not consider worth
planting and planted the rest beside a rovv'
containing an equal number of plants of my
own scrub stock. I gave them the same care
as my own stock. They made a fairly good
row. Mine made too many plants as I did
not thin them. The fruit on the thorough-
breds was no larger or better in quality than
that which cfrew on mv scrubs, and while I

did not keep account of the exact nun-^ber
of baskets picked from each I should judge
we picked nearly double the amount of ber-
rise off mine that we did from the others.

" I dug plants off the above rows and set
out a patch next spring. Both made a good
row, but I could see no difference in them.
They had become acclimated and accus-
tomed to ni}- mode of treatment. If there
was any difference in fruiting qualities it
was in favor of my scrubs. I found as
many barren plants among the thorough-
bred plants as among my own, and came to
the conclusion that pedigree plants are a
fraud."

SHOULD HAVE THE PLANTS TESTED.

" Breeders who profess to know all about
good strawberry plants," suggests Mr.
Charles H. Snow, of Cummings Bridge,
Ont., " should send their plants to the ex-
periment stations to have them tested beside
those of well known plant growers. Im-
provement of plants by selection of the par-
entage stock is, in my opinion, correct, but
the life of a plant, especially a strawberry,
is too short to attach a pedigree to it."

Considerable attention has been given to
this subject by Mr. M. Crawford, of Cuya-
hoga Falls, Ohio, who has come to the con-
clusion that the characteristics of a variety
of the strawberry or any of our fruit bear-
ing plants cannot be changed, increased or
fliminished by any system of selection, culti-
" ation, pruning or fertilizing.

EXTRA\AGANT CLAIMS HAVE BEEN MADE.

*' Some extravagant claims have been
made by one or two United States straw-
berry growers for their so-called thorough-
bred or pedigree plants," writes Prof. H.
L. Hutt, of the Agricultural College, Guelph.

" These men know nothing about what
pedigree means. There are men, such as Bur-
bank, of California, and our own Mr. Groff,
of Simcoe, who have bred plants through
generation after generation until they have
what might well be called highly bred or

66

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

pedigreed plants. But such plant breeders
are few."

" There are many of our Canadian straw-
berry growers who are growing their plants
on good soil, under good cultivation, and
who are careful to select healthy, vigorous
plants from new plantations, who can fur-
nish just as good plants as any of the adver-
tisers who make such extravagant claims
for their plants grown in no better way. I
am glad that you are taking this matter up
in The Horticulturist. I have heard of
Canadian growers who have been disap-

pointed in these so-called pedigree plants
obtained from the States, when they might
have got as good, if not better plants from
some near-by "grower or neighbor. It is
well that our fruit growers are anxious to
get the best that can be obtained, yet they
must remember that varieties are developed
Or bred up by the few who can give the at-
tention to crossing and' breeding of plants,
while the general grower is concerned more
about the selection and growing of thrifty,
vigorous plants of the varieties so estab-
lished."

BLACK ROT OF GRAPES *

PROF. W. LOCH HEAD, O. A. C, GUELPH, ONT.

PERHAPS some of our Ontario grape
growers are wondering if the
methods which are so effective in. Ohio in
controlling the grape rot can be relied on
in Ontario. We are not able to answer this
question definitely on account of the new-
ness of the situation and the absence of ex-
perimental work for a longer period than
one season, but on account of the similarity
of situation of the two grape belts, both as
to soil and climate, we would be justified in
answering in the affirmative. Both regions
are grape regions on account of their pecu-
liar position to one of the great lakes, both
being strongly influenced by the presence
of a large body of water to the north.
Moreover, the experience of Mr. W. H.
Bunting this past season in controlling a
bad attack of black rot in his large vineyards
near St. Catharines would lead us to believe
that the disease could be controlled even
more effectively the coming season. Mr.
Bunting sprayed persistently and carefully
from early spring to the middle of August
and was rewarded with a good marketable
crop. Like myself he believed thoroughly
in early spraying, even while the vines are
yet dormant, for the reason that the early

spores are prevented from effecting an en-
trance into the tissues. In the great ma-
jority of cases this reasoning stands true, but
apparently it is not true with the black rot,
for the Ohio experiments carried on for
three years in succession showed conclu-
sively that the fungus can be kept out en-
tirely and absolutely even when the first
spraying is delayed until the last week in
May or the first week in June and when the
young shoots are nearly eighteen inches long.

It may 'be that the winter spores are not
set free from their cases until the shoots are
of considerable length and after the shoots
have come out of their dormant condition.

It is very evident that besides persistent
and careful spraying clean culture is a very
essential factor in the control of black rot.

A study of the reproduction of the fungus
shows the presence of spores which winter
over in the dead leaves, diseased shoots, and
mummy fruit. It is important, therefore,
that as many of the diseased leaves, shoots
and grapes as possible be collected and
burned, or buried deep by the plow so that
there is no likelihood of the spores reaching
the surface to be scattered by the wind.
The most fruitful source of infection is the

* Extract from an address delivered at the annual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association.

A PAGE FOR GRAPE GROWERS.

67

mummy grape, which is too frequently al-
lowed to remain on the vines as long as it
wishes.

OTHER DISEASES OF THE GRAPE.

A few words regarding other diseases of
the grape. First, and next in importance
to the black rot, is the brown rot or downy
mildew. This and the powdery mildew
were quite prevalent in the Winona-
Grimsby district. The downy mildew is
characterized by the presence of pale spots
becoming brown on the upper side of the
leaves and corresponding whitish downy
patches on the lower surface. The downy
patches consist of microscopic branching
stalks, bearing spores capable of infecting
new vines. The fruit when attacked shows
brown spots which rapidly enlarge. Soon
the whole fruit becomes rotten.

The powdery mildew, unlike the downy
mildew which feeds within the tissues of the
leaves, shoots and fruit, is a surface feeder,
and is first noticed on the upper surface of
the leaves as a white mouldy growth. Two
kinds of spores are produced, the summer
spore in immense numbers, and the winter
spore, borne in brown or black bodies, which
are readily seen in late summer with a glass,
immersed in the white growth.

The bird's eye rot is not a serious disease,
but it is sometimes met with. The diseased
spots are at first brown, and with a distinct
margin. Later the center is whitish, and
the margin is purple with a reddish inner
circle.

Bordeaux mixture applied three or four
times at right periods during the summer
will control anv of these minor diseases.

GRAPE FERTILIZERS

A. W. PEART, BURLINGTON, ONT.

IN order to fertilize grapes economically
and effectively due consideration should
be given to their special needs and the sort
of soil where they are grown. In a gen-
eral way grapes, as well as pears, consume
a large quantity of potash. Clearly then
potash must be either in the soil or supplied
to it.

It appears to be well understood that a
clay soil, or better still, a clay loam, is the
natural home of the grape. Vineyards are
often planted on sandy or gravelly loams
with excellent results. They, however, re-
quire different methods of handling.

There are two plantations here, one on a
clay, the other on a gravel loam. The for-
mer grows only a light to moderate amount
of wood, with highly flavored fruit. I do
not use potash of any kind in this vineyard,
but every other year plow under a liberal
application of stable manure. This sup-
plies humus and promotes wood growth as

well as size in the fruit. The other plan-
tation does not require much wood stimu-
lus, perhaps stable manure once in five
years, but on account of the relative absence
of potash in gravelly soils, muriate or sul-
phate of potash or wood ashes are used,
preferably the latter. Unleached hard-
wood ashes I consider the best, scattered
broadcast over the soil after plowing in the
spring, at the rate of about 40 bushels per
acre each season.

In the absence of enough ashes I use one
of the other potash combinations, giving
the preference to sulphate, sowing it evenly
by hand like grain, after plowing, then har-
rowing it in. I think that the sulphate
form may act as a check on mildew as well
as a fertilizer. Either sort is used at the
rate of 200 pounds per acre, each year. The
above applies to bearing vines. When
voung I push them by careful cultivation
and stable manure when necessary.

68

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Pruning Currant Bushes

LINUS VVOOIAi:UT()N, CRIMSnV, ONT.

1^ 1 1 \\ \nun\ng of the currant is most im-
portant, because the young wood is
the most fruitful, and if the growth is well
cut hack an al)un(hince of fruit buds will, of
course, result. The natural tendency of
the growtli of a young currant plant is
shown l)y the illustration. If in the winter
pruning- these are cut back to two buds eacli

Natural Growth of Currant Bush.

Fruit Spurs on Currant Bush.

fruit spurs will form along the whole lengtb
of the mail! stock, as illustrated.

This treatment applies to the white and
red currant, on which the fruit is borne on
wood of the same season's growth, but not
to the black. The fruit of the black cur-
rant is produced on one year old wood, and
consequently it will not do to give it spur
pruning. This work should, of course, be
done in the winter season. Proper atten-
tion to thi? v'ork is very important.

VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES

STRAWBERRY growers who have not
done so, will soon have to make a se-
lection of the varieties which they will grow
in 1905. Some interesting information re-
specting varieties tested iix 1904 is contained
in Bulletin 154 of the Ohio Agricultural
Experiment Station, a copy of which has
just reached The Horticulturist. One hun-
dred and fifty varieties were tried with vary-
ing results. Undoubtedly there are many,
even among those which failed to give
satisfactory results, that upon other soils or
under different conditions would prove
valuable,

UXSATISFACTORV N'ARIETIES.

\'arieties which did not produce satisfac-
torily were : Arizona, Arnot, Auto, Bush
Cluster, Bryan. Beder Wood, Cameron,
Clyde, Corsican, Darling, Double Cropper,
Emperor, Empress, Early Giant, G. X. M.
Nos. I, 2 and 3, G. X. E. X'^os. 3 and 4,
Hunn, Lady Jane, Livingstone, Mammoth,
Margaret, ^Marshall, ^lartin X^o. i, ]\Iay-
flower, McKinley. Michel. Monitor, Xina,
Palmer's Very Early, I^arker Earle, Patrick,
Rapp, W., Riehl Xo. 3, Rough Rider, Suc-
cess, Sunrise, Young's Early Sunrise,
Thompson's X'^os. 102, 201, 203, 500, 502,
Thompson's Earliest, Twilight, Victor, Yant.

SATISFACTORY VARIETIES.

The most satisfactory early varieties
were Excelsior, Fairfield, Gill and IVIay-
flower. The latter ran very small after the
first two pickings. The more prominent
early varieties were Haverland, Louis Hu-
bach, Lyon, Alanokin, Senator Dunlap,
Texas and Warfield.

I have tested a great many varieties of
strawberries and my main crop consists of
Crescent and \Mlliams. The Crescent :'s
the most profitable strawberry among up-
wards of 100 varieties tested. It will pay
better at five or six cents a box than many
■of the others would do at 25 cents. — (G. C.
■Caston. Craighurst. Out.

The best mid-season varieties included
Bubach, Gibson, Lloyd, Marie, Parson's
Beauty, Pocomoke, Sample, Shenandoah,
Sutherland and Uncle Jim.

LATE VARIETIES.

The most satisfactory late varieties were
Cardinal, Commonwealth, Latest. Xettie
and Robbie. Those varieties noted for
their unusually good quality were Carlisle
Seedling, Chellie, E. H. Ekey, Kittie Rice,
Luxury, Xick Ohmer, Pennell, Senator
Dunlap and Wm. Belt. The most prolific
varieties were Bubach, Bismarck, Fairfield,
Fisher (Prof.), Fisher (Mrs. Prof.), Gill,
Glen Mary, Haverland, Highland Seedling,
Howard, Kansas, Louis Hubach, Lucas,
Lyon, ^farie, ^linute Man, X'^ew Globe,
Parson's Beauty, Pocomoke, Rochester
Seedling, Sample, Senator Dunlap, Shenan-
doah, Shepard, Sunshine, Sutherland,
Thompson's X'o. 124, Lncle Jim and War-
field.

OTHER GOOD VARIETIES.

X'arieties remarkable for large 'size and
unusual beauty included Chellie, E. H.
Ekey, Latest, X^^ettie^ Sample and Spring-
dale Beauty. (The latter failed to hold up
in size, however.) Varieties standing pro-
minently as leaders for market were Bu-
bach, Cardinal, Fairfield, Gill, Haverland,
Highland Seedling, Lyon, Parson's Beauty,
Pocomoke. Sample, Senator Dunlap, Latest,
X^ettie, Robbie and Uncle Jim. A quar-
tette of varieties excellent for home use :
Carlisle Seedling, Kittie Rice, Pennell and
Senator Dunlap.

" I seldom thin my pears, or fruit of any
kind, as labor is too expensive. I tried it
once with some of my Bartletts and found
it paid, as the fruit was larger and there
was no loss through the branches breaking
down from over bearing. Sometimes my
branches break in this way, but not often."
— (E. C. Beman. X'ewcastle, Out.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Disease Among the Lilies

VV. T. MACOUX, lIOKTlClJ/nKlST, C. E. V.,
OTTAWA.

For the past two or three years a blight
seems to have destroyed the leaves of my
lilium candidum, and the flowers have followed
suit so that scarcely a head or truss opened en-
tirely, and some of them were completely
blighted. Each bud would turn brown and
then a darker color in spots, open unevenly or
not at all. When the foliage remained decently
green the flowers opened fairly. "Would Bor-
deaux mixture or anything similar ibe beneficial,
and if so when should it be applied. — (J. C.
Morgan, Barrie, Ont.

The disease is a very difficult one to treat,
aud one for which there is not any satisfac-
tory remedy. Spraying with Bordeaux
mixture in spring before there is any sign
of the disease, and keeping the foHage and
buds covered with it until the blossoming
time, is a partial preventive, and if this is
continued for several seasons the disease
may be eventually eradicated. If the plants
are sprayed after the disease is noticed it is
too late.

Putting the bulbs in new soil is recom-
mended, but this is not perfectly satisfac-
tory. If the bulbs are removed it is wise
to dip them in Bordeaux mixture before re-
planting. Success has been reported by
taking up the bulbs shortly after flowering

and after they have been dried off, putting
them in a bag with flowers of sulphur and
shaking them well so that the sulphur will
get well between the scales, then plant in
new soil with the sulphur still on them.
The surest way of getting rid of the disease
is by destroying the bulbs and obtaining new
ones known to be free of the disease and
then to plant them in new soil.

Big Strawberries — Great Crops of
Strawberries and How to Grow Them, is the
title of a book written by the R. M. Kel-
logg Co., of Three Rivers. Mich. It is con-
ceded to be one of the best books ever writ-
ten on growing fancy strawberries. Every
detail of strawberry growing is dealt with^
and those who read it will find much valua-
ble information. It contains nothing but
common sense and the results of actual ex-
perience in berry growing, and will be sent
free to all of our readers who will send their
address to the publishers. An offer made
by the firm will be found in our advertising
columns.

I find the Early Richmond, Montmorency
and Fay cherries are superior to any others
I have ever grown for profit.^ (John D-
Wigle, Kingston. Ont.

Greenhouses and Trial Grounds of the Steele Briggs Seed Co.

This illustration shows the greenhouses and trial seed grounds, at Toronto of the Steele Briggs Seed Co., whose immense
establishment is described elsewhere in this issue.

FERTILIZERS IN THE GREENHOUSE

fci^^HE only fertilizers I use in my
J. greenhouses," said Mr. J. H. Dun-
lop, the well known rose grower of Toronto,
to a representative of The Horticulturist,
who visited his greenhouses during Janu-
ary, " is the best cow manure, and ground
bone, 'with occasionally a little soot to de-
velop the color. I have tried a great many
fertilizers and find nothing to equal these.

" When I replant the roses I use fresh
soil, and when it becomes exhausted I begin
to use the cow liquid, applying it once a
week. About the middle of February I
mulch with cow manure. This is done once
or twice. Good clover sod from old pas-
ture, with an admixture of bone dust, makes
an ideal soil. The bone dust must be
ground fine. I have had to discontinue the
use of Canadian bone dust because I cannot
get the manufacturers to grind it fine
enough, and all I use is imported from
Chicago. If permanent beds were used a
coarser bone wo'uld answer, as it would
gradually be absorbed, but for soil which is
frequently renewed coarse bone means
waste.

" I have used a fertilizer made from car-
cases of animals, which contains a good deal
ox fatty matter. It is too strong, as it
causes the leaves to fall off, and it partsl
with its ammonia too freely. Three days
or so after being applied the ammonia be-
gins to pass off, and for six or eight days
continues to do so, hurting the foliage. In
the spring, when the greenhouses are more
fully ventilated, this objection would not be
so great. The escape of ammonia can be
checked to some extent by a covering of
soil. The H brand when used should be

applied light and often. A 200 pound bag
will cover about 3,500 square feet. I have
also tried a fertilizer made in Peterboro, but
cannot see any results.

Soot is applied in liquid form. The soot
is put in a coarse bag and placed in water
in a barrel or other receptacle. Lime, air
slacked and sprinkled on the soil or used in
the form of lime water is helpful. It tends
to sweeten the soil.

" I may have to resort to the use of arti-
ficial fertilizers more and more in the future,
as it is becoming increasingly difficult to
procure cow manure. A Toronto city by-law
compels the removal of cow byres beyond
the city limits, and I cannot procure it from
the country, as it pays the farmer better to
use it on his own land. I have to pay dou-
ble the price for it I had to two years ago.

" Great care and caution must be exer-
cised in the use of fertilizers in the green-
house. Each grower must experiment
with his own soil and study results. Tests
should be made on a small scale so that in
case of failure the loss would be small. The
aim in rose culture should be strong growth,
stiff stem, deep green foliage and large and
well colored flowers."

Roses and carnations are Mr. Dunlop's
specialties. He also grows a good many
violets and some asparagus plumosus, smi-
lax, chrysanthemums, lilies, lilacS, azaleas,
rhododendrons, mignonette, etc. He has
about three and a half acres under glass,
half of which is devoted to roses, one-sixth
to carnations, one-sixth to violets, and the
remainder to sundries and to propagating
houses. A visit to his greenhouses is a
most interesting experience.

I notice that a row of apple trees planted
in my orchard next to a row of walnut trees
have not grown so well as the others, and
some of them have died. It seems to me it
does not do to plant apple tree? too near
■walnut trees. — (A. Shaw, Walkerton, Ont.

Until my cherry trees are three years old
I cut back all vigorous center growth. This
extends the trees outward rather than up-
ward. I give them as much of an umbrella
shape a!? possible. — (John D. Wjgle, King-
ston, Ont.

THE RED OAK AS A SHADE TREE

\V. T. MACOUX, WITH II.LUSTRATIOX I'.V I'KAXK T. SHLTT.

IX the L'liitcd States the oak is j^rowiiig^ in its present position nine years ago when
in popularity as a shade tree for street it was about ten years old and about the
planting, and more trees are being planted size required for street planting. It is now
every year. The popular species is the Pin 20 feet 8 inches in height, with a spread of
Oak (Ouercus palustris), which is of good
form, and has attractive foliage which
colors liighly in the autmr.n.

This species is a native of the province
of ( )ntario. hut onl\- grows in the natural
con.dition in the southwestern peninsula.
At ( )ttawa it has not proven satisfactory, as
it is not very hardy and is a slow grower.
There is a nati\e species, however, which is
doing remarkably well at Ottawa, namely,
the Red ( )ak (Ouercus rubra). This is a
very hardy oak with a wide range in
Canada, as it is found growing wild from
the Maritime provinces to the height of land
west of Lake Superior. It is a rapid
grower compared with other oaks and com-
pares very favorably in rate of growth with
the hard maple.

The tree, though not particularly grace-
ful, is of good form an,d has a particularly
clean look about it. The leaves are large
and prominently dentated. of a deep green
and quite glossy. In the autumn they
usually assimie the rich tints for which the

oaks are noted, and will remain on the trees has been in the same place since, at 19 years
until n.ear winter and long after the leaves of age is 30 feet 6 inches in height with a
from other trees have fallen. The Red- spread of 24 feet.
Oak is rarely, if ever, affected by insects or
disease at Ottawa, and the absence of these,
together with the other good points already
mentioned, makes this tree particularly de-
sirable for street planting, but, as it becomes
very wide spreading with age, if planted
for this purpose it should only be used on
wide streets and avenues.

It has never, to my knowledge, been used

for street planting to any extent either in This is the fourth year I have advertised In

Canada or the United States, but why it The Canadian Horticulturist, my advertisement

1,1 ,1- 1^ , j_ ^ ^ occupving a half column in each issue. I find

should not be is what we have yet to learn. j^ ^ p^^j^g investment and consider it one of

The tree in, the photo, which was taken at the best means I have of making sales. — (Wil-
liam Fleming. Isurseryman and Florist, Owen

A 10 Year Old Red Oak Tree

14 feet. Another tree of the same age,
growing in almost pure sand, which was
transplanted when it was two years old, and

Xo man with a spark of manhood in his
composition cares to see his neighbor's home
surroundings more tidy and beautiful than
his own. nor to admit to the public that he is
lacking in those evidences of culture and
refinement of which these things are the
outward expression. — (P. G. Keyes, Otta-
wa. Ont.

the Central Experimental Farm, was planted

Soimd, Ont.

HOUSE PLANTS IN THE WINTER

MISS PEEL AND MISS .M KEE, FORDWICH, ONT.

WE must first have a love for flowers
if we are to be successful in their
cultivation. A plant should not be watered
every day whether it needs it or not. More
plants probably die from over-watering than
from any other cause. Stir the soil with
your fing-er, and if it is dark colored and ad-
heres to your finger the plant does not need
water, but if it is dusty and light colored it
needs watering. If the soil around a good,
A'igorous plant, growing in a warm room,
shows signs of dryness it should be satu-
rated to the bottom when it is watered. A
poor i)lant with little foliage should not be
watered often. It is better to wait until it
is quite dry.

Plants breathe through their leaves and
consequently require fresh air every day.
If the leaves of the plant get covered wnth
dust its breathing pores are stopped and the
plant cannot live long. They should, there-
fore, be frequently sprinkled, or the large
leaves wiped off with a wet sponge. This
should be done every week at least. It will
also prevent the eggs of insects, which may
be on the plants, from hatching.

FROZEN PLANTS.

It sometimes happens that through some
mischance the plants in the windows become
frozen. In such a case the best thing to
do is to remove the plants, as soon as possi-
ble, into a cool, dark room, a little above the
freezing point, and sprinkle them with
water, then bring them gradually to the
heat. Sudden heat will completely destroy
the plants. Plants that have been frozen
can often be saved in this manner. A good
plan to guard against frost is to cover the
plants at night with newspapers.

STUDY YOUR PLANTS.

Amateur florists should study the habits
of the plants in their collections in order to

give the special care needed by each variety.
Xot only does this apply pertinently to
watering but to the position in the window.
If you have a southern window for plants
this will suit geraniums, heliotropes, roses
and plants of that class, but begonias, prim-
roses and many other plants adapted to
house culture are not particularly fond of
strong sunshine, in fact are otten injured
l\v full exposure to it. Find out what
plants like partial shade and give them po-
sitions in the rear of the sun-loving plants.
In this way the plants that require sunshine
will not be robbed of it, and those which do
not require sunshine will not be harmed by
having an excess.

\\'hen arranging plants in the window
garden aim always to have the view from
the room pleasing. They are for home
adornment and they should be niost attrac-
tive from the home standpoint. A good
general rule to follow for efifectiveness in
arrangement is to have the taller ones at the
sides. This frames in the window and al-
lows the sun to get at the centre of the
group. If all the plants are sun-loving
ones place the low growing ones next the
glass wath the taller ones behind. Do not
crowd any of them.

The use of swinging iron brackets at each
side of the window is highly advisable from
the standpoint of utility as well as looks.
Those holding three pots enable one to ar-
range small plants of a drooping nature, so
that the eflfect is very fine. These brackets
can be swung to or from the glass and are
in every way preferable to shelves.

There is really no time nor occasion when
flowers are out of place. In the home thev
serve a two-fold purpose, beautifying by
their presence, and refining by their qui^t
influence. — (A. R. Goodman. Cayuga, Ont.

A piper read at a Woman's Institute meeting.

FLOWER AND PLANT LORE

ICDWAUI) TYRRELL, TORONTO, ONT.

I WILL leave my history and lore of
flowers and plants for a while, as our
garden beauties are taking their rest, and
write some of my gleanings about trees.
The early Christian teachers of European
nations taught that tree planting was an act
of piety to God and a duty for the future.

A proverb oi northwest India declares
that three things mal<e a man truly a man —
to have a son born to him. to di"" a well, to

A Toronto Elm Tree

plant a tree. The planting of a tree is a
trifling expense, there it grows and costs
nothing but time. " Every tree is a feather
in the earth's cap; it is a comfort, an orna-
ment, a refreshing to the people. It is a
virtue to set out trees and beautify God's
earth."

The asking of a distinguished guest to
plant a tree is a pleasant way of commemo-
rating his visit ; this has been done in the
Allan Gardens here by members of our
royal family. .According to the German
fancy no tree planted as a memorial will

grow and flourish unless it has a motto
given at the time of planting. When the
late Baron Bunsen was visiting Lepsius, at
Berlin, in 1857, the antiquary requested him
to plant a young oak in his grounds. I
held the trees, writes Bunsen, while the earth
was thrown over its roots, and I said in giv-
ing the name :

Oak, I plant thee, grow in beauty ; straight and

firm and vigorous stand,
Bunsen is the name I give thee, flourish in the

German land;
For the house of Lepsius blooming, through the

storm grow fair and free.
And a shelter in the noonday to his children's

children be.

It is of trees already grown and come to
their maturity that I am interested. " And
what a glorious object is a tree, how mag-
nificent on the boundless plain or mighty
hillside." But the solitary tree there is
scarcely its match for beauty among such
objects in the face of the earth. Well
might Mrs. Hemans write :

The stately homes of England,

How beautiful they stand,
Amidst the tall ancestral trees.

O'er all the pleasant land !

The elm, the patriarch of the family of
shade trees, the majestic, the umbrageous
elm. If we notice the frequent occurrence
of the elm in situations where without it the
landscape would be a blank, but with it ex-
ceedingly picturesque, the graceful outlines
of its festoons of foliage painted on an even-
ing sky, we cannot but allow that it ranks
very high. Few I think of its brethren
excel it in grandeur and beauty.

There are many handsome elms in this
city, but the elm in the Normal school
grounds (west side), a cut of which ap-
pears herewith, stands out very prominently.
Although now, in winter, it shows many
abrupt, twisted and irregular limbs, it is a
glorious object in the spring and summer,
it=; full top l)ending over toward the ground
on every side (150 feet from side to side)

SOMETiILSG ABOUT FLOWERS.

75

with the dignity of the forest tree, and all
the grace of the weeping willow, the archi-
tecture and handiwork of God, of which
the eye never tires, and one leaves it re-
freshed and delighted.

Individual trees planted by famous men
and women are often to be seen by those
who visit the old land. About a century
ago there was quite a fashion for planting
willows. It is recorded the first weeping
willow (Salix Babylonica) was introduced
into England in a rather novel way by Alex-
ander Pope, the well knowai poet, who re-
sided at Twickenham, who received a bas-

ket of figs from Turkey. He was told that
the basket was made from the branches of
willows, the very same species under which
the captive Jews sat when they wept by the
w^aters of Babylon. Being associated with
so much that was interesting he untwisted
the basket and planted some of the branches,
-taappily the willow is very quick to take
root and grow, which they did, and one soon
became a tree and drooped gracefully over
the river in the same manner that its race
had done over the waters of Babylon. It
is said that from this source all the w'eeping
willows are descended.

CHRYSANTHEMUNS IN THE GARDEN

G. H. MILLS,

DO not try to grow chrysanthemums on
a piece of heavy clay ground. They re-
quire a nice, medium loam. If you have
such soil on the south side of a fence, with-
out trees or buildings shading it, you are
fortunate. Cover the ground with three
inches of old manure and one pound of bone
meal to a yard. Early in Alay dig and
break up the soil until it is fine, and if the
weather is suitable the planting can be done.
The plants should be rooted early, say in
March, and kept growinr in pnts until

TOROXTO, ONT.

planting time. If you want to grow them
to a single flower you can plant them six
inches apart in the rows and eight inches
between the rows, but you can get nearly
as good flowers by taking the top off the
plants, as they will break and produce three
or four shoots. The time to do this top-
ping is when they are growing nicely out-
side. When hot weather sets in the plants
will require lots of water. A mulch of one
inch of old manure will prevent the surface
of the ground drving and will hold the

Lilies as Grown in the Great Little Island of Japan.

Now that most people are thinking of Japan as a warlike country it is a pleasure to find that many of our best lilies come
from Jajan. This shows a bed of lilies ^s grown iu Japan under contract for the Steele Briggs Seed Co., of Toronto, as described
elscwheie in this issue.

76

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

moisture at the roots. The ])laiits will not
thrive if allowed to dry out once or twice,
but. on the other hand, it does not do to
over-water them. v'^^prinkling' the jjlants
with the hose once a week will keep them
cle:in. If tlie apliis tj^ets on them take to-
bacco stems an.d soak them and syrino^e with
the li(|Uor. v^hould the chrysanthenumi fly
appear catch and kill him or he will soon
s])t)il your plants. He is like the ily that
spoils the asters, and two or three of them
are able to quickly ruin lOO plants.

When the buds a]>pear taKe all oft but the
top (iue. and if you feed with a weak li(|uid
manure once or twice a week it will im-
prove the flowers. If you can chan^'e the
Ii(|uid by using" say C(jw. horse and sheep

maiun-e. one after the (Jther. so much the
better, but stop all feeding as s(K)n as you
see the buds showing' color.

Try Madam Bergman the first year, and
if you succeed you can try others the fol-
lowing year. You will by then have found
out many little things not mentioned here.
W hen the weather sets in cold, sav six de-
grees (;f frost, secure some dry leaves and
cover six inches deep and lay on some brush
to keep them in jjlace. In the s])ring un-
cover them and they will grow again from
the stp.ols around the plants: nice voung
])lants will have rooted. Dig u]) the lot
;in(l take out the young plants. Prepare
your ground as before, but this tin'.e put in
th.e )(umg plants from your (;wn stock.

MILDEW ON LETTUCE

Vl{(jbyrA15LE growers in the viciirty
of Toronto, wdio are forcing vege-
tables lor the winter niarkets, have been
having considerable difficulty with mildew.
One of the greatest sv.fiferers has been Mr.
J. \\". Johnson., whose greenhouses were
\-isited during January by an editorial re-
presentative of The Horticulturist. The
mildew causes the leaves of such vegetables
as lettuce to wilt and gradually kills the
plants.

'■ iJy many the cause of the trouble is
thought to be in the soil," remarked Mr.
Johnson, " but I have proved that this is not
the case. 1 resorted to sterilizing the soil,
and at first it apj)eared as if this was an ef-
fectual remedy, but it turned out at a later
stage not to be. I am now convinced that
it is something in the house, as I have been
growing lettuce fc^r }ears and never had
any mildew till I built my present green-
house, ^'ou see I have two greenhouses
side by side, in which conditions as
to soil, etc., are precisely alike. Mildew
has appeared in one and not in the other.
One 'has brick walls, the other wood. The
former is damper, and to this the niildcw i-

I)rol)ab]\' (\\\Ki. 1 put in underdrains and
opened ventilating holes in the walls without
producing any effect.

One of Mr. J. \V. Johnson's Greenhouses.

X'entilation has probablv son'iething to
do with the matter. It is a curious fact
that in one greenliouse. where the ventila-

WITH THE VEGETABLE GROWERS.

II

tors open on hinges at the bottom, mildew
appears, while in the other, where they open
on hinges at the ridge, it has not appeared.
Head lettuce appears to be more subject to
mildew than bunch lettuce.

THE OXLY REMEDY.

" I have found sulphur treatment to be
the only eiTectual remedy. I mix the sul-

Vegetable Growing in tlie Winter

phur to the consistency of cream and put it
on the hot water pipes witli a brush. If
necessary to apply the treatment before arti-
ficial heat is required, a fire has to be lighted
to heat the pipes, but the first crop, sown in

" A Practical Vegeta'ile Orowers' A? =

sociation would be a good thing," re-
marked J. W. Johnson, of Toronto East, to
The Canadian Horticulturist recently, "pro-
vided the members would live up to their
agreemen.t. The discussions at their meet-
ings would be valuable, but such an associa-
tion would be of little use in fixing prices.
The farmers about Toronto have taken to
raising a great deal of garden truck, which
comes into competition with what the mar-

August, when the air is drier, is not so sub-
ject to mildew as those which come on later.
Watercress grown in the same greenhouse
is sometimes afifected with mildew, though
it seems to have disappeared this year. The
sulphur treatment has also proved effica-
cious in the case of chrysanthemums.

" Another enemy we have to contend
with is the green fly. I find ' Nikoteeii
Aphis Punk ' an efifectual remedy. I hang^
it on wires while burning, and the fumes
kill the fly. Formerly I used tobacco
stems, but they burned the plants. The
punk, which comes in rolls, is more expen-
sive, but it is worth the difiference.

" In growing lettuce some prefer to sow
thick, and thin out, allowing the plants to
mature where sowed. I prefer to trans-
plant and get single heads. For bunch let-
tuce I set four or five inches apart, for head
lettuce eight by ten. The temperature
should be kept at 70 degrees by day and 50
degrees by night. Bunch lettuce should
yield a crop every month ; head lettuce every
two months. I keep on sowing seed every
two or three weeks, thus ensuring a succes-
sion of plants. Bad seed this year has in-
terfered with the success of the crop.

" I am looking forward to the cucumber
crop, for which I sowed the seed January
16. '\\\ cucumbers are ready about the
middle of May and keep coming on till July,
when the outdoor crop comes in. I also
sowed my tomato seed January 16."

ket gardeners produce, and as this is a side
line with the farmer they are willing to take
less than the gardeners could afit'ord to sell
for. Under such circum.stances it would
be unfair to bind the market gardeners in
the matter of prices."

Have been a subscriber to The Horticulturist
for 10 to 15 years. I appreciate the great im-
provements that have been made in that time.
It has become a necessity in the house. I should
miss it very much. — (W. H. Parker, Humber
Bay, Ont.

THE MANURING OF MARKET GARDEN CROPS

GEO. CAMi'JJKLL ARXOTT, MEMO. AM. CHEM. SOC, MEMB. ROV. AG. SOC. OF ENGLAND, ETC.

W' HILST there is no excuse for the
farmer not knowing how to
manure his acres most profitably, the mar-
ket gardener is entitled to more indulgence.
The farmer is in the happy position of hav-
ing placed at his disposal a vast amount of
information gathered from carefully con-
ducted experiments of practical men ex-
tending over many years, both in Europe and
on this continent, whereas very little atten-
tion has been bestowed upon a rational sys-
tem of manuring in horticulture and garden
crops.

Seeing that the same quantity of plant
food, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash
required, for example, to produce a given
quantity of mangels, "grass, sugar beet, and
other farm produce, can furnish a similar
quantity of cauliflowers, green peas, salad,
and similar garden produce, it requires no
intricate calculations to see which is the
most profitable investment.

The yield in garden vegetables being so
much greater, the farmer having to be con-
tent with one crop per year, whereas the
market gardener endeavors to obtain two or
three crops in the same period, it followsi
that two or three times as much plant food
is required per acre as is the case in ordinary
field cultivation.

Success in the growing of vegetables de-
pends particularly on the time when mar- -
keted, the quality of the product, and the
yield per acre. It is a matter of experience
that the earlier the vegetables are marketed
the higher the price which will be secured,
and that the early gathering of one crop
permits the growing of another on the same
soil the same season. The importance of
being first in the market is appreciated by
gardeners, and their constant aim is to be
first in order to secure top prices. To do
this and to be on the safe side the market
gardener cannot afford to experiment and
run the risk of failure. The increased

profit secured by the gain of a week is so
large that if there is any way of securing it
that method must be utilized to its fullest
extent.

JIEAVY MANURING A NECESSITY.

The product of the market garden being
mostly consumed in the larger cities the
gardens are usually situated within a rea-
sonable distance of them, and consequently
able to obtain large quantities of stable and
barnyard manure fairly cheaply. This, no
doubt, explains the reason why heavy
manuring has come to be considered a
necessity for the successful growing of
vegetables.

In the few text books which have been
written the authors do not seem to have
grasped the subject of manuring thorough-
1\', for they hardly go beyond naming as
artificial or chemical manures such sub-
stances as bones, tankage, composts, horn
shavings, wool and other refuse matters
which are all very slow in their action, and
even then all the plant food does not become
available.

Slow acting manures are very well for
the farmer who is not up to date and whose
one crop is drawing its nourishment from
the soil for six months and in some cases
even longer, but the market gardener needs
to get two or three crops off in the same
time and cannot afford to depend on these
slow acting, incomplete and dilute manures.
The use of quickly available, that is, solu-
ble, complete chemical manures has been
conclusively proved to be the best and cheap-
est means of forcing garden crops on a large
scale.

INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS.

The most valuable contribution, to our
knowledge, on this subject is to be found in
the data obtained by that celebrated agri-
cultural chemist, Dr. B. Dyer, at his experi-
ment farm in Kent, England, on market
garden crops extending over nine years.

78

FERTILIZERS FOR VEGETABLES.

79

His figures thoroughly endorse those of
other observers. To take one vegetable
out of the many as an example, viz., cauli-
flowers. These were manured :

1. With an ordinary dressing of 14 tons
barnyard manure per acre.

2. With double the quantity, viz., 28 tons
barnyard manure per acre.

3. With 14 tons barnyard manure, sup-
plemented by quick-acting complete chemi-
cal manure.

The results were as follows :

Average Weight
Cost of Manure Average Yearly Weight per Head in

No. per Acre. of Crop per Acre. Pounds.

1.. . $24 00 14 tons 1680 lbs. 3.16

2. . . 48 00 18 tons 76 lbs. 3.87

3. . .. 39 00 21 tons 784 lbs. 4.52

This was a gain over the ordinary manur-
ing with barnyard manure of nearly seven
tons per acre and more than 40 per cent, in
the individual weight per head by the addi-
tion of quick-acting complete chemical
manure costing only $15 per acre; or a gain
of more than three tons in the crop per acre
and 17 per cent, in the individual weight of
heads at a saving of $9 per acre in cost of
manure when double the quantity of barn-
yard manure was used.

In addition to this monetary gain the ex-
perimenters make the following statement :
" That speaking generally the crops grown
with the addition of chemical manure were
uniformly of decidedly better quality than
those grown with manure alone. That in
the case of asparagus, cabbage, cauliflowers,
etc., they far surpassed them in succulence,

flavor, and tenderness, being uniformly far
less fibrous." This improvement in flavor
and lusciousness has also been many times
observed in the case of tomatoes, rhubarb,
and most fruits.

In regard to the question of chemical
manures inducing earlier crops, the same
authority says : " This was particularly
noticeable in regard to strawberries during
one of the heaviest crops in recent years.
The plot dressed with 14 tons barnyard
manure produced 9,408 pounds, and when
supplemented with chemical manure the
total crop was only increased by 336 pounds.
But in the first few days of picking nearly
700 pounds more fruit per acre were gath-
ered from the latter plot, and during this
time the market value of the fruit per pound
was at least double that of fruit picked dur-
ing the succeeding days.

It will thus be seen that the addition of a
properly manufactured quick-acting chemi-
cal fertilizer to the barnyard manure is pos-
sessed of three distinct advantages : First,
in the production of an earlier crop ; sec-
ond, in a vastly superior flavored crop ;
third, in a much larger crop obtained at con-
siderably less cost.

It is to be hoped that some of our more
advanced market gardeners will make trial
of new methods, and from their new experi-
ence will most certainly learn to limit their
expenditure in purchased barnyard manure
and increase that in complete, quick-acting
chemical manures as by far the most profit-
able.

FORCING LETTUCE

a r I ^O grow lettuce successfully," says
A Mr. J. MacNamara, of Bracondale,
Ont., " the seed should be started in the hot
bed before February 15. When this is
done the plants are ready for setting out by
April 10. They should be put out as early
as the season will permit. I put them in

rows two feet apart and about five inches
apart in the row.

" If the season is at all favorable the crop
is ready for market by June, but last season
it was somewhat later. The best variety
for outside growing is Nonpareil, which
forms a good head and finds ready market."

FORCING TOMATOES

MARKET gardeners have been giving
a good deal of attention in recent
years to growing vegetables under glass.
Canadian growers of tomatoes will find
much to interest them in bulletin Xo. 153
of the ( )hio Agricultural I^xperimeiit Sta-
tion, which has reached The Canadian
Horticulturist. The results will he found
in the following summary :

Creenhouse t()niat(.)es, because of superior
(jualily, sell more readily at much higher
prices than the southern grown product on
the san.e market.

Tomatoes grown in the spring have been
much more profitable than either lettuce or
cucumbers grown at the same season.

The average yield has been over two
pounds ])er square foot and the average
])rice 12 cents per i)()untl. Thus the returns
have been more than 20 cents per square
foot of bench space.

Raised benches have the advantage over
ground l)eds in earlier ripening of fruit.

Sub-irrigation or mulching is essential to
success in tomato forcing and it is advan-
tageous to combine "both methods.

Ordinarily the tomato plants were set two
feet apart each way and trained to tw'o
stems, but recent tests seem to indicate that
plants set one foot apart each way and
trained to one stem will give a higher yield
anxl ripen earlier.

For a spring and early summer crop the
seed should be sown in flats about the first
of December. The plants may be pricked
off into pots or flats, flats being more econo-
mical. The second and third shifts should
be made into pots.

Under ordinary care plants from seed
sown December i will be ready to set in the
perman.ent beds about the middle of March,
and the fruit will begin to ripen from the
first to the middle of June.

Stiff' wire, with a hook at the upper end
and made into the form of a cork-screw at
the lower end, screwed into the soil near the

plant, is a ver}- satisfactory device to which
to attach the lower end of the twine that
serves as a supi)ort to the vines.

Strong twine running frrjm the hook in
the cork-screw wire to a wire stretched di-
rectly over the row of plants and fastened
to the rafters, is a more satisfactory support
than stakes.

In training plants to one stem all side
branches should be k(.']A pinched off. When
training to two stems the lowest strong
branch, which is usually the one just below
the first fruit cluster, should be left for the
secondary stem. All other branches or
suckers should be kept pinched off.

Hand pollination is a necessary ojieration
in the successful forcing of tomatoes. A
wooden ladle and a spatula, with handles
about 18 inches in length, are very conven-
ient and helpful in doing this work. A dry
atmosphere facilitates pollination.

The temperature of the house should be
about 60 degrees Fahr. at night and the day
temperature can be allowed to run up to 8q
degrees with artificial heat and to 100 de-
grees or more with sun heat. Xo wdiite-
wash is needed on the glass.

The white fly, or plant house aleyrodes,
is a troublesome insect to combat in tomato
forcing. It can be controlled by fumiga-
tion W'ith hydrocyanic acid gas.

Great care should always be exercised in
fumigating with this gas as it is very poi-
sonous and damage to plant and animal life
may result from the careless use of it.

The leaf blight of the tomato fCladis-
povinin fnlvitin) Cooke, is very injurious if
permitted to gain a foothold early in the
growth of the plants. When present in a
mild form toward the close of the fruiting
period of the tomato, the damage resulting
is in part offset by the earlier ripening of
the crop. The Bordeaux mixture has
proven beneficial as a preventive of the
trouble.

The dry or tip rot of the tomato becomes

80

OF INTEREST TO VEGETABLE GROWERS,

8i

very destructive wheu allowed to have its
way. This trouble seldom occurs to a
harmful extent when there is an abundance
of moisture in the soil.

Baskets holding five pounds are a very
satisfactory size in which to market the
fruit. A\'hen shipped they are packed in
crates holding four baskets each.

Tomatoes when forced under glass are
more inclined to grow irregular than when
grown in the field ; hence in selecting varie-
ties for forcing it is important that they be
such as naturallv gfrow smooth.

Fertilizers Benefit the Crops

EARL SPEXCER, PICTOX. OXT.

I AM a full believer in the use of ferti-
lizers, having used them for over 20
years. The first year I applied one ton on
yellow field corn. The result was a first-
class crop. I receive increased orders
every year and never have cjuite enough.
We miss results in some crops every year.
I think the seasons have something to do
with it, or we do not understand the condi-
tions of every part of our soil, but eight
times out of ten we have the largest yields
where we use fertilizers. My experience is
that vegetables are more tender and sweeter,
potatoes are larger and smoother and will
not rot as quickly, and that berries are
larger and will stand a drought better when
fertilizers are used. The canning indus-
try has reached the point where nothing but
large yields will pay the growers. This
means our soil must be full of plant food.
A high grade fertilizer will forw^ard a crop
from start to finish, to say nothing about
the foul seed that is introduced when ordi-
nary manure is used.

In weeding out undesirable varieties of
blackberries, the following were found too
tender for this district, Early Cluster, Early
Harvest, Minnewaski and Ancient Briton.
— (A. W. Peart, Burlington, Ont.

The Beauty and Stone are very satisfac-
tory varieties for forcing. The Beauty is
of better appearance than the Stone, but the
stone is more prolific and because of greater
firmness is better for long distance ship-
ments. The Magnus, because of open
foliage, is a good variety to force in ground
beds.

Frogmore's Selected Forcing, Earliest of
All and Combination are promising sorts
but need further trial to prove their true
value.

Growing Early Cauliflowers

a nr^O secure caulifiowers for the early
J. market I start the seed in hot beds
about February 15," said Mr, J. MacNamara,
of Bracondale, Ont., to The Horticulturist
recently. '' As soon as weather conditions
permit I select a cloudy day and transplant
the young cauliflowers and cultivate fre-
quently until they begin to head.

■■ When the head begins to form I turn
the inner leaves over it to form a perfect,
shade so that the sun will not burn it. If
a cauliflower receives a check it is likely to
throw a small head and is of no more use,
as it will never reach a 'saleable size. The
best varieties are Gilt Edge and Snowball.

" For the early onion market I grow a
Spanish variety. I start the seed in hot
beds about February 15 and then transplant
to rows 30 inches apart and three inches
apart in the row, about the last of April or
as early as possible. With plenty of culti-
vation these should be ready for market by
July. For onions a sandy loam is better
than dark loam, but a good crop can be
srroAvn on either."

I neglected to bank around my young
trees in the fall a year ago, but when snow
came it was tramped around the trees, thus
preventing the mice from injuring them. —
(A. E. Mather, York Co., Ont.

82

EDITOR! A I..

Trie Canadian Hortic(:iIt'Orist

TKe Only Horticultural Magazine in
tKe Dominion.

OFFICIAL. OKGAN

ONTARIO FRUIT (iROWEKS' ASSOCIATION.

THK POMOLOr.ICAL AND FRUIT GROWING SOCIETY

OF THE PROVINCE OF C^UEUEC.

I'RINCE EDWARD ISLAND FRUIT GROWERS'

.\SS0CIAT10N.

H. ItKoNsoN CowAN, Editor and Business .Man.-iger.

W. (!. Rook, .Advenisiiig Manager.

1. TliH Ciiiiadiaii Hurtioulturist is puMished the first <jf
each niuijlh.

%. SiibMoriptioii Fri«-e $1.00 per year, strictly in advance
entitling; the subscrioer lu ineiiil) i.-hip 111 the F>uit G owers'
AvSoclation of Onta io and .ill it- privilei;es, including a copy ol it's
rep at. For all Cv^uiUriis except Canada, Ui.ued States and C.riat
Britain add 50c for postage.

3. K«'niiltan«;«'8 should be made by Post Office or M. ney
Express Order, or R t;istert d Letter. Postage Stamps accepted lor
amounts less than ii.oo. Receipts will be acknowledged on the
address label, which shows the date to which suUscriplion is paid.

4. Uiscoiltiiiuaiic-eM — Responsible sul)scribers will continue
o receive The H. nicuUiirist until the pnbli>hers are notified i)y

letter to diM:ontijiUf , when all arre.ir^ges must be paid. Societies
should send in their reviseil lists i . J nua y : othei wise it wdl be
taken for granted all «ill conti uc member-..

5. CUian^e of Address — Whm a change of address is or-
dered, both the old and ilie new addresses mu-l be given.

6. AdverlisiiiK Kat«-s quoted on application. Circulaticn
5,500. Copy receipcd up to the 24th. Rcsponsiule representatives
wanted in towns and i iti s.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be
thankfully received by the editor.

8. All ConimuiiiVHtioiis should be addressed :

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

TORONTO, CANADA

A. DOMINION CONFERENCE REQUIRED.

Fruit growers should press the proposal to
hold a Dominion conference. This matter has
been discussed and approved of by several of
the provincial fruit growers' associations and
the assistance of the Hon. Sydney Fisher, Min-
ister of Agriculture, has been promised. The
first move must come from the Dominion De-
partment and a gentle reminder, at this time,
from the fruit growers may, therefore, be in
order.

Such a conference is greatly needed. There
are many ma.-ers pressing for a solution
which the fruit growers are unable to settle
satisfactorily through their provincial associa-
tions. Several of the provinces are using .......

ferent sized boxes, barrels and baskets for the
shipment of fruit and considerable confusion is
sometimes caused thereby. Certain sizes should
be agreed on by the different provinces and
adopted as the standard Canadian packages.
Present conditions are little better than chaotic.

The marketing of fruit is a question which
requires a great deal of careful consideration.
An effort might well be made to see if anything

can be done to ensure growers receiving proper
returns fiom commission dealers not only on
this side of the Atlantic but on the other side
as well. While the great majority of commis-
sion men are perfectly honest expeiience has
shown that some are dishonest, and protection
against such is what fruit growers desire.
Many important phases of the transportation
question could be dealt with more satisfactorily
through a Dominion organization than provin-
cially. Some provisions of the Fruit Marks
Act and possible additions to it might well be
dealt with.

Through the Dominion Department of Agri-
cultuie the leniJing dairy authorities in the dif-
ferent provinces have been enabled to holu two
valuable conferences at Ottawa. A year ago
the live stock men held a similar gathering.
The fruit men should now press their case. No
better time or place for such a meeting could
be selected than the next provincial Fruit,
Flower and Honey Show- in Toronto.

CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS.

The Ontario F^iuit dowers' Association acted
wisely last month when it decided to make an
active effort to form more local fruit growers
cooperative associations. More good will ac-
crue to fruit growers through these local asso-
ciations than in any other way. This is the
'best form of cooperation.

After growers have learned how to work to-
gether through their local associations the foun-
dation will have been completed for a strong
provincial organization. A provincial organi-
zation composed of scores of local cooperative
associations would be in a position to settle
many of the difflculties growers have to contend
with in the marketing of their fruit. Without
the local organizations to start with it will be a
difficult matter to form a strong provincial as-
sociation. Many of our growers have yet to
learn the first simple principles of cooperation.

VALUE OF FERTILIZERS.

Evidence of the great advances that are be-
ing made in the methods of growing fruit, flow-
ers and vegetables may be found in the in-
creased attention that is being given to the use
of commercial fertilizers. A few years ago the
man who purchased fertilizers was considered,
by many, to lack in brains. To-day it is recog-
nized th'it the judicious use of fertilizers, on
most soils, is a profitable investment.

The reason there has not been a more rapid
increase in the use of commercial fertilizers Is
due to the many mistakes that have been made
by growers. Many growers, when they have
heard the use of a certain fertilizer has proved
profitable to some of their neighbors, have pur-
chased the same fertilizer and used it in the
same manner as their neighbor w'ithout stop-
ping to consider the special requirements of
their soil. These men. when not satisfied with
results, have loudly proclaimed commercial
fertilizers to be a fraud when the trouble has
really been due to their own ignorance.

EDITORIAL.

83

The iiiusL successful growers are those who
study the needs of their soil and of the crops
they are raising and who purchase the fertilizers
best adapted to their needs. Some prefer to
mix their own fertilizers. These men almost
invariably make their investments in fertilizers
net them excellent returns. An encouraging
change for the better has taken place in many
firms dealing in fertilizers, as they are now as
anxious to sell growers the proper ingredients
as the growers are to secure such. The dealers
recognize that only by making the use of ferti-
lizers prove profitable can they expect to secure
an increase in their trade.

.sent. As it is probable the first immigrants
will arrive very early this year applications for
laborers .should be made without delay.

OUR TEN DOLLAR OFFER.

For some months The Horticulturist has
been endeavoring to encourage its readers to
purchase from its advertisers by offering to
give ten dollars each month to the reader pur-
chasing goods to the greatest value from adver-
tisers in each issue. Recently we announced
that Mr. Charles Mackey, of Thornbury, had
won this money for one month by purchasing
goods to the value of 3175.78 from the Wag-
goner Ladder Co. During January Mr. Mackey
again applied for the ten dollar bonus, having
purchased goods to the value of $31 from J. A.
Simmers, of Toronto, but this time he was un-
successful, as Mr. G. D. Ellis, of Leamington,
had exceeded his purchases having purchased
bulbs and plants from Mr. Simmers to the value
of $37.37 and pots worth $7.23 from the Foster
Pottery Co. The value of Mr. Ellis' total pui-
chases were $44.60.

This means that Mr. Ellis received back from
The Horticulturist almost one quarter of the
total value of his purchases.^ As a handsome
calendar is sent to everyone who purchases
from our advertisers one of these calendars has
' been ordered for Mr. Mackey. The probabili-
ties are that other readers purchased goods of
greater value than Mr. Ellis did, but as they
did not apply for the ten dollars the money was
sent to Mr. Ellis. This should encourage other
•readers to apply for this bonus this month.
Even if you do not win the ten dollars you will
be sent a very handsome calendar provided you
tell the advertisers you saw their advertise-
ment in The Horticulturist.

The farm labor problem is still a live question.
The attention of those of our readers who desir?
to engage help is called to an advertisement in
this issue by the Bureau of Colonization. Dur-
ing the past two years the Farm Labor Bureau
has distributed over 10,000 immigrants among
the farmers and fruit and flower growers of
Ontario. These immigrants have been brought
to Canada as a result of the work in Great
Britain of the agents of both the Dominion and
■Ontario governments. People desiring to em-
ploy labor should notify tbe Bureau of Labor.
Their applications w-ill be filed and filled as
soon as a suitable immigrant asks for work.
The department, when necessary, pays the rail-
way fare of the immigrant to the nearest rail-
way station of thf- person to whom he is being

An advertising representative of The Horti-
culturist recently visited Detroit, Buffalo,
Rochester and other United States cities, but
was unable to secure any advertising contracts
owning to the Canadian tariff. This tariff does
not prevent United States fruit papers from ob-
taining subscriptions in Canada for a year for
twenty-five cents. This means that United
States horticultural publications are able to in-
vade our subscription field but that we cannot
touch their advertising preserves. It is rather
hard to be hit twice at the .same time by the
.same stick.

Two matters of great importance to fruit
growers are the proper use of fertilizers and
spraying. Prominence has been given in this
issue to the first of these subjects, and in the
March number interesting articles from experts
will be published on the importance of spray-
ing. Advertisers desiring special positions
should have their space reserved at an early
date.

Readers uf The Horticulturist who have any
.spare copies of the April issue, 1903, will confer
a great favor if they will send them to this
ofBce. The supply is exhausted and more are
i-equired for filing purposes.

A long and prosperous life to the recently or-
i^anized New Brunswick Fruit Grower;?' Asso-
ciation. The better the fruit growers in the
various provinces are united the better for the
iiidustrv as a whole.

A Question and Answer

Mr. A, an apple operator, purchases apples
from Mr. B, a merchant in a small town, who
engages Mr. C to do the packing in the or-
chards of the farmers in the neighborhood.
Mr. A pays Mr. B for the apples when they
are delivered to him, and Mr. B settles with
the farmers. According to the Fruit Marks
Act whose name should appear upon the bar-
rels ? In case of fraudulent packing or mark-
ing who is responsible ? — (J. B. H.

THK .AN.SVVER
.Mex. .McNeill. Chief of the Fru t Divi.sion, Otlaw;i.

Mr. B as the owner of the apples at the time
uf packing should place his brand on the
apples. Under the Fruit Marks Act A, B and
C might each be prosecuted in case the apples
were offered for sale fraudulently marked or
packed. A under section 5 for offering for
sale ; B under section 6 or 7 for fraudulently
packing or marking; and C under section 4 of
the order-in-council for fraudulently packing
only. It will be 'noted that C is not responsi-
ble for the grade mark and could only be prose-
cuted under section 7 for the crime which is
usually called ' overfacing."

SELLING FRUIT IN GREAT BRITAIN ON COMMISSION

The chaiires that have recently been made
that certain British importers of Canadian
fruit have long had an understanding through
which they have been able to keep down the
prices of the fruit led The Horticulturist to
write to Mr. W. W. Moore, at Ottawa, Chief of
the Extension of Markets, to see if some of the
Dominion Government's agents in Great Britain
could not be utilized to investigate the truth of
these charges. "The following reply has been
received from Mi'. Moore :

Some time ago I noticed in the press a state-
ment by a Mr. Cochrane, of Boston, in which he
charged the importers of fruit in Great Britain
with making fraudulent returns to apple ship-
pers on this side of the water. As Mr. Coch-
rane's statement was copied by the Canadian
newspapers I presume this is the matter to
which you allude.

At the time Mr. Cochrane's statement ap-
pealed I noticed it, but did not consider it worth
an inv'estigation. I know something of the
methods whereby the leading fruit brokers in
Liverpool, London and Glasgow dispose of the
apples they receive on consignment, and, as far
as the principal firms are concerned, I do not
believe they make fraudulent retui'ns or act dis-
honestly in any way.

In Liverpool there are six firms who dispose
of apples by public auction. From what I
know of the manner in which these sales are
conducted I do not think that it would be possi-
ble to form a combine to keep down the prices
without such an arrangement becoming public.
Of course, apart from the six firms I mentioned,
there are a number of smaller concerns in
Liverpool, each of whom handle considerable
quantities of imported apples during the year.
Some of these may be crooked and make false
returns, but I have never heard any specific
complaint regarding the business methods of
any of the British fruit dealers.

This department has not " agents " in Great
Britain in the proper acceptance of the term,
but we have inspectors at the chief ports, whose
duty it is to observe and report regarding the
condition in which Canadian perishable pro-
duce is landed from the steamers and the hand-
ling it receives during the process of discharge.
These inspectors are stationed at Glasgow,

London, Bristol, Manchester and Liverpool.
The Chief Inspector is Mr. A. W. Grindley, who
is stationed at Liverpool and who has local
supervision of the work of the other inspectors.
Mr. Grindley is a Canadian who has held his
position for over six years. He is wide awake
and energetic, and is thoroughly informed re-
garding the selling end of the apple trade. I
shall write him to-day and bring the charges,
referred to in your letter, before his attention,
and as soon as I receive his reply I shall trans-
mit it to you.

A BRITISH OPINION.

The charges which have been made have at-
tracted attention in Great Britain. The fol-
lowing clipping from the Manchester Daily
Despatch may be of interest :

A strong appeal has been made on behalf of
the fruit growers and fruit shippers of Canada
to the High Commissioner to investigate cer-
tain grave accusations, formulated very definite-
ly on the other side, against the foreign fruit
trade of Liverpool, Manchester, and London.
It is alleged that the English importers, who se-
cure consignments of fruit through agents in
Toronto, Montreal, Nova Scotia and Boston at
prices to be determined at auction in England,
have manipulated the market in collusion with
the fruit salesmen of the auction rooms. By
secret arrangement among the sellers and buy-
ers concerned, the fruit is " knocked down " at
prices that are unremunerative to the Canadian
exporters.

Such an impeachment of the honor of gentle-
men engaged in a most reputable branch of
commerce, is not supported so far by sufficient
evidence to warrant any special investigation
by the Canadian authorities. Complaint of the
low prices obtained for colonial fruit in the
English market is chronic, and this j^ear's slump
in fruit, consequent upon an exceptionally
abundant season, as it affects the exuberant
imagination on the other side, is reflected, it is
thought, in this daring indictment of the Eng-
lish dealers in fruit on the ground of bogus
sales and control of the market by a dishonest
fruit ring. The matter has gone too far in
Canada, however, to warrant the trade involved
in treating the charge with contemptuous
silence.

PACKING APPLES IN BOXES FOR EXPORT

ALEX. C. BIGGS, BURLINGTON, ONT.

Every fruit grower with a spark of pride for
the fruit industry of this country must feel
humiliated by the article which appeared in the
January number of The Horticulturist, on Pack-
ing Apples in Boxes, by J. B. Thomas, of Lon-
don, England.

The article gives the impressions of a very
prominent apple dealer upon the new and grow-
ing custom of packing apples in boxes, which
he discourages, not because it is not a good
style of package but because Canadians do not
know how to pack apples in boxes. His words
are :

" I have observed the Canadian attempts at
packing in boxes, and, with few exceptions, I
may say that the less we see of such boxes and
such packing the better for those interested In
shipping apples from Canada."

I do not agree with Mr. Thomas in the view
that because we are not proficient in the pack-
ing of apples in boxes we should cast them
aside. If such a rule had been applied to bar-
rels years ago perhaps we should not be using
them now. The box has its place for first-
class fruit suitable for a certain class of cus-
tomers, and the barrel for both first and second,
grades for those who favor it.

84

COMMERCIAL FRUIT GROWIXG.

85

The day is coming when the markets will re-
quire that the best apples be laid down without
bruising, and new appliances and methods will
be adopted that will make it possible to do so.

The box seems to be the best package for that
purpose. I am in favor of the cential packing
house system, which can only be secured by co-
operation.

Unpleasant Truth From a Friend

A Canadian in Paris, France, writing to the
Orillia Packet makes the following remarks
about the Canadian fruit sold in that city :

All the hawkers' barrows lately have been
filled with " pommes de Canada " — Canadian
apples, which are loudly cried as such. In fact
for a day or so last week one heard " Canada "
on all hands. Some Canadians I know said
they were ashamed to have it announced such
horrid looking stuff came from the Dominion.
The apples were octagonal, not rounded.

When will Canadian packers learn to put up
their stuff properly ? Where the apples touch
each other there is a flattened space which at
once starts rot. The consequence is the apples
have been selling at 10 and 20 cents a pound,
while the French hand-picked and properly
cared for apples fetch more than that each. If
oranges are wrapped in paper why can't apples
be ? Properly delivered here the best Canadian
apples would fetch six to eight cents each,
ju'Hging by what the local fruit realizes.

Gardeners and Fruit Growers Unite

The Gardeners' and Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion of the Hamilton district held a general
meeting in Hamilton January 21. This is a
live association, and the first gardeners' organi-
zation in conjunction with fruit growers in On-
tario. The members would like to see a ue-
partment in The Horticulturist on vegetable
growing. This organization expects to take a
prominent place among other conventions in the
near future.

The proposal to place the Dominion Fruit
Division under the Dairy Division was strongly
opposed, and the following resolution was unani-
mously endorsed by the association : " Re-
solved, that this, the Gardeners' and Fruit
Growers' Association of the Hamilton District
disapproves of the proposed plan of the Domin-
ion Government to place the fruit and dairying
divisions under one head. We are of the opin-
ion that such an act would materially cripple
the fruit growing industry, and that the fruit
division is of sufficient importance to have a
head controlling that department ; that this in-
dustry is occupying such a prominent place in
the commercial trade of the country and should
not be made subordinate to any other depart-
ment. We strongly urge on the Hon. Sydney
Fisher to exercise his influence in favor of the
fruit growers of this country and to prevent the
proposed union of these two divisions." — (W. C.
Webster.

English Fruit Market Depressed

W. A. CLEMONS, OTTAWA.
The Extension of Markets Division, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Ottawa, is in receipt of a
letter from Geo. R. Meeker & Co., receivers of
Canadian and American fruits, Covent Garden,
London, in which the following paragraphs
occur : " The great thing is to get apples over
here packed as tightly as possible, and, above
all, the fruit should not be in any way damaged^
by frost. Our market is in a state of collapse,
owing, in the main, to badness of trade, and
also to the fact that there are very large quan-
tities of apples that have been placed in cold
storage in Southampton. This experiment is
not panning out well, and the prices are so low
that we cannot imagine that they can be other-
wise than ruinous. Who is the loser in the
transaction we cannot say. Somebody must be
getting hard hit, and we believe that will be the
first and last attempt at cold storage in this
country, unless exceptional opportunities pre-
sent themselves in the way of short crops on
this side."

The Liverpool market is also very demoral-
ized, our agent there telegraphing us as follows:
"Market very demoralized, but anticipate re-
vival shortly; great danger in shipping frosted
fruit, which prejudices trade generally."

Edward Jacobs & Sons, fruit brokers, Ham-
burg, Germany, write under date of January 12:
" The prospects are very favorable for good
apples; satisfactory prices may be realized, and
we hope that some Canadian shippers will give
us a trial."

A Valuable Publication. — The Horticultural
Directory for 1905, recently published by the
Journal of Horticulture, of London, England, is
full of useful and well arranged information for
all interested in horticuture in connection with
trade in Great Britain. The directory contains
complete lists of London seedsmen and florists,
as well as in all the larger cities in Great
Britain, lists of nurserymen, gardeners, and
horticultural builders, engineers, implement
makers, etc., making a most valuable reference
for horticulturists. Horticultural societies of
any prominence, with their officers names and
addresses, are given, not only for Great Britain,
but all over the continent, and America as well,
including Canada. The value of the work can
be somewhat guaged when it is known that the
directory shows an increase of upwards of 4,00a
new names and addresses since 1894.

We have advertised in The Canadian Horti-
culturist for several years and find it a very
good medium for reaching fruit growers. — (The
W. A. Freeman Co., Hamilton, Ont.

Allow me to congratulate you on the excel-
lence of the report furnished in the December
issue of The Horticulturist, of the annual con-
vention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion.— (R. M. Palmer, Victoria, B. C.

THE ANNUAL MEETINGS OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

The annual meeting of the Port Hope Horti-
cultural Society was well attended, consider-
ing the weather. Those present were enthu-
siastic in their enthusiasm, therefore a profit-
able meeting was the result. The following
officers were chosen: President, F. Outram ;
secretary and treasurer, J. G. Jackson. A com-
mittee vvas appointed to wait on some of -the
owners of vacant lots to seek permission to
transform them from their dilapidated condi-
tion. It was decided to ask the town council
for financial aid toward carrying out the work
for the year. It was voted to continue to sub-
scribe for The Horticulturist. — (J. G. Jackson,
secretary.

MIDLAND SOCIETY.

The meeting of the Midland Horticultural
Society was a decided success in spite of a
heavy storm. There is a growing interest in
horticulture in the town, owing largely to the
free distribution of seeds to the public school
children. Election of officers resulted as fol-
lows : President, P. Cook ; secretary and
treasurer, E. H. Piggott. We have decided to
distribute more seeds this year and to put out
flower beds at the schools. A liberal share of
the members have sent in their names for The
Horticulturist for 1905. — (E. H. Piggott, Sec'y.

PICTON SOCIETY.

Picton society elected the following officers :
President, Thomas Bog ; secretary and trea-
surer, W. T. Ross. The business brought be-
fore the meeting and plans for work this year
were discussed with much enthusiasm. It was
left with the secretary to ascertain the desires
of members as to their receiving plants, seeds
or bulbs for the spring distribution, and their
preference for a magazine for the year.

GRIMSBY SOCIETY.
Each member of the Grimsby Horticultural
society voiced enthusiastically the sentiment
of progress. A committee of seven was ap-
pointed to select two plants for the spring dis-
tribution ; another committee was appointed
to arrange for a series of house 'meetings, at
which it is proposed to have discussions on sub-
jects pertaining to flowers, fruits, etc. Mr.
Adam Rutherford was elected president and J.
W. Brennan secretary. — (J. W. Brennan, Sec'y.

KINCARDINE SOCIETY.
The Kincardine society elected oflRcers as fol-
lows: President, William Walsh ; secretary
and treasurer, Joseph Barker. Owing to
stormy weather but few were present at the
meeting, which however lacked nothing in in-
terest .and enthusiasm. The president's and
secretary's reports showed that satisfactorj'
progress had been made. Mr. Barker expressed
the belief that the membership will be increased
this year to at least 150, while President Walsh
was of the opinion that the 200 mark should be
reached. The treasurer's financial report
showed receipts for the year were $281.40 and
expenses $274.54. About 125 copies of The
Horticulturist w^rf distrihutPtd ;imong the

members in 1904, and the secretary reported
that " The Horticulturist is highly prized, as is
evident from the anxiety manifested by mem-
bers when any of the numbers happen to go
astray." — (Jos. Barker, Sec'y. (Copies of both
the president's and secretary's reports were re-
ceived by The Horticulturist, but had to be
'tmitted owing to lack of space.)

OTTAWA SOCIETY.
The Ullawa society elected W. G. Black presi-
dent and J. F. Watson secretary and treasurer.
The improvement of the city on horticultural
lines is the aim of this society, and the city
council is to be asked for aid in the shape of a
grant of money and legislation. The matter
of pruning and planting trees on the streets of
the city was thoroughly discussed. The so-
ciety has done good and great work in the past,
but is in need of money to extend its influence.
Most of the money received by the society is
paid out in premiums to the members. During
1904 one annual meeting, six general meetings
and exhibitions, and six directors' meetings
were held. Cash prizes amounting to $301.75
were paid, and the balance in the treasury is
$28.85. The membership was 226.

ORANGEVILKE SOCIETY.
The Orangeville Horticultural society elected
Mr. Robert Mann president and reappointed
Mr. Andrew Hill secretary-treasurer. The
president reported that fruit trees, ornamental
shrubs and flowering bulbs had been distributed
to the value of $106.55, copies of The Horticul-
turist had been sent to the members, together
with a most interesting and useful pamphlet
on bulb culture, and bound copies of the annual
report of the Fruit Growers' Association. The
society has kept alive an interest in horticul-
tural matters in the neighborhood and has been
able in many ways to assist in the improve-
ment of the home garden and orchard. The
total disbursements, in horticultural effort,
amounted to over $245. A committee was ap-
pointed to select the plants for distribution this
year. — (A. M. Hill, Sec'y.

ELMIRA SOCIETY.
The Elmira society elected Mr. R. B. Martin
Ijresident and C. W. Schierholtz secretary and
treasurer. The membership was 61, and it is
hoped that this number will be materially in-
creased this year. ■ The society intends to hold
a flower show during the summer, and meetings
for the discussion of floricultural and horticul-
tural subjects. A distribution of seeds and
plants will be made in the spring. A balance
of $55 is on hand.

WOODSTOCK SOCIETY.
The Woodstock society elected for their offi-
cers: President, Mr. R. W. Woodruff, and sec-
retary and treasurer, Mr. M. Dawes. A vote
of thanks was given to Mr. J. S. Scarff, the re-
tiring .secretary, for his untiring and earnest
efforts. The president's address showed that
the society had endeavored to secure a park
commission, composed of members nntside the

WHAT THE SOCIETIES DID IN JANUARY.

city council, which it was the opinion would be
a long step in advance of the present system.
In all probability the society will take the mat-
ter up at a later date. The annual flower show
was held in August and was the best ever held
in the city. The society expended during the
year $86.09 on plant distribution and $90.80 on
horticultural publications, The Horticulturist
being a favored one. The president suggested
that it would be a wise move for the members
to take another step forward by putting the
care of the parks of the city under a more per-
manent management. A balance of $58 was
shown in the treasury. /

LONDON SOCIETY.

The London society elected as president Mr.
Oharles James Fox, and secretary and treasurer.
Mr. R. W. Rennie. During the year five meet-
ings were held for business, in addition to the
annual meeting. Two very successful flowei-
shows were given in the summer. At both
these shows the displays were very fine. Two
distributions were made to the members in the
spring, three named perennial phlox were given,
and a good supply of aster seed. In the fall
each member received 25 choice tulip bulbs.
" Gardening," a semi-monthly publication, was
subscribed for and mailed to each member dur-
ing the year ; it proved to be too professional
in its character and entirely unsuited to the re-
quirements of the members. It will conse-

quently not be renewed this year. In the early
part of the year a civic improvement society
was organized. To it was transferred the
management of the garden competitions and the
awarding of prizes for the best kept school
grounds in the city. This new society has al-
ready been able to effect some of the improve-
ments aimed at.

OWEN SOUND SOCIETY.

The meeting of the Owen Sound Society was
rather poorly attended, but much enthusiasm
and interest was shown. Dr. Allan Cameron
was chosen as president, and Miss Lou A. Har-
rison was re-elected as secretary and treasurer.
The meeting February 24 will be an interesting
one, the subject for discussion being How best
to beautify our cemetery and parks. Subjects
for future meetings will be arranged at an
i^arly date.

SIMCOE SOCIETY.

The Simcoe society devoted itself last year to
giving out trees, shrubs, plants, seeds and small
fruits, thus improving the homes of members,
and aiding others in the same work and beauti-
fying the town. Only one meeting was held,
and that in w^inter, when the Department of
Agriculture sent the speakers. We distributed
to school children many garden and flower
seeds, and they were much interested in the
growth and care of the .same. — J. Thos. Mur-
phy, Sec.-Treas.

Two Year Old Tea Roses (for Easter blooming)

GERANIUMS ^newest varieties), GLOXINIA and TUBEROUS
ROOTED BECiONIA BULBS. PIERS ON and BOSTON
FEKNS, BEGONIAS. AZALEAS (in bloom), OTAHEITE
ORANGES (in fruit), CANNAS (dry roots), CHRYSANTHE-
MUINIS (large stock of young plants in a few weeks).

Quotations cheertfully and promptly furnished.

The Webster Floral Co., Limited, Hamilton, Ont.

I'lorists, Nursei ynifii ;iii<l .Seedsmen

I

The Capelton Chemical & Fertilizer Coy

ESTABLISHED 1890

Brands Manufactured : Royal Canadian, Victor, Crown, Corn, Reliance, Capelton

You should use Fertilizers on ever^ thing from House Plants to Field Crops, as it pays to get out of the
soil all it can produce The only way to do so is to feed the i)lants with fertilizers as you do your stock.
NO WEEDS, NO CUT WORMS, MUCH LARGER CROPS WITH IT THAN WITHOUT.

Help build up Canada by using Canadian goods as everything used by us excepting Muriate of Potash
is produced in Canada. The Government Reports for past years show, that we give better value for your
money than any Fertilizers on the market.

We never lose a customer who once uses our goods. Give us a trial order for a few hundred pounds say
$5.00 worth, telling us what vou want to use it for We guarantee you will be regular customers ever after.
If there is no agent in your section, write direct. Agents wanted in every county and tow nship m Canada.

The Capelton Chtmlcal & Fertilizer Co., Buckingham, Que.

88

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

THE TORONTO SOCIETY.

At the annual meeting of the Toronto Horti-
cultural Society H. R. Franl<land was elected
president ; W. G. Rook, first vice-president :
Geo. Musson, second vice-president ; Charles E.
Chambers, secretary, and W. G. Rook treasurer.

ORILLIA SOCIETY.

Orillia's society elected C. L. Stephens presi-
dent and T. W. Robbins secretary and treasurer.
The treasurer's report showed an expenditure
of $168.65, with receipts of $187.83.^. Member-
ship for the year was 81. There were 586 en-
tries at the fall fiower and fruit show, and $175
was given in prizes. The society has decided
to supply the pupils of the various schools with
seeds and to offer prizes for competitions for
flowers grown from these seeds. It was pro-
posed to renew the efforts to have the streets,
lawns, etc., kept more tidy and uniform.

LINDSAY SOCIETY.
The attendance at the annual meeting of the
Lindsay society was not large. The secretary's
report showed a balance on hand of $34.50.
The officers elected were : President, Mr.
Robert Chambers, and secretary and treasurer,
F. J. I'^rampton.

CAYUGA SOCIETY.
By paying $1 every member of the Cayuga
Horticultural Society will be entitled to select
one of the following : The Canadian Horticul-

Experience Counts

Having- spent 25 years in the fruit busi-
ness, we know fairly \vell the wants of our
customers. Scions and buds are taken from
bearing trees in our orchards. Therefore,
we know what we grow.

Buy the Best

We grow first-class stock and always
send everything True to Name, because
we believe Honesty is the Best Policy ;

and our system of labelling is perfect.

Apple Trees

Largest and best stock in Canada.

All standard varieties of FRUIT TREES,
ORNAMENTALS, PLANTS and VINES

Salesmen Wanted. Write for Illustrated Catalogue.

turist for 1905 and seven Norway spruce 2 feet
high, or five shrubs of leading varieties, or 65
gladiola. or 33 choice gladioli ; second, seven
Xorway spruce trees 2 feet high, and 65 glad-
ioli or 33 choice gladioli, all of which will be
supplied by Campbell Brothers, of Simcoe ; or
third, one dozen bedding geraniums, mixed col-
ors, and one dozen coleus or ageratum. — (A. K.
Goodman, secretary.

Toronto Gardeners and Florists

The newly elected offlcers of the Toronto
Gardeners' and Florists'- Association are George
Douglas, president ; E. F. Collins, secretary,
and Geo. Mills, treasurer. The representatives
to the Industrial exhibition are J. H. Dunlop
and W. H. Foord. The above are all active
members and the association should have a suc-
cessful year.

The executive has prepared an interesting
program of subjects for the monthly meetings.
The annual carnation show will be held in St.
George's Hall, February 16, when the exhibits
of roses and carnations promise to be the finest
ever seen in Canada.

Am very well pleased with The Horticulturist.
Hope you may be able to continue improving it
in the future as in the past. — (T. A. Chapman,
Baltimore, Ont.

E. D. SMITH,

Winona, Ont.

■^

The stormy March is come at last.

With wir\d. and cloud, and changing sl\ies
I hear the rushing of the blast,

That through the valley flies.

Ah, passing few are they who speaK,
Wild, stormy month ! in praise of thee ;

Yet, though thy winds are loud and bleaK,
Thou art a w^elcome month to me.

For thou, to northern lands, again

The glad o^nd glorious sun dost bring.

And thou hast joined the gentle train
And wear'st the gentle name of Spring.

Byrant.

B

t/)

« K

o

o

a.
C/3

he (anadian t{ortic(jItCrist

MARCH, ;905

Volume XXVIII

mm
mm

THE CORELESS APPLE*

SAMPSON MORGAN, BROADSTAIRS, ENGLAND.

Number 3

1HAD the honor of introducing the first
coreless and seedless apple to Great
Britain. Its arrival evoked great interest
among all classes. I have been asked to
put on record an account of this wonderful
novelty, and for Canada have selected The
Canadian Horticulturist for the purpose.
The apple was sent to me by the secretary
of the Spencer Seedless Apple Co., of Colo-
rado, at the wish of Mr. Spencer, the intro-
ducer, with instructions to bring it before
the notice of the British public.

A box containing the first coreless apples
ever received in England was delivered to
me at Broadstairs, January 22. The first
specimen taken from the box I put aside for
the King. In the near future seedless and
coreless apples will be on sale in the fruit
shops of every city in the United Kingdom.

The tree produces a cluster of small green
leaves, like a disorganized bud. It is here
that in due course the fruit forms. There
being no petals or fragrance the codling
moth, which has wrought great devastation
in our orchards, passes it by, and thus few,
if any, of the coreless apples are marred or
injured by the grub of that pest. The trees
are being propagated from buds, no seeds
being available.

The permanency of the seedlessness of
the Spencer apple is beyond dispute. Over

2,500 trees are already in hand, and the
stock is being extended. Arrangements
are in progress to ensure ample supplies of
these wonderful novelties in England.

The Spencer seedless apple is not the first
seedless apple which has been grown. Pro-
bably half a dozen trees have appeared at
difi^erent places bearing apples without
seeds. Besides, the apples which grew on
the original trees had little juice, and being
small, were of no commercial value. The,
originator of the Spencer seedless apple first
succeeded in getting five trees which yielded
fruits practically without seeds. From these
five trees he budded and grafted to see if
they would reproduce themselves. He has
now in his orchard trees four, six and eight
years old bearing seedless apples.

As these trees stand in close proximity
to ordinary apple trees, a small percentage
of the apples on the seedless trees have one
and sometimes two or three seeds, but they
are just as apt to appear in one part of the
apple as another. Mr. Spencer has found
a seed within one-eighth of an inch of the
outer peeling of the apple, far removed
from its core. It is impossible for the
Spencer seedless apple to bear seeds of their
own accord. The seed, which is occasion-
ally found, is produced by the pollen from
the common apple trees being carried to the

* In the April i?sue of The Horticulturist will appear an article by Mr. W. T. Macoun, Horiiculturist of the Cential Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, in i elation to seedless apples that have been grown in Canada.

91

92

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

seedless trees by bees or the wind. Wher-
ever this pollen is deposited, conditions be-
ing favorable, will be found the seed. There
is a small quantity of pollen, also a stamen,
as in the ordinary apple tree, and probably
not over one-twentieth the amount of pollen
on the seedless buds that there is on the
common tree blossoms.

■ MAY REVOLUTIONIZE APPLE GROWING.

The originator claims that his are the
only seedless apple trees in existence which
one can bud and graft from, and obtain
trees that will produce seedless apples ; also
that there are no other seedless apples of
any commercial value. These apples from
the seedless trees grow as large as the ordi-
nary winter apple and contain as much
juice. They are red when fully matured,
and have large strawberry dots. The flesh
is firm and they are excellent keepers.

It has ibeen proved that the further we
get away from the original proposition (five
trees) the larger and better is the fruit.
The seedless trees are very prolific bearers.
There is an absolute saving of about 25 per
cent, in the seedless apples on account of
there being no waste except the peeling.
This fact cannot be over-estimated when it
comes to evaporating and drying the fruit.

For the hotel and restaurant trade, as well
as for family eating and cooking, the ab-
sence of seeds or seed pockets is a great con-
venience. In the green apples, from the
time they first appear until one-half or two-
thirds grown, traces of the seed pockets
may occasionally be found. By the time
the apples reach full maturity, except in rare
cases, this semblance of a seed pocket be-
comes absorbed into the solid meat of the
apple. There being no seeds in the apple,
there is no need for seed pockets, conse-
quently nature eliminates them of her own
accord.

Mr. Spencer has 50 bearing trees in his
orchard, and the younger trees (four years
old) yield apples which have only a yellow
fibrous substance, of no toughness whatever,

representing the seed pockets. There is
only one variety of seedless apple, and as
that is quite distinct from any other, it has
been called the Spencer seedless apple. Ex-
periments are being tried on 12 or 15 of the
best varieties of apples, and possibly in a
few years the leading apples of commerce
will be seedless. The Spencer seedless
apple tree may revolutionize the apple in-
dustry of the world.

Marketed in large quantities these apples,
even when they are no longer novelties, will
command five dollars a bushel wholesale.
At that price, if the trees are as prolific as
they are stated to be, the apple should prove
far more profitable to growers than even
the Ribston pippin. For some years the
trees, and also the fruits, will be very ex-
pensive. Even if the sanguine expecta-
tions of their originator are realized their in-
troduction will not injuriously affect apple
growing industries carried on by experi-
enced cultivators, but it will happily drive
from our markets those inferior and out of
date sorts which are the chief cause of those
periodic market gluts so ruinous to fruit
producers.

For the commercial grower the new apple
is admirably suitable. When available
hundreds of thousands of bushels can be
disposed of each season easily at excellent
prices. A late apple of the color of the
coreless apple is an undoubted acquisition
to the trade.

By desire, this record of the introduction
of the coreless apple to Great Britain, as
published in The Canadian Horticulturist,
will be filed by various state horticultural
societies and colleges in Canada, the United
States, England, Ireland, Scotland and
Wales.

The apple sent to King Edward was
photographed in two positions before being
despatched to Windsor Castle. In acknow-
ledging its receipt His Majesty's private
secretary wrote : " The King has been
much interested in seeing the apple which

THE VALUE OF COOPERATION DEMONSTRATED.

93

Mr. Morgan sent." The private secretary
also asked me to let him know "when anv
more of the seedless apples arrived in Eng-
land from Colorado."

Two of the apples were disposed of by
auction by ^lessrs. Garcia, Jacobs & Co.,
the well known Covent Garden fruit sales-

men, in aid of a fund being raised for the
■' Starving Poor of West Ham." An im-
mense crowd of buyers assembled to watch
the proceedings. The two apples were sold
for 60 shillings, which is equal to 3,000 shil-
lings a bushel, the highest price ever paid
for apples in any market in the world.

COOPERATIVE SPRAYING BY GROWERS

ALEJX. MCNEILL, CHIEF OF THE FRUIT DIVISION, OTTAWA, ONT.

IN the spring of 1903 the Fruit Division,
Ottawa, determined to test the effi-
ciency of power spraying. An outfit with
a gasoline engine was purchased from the
Spramotor Company, London, and placed
in the charge of Fruit Inspector Carey and
Mr. J. C. Harris, at Ingersoll. Contracts
were taken from the farmers between Inger-
soll and Woodstock to the extent of about
3,000 trees, and during the season these
trees were sprayed four times.

The results were quite satisfactory ;
nevertheless, the demonstration was con-
tinued in 1904 for the purpose of confirming
the experience of 1903. Again 3,000 trees
were contracted for and sprayed four times
at a cost of 5c. per tree for each spraying.
The object of these demonstrations was not
to prove that spraying was a good thing so
much as to devise some method whereby
farmers would be induced to spray their
trees. The result has justified the experi-
ment. The outfit will remain in Ingersoll
this year, but will be operated by private in-
dividuals, a result which was anticipated
when the demonstration was undertaken.

The result of the work in Ingersoll has
demonstrated two or three points very con-
clusively. First, - that power spraying is
not materially cheaper than spraying by
hand ; second, that power spraying is more
eft'ective than hand spraying; third, that it
is so much more convenient that farmers,
who could not be induced to spray with
hand pumps, will readily pay even more
than the commercial rate in order to have

the work done for them. And once more,
it has been demonstrated that spraying is
one of the best paying operations in the care
of an orchard.

The season of 1904 developed fungus to
a very serious degree in the county of Ox-
ford. Unsprayed orchards did not usually
yield more than 10 or 15 per cent, of apples
that would grade as No. i. This rendered
it almost impossible to secure buyers in the
Ingersoll markets during the fall months
and, as a consequence, many unsprayed or-
chards were never picked, and those that
were picked yielded only about the price of
the picking and packages. The sprayed
orchards, however, pelded about 90 per
cent, of No. i fruit, and without an excep-
tion were all sold, some of them not at a
high price but at a price that was deemed
satisfactory for the season.

The results may be put another way.
Accepting the average of two barrels p-^r
tree, the cost of spraying would be 10 cents
per barrel. The difference in the price ob-
tained for the sprayed fruit would be at
least 75 cents per barrel on the tree, leaving
a net profit of 65 cents per barrel for spray-
ing. This is putting the financial side of
it somewhat moderately. It is a common
excuse with farmers for not sprapng that
there is too much other work to do. To
such farmers I would say that there is no
work on the farm that will yield so large a
dividend as this of spraying; consequently
it will pay much better to neglect other
work rather than to neglect the spraying.

GROWERS MUST BE PREPARED TO SPRAY

RICHMOND F. ROBINSON, ST. CATHARINES, ONT.

1^ O succeed in fruit growing a man must
be prepared to spray and spray care-
fully and regularly just as he prunes or
cultivates his orchard. Apart from the ad-
vantage to the fruit spraying is of great
l>enefit to the trees. They are more
thrifty and hold their foliage considerably
later in the fall.

It is impossible for me to state how much
any fruit was increased in value as a result
of spraying last season, but 1 do know that
I had no unsaleable fruit on my farm last
year, and that by the use of lime and sul-
phur 1 had good crops of plums and
peaches. Though curl leaf was prevalent
I had none on any of my peach trees, ex-
cept 40 or 50 two-year-old Yellow St. Johns
which I had not sprayed.

Mr. Blaikie, a neighbor, and I purchased
a Niagara gas sprayer, worked by liquid
carbonic acid gas, last February. I can-
not say how many trees we sprayed in an
hour, but we put 600 gallons, wine measure,
of lime and sulphur on in a day, and we
were novices. The mixture was applied

very thoroughly even wastefully. The
lime and sulphur mixture is hard to put on
as it clogs the nozzles. We had to fill the
tank bucket by bucket instead of elevating
the barrels or pouring in by means of a long
funnel, as we shall do in future. With
sufficient nozzles 1,200 to 1,500 gallons can
l)c put on by three men in a day. The ma-
chine saves time, labor and material. I had
previously used a hand sprayer, and if I
had to pay twice what I did for the gas
sprayer I would do it sooner than waste
time with, a hand sprayer, which is as much
behind the times as a hand reaper.

Lime and sulphur will not only control
San Jose scale, but make it a blessing in dis-
guise, as those who do not spray will in-
evitably go to the wall. If I had no scale
I would spray with lime and sulphur as a
fungicide. By applying the Bordeaux
mixture in time last season I succeeded in
checking a good deal of rot in my plums
and sweet cherries. If applied early
and frequently the Bordeaux mixture will
check the black rot in the grapes.

NEW BRUNSWICK FRUIT GROWERS ORGANIZE

W. D. ALBRIGHT, SUSSEX, N. B.

AS secretary of the newly organized
New Brunswick Fruit Growers' As-
sociation it is my duty to inform The Horti-
culturist of what has been done towards or-
ganizing the horticultural interests in this
province. In December a meeting of
maritime horticulturists was held in the
Winter Fair building, Amherst, where the
New Brunswick Fruit Growers' Association
was organized wnth provisional officers as
follows : President, J. C. Gilman, Frederic-
ton ; vice-president, Geo. McAlpine, Gage-
town ; secretary-treasurer, W. D. Albright,
Sussex, and a director for each county.
The next meeting was held at Frederic-

ton, January 2^, the evening following the
convention of the New Brunswick Farmers'
and Dairymen's Association. A constitu-
tion was adopted along much the same lines
as that of the Nova Scotia Association and
officers were re-elected with the addition of
a separate treasurer in H. Wilmot, of Oro-
mocto. A profitable session was held.
The membership numbers -^^2, and the bal-
ance of funds on hand is %2'j. It is hoped
a grant will be received from the local gov-
ernment and to carry on an active cam-
paign of educational and cooperative work.
Among the things to be taken up is the pur-
chase of nursery stock for members. Only

9\

SPRAYING AND PRUNING.

95

reliable firms will be dealt with, and thus
one of the most common sources of vexation
and loss will be avoided. Cooperation in
packing, marketing, etc., will be considered

later. Two or three orchard meetings will
be held during the summer and a conven-
tion about the end of the year in the fruit
sections of the province.

Pruning Cherry Trees

A cherry orchard (sour), 16 years old, set 16
feet apart each way, has grown up so high as
to make the fruit ripen unevenly and hard to
pick. Is it safe to head back the topmost
branches, say six feet, of course painting the
wounds made ? — (R. Robinson, St. Catharines,
Ont.

W. T, Macoun, Horticulturist, Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa : Severe pruning of
cherry trees causes gumming of the trees
and weakens the trees considerably. If it
can be avoided, it is not wise to prune cherry
trees severely. In the present case it would
be well to prune a few trees the first season
and see the effect. If no gumming occur-
red, the work could be continued the fol-
lowing year. Much depends on the health
of the trees, and if they are as vigorous as
stated I do not beUeve that severe pruning
would injure them much.

Prof. H. L. Hutt, O.A.C., Guelph : This is
the inevitable result of the common mistake
of planting trees too closely together.
Severe heading back will remedy matters to
some extent, but it is an injury to the tree.
Such trees may be pruned back severely and
still form good heads. Mr. Peart, my as-
sistant, says he once had a similar case to
deal with, and the main branches were cut
back to stubs two or three inches in diameter
and only a few feet from the trunk. Yet
these trees have formed new tops and have
done well. This, of course, involves loss
of crop for two or three years.

Pro. L. R. Taft, Michigan Agricultural
College : A great deal will depend on the
growth and shape of the trees. While
severe pruning of the cherry is not advis-
able, it might be well , under the conditions
mentioned, to head back the branches, but
I would hardly recommend the removal of

as much as six feet of the growth unless
there are numerous side branches lower
down on the limbs.

Spraying for San Jose Scale

ROB£;rT THOMPSON, ST. CATHARINES, ONT.

The San Jose scale is slowly but surely
spreading every season into fresh orchards
and widening the infested areas; but, judg-
ing from the results of thorough spraying,
I can safely say that the scale can be held
in check and the trees kept healthy and the
fruit almost entirely clean. Spraying with
lime and sulphur in the proportions of 15 to
18 pounds of lime, and the same quantity of
sulphur, to 40 gallons of water, and boiling
two to two and a half hours, has given as
good results as any mixture.

In several instances by using 20 pounds of
sulphur, 25 pounds of fresh lime and 12^
pounds of sal soda to 40 gallons of water,
and allowing the lime and soda to boil with
its own heat for three-quarters of an hour,
slaking the lime with hot water, excellent
results have been secured. One point of
great importance is that the spraying must
be thoroughly and carefully done. This
mixture is cheaper and is not so hard to
apply as when 40 pounds of lime to 40 gal-
lons of water is used. It is not necessary,
to use the lime and sulphur as hot as it was
used two years ago.

The law regarding the scale is sufficient
protection if it is enforced. Infested trees,
when the owner will not treat them, should
be taken out and burned. The San Jose
scale is not much worse to combat than the
potato bug if taken in time and if spraying
is done once a year. The man who will
not spray will soon lose his trees.

96

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Importations of Vegetables

I"* HE following statement, showing the
quantity and value of vegetables im-
ported into Canada from the United States,
and entered for consumption at the ports of
Montreal and Toronto during the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1904. and the duty collected
on each item, has been laid on the table of
the House of Commons at Ottawa by the
Minister of Customs:

MONTREAL.

July TO Deckm«kk, 1!»(I3, Inclusive.

Quantity. Value. Duty.

17,597 $ 764 $ 191.00

1,()41 -2,370 446.1.")

3,028 '2,400 .S02,30

1 0,1 42 16,938 4,7-22.20

292,863 10,539 4,392.94

14,106 3,526.50

Articles.

Melons No.

Potatoes Bush.

Potatoes, Sweet. . "
Tomatoes, Fresh. "
Tomatoes, Can'd. Lbs.
Vegetables, Other $

Total, 6 months

$47,117 .$13,581.09

Janu.\ry TO June, 1904, I.nclusive.

Articles. Quantity. Value. Duty.

Potatoes Bush. 1 , 793 $1,81 5 $ 268 95

Potatoes, Sweet . . " 433 774 43.3o

Tomatoes, Fresh . " 9,178 2.3.325 4,368. lo

Tomatoes, Canned. Lbs. 55,772 3,400 836.38

Vegetables, Other. $ 39,477 9,869.25

Total 6 months. .
Grand total 12 months.

$70,791 $15,385.98

$117,908 $28,967,07

TORONTO.

•TuLY TO December, 1903, Inclusive.

Articles. Quantity. Value. Duty.

Melons No. 97,-522 .?5,627 $1,409 75

Potatoes Bush. 1,414 1.292 212.10

Potatoes. Sweet . " 5,178 4,037 517.80

Tomatoes, Fresh. " 8 726 10,224 2,777.60

Vegetables, Can'd Lbs. 148,747 7,047 2,231.20

Vegetables, Other $ 10,432 2,608.00

Total 6 months.

.$.38,659 $9,753.45

.Janu.ary TO ,IuNK, 1904, Inclusive.

Article).

Melons No.

Potatoes Bush.

Potatoes, Sweet.. "
Tomatres, Fresh. "
Vegatables, Can'd Lbs.
Vegetables, Other $

Quantity. Value.

7,662

3,279

337

7,191

55,231

$ 775

3,7.55

479

17.661
4,156

28,160

Duty.

% 193.75

491.85

.33.70

3,204 30

829.07

7,040.00

Total 6 months.

\\

.$54,986 $11,792.67

The Vicar Pear

L. WOOI^VERTON, SUPT. ONTARIO FRUIT
STATIONS, GRIMSBY, ONT,

A GENTLEMAN in the County of
Waterloo sends a sample of a pear
for identification. The pear, he says, ma-
tured in December, and when he wrote early
in February, was still in. good condition.
The tree is a heavy bearer. For an ordi-
nary sized tree, one barrel of fruit would be
a fair crop, but in 1903 it bore three barrels
of pears, of which 90 per cent were market-
able, and in 1904 one barrel of marketable
fruit. The Toronto men believe it to be
Buerre d'Anjou, but it does not quite corres-
pond with the description. " I hope," he
adds, " that you can give me the correct
name of the pear."

The pear is a fair sample of the Vicar of
Winkfield, which was described and illus-
trated in my report to the Minister of Agri-
culture for the year 1901, page 22. It is an
old French pear, introduced into cultivation
about the year 1760, and now distributed in.
France under different names. It was in-
troduced into England by the Vicar of
Winkfield, hence its English name. I have
grown the pear over 30 years in my experi-
mental orchard near Grimsby, and have
come to the conclusion that it should not be
highly commended. The tree is fairly pro-
ductive, but inclined to sufifer from blight;
while the fruit, though large in size and an
excellent keeper and shipper, carr)dng as
well as an apple, lacks color to make it a
good seller, and has not good enough quality
to commend it for the home garden. Its
season is December to February.

(4rand total 12 months

$93,645 $21,546.12

The British Columbia Fruit Growers' As-
sociation is asking the local legislature to
increase its annual grant. It also asks the
Department of Agriculture to arrange for a
national convention of fruit growers next,
autumn.

THE VALUE OF SPRAYING.

97

New York Fruit Growers

W. H. BUXTIXG, ST. CATHARINES, ONT.

THE annual meeting of the Western
New York Horticultural Society,
and their 50th anniversary, was held in
Rochester, X. Y., January 25 and 26. Not-
withstanding- severe weather, there was a
large attendance from all over New York
State, and a number of representatives from
neighboring states.

Addresses were delivered by Prof. Bailey,
on the history and outlook of the society ;
by Prof. Craig, on the apple orchard, sup-
plemented by a series of very interesting
stereoptican views ; by Prof. Atwood, on the
threatened invasion of the gypsey moth, and
by Prof. Jordan, Prof. Beach and others.
The discussions on the various subjects
were animated and showed the fruit grow-
ers across the line are alive to the import-
ance of their calling and the necessity for
keeping abreast with the investigations of
the experimenters and practical men of the
day.

The display of fruit was exceptionally
fine, and the exhibition of spraying machines
and orchard appliances was of large propor-

tions and great interest. Air. Barry and
Mr. Hall Were unanimously re-elected to the
offices of president and secretary-treasurer.

Another Testimony For Spraying

A. HEAZLITT, ADOI.PHUSTOWN' ONT.

FOR spraying I use a pump purchased
about 12 years ago for which I paid
S16. This included barrel and blocks and
double hose. It takes three men to run it ;
one to each hose, one to drive the horse and
do the pumping. I spray for the codUng
moth, soon after the blossom falls, when
the little apple is pointing upwards, and
again in three or four weeks. I use four
ounces paris green and one quart of new
lime to 40 gallons of water. We can spray
about 45 trees in an hour. We have no
San Jose scale. A neighbor who has tried
all kinds of sprayers agrees with me as to
the value of my pump. I fully believe in
the value of spraying.

Prices were very low last year, but had I
not sprayed I would not have been able to
dispose of my apples at any price. Spray-
ing is O. K. — (Fred. Heeney, Ingersoll.

Fruit Growers Examining the Results of Cooperative Spraying

In this issue Mr. Alex. McNeill, Chier of the Fruit Division, describes the results of the cooperative spraying, conducted under the
direction of the goverement, in the Ingersoll district The illustration shows fruit growers inspecting the sprayed and unsprayed orchards
ast fall. (Photograph taken especially for The Canadian Horticulturist.)

THE ONTARIO FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS *

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR, PROF. H. L. HUTT, GUEL.PH, ONT.

Fruit trees in the St. Lawrence Valley
suffered severely last winter. Mr. Jones,
of Maitland, the experimenter, has made
careful note of the relative hardiness of the
different varieties. He has a good general
collection of the hardiest varieties of fruit,
made up of 74 varieties of apples, 40 of
pears, 51 of plums, and 11 of cherries.
Only a few of the hardiest varieties of pears
and plums survived the winter, and none ot
them, with the exception of the American
plums, fruited satisfactorily.

Many varieties of apples supposed to be
quite hardy were not sufficiently so to stand
the severity of last winter. A young or-
chard of 150 Ontario apple trees, three
years planted, was entirely destroyed. Blen-
heim, Ben Davis and Stark trees also were
killed or more or less severely injured.
Even large trees of Fameuse and Scarlet
Pippin, which had been bearing regularly
for the past 20 years, were killed outright.
In nearly all cases, however, these were
trees which had weakened their vitality by
over-bearing the previous year. Trees of
the same variety along side, which bore no
crop in 1903 were quite healthy and bore
heavily this year. In this connection a
valuable lesson may be learned as to the im-
portance of keeping trees at all times in
good health if possible, and not allowing
them to lose vigor through over-bearing,
attacks of insects, fungii, or other causes.

Mr. Jones is a strong believer in the im-
portance of hardy stock for top working the
less hardy varieties upon. He has set out
about four acres of McMahon White apple
trees, and has top-grafted them with scions
selected from his most productive and best
colored Fameuse trees. In this way he
will soon have an orchard of hardy produc-
tive trees bearing fine, high colored fruit as
the result of careful selection of scions.

For a commercial orchard Mr. Jones has
found the Fameuse, Mcintosh and Scarlet

Pippin the most profitable varieties for his
section, but for a general home collection,
covering the season from early to late he
recommends the following:

Apples: Yellow Transparent, Astra-
chan. Duchess, Alexander, Fameuse, Mcin-
tosh, Scarlet Pippin, Wealthy, Milwaukee,
Scott's Winter, and Golden Russet.

Pears and plums cannot be relied upon
for a profit in that section, although a few
may be grown for home use. The follow-
ing are the varieties which Mr. Jones re-
commends as a result of his testing so far :

Pears : Flemish Beauty, Clapp's Favor-
ite, and Ritson.

Plums: Whittaker, Wolf, Stoddard,
Red June, Mana, Ogon, and Glass Seedling.

Cherries : Early Richmond, Montmo-
rency, Orel, and English Morello.

THE GRIMSBY STATION.

Mr. L. Woolverton, of Grimsby, the ex-
perimenter at this station, has 100 acres
closely planted with fruit. His collection
of varieties is one of the largest and most
representative to be found in Ontario. It
is made up of 50 varieties of apples, 60 of
pears, 60 of plums, 100 of peaches, 100 of
cherries, 5 of quinces, 12 of apricots, 104 of
grapes, 15 of currants, 40 of gooseberries,
and 50 of strawberries.

The following are the varieties he recom-
mends for planting in his section :

Sweet Cherries : Governor Wood, Na-
poleon Knight, Tartarian, Elkhorn, and on
clay soil, Windsor.

Sour Cherries: Montmorency and
English Morello.

Mr. Woolverton has about 200 Windsor
cherry trees six or seven years old which
have made good growth, but borne very lit-
tle fruit, while trees of the same variety
on heavy soil at Mr. Orr's a few miles far-
ther west have fruited heavily. Last win-
ter killed the fruit buds on most of the

The first part of this report was published in the February issue.

98

THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

99

sweet varieties in Mr. Woolverton's collec-
tion, and the crop as a consequence last sea-
son was light. The sour varieties came
through the winter uninjured and bore
iieavily.

THE SIMCOE STATION.

In this section of Ontario hardiness is
necessarily a first consideration in the selec-
tion of varieties of fruits for planting. Mr.
G. C. Caston, of Craighurst, the experi-
menter, has an excellent general collection
of apples, pears, plums, cherries, and the
small fruits, which he has had under care-
ful test for a number of years. He is thus
in a position to give valuable information
on any of the fruits suitable for that dis-
trict. He strongly advocates the plan of
top working the best varieties of apples,
such as Spy and King, upon hardier stock,
such as the 1 ajman Sweet. The advantage
gained by this practice was quite evident this
year after the severe test to which the trees
were put last winter. The varieties of
apples which he recommends for that sec-
tion are : Duchess, Alexander, Peerless,
Snow, Blenheim, Greening, Fallawater, On-
tario, Spy, Gano,. and Stark. The Bald-
win, Greening, King, Spy and Ontario, he
says, should always be top grafted on hardy
stock in that district.

Out of the 25 varieties of cherries tested
for a number of years he recommends Ost-
heim, Orel No. 24, Russian No. 207, Bes-
sarabian, Montmorency and Dyehouse, Mr.
Caston has been very successful in the culti-
vation of raspberries and blackberries, which
not only bear well but bring profitable prices
in the local markets. The Cuthbert has
been his best red raspberry, while Agawam
and Eldorado have been his most profitable
varieties of the blackberry.

THE BAY OF QUINTS SECTION.

This section is in the centre of one of the
best apple growing sections of Ontario, and
nowhere else in the country do I know of a
more successful apple grower than our ex-

perimenter, Mr. W. H. Dempsey, of Tren-
ton. His annual crop averages about
2,000 barrels. Last year it was somewhat
over that amount.

Mr. Dempsey has in his orchard 300
varieties of apples, 40 of pears, 30 of plums,
6 of cherries, 3 of peaches, and 2 of quinces.

The following are the varieties he recom-
mends for planting in his section :

Affiles : Thirteen of the leading com-
mercial varieties in order of their ripening :
Duchess, Gravenstein, Alexander, Trenton,
Wealthy, Fameuse, Mcintosh, Blenheim,
King, Greening, Ontario, Baldwin, Seek,
Spy, Stark, and Ben Davis. Thirteen of
the choicest varieties for domestic purposes
in their order of ripening: Primate, Duch-
ess, Gravenstein, Trenton, Wealthy, Fa-
meuse, Mcintosh, Pomme Grise, King,
Greening, Ontario, Seek, Spy, Swayzie,
Pomme Grise, Jonathan, and Talman. A
few of the most promising new varieties :
Star, Fanny, Garden Gem, Parlines Beauty,
Coe's River Beauty, Winter Banana, Boi-
ken, Windsor Chief, and Rome Beauty.

Pears: Gifford, Tyson, Clapp's Favor-
ite, Bartlett, Boussock, B. Hardy, White
Doyenne, Dempsey, Bosc, Clairgeau, Good-
ale, Lawrence, Josephine de Malines.

Plums : Saunders, Burbank, Abund-
ance, Imperial Gage, Lombard, Shipper's
Pride, Chabot, Niagara, Damson, Reine
Claude.

Cherries : Early Richmond, Montmo-
rency.

Peaches : Fitzgerald stood last winter
uninjured.

Quince : Orange.

IN NORTHERN ONTARIO.

Last year was a severe test for the hardi-
ness of trees in Northern Ontario, and
some valuable lessons have been learned at
the Algoma Station, conducted by Charles
Young, of Richard's Landing, who is an
enthusiastic fruit grower and a careful ob-
server.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

I cannot give a better idea of some of Mr.
Young's work than by quoting a few of his
answers to questions 1 put to him last sum-
mer. In answer to the question as to what
kinds of fruits he is growing he says: " I
am trying to grow a Httle of ahiiost every-
thing in the way of fruit except peaches,
without making a speciaUy of any one thing.
The work so far has been purely experi-
mental. If the question had been what
made the most money I would have an-
swered without any hesitation strawberries,
and after that fall apples. I have in round
numbers 35 of apples, 9 of pears, 12 of
cherries, 1 1 of plums, 8 of strawberries, 10
of gooseberries, 7 of currants, 5 of raspber-
ries, 8 of black raspberries, and 8 of grapes."

In answer to the question, " What varie-
ties of apples would you recommend for
planting in your section," he said : " I will
make the list very short. Fall— Astrachan,
Duchess, Charlemoff, Yellow Transparent,
Gideon. Early winter — Longfield and
Wealthy. Scott's Winter is the best late
winter, but it by no means fills the bill. A
late keeping apple of good size and quality
and as hardy as some of our fall apples we
have not got so far. I thought we had it in
the Ontario, but last winter was too much
for it, although I thinJ< if the trees had been
a few years older it would have come out
all right. As it is now, I am disappointed
in this apple."

Replying to a question as to how trees
wintered in his section he said : _ " They
apparently came through the winter fairly
well, but the spring or early summer killed
20 per cent, of them. The summer and
fall of 1903 were extremely wet here, which
induced a long sappy growth which was not
fully matured when winter set in. We had
no fall to speak of between summer and

winter, then followed the excessive cold of
winter, 48 degrees below zero on the main
land and 46 below at this station, and for
days in succession 30 below zero. This, no
doubt, weakened the vitality of the trees,
but with the exception of the tips of last
season's growth I could see nothing the mat-
ter when they got their annual pruning be-
tween April 12 and 20.

"The first week in May was excessively
hot in the day with hard frost, at night,
which is the principal cause of failure in
fruit growing in the north. The trees
leafed out all right with the exception of a
few cherries, but just as soon as the sap in
the top of the tree was exhausted the tree
began to die. There was no root killing,
although the snow at no time was very deep.
Most of the trees were killed to the snow
line and are making new growth a foot
above the ground. They may in a few years
make better trees than they were originally.
Six feet of clear trunk is not the thing for
trees in this section, three feet is quite high
enough. If I had taken my usual precau-
tion and protected the trunks of the trees
from the sun I have no doubt most of them
would have come out all right, but this I
omitted in the fall."

" As to what varieties have suffered most :
This has puzzled me, for varieties that had
been considered hardy, for instance, Tal-
man, Golden Russet and Ben Davis, are
nearly all killed. I have lost no trees planted
six years ago except two Wagners. Among
pears, Keiflfers, which bore some fruit last
year, were killed to within a foot of the
ground. Anjou, which I had not con-
sidered extra hardy, was uninjured and
came out better than even Flemish Beauty.
A few sweet cherries I had are dead, others
are gradually dying."

Although in my 81st year, I am spending a
good deal of my time tramping in the snow and
cold soliciting renewals and new subscriptions
for The Canadian Horticulturist. — (Jos. Barker,
Secretary Kincardine Horticultural Society.

I find something to help me in every issue of
The Horticulturist, though the reason I began
taking it was for the information it gave about
growing flowers. The magazine is getting bet-
ter all the time. — (Mrs. Geo. Mutton, Penrym.

SPRAYING AGAINST THE BLACK ROT

\V. H. BUNTING, ST. CATHARINES.

1HAVE noted with considerable interest
the timely articles in The Horticulturist
on black rot of the grape, more especially
those from Mr. W. T. Macoun, of the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm, and Prof. Loch-
head, of the Ontario Agricultural College,
both of whom have been taking a lively in-
terest in the work of the fruit growers of
Ontario. As my vineyards have been inci-
dentally mentioned in these articles, I have
thought that I might add a word or two
emphasizing the conclusions arrived at.

Spraying: on the Farm of Alex. Heazlitt, Adolphustown, Lennox County, Ont.

The grape industry, which has reached
large proportions, and become a most im-
portant interest, is threatened with a serious
danger unless prompt measures are taken
to check the inroads of this fungus disease.
I have had evidence of the presence of the
rot for several years amongst the Rogers
varieties on sandy soil, and have been spray-
ing to some extent, but with indifferent suc-
cess, because the work was done in a spas-
modic way, and usually not taken up until
after the damage to the fruit became more
or less evident. It was not until 1901 that
symptoms of this disease were seen on the

Niagara grape, but during that year it sud-
denly appeared when the fruit had attained
nearly full size but had not commenced to
ripen. An application of Bordeaux mix-
ture seemed to check it. There also ap-
peared that year what has become commonly
known as petrified grapes. The berry, in-
stead of ripening in the ordinary way, be-
came solid and opaque, assumed a dull grey
or greenish white appearance, and finally
dropped to the ground.

In 1903, owing to peculiarly favorable at-
mospheric con-
ditions, black
rot spread ' so
rapidly, not only
over the Nia-
gara grapes, but
also affected
nearly all other
varieties and
was in evidence
in so many
vineyards it be-
came apparent
that a vigorous
campaign must
be commenced.
Conflicting re-
ports were re-
ceived of failure
or success in combatting the disease. In some
sections the growers pulled out their vine-
yards and turned their attention to other
crops. Others, by persistent effort, suc-
ceeded in controlling the disease and reaped
fair crops. I resolved on making a deter-
mined effort to fight the ro<t during 1904.

The vineyard most seriously affected was
sprayed seven times ; four with the Bor-
deaux mixture (4-4-40 formula), twice with
the soda Bordeaux, using sufficient caustic
soda to neutralize the acidity of the cop-
per solution, and once with a dust spray
composed of about 30 pounds of lime, 15

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

pounds of sulphuric acid and two pounds
of sulphate of copper, in a finely powdered
condition, well mixed and applied with a
Jumbo dust sprayer, Althoug-h 1904 was
favorable for the spread of fungus there
was comparatively little rot in the vineyard
of about five acres, and no petrified fruit,
and I succeeded in harvesting one of the
most satisfactory crops of grapes this vine-
yard has produced for many years. In
1903 nearly 75 per cent, of the crops had
been destroyed by rot.

In other vineyards where less spraying
was done there was more or less evidence
of rot even where it had not previously ap-
peared, while in many surrounding vine-
yards, where no spraying was done, the
crop was absolutely worthless. I am satis-
fied that frequent and systematic spraying
with the Bordeaux mixture will result in
freedom from rot and disease, in producing
bright, healthy foliage and in the proper
juaturing of a fine crop of fruit under ordi-
narv conditions.

STRAWBERRY CULTURE

E. B. STEVENSON, PONSONBY, ONT.

'^I^IIE past season has emphasized the
X superiority of the narrow row sys-
tem of strawberry cultivation, with soil well
prepared. The question is often asked,
" What is the best soil for strawberries ?"
They may be grown on any land that will
produce a good crop of corn, potatoes, or
turnips ; ground that has been well manured
for roots the year previous is perhaps the
best.

There is nothing more important in suc-
cessful strawberry growing than a careful
preparation of the soil. There is no fruit
that is more unsatisfactory and more un-
profitable when neglected, and none that
will more readily respond to good care.
Only those who have had experience can be
made to believe what can be taken off an
acre of strawberries. The up-to-date
grower, who gives strawberries suitable
ground and proper cultivation, will clear,
one year with another, $225 to $250 per
acre.

Strawberries should not be planted on
newly plowed sod land, nor on ground on
which the water stands after rain or
through the winter. On sod land a great
many white grubs are often found, which
will make havoc amongst newly set straw-
berry plants. I have seen the white grub

clean oft' the plants from a two-acre field
that had been planted on sod land.

The best results will be obtained from
rows three or three and one-half feet apart,
plants the same distance in the row, culti-
vated both ways for a time, then, when
plants are running well, cultivate one way.
Keep the rows of plants narrow — about 18
inches — leaving a good path for the pickers.
In the fall, after growth has stopped, give a
dressing of unleached ashes and a slight
covering of long strawy manure, or pea
straw. In the spring this should be raked
into the paths, and will act as a mulch and
keep the berries clean. If the ground has
been kept well cultivated and clear of weeds
the previous summer it will need very little
in the spring.

Last season was unfavorable. Owing to
the severity of the winter the plants suffered
very much, some plantations losing one-
third. The plants made a good growth
and went into winter quarters in good con-
dition, and where they had a good covering
of snow or straw came out all right. Where
not covered the very severe freezing of
February did the damage, but w4ierever
they were well mulched the plants came
through the winter in good condition. The
experience of the past season emphasizes

FOR THE SMALL FRUIT GROWER.

the great importance of a good heavy mulch,
especially where the plants are thin in the
row. This prevents the great damage that
results from heavy freezing, or alternate!
freezing and thawing. The season vas
later than usual and prices ruled higher on
account of a light crop.

CONCERNING VARIETIES.

As to the best varieties each grower will
have, in a large measure, to decide for him-
self w^hich are best suited for his soil and
style of cultivation. In some places Michels
is the best early, in others it gives a very
good return. The first to ripen last sea-
son were Excelsior, Michels, Van Deman,
August LyUther, Camelon, Success, Early
Market, but not very much ahead of the
bulk of the mid-season varieties. Gandy,
Nettie, Hunn, Robbie, Buster and Irene
were among the last picked.

Among the good varieties Monitor did
well. It is an early variety. There were

only one or two pickings of the earliest
varieties -before the mediums, viz., Clyde,
Monitor and Splendid, were ready ; then
Bubach, Tennessee Prolific, Williams, fol-
lowed by Glen Mary, Sample Atoma,
Gandy, Joe, Nettie.

Of the new varieties, fruiting for the first
tim.e with me, Success, President, Fairfield
and Ben Davis did the best. Success is
early and makes small plants, but is a good
runner and the berries medium in size. 1
have a new straw^berry named The Cardinal.
It is claimed to be the long looked for " per-
fect " berry. The plants are clean and
bright, vigorous and strong, large and
healthy, no trace of rust on any of them.
When it fruits next season, if the berry
proves to be as good as the plant, it may
turn out to be what its originator claims,
viz., perfect. I hope it may have a favor-
able season in which to make its first ap-
pearance in Canada.

Berry Bushes in the Orchard

MR. A. PETTIT, of Grimsby, was one
of the fortunate fruit growers who
did not lose many peach trees by the severe
weather of the winter of 1904. He at-
tributes this largely to the fact that he has
berry bushes planted in alternate rows in
his peach orchard. The bushes, he claims,
help to hold the snow and break the sweep
of the wind. " W' here the bushes were
planted," said Mr. Pettit to a representative
of The Horticulturist, " I only lost three or
four trees. In another orchard where
there were no bushes I lost about 200 trees.
The location of the two orchards was prac-
tically the same. I have been unable to ac-
count for it in any other way."

" How would mulching with straw, or the
use of a cover crop, aflect the trees," was
asked Mr. Pettit. "Anything that will
hold snow and protect the roots," he replied,
" would be of value, but I doubt if it would
be practicable in a large orchard."

Dry Sulphur for the Rot

ki T AST year was my first experience
1 ^ with the black rot in grapes," said
Mr. R. H. Lewis, of Hamilton, to The
Horticulturist recently. " I never had any-
thing serious the matter with my grapes be-
fore. My impression is that growers will
have to spray thoroughly and at the proper
time if they are to prevent the rot seriously
injuring their crops. I used dry sulphur
last season, which I applied twice, but with
no result. This may have been due to the
fact that I did not apply it soon enough,
although I do not believe sulphur is the
remedy.

" The Bordeaux mixture, I think, is the
best to use. This year I intend to apply a
copper solution before the buds start and
to follow it with two or three applications
of the Bordeaux mixture. One applica-
tion put on thoroughly is worth half a dozen
put on poorly. I am using a power sprayer
and have obtained excellent results."

DISEASES OF THE GRAPE

\V. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, C. E. F., OTTAWA.

'I ' J 1 1{ brown rot, downy mildew, gray
J. rot, is the rot which up to recent
years proved most injurious in Ontario.
The general appearance of this rot as it af-
fects the fruit has already been noticed.
Like the black rot, it affects leaves, stems,
and fruit. The disease causes slightly de-
pressed patches on the shoots, somewhat
like anthracnose, but they are not so deep.
The stems, however, are not usually badly
afifected, but it is the leaves and fruit which
suffer most. I'nlike the black rot, in the
case of brown rot once an infection takes
place the disease spreads through the tissues
of the vine.

When the leaves are affected they turn
pale w^here the disease has been at work,
and about this time the under part of the
affected leaf becomes downy, indicating the
presence of spores and presenting the
downy mildew stage of the disease. After
this the aft'ected parts of the leaves turn
brown. The diseased condition of the
fruit is indicated by a brown patch which
gradually spreads over the whole grape,
which gradually withers. The absence of
black pustules readily distinguish this at
this stage from the black rot. Sometimes,
after the fruit has withered, it becomes cov-
ered with a white powdery substance indi-
cating the spores, but these do not always
develop, much depending on healthy condi-
tions. Spray with Bordeaux mixture just
before blossoming, after fruit has set. and
lo to 14 days later.

POWDERY MILDEW (Uuci)iula Spiralis).

This disease does not penetrate into the
tissue of the plant as the black and brown
rot, but grows upon the surface, n^aking it
much easier to treat. Unlike these diseases
also, it spreads more rapidly in rather drv
weather. The mildew grows on the voung
shoots and under surface of the leaves and

on the fruit, giving them a grayish, pow-
dery appearance easily recognized as being
caused by the powdery mildew. This dis-
ease feeds on the plant by sending small
suckers into the plant cells from which it
gets food. Spores are produced early in
the season and these being scattered about
soon infect other leaves or vines and spread
the disease.

A second crop of spores are produced
later in the summer and these carry the
disease over the winter. These are en-
closed in a hard, roundish case which be-
comes black during the latter part of the
season. 1 his is a very easy disease to treat
and yields readily to fungicides. Dry sul-
phur and sulphur and water have been
found effective, but as this disease often ac-
companies other diseases of the grape the
sprayings with Bordeaux mixture recom-
mended for black and brown rot are pre-
ferable and will effectually check it.

A disease noticed in the vineyards at
Winona, Ont., is undoubtedly this species.
It causes a withering of the leaves somew'hat
like the brown rot, but the fruit is not af-
fected nor has the under surface of the leaf
the dowmy appearance of the brown rot.
The leaves on the vines at Winona had the
burnt appearance which is peculiar to many

The patches on the leaves indicating the
disease are large and irregular in outline.
The patches become quite dry and will
break from the leaf very readily. The
spores are borne on the under surface of
the leaf on slender filaments and are pro-
duced in large numbers during damp
weather. This disease lives over the win-
ter in the fallen leaves. It has not received
much attention, but it weakens the vines and
prevents the full development of the fruit.
Spraying the vines, as for black rot, should
prove quite effectual.

* Extrart from an address delivered at the last annual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. The first portion of this,
address will be found in the January issue.

104

GRAPE PRUNING

"G

RAPE pruning should be done in
March after the severe weather is
over and before vegetation begins so that
they will not bleed too profusely," said Mr.
A. W. Peart, of Burlington. " I prune on
the renewal spur system, a combination of
the two systems in common use. I aim to
get rid of the old wood, only retaining a

certain amount of it to ensure having fruit.
" Grape vines will bear the third year,
but it is wiser not to allow them to do so
until the fourth. If you want grapes you
must have a supply of young wood formed
the previous year. This wood throws out
shoots in the spring and on these shoots the
fruit is formed."

THE HOME OF A HORTICULTURAL ENTHUSIAST

FEW people living in cities, who have a
small amount of land around their
homes, have any conception of the pleasure
and profit they may derive from their
ground with proper care and the necessary
amount of enthusiasm. Any such who
could visit the home of Mr. R. B. Whyte,
of Ottawa, during the summer months,
would be amazed and encouraged by what

ducted in Ottawa under the firm name of
J. G. Whyte & Sons, Mr. Whyte for many
years has succeeded in mal<ing his home a
bower of beauty. Not only has he sur-
rounded himself and family with much that
is beautiful in the line of flowers, but he has
succeeded in producing from the little plot
of land around his home many delicacies in
the line of tender vegetables and fruits. All
this has been accom-

How the Walks in Mr. Whyte's Gard.n Are Laid Out

This cut shows how well adapted the boulder border is for rounding corners and for curves. The
arbor is a new one and will be covered with climbing roses.

they saw. This pleasure fell to the lot of
an editorial representative of The Horti-,
culturist last summer who wishes many
more of Canada's amateur florists could
have the same experience.

Although a very busy man, having con-
trol of the large wholesale business con-

plished by Mr. Whyte

through a few hours'

work each morning

before he leaves for

the office. "I do not,"

said Air. Whyte, "do

any work to speak of

in my garden in the

evening. I like to

keep that time to look

around and enjoy it."

The land at Mr.

White's disposal is

200 feet by 173 feet,

from which must

be deducted the

space occupied by

his house ; a most

comfortable, home-like structure. Of the

remaining ground there is not an inch

that is not used to the best advantage.

There is a lawn and tennis court, occupying

no by 50 feet, and, with the exception of a

small piece of land at the back of the house

which is devoted to the raising of vegeta-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

bles, tlie rest of the ground, about half an
acre in extent, is given over to the produc-
tion of flowers and fruit. As a result of
years of experience Mr. Whyte has discov-
ered the best varieties of flowers to grow
to ensure continual bloom from spring until
late in the autumn.

A Lovely Section in Mr. Wliyte's Garden

This view is near the entrance from the street. In the fore-
ground is a canna bed bordered with tuberous begonias. The tree
IS an Ostheim cherry. In the distance is the street fence covered
with Virginia creeper.

The following partial list of flowers in
bloom during the different months will give
some conception of the beauty of this gar-
den:

May — Narcissus, over 75 varieties ; tulips,
over 100 varieties.

June — Paeonies, 30 kinds ; lilies. 30 kinds,
lasting all season ; German iris, 40 kinds.

July — Spiraeas, 15 varieties ; Japanese
iris, 35 varieties.

August and September — Gladioli, be-
tween 4,000 and 5,000 bulbs ; phlox, 70
varieties, and over 70 kinds of herbaceous
perennials.

In addition to the flowers Mr. Whyte
finds time to grow 25 kinds of grapes, 15 of
apples, TO of currants, 32 of gooseberries,
and the Herbert raspberry.

A Hand Weeder

On entering Mr. Whyte's grounds, after
the beauty of the general effect has been
noted, attention is soon drawn to the neat-
ness of the walks w^hich reach to all parts
of the garden. After trying numerous ex-
periments Mr. Whyte believes he has dis-
covered a walk that is free from the w^eak
points of most garden paths. " In making

A Crescent Hoe

my paths," said Mr. Whyte, " I excavate
the earth 33^ feet wide and 15 inches deep.
The trench is filled in with unsifted coal
ashes about 14 inches deep. This is then
well rolled with a garden roller, then a layer
of sifted ashes, rolled again and covered
with about an inch of sandy earth, which,
when rolled hard, makes a very pleasant
path to walk upon, dry, free from grittiness,
and easily kept clean. They are lined on
both sides wath small rounded boulders.

THE GARDEN OF AN AMATEUR FLOWER GROWER.

J 07

which I think make a very attractive and
permanent border."

A GREAT DIFFICULTY.
" The greatest difficulty many amateur
flower growers have with their gardens,"
continued Mr. Whyte, " is to decide how to
arrange their perennials and their annuals
so as to ensure a constant succession of
bloom. It is not good gardening to have a
bare spot in the garden at any time. I have
succeeded in overcoming this difficulty fair-
ly well. Some advise using nothing but per-

One of the Paths and Arbors in Mr. Whyte's Garden.

This cut shows one of the long paths. The arbor is made of cedar poles and is covered with grape
vines. In the foreground is a white phlox.

ennials, but I prefer to mix my annuals
among my perennials to keep up the bloom.

" Visitors to my garden sometimes re-
mark, ' What a lot of work it must be to look
after so many flowers.' My reply is that if
it was work I would not undertake it, but as
it is a pleasure I enjoy it and wish I could
do more. I manage to do the bulk of the
digging, but in the spring I have to secure
a little help to get things ready in time for
planting. During the summer the only as-
sistance I require is to cut the grass, as that
is a job I do not attempt.

" I use two hand implements, which are a
great help in the care of the garden ; in fact,
I would not know what to do without

them. In cleaning the paths and working
among the plants I use a Dutch hoe. An
improved form, the crescent hoe, does even
better work, as it cuts both ways. With
it I can cover a large surface of ground with
small effort. The smaller tool is of great
assistance for weeding purposes, as with it
the weeds can be removed from around the
plants without injuring them, and at the
same time the soil is stirred up. Much
more work can be done with this little im-
plement than with the hands, and the an-
noyance of soil-
ing the hands is
avoided.

" Long ago I
found that if I
was to succeed
with my garden a
vigorous fight
must be main-
t a i n e d against
weeds. This fight
has to be contin-
ued all season, but
is the most exact-
ing during June
and July. If the
weeds are kept
under control dur-
ing these months
they do not cause much trouble during the
remainder of the season.

" Every year I like to experiment with
different varieties of fruits and flowers, and
in this way succeed in finding many that are
specially well adapted to eastern Ontario."

" How do you manage to maintain the
fertility of your garden?" Mr. Whyte was
asked.

" My stable yields about 25 cart loads of
manure a year, and I buy about 10 more,"
replied Mr. Whyte. " I also use wood
ashes, but find it difficult to secure enough.
Every second year I obtain about 25 bushels
of ashes. The greater part of the ferti-
lizers are used for the small fruits and the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIS2,

from new species. The effect of working
through the Hght section added most ma-
terially to the substance of the flower. My
highest satisfaction, however, is from a
series of new forms with large, round, cup-
shaped flowers, like the tulip or nymphea.
Many of these are self colors ranging from
pure white to lilac and pink, with interme-
diate shades of the most delicate shell pink
and flesh tints.

Multiplicity of the floral pieces, as in
semi-doubles, is now quite frequent. Infu-
sions of such blood induces twinning from

the seed so produced, a point that proved
most interesting to Professor Bateson, of
England, at the International Plan*-
Breeders' Conference, New York, 1902.
Valuable and interesting variations like the
above are among the side-lines of limitless
possibility yearly made apparent to the ar-
dent worker, and selections made by me
from over a half million of my new crea-
tions give promise of endless satisfaction,
as well as increased opportunities for greater
and more rapid progress in the future.

BANANA GROWING AT THE GUELPH COLLEGE

WM. HUNT, O. A. C.

A FINE bunch of bananas has been
grown and matured in the green-
houses of the Ontario Agricultural College,

Canadian Grown Bananas

Guelph. The bunch weighed 60 pounds at
the time of cutting, January 11, and there

were 180 bananas in all on it, or to use a
commercial phrase, 10 hands of fruit,
averaging 18 fingers or bananas to the
hand. In pomt of size it compared very
favorably with the large bunches seen in
fruit stores, grown in the West Indies or
tropical America, although it is not of the
same variety usually grown there commer-
cially.

The variety grown at the college is Musa
Cavendishii, or Chinese banana, being a
native of the warmer parts of China, and is
better adapted for greenhouse culture than
the African or tree banana. The stem of
Musa Cavendishii, from the base to the
crown, where the bunch of fruit makes its
appearance, is seldom over five feet in
height. The bunch is produced from the
centre of the stem, at the base of the stalks
of its immense leaves. A small portion of
some of the leaves can be seen in the illus-
tration. Some of them were over three feet
in width at the broadest point and over five
feet in length, giving the tree a majestic
tropical appearance. The stem commenced
its growth in June, 1903, from the ground,
so that it has taken about 20 months to grow
and mature its fruit. After fruiting the
stem is cut down, as it commences to decay
at once, and a young tree or sucker is al-

GROWING FLOWERS BY THE THOUSAADS.

Ill

lowed to take its place. Usually the root
produces a number of these suckers, but in
greenhouse culture only one is allowed to
remain, the rest being cut away when quite
young.

The Chinese banana tree produces a
shorter and broader bunch of fruit than the
West India or tree banana. The individual
fruit is also shorter and thicker than the
African and West India type. As to its
quality, the general verdict of the students
and others of the college and Macdonald
institute, among whom the bunch was dis-
tributed, was that the quality was even bet-

ter and richer in flavor than those usually
purchased in fruit stores. This probably
arises from the fact that the bunch in ques-
tion was allowed to reach its full growth
before being cut from the tree, while those
sold in stores have of necessity to be cut too
early, and before the bunch has reached its
full size, owing to the time occupied in reach-
ing the point of consumption. The best
time to cut greenhouse grown bananas is as
soon as any of the fruit shows signs of
coloring. Cut at this time and hung in a
warm room they ripen splendidly in lo or
12 days.

WHERE FLOWERS BLOOM IN WINTER

AFLORx'\L enterprise Canada has
cause to be proud of is that con-
ducted by Messrs. J. Gammage & Sons, of
London, Ont. An idea of the extent of the
business they control may be gained when

Interior View of One of the Mammoth Modern Greenhouses

it is stated there are over 100,000 feet of
glass in their conservatories. Their
grounds occupy over 13 acres, a large por-
tion of which is used as a trial ground and
nurseries. It was the pleasant experience

of an editorial representative of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist to be shown over their
immense establishment during February by
Mr. Wm. Gammage, who is now the head
of the firm. So perfectly was the tem-
perature in the
greenhouses un-
der control it
seemed like sum-
mer although the
thermometer out-
side stood at 10
degrees below zero
and a blizzard was
blowing. This
impression was
heightened by the
lovely odor, of
which the air was
full, from spring
flowers, such as
narcissi, hya-
cinths, lily of the
valley and tulips.
This big business
has been develop-
ed since 1880 by Mr. J. Gammage and his
two sons, and is the result of hard work and
constant, careful attention to details.

The first conservatory entered had thou-
sands of young palms about 12 inches high.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIS2

from new species. The effect of working
through the Hght section added most ma-
terially to the substance of the flower. My
highest satisfaction, however, is from a
series of new forms with large, round, cup-
shaped flowers, like the tulip or nymphea.
Many of these are self colors ranging from
pure white to lilac and pink, with interme-
diate shades of the most delicate shell pink
and flesh tints.

Multiplicity of the floral pieces, as in
semi-doubles, is now quite frequent. Infu-
sions of such blood induces twinning from

the seed so produced, a point that proved
most interesting to Professor Bateson, of
England, at the International Plan<-
Breeders' Conference, New York, 1902.
Valuable and interesting variations like the
above are among the side-lines of limitless
possibility yearly made apparent to the ar-
dent worker, and selections made by me
from over a half million of my new crea-
tions give promise of endless satisfaction,
as well as increased opportunities for greater
and more rapid progress in the future.

BANANA GROWING AT THE GUELPH COLLEGE

WM. HUNT, O. A. C.

A FINE Inmch of bananas has been
grown and matured in the green-
houses of the Ontario Agricultural College,

Canadian Grown Bananas

Guelph. The bunch weighed 60 pounds at
the time of cutting, January 11, and there

were 180 bananas in all on it, or to use a
commercial phrase, 10 hands of fruit,
averaging 18 fingers or bananas to the
hand. In pomt of size it compared very
favorably with the large bunches seen in
fruit stores, grown in the West Indies or
tropical America, although it is not of the
same variety usually grown there commer-
cially.

The variety grown at the college is Musa
Cavendishii, or Chinese banana, being a
native of the warmer parts of China, and is
better adapted for greenhouse culture than
the African or tree banana. The stem of
Musa Cavendishii, from the base to the
crowm, where the bunch of fruit makes its
appearance, is seldom over five feet in
height. The bunch is produced from the
centre of the stem, at the base of the stalks
of its immense leaves. A small portion of
some of the leaves can be seen in the illus-
tration. Some of them were over three feet
in width at the broadest point and over five
feet in length, giving the tree a majestic
tropical appearance. The stem commenced
its growth in June, 1903, from the ground,
so that it has taken about 20 months to grow
and mature its fruit. After fruiting the
stem is cut down, as it commences to decay
at once, and a young tree or sucker is al-

GROWING FLOWERS BY THE THOUSAADS.

lowed to take its place. Usually the root
produces a number of these suckers, but in
greenhouse culture only one is allowed to
remain, the rest being cut away when quite
young.

The Chinese banana tree produces a
shorter and broader bunch of fruit than the
West India or tree banana. The individual
fruit is also shorter and thicker than the
African and West India type. As to its
quality, the general verdict of the students
and others of the college and Macdonald
institute, among whom the bunch was dis-
tributed, was that the quality was even bet-

ter and richer in flavor than those usually
purchased in fruit stores. This probably
arises from the fact that the bunch in ques-
tion was allowed to reach its full growth
before being cut from the tree, while those
sold in stores have of necessity to be cut too
early, and before the bunch has reached its
full size, owing to the time occupied in reach-
ing the point of consumption. The best
time to cut greenhouse grown bananas is as
soon as any of the fruit shows signs of
coloring. Cut at this time and hung in a
warm room they ripen splendidly in lo or
12 davs.

WHERE FLOWERS BLOOM IN WINTER

A FLORAL enterprise Canada has
cause to be proud of is that con-
ducted by Messrs. J. Gammage & Sons, of
London, Ont. An idea of the extent of the
business thev control mav be sfained when

Interior View of One of the Mammoth Modern Greenhouses

it is stated there are over 100,000 feet of
glass in their conservatories. Their
grounds occupy over 13 acres, a large por-
tion of which is used as a trial ground and
nurseries. It was the pleasant experience

of an editorial representative of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist to be shown over their
immense establishment during February by
Mr. Wm. Gammage, who is now the head
of the firm. So perfectly was the tem-
perature in the
greenhouses un-
der control it
seemed like sum-
mer although the
thermometer out-
side stood at 10
degrees below zero
and a blizzard was
blowing. This
impression was
heightened by the
lovely odor, of
which the air was
full, from spring
flowers, such as
narcissi, hya-
cinths, lily of the
valley and tulips.
This big business
has been develop-
ed since 1880 by Mr. J. Gammage and his
two sons, and is the result of hard work and
constant, careful attention to details.

The first conservatory entered had thou-
sands of young palms about 12 inches high.

I UK CAAADJAN HORTICULTURIST.

On being asked where the firm obtained
such healthy stock j\Ir. Gammage rephed
that they were secured from seed grown by
themselves. Their firm is the only one in
Canada which grows this seed to any ex-
tent. They also grow all their own rub-
ber plants, which are obtained by a process
known as moosing. This consists in cut-
ting the stem of the plant about half way
through, inserting a small piece of wood in
the cut, to prevent it growing together,
wrapping about two handsfull of sphagnum
moss around the wound and binding it on
tightly. By keeping the moss constantlr-
moist it causes the
plant to throw out
new roots. .After
sufticient of these
are formed the
new plant is
placed in a pot of
soil. It usually
makes a much
stronger growth
than those started
by other means.

The second
greenhouse visit-
ed was filled with
primula obconica,
such as it had never
of the representative of The Horti-
culturist to see before. Such trusses
of bloom and healthy foliage are very
rare. Over 25,000 of these are dis-
tributed every year by this firm to all parts
of Canada. In another house were some
of that very best of house fern, the aspara-
gus plumosus, of which Gammage & Sons
grow over 30,000 plants.

On entering the house where the stock
plants of chrysanthemums are kept the first
thing noticed was the fact that all the plants
were in the bench, not standing under them
in boxes as is usually the case. The result
is that the cuttings taken from the plants

are very sturdy and free from disease. The
firm usually sends out over 100,000 chrys-
anthemum cuttings every season. Not con-
tent with having all the very best standard
varieties they send to England every year
for the latest new kinds. They find it quite
unnecessary to go to the United States for
stock. One can hardly grasp the extent of
their chrysanthemum business until told
tnat they ship over 30,000 blooms every
season. They have customers from Hali-
fax to X'ancouver, to whom they are con-
tinually shipping. The extent of their
trade can be understood best when looking

A Section 01 Messrs. J. Gammage & Son's Trial Grounds

been the fortune over their orders for bulbs to arrive next
fall, where such items appear as 12,500
tulips, 50,000 hyacinths, 50,000 narcissus,
60,000 lily of the valley, besides thousands
of other bulbs, such as Dutch and Roman
hyacinths, lilies, crocus, azaleas, etc., which
they import direct from the growers.

Being asked his experience with the Ber-
muda lily Mr. Gammage replied that there
is not nearly as much disease in Bermuda
bulbs as formerly, but he considered the
Japan Lily (lilium longiflorum) much the
better bulbs. The lilies which are being
forced for Easter are in splendid condition.
At that season they usually dispose of 5,000
plants.

GROWING FLOWERS ON A LARGE SCALE.

113

Seedling Pelargonium, Fred Mitchell

The rose houses were found to be in ex-
cellent condition. Three beds of Ameri-
can Beauties looked splendidly and will be
in full bloom at Easter. They also have
some splendid Brides and Bridesmaids
roses. Meteor and Liberty roses not be-
ing of the best, will be discarded, and Gen-
eral McArthur, a new red rose shown for the
first time in Canada last season, will be
grown in their place.

A new range of three houses 450 feet long
by 21 feet wide, is devoted almost entirely
to carnations. Many of the leading varie-
ties are grown to perfection. One bench
of Enchantress was particularly good. The
men working in the greenhouse were mak-
ing carnation cuttings, of which over
100,000 are required to fill the orders re-
ceived each season. Among the many new
varieties grown is the White Lawson, which
has proved to be as good as the original,
Mrs. F. W. Lawson. Another specialty of
Messrs. Gammage & Sons is pelargoniums.
They recently purchased the entire stock of
standard varieties and novelties from Mr.
F. Mitchell, of Innerkip, who is now in
charge of this department. Mr. Mitchell

has devoted a great deal of attention to
hybridizing the pelargonium. That his
efforts have been crowned with success is
demonstrated by the fine collection in the
catalogue. Among the many good varie-
ties is one named after Mr. Mitchell, an
illustration of which appears in this issue.
The color is a white ground shaded to a
dark blotch at the top.

Messrs. Gammage & Sons have become
well known to many horticultural societies
by filling orders for goods. They supply
several societies, as far east as Smith's Falls,
and the fact of their selling herbaceous, as
well as bedding out plants and bulbs, makes
them a favorite. A special discount is al-
lowed to societies.

The firm uses annually over one carload
of pots in their greenhouses. They claim
to be the largest general florists in Canada.
On the trial ground and nurseries are grown
large quantities of cannas, hardy phlox,
peonies and hardy chrysanthemums, besides
many perennials, which are becoming more
popular. for growing in gardens. This part
of their trade is being developed. In the
wholesale catalogue for 1905 are listed many
of the most popular varieties of fern, includ-
ing some very fine Piersoni, of which an en-
graving is shown.

Every part of Messrs. Gammage's estab-
lishment is constructed and worKcd on up-
to-date methods. All the buildings and
branches are connected by telephone. In
the retail store most of the local orders for
flowers are filled. The firm does most of
the floral decorating in the vicinity.

At the recent Fruit, Flower and Honey
Show in Toronto Messrs. Gammage cap-
tured many of the best prizes, including
first prize and challenge cup for the best 12
varieties of chrysanthemums, first prize for
the best 25 varieties, first prize for the best
12 of one variety, first prize for the best six
crimson varieties, and many other prizes for
chrysanthemums and roses. They took
prizes on everything they exhibited.

A PROVINCIAL VEGETABLE GROWERS' ASSOCIATION

AT a well attended meeting of the vege-
table growers living in the vicinity
of Toronto and Hamilton, held in Toronto
early in February, it was decided to form a
provincial vegetable growers' association,
similar to the Ontario Fruit Growers' As-
sociation. The following committee was
appointed to draft a constitution and arrange
for organization : Messrs. W. Carter,
Dover Court Road; George Syme, jr., Carl-
ton West ; John McKay, Norway West, and
R. Larkin, Todmorden, representing the
Market Gardeners' Protective Association;
W. C. Emery, of Aldershot ; R. H. Lewis,
A. E. Bates and E. J. Mahoney, of Hamil-
ton, representing the Hamilton Tomato
Growers' Association, and H. B. Cowan, of
Toronto, editor of The Horticulturist.

The meeting was presided over by Mr. J.
D. Evans, president of the Market Garden-
ers' Protective Association, who explained
the objects of that association. It was or-
ganized a number of years ago to try and
secure more protection for their industry.
A statement of the duties imposed by
Canada and the United States on garden
produce had been prepared and a delegation
had paid two visits to Ottawa to urge their
views on the government. They had re-
ceived assistance from the Montreal and
Ottaw^a gardeners, but had not secured
what they desired. Had Mr. Tarte re-
mained in the government, he believed they
would have accomplished something, as Mr.
Tarte had shown himself much interested.

Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of
Agriculture, said the department had been
trying to get in touch with the market gar-
deners. The department had nothing to
do with the question of protection, as its
work was educational. Were the vegetable
.i^rowers to organize the department would
be only too glad to cooperate and to assist
the organization in every way possible. The
market gardeners have been doing fairly
well, but thev might do better if still more

intelligent methods were employed in their
work.

The importance of the vegetable interests
was shown by Mr. Cowan, of Toronto, who
stated he understood some $3,000,000 is in-
vested in the industry in and about Toronto
alone. There are 30 or 40 sections in the
province where vegetables are grown exten-
sively for canning. The market gardeners
should have a provincial association, just
as the florists, both professional and ama-
teur, and the fruit growers have. The re-
cent Fruit, Flower and Honey Show was a
result of this organization, and it had been
most successful. The various associations
receive grants from the government, and the
market gardeners might were they to organ-
ize and show good reason why they should
be assisted. An annual convention should
be held, which would result in much benefit.
Their work should be principally educa-
tional. They should have an official or-
gan, such as the other associations had. He
outlined a plan of organization.

Mr. E. J. Mahone}', of Hamilton, ex-
pressed his approval of the views set forth
by J\Ir. Cowan, The Hamilton tomato
growers have had an organization for three
years, and their position is much better in
consequence. He offered some sugges-
tions as to organization and submitted the
Hamilton form of petition for increased
protection. The tariff on market garden
produce proposed was much the same as
that in force in the United States. They
did not wish to prevent goods coming in
which they did not grow, but they wished
to avoid injurious competition. They did
not want ad valorem but specific duties.

Mr. R. H. Lewis, Hamilton, advocated a
committee to work out the details of organi-
zation and report at a subsequent meeting.

Mr. J. W. Rush, Mimico, related how
their little local association had accomplished
a good deal, instancing a reduction in the
price of many of their seeds. He put in a

II \-

FERTILIZERS FOR VEGETABLES.

115

word for The Canadian Horticulturist and
asRed how many of the market gardeners
were subscribers.

Mr. A. E. Bates, Hamilton, emphasized
the benefit the tomato growers' association
had been, and said steps had been taken to
extend over the province. They had been
supplying four canning factories with about
200,000 bushels. As to protection, he had
at one time sent celery to Toronto, for which
he got 70 to 75 cents a dozen, but had been
driven from the market by the ]^Iichigan
growers, who sold it at 30 cents.

After some further discussion it was
unanimously agreed to form a Provincial
Market Gardeners' Association, the plan of
organization to be arranged by the commit-
tee already mentioned. The gathering
was an enthusiastic one. It was generally
felt that a provincial association will be of
great value to the growers. A meeting of
the special committee will be held Wednes-
day afternoon, ]\Iarch i, after which a mass
meeting of vegetable growers that will be
representative of the province will probably
be arranged for.

FERTILIZERS FOR EARLY TOMATOES

W. W. HILLBORX, FRUIT EXPERIMENT

I HAVE every confidence in chemicals
as fertilizers for early tomatoes. We
are, however, paying too much for the ready
mixed article, which we cannot always get
in the right proportions. I have had the
best results from buying the chemicals sepa-

n

^^^J««e^^55^^^

^'•v\^--- ■".•^^

Mr. J. L. Hilborn's Cucumber House, 20 x 206 Feet, Essex County

rate, but have experienced considerable dif- not safely be used

ficulty in pulverizing nitrate of soda, muriate
of potash, etc. I am building a cheap ma-
chine to grind such material, and will run it
with a two-horse power gasoline engine that
I bought for pumping water. I shall use
a large quantity of nitrate of soda, muriate
of potash, sulphate of potash, kainit, dis-

STATIOX, LEAMINGTON, ONT.

solved bone, and acid phosphate, and shall
make a number of experiments and hope to
get some information that I have not been
able to find in literature on the subject.
One of the important problems to be solved
is the right mixture to produce the best crop
of early tomatoes.
Nearly all the ready
mixed fertilizers con-
tain too much nitro-
gen and not enough
phosphoric acid and
potash. On this ac-
count the first blos-
soms do not set but
drop of.

W^eather conditions
must be taken into
account. \\'ith a
cold, w'et spring as
much nitrogen can-
as when the conditions
I want to get at the
right mixture for an unfavorable spring,
for we are never sure of the weather until
after the fertiHzer is in the soil.

are more favorable.

Plow barnyard manure under to form
humus as it needs darkness and moisture.

ii6

THE CANADIAN HGRTICULTURISI

Early Cucumbers in a Cold Frame

W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, C.
OTTAWA, ONT.

E. F.

I have tried for several years with varying
success to raise early cucumbei-s in a cold
frame. The frame is permanent with about a
foot of earth dug out except six inches near the
sides. About two feet of leaves are tramped
down each fall and covered with six or eight
inches of earth, which is taken out annually.
Lettuce is planted on this as early as possible,
and in a five-sash frame five or six cucumber
plants are set the beginning of June, often in
full flower, from six-inch pots. White Spine
seed is used and some jnanure is put in when
they are planted, but I
can never get fruit be-
fore the middle or end
of July, when I always
secure a good crop. I
have tried planting ear-
lier without lettuce and
20 or 30 plants ; also
pinching vines and
artificial pollination of
bloom, but have seldom
succeeded, and the
early planted ones were
no more forwarded than
the later. I tried keep-
ing the sash on at night
and putting it down for
the day, but the results
seem always about the
same as the early
blooms always drop.
Could you kindly give
me an idea as to the
likely cause. I tried
taking off the sash alto-
gether the middle of
June, as well as water-
ing under the leaves so
as not to wash the
bloom. English cucum-
bers are ready the first,
but are not generally
liked.— (A. J. Collins,
Listowel, Ont.

There are several probable causes of the
cucumbers not setting well. In the first
place it would seem as if the soil at time of
planting cannot be in very good condition
for the cucumber plants. There would be
very little heat in the leaves in the frame by
the time the cucumber plants were set out
and after having watered for several weeks
beforehand for lettuce, the soil is probably
cold and possibly sour, conditions which are
very unfavorable to cucumber plants. The

plants are too far advanced when they are
transplanted to the frame and thus receive
a severe check.

Most of the first blooms are male flowers
and hence would not be expected to set.
The flowers of cucumbers are very sensi-
tive to cold and if chilled by removing the
sash in a cool time, or if chilled with cold
water, would be likely to fall without set-
ting fruit.

I should advise using about a foot of good
fresh manure instead of the leaves for the

Interior of Cucumber House After Plants Are Set

During March the vegetable growers in Es<ex county who force vegetables for the early markets
start most of their work. One of the pioneers of this industry is Mr. J. L. Hilborn, of Leamington, in
whose cucumber house the above view was secured.

lettuce, and sowing the cucumber seed
among the lettuce. After the cucumber
plants are in bloom, and when the days are
warm remove the sash in the day time, as
pollination will be better if this is done.
Avoid usingf cold water.

In growing cucumbers for pickles it will
generally pay to apply 50 or 60 tons of stable
manure to the acre, as the yield varies from
150 to 500 bushels an acre.

OF INTEREST TO FRUIT GROWERS.

117

Fertilizers for Tomatoes

JAMES TITTERINGTON, ST. CATHARINES, ONT.

FOR early tomatoes I use a fertilizer
manufactured in the United States.
The guaranteed analysis of it is four per
cent, nitrogen, eight per cent, phosphoric
acid, and seven per cent, potash. I have
had very satisfactory results from its use.

I generally broadcast about 500 pounds to
the acre, harrowing it well in. I also use
about the same quantity when setting out
the plants, putting a small handful in each
hill, mixing it well with the soil. The plants
are set four and a half feet apart each way.
I try to get part of the plants out as early
in May as the weather will permit, using
round peach baskets to cover them on cool
nights. I have always found that from the
first set plants, even if small, we get our first
ripe tomatoes.

"I

Tomatoes and Cauliflower

SOW my tomato seed in hot beds
about the last of March," said Mr.
James Conboy, of North Dovercourt to a
representative of The Horticulturist who
visited his place. "As soon as all danger of
frost is past I set the plants out in rows four
feet apart and 30 inches apart in the row.
To set them any farther apart is only wast-
ing land. To grow tomatoes successfully
it is not wise to make the land too rich, as
they run too much to vines, and the fruit is
scanty. The chief point to watch is con-
tinual cultivation to conserve moisture and
keep down all weeds. The best commer-
cial varieties here are Dominion Day and
Atlantic Prize.

GROWING CAULIFLOWER.

" I grow good cauliflower because I have
good soil and do plenty of cultivating.
About May 24 I scatter the seed in rows
about eight inches apart. Between July i
and 12. on a cloudy day, I set the plants out
in rows three feet apart and 20 inches apart

in the row. In case I fail to get a dark
day 1 give the young plants one good
watering and then none only what Provi-
dence sends.

"Good soil, with a coat of ordinary stable
manure, ensures a good crop of cauliflow-
ers tne first season, and the land is left in
ideal condition for an onion crop the fol-
lowing spring. From my experience I con-
clude that a dark loam is most suitable for
cauliflowers. The best paying varieties
here are Gilt Edge and Earlv Selected
Dwarf Erfult."

Tar in the Greenhouse

ii npHE lettuce in my brother's green-
X house," remarked Mr. G. Sime, of
Carlton West, recently, " has died, and he
thinks it is due to the fact that he put tar
both on the inside and the outside of the
boards used in the walls of the greenhouse.
After the lettuce was planted it grew all
right but died within two or three days. As
there was nothing else unusual about the
greenhouse it seemed probable that the odor
from the tar was the cause of the trouble."

" That was it," broke in Mr. R. Larkin,
of 599 Eastern avenue, who happened to be
present, " I tarred the bottoms of the
trenches in my greenhouse and it killed all
my green stuff. Later on I took the
trenches out and I had no trouble with my
plants."

" I had tar paper in my celery house,"
said Mr. F. F. Reeves, of Humber Bay,
" and it was possible to taste the tar in the
celery. There was manure on the outside
of the house, and I think it prevented the
odor of the tar from escaping. I do not use
tar paper now, having double boarded the
celerv house instead."

Good seed is essential to a good garden.
Cheap seed may mean a little saving at the
start, but its efifect will be seen in the har-
vest. Bew^are of the cheap seedsman.

ii8

EDITORIAL.

|f|e fanadi^n WorticOltdrist

TKe Only Hortic\altural Magazine in
thie Dominion.

OFFICIAL, ORGAN

ONTARIO FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.
THE POMOEOOICAL AND FRUIT GROWING SOCIETY
OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND FRUIT GROWERS-
ASSOCIATION.

H. Bronson Cowan, Editor and Business Manager.

J. J. Bell, Associate Editor.

W. G. Rook, Advertising Manager.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published the first of
each month.

3. Subscription Price $i.oo per year, strictly in advance
entitling the subscriber to membership in the Fruit Growers'
Association of Ontario and all its privileges, including a copy of it's
report. For all countries except Canada, United States and Great
Britain add 50c for postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post OfTice or Money
Express Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for
amounts less than $1.00. Receipts will be acknowledged on the
address label, which shows the date to which subscription is paid.

4. Discontinuances — Responsible subscribers will continue
to receive The Horticulturist until the publishers are notified by
letter to di>coiitinue, when all arrearages must be paid. Societies
should send in their revised lists in January: otheiwise it will be
taken for granted all will continue members.

5. Change of Address — When a change of address is or-
dered, both the old and the new addresses must be given.

6. Advertisinj; Rates quoted on application. Circulation
5,500. Copy received up to the 24th. Responsible representatives
wanted in towns and cities.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be
thankfully received by the editor.

8. All Communications should be addressed :

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

TORONTO, CANADA

THE NEW MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE.

The appointment of Mr. Nelson Monteith, as
Minister of Agrriculture for Ontario, has been
received with general satisfaction by those in
close touch with the agricultural conditions of
the province. As a grauuate of the Ontario
Agricultural College, a member and ex-presi-
dent of the. Experimental Union, and a regular
attendant at the Winter Fair at Guelph, Mr.
Monteith has been in close touch with many of
the most important agricultural organizations
in Ontario and in this respect is by far the best
qualified member of the new government party
for the important position to which he has been
appointed.

Mr. Dryden is freely admitted to have been
the most successful minister of agriculture
Canada has ever seen. Some of the most com-
plimentary remarks in regard to Mr. Dryden's
fourteen years of administration have appeared
recently in the Conservative press of Canada.
Following such a man, every allowance will
have to be made for Mr. Monteith until he has
had opportunity to thoroughly acquaint himself

with the many lines of work centered in his im-
portant office. Mr. Monteith is still a young
man, he is thoroughly informed in regard to our
agricultural conditions and is desirous of seeing
his work developed along the best lines. There
is, therefore, no reason apparent why he should
not prove equally as successful as his prede-
cessor in filling the important position of Min-
ister of Agriculture of Ontario.

THE FRUIT DIVISION.

The British Columbia Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, at its annual convention in January,
passed a resolution strongly opposing the pro-
posal to place the Dominion Fruit Division un-
der the control of the Dominion Dairy Com-
missioner. Seldom has the feeling of any
class been as strongly, as quickly and as unani-
mously expressed as in this matter affecting
the interests of the fruit growers of the Do-
minion. Provincial fruit growers' associations
from Prince Edward Island to British Colum-
bia have expressed their disapproval, in addi-
tion to which numerous small local associations,
such as the Hamilton District Fruit Growers'
and Gardeners' Association, have not hesitated
to place themselves on record as opposing such
a move. Fruit growers are proud of their in-
dustry and will not be slow to resent any ac-
tion that even appears to reflect on its import-
ance.

When it was recently announced that three
new commissioners had 'been appointed by the
Dominion Minister of Agriculture, one for live
stock, one for dairying and one for seeds, fruit
growers felt they hstd been overlooked. As the
fruit division had not been united with the dairy
division, fruit growers have been content to let
the matter stand as it is, but within a year the
Department at Ottawa may expect to receive a
demand from the fruit growers of Canada that
they shall be recognized by the appointment of
a fruit commissioner.

FRUIT GROWERS VS. DEALERS.

At the Provincial Fruit. Flower and Honey
Show last November the opinion was expressed
by the fruit growers who made exhibits that at
future shows it should be advertised that ex-
hibitors would take orders for fruit. It was
pointed out that if the citizens of Toronto once
find they can secure high class fruit at the
show many will make it a point to order their
fruit each year direct from the growers. Such
a privilege, it is believed, would be appreciated
by the householders and would tend to greatly
increase the number of exhibits at the show.
Several exhibitors at the last show filled or-
ders for fruit to be sent to all parts of Canada
and the United States, and even to Mexico and
Great Britain, the prices paid being very satis-
factory. This feature should be developed.

The objection has been raised that if the fruit
growers are allowed to take orders direct from
consumers, the business of the commission
dealers and even of the grocers in Toronto, is
likely to be injured. This objection does not
meet with much sympathy from the growers

EDITORIAL.

119

and is not likely to appeal to the citizens of
Toronto. An attempt will be made next fall
to bring the growers and consumers into closer
touch in the manner indicated. It is possible
this movement may have far reaching results.

SEVERAL APPLICANTS.

Three applicants for the $10 prize offered by
The Canadian Horticulturist to the reader pur-
chasing goods to the greatest value from adver-
tisers in the January issue, were received dur-
ing February. The successful winner was Mi'.
W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines, whose pur-
chases of fertilizers from S. W. Marchment, of
Toronto, amounted to $97.27, and of pots from
the Foster Pottery Co., of Hamilton, to $21.19,
a total of $118.27. The two other applicants
were Messrs. Charles Mackey, of Thornbury,
who bought $114 worth of nursery stock from
C. W. F. Carpenter, of Winona, and Mr. C. W.
Webster, of Stoney Creek, who procured 760
trees and vines worth $47 from B. D, Smith, of
Winona.

Having failed to win the $10 prize Messrs.
Mackey and Webster are being sent special pre-
miums offered by The Horticulturist to every
reader who purchases goods from advertisers
in the magazine and who inform the advertisers
that they saw their advertisement in The Horti-
culturist. The money offer is open to horticul-
tural societies who purchase from our adver-
tisers. Readers should bear in mind that
when they buy from our advertisers they are
entitled to a special premium free and that they
are helping to further improve The Horticul-
turist.

The demand of tomato growers for an ad-
vance in the price paid for tomatoes by the
canners is a reasonable one. The cost of labor,
fertilizers and everything used by the growers
in the production of their crop has increased to
the point where an advance in their returns is
a necessity. While the canners might be
forced to ask the consumers more for their
goods the difference in price by the can would
be so slight it would not materially affect the
demand. If the growers will take a firm stand
and stick together they may depend on secur-
ing a favorable reply to their request. The
growers must combine to fight a combine.
Their greatest enemy will_ be weak-kneed grow-
ers in their own ranks who fear to hold out.
The determination shown by the grow:ers is an
augury of success.

At the annual convention of the Ontario As-
sociation of Fairs and Exhibitions, held in To-
ronto February 14-16, the delegates voted in
favor of having the Agriculture and Arts Aot
so amended that horticultural and agricultural
societies will not be brought into conflict in re-
gard to their government grants. As repre-
sentatives of the horticultural societies of the
province took the same stand at their conven-
tion last November the time has come when a
change shoulu be made. Some arrangement is
needed by which horticultural societies will re-

ceive their grants in proportion to the work
they are doing. It will be a most difficult mat-
ter to devise a satisfactory scheme and mem-
bers of societies should give it careful atten-
tion.

Are you watching us grow ? Never before
has The Canadian Horticulturist carried as
many or as valuable advertisements as those
in this issue. Look them over ; they are in-
teresting reading. If this progress continues
we will soon add several more pages of reading
matter which will greatly strengthen all our
departments. We intend to make The Cana-
dian Horticulturist the best horticultural maga-
zine published on the continent, and it is a ques-
tion if it is not that already. Most of the other
magazines specialize on some one line.

At last we have heard from the vegetable
growers. Several attempts have been made to
form a provincial assiciation but these have
never gone much beyond the immediate locali-
ties of the promoters. Prospects are bright
for the early formation of a strong provincial
association. Such an organization will not
only benefit the growers but the horticultural
interests of Ontario. Let us unite in wishing
the movement God-speed.

During 1905 The Canadian Horticulturist will
not give premiums of plants or shrubs to sub-
scribers. While these premiums have been
appreciated by many subscribers in the past
they have often proved a disappointment to the
recipients. This year the money, hitherto used
to send out these prizes, will be expended to im-
prove the magazine and all our subscribers will
reap the benefit. A reduced subscription price
is offered for clubs of new subscribers and to
societies.

Copies of the index of The Horticulturist for
1904 are ready for distribution and will be sent
to any address upon receipt of a one cent stamp.

Want the Tariff Changed

The Hamilton District Gardeners' and Fruit
Growers' Association has started an active
agitation to secure changes in the tariff on some
fruits and vegetables. Petitions are being cir-
culated and widely signed asking that the tariff
on strawberries, potatoes, tomatoes, peaches,
cabbage, cucumbers, watermelons, muskmelons,
beans and celery be removed, so that Canadian
producers may have the benefit of the Canadian
markets and not be forced to suffer as hereto-
fore on account of foreign products coming
into competition with theirs.

These petitions are being circulated in the
vicinity of St. Catharines, Dunnville, London,
Dundas, Bartonville, Winona, Stoney Creek and
many others. Thousands of signatures have
already been secured. Growers in other sec-
tions who would like to circulate petitions' may
secure a form by writing to James A. Stevens,
Box 175, Hamilton, Ont.

SELLING CANADIAN FRUIT IN GREAT BRITAIN

The charge that certain British importers of
x:;anadian fruit have had an understanding
whereby they have been able to keep down the
price is not supported either by Mr. A. W. Mac-
Kinnon, Canadian Commercial Agent at Bristol,
Eng., and formerly chief of the Dominion Fruit
.Division, or by Mr. Grindley, Chief Inspector
for the Department of Agriculture at Liverpool.
Letters on this subject have been received l<y
The Horticulturist. In his letter Mr. MacKin-
non writes as follows :

" It is utterly impossible for me to endorse
such charges of dishonesty on the part of
brolcers here, without reflecting upon the just
and the unjust alike, and hearsay evidence is
not sufficient to convict even the individual ac-
cused, much less an entire class of merchants.
On the other hand, I have always recommended
growers to unite in such a way as to enable
them to conduct their own sales, either for a
fixed price in Canada, or by means of auction
or private sale under the supervision of one of
themselves in England. The old saying is true
in the fruit business as elsewhere, if you want
a thing done well do it yourself.

" No one can possibly have the interests of
the growers as fully at heart as a committee of
themselves, and, therefore, I recommend once
more the cooperative plan to all progressive
growers. While I think the Ontario growers
occasionally get more than their fruit is worth,
owing to peculiar market conditions at the mo-
ment of sale, the surest way for them to get
just values is for the British buyer to make his
purchases in Canada, subject to inspection, and
acceptance or refusal at the Canadian port.
Growers would then take the risk of the rail
journey to the seaport, after which the buyer
would assume all risks."

CHARGES DISCREDITED.

In his letter, which is addressed to Mr. W. W.
Moore, Chief of the Markets Division of the
Department of Agriculture, who wrote to him
at the request of The Horticulturist, as men-
tioned in the February issue, Mr. Grindlay
writes as follows .

" I have your letter asking for a statement
regarding the charges of fraud that have been
made against the Liverpool fruit brokers.
Some time ago a letter, written over the name
of Mr. George A. Cochrane, of Boston, appeared
in the New York Journal of Commerce, which
was copied by the Canadian press. At the

time the letter came under my notice I did not
consider it worth attention, there being no
specific charge to warrant a special investiga-
tion. The bulk of the American and Canadian
apples shipped to Liverpool are sold by auction
at the Commercial Sale Room by an associa-
tion of fruit growers. A full description of the
manner in which these fruit sales are conducted
will be found in Bulletin No. 19 (new series).

" Mr. Cochrane states in his letter that the
fruit auctioneers are fair, but that the dealers
manage at the auctions to secure the most de-
sirable lots, and to resell the apples at private
sale at high prices.

" These sales are attended by several hun-
dred buyers from all parts of Great Britain.
The competition is so keen that there is no
chance of forming rings or of a dealer or buyfer
having a lot of fruit knocked down at a lower
price than the actual market value. The hun-
dreds of other buyers present would not tolerate
such work. The people who buy at these sales
are in the wholesale trade, and many buy to re-
ship to different parts of Great Britain and Ire-
land, and naturally expect a profit.
PRINT A CATALOGUE.

" Each of the fruit brokers who belong to the
Fruit Brokers' Association prints a catalogue
giving full details of fruit sold at each sale with
prices realized. A rule of the association
stipulates ' That no prices shall appear in
printed catalogues, except those actually ob-
tained, and at which invoices are issued to buy-
ers, other than owners.' This rule, which Ls
strictly enforced, prevents bogus sales; and the
printing on the catalogues of the actual prices
realized prevents sending the shippers fictitious
account sales.

" Another rule specifies that all goods offered
in saleroom belonging to buyers must be in-
dexed at end of catalogue, and receivers other
than auctioneers cannot bid for their own fruit.
Our department has had a seat in the Commer-
cial Sale Room for the past three seasons, and
Mr. "Carter, our Liverpool inspector, w^ho has
been connected for some years with the
British fruit trade, is present at nearly
all, if not all, the sales, and neither he
nor myself have ever seen or heard of a case
which would warrant such an iinpeachment of
the honor of the members of the Liverpool Fruit
Brokers' Association, as was made by Mr.
Cochrane."

THE PROSPECTS FOR EARLY VEGETABLES

The Winnipeg market would take early vege-
tables if we could get them early, but I do not
think it pays for the trouble, owing to the fact
that our arrangements are all made for early
vegetables, such as tomatoes, cabbages, cukes,
beans, and all that kind of truck, early in the
season. Prices are gradually going down in
the south and are very low. The southern
vegetables invariably interfere with the early
products of Ontario growers. I do not, there-
fore, hold out any inducements for a profitable
business along this line. There is no argu-

ment at all as far as the quality is concerned,
as the Ontario vegetables are certainly very
superior. When it comes down to vegetables,
however, quality is largely thrown aside, and I
do not think, as already stated, it would pay to
Increase the production to any great extent. —
(G. M. Hunt. Manager Fruit and Produce Ex-"
change. Winnipeg, Man.

All the early vegetables that we handle in
this market would make no material difference
to what would be grown in South Essex. We
import a few from the American side, but we

COMMERCIAL FRUIT GROWING.

121

can get them shipped in the evening and have
them here the next morning at 10 o'clock, while
from Essex it takes 2I/3 days. We consider

it would not pay for Ontario growers to ship
to this market. — (The Macpherson Fruit Co.,.
Winnipeg, Man.

FRUIT TRANSPORTATION MATTERS DISCUSSED

p. W. HODGETTS, SECT; ONT. FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

The Transportation Committee of the Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association met in Toronto,
Feb. 15, to outline what action should be taken
in reference to transportation grievances. Mr.
Jas. Hardwell, chief traffic ofticer of the Rail-
way Commission, met the committee to discuss
the question of ventilated and frost-proof cars.
Owing to the number of systems in use and the
diversity of opinion in respect to their relative
value it was decided to put off any decision on
this matter until another year. In the mean-
time extensive experiments will be conducted.
With the consent of the railways, four or more
cars of tender fruits will be shipped during
September or October from the Niagara dis-
trict to the western markets in the same train.
These cars will be of the various patterns now
in use, including the Wicks, Bohn, Hanrahan,
New Tork Central Produce, and Canada Atlan-
tic. Thermographs will be placed in each car
so that accurate records of the temperature
during the trip will be kept.

Later in the season the same plan will be
carried out with respect to apples, a number of

the various type of cars being loaded at Belle-
ville or Trenton and shipped by the one train
to the seaboard under similar conditions. This
latter test will be to ascertain the desirability
of the cars for protection from frost. It is-
estimated that 25 per cent, of the apples sent
out from Ontario during the late fall and win-
ter are frosted en route and arrive at their des-
tination in a slack condition.

The question of rates was considered. The
rate on apples to the seaboard is altogether too
high. The rate on carload lots from Buffalo to
New York, a distance of 425 miles, is 24 cents
per barrel, while the rate from St. Catharines
to Montreal, a distance of 400 miles, is about
40 cents. A sub-committee of Messrs. Bunt-
ing, McNeill and Graham, was appointed with
authority to correspond with and interview the
railway authorities with a view to better equip-
ment and service, and at the same time to se-
cure if possible a reduction in rates. Failing
to get proper concessions from them the asso-
ciation will take active measures to press the
claims of the fruit growers before the Railway
Commission.

PRICE OF TOMATOES AND CORN

The market gardeners of Ontario consider
they are not receiving a fair price for the pro-
duce they supply to the canners, and are taking
steps to secure a higher figure. The tomato
growers in and about Hamilton made a move
some time ago, and at a largely attended meet-
ing of the fruit and vegetable growers of the
Niagara district, held at St. Catharines, Janu-
ary 28, a resolution was passed defining their
position and demanding a better price. The
following is the resolution as submitted to the
meeting by a committee appointed to draft it :
" We, the undersigned farmers and gardeners
of the Niagara Peninsula, after taking into con-
sideration the increased cost of the. manure and
labor required in growing and handling the
crops of tomatoes and corn for the canning
companies, have found that we cannot continue
growing these crops at the present prices with
any fair remuneration for our work. But we
will agree to grow for the season of 1905 toma-
toes at 30 cents per bushel and sweet corn at
$8 per ton (the seed furnished free to the
grower) and sign any fair form of contract
agreed upon between the growers and canning
companies."

The resolution was signed by a large number
of the growers, and steps will be taken to se-

cure the names of all the growers in the districts
Among those who took part in the discussion
were Messrs. C. M. Honsberger, president, in
the chair; Robert Thompson, W. C. McCalla,
Geo. A. Robertson, A. Pay, Angus Shaw, J. A.
Collins, W. H. Bunting, Murray Field and T.
Nickerson. Mr. W. A. Emery, of the Hamilton
association, was in attendance and gave valu-
able assistance.

The canners combine, which controls nearly
every factory in the district, has • announced
that they will require nearly 800,000 bushels of
tomatoes, and the factories outside the combine
will require about 200,000 bushels. The in-
crease in the price, from 25 cents to 30 cents a
bushel, would mean about one-third of a cent
per can to the canners, so that, as one speaker
pointed out, there is nothing in the threat that
the increase would compel them to close their
factories.

As to corn, letters submitted by Mr. McCalla
from the canners stated that they were paying
$8 a ton, which they stated is more than is paid
in any part of the Unitetd States. He pointed
out that this is incorrect, $10 being paid in
some places. The meeting took a very firm
stand in favor of better prices. The increase
demanded is five cents a bushel on tomatoes
and one dollar a ton on corn.

W^e have found The Canadian Horticulturist a
very good advertising medium. — (The Winona
Nursery Co., Winona, Ont.

Enclosed find $1 for renewal. The Canadian
Horticulturist is well worth it. — (R. Brodie,
Westmount, Que.

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES ARE ACTIVE

The Smith's P^alls Horticultural Society held
its annual meeting: in January. The former
president, Dr. J. S. McCallum, was re-elected;
S. E. Arnold was elected secretary- treasurer,
and a strong staff of directors was appointed.
Reports read showed that good work had been
done.

The receipts for the year were $288.23. There
was $153.95 paid out for trees, shrubs, plants
and bulbs for distribution to members and for
four beds of bulbs of different kinds in public
park ; $88.40 for The Canadian Horticulturist
and pamphlet on bulb culture ; $1.63 for work
on beds in park, and expenses of delegate to the
Toronto convention, leaving a balance of $24.25
on hand. The list of members for 1905 num-
bers 107.

the town schools and of two neighboring rural
schools, not exceeding an aggregate sum of $25;
was discussed and left over for further con-
sideration. Action has been taken to secure a
boat service to Toronto for the benefit of the
fruit growers and also in conjunction with Bur-
lington and Clarkson's to obtain lower rates
from the express companies on shipments of
fruit to O'Harve and Montreal. Notice was
given that the desirability of establishing a
canning factory would be discussed at the next
meeting. — (J. Cavers, Sec.-Treas.

Oakville Doing^ Good Work

Attendance at the annual meeting of the Oak-
ville Horticultural Society was small. Officers
elected : Pres., James Waldbrook ; sec. and
treas., J. Cavers. At the first meeting of the
year, held late in January, a resolution was
passed favoring the amendment of the Agricul-
ture and Art Act so as to provide for govern-
ment grants to horticultural societies, to be ap-
portioned on a basis independent of the district
agi'icultural societies, and for effective work
done by each society. A distribution of plants
to members was ordered.

A proposal to duplicate grants for flowering
.^hruhs and p^rennial-s made by the boards of

Toronto Carnation Show

The annual carnation show of the Toronto
Electoral District Society, the Toronto Horti-
cultural Society, and the Toronto Gardeners'
and Florists' Association was held February 16
and proved a most pleasing affair. The show-
was not an extensive one, as it was held rather
early in the season, and several of the exhibits
from the United States did not arrive on ac-
count of the railway blockade. The principal
competition was for the challenge cup for the
vase of best carnations. There were nine en-
tries and the award went to the Chicago Car-
nation Co., of Joliet. Illinois, who scored 95
points. The prize flower was a beautiful white
carnation, Lady Bountiful.

The largest exhibitor of carnations was Mr.
J. H. Dunlop, of Toronto. Other exhibitors
were the Chicago Carnation Co., Wm. Findlay,
of Brampton, and Charles Turp, of Toronto.

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SOCIETIES AND THEIR WORK.

123

Mr. Findlay also showed some beautiful violets.
Several lots of exceedingly well grown ferns,
showing high culture, and that were much ad-
mired, were exhibited by Mr. Joseph Bennett,
of Montreal.

The collection of cut flowers, which took flrst
prize, and which were shown by Mr. Dunlop,
consisted of roses, lillies of the valley, Bermuda
lily, tulips, daffodils, narcissus and hyacinths.
They made a fine display. The competition for
a collection of flowering plants on a space not
exceeding 50 square feet, arrangement to
count, was between Manton Bros, of Eglinton,
and J. H. Dunlop, of Toronto, who took the
prizes in the order named. Messrs. Manton's
collection included cyclamens, ferns, hyacinths,
begonias, azaleas., lilacs, etc., while Mr. Dun-
lop's included ferns, azaleas, lilacs, rhodendrum,
Bermuda lily, etc.

best display of flowers grown from the seeds
given out. Another distribution of plants will
be made to school children, with a request that
they attend to them, and at the fall show enter
them for competition. — (Robert Davis, Sec.

What Hespeler Has Planne I

The new officers of the Hespeler Horticultural
Society are : Pres., David Rife ; sec, Robert
Davis ; treas., J. E. Warren. A board of nine
directors was appointed, which was given full
power to act in the interests of the society.
The directors have decided to hold an exhibi-
tion in the fall and to offer prizes.

Each member will receive fruit trees, or
plants and seeds this spring according to their
choice. A special packet of flower seeds will
be given to each member, and in the fall at the
exhibition special prizes will be given for the

Brantford's Year's Program

The new officers of Brantford's Horticultural
society are : Pres., D. Dempster ; sec, R. W.
Brooks ; treas., J. H. Adams. At the annual
meeting it was decided to subscribe for The
Horticulturist for all members. It was de-
cided also to hereafter hold the regular meet-
ings on the second Tuesday in each month.

It is intended to supply 1,000 packages of
flower seeds to each school room in the town.
The children are requested to report on the
growth of these seeds. Prizes w^ll be offered
for best results secured. If finances allow,
prizes will be offered for best kept lawns, boule-
vards., etc., but only those of amateurs.

British Columbia Fruit Growers

The following are the officers of the British
Columbia Fruit Growers' Association for 1905,.
as elected at the recent convention of the asso-
ciation : President, T. W. Stirling, Kelowna ;
1st vice-president, Thos. A. Brydon, Victoria ;
2nd vice-president, J. C. Metcalfe, Hammond ;
3rd vice-president, Jas. Johnstone, Nelson ;
secretary-treasurer, W. J. Brandrith, Ladner ;
executive committee, T. W. Stirling, J. C. Met-
calfe, R. M. Palmer, H. Kipp, W. J. Brandrith.

^>^S£>£>£>S€;€isi£/S.e^>e>£:

OF kVV
KINDS

A Haadsome Calendar will be Given ^Free to aU Readers who bny goods from Advertisers.

124

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

The Seaforth Society. — The officers of Sea-
forth Horticultural Society for 1905 are: Pres.,
Wm. Hartry ; sec.-treas., Wm. Elliott. On
Feb. 8 an interesting and very instructive lec-
ture was delivered by H. W. Brown, B. A., of
the Collegiate Institute staff, who took Gladio-
lus for his subject. It is the intention of the
directors to have a lecture monthly during the
season and also to encourage the planting of
flowers and shrubs on the church grounds.
Membership last year was 111. This year it
already num'bers 112, with prospects of more. —
(Wm. Elliott, Sec.-Treas.

The Toronto Horticultural Society is to be
congratulated on the appearance of a neat little
prospectus just issued, also the program for the
meetings for the entire year. One meeting
each month appears on the program. That for
February took the form of a carnation show,
which is described elsewhere in this issue. On
March 7 an "at home" is to be held in the
rooms of the society. The April meeting com-
ing on April 4 is to comprise an illustrated lec-
ture on Pruning, by Mr. J. McP. Ross.

New officers foi- Simcoe Horticultural Society
are : Pres., H. H. Groff ; sec.-treas.. J. TTios.
Murphy. Various committees have been ap-
pointed for the year, and it has been decided to
again make a distrioution of seeds to the school
children and to hold a fair at the appointed
time. — (J. Thos. Murphy, Sec.

The Market Gardeners' Protective Association

The annual meeting of the Ontario Market
Gardeners' Protective Association was held at
Toronto early in February. The excursion
committee reported a balance of $56 after pay-
ing all expenses, w-hich amounted to $363.

The following were elected to office: Pres.,
J. D. Evans ; vice-pres., R. Larkin; sec, F. F.
Reeves ; treas., John McKay ; executive com-
mittee, J. W. Rush, G. Miles, Geo, Syme, Wm.
Harris, C. Aymer, W. G. Carter, A. Shuter ;
auditors, R. Larkin, J. W. Rush. It was re-
.solved to hold a banquet March 1, and a com-
mittee was appointed to make the necessary
arrangements. A resolution was passed ap-
proving of the action of the Hamilton Tomato
Growers' Association in refusing to sell toma-
toes to the canners for less than 30c. a bushel.

The Carnation Growers of America held their
annual convention at Chicago, January 25 and
26. The exhibit taken all round, was one of
the finest ever held. The growers in attend-
ance numbered about 125, and there would have
been more had the weather conditions been more
favorable. Mr. J. H. Dunlop, of Toronto, was
elected first vice-president. Toronto was
chosen for the convention of 1906, but gave way
for Boston, which had yielded its claim in favor
of Chicago this year. The convention will
therefore be held at Boston in 1906 and at To-
ronto in 1907.

f

f

f

We have a full line of Fruit and Ornamental TREES for spring-, 1905, at lowest
possible prices.

Headquarters for packing dealers' orders.

Farmers wishing to buy first-class stock absolutely first hand and without paying-
commission to agents, should write to us at once lor a catalogue and price list.
Don't wait until the last minute, as youwill be disappointed. Please order early
and secure the varieties you want. Correspondence solicited.

WINONA NURSERY CO.,

Winona, Ont.

BASKETS

We are Headcjuarters for
All Kinds of Splint Baskets

FRUIT PACKAGLS
A SPECIALTY

THE, OAKVUIE BA5KET CO.,

OAKVIHE,.

TKN DOLLARS for the person who huys Goods to the <ir> atesi Value from Advertisers in this Issue

See Notice in Advertisine Columns.

WHAT BUSINESS FIRMS ARE DOING.

125

BLACK NAPLES CURRANTS.

" Owing' to nurserymen having been in .lie
habit of propagating currants from what are
known as stools," said Mr. Joseph Tweddle, of
Fruitland, Ont., one of our new advertisers, to
a representative of The Horticulturist who 'is-
ited his place recently, " that splendid variety
Black Naples has deteriorated in bearing quali-
ties and, unfortunately, has been largely dis-
carded. Where it has been continuously pro-
pagated from bearing plantations it has main-
tained its place as the heaviest producing
variety. It is the leading heavy cropper with
those who have .he genuine stock."

STEEL POSTS FOR GRAPE VINES.

Fruit growers are aware that wooden posts
are becoming scarce, and are not sufficiently
durable and rigid to satisfy their requirements.
To meet this difficulty The Canadian Portable
Fence Co., of Toronto, have designed a steel
post especially adapted to the training and sus-
taining of grape vines. Their advertisement
appears elsewhere in this issue.

They have put on the market an end post,
modelled after their sterling standard end post
for wire fencing, which is known from the At-
lantic to the Pacific. This post weighs 50
pounds. Their intermediate posts consist of a
single, stiff angle bar, weighing 7 to 8 pounds.
These posts present the combined qualities of
lightness, rigidity and permanence. Although

this is the first season that the company has
produced grape posts, their reputation for steel
fence posts is sufficient guarantee for the new
article. Fruit growers of Canada begin to per-
ceive that they do not have to search beyond
their own Dominion to find an article suited to
their needs.

TO SECRETARIES OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Secretaries of Hoiticultui al Societies should write
Wni. Rennie of Toionto for his special discounts to
Societies on Vegetable and flower Seeds and Plants,
making their own selections from Rennie"s Catalogue
for 1905. This is a good offer and one which will no
doubt be most acceptable to menibeis

NURSERYMAN WANTED.

The Webster Floral Co., of Hamilton, is anx-
ious to secure -ae services of a practical nur-
seryman to assist or ,.„- e charge of their nur-
sery of shrubs, etc.

Power Sprayers. — A large enquiry for the
Wallace Power Sprayer is reported by F. Ham-
ilton Co., I^imited, of Hamilton. Indications
point to this as being about the simplest method
of obtaining power with the least trouble, there
being little to get out of order.

Owing to the advancing and strong tone of
the copper market blue vitriol will likely be
much higher in price before the season is over.

SMALL FRIIT PLANTS
GARDEN ROOTS

Gooseberr es - Josselyn, Red Jacket, Downing,

Pearl and Houghton
Currants, Black— Lees' Pro ific. Champion,

Naples.

Curr-nts, Red — \foore's Kuby, ('hilds' Ruby,
lierl Cherry, Victoiia, Varsailles.

Currants, White— White Grapp.
Raspberries- Miller, Cutlibert, Japanese May-
berrv.

Black Bonis— Tuzler's Prolifl ■.
Grape Vines— Worden. Moore's Farly. Cami)-
be.l's Early, Salem, De ewai e, Eaton, etc.

Strawberries — Clyde, Williams, Splendid,

Saunders, etc.
Strawberry Raspberry— Tree Strawberry.
Garden Rrots — Asparagus, Pa'metto. Coji-

overs, — Rhubarb (divided roots), Linnaeus:

Victor a — Sage Koot*^.

WHITE FOR CATALOGUE A>D PRI ^E

WM. FLEMING

NURSERYMAN

P.O. Box 54 OWEN SOUND, ONT

A Handsome Calendar will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Adverlisf r«.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

fjrapes Currants

FOR SALE BY

JOSEPH TWEDDLE

FRUITLAND, ONT.

Grape-vine Specialist, twenty-five years ex-
perience. The largest grower in Canada.

Good stock of first-class cur-
rants. Special lines of gen-
uine Black Naples. Stock
guaranteed to be from heavy
bearing plantations. : : :

WRITE ME FOR A PRICE ON YOUR ORDER

New Rose Crown Comet Aster, Pkt. 10c.

SPECIAL OFFER

TO

Horticultural Societies

Members can make their own selections
from Rennie's Catalogue for 1905.

Secretaries will please lurite for Special Discounts

Catalogues supplied free to members.

WM. RENNIE, TORONTO.

PRACTICE WITH Science

ARNOTT'S
COMPLETE CHEMICAL MANURES

(CONCEXTKATED SOLUBLE PLANT FOODi

SPECIAL BRANDS

-FOK-

MARKET GARDENERS, FLORISTS, VINE AND FRUIT GROWERS.

SOLD UNDER GUARANTEE OF ANALYSIS.

Contain NO Organic Matter, Refuse Materials, Sand, or Filler.

NO Harmful Mineral Acids to counteract Plant Food or check growth.

FOUR TIMES AS MUCH IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE PLANT FOOD AS OTHER MANURES

MADE IN CANADA

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF CHEMICAL EXPERTS BY

THE ARNOTT CHEMICAL CO.,

Agricultural & Manufacturing Chemists,

114 Victoria St., TORONTO.

BUSINESS FOUNDED IN 1853.

Books and Particulars Free on
Application.

TEN DOLLARS for the persou who buys Goods to the Greatest Value from Advertisers in this Issue.

See Notice in Advertising Columns*

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

APPLE TREES $5.00 TO $10.00 PER 100

Currant Bushes and Grape Vines, also Poplar
Trees, for sale at bargain prices, boxed free.

These trees, plants and vines must be sold at bargain prices, as we
are overstocked with them. We have a surplus of both Carolina and
Lombardy Poplars. Help us to sell i,coo,ooo first-class trees, shrubs
and vines as described and priced in our large new catalogue, which is
mailed free when requested by postal card. Established 25 years
$100,000.00 capital. Trees true to name, boxed free. Let us price
your list before buying elsewhere. Mention where you saw this adver-
tisement and we will mail you a copy of Green's Fruii Magazine.

Address GREEN'S NURSERY CO., Rochester, N. Y.

f

f

We have a full line of Fruit and Ornamental TREES for spring, 1905, at lowest

possible prices.

Headquarters for packing dealers' orders.

Farmers wishing to buy first-class stock absolutely first hand and without paying

commission to agents, should write to us at once for a catalogue and price list.

Don't wait until the last minute, as you will be disappointed. Please order early

and secure the varieties you want. Correspondence solicited.

f

WINONA NURSERY CO.,

Winona, Ont.

The Fonthiil Nurseries=Canada's Greatest Nurseries

Over 800 Acres in Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Aines and Roses

Send now for our catalogue of New Specialties, and 25c for our aluminum Pocket Microscope, just the
thing to use in examining seeds, grains, plants and trees. Submit your list of wauts for spring plantme- Liberal
Inducements to Salesmen. Terms sent on application. See our reading notice page 163.

\:

STONE & WELLINGTON,

TORONTO

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

C3 ^

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c i

^ I .

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'pie (anadien f|orticclt(irist

APRIL, 1905

Volume XXVIII

Number 4

THE WISHES OF FRUIT GROWERS IGNORED

IN spite of the apparently unanimous
wis'hes of the fruit growers of Canada
the Hon. Sydney Fisher, Dominion Minister
of Agriculture, has placed the Fruit Divi-
sion under the control of the Dairy Commis-
sioner. This means that in matters of
policy affecting the fruit industry the chief
of the fruit division must consult the Dairy
Commissioner and has no right to confer
direct with the Alinister of Agriculture. It
means that the fruit industry is placed on a
lower level than the dairy and live stock in-
dustries and even than the matter of the sale
of seeds, as all three have been recognized
b}- the appointment of commissioners subor-
dinate in their work only to the Minister of
Agriculture.

W'hen it became known, some months
ago, that it was proposed to place the chief
of the fruit division under the control of the
Dairy Commissioner protest was imme-
diately made by fruit growers in all parts of
Canada. Resolutions opposing such a
move were passed by several associations
including the provincial fruit growers as-
sociations of Prince Edward Island and
British Columbia.

The protest from the British Columbia
association was as follows :

" We, the undersigned, the members of
the executive committee of the British
Columbia Fruit Growers' Association, beg
to protest against the reported proposal to
unite the Dairv and Fruit divisions of the

Department of Agriculture under one head.
We feel that the fruit industry in the Do-
minion is becoming so important that the
chief of the Fruit Division should be next
to the minister and not subordinate to the
chief of any other division.

(Signed) " R. M. Palmer.

•• H. Kipp.

" T. W. Stirling.

"J. C. Metcalfe.

"W. J. Brandrith."
The Prince Edward Island growers at
their annual convention in December passed
the following resolution unanimously:

'* Whereas it has come to the knowledge
of this association, through the press that
an amalgamation of the Fruit with the Dairy
Division of the Department of Agriculture,
Ottawa, is in contemplation ; therefore it is
resolved that this assemblage of the fruit
growers of Prince Edward Island do re-
spectfully express to the Honorable the
Minister of Agriculture its unqualified dis-
approval of any such amalgamation as
detrimental to the large and increasing horti-
cultural interests of Canada, which call for
extension in their central offices rather than
restriction."

Other provincial associations would have
taken similar action had they heard of the
proposal in time. As it was, many promi-
nent fruit growers wrote direct to Mr.
Fisher. A number of papers also regis-
tered vigorous editorial protests.

[29

I30

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

For some time it was believed the pro-
posal to unite the two divisions had been
abandoned. The announcement by the Hon.
Sydney Fisher that he had carried out his
oiginal intention came, therefore, as a great
surprise to fruit growers generaJly.

THE minister's REASONS.

The reasons for this action, as given by
tiie Hon. Sydney Fisher, in tne House oi
Commons, are as follows :

" On the passage of the Act to provide
for the marking and inspection of packages
containing fruit for sale, known as the
" Fruit Marks Act, 1901," it became neces-
sary to organize a staff for the administra-
tion and enforcement of the Act. The or-
ganization was placed, by the Minister of
Agriculture, under the control of the Com-
missioner of Agtriculture and Dairying, Dr.
James W. Robertson, and became known i^*;
the fruit division of the branch.

" In addition to the enforcement and ad-
ministration of the Fruit Marks Act the
fruit division was dharged with the super-
vision of the packing and transportation of
fruit, particularly in cold storage and cool
chambers, and the marketing of the same,
and this brought the work of the division in
close connection with the cold storage and
extension of markets divisions, which, hav-
ing been organized principal'ly for facilitat-
ing the transportation and promoting the
sale of dairy products, were in charge of the
chief of the dairy division, Mr. J. A. Rud-
dick, under the Commissioner of Agricul-
ture and Dairying for several years prior to
the retirement of the latter.

" Upon the retirement of Dr. Robertson,
and the abolition of the office of Commis-
sioner of Agriculture and Dairying, Mr.
Ruddick was appointed Dairy Commis-
sioner, the work of the cold storage and the
extension of markets divisions being con-
tinued imder him; and owing to his close
relations with the work of the fruit division,
as above stated, it was deemed advisable to

place the Avork of the latter division in his
charge as well. The chief and other offi-
cers of the fruit division have been retained
in office with the saime duties as formerly,
which they will hereafter perform under the
dairy commissioner, as they formerly did
under the Commissioner of Agriculture and
Dairying.

"It is the intention of the Minister of
Agriculture to make the work of the depart-
ment, both in the fruit division and at the
experimental farms, commensurate with the
needs of the fruit industry in Canada."

FRUIT GROWERS NOT SATISFIED.

This explanation has not satisfied fruit
growers. While it is granted that Prof.
Robertson was in charge of the fruit divi-
sion it is pointed out he was also in charge
of the live stock, dairy, poultry, seeds and
other divisions of the departmental work
and that he was largely responsible for their
being established. No objection is taken
to ]\Ir. Ruddick having charge of matters
pertaming to the transportation of fruit in
cold storage, but there is to his having
charge of matters pertaining to the Fruit
Alarks Act, and other matters of a similar
nature relating to the fruit industry.

VIEWS OF I.EADING GROWERS.

That fruit growers are thoroughly aroused
over this matter will be seen by the follow-
ing letters Avhich have reached The Horti-
culturist from all parts of Canada:

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

W. J. Brandrith, Sec.-Treas. British Co-
lumbia Fruit Growers' Association : The
fruit interests of this Dominion are as de-
serving of recognition as any other industry.
Not that we have anything against Mr.
Ruddick, on the contrary we esteem him
very highly, but we want a man at the head
of the fruit division \vho has had as wide an
experience in the fruit industry as Mr. Ru \-
dick has had in the dair}^ industry. Surely
Hon. Mr. Fisher will not go in the face of
a united country and maintain an appoint-

WANTED— A FRUIT COMMISSIONER.

131

nient that is unsatisfactor}- to those whose
interests he is there to look after.

ONTARIO.

Murray Pettit, Winona, Ont., Director
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association : The
various fruit growers associations througfli-
out the Dominion should press this matter
to the very extreme. Not only fruit grow-
ers' associatioins, but farmers' institutes and
county councils in fruit growing districts
should take it up. This could be done by
a circular and petition being sent to them to
be adopted and forwarded to the depart-
ment, followed up by a strong delegation.
It is the duty of our association to take thi?
matter up and press it.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

Henry Wilmot, Oranacto, N. B., Trea-
surer New Brunswick Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation : I am strongly of opinion that the
fruit growing industry of Canada is of suffi-
cient importance to justify the appointment
of a fruit comimdssioner who •will be respon-
sible to the Minister of Agriculture only.

QUEBEC.

H. W. Wood, St. Johns, Que., Secretary
The Pomological and Fruit Growing Society
of the Province of Quebec : It is a mistake
to place the chief of the fruit division under
the dairy commissioner. The interests of
the fruit growers are of sufficient import-

ance to entitle them to a separate commis-
sioner. This, I believe, is the opinion of
the great majority of the fruit growers of
the province of Quebec.

NOVA SCOTIA.

John Donaldson, Port Williams, Nova
Scotia, Director Nova Scotia Fruit Grow-
ers' Association: I am very strongly in
favor of the appointment of a fruit com-
missioner who shaill be independent of any
other branch of agricultural work. I do
not know of any other department of agri-
culture in Canada that requires more foster-
ing care than does that of fruit.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

Rev. Father A. E. Burke, President Pnnce
Edward Island Fruit Growers' Association :
We are quite averse to this appointment,
believing, as we said in our resolution, that
the fruit division requires extension, not re-
striction, that it wants a chief more than
grain or dairying. I cannot see what sinis-
ter influence is effecting this in the face of
the protests gone up from the fruit men of
Canada.

The foregoing are only a few of many
expressions of opinion received from fruit
growers. The Horticulturist will be
pleased to hear from other growers as to
how they consider the situation can best be
dealt with.

In Setting a Tree or Shrub sift some
fine, rich dirt among the roots, just enough
to cover so the boot will not injure them,
then with all the strength and weight you
can command stamp the earth down until it
is solid, then fill in a little more dirt and re-
peat the stamping until the whole is nearly
full ; then fill the rest of the hole with loose
dirt and leave it with the soil pitching to-
ward the tree from all directions. If it is
properly set you cannot pull it up. Do not
try to put all the earth back, but throw away
some. The same general rules apply to

everything from a strawberry plant to a
shade tree.

Cooperative Spraying. — Last year was
our first experience in power spraying and
we undertook a little, too much, so that we
onlv covered the route three times, and our
pressure was not altogether satisfactory.
Where work was done carefully results were
quite satisfactory, and with last year's ex-
perience we expect a great miprovement this
season. — (W. R. A. Ross, Sec.-Treas. Chat-
ham. Ont.. Fruit Growers' Association.

THE SEEDLESS APPLE IN CANADA

W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, C. E. F., OTTAWA.

A WONDERFUL seedless apple is said
to have been developed by a western
experimenter. There have been seedless
apples in Canada for many years. One was
exhibited at the annual meeting of the On-
tario Fruit Growers' Association at Brant-
ford, Ont,, December 19, 1900. In the re-
port.of that meeting the following reference
is made to it:

" A curiosity in the form of a seedless
apple was shown bv Mr. W. A. Whitney,
of Iroquois, Ont. The apple was quite nor-
mal in outward appearance and of good
size. Mr. Whitney says that none of the
apples contain seeds."

As Mr. W^hitney is dead, I wrote to Mr.
A. D. Harkness, Irena, Ont., for informa-
tion regarding this fruit. He obtained
scions from the tree for me last spring. It
was reported by the owner. Air. L. Cam-
eron, Ont., to be both seedless and bloom-
less. I asked Mr. Harkness to obtain some
of the blossoms or places from which the
fruit sprung, and the following description
was made of them :

" Apetalous apple blossoms received from
Air. A. D. Harkness, Irena, Ont., from tree
grown by Air. L. Cameron, Iroquois. Ont.,
May 26, 1904 : About one dozen flowers
received. Flowers in clusters averaging
three each. Calyx apparently very similar
(these were not compared with the calyx of
perfect flowers at the time) to that of ordi-
nary flowers. Petals abortive, very small,
and hidden by the sepals. Flowers evi-
dently all pistillate. Appear to be 15 stig-
mas to each flower. W. T. Alacoun."

Knowing the interest in seedless apples I
visited Iroquois, August, 1904, and went
to see the tree, which is in Air. Cameron's
garden. It was found in a very thrifty
condition, but with no fruit. This lack was
explained by the fact that there were prac-
tically no apples in the orchard last year,
hence the pistillate flowers could not be pol-

lenized. Air. Cameron informed me that
it was a seedling tree about 10 years old,
and probably fruited for the first time in,
1900, when the fruit was shown at Brant-
ford. He has this seedless apple top
grafted on another variety in addition to the
original tree. The apple, as shown at
Brantford, was a rather handsome yellow
apple, above medium in size and of fair
quality. I remember testing it and noting
that it was seedless. It was an early winter
variety. Next summer we hope to obtain
a full description.

In April, 1904, the following item
appeared in the Prince Edward Island
Farmer :

" In a recent issue of the Farmer we pub-
lished the result of an experiment in apple
growing by which a noted Colorado or-
chardist, after seven years of experimenting,
had succeeded in producing a seedless apple.
It was noted that the tree bearing this scien-
tific wonder bears no blossoms, and that the
fruit resembles a naval orange. Last Satur-
day, to our surprise and pleasure, we re-
ceived a box of seedless apples grown last
year in the orchard of Air. Hugh Ramsay,
Port Hill, with the explanation that similar
apples had been grown yearly on the same
tree during the past 30 years. Examina-
tion shows that the apple is entirely solid;
there are no seed chambers nor any sem-
blance of seed ; it is well formed, richly fla-
vored, and a good winter keeper, the sam-
ples received being firm and fresh, although
stored in ordinary barrels. The tree bear-
ing this peculiar variety was full grown and
bearing heavily when Air. Ramsay came
into possession of his farm 30 years ago.
Since then it has been a heavy bearer yearly,
and in no case has a seed ever been found
in any of the fruit."

T wrote to the editor and also to the owner
of the fruit, asking for specimens, but un-
fortunately the best were gone, the speci-

'.■?-

SPRA VING INGREDIENTS.

133

men received being- small and the quality;
judging by the fruit tested, not more than
medium. The core was small and was
situated nearer the calyx than in ordinary
varieties, and the cartilaginous part of the
core was not as thick as in varieties with
seeds. There were no seeds. I have tried
to obtain fruit again this winter, but so far
without success.

When attending the annual meeting of
the Prince Edward Island Fruit Growers'
Association in December, 1904, I was shown
a specimen of a seedless apple grown by
Jesse A. Wright, North Bedeque, P. E. I.
This apple was past best condition, but was
seedless, with a small core confined to the
calyx end of the apple.

Unless a seedless apple is as good or bet-
ter than a Mcintosh Red, Spy, King, or

Spitzenburg, it is of little practical value,
unless for evaporating or canning, and as
so many culls and windfalls of well known
varieties can be obtained for this purpose,
seedless apples, unless of great merit, will
not be popular. It is possible that by cross
breeding seedless apples with varieties of
the best quality something will be produced
of real commercial value, and one of the
Canadian seedless apples is being propa-
gated at the Central Experimental Farm
with the object of being used for such work.
Seedless apples are not novelties, as they
have been recorded for nearly 300 years,
and were probably known before that time.
The last time the seedless apple received
such public notice as now was about 15
years aeo.

PARIS GREEN AND THE BORDEAUX MIXTURE

PROF. W\ L. LOCHHEAD, O. A. C, GUELPH.

IT is important for several reasons that
good paris green should be procured
for orchard spraying. The good paris
green should contain between 50 and 56 per
cent of arsenious oxide, which should be in
combination with copper. As a matter of
fact about four per cent, of the arsenious
oxide is in a free state, known as soluble
arsenic.

It is this free, water-soluble arsenic which
makes paris green dangerous to plants.
Eime is accordingly added to combine with
this free arsenic and form an insoluble
arsenite. When the amount of free arsenic
is large, however, or when the paris green
is of a poor grade, experience has shown
that the addition of lime does not prevent
the injurious action, but actually increases
the amount of injury.

There are some good tests for pure paris
green :

I. Pure paris green is entirely soluble in
ammonia. The percentage of free arsenic,
however, is not shown by this test.

2. Pure paris green has a bright green
color — any dullness or whiteness is indica-
tive of adulteration.

3. Under the microscope pure paris green
should consist of clean green spheres, wholly
separate from one another.

The water-soluble or free arsenic is some-
times very dangerous to foliage, especially
during very dry weather with much dew or
fog at night. It would appear as if the dew
dissolved the arsenic, which is then absorbed
by the plant. At other times very little or
no injury results from the application of
uncombined arsenic.

It is always wise to get the very best grade
of paris green for orchard work, for such
will contain no adulteration and but a small
percentage of free arsenic.

It is unlikely that liquid Bordeaux
will ever be replaced to any extent by the
powder form in orchard spraying opera-
tions, for it is doubtful if the dust will cover
every portion of the leaf as effectively as the
liquid. Again, it would appear that the

'34

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

action of the liquid Bordeaux is continued
for some time in the presence of the Hme,
water, and carbonic acid of the air with the
continued formation of copper compounds
poisonoivs to fungous spores, and in some
conditions poisonous to the plant itself.
There is a growing tendency to reduce the
quantity of lime in the making of Bordeaux,
so as make the solution just about neutral.
This is all right for ornamentals, and for
orchard trees in dry seasons, but in wet
weather the addition of extra lime is recom-
mended.

Many growers state that they fail to get
good results with Bordeaux. The main
cause of failure lies in the quality of the
lime used, the manner of slaking the lime to
get the milk of lime, and the way the stock
solutions are mixed in the spray tank or
barrel. (i) The lime should be fresh and
firm. (2) Only small amounts of water
should be added to the lime in slaking. If
too much water is added many small lumps
will remain unslaked. When the lime is
fully slaked considerable water should be
added slowly while the whole is being
stirred. (3) When the Bordeaux is being

prepared from the stock solutions, the bar-
rel of milk of lime should be thoroughly
stirred, and the milk of lime — a thin whitt
wash — emptied through a strainer into the
spray tank. It is very essential that the
concentrated stock solutions should not be
mixed except in the presence of a large
quantity of water.

It is advisable to use the 3-3-40 Bordeaux
formula on Japan plums and peach trees on
account of the tender nature of the foliage
of these trees.

In districts where the Hme-sulphur wash
is not used on account of the absence of the
San Jose scale, Bordeaux should be applied
to prevent leaf-curl of the peach. It has
been proven pretty conclusively that if a
thorough application be made, a week or
so before the flower buds open, the leaf-curl
will be practically absent from peach or-
chards treated in this manner.

For the prevention of the black rot of
grapes the first application of Bordeaux
need not be made until the young shoots are
T2 to 18 inches in length. The second ap-
plication should be given immediately after
blossoming, about the first week in Tulv.

THE CORLESS APPLE EXCITEMENT

PROF. JOHN- CRAIG, CORNELL' UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.

THE excitement over coreless apples has
reached quite an acute stage. Royalty
has become involved. King Edward is an
■honorary patron. The apple which started
out as a seedless form has, in six months,
travelling through various types of advertis-
ing media, reached the throne of England,
leaving its core somewhere en route.

The whole story of this wonderful crea-
tion savors of quackery, and I am inclined
to lose patience with horticultural journals
which oflFer their columns to the exploiting
of an absolutely unknown plant production
in this generous, free and decidedly unso-
phisticated manner. Can it be that horti-
cnltnral ionrnals are becoiT'ino' inn'^rht":]

with the germ which develops a craving for
sensationalism? Are they imitating thi-
yellow hue of some of their strictly news-
dealing contemporaries ?

This introduction — invention it was first
called in the associated press dispatch — has
been advertised with more than ordinary
skill. The seedless enterprise is being
pushed by shrewd business men who ar^'
taking advantage of the avidity of news-
papers for something novel and the credence
and desire of the public for something dif-
ferent. I am not surprised that a paper
like the Scientific American should be drawn
into the net. because that is quite outside of
its scope and purview, but T am astonished

MR. MORGANS' TURN NEXT,

135

to see The Canadian Horticulturist lend
prominent space to the foisting on a gulli-
ble public something, which as yet is vague,
indefinite, untested and may prove a fake so
far as adding anything substantial and use-
ful to our fruit lists.

By the way, is this company proceeding
along the lines of those who, before selling,
first prove the value of their acquisition by
actual trial ? Are the experiment stations
to be given an opportunity to pass on. the
merits of the variety, or is this extensive ad-
vertising to proceed coincidentally with the
propagation and sale of the trees ? It would
seem that the latter method is to be followed.
Although the writer was promised speci-
mens for examination last fall, they did not
arrive for some reason ; and unless I am
misinformed, the samples exhibited in St.
Louis were safely embalmed in antiseptic
fluids and shown througfh a glass covering.

There is before me a copy of the National
Fruit Grower, of St. Joseph, Mo., in which
an extension or elaboration of the stock arti-
cle puiblished in last month's Horticulturist
occupies a prominent place. Passing over
the highly garnished statements of the inci-
dent of the sale of two specimens for 60
sliillings in Covent Garden market, here are
some of the statements volunteered by Mr.
Sampson Morgan, of Broadstairs, England,
the writer of this noted contribution : " In
the near future seedless and coreless apples
will be on sale in the fruit shops of every
city in the United Kingdom." What pro-
phetic vision enables this horticultural seer
to pronounce on the success of this variety
Avithout a single trial having been made out-
side the grounds of the interested origina-
tor? " The tree produces a cluster of small
green leaves like a disorganized bud. It is
here that in due course the fruit forms."
How astonishing! The apple is a multiple
bud. As the winter bud expands in spring
the several blossoms which it contains are
disclosed. Apple blossoms without petals
are not at all uncommon ; several specimens

of these apetalous blossoms were sent me
last spring. The petal is not an essential
organ.

We read further that there being no petals
and therefore no fragrance, the codling
moth passes it by unrecognized! The au-
thor of this ingenuous statement forgets (if
he ever knew) that the codling moth gets
in its fine work after the petals fall and the
fragrance ( ?) has departed. True, like
the writer of the interesting article, a second
sight may enable it (the moth) to look
within and discover the abnormality of the
specimen and thus be frightened away.
Again, " the trees are being propagated
from buds, no seeds being available." An-
other revelation ! Now, it may not be
known to Air. Morgan, but it is a fact
nevertheless, that nurserymen have been
propagating named varieties in this country
by graftage, in which buds are used in
various ways, since the settlement of the
country. History further informs us that
this method came to us from the Greeks and
Romans or possibly an older civilization.
We grow pansies and pop corn from seed,
not apple trees — unless we are after some-
thing dififerent.

Again this optimistic writer says : " The
permanency of the seedlessness of the Spen-
cer apple is ibeyond dispute. Over 2,500
trees are already in hand, and the stock is
being extended." I am somewhat in doubt
as to the nature of the stock referred to,
whether the watered article of the company
or the stock of this variety. My advice is
to take little of either until you absolutely
know what you are buying. Listen to this !
" Arrangements are in progress to ensure
ample supplies of these wonderful novelties
in England, and their arrival will be duly
announced in the advertising columns of the
general press." We understand that a
stock of 2.500 grafts will, in Jack-the-Bean-
Stalk style, grow to bearing size and fur-
nish enough fruit so that after satisfying
the American market there will be a suffi-

'30

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURISi

cicnt surplus to supply the English niarkets
in a short time. Perhaps this will come to
pass. A single barrel of some varieties will
go a long way.

But we must continue our examination of
this fascinating article. " Probably half a
dozen trees have appeared at different places
bearing apples without seed. But these
trees would not produce trees that bore seed-
less apples." Our best records show how
seedless apples have appeared here and
there for at least 200 years. But there was
no associated press, and advertising facili-
ties were painfully inadequate in those days,
so that these seedless individuals lived only
as local curiosities and died for lack of in-
trinsic qualities and business enterprise.
There was an unusual outbreak of seedless
apples in 1904 — quite an epidemic, in fact
— but the Spencer creation (method new
and unknown) is the only one that caused
more than a ripple before the eye of the
horticultural public.

As one reads this startling article a feel-
ing akin to the uncanny creeps over your
being. It says, when standing alongside
other pollen-bearing varieties, trees of this
variety bear " a small percentage of the
apples with one and sometimes two or three
seeds, but they (the seeds) are just as apt
to be in one part of the apple as the other.
For instance, he (Mr. Spencer) has found
a seed within one-eighth inch of the outer
peeling, far removed from its core." Won-
derful ! Marvelous ! Just think of a seed
travelling around in the flesh of an apple
like a needle in a man's body !

We learn further, in regard to the blos-
soms, that " there is a small quantity of pol-
len, also a stamen." This latter addition
would certainly be a very necessary and
antecedent attendant of the pollen. As to
the characteristics of the fruit, we are also
informed that these apples " grow as large
as the ordinary winter apple." He may
have had a Lady apple in mind ; or, on the
'"'her bind, he nla^• have meant a Falla-

water. We are told that they are " red
when fully mature," " contain much juice,"
" the tlesh is firm and they are excellent
keepers." An additional point of interest
to the consuming public is whether they are
good to eat.

Here is a statement by Wx. Morgan that
I am inclined to agree with : " It has been
proved that the further we get away from
the original proposition (five trees) the
larger and better is the fruit." My own
notion that Mr. Morgan in England is just
about the proper distance from this " propo-
sition," and that Defore our American fruit
planters take second or third hand informa-
tion as loosely put together as this much-
quoted article, for horticultural gospel, they
should do a little thinking for themselves.
Before buying any of the stock now being
manufactured in the magic fashion hinted
at, they should see, taste and examine the
fruit. After this, buy for trial if you like.

Before closing this review there is one
other quotation which should be made. It
is this: "By desire (of whom?) the above
record of the introduction of the coreless
apple into Great Britain will be filed by the
various state horticultural societies and col-
leges in America ; also in England, Ireland,
Scotland and Wales." Ho, ye secretaries !
Sit up ! Hear the mandate and govern
yourselves according!}'. Speaking person-
ally and as secretary of the American Pomo-
logical society, I shiall wait for further in-
structions and information before filing a no-
tice of the advent of this pomological marvel.

Now for a serious word in closing, while
ridicule is not argument, there are times
when it should be employed as effectively as
possible. The claims of the article are ab-
surd, inaccurate and impudent to a degree,
when presented through recognized pomo-
logical channels to a reading and thinking
horticultural public. What we should have
now are disinterested opinions of those who
have actually examined and tested this seed-
less wonder.

THE VALUE OF SPRAYING.

137

A Profitable Investment

iT would be difficult to find a fruit grower
who is more firmly convinced of the
value of spraying than is Mr. Joseph Twed-
dle, of Fruitland, Ont., whose place was vis-
ited recently by a representative of The
Horticulturist. " I have been using a
power sprayer for two years," said Mr.
Tweddle, " with w'hich I spray 100 acres of
fruit, and my sprayer, although an expen-
sive one, paid for itself, several times over,
the first year. I spray two to four times,
depending on the season, and aim to secure

Spraying in Mr. Tweddle's Orchard

75 to 90 per cent, of clean apples. My peach
trees are only sprayed once.

" For killing insects, such as the curculio,
my belief is that the old formula of four
ounces of paris green to 40 gallons of Bor-
deaux is not strong enough to do quick
work, as the insects are able to do consider-
able damage before that soilution, which
works slowly, destroys them. I use half a
pound of white arsenic of lead, costing five
cents, which is boiled for three-quarters of

an hour in one pound of fresh Hme, or boiled
with two pounds of sal soda. This mix-
ture has proved very efifective. If applied
too coarsely it may burn the trees, but if the
spray is fine no damage should occur."

Trimming Trees

PROF. H. L. HUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH, ONT.

What season or month is the best for trim-
ming trees ? Should all fruit trees be pruned
at the same time ? When should shade trees
be attended to ? — (Amos Briuge, Brantford,
Ont.

The safest time to prune or trim trees of
all kinds is early in the spring after severe
frosts are over and before growth starts.
There is then little danger of the trees be-
ing injured by frost and severe winter
weather, and wounds made at that time heal
readily.

With maples and other trees, which
naturally bleed freely when pruned, it is
just as well to leave the trimming till late
in the spring when they will not bleed so
much. Bleeding is not so serious an in-
jury as is usually supposed, but often forms
a lodgment for spores of fungous diseases,
which are the cause of rot.

Arrested Growth of Trees

\V. T. MACOUN, C. E. F., OTTAWA.

I have some apple trees planted last spring
that have not shown any sign of growth; also
an Austrian pine. The apple trees are green
and the pine holds its leaves. Will they grow
this spring, or would you advise planting other
trees in their places ? — (Chas. Derdaele, Wal-
kerton, Ont.

If the apple trees and the pine tree were
alive in the autumn of 1904 it is quite likely
they will live. It frequently happens when
trees are received in poor condition, or if
the soil is not properly prepared, or the
trees not planted carefully, they will make-
little or no growth during the first season.
If the winter is very severe it is quite pos-
sible they may die, as trees that are not in a
thrifty condition suffer, but the chances are
that they will live.

138

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Spraying at the College

PROF. W. LOCHHEAD, O. A. C, GUELPH.

SPRAYING operations usually begin at
the college about April 20. As a
matter of fact spraying begins as soon as
the orchard can be entered by a horse and
cart, and no set date can be laid down.
Much attention is given to the first oi3era-
tions, for more good can be done at this
time than at any other.

The resting spores of many of the com-
mon fungi, such as mildew, scab, canker and
leaf curl, and the small insects, such as the
bud moth and the case bearers, which win-
ter as half-grown caterpillars, are not yet
active. An application of Bordeaux mix-
ture and paris green at this time, before the
buds have begun to open, will be very effec-
tive, not only in preventing the fungous
spores, which will soon be carried to the
twigs and buds by the wind, etc., from ger-
minating and entering the tree, but also in
killing the worms when they attempt to
satisfy their hunger after the long winter
sleep.

It usually takes two days to spray an or-
chard thoroughly, and for the first half day
the instructor works with the men to whom
are assigned the task. They are left to
themselves as soon as they have shown
themselves capable of doing the work pro-
perly. Our orchard is chiefly composed of
small trees, consequently it is not difficult to
get at all parts of every tree and do thorough
work. A second application of Bordeaux
and paris green is made before the blossoms
open, a third after the blossoms fall, a fourth
and a fifth are applied during the season at
intervals of two or three weeks.

Sometimes it is advantageous to give three
applications before blossoming in apple or-
chards, but if the first application is thor-
ough there is little need for the one which is
usually made a week later. Spraying just
before the blossoms open will destroy the

newly hatched canker worms and tent cater-
pillars, and prevent the scab and leaf spot.
The application made just aflter the blos-
soms fall is intended specially to control the
codling worm. The later applications, es-
pecially the one about July i, are importanr,
as they control the Palmer worm, apple buc-
culatrix. and the scab.

Saving Injured Trees

COMPARATIVELY few fruit growers
attempt to save their trees which
have been injured by mice. Where the
cambium layer or inner bark has not been
completely removed around the trees they
may frequently be saved by keeping the re-
maining ne\Y wood moist until the growing
season. This may be done by erecting a
mound of fresh earth to cover the wound,
by binding the wound with a mixture of
clay and cow manure, half and half, cover-
ing the whole with burlap, or by simply cov-
ering the wound with grafting wax. As it
is impossible always to tell by a simple in-
spection whether the cam'bium layer has
been all removed it will pay in most cases to
try one or other of these methods.

Bridging is practised by many quite suc-
cessfully. Mr. W. W. Cox, of Collingwood,
has some old trees which have never failed to
bear good crops that were girdled when they
were five inches in diameter for a distance
of one-half foot or more. The method
which he found successful consisted in bor-
ing a hole above and below the wound to a
depth of half an inch or more with a half-
mch bit, using for a scion a branch slightly
larger than this in diameter. The ends
were cut with a slope and the length was
such that they could be inserted readily into
these holes, above and below the wound, re-
taining their position by the elasticity of the
wood. The points of union were covered
with grafting wax and the bare wood about
the trunk protected with common paint.

STRAWBERRIES AND THEIR CULTURE

W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST^

DURING the past 16 years more than
400 named varieties of strawberries
have been tested at the Central Experimen-
tal Farm, Ottawa, under as nearly uniform
conditions as possible. Every year many
new varieties are offered for sale, some at
very high prices. It has been the aim to
test these alongside older varieties and find
out whether they are any better. Ninety-
five per cent, of the varieties introduced
every year are inferior to the best varieties
already grown.

Many kinds are discarded at the farm
every year, having been tested long enough
to judge of their merits. In 1904 there
were 196 varieties tested. As the average
results are more conclusive than those for
a single year, the following 12 varieties,
which have averaged best for four years,
are those which would be likely to prove
most productive when the conditions are the
same as at Ottawa, the soil beirig a rich
sandy loam not lacking in moisture.

Most productive 12 varieties in order of
merit :

1. Mele, Perf. This is a wonderfully
productive berry, but being rather soft is
not highly recommended. Fruit above
medium size, roundish or jx)inted conical,
pale but glossy red. Quality medium.

2. Sample, Imp. The Sample is un-
doubtedly one of the best commercial straw-
berries on the market. In is very produc-
tive, handsome and uniform in shape. Fruit
large, 'bright and rather deep glossy red, and
moderately firm. Season medium to late,
quality medium.

3. Buster, Imp. Although not generally
known, the Buster is another fine variety.
It is very productive, and the fruit, which is
large, maintains its size well to the end of
the season. The color is pale, glossy red,
much like Clyde in appearance. Moderately
firm ; quality above medium ; season medium
to late ; foliage verv good.

EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA.

4. Bisel, Imp. This variety has been
lost sight of to a large extent owing to so
many new and much advertised varieties be-
ing given such prominence, but it is one of
the most productive auid handsomest berries
tested at Ottawa. It is a superior variety.
Fruit large, roundish, bright red, moderate-
ly firm. Quality above medium ; season
medium to late.

5. Afton, Imp. Can see no difference
between this variety and Warfield.

6. Steven's Early, Imp. Appears identi-
cal with Warfield.

7. Glen Mary, Perf. The Glen Mary
has for years been one of the most produc-
tive varieties at the Central Experimental
Farm. It combines great productiveness
with very large size of fruit, the fruit re-
maining large until the end of the season.
Fruit verv large, rather irregular in shape,
bright red, moderately firm; quality me-
dium ; season medium. The irregularity of
the fruit is somewhat against it.

8. Daisy, Imp. The Daisy is a variety
which was sent to the experimental farm for
test 16 years ago and has always proved ex-
ceedinglv productive. Fruit above medium
size, uniform in shai^e, round-conical, rather
soft, bright glossy red. Quality medium ;
season medium. A very attractive berry
but a little soft.

9. Greenville, Imp. This variety has
proved very productive here, but on account
of its good quality is very desirable for home
use as well as market. Fruit large to very
large, roundish or wedge shaped, moderately
firm to rather soft. Quality good ; season
medium. More suitable for near than for
distant market.

10. Daniel Boone, Imp. This variety
appears identical with Warfield.

11. Howard's No. 41, Imp. A firm, pro-
ductive, medium to late variety with medium
sized deep red fruit.

139

140

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

12. Enhance, Imp. This is another va-
riety which has not received the attention it
deserves. Fruit above medium to large,
roundish, deq) red, firm. Quahty above
medium to good ; season medium. Should
be an excellent variety for shipping long
distances.

Warfield. Imp. Wliile the Warfield
comes thirteenth in order of productiveness,
it may deserve fifth place if the Afton, with
which it seems identical, is the same variety.
The Warfield is one of the very best of the
older varieties, being very productive and of
an attractive, deep gloss}- red color. It is
one of the best varieties for canning. The
foliage is inclined to rust sometimes, which
is somewhat against it. Quality medium.
Season early to medium.

Others which closely follow the above are
Marie and Beder Wood, the latter 'being one
of the best all-round early iperfect varieties.
For home use would suggest Buibach,
Greenville, Lovett and Beder Wood as
among the best. Williams, which is pro-
bably grown more than au}- other variety
for long distance shipment, came twenty-
ninth in the four years average. It is one
of the best for this purpose, but Enhance
should be eriven a fair trial.

Strawiberries succeed best on rich, well
drained soil which will not bake easily.
Thorough preparation and heavy manuring
will give best results. Seldom, if ever, are
strawijjerries too heavily manured. There
are many systems of growing plants, but for
those who are not strawberry specialists,
and even in most cases for those who are,
the matted row is the best. Plant early in
spring when the soil is ready, setting the
plants 18 inches to 24 inches apart in rows
three and a half to four feet apart. Give
thorough cultivation during the growing
season. The looser the surface soil is kept
the better the results will l>e.

Place the runners, if possible, so that they
will be evenly distributed in the row. If
the plants are kept at least six inches apart
the results will usually be better than if
closer. Alulch lightly just before winter
sets in and after the ground is frozen with
coarse straw or marsh hay. Frequently
this will save the plants in thawing and
freezing weather without sno'w on the
ground, wlien otherwise they would be
killed. Remove nnilch in spring before
plants begin to grow and place between the
rows. It may smother the plants if left
too lonsf.

PRUNING FRUIT BUSHES

]I. S. PJvART, B. S. A., O. A. C, GUELPH. OXT.

AMONG the things that should occupy
the attention of the farmer and fruit
grower one of the first in importance is the
pruning of his fruit trees and bushes. In
the farmer's garden the bush fruits are very
generally neglected, though the pruning
which they require is simple in nature and
can be done with comparatively little labor.
The following directions may serve as a
guide for some who have bushes to prune
this spring:

The pruning of raspiberries may be sum-
med up briefly as follows : Remove the old

canes after fruiting ; thin out the weakest of
the new canes so that the row may not be
too thick ; head back the new canes to about
three and one-half feet, so that good strong
lateral shoots may be developed near the
ground. Strong laterals may be headed
back about one-half. In some localities
where there is danger of the canes being in-
jured during the winter, it may be best to
leave the pruning until spring, but where
there is no danger of injury from frost the
work is as well done in the fall.

Blackberries or thimbleberries should be

FOR THE SMALL FRUIT GROWER.

141

pruned much the same as raspberries ex-
cept that the new canes should be left some-
what longer, four to four and one-half feet
being considered about right. It is gen-
erally advisable to prune blackberries in the
early spring, as the canes are liable to freeze
back during the winter.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Without care gooseberries become a tan-
gled mass, which prevents the proper de-
velopment and the easy harvesting of the
crop. The fruit is 'borne on one, two and
three-year-old wood, mostly, however, on
the one and two-year-old wood. The aim
should be to replace the three-year-old
branches with good 'health}- new shoots
very early each season. Six main branches,
two of which may be replaced annually, is
a good base from which to build the frame
of the bush. Head back the new growth
about one-third and keep the bush just open
enough to permit the easy harvesting of the
fruit. If opened up too much there is dan-
ger of the fruit being injured by sun-burn-
ing.

Currants are 'borne on the short spurs
arising from the old wood, and near the

This Berry Needs a Trial

PROF. H. L. HUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH.

I have been thinkdng- of planting Lucretia
Dewberry, and if so of trellisang them. Would
it be a more desirable variety than Erie or Kit-
tatiny ? — (W. O. Burgess, Queenston, Ont.

I would not advise planting largely of
Lucretia Dewberry until you have given it
a trial on your soil. It has done well here,
although none of the blackberries are very
satisfactory in this section. At A. E. Sher-
rington's Experiment Station, A\'alkerton,
Lucretia has done very well, but I am doubt-
ful if it would be as profitable as some of
the best blackberries, stvch as Kittatiny.
Agawam. or Eldorado. Your best plan
would be to get a few plants and give them
a thorough test along vnth the varieties of
blackberries mentioned.

base of the new shoots. Two-year-old
canes produce the finest quality and the
largest quantity of fruit, although some line
berries may be produced on the three-year-
old branches. Train the bush to six main
stems, two of which may be removed ^each
season and replaced by two vigorous young
canes. All other new canes arising from
the ground should be removed. Head back
the two new shoots aibout one-half and all
other branches one-third. Keep the head
of the bush open enotigh to permit the free
circulation of air and to admit sufficient
sunlight to ripen the fruit properly.

The treatment of black currants does not
materially differ from that of reds. The
fruit is borne on one-year-old shoots arising
from older branches. As the bushes grow
larger and stronger than the reds, it is well
to leave about eight canes, renewing two
each season. Head back the growth
severely to encourage the formation of many
new spurs from the old wood for the pro-
duction of fruit. Leave the head open
enough to permit of free circulation of the
air and the entrance of sunHght to the cen-
tre of the bush.

Pedigreed Strawberry Plants

E. B. STEVENSON, PONSONBY, ONT.

AS a result of experiments with many
different varieties of strawberries I
can recommend the following \'arieties :

List for growers and season of fruiting.

Extra Early and Early Kinds. — Excel-
sior, Success. \'anDeman, ^Michel, August
Luther, Cameron's Early, Palmer, Monitor,
Johnson's Early, Beder Wood, Clyde,
Sampson. Lord Sheffield, Texas.

^lid-Season. — Bubach, Haverland, Lyon,
Splendid, Marie, Bismarck, Tennessee Pro-
Imc, Ruby. Glen ]\Iary, Saunders, Saimple,
Williams. Wm. Belt, Lount, Senator Dun-
lap, Miller. Brandywine, Emperor, Nick
Oliver. l\Irs. Fisher. Woolverton, Parson's
Beautv, Minuteman.

142

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Late to Extra Late. — Joe, Klondike,
Gaudy, Lester Lovett, Nettie, Robbie, Tim-
brell No. i8.

From the foregoing list growers can
choose the kinds best suited for their soil.
I would caution them to 'beware of the seller
of pedigree plants who makes extravagant
claims. Pe<ligree applies to highly bred
animals in one continuous line for many
years. \'ery many of our best strawber-
ries are chance seedlings, found growing in
fence corners, on stone heaps or in places
frequented by birds that feed on berries.

Many people do not know how strawberry
plants are propagated, and are deceived by
the man who claims his plants are pedi-
greed (which claim he makes for the sole
purpose of selling) and that they are su-
perior, which is a great mistake. I once ob-
tained some of these pedigreed plants, and
when they came I discarded a good many.
I called them runts, and the ones I planted
did not do as well, by any means, as my own
plants. This pedigree business is a great
fraud worked on unsuspecting growers.

Diseases of the Grape

DISEASES of the grape was the sub-
ject of Mr. W. T. !\Iacoun"s re-
marks before the Niagara Peninsula Fruit
Growers' Association at their meetings in
March. The diseases described in detail
were the black rot and brown rot or downy
'mildew^ for which spraying with the Bor-
deaux mixture was prescribed ; powdery
mildew, the remedy for which is dry sul-
phur ; anthracno or bird's eye rot, which has
appeared in the eastern part of the province
but is not very prevalent ; and leaf blight,
for which Bordeaux mixture is the remedy.
Last season man}- buyers would only buy
grapes grown on clay soil, and the question
arose whether those grown on sandy soil are
more subject to disease. Last year, Mr.
Macoun said, he visited '\\r. W. H. I'unt-

ing's vineyards at St. Catharines, which had
been sprayed seven times, and the grapes
were almost perfect. He saw another yard
of 15 acres which had not been sprayed, and
there was not a good bunch to be found.
This proved the advantage of spraying in
the vinevard.

"1

Cultivation of Carnations

GET the best results with carnations
by keeping them inside," remarks
Mr. A. Neal, Stratford. '" I start the cut-
tings and keep them moving to larger pots
frequently, never allowing them to become
root-bound. When grown in this way the}"
can be put in the benches a month or six
w'eeks earlier than when grown outside.
Then I am sure of a good crop of bloom for
the Christmas market, which is always
wanted. The main object is to keep them
growing continually from the time they are
rooted until they are in bloom.

" W'hen grown outside they should be set
out as soon as danger of frost is past. Keep
them well watered and well cultivated so
that they will not receive a check. After
about three months, or about the middle of
August. I put them back in the benches, and
if everything has been favorable get a crop
of bloom by Christmas. Sometimes, how-
ever, weather conditions are such that I
miss the Christmas trade by putting them
out. Besides there is a more abundant
bloom of much finer quality with most varie-
ties when grown inside. The best com-
mercial varieties with me are Lawson
(cerise). Enchantress (pale pink) and
Queen Louise (white)."

After the welcome bloom of the tulips
has gone, if you planted deep, leave them
and cultivate over them. If not, take them
up and heal them in the ground, out of the
way, until they ripen. Then break off
stem, drv like onions and store for next falL

ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS

PROF. II. L. HUTT. O, A. C, GUELPU.

OF late years there has been consider-
able inqniry regarding the most de-
sirable s'hrubs for lawn planting. The an-
swer to such a question depends on the
localit}-, as there are a number of very de-
sirable kinds wihch can ibe grown in the
southern sections of the province but which
would not do at all for the north or east.

We iiave had an excellent opportunity on
t'lie college grounds of studying a large

PhilaJelphus Coronarius

number of the more hardy kinds and are
prett}- safe in saying that what are hardy
enough to do well here will do well over the
greater part of the province.

From careful observations for lo years I
would select the following as a dozen of the
best hardy ormamental shrubs from among
about 200 species and varieties which have
been planted here. The list is given in the
order of their season of bloom and covers
th season fairly well froiu the earliest
bloom in the spring till frost destroys the
last in the autumn :

Forsythia suspensa (Golden Bell). An
open, spreading bush about six feet in
diameter. Flowers large golden bells, an
inch or more across, appear before the
leaves, about the end of xA.pril. and last about
three weeks ; verv showv.

Ribes aureum (Golden Currant). A very
hardy vigorous growing bush about six or
eight feet in diameter. Flowers golden yel-
low, very abundant, and having a delightful
spicy fragrance. In bloom May 9 and lasts
two weeks.

Pyrus japonica (Japan Quince). A showy
bush six or eight feet in diameter, with
glossy green foliage. Half hardy when
young, 'but after a time becomes acclimatized
and quite hardy. Flowers large and bril-
lianlt scarlet, some varieties pink and white.
In bloom about May 15 and lasts nearly
three weeks.

Caragana frutescens (Siberia Pea Tree).
A very hard}- show}- little bush about five
or six feet in diameter. Has a luxuriance
of fine light green foliage, which appears
early and is followed about May 24 with an
abundance of clusters of pea-'shaped yellow
flowers. Bloom lasts a little over a week.

Syringa vulgaris (in variety. Lilacs).
The common lilac is so well known as not
to need description, and is appreciated by all
who grow it. There are a great many im-
proved varieties, with single and double
flowers, varying in color from white and
pink to dark purple. In bloom about May
24 and lasts for two weeks or more. Some
of the Chinese and Japanese species are very
desirable and extend the season of bloom to
July I.

Pyrus angustifolia (Beohtel's double-
flowered American Crab). This is a crab
apple tree of medium size, and very hardy.
Four years after planting it began to bloom
and bears large double pink flowers an inch
and a half in diameter. At a distance they
look like small roses and are very fragrant.
In ibloom about June i and lasts about two
weeks. These handsome flowers make
such dainty buttonhole bouquets that on
public grounds, such as ours, the tree be-
comes the prey of all bouquet lovers.

Spiraea Van Houtei (Van Houtte's
Spiraea). This is one of the best of the

U3

'44

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

spiraeas. It makes a graceful, sjnnnietri-
cal little bush about five feet in dianieter,
with slender drooping twigs. The bloom is
pure white, very ])rofuse, appears the first
week in June and lasts about two weeks.

Virburnum opulus sterile (Snow ball).
Tihis is a hardy free-growing shrub, about
ten feet high, which bears large round clus-
ters of pure white flowers, which look like
snowballs. Jn bloom about June 4 and
lasts over two weeks.

Lonicera tartarica (iJush Honeysuckle).
A very ihardy symmetrical bush 10 feet or
more in diameter. Has an aibundance of
bloom every year, which appears the first
week of June and lasts about a week. The
bloom is followed 'by showy red or orange
fruits which make the bush attractive long
after the bloom is gone. There are red,
pink, and white varieties, all of which are
worthy of a place on the lawn. Good varie-
ties may easily be grown from the seed.

Diervilla rosea (Rose colored Weigela).
This is a handsome bush which is only half-
hardy here when }'oung. but becomes 'hardier
'with age. It makes a bush five or six feet
in diameter. The flowers are large and
bell-shaped, appearing among the foliage
the first week in June and lasting nearly
three weeks.

Philadelphus coronarius (Garland Sv-
ringa). A hardy vigorous bus'h about
10 feet in height, bears large white fragrant

flowers like orange blossoms. In bloom
about June 15 and lasts over two weeks.

Rhus Cotinus (Purple Fringe or Smoke
Tree). A hardy, thrifty shrub which

Lonicera Tartarica

grows 10 or 12 feet high and makes a shape-
ly ibush. About the middle of July it comes
in bloom and from that till autumn it is cov-
ered with curious fringe or plume-like flow-
ers, whidi are very showy.

Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora. A
somewhat straggling growing s'hrub, which
may become six or eight feet high, but is
better when pruned back severely every
spring, the same as roses. It bears large
panicles of white flowers. In 'bloom about
the middle of August and lasts three or four
weeks.

Planting Peonies

PEONIES are raised in a very simple
wa}-. Any loamy land, good enough
for corn or vegetables, will do for peonies.
Plow two furrows deep and set the plants
quite closely together. Fertilize the land
at least one season before planting. Never
under any circimistances put manure or
other fertilizer directly under or among the
roots at the time of planting.

September is the best time for planting,
but they can be moved up to November or
very early in April, before the spring
growth begins. If the planting is left until
autumn a whole year's root growth, as well
as a season's 'blooming, is lost. Full grown
prize flowers must not ibe expected the first
season. The plant needs two or three years
in which to get well established and do its
best. The time of blooming varies con-
siderably with the different varieties.

CHRYSANTHEMUM WORK FOR APRIL

GEO. HOLLIS, BRACONDALE, ONT.

c

HRYSANTHEAIUM cuttings for ex-
hibition purposes should be taken
during March or even earlier, although they
can be taken in April, as a long growing
season is required to develop a good stem
and a larger flower. S'hould you decide to
try some of the novelties, your order should
be placed at once, as the growers start ship-
ping as soon as danger from frost is over.
By ordering now you can top your new cut-
tings, and in this way increase your stock
before planting time arrives.

In growing chrysanthemums, for either
exhibition or commercial use, the secret of
success is to never let them get a check from
the time of taking the cuttings to flowering
time. The method generally used is to
place some clean, sharp sand, in a bench or
flats about three inches deep, in a tempera-
ture of 55 or 60 degrees, shaded from the
sun, and to keep the sand rather wet. Se-
lect the best cuttings, which should be sitrong
and not hard wooded, and in two or three
weeks the cuttings should be rooted. Re-
move them from the cutting bench, shake
the sand from the roots, and pot in small
pots. The soil should not be too rich at

first. Shade from the sun for a few days,
but afterwards give them a sunny position
and lots of air. In about two weeks they
should be shifted into three-inoh pots, and
by the second week in May they should be
ready to plant in the bench, or, if they are
to be grown in larger pots, a larger pot will
be required.

If grown for cut flowers the main lot of
cuttings need not be rooted before May first,
but if short of stock, root all the cuttings
you can get. WHien they are large enough,
take the tops and root them.

STANDARD VARIETIES.

The folloiwing is a lisit of standard and
tried varieties :

White.— T. Eaton, W. H. Chadwick,
Western King, Mrs. H. W. Buckbee, Mrs.
Nathan Smith, Convention Hall, Kalb.

Pink. — Dr. Enguehard, Mrs. H. Flick,
Marie Liger, A. J. Balfour, Wm. Duckham,
Marion Newell.

Yellow. — Golden Wedding. Golden Chad-
wick, Yelloiw Eaton, Mrs. Thirkell, Percy
Plumridge, Cheltoni.

Red.— S. F. Wright, Lord Hopeton. G.
W. Childs, Harrison Dick.

GOOD POTTING SOIL

W.M. HUNT, ONT. AGRI. COLLEGE, GUELPH.

LATE autumn or early spring is the
best time to make the compost heap.
An excellent metnod of securing a good pile
of potting soil is to obtain some good tough
sod from an old well fed down pasture
field, where the soil is of a loamy nature.
Cut the sod about four inches thick and
stack it in the open where it will be fully ex-
posed to the weather.

Place the first layer of sods with the grass
side downward. On this place another
layer of sod, grass side downward, as before,
after which spread on a layer of well rotted
stable manure or cow manure, to the depth
of three or four inches. Repeat with two

layers of sod and one of manure until the
pile is large enough. Build the pile up-
right and keep it perfectly level until fin-
ished.

It will take eight or ten months for this
material to rot sufficiently for use in potting
plants. When it is ready cut down from
top to bottom with a sharp spade, as re-
quired. The proper proportions of soil and
manure to make a good rich compost may
be obtained in this way. The soil will
make a good compost for bulbs, roses, ger-
aniums and the more common plants. For
begonias, fuchsias and the more tender
plants, or for sowing seeds in, about one-

145

146

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIS'I .

seventh part of fine sharp sand may be
mixed -with the potting soil. Cover the pile
of potting' soil lig'htly with brushwood to
keep away chickens or animals.

In country places or on farms there
should be do difiiculfty in securing a pile of
potting soil. In towns or cities it would,
perhaps, be better and cheaper for the plant
grower to buy a bushel or two of prepared
potting soil from a florist.

Good, sweet, fresh, i)otting soil is one of
the main essentials in floriculture. The
soil should be sifted through a sieve having
a three-quarter inch mesh, so as to remove

any sticks or stones before using it. The
fibry matter and the rotten manure should
be all passed throug-h the sieve to mix with
the soil.

I have known amateur plant growers pack
the sod and manure, as described, in an old
box or packing case, and by this means se-
cure a good quantity of potting soil. This
conupost would also be very useful to mar-
ket gardeners for use in hot 'beds. One
la\er of sod to three or four of manure
would probably 'be a better proportion for
raising earl_\- vegetable plants.

STARTING ANNUALS

W. G. ROOK. TORONTO, ONT.

1'^llKRF, are several flower seeds which
can be sown indoors during April.
Nearly all annuals may be bloomed at least
one month earlier b}' starting them now.
For the amateur who has not the conveni-
ence of a greenhouse or hot-bed. windows
with a southern exposure ma}- be used for
the boxes in which the seeds are sown.

Obtain shallow boxes about three inches
deep and small enough to lift easily. Should
it be desired to plant more than one kind of

Showing Box and Method of Drainage

seed in a box. partitions may be inserted.
Bore holes in the bottom, aibout six inches
apart, for drainage. Partly cover the holes
w^ith concave pieces from a broken flower
pot. Take the coarse material which can-
not be run through a sieve and make a layer,
about half fifling the box. Spread over this
soil that has been made rich with manure or

fertilizer and sifted. Press the soil firmly
with a piece of board, after which the seeds
mav be sown.

Sifting in the Fine Earth

They should be covered with soil to about
four times their diameter, the large ones
about half an inch deep, and the very fine
ones hardly more than below the surface.
There are seeds so fine Chat sowing them on
the surface is sufficient. Some people pre-
fer sowing the seeds in rows one inch or
more apart, others sow them broadcast. Do
not neglect pressing dow^n the soil firmly
with a 'board both before and after sow'ing.
Phis is very important.

Moisten the soil with a bulb sprayet.
Care must be taken to have the box flat and
not to give too much water at once, so as to

THE IRISHMAN'S FAVORITE.

147

avoid washing out the seeds. Al\va}s keep
the soil moist. Should it become dry after
germination begins the plants will never
fullv recover or be as healthy as if properlv
cared for.

Pressing Down the Soil

^lark each lx)x with a label giving the
name of the variety and date of planting.
\\'hen seedlings show their first pair of
leaves developed and the next pair started
they should be transplanted to give more

root room. Boxes such as have been used
to sow seeds in will be the best, or seed pans
flower pots, or any other article of a similar
nature, will do.

Seedlings should be lifted carefully and
the soil around their roots not broken. Take
the plant between the thumb and finger of
the left hand, and with a small stick make
a hole in the soil deep enough to cover the
plant close up to the leaves and press the
soil firml}- around the roots. Give a light
sprinkling with water, and shade for a few
days until the roots begin to grow and the
plants stand up, after which place in the
strong sunlight. Turn the box every few
days as the plants always grow towards the
light. When the bright warm days come
the boxes should be placed outside during
the day to harden the plants before they are
planted in the garden.

THE SHAMROCK IN IRELAND

HORTUS SVLVA.

SINCE \ ictoria of Blessed Memory pro-
claimed the wearing of the green on
the 17th of March all classes and conditions
of people try to get a shamrock to wear on
that day. It makes very little difiference
to the wearer of the shamrock what the
plant is so long as it has a three divided leaf.
Many varieties of plants are sold as the
" rale true shamrock of Quid Ireland," and
the less the>' know about it the more positive
they are of being in possession of the real
shamrock.

Xo doubt the plant that St. Patrick used
to illustrate the doctrine of the Trinity is
lost in antiquity, and at 'best we can only
conjecture as to the plant he used for that
purpose. Much has been written in the
past, some writers holding to one plant and
others just as positive to some other. It
would not be time lost to refer to some of
the plants that have occupied a promuient
place in those discussions. Botanical histo y
throws some Vxsrht. and is more reliable 'o

guide us than folk lore or legends. White
clover has often been referred to, in fact the
writer once had a sod of clover given him
that was brought from Ould Ireland as the
real true Irish shamrock. The white or
Dutch clover was not introduced into Ire-
laiKl till about the i6th century, more than
a thousand years after St. Patrick had
passed to his rest, so white clover must be
discarded.

Oxalis Acetosella. or Wood Sorrel, is a
plant growing in the woods all over Ireland
from time immemorial. Being common it
is considered a weed, but it is a lovely little
plant. There are two species, the white
and the yellow flowered. The plants resem-
ble each other very closely, but Stricta has
yellow flowers two to six on each peduncle,
the foliage being of a pleasing green color.
Acetosella has white flowers on a single
scape : the foliage is of a reddish green
color.

In some parts of Ireland the peasants

148

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIS7

make quite a little money by the sale of seed
and plants. One tourist describes their
method thus : They stand a plant in a large
tin pan ; when they touch the long shaped
pod it bursts open, scattering the seed. The
seed is gathered and ])ut up in packets and
sold to tourists for 62 cents,

A VARIKTY OF CLOVER.

Trofolium Minus, a variety of Trifoliuni
Repens or white clover, has been sold b\-
seedsmen as the shamrock, also Trofolium
Procumbens, the low hop clover. Tlic
^ledicago Lupulino, of black medick, is an-
other claimant for the distinction. The
English and Irish have the trefoil figured
on their coins.

i^>rewer's Dictionary of Phase and Fable
says: "So far as I have been able to find
the shamrock is not mentioned by Shakes-
pear. Under the word " clover the author
of Plant Lore of Shakespear says of the
clover there are two points of interest that
are worth notice. The clover is one of
the plants that claims to be the shamrock of

St. Patrick. This is no' a settled point,
and at the present da\ the wood sorrel is
supposed to have the better claim to the
honor, but it is certain that the clover is the
club of the pack of cards. In Fngland we
paint the clover on our cards and call it
clubs, while in France they have the same
figure, but call it trifle. It is certainly
curious, says one writer, that the trefoil in
Arabic is called shamrock, and was held
sacred in Iran as emblematic of the Persian
triad's.

Pliny in his Natural Hictory says that ser-
pents are never seen on the trefoil, and it
prevails against thf^ stings of snakes and
scorpions. If such were the case luo more
suitable emblem could have been chosen by
St. Patrick, seeing that he is said to have
tlriven such hideous reptiles from the Emer-
ald Isle. This tradition makes it even
doubtful if the whole thing is not a myth.

"The dear little, sweet little shamrock of Ire-
land
Thrives oiih' on starvation.
(Tood food, justice and kindness kills us all."

FLOWER GROWING ON AN EXTENSIVE SCALE

WHI<:X Mr. John H. Dunlop, of To-
ronto, commenced growing flow-
ers in an amateur way, in 1880, with a
modest greenhouse six by twelve feet, none
of his friends expected that within 25 years
he would become one of the leading profes-
sional florists in Canada. Yet that is what
he has done. From this small beginning
Mr. Dunlop has succeeded in adding to his
business year by year until he has the second
largest floral establishment in Canada and
one of the largest on the continent. His
greenhouses number 36 and cover about
four acres of land. There are 150.000
square feet of glass in, his greenhouses.

So well known has Mr. Dimlop's estab-
lishment become it is considered one of the
sights of the city by many amateur and pro-
fessional florists who visit Toronto. One
of his recent visitors was an editorial repre-

sentative of The Horticulturist, who was en-
tertained iu a most interesting manner by a
trip (it was nothing else) through the
various greenhouses. Believing that time
is money Mr. Dunlop has planned his green-
houses so that no time need be lost visiting
any section of them. The ofifice and work
rooms are located in the center and are thus
convenient to all the greenhouses.

The first greenhouses entered from the
office were two, 140 feet long each, devoted
to the growing of ^[eteor roses. " This is
one of the most productive varieties," said
Mr. Dunlop, " but it is giving growers con-
siderable trouble as it seems to be deterio-
rating. Of late years we have been forced
to graft it on the ]^Ianetti. Its splendid
crimson color and its productiveness are its
strong points. Until this year I have been
unable to equal it in this respect, but now

GROWING FLOWERS BY THE THOUSANDS.

149

the General McArthur and the Richmond
promise to excel it on both points and on
odour as well. The odour of the General
McArthur is very sweet. The great pro-
ductiveness of the Meteor wi'll be realized
when I state that one year the 1,400 plants
in this house averaged 33 btooms each.

" One of the strongest points in favor of
the McArthur and Richmond varieties is
that they do not require as high a tempera-
ture by six or seven degrees as the Meteor,
which needs a temperature of 65 degrees at
night. The Richmond is being sent out
this season for the first time. It heard it so
highly spoken of last fall I visited the
greenhouses of the originator, in Richmond,
Indiana, especially to see it. We have grown
the General McArthur all season and find
it a favorite variety, its fragrance adding to
its popularity."

On coming out of the first two green-
houses the representative of The Horticul-
turist became interested watching one of
Mr. Dunlop's employes grafting Bride and
Bridesmaid roses. " My method," said
Mr. Dunlop, " is to use Manetti stocks,
which are imported from England in the
fall. These are potted and kept in a cool
greenhouse till after New Year's. Some
of them are then bron2?ht into a warmer

house to start growth. The scions are
splice grafted on the Manetti and placed in
a close grafting frame. For the first 10
days this frame is kept perfectly tight at an
average temperature of 80 degrees. For
the four following days about half an inch
of air is admitted. For the next two days
an inch of air is given, and then four inches,
of air is allowed in for two days. At the
end of 16 days the plants are given full
ventilation and they are ready to be moved
at the end of 18 days. This method greatly
increases the strength oif the plants." Some
plants, pointed out toy Mr. Dunlop, which
had been treated in this way, bore evidence
to the truth of the statement.

" One of the . greatest stumbhng blocks
many growers encounter," continued Mr.
Dunlop, "is to retain the original foliage of
the American Beauty rose after the process
of rooting till growth starts. I have found
that it is best not to var}' the temperature
during the four weeks the cuttings are in
the sand. The cuttings are even potted in
the propagating house. They are kept in
the house where the grafting frames are
until growth starts, after wihich little diffi-
culty is experienced with them."

The next greenhouses visited were seven
in one, there being no partitions between

them. These
g r e e n ho uses,
which were
240 feet long,
prese n t e d a
lovely scene,
as they were
full of rose
plants, many
of which were
in bloom. The
first two
houses were
devoted to Am-
erican Beauty
roses and the
Monster Combined Greenhouses Where Mr. Dunlop Grows Some of His Roses remainder to

'50

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

such varieties as Bride.
Bridesmaid and Franz Dee-
gan. The benches were of
modern construction, beinj;
about a foot \\\^\ and made
of cement, brick and tile.
" The strong points of these
benches," said Mr. Dunloj).
** are their durability, their
frtH." drainage, and that the
soil can be ke]>t at a more even
temperature.

" I like this method of
throwing several houses into
one, as when the gutters are
high the light goes right
through the houses and none
of the plants are shaded. This
year I am taking down four
old houses and converting
them into three large ones, in
which 1 will use the skeleton
construction."

POPUI,.\R N'ARIETIES.

On being asked how man}-
varieties of roses he was
growing Mr. Duniop replied,
" I am growing lo varieties
and find the white, pink and
' red are the most popular in
the order given. There are
none hetter than IJride and
Bridesmaid in the white and pink
Deegan has supplanted Perle in the yellow.
The Richmond, I believe, will excel all
others in the red."

Two propagating houses are used exclu-
sively for carnations. At the time of the
visit these were being used for chrysanthe-
numis and violets. During their season
Mr. Duniop propagated about 150,000 car-
nation cuttings. The cuttings are kept in
for about five weeks and are kept very cool,
being given but little 'bottom heat in the be-
lief that plants grown in this way are more
sturdv and have a better constitution. The

bench bottoms are composed of slate and

Mr. Duniop Among His American Beauty Roses

Franz soft brick and about two inches of sand,
which gives a better temperature and more
even moisture, as the soil does not dry out
so quickly as it otherwise might.

The two adjoining houses are used for
propagating roses and the sides for lily of
the valley. The liHies of the valley are
grown from pips imported from Germany
between November and January. On ar-
rival they are placed in cold storage and are
brought out as needed. Many of the plants
in these greenhouses were beauties, 'having
made a splendid growth. Radium and
Multibelle are two of the best varieties Mr.
Duniop grows.

GROWING FLOWERS ON A LARGE SCALE.

1^1

Five greenhouses were visited in which
asparagus plumoses was growing, some cf
the plants in one of the greenhouses were
14 feet high. In five other greenhouses,
140 feet long, were growing Bride, Brides-
maid and Kaizerin roses.

WHERE CARNATIONS BLOOMED.

A mosit enjoyable part of the visit was
spent in the greenhouses devoted to carna-
tions, seven of which are 240 feet long by
18 to 21 feet wide. " In white carnations,"
said Mr. Dunlop, " Lady Bountiful, White
Lawson and The Belle are among the best.
Glacier is an old standby which is still good.
The Harlowarden is the best of the deep
shades.

" In the bright reds Estelle, Adonis, Fla-
mingo and Cardinal are ot about equal
merit. The last is a new variety this year
which promises well. Among the dark
pinks there is nothing to beat Airs. T. VV.
Laiwson. The Mrs. Lawson is one of the
best varieties ever originated. It is a very
free 'bloomer, of large size, and has a good
stem. It has all the points of a perfect
flower."

The plants in two of the carnation houses
had never been in the field, and the plants,
in consequence, have fine long stems early
in the season. In one of the houses the

carnations had

been taken out

and 5 0,0 o o

young plants

put in instead

which 'will be

left in until the

last of April or

first of May.

W hen the

plants are

young they are

pinched back

to induce them

to make side

breaks and de-

V e 1 o p into

bus'hy plants

THE CUT 15LOOM CELLAR.

A most interesting feature of this big es-
tablishment is the cut bloom cellar, which is
eight feet deep. The walls are 18 inches
thick and made of hollow brick with four
inch spaces. There is a nine-inch arch roof
with three wooden roofs over that with four
inch spaces between each roof. There are
double windows, which are double glazed,
to let in the light and exclude the atmos-
phere. The cellar never has any frost or
artificial heat. Cut flowers look better 48
hours after being placed in the cellar than
when they are cut. They are shipped to
such distant points as Winnipeg and Hali-
fax and reach their destinations in excellent
condition.

In addition to growing flowers Mr. Dun-
lop conducts two retail flower shops in To-
ronto, \Vhich do a big business. His ability
as a florist has often been recognized by his
brother florists who have at different times
elected him to such imiportant offices as
president of the CanacUan Horticu'lturai As-
sociation. Toronto Gardeners' and Florists'
Society, vice-president of the American
Carnation Society, and many others. Any
person interested m the growing of flowers
will find a visit to Mr. Dunlop's greenhouses
both pleasant and profitable.

One of the Greenhouses in Which the Mrs. T. W. Lawson Carnation Is Grown

ANOTHER HANDY GARDEN TOOL

WII.I.IA.M WIvLSH. KIXCARDIXE, ONT.

THE description which appeared in the
March issue of The Horticulturist
of Mr. R. B. W'hyte's flower garden in
Ottawa was an instructive one for amateur
flower growers. I was particularly inter-
ested in Mr. Wh}te's description of the two
handy garden tools he uses in weeding his
garden. A numlx^r of \cars ago I realized
the need for sonic such inipltniont as those
used by Mr. W'hyte, as 1 found it was diffi-
cult to keep ni)' garden free from weeds
either ^b}- puMing them l)y hand or I)}- using
a hand hoe. This led me to experiment,
with the result that I finall}- devised an im-
plement which has been of great assistance
to me and with which I find it possible to
weed my garden quickly and effectively .and
without stt>oping or soiling my hands, two
things to which so many people object.

The first implement I made was rather a
crude affair^ as the blade I shaped myself,
but since then I have been able to improve
it considerably. It ma\- be used by pulling
or pushing for stirring the surface of the soil.
The trouble I found with a hoe was the con-

tinued lifting and hacking. So satisfac-'
tory have the results been with the use of

this imple-
ment that
I have in-
t r oduced
it to my
f r i e nds,
who have
been de-
lighted
w i t h its
use. Both
a m a teur
aujd pro-
f e s sional
f 1 o r i sts
who have
used it
have in-
f o r m e d

This illusttration shows how Mr. Welsh, the mC that it
piesident of the Kincardine Horticultural Society,
uses his weeder. h a S bCCn

of great assistance to them in not only
weeding their orchards and gardens, but in
stirring the soil as well.

Death on the Weeds

HYBRIDIZING CARNATIONS

#

J GROW" quite a
ohrysanthemum seedlings ever}^ year
and so far have met with some success. I
hope to get higher up the ladder before I
give up and should like to see more growers
take up this work. In Canada we should
be able to do something to hold up our end
and bring out a variety that will be a credit.
Raisers of seedlings must not be disap-
pointed if they do 'not get anything 'good the
first, the second or even thfe third year.
Alter that they should have some success.

The plants raised the first year s'hould be
the foundation of the seedling stock. The
color of the flowers does not matter much,
provided the plants are strong, 'with thick

GEORGE HOLLIS, BRACONDALE, ONT.

few carnations and flower stems and an upright growth, the
cal}-x never bursting, and the flowers not
very full in petals. Select the plants you
mean to seed, and take the pollen from some
healthy strong growing plant, never
wek, puny ones. Nothing is gained by
getitng new ones to work with, unless some
new variet}- should give you some advantage
in vigor, size and bloom. With good judg-
ment and selection it is better to work with
seedlings.

The dull days of winter are not so easy
to cross the flowers as the wami bright
weather of early summer. Many of the
varieties have no pollen till warm weather.
Having: selected the blooms vou wish to

* Paper read before Toronto Gardeners' and Florists' Association, March 21, 1905.

152

BEAUTIFYING COMMERCIAL DISTRICTS.

153

seed, take out the pollen anthers before they
burst. The petals should not be cut off, and
two da}s aftetr the pollen can be put on the
pistil, bringing it to the flower with a pair
of small forceps. Do this about noon, when
the sun is shining, and if successful the
blooms will close by the next day. If not
successful repeat. After a few days pull
the dead petals out.

Some varieties will not seed, but the pol-
len from them, in nearly every case, is won-
derfully effective. Label your crosses and
keep an e}e on them. When the seed pods
show signs of bursting gather and put each
in separate papers, and keep them in a tin
box in a cool dry place, till sowing time,
which I think is best in February. The
seedling can be grown on in pots or flats and
planted outside in Ala}'. Do not stop the
seedlings. Let them flower, and do not be
afraid to pull out the bad flowers or the poor
growers. After planting outside you will
have more to pull out. Out of 500 you ma}'
end with 12 or less.

Cross them. sow. select and house as be-

fore, and propagate an}' you think are worth
saving. They may be good as seedlings,
but when grown from cuttings they may be
far from good. Carnations, as grown for
cut flowers, have practically no rest. A cut-
ting cannot, in any sense, be called a new
plant, as it is only a branch, so to speak, of
the new plant, and if ever propagated or
badly treated a good kind may soon be
ruined. Seedlings of extreme vigor are
what are wanted. Propagated and grown
with care, when put on the market, the\-
should keep in health and vigor for man\-
years.

The last two years I have lost nearly all
my seedlings through their being flooded
when planted outside, and this year I have
to work up a new stock. I am using some
singles, which I hope will give me some
vigorous plants to seed next year. Some
growers think the use of singles is going
backwards, but in my opinion that is not the
case. There are some grand varieties sent
out this year, but there is room for some-
thing better.

A Beautiful Object Lesson For Large Manufacturing Companies

Th» unattractiveness of many rommercial sections of cities has been greatly relieved of late j ears by tbe planting of vines and
unJow boxes. Dur ng the summer this Toronto building is always greatly admired.

GROWING EARLY TOMATOES

J. h. HILBORX, I

FOR the best success in growing' earl}'
tomatoes for market it is necessary
to have a greenhouse in which to grow the
plants. There are about 30 of these in the
vicinity of Leamiington, which are used al-
most entirely for the growitig of tomato
plants.

We start the seeds in flat lx)xcs made one
by two feet and four or five inches deep.
We sow the seeds the first or second week
in Marsh. When the plants have de-
veloped four to six rough leaves they are
pricked out into other flats in rows two or
three inches apart each way. They are
grown here until they begin to crowd each
other, when they are again transplanted
into flats which are divided into spaces about
four inches square by using veneer parti-
tions. The plants are grown in these until
they again l)egin to crowd, when they are
transplanted and given a space six inches

,e;.\mixgton, ont.

each, which gives six plants to a tray where
the trays are used.

Some growers use other forms of trays
and some use scjuare veneer boxes 5 x 5 or
6x6, but all use some form of box so that
they can aransplant into the field without
disturbing the roots. We set the plants
four by six feet and cultivate and hoe often
until the fruits begin to ripen.

Last season we trimmed alx)ut 3,000
plants, allowing but two stems to grow.
These were tied to stakes and suckers were
kept off. Where this was practised a much
finer quality of fruit was obtained, but it was
hardly so early in ripening and the yield was
lighter. The most serious hindrance to
the success of this industry that we
have to contend with is the great quan-
tity of cheap imported stock that is found
on the market when ours are being har-
vested.

VARIETIES OF VEGETABLES FOR A HOME GARDEN

PROF. H. L. HUTT, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,, GUELPH.

1"* HE following varieties of vegetables
should give excellent satisfaction
when grown in the home garden :

Beans. — Sumimer, Golden Wax ; autumn.
Burpee's Bush Lima ; winter. Navy. Sow
when danger of spring frost is past.

Beets. — Globe, Egyptian Turnip ; long.
Long Smooth Blood. Sow as soon as
ground is fit to work. Thin when small to
three inches apart and take out every other
one as soon as they are large enough to use.

■Carrots. — Chantenay, Scarlet Nantes.
Sow early and thin the same as beets.

Cabbage. — Early, Winningstadt : late.
Flat Dutch, Savoy ; red, Mammoth Rock.
Sow seed of early variety in ihot-(be<ii aibout
middle of Marsh and transplant to open
ground about end of April. Sow seed of
late varieties in the open ground about end
of ]\Iay, and transplant about July i.

Cauliflower. — Extra Early Erfurt, Early
Snowball. Treat the same as cabbage.

Celery. — Early, White Plume ; medium,
Paris Golden Yellow ; late, Giant Pascal.
Sow seed in seed box or liot-bed about first
of yiay. Prick out into flats or cold frame,
when an inch high, and transplant into
trenches four or five feet apart about July i.

Corn. — Early, White Cory ; medium.
Metropolitan ; late, Countr}- Gentleman,
Stowell's Evergreen. Sow about May i,
and if plants are injured b}- cold or frost
sow again about May 24.

Citron. — Colorado Preserving. Sow in
hills about eight feet apart when danger of
frost is over.

Cucumiber. — White Spine, for slicing ;
Cool and Crisp, for pickling and slicing.
Sow in hills about four feet apart when
dansfer of frost is over.

154

THE HOME VEGETABLE PA TCH.

Egg Plant. — New York Improved. Sow
seed in seed box or hot-bed about middle of
April, and transplant in the open when dan-
ger of frost is past.

Kohl Rabi. — Early Purple Vienna. Sow
seed early for sunmier use and again about
middle of June for winter use.

Lettuce. — Toronto Gem, California Cream
Butter. Sow seed as early as possible, and
at intervals of a month for succession. Thin
plants to six or eight inches apart for good
heads.

!\Iuskmelon. — Rocky Ford, or Emerald
Gem; Montreal Market. Sow seed in well
prepared hills when danger of frost is past.

Onions. — Yellow Danvers, Prizetaker,
Red Wethersfield. Sow seed as early as
possible. The thinnings may be used as
green onions.

Parsnips. — Hollow Crown. Sow as early
as possible and thin to six inches apart in
row. Leave part of the crop in the ground
over winter for spring use.

Peas. — Early, Steel Briggs' Extra Early;
medium, Gradus ; late, Champion of Eng-
land. Sow early kinds as early as possible
and others a couple of weeks later.

Potatoes. — Early, Early Ohio; late. Em-
pire State. Keep potatoes for planting in
a warm room in the light for three weeks
before planting. Plant a few for early use
as soon as the ground is fit to work, and
follow with others when danger of frost is
past. Plant late varieties about May 24.

Pumpkin. — Sugar. Plant when danger
of frost is past.

Radishes. — ^Early, Rosy Gem, French
Breakfast ; winter. Scarlet China. Sow
early varieties as early as possible, and at
intervals of two weeks for succession. Sow
winter varieties in summer after crop of
early peas.

Salsify. — Long White. Sow as early as
possible and thin to four inches apart in the
row. Part of the crop imay be left in the
ground over winter for spring use.

Spinach. — Victoria. Sow as early as pos-
sible, and at intervals of a month if succes-
sion is desired.

. Squash. — Summer, Crookneck, White
Bus'h Scallop ; winter, Hu'bbard. Do not
plant until danger of spring frost is over.
Bush varieties require about four feet of
space between hil'ls. Hubbard should have
at least eight feet.

Tomatoes. — Early, Spark's Earliana, Do-
minion Day, Mayflower. Sow seed in seed
box or hot-bed about the middle of April.
Transplant in the open when danger of frost
is past.

Turnips. — Golden Ball, Hartley's Bronze
Top. Sow early for summer use and about
June 20 for winter use.

Vegetable Marrow. — Long White Bush.
Plant when danger of frost is past.

Watermelon.' — Hungarian Honey, Cole's
Early. Plant when danger of frost is past
in well prepared hills eight feet apart.

If you care to start a hot=bed, or a cold
frame for flowers, all right. If not, scatter
the seeds thinly on a bare piece of ground,
even if the frost is not all out, and when the
plants have four or five leaves on them they
can be readily transplanted to beds. Take
up a small clump of earth with each plant,
and do not disturb the roots. Poppies
bloom very early, asters later, so that if you
plant poppies in one row in the bed and as-
ters a foot apart behind them, when the as-

ters are ready to bloom the poppies will be
gone and you can weed them out. — N. S.
Dunlop, Montreal, Que.

A good garden requires good soil.
Sandy land is the earliest. It can be made
productive by the addition of plant food.
Commercial fertilizers are good in their
place, but they do not make humus, which
comes from decayed vegetable or animal
matter.'

156

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Onion Growing For Profit

JOSEPH W. RUSH, HUMBER BAY, ONT.

What is an average profit per acre growing
onions, all expenses being deducted ? Is it
difficult to dispo&e o(f the crop and how much
per bushel do onions generally bring ? Have
you tried the transplanting method introduced
by T. Grenier in his book, The New Onion Cul-
ture ? Is it advisable to keep onions until
spring ? What kind of soil is best and what
onions are the most profitable ? How many
bushels can be grown from an acre ? — (A. R.
Etouglas, Ailsa Craig, Ont.

There is certainly money in onion grow-
ing if properly managed. Try it and man-
age as well as yoti can. The returns from
an acre of onions may range from $20 less
than nothing up to $300 to the good. There
is always a sale for onions at market prices
which range from 50 cents to $1 per bushel
for well dried onions. A good plan for
early onions is to sell them in bunches, six
onions tied in a bunch. The onions should
be three to five inches in diameter. They
sell at 50 cents per dozen bunches in Toron-
to market.

Sell the onions when they are ready and
you need the money. My soil includes
sand, heavy clay, black muck, clay loam,
gravelly clay and some very strong land.
The Yellow Danver onion I find the most
profitable and I always use a well known
Toronto firm's seeds. Sow five to six
pounds per acre. Four hundred bushels is
a fair crop, 600 bushels is a good one. There
is lots of work in onion growing, and you
ehould find a profit as well as work.

THE BEST SOIL.

The soil best suited for onions is a dark,
sandy loam that retains moisture. Work
deep when preparing the ground for the re-
ception of the seed. Use land that has been
worked for a root crop the previous year.
Use 30 to 40 tons of well rotted barn manure
per acre and plow it under four to six
inches. The manure should be covered by
not less than four inches of soil.

Harrow thoroughly so that the manure is
thoroughly incorporated with the soil. After

harrowing with the ordinary harrow the
surface should be further worked with the
arm or disk harrow, so that it is well pulver-
ized to the depth of four inches. Then put
on the smoothing board and go over the
Iground two or three times until you are sure
the soil is ready for the seed. When ready
anake a straight mark across the land to be
sown, have your seed in the drilling machine
and set the marker to suit. If the crop is
to be worked by hand 15 inches will be about
right, and if by horse 18 to 20 inches.

Run the drill at a good fast walk, as the
seed runs truer than when run at a low
speed. Have the heaviest man on the farm
follow the drill, treading every inch of the
rows thoroughly to insure a good catch.
There is no other crop where the adage,
" A Stitch in Time," is so applicable as in
the onion crop; therefore, just as soon as
the line can be seen, which will be about 10
days after sowing, apply the double wheel
hoe between the rows and keep it going once
a week all season. Do not thin the onions,
as they will ripen better if allowed to crowd
each other.

experiment in Pruning Tomatoes

W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, C. E. F.,
OTTAWA.

AN experiment in pruning tomatoes was
tried last season with gratifying suc-
sults. When the plants in the hot-beds had
six strong leaves developed, which was on
May 2.T^, the tops were nipped off and the
plants given more room, being placed five
and a half inches apart in the frame. The
object of pinching ofif the top of the plant
was to cause new shoots to develop at the
axils of the leaves in order to have six
branches bearing early tomatoes instead of
the one cluster usually found on the top of
the plant. These were planted out June 6,^
alongside other plants unpruned. On June
22 half the pruned plants were again

THE VEGETABLE PATCH.

•57

pruned, all laterals being taken out and the
six main branches only left. The other
plants were left to grow at will, and it was
found that they produced the most ripe
fruit, though not the largest early crop.

This system of pruning is very promis-
ing. The further advanced the axillary
shoots are when the plants are set out the
larger the early crop is likely to be. In the
experiment the plants were not started
early enough to get the best results. When
the first fruit was ripe on the un-
pruned Sparks' Earliana, July 29, there was
very little ripe on that date. The experi-
ment was suggested by Mr. J. S. Littooy,
Everett, Washington Territory, who has
been pruning tomatoes in this way for some
time in Washington with gratifying results,
where they have difficulty in ripening to-
matoes.

Two varieties were under test, the Sparks'
Earliana, one of the best, if not the best,
early variety, and the Matchless, a main
crop sort. I would advise all market gar-
deners to give this system a trial this year.

a

3 i: (K

ield
uit.

Name of Variety.

ate of
irst R
ruit.

ipeFi
irstTl
icking

otalY
ipeFr

o&^&^

Wf^Pi

N oPfi

Sparks' Earliana:

Lbs.

Lbs. Ozs.

Unpruned

July 29

9

84 10

Pruned once . .

Aug. 13

6

127 12

Pruned twice . . .

Aug. 12

18

132 12

Matchless :

Unpruned

Aug. 4

29

Pruned once ....

Aug. 29

73 8

Pruned twice . . .

Aug. 29

62

1

Better to Mix the Fertilizers

W. C. m'CALLA, ST. CATHARINES, ONT.

GREW six acres of tomatoes last year,
but the season was so unfavorable I
was not able to see definite results from the
different fertilizers tried. It rained so
much at planting time that it took a week
to get all the plants out, and a week's start
gives a very considerable advantage. In
a large field the soil is not uniform, and in a

wet season particularly, it is not fair to com-
pare the lower ground with higher. I am
still satisfied, however, that for tomatoes,
and for some other crops, it pays to use
chemical fertilizers, and I should not like
to be without a few sacks each season, even
if I could get all the stable manure I
wanted.

This fertilizer question is an important
one. There is still prejudice against com-
mercial fertilizers, largely, I believe, because
of lack of knowledge. I have no record of
definite, detailed results from the use of
commercial fertilizers, although I have used
them on a number of crops each year, and
after watching their effect have gradually
increased my purchases each season. I
have no great knowledge of farm chemistry,
but have read and studied the subject as I
found time, and have attained some measure
of success in the use of fertilizing chemi-
cals. As a result I have about given up
using ready-mixed fertilizers, finding it
cheaper and better to buy the ingredients
separately and to mix them as the land and
crops seem to require.

Vegetable Notes

Too much nitrogen in the soil, or rather
not enough phosphoric acid and potash for
the amount of nitrogen will cause the first
fruits of cucumbers or tomatoes to drop. —
(W. W. Hilborn, Leamington, Ont.

The soil for growing celery can hardly be
made too rich. Celery is a great consumer
of nitrogen. Potash must be abundantly
supplied to give strength for bleaching and
keeping. It is one of the great secrets of
success with this crop.

Maine is the champion potato state, with
a yield of 200 bushels to the acre. New
Hampshire is next with 145 bushels. New
York is the lowest with 86 bushels. Iowa
is the champion of the western states with
118 bushels. It is also the champion corn
state.

158

EDITORIAL.

Tqc (anadian Wortic^ItCirist

TKe Only Horticultural Magazine in
tKe Dominion.

OFFICIAL, ORGAN

ONTARIO FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

THE POMOLOGICAL AND FRUIT GROWING SOCIETY

OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND FRUIT GROWERS'

ASSOCIATION.

ONTARIO VEGETABLE GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

H. Bronson Cowan, Editor and Business Manager.

J. J. Bell, Associate Editor.

W. G. Rook, Advertising Manager.

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TORONTO, CANADA

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

That Canadians, who are interested in the
growing of fruit, flowers and vegetables, are
prepared to support a Canadian publication
which is devoted to their interests is proved by
the rapid growth that has taken place in The
Canadian Horticulturist. The great increase
in the subscription and advertising patronage
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fifty-two to sixty pages. During March, hand-
some and enlarged offices were secured in the
Manning Chambers, Toronto.

The best evidence of the increase in the sup-
port of the paper is afforded by its subscription
lists and advertising pages. During the past
few months two provincial fruit growers' asso-
ciations have appointed The Horticulturist their
official organ, and others intend to do so shortly.
The number and value of the advertisements
has been increasing 'by leaps and bounds. The

February issue, 1905, carried more advertise-
ments than any previous issue. The adver-
tisements in the March issue showed an increase
in value of eleven per cent, over the February
issue. This month the advertisements in The
Horticulturist have surpassed those in the
March number by almost thirty per cent., and
are worth as much as the total advertisements
in the twelve issues of the magazine published
during 1902. Can any other publication in
Canada show^ a more rapid increase in the sa.me
length of time ?

This increase will soon make it possible to
considerably enlarge the paper and to strengthen
all the departments. Many improvements are
being planned which when carried out -will
make The Horticulturist a magazine of which
Canadians may well feel proud. As such pro-
gress as has been made, is due to the assistance
of our readers and advertisers, the management
trusts it will continue to receive this support in
the future as in the past. In the meantime a
cordial welcome is extended to our readers, one
and all, to visit us in our new home in the Man-
ning Chambers, where lovers of horticulture
are aiways assured of a warm welcome.

GOOD RESULTS SHOULD FOLLOW.

The announcement, by the Hon. Sydney
Fisher, Minister of Agriculture, that in com-
pliance with the requests of fruit growers he
may arrange for the holding of a conference by
representatives of the fruit interests in the dif-
ferent provinces, has been received with general
satisfaction by fruit growers at large. Such a
conference has long been needed. There are
questions relating to the transportation and
marketing of fruit, uniform packages, the Fruit
Marks Act, etc., which are pressing for a solution
and these can best be dealt with by a confer-
ence such as is proposed. Important results
will follow- the meetings.

The Minister of Agriculture is, also, to be con-
gratulated on the passage of his bill making
the 10 X 11 X 22-inch box the standard for
Canada. This size is the one most generally
acceptable. The adoption of this box will bring
about several improvements connected with the
shipment of a certain class of Canadian fruit.

OUR CORELESS APPLE ARTICLE.

In this issue Prof. John Craig, the well known
authority on horticultural subjects, gets after
the people who are interested in the Spencer
Coreless Apple, as well as Mr. Sampson Mor-
gan, for writing the article on this apple which
appeared in our last issue, and The Horticultur-
ist for publishing it. By implying that The
Horticulturist lent itself to " foisting on a gulli-
ble public " something which " may prove a
fake," Prof. Craig takes a stand which is not
justified. Before publishing the article in
question The Horticulturist considered the mat-
ter carefully. While realizing many of the
weak points in the article, which are pointed
out by Prof. Craig, our intention was to draw

EDITORIAL.

'59

editorial attention to them in this issue. This
would have been done in the March number but
for lack of space and the late date on which the
article was received.

It is well known that seedless apples have
frequently ibeen produced. Proof of this is fur-
nished in the article in this issue by Mr. W. T.
Macoun. Mr. Sampson Morg-an is a well known
English writer on horticultural subjects, articles
by him appearing frequently in som^e of the
most conservative English horticultural publi-
cations. A contribution on this subject by Mr.
Morgan, which appeared recently in The Nine-
teenth Century and vVfter attracted a great deal
of attention. When Mr. Morgan stated defi-
nitely that " over 2,500 trees of the Spencer
apple are in hand " The Horticulturist con-
cluded he must have proof for this statement,
and, therefore, felt free to publish it although
holding Mr. Morgan responsible for its truth.
Mr. Morgan has been written to and will have
to make his own defense. Should it be true
that 2,500 of these trees exist there is no reason
to doubt that chere will soon be a large increase
in the production of these apples. The excite-
ment these apples created in Great Britain and
the large sums they realized when sold by auc-
tion were items of interest The Horticulturist
felt perfectly justified in presenting to its
readers.

The Horticulturist has no intention of mis-
leading its readei"s on this or any other sub-
ject. For this reason we do not hesitate to
publish Prof. Craig's letter in full. It is pub-
lished with pleasure becaiape we undjerstand
from other sources that Prof. Craig has excel-
lent reason for speaking as he has. The state-
ment has been made to The Horticulturist that
a company is (being formed in the United States
with the intention of selling nursery stock of so
called coreless apple trees to the public at ex-
orbitant prices. If this is the case the sooner
the warning to the public is sounded the better.
While The Horticulturist intends to keep its
readers informed on matters relating to seed-
less or coreless apples it will alsio use its best
efforts to prevent their being misled by sharp-
ers. It is now up to Mr. Sampson Morgan to
explain his position.

THE FRUIT DIVISION.

Until he has produced stronger reasons thaN
those given in the House of Commons. Hon.
Sydney Fisher will find it impossible to con-
vince fruit growers of the necessity which led
him to place the chief of the fruit division under
the direction of the Dairy Commissioner. In
taking such action the Minister of Agriculture
ha.<? given fruit growers reason to believe that
he does not consider it necessary to consul/
their views in affairs connected with his depart-
ment, no matter how interested in them they
may be. More than that : he has shown fruit
growers that he does not intend to pay any heed
to their wishes as expressed through their pro-
vincial fruit growers' associations, through
papers representing their interests and by means

of private letters, many of which he has re-
ceived.

Hon. Mr. Fisher has not claimed that the
Dairy Commissioner (who is a recognized au-
thority on dairy matters) is better informed in
regard to the fruit interests than is the chief
of the fruit division. Such a claim would be
ridiculous. Why then should the latter be
placed under the direction of the former ? Thia
however, is not a question of the fitness of these
two men for the work. There is a principle at
stake which demands recognition, and that is
that the fruit industry is of sufHcient import-
ance to require a head who shall not occupy a
minor position to the head of any other branch
of the department of agriculture. As the Hon.
Mr. Fisher does not recognize \\v>^ fact it means
that the fruit growers of Canada must produce
the proof and that is what they intend to do

OUR TEN DOLLAR BONUS.

The successful winner for March of the $10
offered by The Horticulturist each month to the
reader who buys goods to the greatest value
from the advertisers in each issue was Mr,
Lewis Miles, who purchased trees and vines to
the value of $126.25 from The Belleville Nur-
series, of Belleville. Among those who applied
for the bonus was Mr. G. H. Mills, of Toronto,
who secured goods to the value of $87.50 from
the Steele, Briggs Seed Co., Limited, of To-
ronto. As a reward The Horticulturist is
sending Mr. Mills a handsome premium.

Owing to the large numiber of applications
that are received for this monthly bonus it has
been decided to make a change in the method of
Its distribution starting with this month's issue.
In future, instead of giving one prize of $10, this
sum will be divided into six prizes, one of $5
and five of one dollar each. The largest sum
will be given to the reader whose purchases
aggregate the most, and the remaining five
prizes to the applicants in the order of the value
of their purchases. Should there be more than
six applicants those who do not receive money
prizes will be sent handsome premiums. A
notice concerning this offer appears in our ad^
vertising columns.

It is understood that City Park Commissioner
Chambers, of Toronto, purposes making a
change in the management of the Allan Gar-
dens. Such action will meet with the approval
of many w^ho have felt for a long time the in-
justice of one man being paid for work another
m,an was doing. The Allan Gardens, while
under the control of the city of Toronto, might
dlmost be called a provincial or Canadian insti-
iion, as they are \-isited by lovers of flowers
from all parts of Canada. It is only justice
that the man responsible for the splendid ap-
pearance of the gardens and grounds should
receive full credit for his work. It is time, also,
that Toronto had new conservatories. They
are needed and should be built.

THE VEGETABLE GROWERS HAVE ORGANIZED

The vegetable growers of Ontario have or-
ganized anu formed the Vegetajble Growers' As-
sociation of Ontario. Organization was com-
pleted at a representative meeting held in To-
ronto March 25. Those present included
Messrs. W. C. Emory, Aldershot ; E. J. Ma-
honey, Hamilton ; W. C. McCalla, St. Catha-
rines ; A. McMeans, Brantford ; J. Terrill, Pic-
ton ; W. Carter, Dovercourt ; Joseph Rush,
F. F. Reeves, Humber Bay ; John McKay, Don-
caster ; George Syme, jr., Carlton West ; R.
Lankiru Toronto ; J. W. Hyatt, West Lake, Ont.;
H. D. Anderson, Dresden ; John F. Atkin, Sar-
nia ; Mr. Porter, York ; P. W. Hodgetts, secre-
tario Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, and
H. B. Cowan, of The Horticulturist.

Mr. G. A. Putnam, Supt. of Farmers' Insti-
tutes, addressed the meeting and offered to as-
sist the vegetable growers of the province every
way in his power. Speakers would be sent by
the department to their meetings, and he was
willing to assist in the work of organization.

A report of a sub-committee which had been
at w'ork drafting a constitution was presented
by Mr. Cowan, and after careful consideration
was adopted with one or two amendments.
The preamble states :

" The object of the association shall be the
advancement of the science and art of vege-
table growing, in all its branches, by holding
meetings for the discussion of questions rela-
tive thereto, and by collecting, arranging and
disseminating useful information, and by such
other means as may from time to time seem de-
sirable."

Local associations may be formed in any part
of Ontario and their membership fee shall be
one dollar a year. Their annual meetings must
be held during December of each year. Each
locail association, has the right to appoint a di-
rector to the board of the provincial association
and shall hold office for one year. Associations
may be formed with ten members. The pro-
vincial association will pay the expenses of one
director from each association having a mem-
bership of 25 or over, when attending meetings
of the provincial board. Associations having
a smaller membership than 25 may elect a direc-

tor but must pay his expenses. Each director
will have a vote on the provincial board for
every 25 members in his local association. The
directors will elect from among themiselves a
president, vice-president and secretary-trea-
surer.

Local associations will send the secretary of
the provincial association fifty cents for each
of their members, which will constitute the
members of the local association's members of
the provincial association, shall entitle them to
free copies of the official organ of the associa-
tion, to free copies of the report of the annual
convention, and such other printed material as
may be issued by the provincial association.
The Canadian Horticulturist was appointed the
official organ of the association. Individual
growers not connected with local associations
may join the provincial association by sending
one dollar to the secretary of the provincial as-
sociation.

OFFICERS ELECTED.

On motion those present at th^ meeting w'ere
elected provisional directors until the local as-
sociations can elect directors regularly at their
annual meetings next December. Associations
already in existence but not represented at the
meeting will be allowed to elect provisional di-
rectors to the provincial iboard.

The election of officers resulted in Mr. W. C.
Emory being selected as president; Mr. Jos.
Rush as vice-president, and Mr. H. B. Cowan
as secretary- treasurer. These officers were
appointed a committee, with power to add to
their numbers, to wait on the Hon. Nelson Mon-
teith, to ask for a grant for the association ; .
that the Provincial Fruit, Flower and Honey
Show shall be extended to include vegetables,
and that the experts at the agricultural college
be asked to devote more attention to matters
pertaining to the growing of vegetables. The
meeting was an enthusiastic one. Those pres-
ent dispersed feeling that the new association
has possibilities for splendid w-ork ahead of it.
Copies of the constitution adopted may be had
on application to The Canadian Horticulturist.
An organizer may be placed on the road to form
local associations.

COOPERATIVE WORK AMONG FRUIT GROWERS

p. W. HODGETTS. SECY ONTARIO FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

A strong deputation representing the co-
operative committee of the Ontario Fruit Grow-
ers' Association waited on the Hon. Nelson Mon-
teith, Minister of Agriculture, early in March,
to impress on him the necessity for assisting in
every way the cooperative movement among the
fruit growers. There were president Messrs.
A. E. Sherrington, of "Walkerton ; Robt. Thomp-
son, of St. Catharines ; A. W. Peart, of Bur-
lington; W. A. Ross, of Chatham: Mr. Johnson,
of Forest ; Elmer Lick, of Oshawa. together
with President Alex. McNeill and the secretary.
A strong statement as to the losses sustained
by the fruit growers under the present system
of selling the crop was presented to Mr. Mon-
teith, together with a brief account from each

of the cooperative associations represented, as
to the benefits which had accrued to their mem-
bers the past year when prices were low.

As an aid to the successful carrying on of this
work in the future, it was suggested that the
department might revise and extend the present
" Act for the Incorporation of Cooperative Cold
Storage Companies " so as to include coopera-
tive packing companies. This extension would
also assist financially in the purchase, erection
and equipment of suitable buildings for stor-
age or packing purposes to the extent of one-
fifth of such cost.

Two other suggestions were made, one ask-
ing that a number of power sprayers be
operated this year throughout the province ;

i6o

STANDARD BOX APPROVED OF.

i6i

the other that expert packers be sent this fail
to the various districts to teax^h the Ontario
packers the proper methods of grading and
packing fruit in either boxes or barrels.

Mr. Monteith expressed himself as ;being much
impressed with the necessity for such a line of
work among the farmers and promised to do all
in his power along the lines suggested.

A STANDARD APPLE BOX ADOPTED

The bill promoted by Hon. Sydney Fisher,
providing for a uniform sized apple box, which
has passed its third reading in the House of
Commons, meets the views generally of fruit
growers and exporters. The stajidard size pro-
vided for is 10 X 11 x 22 inches, inside measure,
or 2,200 cubic inches. It holds one bushel and
is equivalent to one-third of a barrel.

Mr. David Henderson, M. P., put in a plea
for a box 9 x 12 x 18 inches, one quarter of a
barrel, which is the size used in the county of
Halton, which he represents. Mr. Claude Mac-
donell presented the views of some Toronto
shippers, favoring the size proposed for ship-
ments to Great Britain, but smaller sizes to
South Africa, France, Germany and other coun-
tries where different sizes ar .' preferred, but the
uniform size was adopted. The act will not
come Into force till June, 1906, so that this
year's trade will not be affected.

The Fruit Growers' Associations of Ontario,
Quebec, Nova Scotia and British Columbia
passed resolutions in favor of a uniform box of
the size which has been incorporated in the bill.

That the fruit growers are in favor of a stand-

ard box will be seen by the following expres-
sions of opinion, a few of many given to The
Horticulturist :

It is a step in the right direction to have a
legal box, for we will be able to get sale quota-
tions based on the legal box and it will give us
a more intelligent view of market situations
— (Harold Jones, Maitland, Ont.

It is a mistake to have different sizes in
boxes. In the past we have not known where
we were at. The size adopted is the right one
— (S. M. Gulp, Beamsville, Ont.

I approve of Hon. Sydney Fisher's resolution
respecting apple boxes. There ought to be
some standard size and the boxes should be of
good timber, well seasoned. — (R. A. Thomas
Barrie, Ont.

A standard size for apple boxes is all right.
The boxes should (be of No. 1 timber. A box
shown at the Toronto exhibition had sides only
half an inch thick, which is too thin for export-
ing. A square box of the same size would be
stronger and better. However, I prefer the
barrel to the box.— (Rd. Veale, Mount Brydges
Ont.

A Series of Instructive Meetings

The Niagara Peninsula United Fruit Grow-
ers' Asociation strengthened itself among the
fruit growers of the Niagara district as a re-
sult of the series of meetings under its auspices
during the second week of March. The meet-
ings were held at Stoney Creek, Beamsville,
Jordan Station, Queenston and St. Catharines.
Two meetings were held each day, and the at-
tendance and interest were well sustained. Mr.
C. M. Honsberger, president, and Mr. C. E.
Fisher, secretary, made the necessary arrange-
ments. The subjects specified on the program
were San Jose scale work, diseases of the
grape, and cooperation and organization among
fruit growers. In addition to well known local
fruit growers, such as Messrs. "W. H. Bunting,
E. D. Smith. A. H. Pettit, Erland Lee, S. H. Rit-
tenhouse, "W. C. McCalla, L. "^''oolverton, Joseph
Tweddle, R Thompson, H. Griffith, S. M. Culp,
W. H. Lee, F. A. Goring, F. G. Stew-art, Rev.
W. J. Andrews, Isaac Usher, Wm. Armstrong,
Chas. Lowrey and W. M. Hendershot, two out-
side speakers. Prof. Lochhead, of Guelph, and
Mr. W. T. Macoun, of Ottawa, divided the meet-
ings, dealing chierfly with diseases of the
grape.

Mr. A. N. BrowTi, an extensive and experi-
enced fruit grower of Wyoming, Delaware, was
present at the meetings and spoke twice daily,
his addresses being full of interest and instruc-
tion. He is a many-sided man of pleasing ad-

dress, and won golden opinions from those with
whom he came in contact.

Arrangements have been made by the asso-
ciation to supply members with spraying ma-
terials at wholesale rates. There can be no
excuse for neglect in the matter of spraying
this season.

The Deseronto Workers. — The season of 1904
was one of the most successful in the history of
the Deseronto Horticultural Society. The an-
nual flower show given by this society is becom-
ing one of the events of the year, and the last
show held was the largest and best ever given.
The competition in classes for best kept lawns
and grounds was keen, and great interest
aroused. Prospects for the coming season are
good, as the members are anxious to make an
even better record than the past year. Mr. D.
McClew was re-elected president and Mr. R. W.
Lloyd as secretary.

The premiums distributed this year by the
Durham Horticultural Society will consist of
fruit trees, evergreens, flowering shrubs, gladioli
and geraniums. The members of this society
are taking more interest in their surroundings
than heretofore, and much rivalry is expected
in competing for prizes for the best kept
grounds and lawns of the members. The mem-
bership is constantly increasing and the society
is a power for good in this community. — (Chris,
Firth, Sec'y.

l62

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

A Dominion Convention

A deputation of fruit growers waited ..n th^
Hon. Sydney Fisher to ask him to call a Do-
minion convention for the purpose of discuss-
ing various matters connected with the fruit
growing industry, also to urge him to take steps
to have express rates placed under the control
of the Railway Commission. The deputation
wau an inlluentiaJ one and placed its views be-
fore ..he mmister with much force.

The following were mentioned as some of the
subjects which might be discussed at the con-
vention :

Statistics and fruit crop reports.

Transportation.

Uniform packages.

Markets and marketing, including the regula-
tion of the commission business, and all ques-
tions pertaining to interprovincial trade, also
the export trade.

Adulteration of fruit products.

Regulation of nurseries and tree agents.

Amendments to the fruit marks act.

Suggestions looking to the increasing useful-
ness of the Dominion experimental farms ana
provincial experiment stations and orchards.

The deputation met with a sympathetic re-
ception and Mr. Fisher expressed himself
favoraible to holding the convention. It is ex-
pected that representative fruit growers, repre-
sentatives of the transportation companies,
local and foreign buyers, and others more or
less directly connected with the industry w'ill be
present, and that an exhibition of fruit, repre-
sentative of the provinces, will be held at the
same time.

Items of Interest

A very successful banquet was held by the
Market Gardeners' Protective Association at To-
ronto March 1. The principal speakers were
Hon. N. Monteith, Minister of Agriculture ; Mr.
J. "^^ St. John, M. P.P., and Messrs. R. C. Steele,
W. Rennie, J. A. Simmers and H. B. Cowan.
The 'affair passed off very pleasantly.

A number of fruit growers' cooperative asso-
ciations have been formed in Ontario as the re-

sult of a series of fruit institute meetings.
Among those associations are the Bruce Fruit
Growere' Association, Thedford Association,
Forest Fruit Growing and Forwarding Asso-
ciation, Georgian Bay Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, Lake Huron Fruit Growers Association,
and Allenford FVuit Growers Association.

At a meeting of the British Columbia Central
Farmers' Institute, held at Victoria February
28 to March 2, a resolution was passed unani-
mously endorsing the action of the ProvInciaJ
Board of Horticulture in refusing admission to
the province of fruit and fruit trees infected
with fungus disease and infested with insect
pests.

An influential deputation, introduced by Hon.
J. S. Hendrie, M. P. P., waited on Hon. Nelson
Monteith, Minister of Agriculture, recently, to
urge the holding of the annual Fruit, Flower
and Honey Show at Hamilton. A deputation is
being formed in Toronto to wait on the minis-
ter and ask that the show shall be continued in
Toronto.

New Advertizers

The following advertisements appear in this
issue of The Canadian Horticulturist for the
first time :

Sinclair, D. J., Toronto, Ont.

MacLean Publishing Co., Toronto, Ont.

Welsh, W., Kincardine, Ont.

Kastings, W., Buffalo, N. Y.

Niagara Gas Sprayer, Buffalo, N. Y.

Smith, J. B., Strachan ave., Toronto. Ont.

Stone & Wellington, Toronto, Ont.

Blackie Bros., Halifax, N. S.

Massey, Harris & Co., Toronto, Ont.

Renfrew Nurseries, Renfrew, Ont.

McMillan Fur and Wool Co., Minneapolis,
Minn.

Indianapolis Nurseries. Indianapolis, Ind.

Banfield, H. G., Woodstock. Ont.

Breckon, T. W., Merton, Ont.

United Typewriter Co., Limited, Toronto.

Vanduzer, C. W., Grimsby. Ont.

Gilchrist, A., Toronto Junction.

Advertise in The Canadian Horticulturist.

Our Fully Descriptive Catalogue Entitled.

s

^ Canadian Plants for Canadian People ^

^^ is now out. Drop us a card for a copy. ^^'

S

is now out. Drop us a card for a copy.

The Webster Floral Company, Limited, Hamilton, Ont.

"THE LEADING CANADIAN FLORISTS "

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to arl Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

See Notice in Advertising Columns.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Why?

Why? ^

The question is, Why should the farmers of Ontario send their boys

and girls to the

Ontario Agricultural College?

and the answer is, Because the boys will receive a practical and helpful working
knowledge of Scientific Agriculture, and because the girls will be given a first-class
training in Household Science at the MACDONALD INSTITUTE.

Residence Accommodation is provided for botli men and women.

Macdonald Hall, the girls' residence, is one ot the best equipped buildings of its
kind in Canada, and the boys' dormitories are comfortable and commodious.

COURSEvS

Courses for Boys, varying from Courses for Girls, varying from

two years to four years in length, three months to two years in length,

commence on September 13th. commence on September 13th.

For full information regarding courses, terms, etc., write to Q. C. CREELMAN,
President Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont.

^

The Fonthill Nurseries ^ Canada's Greatest Nurseries ^r^f^^t^^^^^

1 IIV. 1 UllLlllll ilUi;9V.IlV.:7 va- Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines and Roses.

^

8s ru

Send now for our catalogue of New Specialties, and 2oc for our aluminum Pocket Microscope, just the
thing to u>-e in examining seeds, grains, plants and trees. Submit your list of wants for spring planting. Liiberal
Inducements to Salesmen* Terms sent on application. See our reading notice page 163.

STONE & WELLINGTON,

TORONTO

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

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'pie Qnadian ijorticcltcrist

Volume XXVIII

MAY, 1905

Number 5

NEW FORMS OF KEROSENE EMULSION

FRANK T. SHUTT AND \V. T. MACOUN, C. E. F.. OTTAWA.*

-^ I "^ HE value of kerosene or coal oil for
1 the destruction of scale insects as
Avell as for all soft bodied and sucking forms
has long been recognized. It cannot, how-
ever, be used without admixture or dilution,
for its high price precludes its general ap-
plication on dormant wood, and its injurious
action on foliage forbids its em'plo}-ment
during the summer season.

Kerosene will not mix with water, but
special pumps have been devised for throw-
ing an atomized spray of kerosene and
water, provision being made for regulating
the proportion of each constituent. These
pumps, however, have not proved entirely
satisfactory, the difficulty, apparently, beiiig
in obtaining a spray of uniform strength.

It is as an emulsion that kerosene has been
found most valuable and most •widely appli-
cable. The satisfying agent almost univer-
sally used is a soap solution, though milk
and certain other fluids with more or less
viscosity have occasionally been employed.
It may be held that whale oil soap and soft
soap so used adds to the elBciency of the re-
sulting emulsion as an insecticide, but it
seems clear that for the most part the soap
simply serves as the vehicle for distributing
the kerosene (the real killing agent) in a
very finely divided state.

This being the case, it seems desirable to
learn if other emulsifying materials cannot

*I bee to state that while I was associated with Mr. Shutt in the experiments described, to him is due full credit for the discovery of
the value of flour in making a kerosene emulsion. — (W. T. Macoun).

165

be used which would not only lessen the ex-
pense of the spray, but at the same time
obviate the necessity of the application of
heat, without which the various soap emul-
sions cannot be satisfactorily made. A
notable advance in this direction was made
last year by Professor Close, of the Dela-
ware Experiment Station, who has pub-
lished the results of certain experiments
w hich show that lime has the power of hold-
ing kerosene in suspension and forming a
perfect emulsion. Prepared according to
direci:ians, it makes a fairly stable mixture,
homogeneous, /. e., of uniform strength
throughout, one easy to spray, and which
does not clog the nozzle. Briefly described.
Prof. Close's directions are as follows :
mix into a " thin sloppy mass " one pound
of " Limoid " (an American preparation
sold for the purpose) or slaked lime with
one quart of kerosene. For a 10 per cent,
emulsion, two gallons (imiperial measure)
are added and the whole emulsified by
churning for, say, five minutes, best effected
by means of a pump and a Bordeaux nozzle.
No free kerosene, he states, will appear for
several weeks, and though there may be a
separation on standing into limey layers
these will readily, if stirred, again produce
the emulsion without deterioration. This
emulsion, known as K-L mixture, may be
■used with ordinary Bordeaux (K-L-B),

1 66

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

liortlcaiix and Paris green (K-L-B-P) and
resin soap.

During the past month a considerable
amount of work on this and alHed forms of
emiulsion 'has 'been done in the laiboratories
of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, and
fthough this research is not completed, it may
be advisable, as we are now at the season
when spraying must 'be more particularly at-
tended to, to publish certain of the more im-
portant facts which the work has brought to
light.

First : Fres'hly slaked lime makes a
smoother emulsion and one that stays in sus-
pension longer than one made with ordinary
air-slaked lime; the latter, however, fur-
nishes a satisfactory emulsion if it is not too
much carbonated by long exposure to the
air.

Second : By using lime slaked imme-
diately 'before using, the quantity may be
niater'ia'llly ireduced. A perfect eniiulsion
can be made by slaking half pound of good
quicklime and emulsifying with one quart
of kerosene and two gallons of water.

Third : By the use of freshly slaked lime
less time is needed for the churning in order
to 'bring the mass to a perfect emulsion.
Much, of course, depends on the vigor used
in this part of the preparation, but on small
quantities two to three minutes of continu-
ous pumping were found sufficient.

Fourth : It is not apparently a matter of
nnuch moment that the lime be dry and pow-
dery when mixed with the kerosene. Ex-
cellent emulsions have been made both from
air-slaked lime and freshly slaked lime when
they have been quite moist or even mvade
into a thick cream with water before a.d'ding
the kerosene.

FivOUR EMUIvSION.

Fifth : Flour has been successfuHv sub-
stituted for lime. Beginning with the same
weight as proposed by Prof. Close, viz., one
pound to one quart of kerosene, which made
a perfect emulsion, the amount of flour has

stq) by step been reduced until it was found
that eight ounces were sufficient to hold in
perfect suspension the quart of kerosene.
The preparation with flour is most simple.
The requisite amount of kerosene is placed
dn the vessel (pail or 'barrel) — which is prc-
-ferably dry — and flour added in the propor-
tion stated, viz., eight ounces to one quart,
the who'le thoroughly stirred and the water
added, two gallons for every quart of kero-
sene. This is then vigorously churned as
already described. The time necessary to
churn will vary from two to four minutes,
according to the quantity to be emulsified,
and the emulsion is then ready for use.

When the emulsion is required for imme-
diate use, the quantity of flour may be fur-
ther reduced. It was found that as small
a quantity as two ounces would emulsify
one quart of kerosene, but that on standing
a few hours a perceptible layer of kerosene
had separated.

It has, further, been found that by -scald-
ing the flour before adding the kerosene a
less weight is required. An excellent emul-
sion, which showed not the slightest separa-
tion of kerosene after one week, was pre-
pared by scalding two ounces of flour, mix-
ing the resulting paste with one quart of
kerosene and emulsifying with two gallons
of water.

The flour emulsion is smooth, readily and
easily atomized, and does not clog the nozzle.
Any separation into layers (no free kero-
sene will appear for several days, at least)
may be readily overcome or remedied by
simply stirring the mixture. It is equally
effective, as might be expected, as an insecti-
cide with the lime-formed emulsion, and
amongst other advantages that may be
claimed for it there is no perceptible whiten-
ing of the tree or foliage ; and, further, in
some places it may be found cheaper and
easier to make than the lime emulsion. Its
use is suggested as an alternative where
good lime is unobtainable and also for mak-

A FRUIT COMMISSION WANTED.

.67

ing the emulsion when intended for orna-
mental shrubs, etc., where the whitening- of
the foliage is objectionable. The flour
emulsion can be added to Bordeaux mix-
ture, Bordeaux and Paris green, if desired.
Experiments are in progress which indi-

cate that the proportion of kerosene (the
most expensive constituent of the emulsion)
may be materially reduced without afifecting
the insectidal value of the spray. Further
particulars of these trials Avill be published
in the T^ine issue of The Horticulturist.

FRUIT GROWERS CONTINUE TO PROTEST

n["^ HE announcement in the April issue

A of The Canadian Horticulturist that
the Hon. Sydney Fisher, Dominion Minister
of Agriculture, had placed the chief of the
fruit division under the chief of the dairy
division was a great surprise to many fruit
growers who had not heard of Mr. Fisher's
annourucement in the House of Commons.
The result is that protests continue to reach
The Horticulturist from fruit growers in all
parts of Canada wlho are considering what
steps they had best take to deal with the
situation. That the present arrangements
shall not continue any great length of time
is the evident determination of the growers
heard from.

The follow^ing are a few of many letters
on this subject received by The Horticul-
turist :

Mr. Ralph S. Eaton, Kentville, N. S.,
president Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' As-
sociation : I hope the Minister of Agricul-
ture will, in the near future, deem the fruit
interests of Canada of sufificient importance
to warrant the establishment of a fruit divi-
sion occupying the same place in the depart-
ment as other divisions which are re-
sponsible only to the minister.

Mr. S. C. Parker, secretary of the Nova
Scotia Fruit Growers' .T.S'Sociation : I feel
strongly on this matter, and think united ac-
tion should be taken by the various associa-
tions in Canada to bring pressure to bear on
the honorable minister to place our chief in
full standing in the department. I shall be
glad to hear of any neAv development and
any plan of action that may be devised.

Mr. J. C. ^letcalfe, of Hammond, B. C,

president of the British Columbia Fruit
Growers' Association: The ifruit in-
dustry of Canada is of sufficient importance
to require the appointment of a fruit com-
missioner for that division, as in the other
divisions and responsible only to the !Minis-
ter of Agriculture, and further would add
the necessity of the various fruit associa-
tions and fruit growers generally agitating
and pressing upon the Dominion govern-
ment the appointment of a commissioner for
the fruit division.

Mr. Thomas G. Earl, L>tton, B. C. :It is
degrading to the enormous fruit interests
of this province, as well as to those of the
whole of Canada, that the fruit commis-
sioner should be placed under the control of
the dairy or any other commissioner. I
would think that the dairy commissioner
would have his hands full in caring for his
own department, and, besides, dairying and
fruit growing are quite different. I would
suppose the Dominion government, when
taking into consideration the enormous and
continued expansion of fruit grooving, would
see the necessity for placing the fruit inter-
ests in the hands of a competent commis-
sioner expressly for that purpose.

NEW BRUNSWICK HAS ACTRD.

Mr. W. D. Albright, secretary New
Brunswick Fruit Growers' Association : At
the fruit growers' convention in Frederic-
ton a resolution was passed endorsing my
action in protesting by telegram to Hon. ]\Ir.
Fisher against the subordination of the fruit
to the dairy division. In conveying him the
resolution I wrote a somewhat lengthy let-
ter in reply to which I received some weeks

1 68

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

later a letter fully explaining all the minis-
ter's reasons for the proposed change. The
reasons to me, however, seemed mere ex-
cuses, and I think the press should not de-
sist in its protest.

Mr. J. C. Oilman, Fredericton, N. B. : As
a member ot the New Brunswick Fruit
Growers' Association I believe the fruit in-
terests will not be served to the best advant-
age by ibeing under the control of the dairy
comimissioncr. Our fruit interests should
have the best thought of some competent
man instead of being served second handed.

Mr. George MacAlpine, Lower Gage-
town, N. B. ; In my opinion the fruit in-
dustry is only in the first stage of its growth,
and its grcAving importance entitles it to as
prominent a place as any other indust.'y in
the Dominion. I am in favor of havinp^ ir
stand on its own merits and not be subjec:
to any other branch of agricultural work.

PRINCE EDWAiyD ISLAND.

Mr. P. N. Pate, O'Leary Station, P.E.I. :
I am very much in favor of the fruit con>
missioncr being independent of other a^^;'!.-
icultural work. In our small province I
notice nnich more interest is being taken in
fruit raising and many more orchards are
'being planted yearly.

QUEBEC SPEAKS UP.
Mr. O. M. Derby, Clarenceville, One. .
In view of the fact that our fruit industry
(has attained such proportions, and seems

destined to become one of our most import-
ant departments of agriculture, I consider
it advisable we should have a separate com-
missioner for that division.

W. D. A. Ross, Secretary Fruit Grow-
ers' Association, Chatham, Ont. : The
fruit interests ought to be worthy of a
division by themselves. If the same assistance
is given to the fruit interests of the Domin-
ion as has been extended to the dairy inter-
ests it n:ay become just as important a divi-
sion. It has been kept too much in the
background. This matter should be pushed.

" Fruit Growers sidetracked," is the way
in wbich Mr. W. C. Webster, of Stoney
Creek, Ont., speaks of the matter. He goes
on to say : "We very much regret that the
Department of Agriculture has seen nt to
unite the fruit growing industry with the
dairy department. This lias come as a great
surprise to the fruit growers of this pro-
vince. They have been looking to the Min-
ister of Agriculture to acceed to the unani-
mous request of the associations throughout
the Dominion to put the management of the
fruit bureau on an independent footing.
The industry is of sufficient imp>ortance to
have as a head a man who has an intimate
knowledge of all the details of fruit grow-
ing. It is just as important to have a head
of this bureau as to have a minister of agri-
culture. We feel as fruit representatives
that we have been treated very unfairly and
unjustly."

More Fruit Might Be Grown. — Fruit
growers in the Niagara district are begin-
ning to realize that heavy, clay soil, when
well drained, is the best for pears, plums
and grapes. There are thousands of acres
of this soil in the Niagara district well
adapted for fruit growing, which are now
only worth about $25 per acre. ]\Iuch of
this land in a few years will almost certainly
be under cultivation for fruit. — (W. H.
Bunting. St. Catharines, Ont.

The Best Export Pear in this district is
the Duchess on dwarf stalks. I planted
1,030 last spring. The Duchess is a fall
pear, and ranks ahead of the Anjou and
Beurre Bosc. The Bartlett is the leading
rummer variety, and of winter varieties the
Josephine de Malines and Easter Beurre.
This latter will keep until April, and has a
flavor similar to that of the Duchess, but is
very coarse in texture. — (A. W. Peart. Bur-
lington, Ont.

HORTICULTURAL COLLEGE AND STATION WANTED

^T^HE fruit gTov\crs of the Niagara dis-
X trict 'have petitioned the Ontario De-
rartment of Agriculture to estabhsh a horti-
;ultural college and fruit experiment station
for their benefit. One of the strongest
deputations of fruit growers that has ever
ivaited on the Department of Agriculture
interviewed Hon. Nelson Alonteith, Minis-
:er of Agriculture, April 19, and laid their
claims before him. Hon. J. S. Hendrie
assisted Mr. .uonteith in meeting the depu-
tation.

The fruit growers of the southern frviit
belt of Ontario 'have long desired to have a
fruit experiment station, and horticultural
college, and recently they decided to bring
the matter to a head by having a deputation
wait on the Department of Agriculture. The
deputation, wnich was introduced by Dr.
Jessop, M.L.A., of St. Catharines, contained
many of the most prominent fruit growers
of the Niagara district and included repre-
sentatives of the Hamilton and St. Catha-
rines city councils, and ^boards of trade, as
well as representatives from the municipal
councils in the counties interested.

" To show you 'how thoroughly unani-
mous is the desire of the residents of the
Niagara district that a 'horticultural college
and fruit experiment station should be es-
tablished for their benefit," said Mr. E. D.
Smith, ex-M. P., of Winona, to Hon. Mr.
Monteith, " I might state that all the muni-
cipalities in the Niagara district have passed
resolutions approving of the government es-
tablishing such a college and station. There
are five experiment stations in the Dominion,
but none in the Niagara district, which is
the most important fruit section in Canada.
At the stations already existing apples are
almost the only variety of fruit that can be
tested to general advantage. What we
need in the Niagara district is a station
which will conduct experiments in the pro-
duction of the varieties of fruit we grow and

concerning" which we are unable to obtain
reliable information at the experiment sta-
tions which now exist. In the past our
principal markets have been large cities not
far distant from the Niagara district, to
which we could ship our fruit without dan-
ger of its being damaged. The supply of
fruit is increasing, which means that we
must extend our markets.

" There has been a great growth in the
trade wuth the Maritime Provinces, and the
trade with the Northwest is rapidly develop-
ing. While we have been able to land our
fruit on the local markets in good condition
we find it is impossible to ship it to the dis-
tant markets although several varieties
stand the shipment better than ours. Cali-
fornia fruit growers are able to ship their
fruit to all parts of the world and we should
be able to do likewise. We need a fruit
experiment station which will experiment in
the production of varieties of fruit that will
stand long shipment, so that we can be as-
sisted in producing varieties that we can
ship to distant markets. We have not one
really good pear or grape. While some
varieties are good shippers they each have
some serious defects, such as poor taste, or
susceptibility to disease. There are one or
two good varieties of peaches and plums,
but there is great room for improvement
there also.

" If such an experiment station as we de-
sire develops one good pear the revenue that
will be derived from it by the fruit growers
of the Niagara district would more than
meet all the expense of the station. We do
not want any 10 cent fruit experimental
farm. I cannot too strongly impress upon
vou the enormous value to the fruit grow-
ers of finding varieties that will meet the re-
quirements of the market. I believe the Do-
minion government should buy and equip
the farm, but if it does not take the matter
up there is a grand opportunity for the On-

1 70

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

tario government to do something that will
be of great value to the fruit growers of the
Niagara district."

" While we have many of our leading
fruit growers here," said Mr. A, H. Pettit,
of Grimsby, " I am safe in saying fhe whde
population would have acted on t'he deputa-
tion had they been able. The experimental
farms at Ottawa and Guelph are of great
value to the fruit growers in the northern
districts of Ontario, but not of nearly as
much value to the districts where the tender
fruits are raised. What we need is a horti-
cultural college where our young men can
receive instruction in the raising of fruit.
Many residents of dties would send their
sons to take a course in such a college. The
best proof of this is the fact that many of
them write to our growers asking if they
•will take their sons for a season that they
may gain experience on their farms.

" Wben the farm ait Guelph was started
there was some complaint about the expense,
'but that time has passed, as the people recog-
nize the great value of the college. This
would be the case with the horticultural col-
lege we desire to have established. We do
not want it to conflict with the college at
Guelph, and I do not believe it would, as it
will have a field all its own. It is our wisli
that it should be established in such a man-
ner that it will be possible for students +o
graduate from the High schools, take a
course in the college of horticulture and
step out ready to take up practical 'work on
the farm. Recently we had to send to
Delaware for an expert to address a scries
of meetings in our district. The reason A^e
had to send to that state was that they have
such a college there and the gentleman who
attended our meetings was of great value to
our growers."

"There is no need," said Mr. W. H. Bunt-
ing, of St. Catharines, "to point out the
value of the institutions we have, as that is
recognized. Tt has been one of the greatest

regrets of my life that I was not able to take
advantage of a course at a college like the
college at Guelph, and I have been endeavor-
ing to partly make up for this loss by secur-
ing this advantage for the benefit of my
family. We have no fault to find with the
capable officers at the Experimental Farm
at Ottawa, or those at Guelph, all of whom
are doing excellent work. Their field is
large, however, and they are unable to give
the required attention for the special needs
of the Niagara district. This has made it
necessary for us to apply for assistance again
and again, to the colleges of the United
States, and at times these requests on our
part (have placed us in a somewhat humiliat-
ing position.

" We desire to have an expert staflf to
carry on work that will be of great value to
the Niagara district. We have heard a
great deal of criticism regarding the pack-
ing of fruit. It is impossible to pack good
fruit if the grower's are not in a position to
produce the best. We have, therefore,
come to ask for assistance which will enable
our growers to raise the standard of their
products."

" The pests which destroy the fruit in the
southern district of Ontario," said Mr. Hod-
getts, of the St. Catharines Board of Trade,
" are dififerent from those in the northern
sections and our fruit growers need assist-
ance in learning how to control them. As
the whole of Canada is affected by a short-
age in the wheat crop of the west, so a short-
age in the fruit crop in the Niaigara district
affects all branches of trade."

" Fruit production," said Mr. E. Morden,
of Niagara Falls, " is increasing wonder-
fully. Twenty bushels are being grown to^
day where one was raised 30 years ago.
There is an immense market to the south of
ns, which is yet to be developed. Such a
college as we desire will be of great value to
the growers all along the northern shore •:>£
Lake Erie. The tendencv of hieh schools

SPRAYING ON THE INCREASE.

is to educate the young men away from the
farms. A horticuhtiral college would tend
to keep our boys on the fann."

]\Ir. Honsiberger, of Jordan, pointed out
that 'hyfbridizing fruit is an operation
which is receiving a great deal of attention
and which has accomplished wonderful re-
sults. He was of the opinion that a horti-
cultural college and a fruit experimental
farm might, by following up this line of
work, be able to produce such varieties as
the fruit growers of the Niagara district
need for shipment to distant markets.

It was pointed out by Mr. W. J. Drope,
of Grimsby, that fruit growers through
ignorance frequently plant varieties of
fruit whidh afterwards prove very unprofit-
able. If they had a thoroughly equipped
college and experiment station, which could
give reliable information of this nature, loss
of this kind could be avoided. Other speak-

ers included Air. J. A. Keyes, of St. Catha-
rines, and Mr. Niciholson, of Hamilton.

In replying to the deputation Hon. Mr.
Monteith expressed the Premier's regrets
that he was unable to be on hand to meet the
deputation. The Minister of Agriculture
stated that as yet the new government -s
only getting its feet in the stirrups and con-
sequently it is not in a position to give an
answer immediately to such an important
request. The members- of the deputation
were assured that the department realizes
the importance of the matter arud that it will
do all in its power to assist them.

Hon. J. S. Hendrie asked the deputation
if the Dominion government had been ap-
proached. Mr. Honsberger stated in reply
that the Department of Agriculture at Otta-
wa had been asked for assistance, but had
stated that it could not take the matter up
at present.

A GREAT INCREASE IN SPRAYING

a IT is astonishing how stirred up fruit
A growers are this year over spraying.
Men are spraying who never sprayed before,
while those who have sprayed in other years
are spraying more thoroughly. They real-
ize that if they are to successfully combat
the grape and plum rot, apple scab and other
troubles fruit growers are heir to, they have
simply got to spray. For every power
sprayer used in this vicinity last year there
are three being operated this season."

These remarks were made to an editorial
representative of The Horticulturist a few
days ago by Mr. Murray Pettit, of Winona,
who conducts the fruit experiment station
at that point, and who is known as one of
the most successful fruit growers in the
Niagara district. The Horticulturist's re-
presentative, who visited the section to ascer-
tain what the growers are doing this year in
the line of spraying, was astonished at the
evidence on every hand of the amount of
that work that was beinsr done. Orchard

after orchard Avas passed where the trees
were almost perfectly white, they had been
sprayed so thoroughly. The main topic
being discussed by the fruit growers who
were seen was spraying, and it included
such subjects as the spraying experiments
being conducted by Prof. Lochhead, of the
Agricultural College at Guelph, the test that
was recently made on the farm of Mr. E. D.
Smith, of Winona, oi different imakes of
spraying machinery, or so'me of the new
spraying mixtures which are being intro-
duced this year.

"' In former years," conitinued Mr. Pettit,
" I used a barrel Spramotor pump which
had three nozzles. It was operated by hand,
and by pushing tne work I was able to ap-
ply eight barrels of mixture in a day. This
year I decided to secure a larger outfit which
I could use to advantage on my grapes.
After looking over the various machines on
the market I finally decided to secure a
spra\'ing outfit from the Spramotor Com-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

pany, of London .Oat., which is fitted es-
pecially for spraying vineyards. At the
spraying competition held in Mr. Smith's
orchard this machine did excellent work and
attracted a great deal of attention among
the fruit growers. Tavo other well known
makes of spraying machines were repre-
sen'ted in this test, and I heard one leading

Loading Mr. Smith's Gasoline Spramotor

This illustration shows i
hi* Spramoior being loaded.

:vcral of the barrels i
Mr. Smith is leanii.j

1 «hich Mr. .Sniiih bjils
against the wagon.

fruit grower was so pleased with the work-
ing of my machine, which I loaned Mr.
Smith for the test, that he ofifered an agent
of one of the other makes $io if he would
release him from a contract to purchase one
of his machines.

" My new machine can be operated by
one man. It has eight nozzles, and I ex-
pect to be able to apply at least i6 barrels of
mixture a d'ay on grapes, and with about
ihalf the labor. It can also be used for
spraying trees. If the horse is well trained
one man is all that is required to operate it
in the orchard, but otheruase two men may
be necessary. One of the points I like best
about this machine is that it is lighter than
any other I have seen and generates the
power from the axle with much less draft.

" This year I expect to spray three or four
times with the Bordeaux mixture, but if the
weather is very wet I may have to sprav five

or si-x times, in which case it is prol)able I
will use the ammoniacal solution. The ex-
periments that have been conducted at the
Ohio experiment station indicate that the
first spraying operations in the vineyard be-
fore the buds start are not necessary. This
is a matter, however, on •which Prof. Loch-
hcad is expcrin'.enting."

An enthusiast in
the matter of spraying
was found on- the next
farm in the person of
Mr. E. M. Smith,
who this year has two
hand pvmips and one
gasoline power outfit
with a 1 20 gallon
tank, all of the Spra-
motor Company's
make, of London,
Ont. At the time of
the visit Air. Smith
had bis power outfit
at work in his plum
orchard and was boil-
ing large quantities of
spraying mixture, not only for his own use,,
but for the use of other fruit growers in the
vicinity.

'' This year is my first experience using a
gasoline engine to furnish power for my
spraying," said Mr. Smith. " I have used
it freely, and find that it is very cheap to
operate, as the gasoline only costs about 25
cents a day. during which time I am able to
apply 800 to 1,000 gallons of mixture. Two
men are all that are required to run the
engine and do this spraying. When I used
hand power I was only able to apply about
one-third the quantity of material with the
same number of men. It costs about eight
to ten dollars for the gasoline for the sea-
son's work w'hen 300 to 400 barrels of the
mixture are used. Other years it has cost
three times as much for the power. My out-
fit, including the tank, engine and pump,
cost $240. I am able to use the gasoline-

spraying material and

THE VALUE OF SPRAYING.

173

Mr. Pettit's Spramotor at Work in the Vincjard

and sulphur," said J\lr.
Smith, " which is applied
to the trees while the buds
are dormant. I spray once
with the lime and sulphur
and three times with the
Bordeaux mixture."

" How many acres have

A\ in fruit?" was asked.

About 35," replied Mr.

.-^mith, "including 1,500 or

I /'xDO peach trees, 2,500

um and pear trees, and

-' acres of grapes. I spray

ery thing. This year I

arted spraying about

April 13, and expect to get

through by May i. As soon

as the blossoms drop I start

With thi
same time.

outfit it is possible to thoroughly spray vines on botl

engine not only for spraying, but for cutting
feed, sawing wood, and other work of that
nature. It is a three horsepower machine.
Before buying my spraying outfit I ex-
amined the others on the market and became
convinced to my satisfaction that the Spra-
motor machine I purchased was the best as
regards ease of operation, cost of power and
durability. The chief feature in its favor,
in my opinion, is the quickness with which
the spray can be applied. W'hen loaded
with liquid it weighs about one ton. By
deriving the power from the engine no hard-
ship is entailed on the horses."

Adjoining the orchard there were nine
barrels in which the lime and sulphur mix-
ture was being boiled. The mixture was
cooked by steam secured from the engine.
The cooking operation lasted about one and
a half to two hours. Eighteen pounds of
sulphur were used to 36 pounds of lime.
Mr. Smith explained that for the conveni-
ence of his neighbors he boiled this mixture
and sold it to them for 90 cents a barrel on
his place. " I boil about 300 barrels of lime

des of the cart at the with thc Bordcaux mix-
ture on the plums, pears,
grapes and apples. Very few growers in this
vicinity spray as thoroughly as I do, but I
have found it has paid me to do it thorough-
ly. My plums last season netted me about
$2,500. They were a very clean crop, and
I believe the large percentage of first-class
fruit was due to the spraying. Most of my
neighbors who did not spray had a very light
crop. This year the majority of them are
spraying. If I had used the Bordeaux mix-
ture on my grapes last year I believe I would
have saved the whole crop. As it was I
only had about a third of a crop, owing to
the rot w^'hich made its appearance for the
first time in my vineyard. I sprayed one
row with the Bordeaux mixture as a test,
although when it w^as applied I did not ex-
pect to be troubled with the rot. Out of
the 75 or ^6 rows in the vineyard the one I
sprayed was the only one that was good.
This year I intend spraying every vine."

" What do you find your spraying costs ?"
was asked. " Last year," replied Mr.
Smith. " it cost about $250. This year the
cost will be $350 or $400. While this may

174

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

seem heavy, I am satisfied tlic spraying in-
creases the saleable portion of the crop 25 to
50 per cent., which means that the work is a
splendid investment,"

" Are there many growers using the Spra-
motor gasoline outfit ?" was inquired. "There
arc three in this vicinity," said Mr. Smith,
" including Mr. A. G. Geddes, Mr. .V. \'ance
Cline, 1>ot'h of Winona,
and myself."

Like Mr. Pettit, Mr.
Smith was satisfied that
when he purchased his
machine he secured the
best for his purpose that
there is on the market.
While visiting at Mr.
Smith's place the repre-
sentative of The Horti-
culturist had his atten-
tion drawn to a pail that
was being used for
screening the spraying
mixture into the tanks.
It was fitted with a tube
in the bottom, out of
w h i c \\ the mixture
ran. In the inside of
the pail there was a conical screen with
the top of the cone pointing up. As
a result of this conical shape, the screen,
when the mixture was poured into the pail,
did not become clogged as the rush of the
water carried the sediment from the top of
the cone down the screen to the sides of the
pail and allowed the mixture to nm through
the top part of the screen. Tvlr. Smith was
quite enthusiastic in regard to the pail. " It
cost me," he said, " aibout $1, and I save 50
cents worth of time and bad language every
dav through having it. Onlv three or four

are being used in the neighborhood. The
pail is simply an ordinary galvanized iron
pail. I 'bought a foot square of brass screen,
with a miesh of about 30 to the inch. The
pail and the screen were taken to a tinsmith,
who put a three-inch tube into the ]x>ttom
of the pail and fitted the screen inside. It
is a great convenience for, as fruit growers

Mr. Smith's Gasoline Spramotor Outfit at Work

know, an ordinary flat screen soon becomes
clogged."

While The Horticulturist's representative
did not have the time to visit other fruit
growers in the vicinity, he learned that
among others who were using the Spra-
motor power outfits, which seemed to be
very popular, are Messrs. F. M. Carpenter.
C. J. Carpenter & Son, J. S. Cockburn, J. J.
Foran and John A. Foran, all of Winona ;
W. M. Orr, of Fruitland; G. L. Book, of
Grimsby, and Robert Thompson, of St.
Catharines.

Spraying will save the apple crop when
nothing else will. It must, however, be
done thoroughly or it might as well not be
done at all. — (Adolphus Pettit, Grimsby.

I do not know of any way in which farmers
with orchards can make a better percentage
upon the outlay of eflfort and money than
by spraying their trees.

A NOVA SCOTIA APPLE.

'75

The Gravenstein Apple in Ontario

LINUS WOOLVERTON, GRIMSBY, ONT.

' I "^HIS famous German apple is a univer-
1 sal favorite. The excellence of its
flesh, its beautiful and attractive exterior, its
abundant productiveness, and its large size
all combine to miake it the very best apple
of its season. It is not a very old apple.
The first description of it was written about
TOO years ago by a German pomologist, and
about 1850 it is said the original tree was
still standing in the garden of the Duke of
Augustenberg, at the castle of Grafenstein.
in Schleswifr-Holstein. Germanv.

Gravenstein Trees in Bloom.

The apple is widely grown in western
Europe as an early fall market apple, and it
is this apple that has made the Annapolis
Valk}-. in Nova Scotia, famous ; so much
so, that many people suppose there is no
place equal to it for apple culture. As a
matter of fact this apple can be produced

in Ontario quite as perfect, and possibly
larger in size than in the Annapoli's Valley,
and it is a mystery why our apple growers
have not planted themi. Very seldom do
we find an orchard of the Gravenstein in
Ontario, and indeed rarely do we find even
single trees of this excellent apple.

The illustration shows a row of trees of
this variety, now about 50 years of age,
growing on the experimental grounds of
the writer. No trees on the place are as
beautiful in bloomdng season as these ; the
great, pure white blossoms throw all other
varieties into the shade, and attract the
ladies in search of floral decorations. The
fruit makes the most delicious sauce, and
the very best of apple pies, ; while for a com-
mercial variety it is unexcelled. The fruit
is clean and uniform in size, and it com-
mands the highest price in the British mar-
kets.

Pears in an Apple Orchard

D. JAMES, LANGSTAFF, ONT.

I HAVE only about 20 or 22 pear trees
planted in and about my apple or-
chard. They were planted for home use
and not to make money, but having more
than required I always sell the surplus.

The Flemish Beauty has been the most
profitable. The Improved Kieffer is good
for canning and will keep well for shipment
to the northwest. The Bartlett is not a
healthy tree, but of course the fruit is lus-
cious. The Ritson, Buerre Clairgeau and
Buerre d'Anjou are grown, besides som^
with whose names I am not acquainted. A
late fall or winter pear is the most profit-
able, as the grower is not forced to market
them as soon as gathered. The Winter
Nellis is highly spoken of by others.

There is no place in Ontario where co-
operation in the spraying and marketing -)f
fruit is more neglected and more needed
than in the Georgian Bay district. — (Wm.
Patello, Creemore, Ont.

SPRAYING WITH THE NEW K. L. MIXTURES

1

^ HE San Jose scale made it appearance
on chestnuts and various shrubs in
the United States as well as on fruit trees,
said Mr. A. N. Brown, of Wyoming, Dela-
ware, in his talks before the Niagara Penin-
sula Fruit Growers' Association, last month,
but it has been fought successfully and it is
the duty of fruit growers to fight it persist-
ently and to gain control. The black rot
is another prevalent disease, but it has been
successfully com'batted. In the state of
Delaware spraying has been attended by
the most satisfactory results. The trees
have been inade almost inmiune from attack.
A healthy tree will resist attack. Trees can
be made healthy by spraying, which will
kill other pests as ■well as the scale. An ad-
dition to the wash will kill fungi.

He would advise against the use of caus-
tic soda, but the lime, sulphur and salt wash
is good. Oil — 'Crude or refined petroleum
— 'will kill scale. There is a soluble oil in
use — 19 gallons of water to one of oil is the
proportion. The new K. L. mixtures which
are being experimented with, and which pro-
mise to be most effective, were described by
Mr. Brown. K. L. is made from kerosene
and limoid, the latter a high grade mag-
nesian lime, with 40 per cent, magnesia.
The proportion for the mixture is one quart
of oil to one pound of limoid. Crude oil
will not do. It is a question whether K. L.
can be used in Canada on account of the ex-
pense of refined oil. In the United States
they can buy it for seven and a half cents
per Wine gallon by the barrel, and at that
rate they can use it.

A test was made at two or three of Mr.
Brown's demonstrations to see if ordinary
Canadian lime can be used instead of
limoid, and though only partially successful

it appeared as if it niiglit. Bordeaux mix-
ture can be used instead of water, and the
wash K. L. B. then becomes a fungicide.
Hy adding a poison, such as Paris green,
London purple, or preferably arsenide of
soda, it becomes also an insecticide, K. L.
B. P., and will kill chewing insects, such as
codlin moth, etc. The lime is simply a
conveyor to carry the oil evenly to all parts
of the tree so as not to burn any part, which
oil is liable to do.

The advantage of K. L. is that it is easily
made and will do for a summer wash and
has greater covering capacity than other
washes. When dry slaked or air slaked
lime is used the mixture must be agitated
violently for five minutes to emulsify it ;
when limoid is used the agitation need only
continue three minutes. When thoroughly
emulsified the kerosene is not likely to sepa-
rate from any of these forms of lime.

It is important that the materials used
should be pure. Every part of the tree
should be thoroughly sprayed, otherwise
the scale will not be killed and will soon
spread. The wash should be in the form
of a spray, not a sprinkle. Large orchard-
ists should use power machines.

If the Bordeaux mixture is properly
mixed, said Mr. Brown, one application is
enough. The bluestone may be seen all
season on his trees from one application.
He used arsenide of soda because it is solu-
ble in water, other poisons are not, but it is
a rank poison and has to be used very care-
fully. It is better than Paris green and
only costs half as much.

The K. L. B. P. mixture, Mr. Brown
claimed, is a panacea for all the pests of the
orchard — sucking insects, biting insects and
funsfous diseases.

I believe in thorough cultivation of the
peach orchard and heavy pruning. — (Adol-
phus Pettit, Grimsby, Ont.

If left to itself the San Jose scale will de-
stroy an orchard in two to four years.
Spraying is the only remedy.

This article, owing to crush of matter, was crowded out of the April issue.

176

NOVA SCOTIA AS AN APPLE GROWING PROVINCE*

RALPH S. EATON, KENTX'ILLE, N. S.

OX account of the general large crop value of $i,ooo or $2,000 to $10,000.

throughout all apple growing coun- It has changed dozens of farms from a value

tries and especially in England, the prices of $2,000 or $3,000 to $15,000 and $20,000

for fruit shipped before December i, 1904, and a number to $25,000 and $30,000. It

were very low, the lowest since 1896. Many has advertised the province more than any

fruit men would have been better off had one of its products. In visiting, a few years

they left their Gravensteins on the trees, ago, a number of horticultural societies and

IJlenheims were particularly clean and their fruit men of the United States, I was met

seemingly spot proof skin advanced them almost invariably with the question, " Are

many points in their position among the most you from the great fruit district of Nova

desirable varieties. The King, too, though wScotia ?'' It is probable that more people

always popular, strengthened its place on in the world know of Nova Scotia from its

the markets last year. * fruit than from any other source.

Comparisons between Nova Scotia fruit The average yield of apples in Nova
growers and others are usually interesting. Scotia for the last 10 years has been about
Knowing that the great bulk of our apples 300,000 barrels. The bearing orchards 25
are grown in a little valley between Wind- years of age and upwards well cared for
sor and Annapolis it is natural that we have been producing during this time about
should be curious to see how otir output 100 barrels per acre. All orchards are not
compares with the big province of Ontario well cared for and perhaps 50 barrels per
and some apple states of the Republic. Our acre would be a fairer average estimate,
fruit business occupies a conspicuous place This would show the crops to have come
an.d may be regarded with pride. The practically from 7,000 acres or 1 1 square
value of its exports exceeds the value of the miles, or a square of about three and a quar-
combined export of all our other farm pro- ter miles. Does this not seem almost in-
ducts. ■ credible? Yet this small square properly

From carefully prepared statistics of the cared for will produce 700,000 barrels

International Apple Shippers' Association annually.

the following estimate is made of the crop The area of Nova Scotia is 21,731 square

for 1903. a year of good average crops for miles, about 2,000 times the area producing

Ontario and the States mentioned : our apples. Only a very limited propor-

Barreis tion of this area is not suited for this fruit.

Nova Scotia '^?5'?^!? This has been proved in many wavs. The

Ontario 547,000 . . ^ . , ' ,

Maine 500 000 county exhibits at the Provincial Fair sub-
Massachusetts ]^~^?,?, stantiate this. Hants and Pictou are mag-

Pennsylvaiiia 1 / .S,000 . . ^ . , , ,

New York .3, 184,000 nmcent counties for fruit and each could be

^^'° 240,000 growing as well as not, without the slightest

Fruit growing has increased the value of interference with the other crops, a million

farms in fruit districts from two to five barrels of apples annually. Beautiful apples

times the value of farms of equal area in have been grown in the most northerly

other parts of Nova Scotia. It has changed points of Cape Breton and southerly parts

many acres of our country from a value of of Shelburne, Lunenburg, Yarmouth, Dig-

$20 or $30 to the selling value of $1,000. It by, Halifax, Antigonish and Victoria,

has changed hundreds of farms from a Many growers in these districts consider

' An address delivered at the last annual conven'ion of the Nova Scotia Fruit Clrowers' Associatibn, of which Mr. Eaton is president.

,78

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

their apples excel the " Valley " in quality.
It has been largely accidental that King's
and Annapolis counties have been growing
the great bulk of the fruit.

During the next lo years King's county,
Nova Scotia, will be rather conspicuous for
its output. Though from one standpoint
the plantings of recent years have been few,
yet in the aggregate they have been suffi-
cient to put the crop at 500,000 barrels in
the near future. The setting of 1,000 to
2,000 trees by an orchardist of late has
scarcely caused a passing conunent. Fif-
teen years ago 1,000 barrels was the highest
mark for a single farm. Eight years ago
2,000 barrels was the largest figure. Two
years ago 3,300 barrels were harvested from
one property. Within five years 4,000
barrels, within 10 years 5,000 to 7,000 bar-
rels will be shipped by a single grower.

After evolving a scheme for encouraging

the more rapid development of fruit culture
in the other counties I presented it to the
government of the province. It included
the planting of one to three model and ex-
perimental orchards in the most desirable
localities in each county and the securing
of five to ten farmers in each locality to
duplicate in area and in care the pattern set
by the government.

The government has adopted the scheme
in part, having established one or two or-
chards of two acres in each county. The
success of the scheme submitted should aid
largely in stimulating the planting in large
areas around each nucleus and quite rapidly
cover the bare fields with trees supplying a
variety and quantity of fruits which will
make each county produce, it is hoped, in
the not far distant future, as much as either
King's or Annapolis counties are growing
to-dav.

CANADIAN APPLES IN ENGLAND

T. H. RACE, OTTAW'A, ONT.

WHAT becomes of all our good Cana-
dian apples is a question that I
have been asking myself during the past
two months without a satisfactory answer.
I do not find them on the tables of our ocean
steamers, nor on the hotel tables in England,
nor on the large market stands, nor in the
shop windows. On the Cunard and Anchor
line steamers, both British lines, nothing but
a third class Baldwin can be found upon the
tables. In fact throughout England it wa?
Baldwins of a low grade that I found of-
fered everywhere. Having been in Eng-
land for the past two months in charge of
the Canadian exhibit at the Colonial Pro-
ducts Exhibition, Liverpool, I made it my
business to see and learn all I could of
Canadian fruit there. For our exhibit we
had 55 boxes of well selected apples, Ben
Davis, Spitzenburgs, and Blue Pearmains
from British Columbia ; Peerless, Mcintosh
Red from the St. Lawrence valley; Spys,

Baldwins, Stark, Ribston Pippins, Green-
ings, Kings, Golden and Roxbury Russets
and Cranberry Pippins from Ontario, Que-
bec and Nova Scotia. In all the boxes
each apple was wrapped in a separate piece
of paper. \ here was never before such an
attractive display of apples seen in Liver-
pool. " Why cannot we get our apples
done up in that shape here in the market?"
was the question that everybody asked. We
wholesaled our stock to one of the most en-
terprising dealers in Liverpool at six shil-
lings a box,and he disposed of them at a
large profit, as he said himself, " like wild
fire."

I do not know that this price, six shillings,
would pay the packer, but we could have got
two shillings more just as easily, only we
wanted to give the dealer a chance to boom
them, which he did.

One morning I visited St. John's market,
the largest in the city, and I saw there any

THE SPRAYING SEASON.

179

amount of United States apples, all low
grade, selling at tour pence and five pence
per pound. No one seemed to be offering
a fine quality got up in an attractive shape
with the placard, "grown in Canada," as we
recommended to the dealer who got our
stock. Another morning I visited the great
wholesale mart and saw lot after lot of
United States Baldwins knocked down at
10 to 14 shillings per barrel. After these
had been disposed of a few lots of No. i
Newtown Pippins were offered and were
snapped up at 20 shillings per half barrel.
This convinced me that there is as much in"
a name and a condition as in quality. Es-
tablish a name for our No. i Spys, offer
them in an attractive condition, and there
should be as much money in them as there
is in the American Newtown Pippin. An-
other thing that attracted special attention

in our exhibit was the nicely packed boxes
of evaporated apples. We distributed a
few samples of these among the better mid-
dle class and in every case the recipient
came back and pronounced them delicious.
We disposed of our stock of these also to
the dealer already referred to — Thos. Dowd,
of Moorefield Place, Liverpool — who is go-
ing to introduce them to the Liverpool trade.
I see no reason why a very large trade
should not be secured in England for this
Canadian article. So far as Liverpool is
concerned I believe the matter is in good
hands, and if Mr. Dowd does as well for
Canada as has been done for the island of
Jamaica in handling her fruits and finding
consumption for them, it will be well for
the Canadian growers, packers and pro-
ducers to get into business relations with
him.

NOTES ON SPRAYING

PROF. W. LOCHHEAD, 0. A. C, GUELPH.

FRUIT growers and gardeners should
give considerable thought at this
time of the year to the selection and pur-
chase of spraying materials. They must
take for granted that injurious insects and
fungous diseases will attack their crops this
coming season and should be prepared to
meet their attacks successfully.

The secret of successful spraying lies in a
thorough knowledge of the habits of the in-
jurious insects and fungi, and in the intelli-
gent application of the chemicals which have
been found most effective as insecticides and
fungicides. Some sucking insects, like the
San Jose scale and the pear psylla, can be
"best treated in the spring before the buds
open, with the lime-sulphur solution. The
preparation of this solution is well known.
Where the orchard is large it is advisable
to boil the lime and sulphur for one and a
half or two hours, according to the formula
in use for the last two years.

The lime-sulphur solution applied to
peach trees will prevent leaf-curl to a large

extent. It is also, therefore, a valuable
fungicide. As soon, however, as the buds
open other solutions must be used. The
standard fungicide is Bordeaux mixture.
The 4-4-40 formula is generally employed
in Ontario, i. e., four pounds copper sul-
phate, four pounds quick lime, 40 gallons of
water. Stock solutions of known strength
of the copper sulphate and lime are pre-
pared and kept in separate barrels. Two
precautions must be taken in making the
spraying solutions: (i) The stock solu-
tions should be poured separately into the
barrel, which should be nearly half full of
water. (2) The ferrocyanide test should
always be made to determine if enough lime
has been added.

TO KILIv BITING INSECTS.
Some arsenic compound should always
be mixed with the Bordeaux to poison the
biting insects and caterpillars. Paris green
is the one most commonly used, and at the
rate of six to eight ounces to the barrel of
Bordeaux. White arsenic, being cheaper

i8o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

and more constant in strength, is being- used
quite extensively by many growers in the
following forms:

1. .Vrsenite of soda, made by boiling four
pounds of sal soda crystals in one gallon
water with one pound of white arsenic. A
pint of this solution is added to the barrel
of Bordeaux.

2. Arsenite of lime, made by boiling one
pound of white arsenic in two gallons of
water for half an h^ur, then adding tw^o

pounds of good quick lime. A (juart of this
solution is used with a barrel of Bordeaux.

One application, at least, should be made
before the blossoms open, to prevent scab
on apple and pear, brown rot on plum, and
the ravages of the bud moth and the case
bearers. Another application should be
made after blossoming to i)revent scab,
brown rot, and the codling moth. Two
more applications are necessary through the
season if fruit free from scab is desired.

ONTARIO AND NOVA SCOTIA METHODS COMPARED

G. FKi:i). MARSH.

AX interesting article by 'Wx. A. Mc-
Neill, C'hief of the Fruit Division,
appeared in The Horticukurist, in which he
says : " The extent to wdiich commercial
fertilizers are used in Nova Scotia would
seem most extravagant to an Ontario
farmer." ]\f r. McNeill also says, " the On-
tario grower might well envy the vigor of
the Nova Scotian trees," and this vigor he
ascribes chiefly to the better care and atten-
tion which the trees receive. These will
all play their part, but no doubt a consider-
able part of it is due to the feed.

A farmer cannot expect a horse to do
good work or a cow give a plentiful supply
of milk unless they have the proper food ;
neither can a tree bring forth fruit year
after year unless it is properly fed. In
Nova Scotia a common application to a
bearing orchard is 300 pounds of bone meal
and 200 pounds of muriate of potash per
acre, and when a tree carries a heavy load
a further application of nitrate of soda is
made in order that the growth of the tree
may not be checked and the next year's
yield thereby lessened. The effect of this
fertilization is seen not only in the yield and
quality of fruit but also by the fact that the
off year, as it is called, is almost entirely
done away with, and the Nova Scotia farmer
can count on a crop each year.

In comparison with this picture the aver-
age Ontario orchard grows a number of

CLARKSBURG, ONT.

crops of grain and is then seeded down, and
is usually suffered to go on producing hay
indefinitely. It Avill be fortunate indeed if
it gets an application of farmyard manure
once in six or seven years, wdiile the ashes
which should be used to balance up the
farmyard manure are shipped out of the
country to help the United States farmer
grow fruit. Surely the Nova Scotian apple
grower would call this " extravagant prac-
tices."

At any station in Ontario can be seen the
dealers screening and grading their ashes
ready for shipment. The Ontario fruit
grower must be very blind to his own inter-
ests when he allows as nnich as a million
bushels of ashes to be exported annually
from his farms.

A recent call on one of our fruit growers
brought this very prominently before me.
This gentleman had drawn out the trim-
mings and limbs from the spring pruning
and piled them in a loose windrow', after-
wards burning them and putting the field m
corn. On the spot where the ashes had
been plowed in the corn yielded at least twice
as much as the rest of the field. When I
asked what he would put in the orchard to
take the place of the plant food which had
been taken from the trees to make corn he
was much surprised and did not seem to
realize that an apple orchard required to be
fed just the same as a corn field.

QdESTIOXS AND ANSWERS.

A Codling Moth Parasite

W. LOCHHKAL), O. A. C, GUELPH.

IHA\'E received the following letter
from ]Mr. Ehrhorn, Deputy Commis-
sioner of norticulture, California, regard-
ing the parasite of the codling month which
he has introduced into California. The
codling n:oth is not nearly so destructive in
Europe as in America, and it is generally,
suspected that a certain parasite keeps the
moth in subjection.

Horticulturists are greatly interested in
the codling mcith, which involves millions of
dollars losses annually. For many years
entomologists and others have heen search-
ing for valuable parasites which, if propa-
gated in sufiicient numbers, would keep it in
check.

Mr. Ehrhorn's letter is as follows: " We
have a parasite of the codling moth, and
some have been liberated in various sections
of California and we are breeding them at
our office. I am unable to give much in-
formation with regard to the parasite, as the
time has been too short to make any exten-
sive observations, but this very insect keeps
the codling moth in check in Europe, and
W"e are in hopes that it will do the same for
us in California. Time only will determine
whether or not the parasite will do the
work."

Trees Which Failed to Grow

W. T. MACOUX, HORTICULTURIST, C. E. P.,

OTTAWA.

I set out a few apple trees last spring. Some
of them did not make any growth, yet they are
as green as can be right to the top. I also
planted an Austrian pine. It does not look very
well, although it is green. Do you think they
will grow ? — (Chas. Derdaile, Walkerville, Ont.

If the apple trees and pine trees were still
alive in the autumn of 1904 it is quite hkely
that they will live. It very frequently hap-
pens that when trees are received in poor
condition, or if the soil is not properly pre-
pared, or the trees not planted carefully,
that they will make little or no growth dur-

ing the first season. If the winter is very
severe it is quite possible that the trees may
die, as trees that are not in a thrifty condi-
tion suffer, but the chances are that they
will live.

What Varieties Would Be Best ?

PROF. H. L. HUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH, OXT.

What varieties of fruit are best suiied for
Simcoe county ? Will chestnuts and filberts
grow here ? — (W. A. Piatt, Phelpston.

You have in your immediate neighbor-
hood at Craighurst one of our Ontario Fruit
Experimenters, ]\Ir. G. C. Caston, who
could give you more reliable information
ou the subjects mentioned than any one else
I know of in that part of the country. The
varieties of apples he has found most profit-
able are : Duchess, Alexander, Blenheim,
Ontario, Spy, and Guano. The Duchess
is, on the whole, one of his most profitable
varieties, but it is a fall apple, and it would
not be wise to plant largely of it unless you
are sure of being able to handle the crop in
the proper season for market. The Blen-
heim, Ontario and Spy succeed best when
top worked on some hardy stock, such as
Tallman Sweet.

Chestnuts and filberts would not be likely
to succeed in your neighborhood. Chest-
nuts grow well naturally in the southern
parts of Ontario, but I know of no place
where they have been successtully grown in
the northern parts of the province. Fil-
berts are barely hardy enough for the south-
ern sections, and it would be useless at-
tempting to grow them in the northern por-
tions of Ontario.

It would be better for Nova Scotia if
there were not more than half a dozen varie-
ties of apples in the whole province and cer-
tainlv in a neighborhood it would not be
wise to grow more than half a dozen. No
farmer should have more than three varie-
ties on his farm for export. — (A. McNeill,
Ottawa, before Nova Scotia Fruit Growers'
Association.

PRUNING IN THE SPRING *

J. m'p. ROSS, TORONTO.

1DO net know any gardening oiDeration
that gives as much pleasure to the re-
l^cotive mind as pruning. Every bud has
an individuahty of its own, as it contains the
dupHcate of the stem or brauch it is on. No
brancli should be removed without a reason,
and the trained horticulturist can see at a
glance why such and such a limb should be
cut back or thinned out. The pleasure
comes in feeHng that your work is done un-
derstandingly.

Priming is identical with cultivating. As
the gardener hoes out the weeds betw'eeii the
rows and thins the plants in the row for the
purpose of giving sun and air to those that
are left, knowing that when they are de-
veloped they will require all the space
left, so the intelligent pruner thins out the
branches on the shrub, vine or tree so as to
allow the sun and air to benefit the fruit.
By the removing of the surplus growth he
sends the sap that would have otherw'ise
gone to supply branch, leaf and fruit into
the remaining branches, foliage and fruit,
making sturdier branches, larger foliage
and finer fruit.

It is a great pleasure to the pruner when
'he comes to a tree or bush that is full of
wood, misshapen and neglected, to put it
into proper shape, that is, to have the
branches nearly balanced all round, to prune
so as to leave the stems or branches all about
the same dimensions; if the growth is too
much to one side to shorten that well back,
thus sending the sap to the weaker side.

We prune to produce form, to produce
fruitfulness and to restrain fruitfulness. To
produce fruitfulness summer pinching is
practised. When a tree is growing luxu-
riantly and not fruiting the reason is that
the roots are revelling in rich soil with
abundant food and sending up sap so freely
that it is simply making wood. To check
this, when the young shoots are, sav, six
inches long, nip the end off with the fingers.

This checks the growth and induces the tree
to form fruit buds which will fruit next
year. Bending the branches down by tying
on weights is another system. Any method
will answer that retards the sap. Root prun-
ing is also effectual. This is done by
digging a trench around the tree and cutting
the leading roots with the spade, which is
almost akin to transplanting. This gener-
ally results in throwing the tree into fruit
bearing. Going over the tree when in full
growth and pinching back the leading shoots
two or three times is the most effectual.

Some seasons are so cold and wet when
the trees are in bloom that the bees and in-

Gooseberry Untrimmed

sects cannot fly, and the blossoms are not
fertilized, and sometimes late frosts are rea-
sons for loss of fruit.

OVER PRODUCTION.

To restrain over production of fruit prune
the limbs hard back. This removing of the
wood leaves fewer buds on the tree, and
when they grow^ having more sap to draw
on they produce larger leaves to draw the
sap, inducing a healthier, thriftier growth-
all round the tree, entirely renewing the
wood. Old trees exhausted by bearing can
thus be renewed into bountiful growth and
a new' lease of life of fruit hearing.

Very few flowering shrubs should be
trimmed at this time of year, but should be

* A paper read at the April meeting of the Toronto HorticuUural Society.

1S2

I/OJ^V TO PRUNE.

left till after flowering, as any cutting back
now or thinning out means merely remov-
ing so many flowering branches. Above all
things do not clip them into round heads, as
it totally destroys the individual growth
with its characteristic grace, leaving nothing
but meaningless round form, abominable in
its stiiTness. The hvdrangea is the onlv

Gooseberry Trimmed

shru'b that should be well clipped back in
spring before growth. All others should
be pruned or thinned out after the flowering
season is over.

Raspberry canes cut back to within six
inches of the ground will give a crop of fruit
later in the season, after the other canes
pruned back in the ordinary way have
fruited and gone.

We all know 'how much finer the fruit is
that is grown on young bushes or trees. It
is generally larger and always perfect, with
high color and shining skins as though pol-
ished. This is accounted for by free open
exposure to sun and air, and this fact should
point out strongly the 'benefit of pruning,
which always should tend to keep the bush
or tree open and well supplied with vigor-
ous wood. The character and habit of
growth of dififerent varieties of fruit trees
has also a bearing on the pruning necessary
for each. The pruning required for North-
ern Spy should always be to widen the

branches and open the centre, as the tree has
an upright tendency of growth similar to the
lombardy poplar. As a contrast, in the
case of the Rhode Island Greening, the ob-
ject is to promote an upright tendency, as
the habit of this variety is to spread out, and
its branches after bearing soon touch the
ground unless the pruner lifts them up.

The tendency of sap is always to the top
bud, which if not cut back goes on indefi-
nitely. The King of Tomkins is an ex-
ample.

Pruning to produce an equal distribution
of sap in all the branches consists in thin-
ning out the branches so as to have the
grow^th of the tree equally balanced all
round. As the sap always ascends to the
top of the tree, leaving the lower branches
in a feeble condition, it is necessary to cut
back the leading shoots so as to force the
sap into the lower branches and thus keep
up a uniform growth. Pruning the smaller
branches on the strong part of the tree and
leaving them on the weaker part restores

Rose Untrimmed

the balance, as by removing the branches
you remove the foliage which attracts the
sap, and leaving branches with their foliage
on the weak part induces the sap to go there,
thus increasing the strength of the tree in
that part.

iS4

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURJy: .

As (gooseberries bear their fruit on the
two-year-old wood it is necessary to always
keep a few strong sihoots growing to keep
up the head and renew the bearing wood.
Tliese shoots are shortened back next year
to produce lateral fruit-bearing branches.
In short the bush should be trimmed to have
say five leading branches placed at ecjual
distance from each other, with the center
open 'to avoid density and confusion.

Roses recjuire hard cutting back, ])articu-
larly hybrifl perpetual s. h'ully two-thirds
of last season's growth of wood should be
ren:ove(l. This hard cutting back and
thinning out weak growth induces such a
vigorous groAvtli aiud large sappy foliage
tliat insects do not molest them, but leave
them for weaker foliage. The blooms will
also be larger and sweeter scented, l)otb
qualities greatly to be desired and produced
by severe cutting 'back.

Persian Yellow and Austrian roses sIkjuUI
only be prunetl every second year, while the
Crimson Ranvbler type of roses require no
])runing bevonid removal of weak or dead
wood, or the removal of a branch growing
where it is not desired.

Climbing roses of the Prairie type require
sliarpl)- spurring liack, and long leading
branches should be cut back to firm wood

by thinning out into branches or canes of
similar thickness. Disbudding roses, or
rubbing off those buds not wanted prevents
after confusion and economises saj). When
cutting back the shoots cut close to an eye,
leaving as far as jjossible full pluni]» l)uds a5

7.

Rose Trimmed

miore likely to produce flowers. Cut also
those pointing outwards as more likely to
give a handsome shape. jNIoss, Provence,
Damask and Austrian roses should be cut
back to within two or three eyes of the riper
wood. Mgorous growing kinds do not re-
quire too close pruning, but weaker grow-
ing kinds should be severelv cut l>ack.

HOW TO PLANT STRAWBERRIES

J. O. DUKE, OLINDA, OXT.

IX planting large patches of strawberries
I have had the best results by simply
plowin.g a furroAv across the field and set-
ting the plants against the land side of the
furrow, which is filled in at once on the re-
turn of the plo'w, marking out going one
way across the field and filling in the furrow
coming back. Si.x men caii plant as fast
as one man with a team can mark out and
1 il in, thus i)lanting quite a large patch in a
day.

The furrows should be about four feet

apart and n-.ost varieties ma_\- be planted
three feet apart in the row, though some
kinds, like Michael's Early, which produce
man.v plants, can go four or five, while Bu-
bach and Clyde, which are not heavy plant
producers, should be planted i8 to 20 inches.
Strawberries planted in this manner should
be cnltixiated and well hoed within a week
of planting, then cultivated often enough
during the summer to keep them free from
weeds and grass. Care should always be
taken wdien cultivating to run the cultivator

BEST FRUIT TO GROW.

18:

tlie same way in the row, thus training the
runners in one direction.

Blossoms and fruit should be clipped off
as soon as they appear. Planting should
be done about Alay i, and not later than
May 10 in southern Ontario. The rows
should not be allowed to ibecome more than

18 inches wide. It is a good plan to sow
the patch to oats as soon as enough plants
have formed. " This prevents the formation
of a lot of weak plants late in the fall, and
also provides a nice mulch. If this is not
done the patch should be well covered with
clean straw early in the winter.

BEST VARIETIES OF FRUIT

n

N raspberries the Turner and Reli-

ef the Huron fruit experiment station, to a
representative of The Canadian Horticultur-
ist, " have been found to be the two best
early varieties in this vicinity, and the Cuth-
bert and Phoenix the two best medium and
late varieties. In currants, of the reds,
Fay's Prolific, Pomona and \'ersailles have
proved to be the best varieties, both in pro-
ductiveness and quality. Am.ong the blacks
the Champion and Naples have been the
most satisfactory in every respect, including
growth of bush and fruit, as well as quality.

" Of wliite currants the Wiiite Grape is
the best variety. The experiments with
gooseberries have shown the Downing and
Pearl, both of which are American varieties,
to be the best and most profitable. The Red
Jacket, also an American variety, is very
promising but requires further testing.

" The three favorite strawberries are
Michael's Early, Sanders and Brandy wine ;
the last two are the best for canning. The
apples that have given the best results in-
clude the Spy, Ben Davis, Rhode Island
Greening, Duchess, Baldwin and Golden
Russett. Many other varieties have done
well but have not proved as prolific com-
mercially. Among the promising new

varieties are the Northwest Greening, a
winter variety which has a healthy, vigor-
ous tree, is an early bearer and produces
mucli fruit of fair (juality, and the Salome,
a very desirable winter apple.''

IX THE BURLINGTON DISTRICT.

" Among the best varieties of red cur-
rants for the Burlington district," said ]\Ir.
A. W. Peart, of the Burlington station,
" are the \'ictoria. Wilder, Cherry and Fay's
Prolific, for early varieties, and North Star
and Prince Albert for medium to late varie-
ties. In black currants the most desirable
coni'mercial varieties are the Sanders. Na-
ples and Collins' ProHfic, the latter being a
late variety. In white currants the Grape
is the largest and most productive, while the
Imperial is superior in quality. The severe
weather of a year ago had the effect of
drawing the line between hardy and tender
varieties of blackberries very closely. Those
which passed through and cropped last fall
out of a list of 22 varieties were the Aga-
wam. Western. Triumph. Snyder, Ancient
Britain, Eldorado, Stone's Hardy and Wa-
chusetts. For a commercial plantation Mr.
Peart considers the best paying varieties are
the Agawam. Snyder, Kittatinny and West-
ern Triumph."

I have tested 15 varieties of blackberries
and have narrowed them down to two, and
these two fill the bill for this locality. They
are the Eldorado and Agawam. They lose
none of their bearing wood during cold

winter and give excellent crops, both in
quality and quantity. — (G. C. Caston,
Craighurst, Ont.

We couldn't do without such a paper as The
Horticulturist.— (C. W. Mitchell, Pt. Elgin, Ont.

1 86

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

The Strawberry Patch

MRS. JOHN GILFILLAN, KIKKTON, ONT.

ROWS of Strawberry plants are usually
placed about three and a half to four
feet apart and the plants 15 to 24 inches
apart in the rows, according to the thrifti-
ness of the variety or varieties grown. The
choice of varieties should only be made after
actual test. Begin planting as early in the
spring as possible, to get the benefit of early
rains and thus give the plants a vigorous
start.

Plants should always be well trimmed, all
large or dead leaves removed, together
with the tips of the roots, which will then
branch out and take a firmer hold of the soil.
Begin cultivation immediately after plant-
ing and continue throughout the season,
thereby keeping weeds in check, conserving
the moisture in the soil and confining the
plan.ts to their alloted space in the rows.
Blossoms should be removed the first season,
as well as any runners that may appear be-
fore the plants are in a sufficiently vigorous
condition to support them.

Chrysanthemums in May

GEORGE HOLLIS, BRACONDALE, ONT.

MAY is a busy month for the chrysan-
themum grower, especially for cut
flowers. Cuttings of late varieties should
be rooted ready to plant early in June.
Keep the cutting bench rather wet and shade
the plants from the sun. The air from the
ventilators should be kept ofT them by hang-
ing a curtain of cotton before the plants as,
otherwise, the air will wilt them badly.

The early varieties such as the Bergsman
and Monrovia should be planted this month.
A good, stiff loam, which bas been stacked
for some time, is the best soil to use. Four
wheelbarrows of this and one of well rotted
manure (cow manure preferred), with some
fine ground bone, say a four-inch pot full
of the bone to each load, or two bushels of
soil, makes an excellent mixture.

Clear the bench and s:ive it a coat of new

lime. Put four to five inches of soil in the
bench, the coarse in the bottom and the fine
on top. Plant the early varieties about five
inches apart in the row ; if fine blossoms are
wanted leave seven inches space. The late
\arieties need more room.

Pot the cuttings as soon as they are
rooted. Do not leave them until they be-
come hard and draw up thin, as if jxju do
you cannot obtain high class flowers from
such stock. See that the exhibition pot
plants are kept near the glass and potted as
needed, and grow the strongest shoots at the
back. Syringe the plants with tobacco
water for the black fly, or fumigate them.
A good start wath ohrysanthemums is_ a
great advantage.

Planting Asters

FOR asters dig and rake fine about a
square yard of rich soil in the open
garden. If the soil is poor, dig in some
well-rotted manure or cow manure, \\nien
the soil is fairly dry, make some shallow
drills about half an inch in depth. The
drills should be about eight inches apart.
Sow the seed as soon as possible, thinly,
about an inch apart in the drills. Rake the
soil over lightly, sufficient to cover the seed.
If the soil is dry, give it a light watering,
using a fine sprinkling watering can.

When the plants are about two inches in
height, transplant into rows about 15 inches
apart. The plants should be about 10
inches apart in the rows. The soil should
be prepared in the same way as for the
seeds. The plants should be set in the soil
a very little deeper than they were when
Sfrowins: in the seed bed.

One Layer of Manure to three or four
of sod would be a better proportion for rais-
ing early vegetable plants than that given on
page 146 of the April issue, as a compost
less rich in fertilizing property produces a
hardier and sturdier growth than when a
very rich compost is used. — (Correction
sent it! bv '\\x. Hunt.)

JN THE FLOWER GARDEN.

187

Scarlet Salvia*

JESSIE EDMUNDS, BURI.INGTON, ONT.

n| "^ HIS is one of the best bedding plants
A we have where a great show of bril-
liant color is desired. Being a tall growing
plant, is is very effective in groups for the
lawn where prominent beds are desired. Its
flowers are borne in spikes six inches long
or over, and are the richest imaginable scar-
let. So bright are they that they have a
glow like that of fire when the sun shines on
them, and so deep is their tone that they
seen as if made of velvet.

A row of these plants make a magnificent
background for a border along a fence or
building on the sunny side. It is excellent
for cutting. It is of the easiest possible
culture. Either plant the seeds in the open
border or under glass, to transplant when
they are two inches high. Give them a rich
mellow soil, keep the weeds down, and noth-
ing more is required, unless the season
should be dry, in whic'h case it may be neces-
sary to water daily.

If growing in the open, stake the branches
as they are very brittle and easily broken by
wind. If some of the shoots that spring
freely from the roots are taken off and pot-
ted in Septennber }OU will have a fine plant
for winter blooming. The old plants will
continue to bloom till frost nips them. The
red spider is the one fo'e of the salvia, and
if it makes its appearance the plant must be
showered daily or it wih be ruined.

Pruning Roses in other countries is gen-
erally done in the fall, but here it must be
left until the spring, and I have found it
most advantageous to leave it until the very
end of April or the beginning of May, and
the imosit to be done then is to remove all the
dead wood, but some pruning may be neces-
sary in the early part of July in cutting back
to a few eyes some of the strong growing
shoots, and thereby perpetuating the bloom.
— (Robert Barclay, Winnipeg, Man.

* Extract from address prepared for a Womeji's Institute Meet'iig

Rose Culture

W. G. BLACK, OTTAWA.

IN selecting a place for a bed of roses the
situation, as far as possible, should
iface the south and east. Roses require full
exposure to rain and sunshine ; they also re-
quire shelter frcmi storms, north and west
winds, and it is desirable to have a rose gar-
den shaded from the fatigue of the after-
noon sun. Beds should be so placed that
each plant can be seen from the walk. This
prevents 'be'ds being tramped on.

Taller growing varieties ought to be
placed at the back and the smaller ones in
front, but to accomipilish this the young
rosarian will ihave to niake many changes
after plants have grown. It is well to
manure plants twice yearly, late in the fall
and again after the first bloom of summer.
iWater should be freely given during the
growing and blooming season. Let the
manure in all cases be well rotted, and dug
into the" soil.

It will pay to give a little extra attention
to newly planted roises. Care in childhood
often determines the constitution of the
man, so it is conducive to a healthy plant.
To those w!ho love flowers, there is an in-
terest felt in the simplest operation of cul-
ture, for 'he who plants a tree adopts it as his
own, and delights in administering to its
w^ants.

Sweet Peas. — An ounce of sweet pea
seed will plant a row 10 feet long. Plant
in trenches ; cover at first with only an inch
of soil, then as the plants grow, fill in one
inch at a time. Put them in as early as
possible. Water well each night, rich soil
and blossoms picked daily is the whole se-
cret. Sparrows a-e fond of peas when just
peeping up. A shot gun is good for spar-
rows.— (N. S. Dunlop, Montreal, Que.

If you Cannot have suitable windows,
have plants suitable for your windows. —
(Mrs. W. J. McLenahan, Appleby, Ont.

HOW TO MAKE CITY GROUNDS ATTRACTIVE

MAYOR 1. A. KI.I.IS, OTTAWA. OXT.

WIll-'A' plaiiniii,^- the- iiniproveniciit and of which we say these are lovely or beauti-
beautifyinj;' of the grounds sur- ful, but vv'hat is lovely or beautiful with one
rounding a citv residence, the first thing to set of surroundings may be (juite otherwise
I'dkv into consi(ler;ition is the natural sur- in different surroundings. It is difficult,
roundings. The object should always be therefore, to lay down a hard and fast rule
to im])rove t'heni wihere they can be worked for all cases, as each place will re(|uire some-
into the geni'ral plan, and hide the disagree- what different treatment from any other,
able necessary features, such as sheds and The first thing we must consider are the

fences, whic'h are always to be found in con- natural defects, .such as sheds and fences,
junction with city residences. which we wish to h'ide. These should be

1 am strong^ly opposed to that kind of hidden by trees, shrubs or climbers. Next,
landscape gardening which consists in plant- we must consider our natural advantages,
ing a mnnber of trees, shrubs and flowers such as the boulevard and any trees or
at random, or dotted all over the grounds, shrubs there may happen to be about the
without any regard tO' Ayhat the general view place. Having got the frame of our pic-
ture, we must de-
cide upon ho'W we
\\ill lay out the pic-
ture itself.

I am decidedly in
favor of always hav-
iivg a foreground of
lawn. The boulevard
can often make part
of this lawn and it is
desirable in many
cases to carry it along
tlie sides of the house.
At the back of the lot
trees or tall growing
shru'bs should be
■planted, and if there
is a fence climbers
■m i g h t be grown
The Home of Mr. Jas. Thorne, Ottawa, Cnt. ao^ainst it

will be when they have grown up. The ob- We have now get our background, the
ject should be to make as perfect a picture front of our picture, and the siheds and
as possible, one in which the dift'erent fences taken care of. What remains to be
trees, s'hrubs, flowers and the grass will done is to fill in between these to the best ad-
form a part, but which when completed and vantage to complete the picture. The tall-
placed in the proper positions will make a est shrubs should always be planted at the
harmonious whole. A sure guide is one's back, and everything gradually graded from
own eye. Often we come across grounds the back and sides to the front. Every-

Extract from an address delivered before the Ottawa Horticultural Society.

iSS

THE HOME GROUNDS.

189

thing should be so arranged that none of
our trees, shrubs or flowers will be hidden
hut }et so they will blend together. The
disagreeable surroundings must be hidden.
We want a complete picture which will give
several different and pleasing views from
dift'erent standpoints.

I am a strong believer in the massing of
shrubs and flowers with open spaces from
the front. Many a garden is spoiled by
dotting them here, there and everywhere,
so that wherever the eye rests there is noth-
ing but a conglomerating of plants and
flowers.

LEAVE PLENTY OF SPACE).

One great mistake often made is to have
the trees in front of the house and grounds
too close together. The reason is siniple.
\Vhen the young trees were first planted
they were planted thickly in order to get
shade right away. After a few years they
grow up, and in many cases it would be far
better were some of them cut out. From
20 to 25 feet is little enough for a well
grown maple, for example, and it is 'won-
derful how vastly improved most trees are
when given plenty of room. When the
trees in front are too close together the grass
on the lawn does not get sufficient light and
air, nor do shruhs and flowers which may
be near them. Leave sufficient space be-
tween the trees that one may see between
them the beauties of the grounds. The
best trees for street planting in Ottawa are
the sugar maple and elm. The soft maple
and the red maple are almost as good.

There are very few good climbing vines
which are perfectly satisfactor}- in Ottawa.
The climate in winter is too severe for most
of those which do very well a little farther
south. For instance in Toronto Boston
Ivy does excellently, but in Ottawa it very
frequently kills down to the ground in win-
ter. This is a great drawback because
after killing in this way it takes the best
part of the summer to attain its fonr.er
growth and vigor.

The common \"irginia Creeper is an ex-
cellent vine in many respects, but it too has
one drawback, and that is its liability to the
thrip or green fly, which often nearly de-
stroys the leaves in August or September
and makes it have a very ragged appear-
ance, just when it should be at its best.
I^rohibl}- the best clin her for Ottawa is a
species of Virginia Creeper which is native
to Ontario and is to be found growing wild
around Ottawa. This has all the good
qualities of the ordinary Virginia Creeper,
clings much closer to brick, wood or stone,
needs no training or fastening up, and above
all is very little subject to thrip. It is being
disseminated by the experimental farm.

Other good climhers are Dutchman's
Pipe, Clematis Jackmanii, and Honey-
suckles. Several varieties of roses can also
be used as climbers, particularly the Crim-
son Rambler. Climbers can be used to
grow against and hide fences and sheds,
they can be trained up verandas and porches
and against the sides of the house itself.

(To be concluded In June issue. )3

SWEET PEAS IN THE GARDEN

R. B. WHYTE, OTTAWA.

SO^^' sweet peas as soon as they are re-
ceived and where they will get plenty
of sun and air. Do not plant where they
will be shaded by trees. They do not bear
many flowers if in a shady place. If you
can, make your rows run north and south.
If you have good garden soil no special

preparation is necessary. Spread about
two inches of rotten stable manure over the
surface, if you can get it ; dig it in deep ; it
should be covered six inches deep so that
none of it can touch the seed. Stretch a
string the length of your row so as to make
it straight, then with a hoe make a trench

lyo

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIS'I .

beside the string at>out four inches deep,
drop the peas, one at a time, about two
inches deep.

When, they are in, draw back into the
trench enoug-h earth to cover the seeds two
inches. With }Our foot press hghtly along
the row so as to bring the earth into close
contact with the seed. If the soil is very
heavy or clayey that is deep enough to cover
the seed; but if light and sandy, when the
plants are about four inches high, draw in
over the roots another inch of soil, and if

very sandy fill up the trenx:h to the top.
If }our soil is very poor and sandy it will
pay to take a little more trouble in prepar-
ing it. Dig a trench a foot deep and the
same width. In the bottom put four or five
inches of manure, cover the manure with
three inches of the top soil, tramp firmily so
that the seed bed will not be too porous.
After tramping down, spread an inch or two
of loose soil on which to plant your seed.
Sow the seed, as directed above, filling in
the trench as the plants grow, until full.

THE BACK YARD BEAUTIFUL

J. M. HULL, HAMILTON, OXT.

MY garden is 25 feet by 60 feet and was
very hard clay. To improve it the
first consideration w-as to have a good lawn,
which should be in the center, and graded
with a slope so as to carry surplus water
away.

Having accomplished this the next step
was to beautify the boundaries, such as
fences, walls and outbuildings. I dug bor-
ders three or four feet wide along the fence
and enriched it with good soil to a depth of
18 or 20 inches. Where space is limited no
trees or shrubs should be planted 'on the
lawn. All planting should be done in the
border.

Front of Mr. Hull's House

In my garden are grape vines, Virginia
creeper and honeysuckle, clematis and

rambler roses, which are perennial, and im-
prove each year. I have annual vines, such
as morning glory, scarlet bean, madeira vine

A Clump of Iris in Mr. Hull's Garden

and nasturtium, which grow quickly and
soon cover a fence.

Next to the vines I place tall plants, such
as hollyhocks, sunflower, native asters,
phlox, valerina, achillea and golden glow.
The last named is a grand plant to hide a
fence. It multiplies rapidly and is very
hardy. In front of these iris, coreopsis,
marigolds, snapdragon and zinnia are
planted.

The border or edge has white candytuft.
The garden is planted mostly with hardy
plants, which are more satisfactory than an-
nuals, and improve each year.

ROSES AXD THEIR CARE.

191

The banking of the foUage against th.e
foundation, as shown in the illustration of
the front of house, forms a connecting link
between house and ground and gives the
appearance as if the house grew there. The
vines used are Boston, ivy and pink rambler,
which shows in bloom. It is not quite as
grand as the crimson rambler, but is very
pretty when in full bloom. The shrub in
bloom is dentzia, Pride of Rochester, a dou-
ble white and very beautiful. The other
shrub is spiraea \'an Houttei. one of the best
shrubs, and grand when in bloom. The
under planting is filled in with hardy ferns
and pansy, which grow very well, as they
are planted on the north side of the house.

The clump of iris is the florentina, a very
sweet scented white, tinged with pale blue
and yellow. The dark flower is a rich pur-
ple self-color. They make a lovely combi-

nation, as they bloom at the same time. I
consider these two the best of German iris.
Every garden should have at least a varietv

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A View in Mr. Hull's Garden

of these flowers, as they are very hardy and
beautiful.

THE SPRING CARE OF ROSES

W. G. BLACK, OTTAWA, OXT.

SPRING is the proper season to prune
roses, though with some plants I cut
back after the first bloom in July to obtain
a crop of bloom in September. In speak-
ing on this subject, the first question is, why
is pruning necessary ? Why should not

our rose trees grow as fine and large as they
will ?

The answer is to be found in the manner
of the natural growth of the rose. By
watching an unpruned rose tree it will be
found that first strong shoots flower well
the following season, but next year another
strong shoot starts considerably lower down,
and this soon absorbs the majority of the
sap, and eventually starv^es the original
shoot, and is itself star^-ed in succession by
another. A rose in the natural state has
this happen every year, and this is one of the
first reasons why pn.ining is necessary.

The objects of pruning are to maintain
the life and strength of the plants, and to

gi\e more vigor, color and substance to the
flowers, because there must be a consider-
able amount of strength and sap reserved
for each bloom or some rose will not fully
show the true colors. Each rose, in itself,
must be a study for the pruner's art.

METHOD OF PRUXIXG.

The first care should be to cut out dead
w^od, and wood, no matter how thick or old,
which is becoming Aveakly, in comparison
with other stronger shoots. W'e should
always cut back to the bud that looks out-
wards, and take care to see that the centre
of the bush will not be too crowded, so that
it can have air. Misplaced shoots, in the
middle of the plant, should be cut off at the
bottom. It may also break your heart to
cut away some handsome branches, but it
tias to be done.

THE GUIDIXG RULE.

The answer to the question, how many
buds are to be kept on each shoot, is to be

Extract from an address delivered before the Ottawa Horticultural Society.

J 92

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTURIS7

found in the golden ruk' of pruning, thai
more buds are to be left on the strong-
shoots, and less, in proportion., on the weak
ones. Like Darwin's law of the survival
of the fittest, you leave tire strong plant
long and cut away nearly all the weaker
ones. The strong grower is capable of suj)-
plying several bud's on each shoot with a
suiificien;cy of sap for gcxxl blooms, and if a
(\\\\' number be not allowed the shoots will
cither noi flo'wer or will prochice coarse and

ill shaped blooms. In proportion as a plant
is weakly in growth, fewer buds should be
left, because there will be only sufficient sap
for one or two buds. The more a shoot is
cu(t back the longer 'will be the new growth.
To get rid of the insects that trouble rose
bushes, they require to be sprayed in spring
with a solution of Avhale oil soap, or handier,
" sulpho-tobacco soap," and a firstrate thing
is to turn the hose on and spray them well
and frequently with cold water.

Establishing Lilies

R. ]!. WIIV'1% OTTAWA^ ONT.

Could Mr. AVhj'te, who.'-e garden was demerit >ed in
the March Horticulturist, tell nie about establishing
lilies. I know many amateur growers have failed.
Of the last lot 1 got from V'ermont none grew. I
never have succeeded in estal)lishing even one lily
and would be glad if I could. — (Mr.s. Rudolf, Sca-
f .rth, Unt.

Lilies succeed best when planted in" a well
drained, sandy loam, with a gravel or sand
subsoil. As the}- should be planted deep
there should be at least 12 inches of good
fertile earth above the subsoil. Man}- grow-
ers fail fro'm planting too shallow. The
small bulb varieties like Tennifolium, Mar-
tagon and Superbum, should be planted
about six indies deep, while the larger bulb
sorts, like Croceum, Auratum, Excelsum,
Longiflorum, etc., should 'have not less than
10 inches from the top of the bulb to the
surface.

Lilies should be heavily mulched during
the winter. As soon as the ground freezes
cover with three or four inches of rotted
stable manure, and over that six or eight
inches of straw or lig-ht manure. Even with
the greatest care 11-iany of the most beautiful
forms do not ibecome established. The
Auratunis, Brownii, Longiflorum, Krameri,
Lennifolium, Pardalinum, and sometimes
the Speciosums die out after two to four
years' blooming and ihave to be replanted,
but there is a long list of varieties that are
perfectly 'hardy and easily grown if properly
treated, including Proceum, ^lartagon (pur-

ple and white), Superbum., Candiduni, Ti-
grinum, Excelsum, Hansoni, all the elegans
varieties, of which Citrinum, Incomparable
and Houtti are the best, all the Unibella-
tunis, the best of this class I have grown are
Tottenliami, Sensation, Grandiflorum and
Aurantiacuni. A very beautiful and hardy
lily is Pomponium Verum, the most brilliant
red in the family, but unfortunately the
odor is verv ofifensive.

Growing Sweet Peas Continuously

PROF. H. L. HUTT, ONT. AGRI. COLLEGE.

"What fertilizer should be used to permit the
growing of sweet peas iri the same ground year
after year. The ground is loam above with
clay one and a half feet below ? — (G. T. Clark-
son, Toronto.

It is best, if at ali possible, to avoid grow-
ing sweet peas year after year on the same
ground. Where attempted not only the
growth oi the vines but the quality of the
flowers deteriorates. If the ground is so
small that the location cannot be changed
it might be advisable to change the soil by
digging lip a trench one and a half feet deep
and about two feet wide and filling in with
good fresh soil, which might be obtained
from some other part of the garden.

The best soil for sweet peas is a good
heavy loam with a fair mixture of clay. It
should be enriched with a general fertilizer,
such as well rotted manure, or if this is not
obtainable, it would be well to apply a small
quantity of some complete fertilizer, that is

FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES.

193

one providing nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and
potash. As a rule the sweet pea does not
require much nitrogen, as it is able to take
its supply from the atmosphere. It requires
a liberal amount of potash and some phos-
phoric acid, which can be supplied in an ex-
cellent form in unleached wood ashes. In
a fairly rich garden soil a liberal application
of wood ashes would probably be all that is
required.

Growing Early Tomatoes

GROWING of early tomatoes and other
vegetables was the subject of an ad-
dress delivered recently at Leamington by
Professor Taft, superintendent of fanners'
institutes for the State of Michigan.

Those who live along the north shore of
Lake Erie, according to Prof. Taft, should
have every advantage in growing early
vegetables and the best varieties of fruit.
The growing of early vegetables or the forc-
ing of vegetables in winter should be very
profitable.

Crops, especially those grown out of sea-
son, are peculiarly sensitive to injury or
disease. If the weather is too warm or
there is a defect in the drying of the soil, or
if the temperature is too cold, the growth is
checked and the plant injured. The right
kind of plant food should be provided and
the right quantity. The great danger is in
giving too little food, but sometimes too
much fertilizer or manure is used and the
plant makes an abnormal growth.

Stable manure well rotted is perhaps the
best food that can be provided for vegeta-
bles, but for fruit growing much more care
should be taken in supplying plant food.
Wood ashes is one of the best fertilizers for
fruit trees. The great trouble is that ashes
do not contain nitrogen, and if used for
vegetable growing, good partly decomposed
manure should be mixed with the ashes. In
the grovd;h of vegetables for profit fertilizers
must be used in most soils. Potash and

phosphoric acid and nitrogen form com-
ponent parts of the best fertilizers. Thus
a grower who understands the elements in
the soil, and who knows what his land re-
quires, and is willing to expend a little, can
generally be successful. j\Iany of the ferti-
lizers on the market contain a considerable
percentage of valueless elements. The man
who is able to get his goods on the market
the earliest is the one who makes the money.
Push the vegetables as fast as possible.
Don't neglect them.

The best early kind of tomato is the Ear-
liana. For late tomatoes or for factory use
the Stone has given the best satisfaction. It
is imperative that the seed for the early
kinds should be sown before March i in
suitable houses, with the right soil and
plenty of water, and an even temperature of
about 60 degrees. The plants should be
transplanted two or three times and should
be well filled with fruit before setting out.

The stalk should be tied to a stake and
trimmed to a single stem, as the fruit will
ripen earlier and the returns be better. Too
much manure must not be used, and potash
and phosphoric acid should be added to
check the tendency to too much growth of
the plant.

Castor Oil for Plants

GEORGE VAIR, TORONTO, ONT.

A LADY last year came to me with a
rubber plant that wanted doctoring
the worst way. It was in a sorry plight. I
found the soil full of castor oil, which she
confessed she had put on, a drop or two
once in a while. She also had not hesi-
tated to pour on a little weak tea.

I said I would draw the line at castor oil,
but I would not mind the weak tea, if it was
just the strength she gave her husband
when he happened to be a little late. It is
singular, sometimes, the remedies some
people try on their flowers.

THE MUSHROOM BED

PERCY CASBURN, DESERONTO, ONT.

1

' HE first step in making a mushroom
bed is to collect enough horse
manure. This should not be allowed to
become wet and should be put under a shed
to heat. Turn it several times to prevent
drying.

Prepare the beds by placing boards 14
inches deep around the sides. Two or
three feet will be M^ide enough for the beds.
Put the manure in and pack firm. W'hen
the temperature is down to 85 degrees break
the spawn into pieces about two inches
square, make holes and plant the spawn 12
inches apart all over the 'bed. Cover the
spawn and beat firm.

After the spawn has been in a week, cover
with two inches of good loam and beat firm
and smooth. Water carefully with a fine
spray, with water the same temperature as
the bed. Do not allow the bed to become
dry, as after the mushrooms appear, which
will be in about six weeks, no water can be
given. If watered then the mushrooms
damp oflF.

I generally start my first beds in early
April. Where there is artificial heat the beds
can be made at any season. Mushrooms re-
()uire a temperature of 45 to 50 degrees.

I have had beds bearing until SeptemJber.
If artificial heat is applied, and a mixture of
dried cow manure given with a little fine
soil, covering the bed with half an inch of
the preparation, and a good watering is
given, a second crop will soon appear. The
best soil for covering a bed is good sandy
loam, such as is used for potting plants.

Asparagus roots should be planted at in-
tervals of 12 inches in the row, the crowns
four to six inches below the surface. Spring
is the preferable time. Two year old roots
should be used. It is not desirable to cut
asparagus for the table until the second sea-
son, or two full years from planting, as this
interval is necessary for the proper estab-
lishment of the bed.

Any soil that will produce a good com
crop will make a good strawberry bed.

The Mushroom Bed of Mr. Percy Casburn, Deseronto, Ont.

194

A MARKET GARDENER'S GARDEN

U T GAVE up growing raspberries and
A strawberries," said Mr. Thos. Finu-
can, of Toronto, to a representative of The
Horticulturist, " and am giving my atten-
tion principally to vegetables. There are
so many brickyards in our neighborhood
that men and boys can find employment at
higher wages than we can afford to pay. I
have 14 acres, three of which are orchard.
W'hen m}' trees w-ere soTLall I found it a
great advantage to grow beans in the or-
chard.

" I grow five or six acres of early pota-
toes, which are sprouted first in beds under
glass. They are planted the end of March
and transplanted about the middle of April,
when the sprouts are three or four inches
long. They are covered to avoid frost. I
have had them ready for market by June 20,
and they come in 'between then and July i.
They bring $1.50 a 'bushel at that time.
About two acres are sprouted for very early
potatoes in the way indicated, and early po-
.atoes only are grown.

" I 'manure heavily and aim to secure
early vegetables. Radishes are a specialty.
The seed is sown broadcast, harrowed and

roilled. The grub is kept down by the use
of lime or plaster. I thin out as they are
ready and keep sowing every 10 or 12 days.
My land is 'heavy and I keep growing all
season. The Scarlet Turnip and the Scar-
let White Tip are the two best varieties.

" I grow a good many onions — YelloMr
Globe and Yellow Danvers principally, with
a few of the Prize Taker. They are started
in the greenhouse and transplanted into
drills six inches apart, 18 inches between
drills. Nitrate of soda is good for onions.
When they are three or four inches high I
sow it along the drills ^nd cultivate it in,
using a hand cultivator.

" Stable manure is used principally for
the vegetables. I can get all I want for
ten cents a yard. What I get at the east
end is good because of the system O'f drain-
ing the water off. A 'little artificial ferti-
lizer, bone dust, etc., is used, and sometimes
a little land plaster. My tomatoes did not
do as well as usual last year. They rotted,
as there was too much rain, and a hail storm
cut them up. I do not trim the vines. My
vegetables are sold principally to the
butchers."

THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN

MRS. MARGARET CLOSE).

A SURF ACE that slopes gently to the
■south, a light sand loam, and a good
fence to keep out chickens are needed for
the home vegetable garden. The soil should
be ibroken fine, as deep as the plant roots
may be expected to grow. FertiHzer, as well
rotted barnyard manure, is required. Lime
may be used with good results. It is bene-
ficial on both clay and sandy soil, as it cor-
rects acidity, makes clay soil more friable
and holds sand closer together. \\^ood
ashes are a ready source from which to ob-
tain potash. I have used them with ad-
vantage on all kinds O'f soil and all kinds of
vegetables and fruit.

The time for planting can only be learned
by experience. The blooming of the peach
is a suitable time for seeds that will resist a
slight frost, such as peas and spinach.
When the oak leaf breaks from its bud start
beets, turnips, corn a'nd tomatoes. Seeds
that thrive only in warmer soil, as beans,
cucumbers, watermelon and squash, may be
planted when the blackberry is in 'blossom.
The soil should 'be moist 'when the seed is
put in.

Seeds require less depth of cover in spring
than in summer. If beet, carrot, parsnip
or beans are soaked over night they come up
a day or two earlier. The best time for

* Extract from a paper prepared for a Women's Institute meeting.

196

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

transplanting is when the weather is cloudy
or rainy. I prefer the evening. Fine
earth should be put closely round the roots,
and if the sun conies out hot they should be
shaded. I use large leaves, or paper held
in place by stones. Some clip off half the
leaves before planting. Cabbage require
rich land, well worked, and abundant light
and warmth.

I once asked a gardener his method of
dealing with the root maggot. He said,
" I go out in the. morning early, and wher-
ever I sec a plant cut off I search for the
maggot and kill it. I have used black cur-
rant leaves to wrap the plant loosdy just
above the roots. For the cabbage worm
use kerosene emulsion. Hot water dropped
on the worm will kill it."

As soon as the rain is over the atmosphere
is free of moisture and evaporation from the
soil sets in. If the tubes formed by the
pores are broken evaporation from the
ground is much lessened. This can be done
with a rake or other implement. It will also

kill the weeds. In watering, the earth
should be thoroughly wet, so the moisture
will get to the lower and outer roots of the
plant. The surface should be broken as
soon as dry enough to work. If watering
is necessary always do it in the evening.

A warm, light sandy soil, well supplied
with humus, is recommended for cucum-
bers. Some start them in hot beds on up-
turned pieces of sod, six inches square, cov-
ered with rich soil. I never make high
hills for cucumbers or anything else. I pre-
fer level ground. Hills might do if it were
very wet, but in dry weather they dry out,
and if there comes a rain it runs off. Deep
preparation and plenty of manure will make
good potatoes on almost any soil. They
require a temperature of about 60 degrees
and thorough cultivation. I always set them
deep in the ground so the roots w'ill not dry
out. I have had them so firmly set in the
ground that I found it needed a good pull
to get them out in the fall when the frost
came.

THE CULTURE OF POTATOES*

W. T. MACOUX, HORTICULTURIST, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA.

IN order to obtain heavy yields, potatoes
should be kept in good condition at
planting time ; the more dormant the better.
Potatoes should be kept near the freezing
point.

At the Experimental Farm at Ottawa ex-
periments were tried for a number of years
to determine what kind of sets were best.
Large whole potatoes, medium sized whole
potatoes, small potatoes, half potatoes, stem
ends, seed ends, sets with one eye, two eyes,
and three and more eyes w^ere tried, even
potato peelings being given a test. The
largest crop was obtained from large whole
potatoes, but the most economical kind of
set was found to be one with three or more
eyes and a good amount of flesh. Grow-

* Continued from the January issue.

ers lose many bushels of potatoes every year
from using too little seed. It is not an un-
common, thing to find fuilly 10 per cent, of
the hills in a field of potatoes missing, caused
by the failure of the seed to grow, the reason
usually being that either the seed has dried
up before or after planting, or that the single
eye, which is often all that there is to the
set, 'has not sprouted.

Our practice is to make four sets of a
medium sized potato, cutting it lengthwise
and then across. The practice of using
small potatoes for seed should be discon-
tinued. Although fairly good crops are
obtained from small potatoes it stands to
reason that immature potatoes, as small
potatoes really are, will not give as good re-

EXPERIMENTS WITH POTATOES.

197

suits as sets from thoroughly matured,
medium sized potatoes. The continued use
of small potatoes is sure to reduce the crop.

THE PLANTING.

The soil being in good condition and the
seed cut, the next consideration is the plant-
ing. Except for very large areas where
planters are used, the best practice is to open
the furrows with a double mold board plow.
At Ottawa it has been found that rows two
and a half feet apart is an economical dis-
tance. Experiments Avere tried in planting
the sets 18, 16, 14, 12, 10 and 8 inches apart
in the rows, but the best distance was found
to be 12 to 14 inches apart. Experiments
have also been tried in planting the sets one
to eight inches deep, to find the best depth,
and it has been found that for six years the
potatoes planted in sandy loam soil one inch
deep have given the largest yield. It is
believed that the reason for this is that the
soil is warmer near the surface and the sets
sprout sooner, thus getting the plants grow-
ing thriftily while there is plenty of nioisture
in the ground. This shallow planting also
comes nearest the conditions of the potato
in the wild state.

Although sets planted one inch deep have
given the largest yields, yet this is not the
most economical way to plant them, as it is
necessary to destroy the weeds in order to
ensure a large crop of potatoes. For this
purpose it is necessary to harrow the field
just before or as the plants are coming up.

If the sets were only one inch deep they
would be dragged out, hence four to five
inches deep has been found to be the most
economical depth.

The potatoes are covered with the double
mold board plow, and when the weed seeds.
have germinated the land is levelled with the
smoothing harrow, thus killing myriads of
weeds which would require hand hoeing if
left until the vines grew up. If the soil gets
two harrowings to kill weeds, so much the
better.

As the conservation of moisture is very
important in obtaining a large crop of pota-
toes, the soil should be kept thoroughly cul-
tivated as soon as the potatoes are up
enough to show the ro'ws. The first one or
two cultivations should be deep in order to
loosen the soil, tut the last two or three
should be shallow lO avoid injuring the roots
and tubers. From four to five cultivations
should be given during the season. Prof.
Roberts, late director of the Experiment
Station of Cornell University, found that
the crop increased in proportion to the thor-
oughness and continuance of cultivation.
At the Central Experimental Farm the pota-
toes are grown according to the level culti-
vation, the plants not being hilled, and this
method has been found very satisfactory.
In soils which are not quite loose hilling up
may be preferable, but when the plants are
hilled up there is more exposure to wind and
the soil dries out sooner than with level cul-
ture. ,^ , ,■ AS
(io be continued )

Early Potatoes. — " There is no reason
why the market gardenei-s about Toronto
should not make money raising early pota-
toes," remarked Mr. Charles Topping to a
representative of The Canadian Horticul-
turist. " The freight on early potatoes
brought from a distance makes them come
high. California potatoes cost five dollars
a barrel, containing three bushels. /. e., $1.67
a bushel."

Radishes will thrive in any good soil, but
to be crisp and tender must be grown
quickly. If a continuous supply is wanted
make sowings every ten days or two weeks.

The advantages of sod mulching are :
I. To save washing on hilly ground. 2. To
save depletion of soil. 3. To make the soil
richer. 4. To conserve moisture by shad-
inof the soil.

198

EDITORIAL.

TT(e Gnadi^n HorticdltCrist

TKe Only Horticultural Magazine in
tKe Dominion.

official okgan

ontario fruit c.rowkrs' association.

the pomological and fruit growing society

of the province of quebec.

Prince edward island fruit growers'

association,
ontario vegetable growers' association.

H. Bronson Cowan, Editor and Business Manager.

J. J. Bell, Associate Editor.

W. G. Rook, Advertising Manager.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published the first of
each monili.

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TORONTO, CANADA

THE FRUIT DIVISION.

Leading- officers of every provincial fruit
growers association in Canada, including Brit-
ish Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island,
have placed themselves on record as being
strongly opposed to the chief of the fruit divi-
sion being made subservient to the dairy com-
missioner. A number of these associations
have passed _ resolutions protesting against the
ari-angement that has ibeen made by the Hon.
Sydney Fisher.

In his explanation in the House of Commons
Mr. Fisher stated that the work of the fruit
division would not be restricted, as its chief
would have the same staff and would perform
the same duties under the dairy commissioner
as when he was under Prof. J. W. Robertson.
This statement has not satisfied the fruit grow-
ers. Prof. Robertson had direction of not only
the dairy and fruit divisions but of the live
stock and seeds as well. Since Prof. Robert-

son resigned a commissioner has been appointed
for live stock, one for dairying, and one for
seeds, but the fruit division has been overlooked
and placed under the dairy division. To Mr.
Ruddick's credit it can be stated there is noth-
ing to indicate tliat he sought an appointment
so foreign to his regular line of work.

Fruit growers feel that while the chief of the
fruit division may have the same powers he for-
merly had he cannot be expected to take the
same interest in his work or to prosecute it with
the same zeal that he would were he in sole
charge and directly responsible to the public aa
well as to the minister of agriculture for its suc-
cess. It has been intimated that there is not
enough work to warrant the appointment of a
fruit commissioner. There cannot, then, be
enough work for the chief of a fruit divi-
sion. The rapid growth of the fruit interests
warrants the appointment of a fruit commis-
sioner, who, if he is the proper type of man, will
soon find plenty of work to occupy his attention.
" Surely," as Mr. Brandrith writes from British
Columbia, " Hon. Mr. Fisher will not go in the
face of a united country and maintain an ap-
pointment that is unsatisfactory to those whose
interests he is there to look after."

THE PROVINCIAL SHOW.

In deciding to continue the Provincial Fruit.
Flower, Honey and Vegetable Show at Toronto
while making a special grant for the holding of
an earlier show at Hamilton for the fruits and
flowers wihich cannot be shown at the later
show at Toronto, the Department of Agriculture
has acted in the interests of the greatest num-
ber. The management of the show held at To-
ronto last fall for a start made a decided .suc-
cess of the venture. The %"arious organizations
that were interested in it worked together har-
moniously and are in a position to do much bet-
ter work this year, especially as Massey Hall
has ibeen secured for the next show. It would
have been unjust to have taken the show out of
their hands.

On the other hand, Hamilton is in an excellent
position to hold a splendid show for early fruits
through which the interes/ts of the amateur
flower grower as well can be promoted. If a
horticultural convention is to be held again next
fall it may prove advisable to hold it in connec-
tion with the Hamilton show, as those who at-
tend tlie convention are interested in amateur
and not in professional flower growing. The
Hamilton show can be made a big affair. Pos-
.sibly the Provincial Vegetable Growers' Asso-
ciation may decide to hold its annual convention
at the Hamilton show, •n'-hich would add to its
importance.

Several interesting articles from papers read
at meetings of the Ottawa Horticultural Society,
and one read at a meeting of the Toronto so-
ciety, appear in this issue. Every month nu-
merous papers and addresses of interest and
value to amateur horticulturists, are presented
at meetings of horticultural societies. Were
the officers of societies to see that copies of

EDITORIAL.

199

these papers or the orig-inals were sent to The
Canadian Horticulturist their publication would
add to the interest of our floral department and
the papers would be of value to many people
who would never otherwise hear of them. The
printing of these papers would, also, serve to
draw attention to the excellent work ibeing car-
ried on by many of our horticultural societies.
Send in the papers.

Again this month have extra pages been
added to The Horticulturist, this time ten,
making this the largest issue we have ever
published. This has been made possible by
the great increase in advertisements. Very
soon we hope it will be possible to continue
these pages in The Horticulturisit permanently,
which will mean that the various regular read-
ing departments can be enlarged and strength-
ened in other ways. Our readers can be of
great assistance by buying from our advertisers
and by telling them that their advertisements
were seen in The Horticulturist. A glance
through our advertising columns will prove
them to be as interesting in their way as the
pages of reading matter. Look them over and
see if this is not the case.

Our handsome new offices in the Manning
Chambers, Toronto, were greatly improved dur-
ing April by lovely floral donations from friends.
Two splendid ferns of the Nephrolepsis Bos-
toniensls and Nephrolepsis Exaltata varieties
and a Kentia Belmoreana palm were given by
Mr. Thomas Manton, of Eglinton, of which the
Bostoniensis fern is particularly beautiful. It
occupies a prominent position at the end of the
editor's desk. Some lovely cut flowers were
also sent in by Mr. Manton. E^^en roses have
not been lacking, as a large boquet, containing
some grand specimens of the Bride and Brides-
maid varieties, was received from Mr. A. J.
Frost, of Toronto. Truly they were welcome
and the kindness of the donors is appreciated.

The fruit growers of the Niagara district
know what they want and they do not hesitate
to ask for it. During the past two months they
have had strong deputations wait on the Hon.
Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture, to
ask for assistance in holding a series of meet-
ings, for the conducti'T of special spraying de-
monstrations by Prof. Lochhead, for the estaib-
li.=hment of a horticultural college and experi-
mental farm, and for an annual grant for the
Niagara District Pruit Growers' Association. A
deputation representing the Ontario Fruit Grow-
ers' Association also waited on the Department
to ask for aid in forming cooperative fruit grow-
ers associations and to have the act, which pro-
vides assistance in the erection of cold storage
houses, extended for several years. It is evi-
dent the fruit growers are alive to their needs,
which is a good sign.

copies of the January, March or April Issues of
this year to new subscribers. Slightly over 400
new subscriptions for The Horticulturist have
been received during the past month. These
and numerous requests for sample copies ex-
hausted the supply of the April issue early in
the month, although several hundred extra
copies had been ordered. While the rapid
growth is encouraging it is diffi;cult, sometimes,
to provide for it in advance. If any of our
readers can furnish us with spare copies of the
January, March and April issues their kindness
will be greatly appreciated.

A reader has called our attention to an error
which occurred on t^^s^ 102 of the March issue
by which Mr. W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines,
is made to speak of a dust spray composed of
30 pounds of lime, 15 pounds of sulphuric acid
and two pounds of sulphate of copper. Instead
of sulphuric acid it should have read sulphur.
It is just about as difficult for us to prevent oc-
casional errors among the thousands of words
that appear in each issue as it is for a fruit
grower to thoroughly control all his insect pests.
Some of them get by us in spite of our best
efforts. We are, however, doing our best to
improve.

NEW ADVERTISERS.

The following new advertisements appear in
this issue of The Horticulturist :
Adams Furniture Co., Toronto.
R. Olmstead, Hamilton.
Elwood Tatum, West Branch, Iowa.
Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.
J. H. L«ock, Toronto.
Colling Manufacturing Co., Toronto.
Canada Camera Co., Toronto.
Preston Metal Shingle and Siding Co., Preston.
McWilliams & Everist, Toronto.
Dawson Commission Co., Toronto.
Pilkington Bros., Toronto.
A. M. Smith, St. Catharines, Ont.
Superior Manufaoturing Co., Toronto.

The result of cold storage appliances on ocean
steaimers is well shown ;tiy a letter received by
Messrs. McIntsTe & Barnard, of Niagara-on-the-
Dake, who recently shipped 450 barrels of apples
to Liverpool on the steamer Lake Champlain.
The consignee writes as follows: "The apples
reached us in almost perfect condition, there be-
ing only five barrels that were in any way slack
or open. The sale was the best that has taken
place for the class of fruit in Liverpool this sea-
son, and we congratulate you on it." The net
proceeds from the shipment amounted to about
$1,500, indicating the high prices tha.t may be
realized for Canadian apples in the British mar-
ket when properly packed and shipped.

Owing to the rapid increase in the circulation
of The Canadian Horticulturist and to the many
requests that have been received for back copies
it will be impossible for us to furnish any more

The fruit growers of Ow^en Sound and vicinity
have formed a company to be known as the
Owen Sound Fruit Growing Co., for the purpose
of adopting the cooperative system in growing,
packing and shipping fruit.

FRUIT TREES AND BUSHES HAVE WINTERED WELL

Repoi'ts whifih have rea.ched The Canadian
HorticuMurist from the principal fruit districts
in Canada sbow tiha.t fruit trees and bushes have
come throug-h .the winter in unusually good con-
dition. The only loss reported is in Nova
Scotia and Prince Edward Island, where the
heavy snow bi-oke down &ome of the trees and
where mice have done smme damage.

In the le'ading: fruit sections spraying is on the
increase. Where fruit is not grown extensively
but little interest in spraying- is being shown.
There has not been a marked increase in plan-
tations in any of the provinces.

EASTERN ONTARIO.

Mr. Harold Jones, Maitland, Ont. : Fruit
trees of all kinds have come t'hroug;h the winter
in excellent condition. Apple ti-ees especially look
ibrig-ht and healthy, and the fruit bud is in good
condition. With favorable weather the chances
are for a good crop. Mice did some damage to
trees near fences, but the injury is not serious,
a few trees having portions of the bark chewed,
but hajdly any g-irdled. Strawbenries are com-
ing out brigiht and healtiby, no winter • injury
even in plots that had no covering. There is
practically no planting being done in this
vicinity. The farmers and fruit growers are
discouraged owing- ito losses and low prices for
their fruit the last two or three years. Spray-
ing is also being neglected in some cases. There
are some of our most careful growers spraying
as carefully as ever, but the tendency is to ne-
glect the work.

THE GRIMSBY DISTRICT.

Mr. Linus Woolventon, Grimsby, Ont. : The
past winter has been a favorable one for fruit.
The cold has not been severe enough to injure
the fruit buds, and there has been an excellent
covering of snow to protect the roots of trees
and fruit crowns of strawberry plants. Indi-
cations point to an excellent fruit year, giving
good profit to the fruit grower if better methods
of sale can be found. Planting is always going
on in the Niagara district, but not of apple
trees, especially on its rich sandy loam, where
even the Baldwin goes too moich to wood to pro-
duce aibiundant crops. A great many app'le or-
chards are being grubbed out on this account.
Intelligent sprayang is being practised, and
power sprayers are coming into common use.
NEAR WINONA, ONT.

Mr. Murray Pettit, Winona, Ont. : Everything,
including small fruits, has come through the
winter in first-class .shape. Prospects are ex-
cellent. The gro'und was covered with snow,
and strawberries were well protected, and there
has been little freezing or thawdng since the
snow left to cause injury. It has been several
years since fruit came through the winter so
well.

AROUND ST. CATHARINES.

Mr. W. H. Bunting, St. Catbairines, Ont. :
Winter has been favorable for all kinds of
fruit, and except where vitality has been weak-
ened by San Jose scale or other causes' trees are
in good condition. Prospects are for a good
crop. Not many apples or grapes are being-
planted, but there is a considerable increase in
peaches and cherries. Spraying is on the In-
crease.

Mr. R. F. Robinson, St. Catharines, Ont. :
Trees, vines, bushes and strawberry plants have
wintered extremely well, as the wood was well
ripened last fall, especially where the land was
plowed early and a cover crop put in. Mo.s.t
varieties are sufficiently full of fruit ibuds for
an average crop. Sti-awberries wintered well,
but did not thrive last year sufficiently to make
a very big crop, and the acreage was lower than
usual owing to the difficulty in securing plants
last spring. If the rot is controlled in sweet
cherries this year there is excellent showing in
most varieties. The acreage of fruit in this
section is not increasing very rapidly for three
reasons : 1. Expense of nursery stock ; 2. The
ravages of the winter of 1903-4 ; 3. Anxiety as
to the possibility of controling the San Jose
scale. Of peaches the Yellow St. John, Nia-
gara, Fitzgerald, Alberta, early and late Craw-
fords, Toronto and Smocks seem the favorite
varieties. Of plums the later varieties such as
Coe's Golden Drop, Reine Claude, Monarch and
Grand Duke, but not so many Japanese plums
as formerly. In cherries, E. Richmond, Mont-
morency and English Morello of the sour kinds,
and coimparatively few sweet cherries are being
set. The Cuthbert, and where the land is suit-
able, the Marlboro raspberry. Strawberries,
Michael's Early, Brandywine and Williams are
the most popular. There i.s- considerable in-
crease in spraying, especially with the lime and
sulphur. Practical men now consider it an
absolute necessity. However, there is yet room
for much more enthusiasm in this cause.

IN QUEBEC.
Mr. A. C. Abbott, Hudson Heights, Que. :
Trees, vines and bushes have stood the winter
well and are in good condition. The fruit :buds
indicate an average crop of apples and plums.
There are only a few large orchards An this
vicinity, and outside of these planting is only
done with a view to supplying the needs of the
home or the local demand. Apples principally,
with plums and a few pears, are the only varie-
ties of fruit planted. Spraying is not on the
increase. It is only the larger growers that
spray.

PROSPECTIS BRIGHT IN NOVA SCOTIA.

Mr. D. C. Crosley, Berwick, N. S. : Apple,
plum and pear trees have wintered well, but
have been badly broken by snow drifts, and mice
caused great loss. Strawberries and other
small finiit have wintered better than usual.
The prospect is bright, but late frosts may ruin
it. Last ^year's market prices discouraged
planting of increase^, areas. The favorite varie-
ties of apples are iStark, Wagner, Ben Davis,
Baldwin, Gravenstein amd Bishop Pippin.
Spraying is on the increase, many g-rowers be-
lieving it to be the only method of securing
good fruit.

Mr. A. A. Blight, Waterville, N. S. : On ac-
count of the unusual depth of snow quite a per-
centage of trees were broken down. Mice also
caused considerable damage, especially in or-
chards under sod. Small fruits and strawber-
ries wintered well. Fruit buds indicate a good
crop. There is only about 40 per cent, of the
average amount of planting, growers being dis-
couraged by low prices lost season. The favor-

!0O

COMMERCIAL FRUIT GROWING.

ite varieties are : Apples. Stark, Gano, Bald-
win and Wagener ; plums, Burbank ; pears,
mostly winter varieties. A numiter are prepar-
ing to spray this season for the first time.
PRINCE EDT^^ARD ISLAND.
Mr. A. E. Dewar, Charlottetown, P. E. I. : A
lot of trees were damaged by snow, otherwise

they are in good condition. There are a few
complaints of damage by mice. Strawberries
promise well. The season is later than usual.
There is an increase in the area planted of fruit,
principally winter apples, with some plums and
a good many strawberries. More attention is
being given to spraying.

The Standard Apple Box.

THOS. BEALL, LINDSAY, ONT.

On page 161 of The Canadian Horticulturist
for April I find an article headed "A Standard
Apple Box Adopted." I was pleased to learn
that its adoption was a certainty and hope that
the measurements given may be generally ac-
ceptable as a suitable apple box for market pur-
poses. I regret, therefore, to see erroi-s in the
first paragraph which may cause some uncer-
tainty about the measurements, and hope it may
be corrected at once so that no further cause for
discussion may remain.

The errors referred to are contained in the
follo^v^ing quotation: " The standard size pro-
vided for is 10 X 11 X 22 inches inside measure,
or 2.200 cubic inches. It holds one bushel and
is equivalent to one-third of a barrel." Now,
the measurement given, 10 x 11 x 22 inches,
is 2,420 cubic inches, not 2.200 cubic inches, as
stated. Then again, if it is intended that the
box may be either 2,200 cubic inches (about 18
cubic inches less than a bushel), or may be the
measurements as given in the act, which gives
2,420 cubic inches, it is an error to say that " it
holds one bushel," for the first is less than a
bushel and the latter more. Our standard
bushel is a small fraction over 2,218 cubic
inches.

As a rectangular box, although measuring an
exact bushel, can not contain a bu«hel of apples
because of the loss of space at the sides and in
the angles, it is well to have the box a little
larger, as has been done in this case to compen-
sate for that loss. A standard apple barrel con-
tains a shade over three bushels, and will hold
the contents of three such boxes of apples as
aibove referred to. I think, therefore, that the
box adopted ought to satisfy all parties con-
cerned and should no-t be changed.

Note. — The error referred to by Mr. Beall oc-
curred in printing the figures 22 instead of 20.
The measurements of the box should have read
10 X 11 x 20 inches, inside measurement, or 2,200
cubic inches. — Editor.

Cold Storage Buildings.

The Pi-uit Division, Ottawa, has received an
interesting letter from Mr. Albert W. Swalm,
American Consul at Southampton, England, in
answer to enquiries with reference to the suc-
cess of the Southampton cold storage buildings
for fruit. Mr. Swalm asserts that the cold
storage houses have succeeded beyond expecta-
tions and it would seem as if soich fruits as the
Russet, Canada Red, Baldwin and Ben Da\'is
ocmld be kept almost indefinitely. He draws,

however, attention to the fact that there was a
serious loss in storing bruised and scabby fruit
and windfalls. He could detect no great dif-
ference between the keeping qualities of the
American and Canadian apples.

There was no attempt to store English apples,
T\ihich he asserts 'wiill not likely, under any cir-
cumstances, be usea for the winter markets.
They will go into consumption directly, although
many of theim are fair keepers and some very
fine in flavor. The English apple crop is not
likely to show an increase that will in any way
interfere with importations from America. The
most serious defect that was to be noted in the
cold storage stock was the want of care in the
selection and grading of the stock that was put
into cold storage.

Working of the Fruit Marks Act.

An account of the working of the fruit marks
Act was given to the Committee on Agriculture
at Ottawa recently by Mr. A. McNeill, chief of
the fruit division of the Department of Agricul-
ture. Ke reported that shippers of apples had
observed the law fairly well for the last two
years. Last year the apples of 811 shippers
were inspected, and 264 were found to have vio-
lated some section of the act, but as many of
these were careless rather than criminal, he
gave the figures in another form. Of this num-
ber 153 violated the section regarding marking,
and 170 violated the section regarding the grad-
ing of fruit, but of those only three violated it a
second time. Forty-six were found to have
faced barrels too highly, but only four commit-
ted the offence a second time. Therefore, Cana-
dian apple shippers had a high reputation for
honesty of packing.

Mr. McNeill read an extract from a recent is-
sue of the Market Growers' Gazette, of London,
England, with quotations for imported apples.
After quoting various kinds of American apples,
it referred to Canadian apples as " Canadians,
all round, two shillings more." When, as year
before last, Canada shipped 1,500,000 ibarrels of
apples, the advantage of two shillings, or even
one shilling, a barrel was more than compensa-
tion for the slight cost of inspection. Now,
several of the states of the United States are
imitating our act, but Mr. McNeill doubted if
they would be successful, as they had not cen-
tralized federal pKjwer, as we have in Canada, to
make uniform laws and enforce them.

Demonstrations in Spraying.

With a view of demonstrating the effective-
ness of the preparations which have been recom-
mended for the control of the chief insect and

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

fung-us pests of the orchard and vineyard, the
Minister of AgricuMure for Ontario has ar-
i-an&ed for a series of experiments and demon-
strations at eig>ht centres in the Niagara penin-
sula. The first ix)und were held April 13-21 at
the following places : Mr. Murray Pettit's,
Winona ; Mr. Ambrose Pettlt's, Grimsby ; Mr.
R. Kelly's and Mr. Bartlett's, Beamsville ; Mr.
J. Fretz's, Jordan; Mr. George Robertson's and
Mr. Pay's, iSt. Catharines ; Mr. Jas. Hutchin-
son's, Virgil ; Queenston and Niagara Falls.

The following substances were used in the
plum and vineyard experiments : Copper sul-
phate, and the lime-sulphur wash on dormant
vines, and Bordeaux and soda Bordeaux at in-
tervals during the growing season.

Prof. W. Lochhead, of Guelp'h, has charge of
the demonstrations.

The Price of Tomatoes.

The fight this spring between the tomato
growers and the canning factories in regard to
the price of tomaitoes has to a certain extent
ended in a draw. In some sections the growers
have given in and have accepted 25 cents a
bushel, the price offered by the canners, while
in other districts the growers have refused to
grow tomatoes for that figure. This has forced
the companies to contract with growers living
at considerable distances from the factories,
with the resiilt that the cost per bushel to the
factories w-ill probably be as high as if they had
paid the price asked for iby the growers.

In a letter received by The Horticulturist
early in April from Mr. W. C. McCalla, of St.
Catharines, it is made clear that the growers in
that section have stuck to their guns. In part
the letter is as follows :

For a time it seemed probable that our asso-
ciation members would get contracts totalling
60,000 bushels at 30 cents, and on the strength
of this hotbeds were put up and seed sown. Ne-
gotiations, however, failed, and as many grow-
ers in other districts had contracted at the old
price, some of them officers of associations w^ho
had pledged themselves not to grow for less
tha.n 30 cents, we felt that there was no hope
of getting contracts at the advanced price this
season. These facts were faced and discussed
by our members at a recent meeting. The roll
was called and in response every member pres-
ent (47) reaffirmed his determination not to
grow tomatoes for less than 30 cents. Many
thousands of seedlings will be destroyed by our
meinbers.

While we have not secured the price asked for
we feel that by loyally standing together under
trying circumstances we have gained much, and
are in a good position to continue the effort an-
other year, when, with the aid of a strong pro-
vincial association w'e should be able to abtain
our reasonable demands.

THE STAMFORD GROWERS.

The secretary-treasurer of the Stamford Fruit
Growers' and Market Gardeners' Association,
Mr. Thomas R. Stokes, of Niagara Falls South,
has written The Horticulturist as follows :

As regards the tomato situation the Consoli-
dated Canning Company is going to outside
places to contract for tomatoes at 25 cents a
bushel, supplying crates and paying freight for
shipping and in some cases the plants. This
must make the price of a bushel of tomatoes 33
to 35 cents. They also pay the weighing. We
are wondering what kind of stuff a dead ripe
tomato will be after it has been jolted in a
wagon and bumped in the cars. It is not likely
to be fit to make first class or second class
canned goods.

items of Interest.

The sum of $9,700 has been subscribed for a
canning factory at Milford, Prince Edward
County, Ont., and Bloomfield, in the same
county, is talking of a similar factory owned by
a joint stock company of farmers.

The county of Huron is said to lead in the
number of apple trees — 373,613. Northumber-
land is a good second with 366,381. Leeds has
93,717 and Grenville 68,145.

A cooperative canning company has been
formed to operate at Niagara-on-the-Lake,
where the steel works, have been rented for this
purpose. A new" building will be erected in the
fall.

California fruit growers are receiving 44 to 57
cents a box for oranges. Every box of Cana-
dian apples, grown, gi-aded and packed with the
same care and intelligence as Californian
oranges, has brought a higher price than this.
It would seem then that a man does not need
to leave Canada to do a profitable bus^iness in
fruit, but Canadians do not yet appreciate the
lesson taught to Californians by much bitter ex-
perience that it pays to export only the best.

The Fruit Division, Ottawa, has received
word from Britisih Columbia that there are very
heavy importations of nur.sery stock coming in
this spring ; as much as six carloads in a single
day was received of Oregon stock, all of which
was carefully inspected and fumigated. Mr.
Thos. Cunmingham, Inspector of Fruit Pests for
British Columbia, estimates that there w'ill be
500,000 trees imported and planted in addition
to the homegro'wn stock.

A strong deputation representing the Ontario
Vegetable Growers' Association waited on the
Hon. Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture,
early in April, and asked for an annual grant of
$1,000. that arrangements be made to include
an exhibit of vegetables in the Provincial Fruit,
Flower and Honey Show, and that the professors
at the Agricultural College at Guelph be re-
quested to conduct experiments in the growing
of vegetables. The deputation was introduced
by Hon. J. W. St. John, and received a favorable
reception. Mr. W. A. Emory, of Aldershot,
Ont., and Mr. Joseph Rush, Humber Bay, Ont.,

WHAT nUSIXESS FIRMS ARE DOIXG.

the president and vice-president of the associa-
tion, were leading' speakers. Several members
of the local legislature acted on the deputation
and spoke strongly in regard to the importance
of the vegetable growing Indaistry.

In a recent issue of the Maritime FarmC'r Rev.
Father Burke, of Alberton, P. E. I., pays a well
deserved tritbute to Mr. W. T. Macoun, horticul-
turist, of the Central Experimental Farm, Otta-
wa. Readers of The Horticulturisit will agree
with Father Burke wihen he says : Mr. Macoun
has reached the stature of the best of profes-
sional investigators'; he can take his place any-
where, and he will take tlhat place and do it
credit despite the firS't impressiion he gives of
great diffidence and shynesis in public.

As a result of the use by the fruit division of
a powier spraying outfit in the neighborhood of
IngersoU last year there will be two power out-
fits operated by private individuals in that dis-
trict this season. The spraying is done in very
much the same way as threshing is done
throughout the country.

Grimsby's Annual Distribution

A comimittee from the Grimsby Horticultural
Society ha® prepared the following list of pre-
miums for distribution this spring : A new
white hybrid perpetual rose, " Fran-karl Dru-
schke." This new 'hardy rose is of German
origin. It has won many prizes^ and appears to
be the ideal hardy rose. Its flowers, which are
large, are snow-wthite in color, with large shell-
shaped petals foi'ming a beautiful flower. This
plant sold at 75 cents last year.

The other plant for distribution is the Kriem-
helde Cactus Dahlia, an exquisite shell pink
shading to white in the centre, undoubtedly the
finest and most perfect pink cactus dahlia to
date. The retail price of this plant last year
was 50 cents.

The above two plants and The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist are given to members of the society.

Glad They Are Canadians

The Lindsay Horticultural Society ;had a most
interesting lecture given at a recent meeting by

Mr. T. H. Race, of Mitchell, who was sent out
by the Department of Agriculture for the pur-
pose. The subject six)ken on wais the social
and moral influence of the home surroundings.

The description given by Mr. Race of the
Canadian exhibit at the St. Louis fair, and the
comparisons he made with other countries made
the audience feel proud that they belonged to
Canada and that Canadians are doing their mite
to build up and beautify Canadian homes.
After the lecture Mr. Race answered many ques-
tions from members present. — (F. J. Frampton,
Secretary.

A Generous Offer

The president of the Cobourg HorticuLtural
Society, Mr. J. D. Hayden, hasi offered to give
$10 for the purchase of flower seeds to be given
to the school children. The directors of the
society have offered $10 additional for prizes
for the best flowers grown from these seeds.
Rules governing this competition will be an-
nounced later.

In the distribution of flowiers and plants to be
given away by this society there are four
shrubs, including a crimson ramhler, Japanese
snowball, azalea mollis, and a Japanese pearl
bush. There is a choice of four annuals or
four perennials, with an additional choice to be
made from four vegetables, a new potato, the
Naught Six ; Leviathan pea, Livingstone's new
dwarf tomato, and Evan'® Triumph celery.

Reorganization of Brockville Society

A meeting of representative and influential
members of the old-time horticultural society
of Brockville was held recently to discuss the
advisability of reorganization. It was found
that if the society was reorganized this year it
would not receive the government grant for
1905. Mr. Geo. A. McMullen was^ appointed
secretary- treasurer. Mr. McMullen held the
same position in the old society and is an en-
thusiastic worker.

Although no grant can be secured this year a
branch committee was appointed for the purpose
of beautifying the town and taking an interest
in lawns, flower beds, etc., among the members.

^SHRUBS AT 15 CTS. EACH ! \

Until May loth we will accept orders for any of the following very popular shrubs, as
described in our Catalogue at from 20 to 30 cents each, for 15 cents each, not less than
three to be ordered in any one collection : Boston Ivy (true) 2 year plants, ^\ eigelas
(Fairy Thimbles) pink and dark red, Spireas Van Houttei, Syringas Golden Leaved (new),
Hardy Hydrangeas, Deutzias (two varieties, Pride of Rochester and Gracilis or Snowdrop
Shrub), Barberries (red berried), Forsythias (Golden Bell Shrub).

This is a great offer and is for first quality stock.

\ THE WEBSTER FLORAL COMPANY, limited \

> HAMILTON, ONTARIO. |

VS^AA^W^A «.AAAAAAAAAAA*<AA^*»^AAAAAA^A^M»^AAA^AAAAAAAiAAAAA^AAAAAAAA^

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to ail Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Niagara Gas Sprayers.

More Ontario fruit growers have purchased
Niagara Gas Sprayers this year than ever be-
fore. This company has appointed several re-
presentatives in the fruit districts who have
been very successful introducing this machine.
Some of the best l<nown growers in the province
are now using it.

In a letter to The Horticulturis.t Messrs.
Blaikie & Freeman, of St. Catharines, give the
following list of growers who are using Niagara
Gas Sprayers. Messrs. S. E. Fisiher, W. O. Bur-
gess, of Queenston ; James Titterington, W. H.
Bunting, Louth Fruit Growers' Association, R.
F. Robinson. C. E. Secord, E. McArdell, T. R.
Merritt and F. Blaikie, of St. Catharines ; C. M.
Honsberger, of Jordan ; J. L. Livingston, of
Grimsby ; Joseph Tweddle, Ira Vanduser and
P. Hamilton, of "Winona, and F. Fairbanks, of
Oakville.

The numiber of these machines sold in the
United States this yeair is already more than
three times as greait as the total number sold
last year. A number of the sitate experiment
stations have purchased them.

A New Departure for Peterborc— As a substi-
tute for its annual floral exhiibltion the Peter-
boro Horticultural Society will present every
member, who becomes such by the payment of
$1. with a chodce of bulbs-, the commercial value
of which will be grea^ter than the membership
fee. The member is alwiays sure of a prize,
consisting of the plea^iure he or she can derive
from the growth and culture of the flowers.

l-^UBBER STAMPS

The Superior nfg. Co., - - Toronto, Ont.

Manufacturers

^ v^ STKNGIbS ^^^

Cla$$ifkd J1dverti$ment$

Advertisements under this heading will be in-
serted at the rate of ten cents per line, each
insertion ; minimum charge, fifty cents.

R REQUIRED BY 2 YOUNG MEN, WORK AT

gardening. Five years' first class experience

in England. Apply " Bentield,"' Woodstock,
Ontario.

FLORIST BUSINE.S8 FOR SALE IN BEST
residential locality in Toronto, (iood retail
trade, .'•mall greenhouse, just the place for a begin-
ner. A bargain if taken at once. Applj', The Can-
adian Horticulturist.

PLANTS FOR SALE OF THE NEW FIRST
Prize Strawberry, of the St. Catharines Horti-
cultural Society. Matilda, 50 cts. per doz by mail,
$1 00 per 50 by mail, $1.00 per 100 delivered at ex-
press. Address A. M. Smith, Dominion Fruit Gar-
dens, St. Catharines.

Beautify Your Homes |

Our stock of Orna-
mental Trees and
Shrubs consists of
only the best

Trees, Plants and Vines ^

of all kinds.

Write for our beautiful Illustrated
Catalogue. Salesmen wanted.

'"uR3BR.Er L.D. 6MITH, - Winona, Ont.

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.

J

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Brisk Demands for Nursery Stock.

Brown Brothers Company, whose model nur-
sery plant at Brown's Nurseries, Ont., was de-
scribed in our September issue, have finished
their spring packing and S)hipping. Their
many thousand customers are strongly compli-
menting them on their early shipments. Their
large, frost-proof storage cellars enable them
to handle all their packing under cover, so that
they are practically independent of weather
conditions and have their stock ready to be
shipped as soon as the danger of frost is past.

This not only gets the stock to customers at
the proper time for planting, but also insures
the trees being in prime condition, for they are

under cover from start to finish of the packing
work and there is no expcsuie to sun and wind
such as marked the packing of stock under the
old methods when trees were trenched in for
days and weeks on the open packing grounds.
Brown Brothers Company have spent thousands
of dollars in perfecting this equipment, and to
their well known guarantee of " the best stock
that can be grown" they can now add "deliv-
ered at the proper time in the best possible
condition."

I consider The Horticulturist the most relia-
ble paper on horticulture published in Canada.
— (Robt. Davis, Hespeler, Ont.

I HAMILTON ORNAMENTAL IRON AND ZINC WORKS

R. Q. OLMSTED, Prop. Manufacturer and Contractor

Cast Iron Columns -^^^^

Lawn and Drinking Foun=

tains
Lawn Settees and Chairs \^
Flower Vases
Builders' Supplies

PHONE 1601

Church Pew Ends

Iron and Wire Fencing

Cemetery and Gallery Rail-
ings

Cresting

Automatic Umbrella Holders

Store Stools

Sidewalk Lights

Stable Fittings

Hitching Posts

Iron Staircases and Qen =
eral Ornamental Iron
Work

ESTABLISHED 1875

121 King Street West. Hamilton, Ont.

A Handsome Premium Will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

2<)6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

Sprayin,^ Alachines.

Another evidence of the prosperity of the fruit
growers of Ontario is shown by the large orders
for spraying machinery being placed with the
leading makers. Among the g-rowers who have
purchased from the Spramotor Company, of
London, Ont., are Messrs. E. M. Sinith, A. Vance
Cline, of Winojia, and J. W. VanDyke, of Grims-
by, who ihave secured power machines, and
Messrs. M. Pettit, E. M. Smith, G. L. Brooke, of
Grimsby, Rotb^ert Thompson, of St. Catharines,
and W. M. Orr, of Fruitland, ihave purchased
cart machines from the same firm. This ought
to be a guarantee of the high standard of these
machines. The manufacturers claim there are
moi-e Spramotor machines used in Ontario than
those of all other makes combined.

Fine Dahlias and Asters. — Althcugh Mr. J. H.
Dock, of Toronto, has only a very limited space
at his disposal and attends to them only in his
spare time, he has .succeeded in raising dahlias
w'hich have successfully competed against those
gi-own by the largest growers in Canada. He
also grew the asters which carried off the high-
est awards at the Toronto Indusitrial last year.
Hie success as an exhibitor has created a de-
mand for his stock.

Your paper is very valuable to anyone inter-
ested in fruit growing. — (F. T. Morrow, Mer-
maid, P. E. I.

Practice with Science.

The Earliest, Best Flavored and Largest Crops of

Strawberries, Tomatoes
and Vegetables

are grown by feeding with

Arnott's Complete

Concentrated

Soluble Manures

MADE IN CANADA

' under the supervision of Cliemieal Experts by

The Arnott Chemical Co.

Agriculturalland
BlanufacturiDg^ Chemists

114 Victoria St. TORONTO

Analysis Guaranteed. Booklets Fkee

Established 1853.

Long Shipments of Nursery Stock.

The Ponthill Nurseries, at Fonthill, of Messrs.
Stone and Wellington, have been engaged this
spring on the largest packing they have had
since they have been in the business. The firm
has shipped several carloads of stock to British
Columbia, Manitoba and the Territories, and
has even had a considerable shipment of stoek
to Manuchuiria, as mentioned in the last issue
of The Horticulturist.

The packing operations require a force of be-
tween 200 and 300 men. Notwithstanding the
severity of the past winter this firm's stock
oome through in splendid condition, and has
given its customers great satisfaction.

Are Your Goods the Best. — ^Sometimes a
grower of fruits finds himself unable to get all
they aire worth, having to take the flat market
price for goods of superior grade. The man
who grows a strictly first-class article should
torand his package and seek out some reliable
fruit dealer or grocer whose businesis is large
enough to take his output. In this way he can
command a higher price than by consigning to
a general market. An advertisement in The
Canadian Grocer assists a fruit grower to find
the right purchaser.

The Canadian Horticulturist obtains results
for its Advertisers.

TRY

The Bottomless Plant Box

It is convenient, economical and
gives better results than pots.
Write for sample and price.

Crates,
Baskets,

Georgia Fruit Case,
Berry Boxes, Etc.

C. W. Van Duzer

Manufacturer of Fruit PacKag'es,
GRIMSBY.

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

THE C AX AD I AN HORTICULTURIST.

^ENT WORTH

JOHM CRANSTON

& Son

WENTWORTH
POTTERY

standard Flower Pots,
Fern Pans, Hanging
Baskets, Cut Flower
Jars and all Florists
Supplies.

Mail orders given prompt
attention.

John Cranston & 3on,

Hamilton, Can.

FLOWER POTS

ROSE JARS and
FANCY WARE

MAY BE HAD FROM

DAVISVILLE POTTERIES

John Davis & Sons

Davisville P.O., Ont.

THE UNDERWOOD

" Tried and True ". Don't take our word for
it. We are prejudiced. We can show you the
Underwood, how it works and what it will do.
but for the Most Convincing Argument, you
will have to ask any of the 5500 users in Canada.

More Underwood Typewriters are in use in
Canada than all other makes Combined.

We carry a large stock of rebuilt typewriters
at very low prices. Send for Catalogue and List.

Headquarters for Supplies.

UNITED TYPEWRITER CO., Limited

TORONTO, ONT.

The Lady of the House

should have a Clothes Line Reel for the j-ard-
Clothes lines always up ; never let clothes fall
into the mud ; never catch the unwary man pass-
ing under ; easy to put clothes on ; easy to take
them off — complete — cheap. Write for circu-
lar and quotation.

(See our Ladder Advertisement on last page of cover of this issue.)

THE WAGGONER LADDER CO., LIMITED

LONDON, ONT.

Prize Winning
Dahlias

Successfully shown at the leading"
Exhibitions in Canada. Hig^hest
awards obtained wherever shown.

Mixed Colors, $3.00 per dozen. In dozen
lots only.

J. H. LOCK, 41 Manchester Ave.

TORONTO.

BEDDING PLANTS

12, wo (xeraniums in .3-4 inch pots.
5,000 Cannas in 3-4 inch pots.
5,000 Coleus in 2^-3 inch pots.
2,000 Salvia Bontire in 2^-3 inch pots.
2,000 Basket Plants in 2^-3 inch pots.

Booking orders for fall deliverj' — Small Ferns, As*
paragus, Plumosus Nanus, bj' the 1000 to the trade,
also Boston Ferns in all sizes.

Cash With Order. Apply For Prices.

A. GILCHRIST, FLORIST

Oaklea, Toronto Junction.
FIRST-CLASS

NURSERY STOCK

NURSERIES AT

WINONA, GRIMSBY, BEAMSVILLE

C. W. F. CARPENTER,

NURSERYMAN.

WINONA, ONT.

Salesmen Wanted.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

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ITie (anadian i|orticalt(]rist

Volume XXVIII

JUNE, 1905

mm
worn

Number 6

SPRAYING DEMONSTRATIONS IN ONTARIO

p. W. HODGETTS, B. S. A., ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

FOLLOWING the request last March
of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation that the Minister of Agriculture
should place a number of power sprayers
throughout the province, this matter was
promptly taken up by the Department, and
after some investigation two machines were
placed in operation at Meaford and Trenton
respectively. Both these points are centers
of large apple growing sections.

According to the report of the Bureau of
Industries for 1903, Grey county, in which
Meaford is situated, is credited with 352,894
apple trees over 15 years of age and 200,000
under that age. Northumberland county,
in which the other machine is operating,
possesses 366,381 old trees and 288,669
young ones. These two counties, with the
addition of Huron, 'headed the list for pro-
duction during 1903, showing a total crop
of over 2,000,000 husheds each. It follows
that these sections are of great importance
to the apple industry, and anything that the
Department of Agriculture can do to im-
prove the quality of the fruit shipped there-
from will materially assist those farmers
who are striving to make this branch of agri-
culture successful.

As power spraying machines are of com-
paratively recent introduction into Canada
it was thought wise to test at least two dif-
ferent types this year. There are, perhaps,
four types altogether in use in the Dominion
using as motive power the gasoline engine.

geared direct to a pump, the expansion of
carbonic acid gas, the expansion of com-
pressed air, and the wheel-driven pump re-
spectively. Many of these are in operation
throughout Ontario, especially in the Nia-
gara district, where the presence of the ter-
rible San Jose scale compels the grower to
spray or uproot his trees.

Readers of The Horticulturist are
familiar with the well known Wallace,
Spramotor, and Niagara Gas machines,
which have been illustrated and advertised
so frequently in these columns. Each has
its strong admirers, and each, I believe, is
doing good work. At Meaford one of the
Niagara Gas machines, at present manufac-
tured in Buffalo, was placed, while the
Spramotor Company, of London, supplied
the gasoline outfit in use at Trenton.

The gas machine, a cut of which appears
as frontispiece, is run by the expansion of
liquid carbon gas. The main tank, which
holds the spraying mixture, is closed abso-
lutely tight when filled, and is supplied with
agitator, pressure guage, etc., on top. The
gas is purchased in iron cylinders contain-
ing 25 or 50 pounds under high pressure,
and when released slowly into the large tank
containing the spraying mixture forces the
latter out from the nozzles in a fine mist.
By releasing more or less gas the pressure
can be varied to suit the will of the operator,
and any number of nozzles may be used.

The Spramotor machine at Trenton is

:d9

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

practically the same as that used by the Do-
minion Department of Agriculture at Inger-
soll last year. The pump is double cylin-
der, with two speed gear and tank filler, ope-
rated by a Coldwater. j\Iichigan, gasoline
engine of two and a half rated horse-power.
Two lines of hose with 12 nozzles receive
ample power from the slow-speed gear. The
tank with this machine has a capacity of 200
imperial gallons, which I find rather too
nuich for the hilly orchards around Trenton.

THE DEMONSTRATIONS.

Owing to the lateness of the season when
the machines were started the first spraying
on the dormant trees ^vas omitted. The
first application began at Meaford May 5
and at Trenton May 11. After the initial
attempts both machines ran smoothly, and
at the date of writing 'have given no trouble.
Many of the orchards in both locations are
hilly and will furnish splendid tests of the
practical value of these machines under try-
insf conditions. The trees in manv cases

are only 20 feet apart each way and render
the use of a tower almost impossible. The
axe could be used to advantage in such cases
and every other row^ should come out.

It is the aim of the Department in this
work to interest the fruit growers sufficiently
that they may, where already organized as a
local fruit growers' association, take up the
work thus begun, and having purchased
power machines run them from year to year
for the benefit of their mem'bers. The
newly-organized cooperative associations
will, it is 'hoped, make this one of the main
features of their cooperation.

With good fruit to sell no association need
fear as to the prices. The increase of the
apple scab in Ontario seems to have im-
pressed the growers with the absolute neces-
sity of spraying, and this task, for none
doubts that it is such, may be done far more
thoroughly, profitably and pleasantly by the
use of these powerful large-capacity ma-
chines than with the still useful hand pump.

NEW FORMS OF KEROSENE EMULSION

FRANK T. SHUTT, CHEMIST, AND W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, C. E. F., OTTAWA.

IX regard to the practical use of the new
forms of kerosene emulsion, described
in the ^lay issue of The Horticulturist, we
beg to state that although a considerable
amount of spraying has been done, both with
the lime and flour emulsions during the past
month, the season is not yet sufificiently ad-
vanced to allow us to make deductions as to
the strengths best and safest to use. We
may. however, make the following remarks :
Lime Emulsions : All these emulsions
keep excellently, only traces of free oil show-
ing after five weeks standing. There is. as
before noticed, a separation into limey layers,
but these on merely shaking or stirring
readily become incorporated, making a
smooth and uniform emulsion. Of the
many lime emulsions under trial we conclude
that the most satisfactorv is the one made

with freshly slaked lime.

Flour Emulsions : These, with the ex-
ception of the emulsion made with scalded
flour show a separation of oil on standing.
Churning for five minutes, as with the Bor-
deaux mixture is, however, sufficient to again
thoroughly incorporate the oil and make a
satisfactory emulsion. The scalded flour
emulsion (though, as in the case of the lime
forms, showing a layer of thin oily paste)
gave but slight indication of free oil. This
layer very readily becomes re-incorporated
and an excellent emulsion obtained.

W^hen properly prepared no difference
could be observed in the application of these
emulsions, but the whitening effect on the
sprayed trees, etc., of the lime forms and the
absence of this feature from the use of flour
emulsions was particularly noticeable.

GROWING AND HANDLING APPLES FOR PROFIT*

W. H. DEMPSEY, TRENTON^ ONT.

APPLES are grown in nearly every
kind of soil and location provided
by nature in the Bay of Quinte district, and
to a certain extent are giving fair returns
for the investment. The successful or-
chards ajre those that are in more favored
locations, somewhat rolling land, protected
from the west and southwest winds, which
cause great destruction to fruit before it is
ready to pull and cause the young trees to
lean to the northeast, leaving the trunks sub-
ject to sun scald and of an unsightly ap-
pearance.

The ideal soil for an apple orchard is
sandy loam, with clay subsoil, well drained
naturally or with under drains. This class
of land has many advantages compared with
heavier land. It is much easier to keep in
thorough cultivation, retains moisture bet-
ter in a dry season, gives quicker returns
from fertilizers, although it does not retain
them probably as long. Cover cj"ops take
much easier, fallen fruit is not so much dam-
aged, and is in a much better condition for
the canning factory or evaporation and is
very often shipped to market. There are
not many varieties which do not do exceed-
ingly well on this class of soil. Cranberry
and Blenheim Pippins do better on heavy
soil, while Hubbardson Nonsuch does best
on limestone gfavel.

SELECTION OF TREES.

A tree of medium size, two or three years
-old, from a graft or bud is best, as trees that
are older are slower in starting and do not
make as good growth. I prefer a good one
year old to a four or five yeaj old. In four
years the one year old tree will be the larger
and come into bearing first.

Up to 15 years ago the orchards were all
planted 20 to 30 feet apart and of late years
40 feet apart, which might seem to be a lot
of vacant space. For 15 years at least I
would prefer 25 or 35 feet apart, and when

the trees begin to crowd, remove every al-
ternate tree, and if the orchard has been
properly cared for they will by that time
have paid a profit for the care and land oc-
cupied by them. The remaining trees will
show a marked benefit both in appearance
and in the quantity, size, color and quality
of the fruit.

FORMING THE HEAD AND PRUNINC

When the trees are set they should not be
so that the head will be formed 30 or 36
inches from the ground. If trees are dried
out and not in a healthy condition, I would
leave three or four terminal buds, as they
are much easier to start into growth than
the other buds.

If all the branches are cut away close to
the trunk adventitious buds would have to
be depended on for forming the head, and
as these might stand out anywhere along
the trunk the top would not be as symmetri-
cal as when four stubs were left. During
the first season the tree will require little if
any pruning, although if a tree is forming a
poorly shaped head a little judicious prun-
ing will often be helpful in making a uni-
form school. In early spring the trees
should be looked over and whatever
branches are not required in forming a good
head should be removed, care being taken
not to remove too much. The less prun-
ing done the sooner the trees will come into
bearing, and if the trees are quite thick
when they come into bearing fruit the
weight of the fruit will make them nearly
thin enough.

]Many growers seem to think they are not
pruning unless they remove everything from
the centre of the tree so that there will be
no fruit except at the outer ends of the
branches. Sometimes it is 10 feet from the
trunk to the first fruit spurs, causing the
tree to split in pieces although there are
only a few bushels of fruit on it. I prefer

* Extract from an address delivered at the recent convention of the Pomological and Fruit Growing Society of the Province of Quebec.

211

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

to have fruit spurs start at the trunk of the
tree, taking whatever is removed from the
outside of the tree so that the sunHght can
get in to the fruit. Never do more prun-
ing than is necessary. Rather have an or-
chard not pruned at all than prune it too
severely. With little or no pruning the
tree will usually load heavily, and with the
application of fertilizers the fruit will come
to a fair size or a size that will carry to a
foreign market in good order. Heavy
pruning, on the other hand, forces the tree
into too much wood growth and very little
fruit of a large size that will not carry to
market in as good condition as medium-
sized fruit.

PICKING THK FRUIT.

Apples are much easier gathered from
t!rees that are loaded all through. There
is less danger of breaking such a tree in
pieces. The ladder may be placed against
the outside branches, then put through the
centre and the whole tree thus cleaned with-
out climbing through it, while the trees with
the fruit out far are frequently split with

the weight of the picker, which should in a'i\
cases be avoided.

If the soil at the time of planting the trees
contains a liberal amount of humus and
plant food it will not be necessary to appl}
manure until the trees begin to bear. If
the young trees make too rapid growth they
will be more subject to blight and fungus
growth each season. If they are on land
deficient in plant nutriment a light coat of
manure should be applied, and when the
trees have come into full bearing stable
manure may be applied at the rate of lo to
20 tons to the acre with good results. When
the soil is deficient in humus and nitrogen,
and the danger to the trees will be lessened,
it will be found beneficial if it is supple-
mented with 50 o|r TOO bushels of unbleached
wood ashes and 300 to 500 pounds of
ground bone to the acre. If ashes cannot
be obtained 200 to 300 pounds of muriate
of potash may be substituted. The stable
manure may be spread on any time during
the winter and the fertilizers may be used
early in. the spring.

PROMOTING WOOD GROWTH

LINUS WOOLVpRTON, GRIMSBY, ONT.

SINCE June is the month for wood
gro'wth it is the time for constant cul-
tivation of fruit plantations. Unless vigor
of growth in tree or plant is kept up in the
early summer there will not be sufficient
nutriment stored up for fruit and fruit buds
in the latter part of the season. In the
apple orchard, for example, unless about one
foot of new wood growth is made by the
middle of July fine apples need not be ex-
pected.

My plan is to plow my orchard in the fall
and keep it worked in the spring until July
I with disc and harrows ; after that to cease
cultivation until after harvest. If growth
is too vigorous I seed down for a few years.
In rich, sandy loam, with plenty of moisture,
I find the apple tree goes too much to wood.

and Baldwins go for years without produc-
ing a crop. Such trees should be put down
to grass for a term of years. The cherry
orchards should be cultivated in order to
keep up a healthy wood growth, but not
deeply. In most soils a good disc and a
good set of iron harrows will do the work
of thorough cultivation to a depth of about
three inches.

The vineyard needs an occasional plowing
with a one-borse plow, finishing with the
horse grape hoe and the hand hoe. but if
plowed away the earth should be plowed
back again as soon as the hoeing is com.-
pleted. Respberries and blackberries need
similar treatment. The canes are often
nnich iniured by deep plowing away, which
should be carefully avoided.

SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN THE NIAGARA REGION

PROP. W. LOCHHEAD, 0. A. C, GUELPH.

THE most serious enemies of the fruit
grower in the Niagara region are the
San Jose scale, the cherry aphis, the codhng
moth, grape rots, the phmi rot and the apple
■scab.

For several years strenuous efforts have
iDcen made to control the San Jose scale with
such materials as whale oil soap, crude pe-
troleum, and the lime-sulphur wash. Suc-
cess has fdllowed the application of the lime-
sulphur wash in particular, but on account
of the trouble involved in boiling the wash
it was thought advisable to try a method of
preparation which does not require pro-
longed boiling by steam or fire. Besides, it
was deemed advisable to know the effective-
ness of certain new scale remedies which
have recently appeared, viz. : Capdson's
; mixture, Pratt's Anti-scale Remedy or Scali-
•cide, and the kerosene-limoid mixture.

The grape rots have also caused much loss
during the last three or four years. The
black rot is specially destructive in the St.
'Cath?jrines district, and promises to give

much trouble in its control. The downy
and powdery mildews are the destructive
rots farther west in the Grimsby-Winona
district, and the grape growers in that dis-
trict are decidedly anxious as to the future.
The cherry aphis and plum rot are also diffi-
cult to control and cause much loss in many
orchards.

The Minister of Agriculture, realizing the
serious nature of the attacks of these vine-
yard and orchard enemies in the great fruit-
growing regions of Ontario, decided to ar-
range for a series of experiments and
demonstrations this searson in spraying at
eight places from Winona to the Niagara
river. The main object of these experi-
ments and demonstrations is to test the ef-
fectiveness of the preparations which have
been recommended for the control of the
chief insect and fungous pests of the or-
chard and vineyard.

THE WASHES USED.

The following substa;nces will be used in
the plum and vineyard experiments : Cop-

Sacred Heart Church and Presbytery, Alberton, Prince Edward Island

The beautiful home of Rev. Father Burke, President of the Fruit Growers' Association of Prince Edward Island and the
^foremost among Maritime agricultural leaders.

213

214

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

per sulphate and the Hme-sulphur wash on
dormant vines, and Bordeaux and soda Bor-
deaux at intervals during the growing sea-
son.

The following substances were used
agaiinst the San Jose scale : The lime-sul-
phur wash (unboiled), the kerosene-limoid
mixture, the Carlson mixture, and Pratt's
Anti-scale Remedy.

The first round of experiments and de-
monstrations, as announced in the May
issue of The Horticulturist, was held as fol-
lows: April 13. at Mr. Murray Pettit's,
Winona ; April 14, at Mr. Ambrose Pettit's,
Grimsby; April 15, at Mr. R. Kelly's and at
Mr. Bartlett's, Beamsville; April 17, at Mr.
J. Fretz's, Jordan ; April 18, at Mr. George
Robertson's and Mr. Pay's, St. Catharines ;
April 19, at ]\Ir. Jas. Hutchison's, Virgil ;
April 20, at Oueenston ; April 21, at Niagara
Falls.

On account of the large extent of terri-
tory to be covered the owners of the vine-
yards and orchards in which the experiments
were conducted were asked to provide facili-
ties for the preparation of the chemicals
used, such as hot water or steam, a kettle,
two or three barrels, and a small amount of
lime, sulphur, and copper sulphate. The
owners were also asked to have the grape
vines cleaned of old bark.

The spraying operations for the remain-
der of the summer will be directed mainly
against the grape rots. It is hoped that the
results will indicate (i) the proper time to
apply the Bordeaux, (2) the number of ap-
plications which will be necessary for the
production of clean grapes, (3) the most
effective sprayings of the season's opera-
tions, and (4) those sprayings Avhich may
be omitted with safely.

The bluestone application (four pounds
to 40 gallons of water), according to the
Ohio authorities of doubtful value, is made
in the spring while the vines are dormant,
the first Bordeaux (Bi) spraying about the

DIAGRAM OF MR. MURRAY PETTIT S EXPERI-
MENTAL VINEYARD AT WINONA,

I 111 Yrn 1 1

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18 19 W 1

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first week in June when the new growths
are from 12 to 18 inches long, the second
Bordeaux (B2) after blossoming about the
first week in July, and subsequent applica-
tions at intervals of 10 days or two weeks.

The accompanying chart of the experi-
mental vineyard at Mr, Murray Pettit's will
show clearly the varied nature of the appli-
cations and the information which we may
hope to get from the experiments. Mr. P.
W. Hodgetts, B. S. A. of the Department of
Agriculture, has consented to act along with
me in carrying out these experiments, and
he will probably conduct the July and
August experiments.

Barnyard manure, made chiefly from
grain and hay, is not well balanced in ferti-
lizing ingredients for strawberries.

THE CODLING MOTH

BULLETIN No. lo of the Ohio Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, which
has recently reached The Horticulturist,
gives some valuable information respecting
the codling moth. The following summary
contains the substance of what appears in
the bullciiii :

1. Active, mature larvae of the codling
moth may be found in Ohio orchards from
June 30 to October 13, which signifies that
the fruit is more or less subject to attack
during the greater part of the growing sea-
son.

2. An average of results from unsprayed
plots in three widely separated orchards
shows that had no spraying been done dur-
ing the past season 43 per cent, of the picked
apple crop would have shown injury from
codling moth at harvest. In addition, a
considerable quantity of fruit fell during the
summer, a large percentage of which was
wormy. The results from sprayed plots
averaged only nine per cent, wormy fruit.
In other words, 91 per cent, of the fruit
from sprayed plots was free from injury,
whereas, of that from unsprayed plots, only
57 per cent, could be so classed.

3. The figures from each of three or-
chards indicate that a large number of
sprayings are unnecessary to control this

insect. In some cases the very early spray-
ing and in others the very late apparently
did not accomplish much. x\s early spray-
ing with Bordeaux is necessary to control
the scab, and as the poison may <he applied
in it at a very small additional expense, it is
best to continue the established practice of
spraying as soon as the petals have fallen,-
using both the Bordeaux and poison. After
two or three sprayings of the combined mix-
ture the Bordeaux should be discontinued.
After this at least one and possibly two ap-
plications of the arsenate of lead should be
made at intervals of two weeks.

4. Arsenate of lead is superior in killing
power to arsenite of soda, which is probably
due to its sticking qualities.

5. Being appHed in Bordeaux mixture
does not reduce the effectiveness of arsenate
of lead.

6. Damage from apple scab can be largely
avoided by two or three applications of Bor-
deaux mixture.

7. Regardless of the care taken in its pre-
paration, Bordeaux mixture sometimes in-
jures foliage, especially when the application
is followed by wet weather.

8. The keeping quality of apples attacked
by codling moth and apple scab is very seri-
ously impaired.

Bandaging Trees

PROF. H. L. HUTT, 0. A. C, GUELPH, ONT.

At what season should apple trees be band-
aged ? What material is used and where can
it be obtained ?— (W. T. N., Zenda, Ont.

I s'hall take up your questions in the order
given. First, June is the time to put bur-
lap 'bands on tue apple trees for the codling
moth. This should be done before the
middle of the month.

Coarse sacKing or ordinary burlap is the
material best suited for this purpose. It
can be obtained at dry goods stores, where
it often comes as the outside covering on
goods sent from wholesale houses.

Set More Trees. — Farmers should plant
more fruit trees, say up to five acres on a
lOO-acre farm. New markets are being
opened up in Europe, which, wdth our own
northwest, will create a demand for first-
class fruit, which will increase much faster
than the supply. — (Frank J. Barber,
Georgetown, Ont.

The only spraying I have found necessary
so far has been for oyster shell bark louse,
which I have treated successfully, with a
thorough spraying of fresh slacked lime, in
March. — (G. H. Hutton, Easton's Corners,
Ont.

RESULTS FROM POWER SPRAYING

U ''I'^llli power sprayer 1 purchased last
X .April," said Air. R. H. Lewis, of
Hamilton, to a representative of The Horti-
culturist, " has given nie excellent satisfac-
tion. With it i spray over 6000 trees and
4000 grape vines. Previous to last spring
I had done the spraying for four yearj with
a hand spra)er. These hand si)raycrs
should be called ' man killers,' tliey are so
hard on the people who operate them,
llu'ee men were required to use the hand
spra)er. To spray three a/res of solid
fruit re(|uired seven days, duriug which we
usually had plenty of breakdowns. Using
the power sprayer last year only two and a
half to three days were required and the
work was much better done.

" With the hand sprayer 1 found it im-
possible to apply the spray thoroughly, as
the force was not sufficient to send the spray
to all portions of the trees, especially the
large ones. This meant that in the case of
plums the center of the trees were frequently
not reached by the spray and the fruit was
usually badly damaged. With the power
sprayer the spray penetrated to every part
of the tree and consequentl} the results
were better than those obtained with the old
hand pump.

" j\Iy sprayer obtains its power from the
hind axle. I drive between the rows of
trees with a man on each side of the sprayer,
each man spraying the trees on his side.
Six and sometimes eight nozzles are used.
In this way the work is done rapidly and
thoroughly. It is possible for one man to
drive the team and spray the trees on one
side, but it is hard work urdess the trees are
very small.

A S.WING IS MADE).

" In addition to the saving of time that
is made when the power sprayer is used
there is a big saving in material. Formerly
I used to apply 250 pounds of vitriol, while
this year I only used 100 pounds, but I used
50 pounds of caustic soda in addition. I

am a strong believer in the caustic soda and
sulphur wash used before the buds appear
and while the wood is dormant. It is, how-
ever, a mixture that has to be used very
carefully. The caustic soda cleans the
trees of every kind of fungus and rids them
of all insects, giving the trees a very nice
gloss. Cherry trees, after the iViixture is
applied, look as if they had been polished,
'i'his mixture can be applied too strongly,
however, in which case the trees will be in-
jured, but the use of reasonable proportions
gives good results. 1 use 15 to 17 pounds
of caustic soda to 100 gallons of water. 1
have had no experience in San Jose scale,
but believe that this mixture would be an
elYectual remed}- for the scale.

" I generally spray twice, before and after
the buds appear, and plums, pears and
grapes four times, tor the plums and pears
t use the Bordeaux mixture except for the
tirst application, when caustic soda is used.
Peaches are first sprayed with the caustic
soda and sulphur solution in the proportion
of 30 to 35 pounds of sulphur mixed with
15 to 17 gallons of water. The second ap-
plication is made with the iiordeaux mix-
ture. Last year I applied the caustic soda
mixture to part of my trees. The trees on
which it was used produced peaches, but
those on which I iir.u put the Bordeaux mix-
ture both tmies did not yield. This year I
intend to use the caustic soda application
on all my trees.

" I have about 135 cherry trees of the
Early Richmond and Large Montmorency
varieties. I sprayed three times with Bor-
deaux mixture, there being five to seven
days between each application. It requires
about one hour each time to spray these
trees. The total cost, including the tim€,
labor and value of the mixture amounted to
about $3. As a result of the spraying I
secured over 700 baskets of cherries. I
sold the crop for 85 cents to $1 per basket,
and it netted me nearly $700. One of my

ORCHARD PESTS.

217

neighbors had about 300 cherry trees of the
same varieties and picked 15 baskets of
poor fruit, and other fruit growers in the
district east of Hamilton, who' did not spray,
obtained about the same results. I am
satisfied that my success in securing a crop
was due to the thorough spraying. In view
of the returns I have secured I have con-
cluded that it pays handsoniely to spray.

" Before I purchased n^y sprayer I was
told that it would be difficult to maintain
the pressure when it was derived from the
rear wheel, but I experienced no trouble of
this kind. It was possible to work the
pressure up to 175 pounds in five minutes.
The sprayer could remain opposite one tree
for several minutes without the pressure de-
creasing to any great extent."

Enemies in the Orchard

J. O. DUKE, RUTHVEN, ONT.

1FIND oystershell bark louse one of the
most difficult pests to handle. Spray-
ing with whale oil soap may check but does
not eradicate it. I have used lime, salt and
sulphur for the past two years and hope to
have better results from this.

The peach tree borer is easily kept out of
an orchard by carefully digging the borers
out with a knife. 1 ms should be done
twice a year until the tree is five years old,
after which, if the trees have been kept
clean and have no scars at the base, the
borers will have difficulty in securing a
lodgment.

In the spring, during the months of April
and May, I have the earth removed from the
base of the tree. In doing this all large
borers can be easily found and dug out. In
a couple of weeks I send a man over the or-
chard again. This time most of the small
grubs can be found, their presence being in-
dicated by their excreta appearing as fine
brown sawdust at the entrance to their hole.
This man also paints the tree from the
ground to the height of a foot or so with a
mixture containing equal parts of whale oil
soap, crude petroleum and water. In a
week or 10 days the trees are again gone
over and banked up six or eight inches
above the level of the ground, each tree be-
ing carefully inspected, before the earth is
put around it, for signs of grubs that may
have been overlooked. This final banking

up should be done before June 10, as that
is about the time the borer moth begins to
hatch in Essex county.

In October I like to go over my trees to
bank up for the winter, always keeping on
the watch for a stray borer. I believe that
trees painted with the mixture mentioned
are practically insured against mice, as none
of my trees that were painted in the sum-
mer of 1903 were girdled, while a few rows
that were missed were nearly all taken.

Spraying Trees When in Bloom

PROF. H. L. HUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH, ONT.

A number of farmers in this locality are
advocating the spraying of apple trees when in
full bloom. One prominent fruit grower cites
an instance where a man had started, but stop-
ped part way up a row, being warned that the
blossoms would not mature. That fall the fruit
on the sprayed trees was far superior and the
place he left off could be distinctly seen.
Kindly give me your opinion as to spraying
when in bloom. — (C. F. Bailey, Colebrook, N. S.

I cannot recommend spraying while the
trees are in bloom, for this would mean the
destruction not only of the honey bees but
the wild bees which help to bring atx)ut
fertilization of the blossoms. The good
results obtained from spraying would no
doubt have been just as marked if the trees
had been properly sprayed before and after
blossoming.

From your statement it appears that trees
sprayed while in bloom show marked results
over those unsprayed. This is nothing
more than might be expected, still it does
not show how many bees were destroyed

2l8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

through spraying at such a time. If the
practice of spraying when trees are in bloom
became at all general it would in time lead
to lighter crops through the destruction of
the bees and lack of fertilization of the blos-
soms.

Cooperation in British Columbia

n^'^ HE British Columbia Fruit Grower.^;'
X Association has a programme at each
of its quarterly meetings, including ad-
dresses and papers by persons competent to
deal with the questions allotted to tbem. In
addition to the regular quarterly meetings
supplementary meetings are held in newly
settled districts, the object being to point
out the proper modes of planting, pruning,
spraying and cultivation of orchards, advis-
ing varieties of plant, giving instruction in
grading an^d packing fruit, and assisting to
have the orchards established on a proper
basis.

In the older districts the meetings are to
encourage the spirit of cooperation, which
does not stop at marketing, but includes co-
operation in planting. The growers in a
section join in planting the same varieties,
thus establishing a name for say Spitzen-
"burgs from Salmon Arm. Cooperation in
purchasing supplies, such as boxes, spray-
ing material, fertilizers, etc., is also encour-
aged, as well as in marketing the fruit. The
first efforts were directed to securing uni-
form quotations and the success encouraged
the association to widen its field. The re-
sult is four cooperative shipping unions
'have been formed, with others ready to .fall
into line.

The association has three vice-presidents,
one in each of the natural divisions of the
province — Vancouver Island, Lower Fraser
Valley, and the interior. The vice-presi-
dent on the island presides at all meetings
on the island ; the second vice-president on
the lower Fraser ; the president in the

Okanagan valley, and the third vice-presi-
dent in the Kootenay valley. The secre-
tary is the only paid member of the execu-
tive who attends all meetings, thus saving
travelling expenses.

Since the annual meeting in January
three meetings have been held, one of the
former class at Matsqui, and two of the
latter at Chilliwack and one at Mission City.
Meetings to encourage cooperation were ar-
ranged for Port Hammond, Burnaby and
Langley in March, and at Salmon Arm, En-
derby, Armstrong, Kelowna, Peachland and
Summerland for early in May. These
meetings were a combination of the two
classes. Meetings will also be held in July
in the Kootenay valley.

Let the Robins Live. — Robins have not
become so troublesome that I would like to
see them destroyed. They take a large
number of our cherries, and are increasing
rapidly in numbers, so that it may soon be-
come necessary to destroy them. They
should not be protected by law when they
become so numerous as to destroy our crops.
I would not wish to drive them away as long
as they leave me a reasonable portion of the
fruit. — (W. W. Hillborn, Leamington, Ont.

The British Columbia Fruit Growers' As-
sociation has adopted a resolution in favor
of establishing an experimental orchard on
Vancouver Island. They also decided to
ask the provincial government to enforce
section seven of the rules of the Board of
Horticulture which gives inspectors power
to destroy or ship to the grower any fruit
not considered merchantable by reason of
scab or other defects.

Our provincial fruit growers' association
was only instituted last year, but a good
deal of interest has already been shown and
the membership is steadily increasing. —
(Henry Wilmot. Oromocto. N. B.

THE SHIPMENT OF APPLES

fci \ ^ / HY should fruit growers have to
V V ship even their peaches by ex-
press," asked Mr. E. D. Smith at a fruit
growers' meeting held at Beamsville.
Fruit sent by freight should reach points
within lOO miles the next day. There is
needless delay at Toronto for fruit shipped
from the Niagara district. The Railway
Commission has promised consideration,
but 'he questioned if much will be done, un-
less by cooperation fruit growers bring pres-
sure to bear on the commission. They
spend thousands of dollars for fruit carriage
and the railway companies will not even fur-
nish proper cars. The cars on which the
apples are shipped get too hot. Prof. Rob-
ertson tested the cars and found a tempera-
ture of 85 degrees. It was said the apples
spoil on shipboard, but more damage is
done on the cars.

Apples remain in barrels in the orchard
for some time without spoiling, but they
soon spoil on board s'hip because there is not
proper ventilation. Apples sent by venti-
lated ships are probably worth one dollar
more per barrel. There s'hould be an act
of parliament to compel ventilation, as is
done in the case of cattle ships. Thermo-
graphs should be provided. Proper venti-
lation would save $1,000,000 a year to the
apple growers of Ontario.

Fruit growers must raise a good
article. If half the fruit was dumped
out growers would get more money for
the other half. The trees must have

rich ground and the fruit should be
thinned out. Peach trees could be thinned
for two cents a tree. Mr. Smith said he
had thinned some trees from 12 baskets to
five and it paid, as he secured larger and
better fruit.

In regard to the size of apple barrels there
are two sides to the question of uniformity.
Ontario has a reputation for large barrels,
and there are no extra charges for freight,
handling, etc., in which way more than
enough is realized to pay for the extra 16
quarts of apples. Baskets are required by
law to be uniform in size, but the act is not
carried out. Cooperation is needed among
the fruit growers to remedy these defects.

After hearing Mr. E. D. Smith speak -f
the necessity for cooperation in shipping
fruit, ]\Ir. A. N. Brown, of the State of
Delaware, expressed surprise that the Nia-
gara shippers have no ventilated cars or
fruit trains. The growers in the States, he
said, have been through like experiences
and had to deal with the Pennsylvania rail-
way monopoly. He advised Ontario grow-
ers not to go to the Railway Commission
but to appeal direct to the railway com-
panies. They in Delaware had, after a
fight over the question of routing which
threatened to kill their industry, secured a
market train which carried their fruit at the
rate of 35 miles an hour. The Niagara
shippers should have such a train to To-
ronto. The rate on such a train was high,
but not nearly so high as by express.

New Seedling Pear. — A splendid variety
of pear is being grown by Mr. E. C. Beman,
of Newcastle, samples of which were shown
at the last Provincial Fruit, Flower and
Honey Show in Toronto. It ripens during
the last of October or early in November.
These trees have been growing in Mr. Be-

man's orchard for 12 or 13 years, and he
has some that are top grafted. It bids fair
to be a very productive variety, and the fruit
is of large size. The quality is not quite
as good as the Sheldon, but is similar. The
fruit is juicy and delicious, and it promises
to. become popular.

219

PICKING STRAWBERRIES

I'' HE strawberry picking season will soon
be here. The illustration on this page
shows a portion of an 1 1 acre patch of Straw-
berries on thr fruit farm of Mr. J. O. Duke,
of Olinda, Ont., with the pickers at work.
" I employed 25 to 40 pickers each day,"
writes Mr, Duke to The Horticulturist.
" They were j^laced under a foreman, who
saw that the berries were picked right and
that the rows were picked clean, each picker
Jiaving a row to herself, which was thor-
oughly done l)efore another was given. The
rows were numbered, and as each row was
taken the number was placed in a 'book oppo-
site the name of tne picker.

" 1 fin.d this method a great advantage to
keep the pickers on their own rows. There
are always some pickers who, if not
watched, will run all over the patch. Each
picker is provided with a carrier holding six
(|uart boxes, and is instructed to pick into
all the six at once and not to fill one box at
a time, to be careful not to have any holes
in their baskets, and that the berries 'must be
put in carefully and compactly.

" The fruit is packed in crates holding 24
quart Idoxcs for shipping. I pay two cents
a box. I grow the earliest ripening varie-

ties and find Mitchell's Early. Bedar Wood
and Crescent about the 'best. They don't
grow heavy crops of fruit, but catch the
early market. For a late berry Williams is
hard to beat, being very firm and very pro-
ductive, though late. Being one of the first
growers in Canada each season to pick ber-
ries I always find a market at satisfactory
prices to the east and north."

Pine Twigs For Currant Worms

THE use of pine twigs to keep off the
worm from currant and goosel>erry
bushes is recommended by Mr. T. R. Pat-
tillo, of Bridgewater, N. S.

" Some years ago," he writes, " I read an
article bearing on the subject from the pen
of a lady amateur gardener who had suc-
cessfully used them and was anxious others
should know of it. I put it into practice,
with the result that I have had no trouble
with the pests for the past seven years.
There is no skill required, but the twigs
must be used in time.

" W'hen the bushes begin to bloom I hie
to the woods for my supply, getting them
from one foot to three feet long, and plac-
insr them in and out through the bushes, let-

Strawberry Pickers at Work for Mr. J. 0. Duke, of Olinda.

THE DESPISED DANDELION.

ting them rest on the branches so that the
wind will not blow them down. I put sev-
eral on each large bush and let them remain
till the season is over. A lady friend tried
my method last spring on her currants, over-
looking the necessity of putting them on the
gooseberries. As a result she found the lat-
ter stripped of every leaf while the currants
were intact." •

Dandelions in Lawns

PROF. H. L. HUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH.

Can you give me any remedy for dandelions
in lawns ? Toronto lawns are absolutely yel-
low with t'hem. Like the poor, they are always
with us in season. — (T. McGillicuddy, Toronto,
Ont.

The best remed}" for dandelions in the
lawn is to grow grass in their stead and to
grow it so abundantly that the dandelions
will find no quarter. It is useless to attempt
to spud them out, for this only affords a
suitable place for the lodgment of seed which
is blown abotit freely, and really tends
to aggravate the trouble rather than remedy
it. It is practically impossible to rid the
ground of dandelions where there are so
many going to seed all around and thou-
saods of seeds being carried hither and
thither by the wind.

Our practice has been to apply a top dress-
ing of well rotted manure in the fall to the
poor spots in the lawn where the dandelions
are most plentiful, and in the spring, if the
grass is not thick enough, to rake in some
fresh grass seed. We have found this to
give wonderful results, the dandelions being
almost crowded out by the luxuriant growth
of grass, and it has often been possible to
trace the boundaries anywhere on the lawn
where such applications have been made, not
only by the apparent absence of dandelions,
but by the luxuriant growth of the lawn
grass.

But why try to get rid of the dandelions ?
W'hat can be more beautiful than a lawn
brilliant with their beautiful bloom? It is

simply because we have them in such abund-
ance that we despise them. If the}- were
as scarce as the English daisies we would
import them by the thousands. Is it not
another case of familiarity breeding con-
tempt ?

Window Box Plants

WM. HLNT, O. A. C, GUELPH.

Many of the plants that have to be taken
from indoors during the summer can be
made use of in window boxes, hanging bas-
kets, veranda boxes, or vases on the lawn.
The Tradescantias (Wandering Jew), Um-
brella plant, Cordylines, Ferns, German or
Cape Ivy, and many varieties of Begonias
or Fuchsias — if in flower — make splendid
plants for window boxes on the east or
north side of the house, whilst Coleus.
V'incas or Perriwinkles, especially the varie-
gated type, will help to fill boxes or baskets
for more sunny positions. By paying a
little attention to the difl'erent positions
suited to plants during the hot months of
summer, many of them can be grown
and will improve their condition very much
by the time they are wanted for the window
again in winter. Plentiful and copious
sprinklings with water on the foliage of
Palms, Rubber plants, Cordylines and simi-
lar plants is necessary during summer.
Azaleas also should be sprinkled every
morning or evening when the weather is hot
and drv.

We gave up planting trees on Arbor Day
about lo years ago because we had as many
as our school groimds would accommodate.
We plant 15.000 flowers and vines every
year in our school grounds on Arbor Day.
— (James L. Hughes, Public School Inspec-
tor, Toronto.

I would advise every fruit grower to
spray his orchard. — (Fred. Heeney, Inger-
soll.'

AUTOMATIC VENTILATION IN PRIVATE CONSERVATORIES

ROBT. \V. KING, C. E., TORONTO, OXT.

''1'^ TIE practicability of automatic ventila-
1 lion in private conservatories was
raised a few years ago. II was thought
that it would be decidedly advantageous,
but it was doubtful whether the average gar-
dener would have sufficient mechanical in-
telligence to care for the machines. The
experiment has been tried with success dur-
ing the last two or three years.

The pioneer experiment is particularly in-
teresting front the fact that there is, first
what may be termed an ordinary greenhouse
on a miniature scale in wihich the heat is
controlled by hand valves in the usual way,
with the ventilation automatic; secondly,
there is a show conservatory, apart from the
greenhouses, connected w'ith and opening
into the residence in which plants gro'wn in
the greenhouse are displayed when in bloom.
In this apartment the ventilation is controlled
by nand. while the heating pipes are con-
trolled automatically.

In fitting out this establishment cost was
a secondary consideratioii. the main object
being to obtain what was best for the pur-
pose even though subject to some experi-
mental expense. Before proceeding to fur-
ther describe this greenhouse it may be in-
teresting to refer to the way its present ar-
rangements were brought about.

As in all such cases an architect was first
employed. When it comes to the designing
of a common greenhouse in which fbloom
can be grown satisfactorily, the ordinarv
architect usually exhibits himself completelv
at sea. In the instance referred to the build-
ing itself was not so bad. though the wooden
wall plates surmounted by heavy, wooden
mullions, carrying wooden gutters equally
weighty, and a double row of purlin sup-
ports, five feet centers, might with advant-
age have been replaced by some of the more
modern light iron or steel construction.
When it came to the erecting of the intern"]
arrangements the gardener, who probablv

had never been consulted unless in some
high handed way, objected, and at his re-
(juest the hand ventilation system that had
been contracted for was replaced b\' auto-
matics.

This greenhouse is 60 feet long by 19 feet
wide, running north and south. This
enables ventilation on both sides of the roof
to be successfully used during winter
months. When houses run east and west,
and double ventilation is used, it is necessary
in winter to disconnect shutters on the north
side.

The house is divided into three compart-
ments for the puqjose of running different
temperatures and degrees of ventilation.
The first compartment is used for orchids,
carnations, and bedding plants. This com-
partment is 24 feet long, separately con-
trolled by automatic ventilation on both
sides of the ridge. The ventilating shut-
ters are hinged at the headers, the spacing
being so arranged that the shutters on oppo-
site sides of the ridge are not opposite one
another. This compartment has also side
ventilation on both sides and some base
ventilation under the benches. The second
compartment is used for forcing general
conservatory stock, bulbs, etc. Its ventila-
tion is similar to the first.

The third compartment, or rose house, is
15 feet in length, from \vhich is deducted a
liaeral allo^wance for pathways and side
benches, on which are grown cinerarias and
mnnerous other plants. The rose beds
consist of two central, modern, solid tile beds
each nine feet in length by five feet in width.
The roses grown are American Beauties,
Brides and Bridesmaid. This compart-
ment has automatic double ventilation at the
roof, no other ventilation being used. It has
its own special machine.

The gardener does his work in a very
systematic way. He has his books of refer-
ence alwavs at hand and is more than a sub-'

A UTOMA TIC VENTILA TION.

scriber to florists' literature, because he
reads it when he gets it, which is more than
many florists do. His Httle batches of soil
are graded to the different tastes of his
various patients, nis temperatures watched
and studied, using self registering ther-
mometers both for high and low. The
blooms from individual plants are counted
for comparison and guidiC in further pur-
chasing, his daily cut is recorded, in fact one
may see carried out in this miniature green-
house a routine that might well reoomimend
itself to many more pretentious commercial
establishments.

In order to enable readers to judge as to
what has been accomplished a list is ap-
pended of the cut from the rose house,
equal success being accomplished in other
branches :

CUT OF ROSES FROM 80 PLANTS,

1903 AND 1904.

24 Brides. 24 Bridesmaids.

October Ill 143

November 120 44

December 25 46

January 42 33

February 20 21

March 67 20

April 79 48

May 33 49

497 404

32 American
Beauties.

13

24
6

15

34

56
137
105

390

TOTAL CUT FROM 80 PLANTS IN 3 YEARS

1901 and 1902. 1902 and 1903. 1903 and 1904

Brides 486 385 367

Bridesmaids.... 410 373 404
Beauties 514 404 390

1410

1162

1161

This cut of roses is from the 80 plants for
8 months only of each season.

In regard to mechanical ability to operate
automatic ventilation and heat control, if the
agents for the latter have had no more trou-
ble than those who supplied the former they
must think themselves lucky, the former
"having had only one call in three years.
Now, however, the madhines require and
are undergoing cleaning and repairs.

Automatic ventilation where it can be

successfully operated seems to be particu-
larly well adapted to a private conservatory.
It is well known how imperative it is in the
culture of flowers, especially the more deli-
cate varieties, to ensure an even and regular
temperature. Most important of all is the
avoidance of sudden changes which may be
ruinous to success. The average gentle-
man's gardener has a multiplicity of matters
to. attend to outside the greenhouse, requir-
ing at times his absence fro'm the premises
for long periods.

It must also be remembered that the
larger the houses or the larger the cubic
contents in block the easier it is to maintain
an even temperature, so in a miniature
greenhouse such as described, with its much
larger proportion of outside wall surface as
compared with the space heated, changes of
temperature follow much more rapidly the
changes in outside coinditions, rendering
more vigilance necessary than in the larger
structure, where also at all times there are
persons in attendance.

In equipping a private conservatory the
cost of attendance necessary to constantly
watch the ventilation has to be considered,
if anything approaching such results as re-
ferred to are expected. If even at a small
expense for automatic appliances they can
be kept in successful operation it is a wise
expenditure to install them in the first in-
stance.

As designer and patentee of the automatic
ventilator referred to, and notwithstanding
that in some instances disappointment has
resulted, the writer, considering the many
favorable reports that have been received,
together with an increase in the numher of
his patrons who are able to successfully
operate them, is encouraged in his attempt
to work further improvements.

Grass mulched orchards should seldom
be pastured. The grass should be cut and
allowed to lie on the ground.

PROPAGATION AND CARE OF ROSES

WM. HUNT. ONT. .\r,l!I. COI.LEGK, GUELPH.

i.^A K.r rmlv u'^ed as stocks to biul or graft better

GARDEN' roses can be propagated by onl\ useti as siueK.
four different methods: bv budding, varieties on. . . ■, „

grafting averincr. as well as fro,, cuttings. The best time for an antateur to stnk
The two la'st named n,e,l,o,ls are the best roses from cutt.ngs ts dur,,^ July an<l
I' tl'ta^eur to practice, not oulv l>ecause .August. .K shallow open box three .nches
■ive letter results, but fron", the fact in depth of the req.urec s,ze, w,th ho es
,:, 1 led an.l .rafted roses are more apt bored iu the bottom for dratnage and filled
lo suffer fro.u disease au.l winter killing with flue sharp sand. ,s a good place to
than arc <>ur own root roses, the
junction of the hud or scion and
stock on huddcd or o-rafted roses
being ahva\s more or less a dan-
gerous point.

] am strongly in favor of our
own root roses versus Inuldcd or
grafted plants. I have grown
hardv roses raised from cuttings
for upwards of 20 years with splen-
did results, whilst during that period
I have had to replace budded stock-
several times. Own root roses are
slower in giving results than are
Imdcled roses, but when once estab-
lished they will last for years with-
out renewal if hardy, suitable va-
rieties are selected for the locality
they are to grow in. Another point
in favor of own root roses is that if
they sucker out. the suckers instead
of being useless — as well as hurtful
—to the old plant can be used as
young plants, as the suckers from
an own root rose will produce a
plant the same as the parent plant.
Alanv varieties of roses will in

A Crimson Rambler Rose Bush and Its Owner.

.NiaUN VcUiCLlC^ ux ...... The Crimson Rambler rose here shown was p^^^^^^^^^^^

crease themselves very rapidly from ^^^^^^l^^^^"^^^^^

root suckers that can be detached ^^^^.^^^^^LJ^^^^^^^^^^^I^^

from the parent plant early in the ^^-^'Z^-^J^Jf^^^l^S^^

spring, and be planted out by them- S^^^e.f L:;:^=n-t:^:^rraoefh-!^:-U^n^^

selves. But from budded or grafted -osure. _ _ ,ink the box level

plants' these suckers are onlv a nuisance and strike rose cuttings in. _

should be cut awav as soon as they show to the top in sand or sod n. a parhaUy

themselves, being 'usuallv growth of the shaded place out m the garden. ^ Take the

briar or manetti.^DOth of 'them being useless cuttings from wood of this years growth

from a decorative point of view, and are the wood should not be too soft or sappy, or

-•'4

ROSES AND THEIR CARE.

225

too old and hard. The base of the wood
below where the roses have been growing
is perhaps the best, although other growth
will answer. The base of the cutting
should be made just below a leaf joint, and
should be cut quite level or square across
the cutting.

It is not absolutely necessary to make the
base of the cutting immediately below a leaf
joint, but I have had the quickest and best
results by taking the cutting in this way. A
cutting with two leaf joints will be long
enough. Remove the lower leaf before in-
serting the cutting in the sand. Use a very
sharp knife in making rose cuttings, so as
not to bruise or damage them. . Insert the
cutting about i^A lo 2 inches in the sand
according to the length, making a hole in
the sand with a pencil or stick before in-
serting the cutting. \\ ater the sand well
once, and keep the sand moist but not sod-
dened afterAvards. Pot ofT into small 25^2
inch pots as soon as rooted, using a com-
post of three parts of loamy potting soil
mixed with one part of fine sharp sand.

Layering: Climbing roses are more
easily propagated from layers than bush
roses. By taking a young cane early in
spring of the preceeding year's growth and
burying a portion two or three inches below
the soil at a distance of a foot or two from
the parent plant, a good plant can be ob-
tained by the following spring, when it can
be severed from the parent plant. About
12 inches in length of the cane should be
buried, leaving about a foot or 18 inches of
the top of the cane exposed. This termi-
nal end or top of the cane will form the
future rose tree.

If a straight cut is made two-thirds
through the cane and just below a leaf joint,
at a point where the cane is buried deepest
in the ground, it will facilitate the layer in
rooting. The sanie n^ethod can be used in
layering bush roses, but the proper wood
from these is not always obtainable. Select
the canes for layering from those growing
from near the root of the parent phnt, as

they are easier to layer than canes growing
higher up the plant. Climbing roses can
also be struck from cuttings as recom-
mended for bush roses.

CULTURE AND PRUXIXG.

Roses like a deep, well drained clay loam
soil well enriched with rotten stable manure.
The drainage is an important point in win-
tering over the more tender varieties of
roses. Bone meal forked in in the spring
is a good fertilizer for roses. Half a pound
of bone meal to each bush will not be too
much when the bushes have become estab-
lished.

Prune hardy bush roses early in the
spring just as the leaf buds show the first
sign of swelling. Prune all the strong
growth back to within four to eight inches
of the old growth, removing all dead and
weakly shoots.

Climbing roses should have the weak
shoots of the new growth removed,
especially if the bush is strong and
vigorous. Shorten the strong canes back
so that they are left about four to six feet
in length according to the space they have
to grow in.

Green fly and thrip are the worst insect
enemies of the rose. Use tobacco dust
made from raw tobacco stems or leaves, or
a solution of strong tobacco water to keep
doAvn these pests. Apply these remedies as
soon as the leaves are developed, as they are
of more service as preventatives than as
cures, and an ounce of prevention is better
than a pound of cure.

For the rose slug use dry hellebore pow-
der sprinkled on the foliage when moist, or
use it early in the morning when the dew is
on. Weak Paris green water will answer
as well, but I prefer the dry hellebore.
These instructions only barely touch on
some of the most important points in the
propagaition and culture of the rose, much
has to be learned by experience, more es-
pecially in regard to suitability or different
varieties, and treatment of same as required
bv loc^l conditions and surroundings.

HYBRIDIZATION

J. H. PAUIJ-, PII. D., LECTL'KKK IX liOTAXV, TOROXTO UXIVERSITV.

A PLANT hybrid is the product of a
cross between two plants that do not
belong to the same variety. It may be a
cross between two varieties, between a
variety and the parent species, between two
species, or between two genera. It may re-
semble either of the parents, or it may re-
semble the male parent in some respects and
the female in others, or it may be interme-
diate between the two, or it may resemble
neither.

Can the nature of the cross be foretold ?
On what are the characters of the hybrid
dependent? What will be the characters
of its progeny and can they be determined
beforehand ? These are pertinent ques-
tions for the plant breeder.

Unfortunately our knowledge of the laws
of hybridization is meagre. Not long since
I read a short article in one of the Ontario
trade journals in which a prominent florist
advised crossing everything that could be
got to cross, on the basis that some valuable
results were likely to be attained. This was
an unwitting testimony to the fact that that
florist knew of no guiding principles — to
him the production of a valuable race of
plants b}- hybridizing was a matter of mer-
esit chance. The day has not yet dawnfed
when we may select two plants of different
kinds and predict the characters of their off-
spring, but we can do this with a few, and it
is of these that I wish to speak. Species
is a group of like plants that possesses some
one or more characters that are not common
to its ancestral species. A variety is a
group of like plants in which some character
of the species from which it was derived re-
mains dormant, or in which there is the re-
appearance of an ancestral character that
was dormant in the parent species. These
definitions are due to the Dutch botanist.
DeVries.

Practicallv the first contribution to our

knowledge of the laws of hybridization was
made by an Austrian priest, Gregor Johann
Mendel. He studied the crosses between a
species and its variety and succeeded in dis-
covering the law governing hybrids of this
kind.

The law, stated in brief, affirms that when
a species and its variety are crossed the pairs
of differentiating characters become disso-
ciated in the hybrid, and re-arrange them-
selves in the offspring into as many combi-
nations as is possible in ratios that are de-
terminable by the theory of probability.
There are no intermediate forms or new
qualities produced.

In order to understand the workings of
the law let us select a specific example, say
a cross between a 'blue-flowered species and
its white-flowered variety, all other charac-
ters in the plants crossed being the same.
The results are not affected by the direction
ui which the cross is made. The only re-
striction placed on the experiment is that
there must be no subsequent crossing, the
progeny must be kept isolated from other
plants with which they might hybridize.

All of the flowers of the first generation
after the crosses are blue. Blue then is a
dominant character. Indeed, the species
character is almost uniformly dominant. In
the second generation there is a splitting up :
25 of the offspring out of every 100 bear
white flowers and 75 blue. The white flow-
ers are of the pure variety type, and breed as
true as if there had never been a cross ; 25
of the 75 are likewise of pure type, of the
species kind, and they breed true. The re-
maining 50 are hybrids, their flowers being
all blue because this quality is a dominant.
In this generation then one-half of the plants
have reverted — an equal number to each
parent type, and but one-half are hybrids.
The latter break up in exactly the same man-
ner in the succeeding generation, namely in

* Extract from an address before the Natural Hislorj- Section of the Canadian Institute.

226

ABOUT HYBRIDS.

227

the ratio of one white, two hybrids, one blue.
. This ratio is a constant for all cases that
have so far been put to the test.

Mendel chose twoj)airs of dififcrentiating:
characters for a second experiment. One
made by DeVries may be cited by way of
illustration. DeV^ries crossed a blue thorny
form, Datura Tatula, with the white thorn-
less Datura Stramonium Inermis. The
members oi the first generation were blue
and thorny, so that these were evidently
dominant characters. The second genera-
tion was broken up into the following
classes : ( i ) 56.25 per cent, blue with
thorns; (2) 18.75 P^"^ cent, blue without
thorns; (3) 18.75 P^^ cent, white with
thorns ; (4) 6.25 per cent, white without
thorns. This is a proportion of 9:3:3:1.
Out of the 56.25 per cent, constituting class
I, 6.25 per cent, bred true, and 55 per cent,
■were unstable hybrids. Of the 18.75 P^r
cent, of class 2, 6.25 per cent, continued to
breed 'blue and thornless plants, and the rest
were unstable hybrids. In class 3, 6.25 per
cent, bred true, and in class 4 all bred true.
It will be seen that two groups reverted to
the original types, two new types appeared,
and the rest were hybrids, the offspring of
which again split in a definite manner.

With a greater number of pairs of differ-
entiating characters the difificulties of the
experiment increase and the statistics be-
come much more complicated, though the
law applies to these complex cases just as it
does to the simpler.

The explanation of this law is embodied
in the hypothesis of germinal purity, that is
that every germ is pure with regard to any
particular character. Thus the hybrid be-
tween the blue flowered and the white flow-
ered types of the first example is supposed
to produce two kinds of pollen grains and
two kinds of eggs, namely, those that are of
the blue-flowered type and thise that are of
the white. These may be illustrated thus :
Pollen (B), Egg (B); Pollen (W), Egg (W).

It will be seen at once that Pollen (B).
may fertilize Egg (B) or Egg (W), giving
rise to the pure blue-flowered strain in the
one instance and the hybrid in the other.
Likewise Pollen (W) may fertilize Egg
(W) or Egg (B), giving rise to the white-
flowered variety or to the hybrid. Thus
in a large number of fertilizations the pro-
portions of the blue-flowered offspring to
the hybrid and to the white-flowered variety
will be 1 :2:i.

In the hybrids formed from the blue-flow-
ered thorny Datura and the white-flowered
smooth variety (a cross involving two dif-
ferentiating characters), there is a larger
num'ber of possible combinations. The dis-
tinctive characters of pollen grains and &%^
cells borne by them may be represented
thus : Pollen (B and T), Egg (B and T) ;
Pollen (B and S), Egg (B and S) ; Pollen
(W and T), Egg (W and T) ; Pollen (W
and S). Egg (W and S).

it will ibe seen that several classes may
arise and that two new types will occur in
the offspring, namely, a blue and smooth
Datura, and a white and thorny Datura, and
that the number in every class can be calcu-
lated by an application of the theory of pro-
bability, since the fertilization takes place
with equal likelihood in all directions. The
characters of the progeny can be foretold
with equal certainty.

From a practical point of view the dis-
covery of this law has not been directly of
as great value to the plant breeder as was
at first predicted. Obviously this is not sur-
prising when it is considered that the law is
of limited application, that a large propor-
tion of the hybrids revert, that the numbers
of any new type produced are comparatively
small, that the difficulties of preventing sub-
sequent crosses are very great, that the
number of differentiating qualities between
desirable crosses is usually large and so en-
tails a most cumbersome experiment, that
no new characters can be produced by

228

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

crosses of this kind, and tliat no undesirable
qualities can be eliminated.

Nevertheless, it indicates what crosses to
avoid. It also shows the danj^i'er of o;row-
ing a s])ecies and its variety in close prox-
imity if they hybridize easily. Thus if a
blue and a white tlowered variety are grow-
ing side by side im])urities are sure to occur
\\\ the seeds of both. ( )f course the white
variety can be purified readily, for on sowing
the seeds- the hybrids will reveal their pres-
ence in the crop by their blue flowers ; but
it is different with the species, for the blue
flowers of the hybrids will pass undetected
among the blue flowers of the species.

From a theoretical standpoint the dis-
covery was of tremendous im]:)ortance. It

was a beginning of the unravelling of the
difificult problems of hybridization. it
.showed how new types may arise in undis-
turbed nature. It opened up a line of ex-
perimental work on heredity and evolution,
the first valuable experimental contribution
to these subjects since the time of Darwin.
It indicated methods of research which if
prosecuted promised a flood of light on the
])rocess of evolution.

Research on hybridizing has become ac-
tive in recent years. Every earnest ex-
perimenter can help towards their solution
if he employs careful methods. But it must
be pointed out that if the methods are to be
of any value they must be statistical and
kept with great care.

HOW TO MAKE CITY GROUNDS ATTRACTIVE*

MAYOR J. A. ELLIS, OTTAWA, ONT.

BESIDES trees and climbers, shrubs quite a sufticient list to choose from. The

are a very important feature of land- best shrubs for the Ottawa district arc

scape gardening. L'ufortunately we in Ot- Hydrangea Paniculata Grandiflora, Philadel-

tawa are a trifle too far n,orth for many phus Coronarius( Mock Orange or Svringa)^

shrubs which thrive and grow most luxu- \'iburnum Opulus Sterilis (Snowball), sev-

riantly a little farther south. Still, we have eral spiraeas, of which \'?n Houttei is as

A Mass of Bloom Hiding a Fence in a City Garden

A portion of the garden of Mr. J. E. Northwood, one of the winners in the Lady Alinto garden com-
petition, held in Ottawa for several years, is here shown. The flowers to be seen are a collection of seme
of the easiest grown and freest flowering plants ; such as petunias, gladiolus, coreopsis, some of the better
class of perennial phlox, and others, all of easy culture and effective colorings.

*Continued from the May Issue.

MAKING THE HOME GROUNDS ATTRACTIVE.

229

good as any. Lonicera Tartarica (Bush
Honeysuckle), lilacs, of which there are now
many new and improved ones, especially in
the doubles, and roses in bush form. There
are. of course, many other shrubs which will
do well in Ottawa, but the above list is com-
plete enough for a small garden.

The next important feaure for a private
garden is perennials. Of these we have a
great list which do first-rate in the Ottawa
district. During the last few years horti-
culturists have adopted much time to the im-
provement of perennials, and the result has
been that we have a magnificent range to
choose from. Blooms are larger and many
new and beautiful colors and shades have
been developed in some of the best known
perennials. I would not advise everyone
to try to grow all the really good and de-
sirable perennials there are. The list is
altogether too great. No one can go wrong,
however, if he grows the following: Per-
ennial phlox, paeonies, irisis, delphiniums,
sweet \\'illiams, aquilegia (of which the
long spurred varieties are fine), Iceland
poppies, Gypsophila Paniculata, Gaillardia
Grandiflora, Helianthus Multiflorus (and
some other varieties of perennial sunflow-
ers), many varieties of lilies, of which
Speciosum are the hardiest and best for this
district, and the now somewhat common
Rudbeckia — Golden Glow.

In the above list of shrubs, flowers and
perennials I have given those which are the
best, in my opinion, to grow in this locality.
They are hardy and will live through our
winters and flourish. I could have added
many which are desirable, but which require
a little less severe winter than ours. Hav-
ing got the trees, shrubs, climbers and per-
ennials, we can, if we have any space in our
grounds left and something is still desired
to complete our picture, fill in with annuals.
I have tried to describe grounds tastefully
planted and whose plants, etc., would be per-
manent and consequently require no
replanting, but only a little care and

attention each year. Without annuals at
all we can make a most beautiful garden, as
the shrubs and perennials above mentioned
will give a variety of flowers during the
whole season.

ANNUALS.

There are a great number of annuals,
some good, some indifferent, and some al-
most worthless. I am only going to men-
tion those which would fit in well in grounds
surrounding a city residence, and already
planted with trees, shrubs, climibers and per-
ennials. Sweet peas, nasturtiums and
gladioli are probably the best for such a
purpose. The latter can be planted in
clumps of five or six wherever thought de-
sirable amongst the perennials and shrubs.
The nasturtiums and sweet peas can be
grown as a background against a trellis, or
the latter, as Mr. R. B. Whyte, of Ottawa,
grows them, around wire netting arranged
in the form of a small circle. When the
sweet peas are in flower the wire netting can
hardly be seen, and they make a pillar of
foliage and bloom. Other good annuals
are poppies, asters, Phlox Drummondii.
zinnias, salpiglossis, dianthus, pansies and
scabiosa. Of bulbs, in addition to hllies.
we can hardly do without narcissus and
tulips, although the latter require to be re-
newed every third year or so, as they are
apt to run out.

In arranging all or any of the above men-
tioned the trees and shrubs should go on the
sides of the picture or along the boundaries
of our grounds. The corners of the grounds
should be curved oft' with shrubs or flower-
ing plants. There should be no sharp
straight lines in the planting of shrubs and
perennials, but they should be so arranged
that they will round off the angles and make
easy graceful curves. In front of the shrubs
should come the perennials and whatever!
annuals we use. In arranging these shrubs,
perennials and annuals due regard must be
had to their height and season of blooming.
Thev must be arranged so that thev will

230

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURISl

grade, as mentioned above, gradually from
the back and sides of the garden to the front,
so that there will always be something in
'bloom in every part of the garden.

HAVE SOME COLOR.

Try and avoid too much greenness. Many
gardens are spoiled by this, which would be
vastly improved by a little dash of color here
and there. 1 would not advocate planting
flowers of the same species in different parts
of the garden, as a rule, although there are
cases (as in that of gladiolii) where this can
be done to advantage. The general and
best rule is to keep the flowering plants of
the same species together so as to make a
mass of them.

There are manv lovelv and beautiful gar-

dens in Ottawa. The Lady Minto garden
competition has done much to encourage
people to improve their grounds, more than
that it has given other people who were not
in the competition object lessons from which
to lay out their"own grounds. It is a fact
to be noted that when in a locality even one
man starts to improve his grounds and
beautify them, it is not long before his neigh-
bors begin to follow his example, with the
result that there is a general improvement in
the locality. The gardens and grounds of
Ottawa are of many and varied styles, each
with its own peculiar beauty. This is as it
should be, as each garden must be laid out
in that way which best suits its surroundings
and locality.

PANSIES IN THE GARDEN

E. F. COLLINS, TOROXTO, OXT.

PAXSIES are easily raised from seed.
The seed can be sown at any time,
but the usual way is to sow it in July and
August to have plants to flower the next
spring, or in March or April, which will
produce nice plants to flower during the sum-
mer and fall months.

If sown in the spring the seed should be
sown in a pot or pan. in a light soil, or gentle
Iiotbed. and kept moist. As the wellbeing
of the plants depends on their being well
rooted it is necessary to prick off the seed-
lings as soon as they are large enough to
handle into other boxes filled with a rich
light soil, about three or four inches in
depth, placing the plants about three inches
apart each way. This space will give them
room to grow and also allow a nice sized
ball of roots to be lifted, with the soil adher-
ing, to plant out in the garden.

The soil should be of a free, rich and
gritty nature, and deeply cultivated, as the
pansy makes lots of roots of a fibrous nature
and likes to penetrate a considerable dis-

tance in search of food. Grit is essential
to the well being of the pansy. Road sand,
gravel si f tings with sandy loam, and lots of
well decayed manure and leaf soil, are all
favorable to the plants. When planting
out to flower it should be done firmly and
deep, as the plants are continually be-
ing renewed by means of the fresh growths
which spring up from their base.

It is a good plan to top dress the roots
once or twice during the season. This can
easily be done by taking some light soil and
shaking it close around the stems of the
plants to a depth of about two inches, which
treatment has a wonderfully sustaining and
fertilizing effect on the pansy.
SOWIXG THE SEED.

If you wish to have plants for flowering
in the early spring sow your seed about the
early part of August. Do not think that
bv sowing earlier you will have more flow-
ers the next spring, because, although you
will get larger plants before winter sets in,
vou will find a lot of them liable to die if the

* Extract from an address delivered at the May meeting of the Toronto Horticultural Society.

COVERING UP DEFORMITIES.

231

winter should happen to be a severe one. It
is the medium sized, well rooted, stocky
plants that come through the winter the best.
Sow your seed rather thin, outside in the
garden, in a small plot of well pulverized
ground, and protect it from the sun and
heavy rains. After the seedlings are large
enough to handle make a frame by nailing
four pieces of boards together and place it
in the plot of ground }ou have prepared for
them. Dig the ground deep and then rake
it down to a fine surface and prick out all
your seedling pansies into this frame. Each
plant should be about four inches apart each
way. Begin with the largest plants and

work down to the small ones. By doing
this you keep your plants the same distance
apart and avoid having a strong, robust one
overshadowing a tiny one here and there all
over the bed.

Keep your plants shaded a few days after
being pricked out and well sprinkled with
water every day. After that they may be
exposed to the sun and air. If the weather
is dry they must be watered, but not too
much, as this is the time when you want to
build up a short, sturdy plant to resist the
winter. Too much water makes the plants
grow sappy and produces heavy foliage and
such plants are sure to die first.

Chrysanthemums in June

GEORGE HOLLIS, BRACOXDALE, ONT.

JUNE, like Alay, is a busy month for the
chrysanthemum grower. The main
crop, that is all the late varieties, should be
planted this month. If you cannot spare
the house for a week or two, and your plants
are ready to plant, give them a size larger
pot at once, for if they become hard and are
stunted in any 'way your chances of getting
first-class flowers are gone.

Keep the ventilators open night and day
on your late stock and also on the early
varieties you planted in May. Give the
plants a light spraying every morning and
be careful not to keep them over wet, which
would cause a soft growth. Plant each
variety separate in blocks across the
bench. Single stems can be put five inches
apart in a row and seven inches between the
rows.

Your pot plants would be better were they
plunged outside for two months. Keep the
strongest growths pinched back during June
and do not over water them nor put them in
pots that are too large. A fair sized plant
can be grown in a seven inch pot, and a large
one in a nine inch pot. They will not need
any manure water.

A good soil for the benches and pots is
four barrows of earth (two bushels to a bar-

An Ugly Board Fence Made Beautiful

Readers of The Horticulturist who have bare board fences in
their gardens can readily make them beautiful in the same manner
Mr. Thomas Paradine, of Hamilton, did last season wiih his as
shown in the illustration. The flowers along the right hand side of
the walk are nasturtiums,_ asters, dahlias and pansies. There are
other flowers in other parts of the garden which cat. not be seen in
the photo. The whole has to be seen before one can fully realize
what can be accomplished with a trifling expense. The fence on
the right hand is over si.x feet hi^h and is covered from view by the
nasturtiums and was very pretty at the time the photograph was
taken last August.

row) and one barrow of well rotted manure
(cow manure preferred), with a four inch
pot of bone meal to each barrow load. Four
to five inches of earth in a bench is sufficient
to s:row higfh class blooms.

GROWING TOMATOES NEAR HAMILTON

4k I HA\'E 48 acres uiulcr cultivation at
J. my house and 25 acres in another
place," said Air. E. J. Mahony. president of
the Hamilton District Tomato Growers'
Association, to a representative of The
Canadian Horticulturist who visited his
place during Ma\-. " About 30 acres of this
is in the vegetable garden. .\11 kinds of
vegetables are grown.

" Market gardeners about Hamilton have
grown tomatoes e.xtensively in past years
for the canners. The latter have been pay-
ing 25 cents a bushel, Init this year the mem-
bers of the Tomato Growers' Association
refused to make contracts at less than 30
cents. This the canners have refused to
give, and by present appearances there will
be few tomatoes grown. Xo contracts
have been made, so far as I know, by an}-
of the mem'bers of the association at last
season's rates. The canners are dealing
with new people and endeavoring to get
them to grow tomatoes. Without contracts
they cannot depend on a supply, and I do
not believe they have succeeded in getting
many to contract. We will be able to sell
what tomatoes we raise in baskets and to
obtain reasonable prices.

" The growers raise their own tomato
plants. For the earliest the seed is sown
about March 1. and for the general crop
about Alarch 20. They are started in
frames. We grow our own seed. I have
been ottered as high as S8.50 per 1,000 for
tomato plants in the canners' interest.

" The Late Ignotum has been the best
variety I have grown. The last two years
they appear to have run out. The Stone is
the next best. It is a week later, but by
saving the seed from the earliest fruit it can
be made earlier. The Earliana is the best
early variety. It is of good quality and
smooth. Canners are glad to get it.

'' Tomato seed was sown as usual this
season bv the members of the Tomato

Growers' Association, but about a month
ago a circular was sent out instructing them
not to transplant, as there was no indication
of the canners coming to terms. The latter
are a strong -body, and the combination will
try every means to force the growers, but
the latter have a fair prospect of gaining
their point."

With reference to canned goods Mr.
Mahony stated that negotiations are in pro-
gress for establishins^ a factorv in Hamilton

Mr. E. J. Mahony,

President of the Hamilton Tomato Growers' Association.

where vegetables and fruit will be put up in
glass instead of tins, like the English goods.
There is a demand among people who want
the best, for English goods put up in glass,
and they are willing to pay a little more for
them. There is no reason, he believes,
why these goods should not be put up in
Canada. Tin cans are objectionable, es-
pecially for fruit.

" Though I am turning my att.^ntion to

232

SOMETHING FOR THE MARKET GARDENER.

233

fruit to some extent." said Mr. Mahony. I am satisfied there is a bright prospect for
•" because the strip of country under the vegetable growers and that they are going
mountain where I Hve is well adapted for it, to make money out of their business."

SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH TOMATOES

DURING each season comparative
trials have been made at the Ver-
mont Agricultural Experiment Station to de-
termine the relative productiveness of differ-
ent varieties of tomatoes grown under iden-
tical conditions. The first season's work-
included 78 plants of Sutton's Best of ^\11
and 74 of New Stone. During 1903-04
48 plants of each of these two varieties were
grown. In addition to these, 11 plants of
Lorillard and eight of Sutton's Best of All
were grown on the side bench for compari-
son. J'aken.as a whole the trial, the results
of which have just been made known, indi-
cates little difference in productiveness be-
tween Sutton's Best of All and New Stone,
with the advantage slightly in favor of the
latter. In the case of Lorillard and Sut-
ton's Best of All the results of one season's
trial are decidedlv in favor of the former.

As to earliness the average number and
weight of large and small ripe fruit pro-
duced by the Sutton and New Stone plants
during the first year did not vary materially.
A comparison by months shows that in
March, during the latter portion of which
some ripe fruit was picked, Sutton's Best of
All gave the better yields of both large and
small fruits. The increase in large fruits
was small, about three per cent., while that
in the total product was 7 per cent. Dur-
ing April the yield of large fruits from New
Stone exceeded that of Sutton's Best of All
by 15 per cent., and in total yield by nearly
13 per cent.

In one season's trial Lx>rillard proved su-
perior in every respect to Sutton's Best of
All. Lorillard is apparently the earliest
and most prolific for forcing purposes of the
three varieties tested.

A MARKET GARDENER'S EXPERIENCE

"1

HAVE seven acres under market gar-
den and orchard," said ]\Ir. G.
Nicholson, of Toronto, to a representative
of The Canadian Horticulturist. " I raise
all kinds of vegetables and dispose of most
of my product to peddlers.

" Vegetables are grown in the orchard.
Where the trees are close spinach does well.
I had 4.000 cauliflower last year, which did
well and headed up finely. I make them
white 'by tying up. My tomatoes rotted
badly. A considerable quantity of early
potatoes are raised, for which I obtain as
high as $1.70 a bushel. They are started
in hotbeds and transplanted when the
sprouts are about two inches high. Last
year I lost a portion of the crop by the pota-
to bug. A neisfhbor lost five acres. Paris

green kills the tender plants.

" Club root did considerable damage to
my cabbages. A\'hen the head has formed,
and before it gets hard club root forms and
the plant dies. I have not found a remedy.
Salt or lime is said to be good, but I have
not tried them.

" In the orchard apples, pears and cher-
ries are grown. There are very few early
apples, mine being principally winter varie-
ties. Spys are not worth growing. They
command a good price, but the trees are
small producers. Greenings are the most
satisfactory. I do not spray, as I find culti-
vation gives as satisfactory results. Some
people complain of worms in their cherries,
but they have never injured mine."

THE WHITE FLY AND THE REMEDY

^ I ' HE white fly has proved one of the
JL most serious insect pests encountered
in the winter forcing of tomatoes, says Mr.
Wm. Stuart, of the Vermont Agricultural
Experiment Station, in his annual report,
which has just reached The Horticulturist.
This fly does not succumb to the ordinary
remedies such as are employed against red
spider, aphis and thrips. This immunity
to the ordinary fumigants such as tobacco
stems or dust, aphis punk, nicoticide, and
sulphur fumes, or to the liquid insecticides
applied as a spray, is largely due to the fact
that during its immature stages of existence
it is less easily destroyed than are the other
pests mentioned. The experimental crop
was started rather late in the season of
1902-03, and hence fewer insects appeared
on the young plants than occurred the next
year and they were more easily managed.

Frequent fumigation with nicoticide did
not rid the plants of the fly during 1902-03,
but kept it from great increase or from
actually doing serioiis injury. In 1903-04,
however, the plants being started earlier and
the insects seemingly more prevalent, fumi-
gations with nicoticide seemed to be of slight
avail. Trials were made of aphis punk
with meagre results. Fir tree oil, lemon oil,
X-all and soap solutions were next tried, at
strengths in some cases considerably in ex-
cess oi those recommended, but with little
avail, as the insects seemed to increase rather
than decrease. It was decided as a last re-
sort to try hydrocyanic acid gas fiunigation.
The dose employed was at the rate of 0.2
grains of 98 per cent, potassium cyanide to
each cubic foot of air space, or at the rate
oi. about two-thirds of an ounce to each

1,000 cubic feet. Fumigation with the dose
mentioned destroyed both the nymph and
adult forms of the insect and did no injury
to the bearing plants. In all cases the room
was fumigated in the evening and remained
closed until the following morning. This
remedy must be handled with creat care.

In fumigating a second crojD of plants
just beginning to blossom and set fruit, it
was thought best because of the tenderness
of the plants to use a weaker dose, the
amount being cut down to about .014 grams
potassium cyanide per cubic foot, or 50
grams to the room. Notwithstanding this
very material decrease in amount of cyanide
used, considerable injury was done, for the
most part confined to the tender growing
snoots and blossoms. This outcome seems
in part due to the higher temperature of the
house during the fumigation, it having stood
at 70 degrees F. instead of 60-65 degrees as
at the first treatment. This tendency to in-
jury in high temperature fumigations is cor-
roborative of observations made by others.
Subsequent trials with the same strength at
lower temperatures did no injury to the
plants, yet destroyed the insects.

Cucumbers, lettuce and a mixed lot of
plants have been fumigated in the same man-
ner as just outlined w'ith equal satisfaction.
Fumigation with light doses, half ounce per
1,000 cubic feet of air space, at temperatures
not over 60-65 degrees F. and long expo-
sures is efifective, and, in the hands of the
ordinary person, is perhaps on the whole
more satisfactory than strong doses and
short exposures as a remedy against the
white fly.

Peas which have been eaten by the weevil
may grow, as the insect does not always in-
jure the germ. The plant, however, will
be less thrifty, because it should get a good
start from the seed, which it cannot get from
a half eaten seed. Better feed such peas
to the chickens and sow perfect seed.

Damping ofif of hot-bed melons is caused
by closing the hot-bed too soon after water-
ing, especially on warm days. The cells
at the surface of the ground become injured
and a fungous disease called damping oflF is
induced. Admit fresh air and apply air
slacked lime.

2H

THE CULTURE OF POTATOES*

W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, C. E. F. , OTTAWA, ONT.

One may keep potatoes growing thriftily
through a time of drought by thorough cul-
tivation and yet neglect looking after the
tops and preventing them from being de-
stroyed by the potato 'beetle and by the
blight and rot. Prof. Zavitz, in an experi-
ment at Guelph, showed that in an average
of two years potatoes which were allowed
to be eaten by bugs only yielded 60.69
bushels per acre, while those sprayed with
paris green yielded 138.20, an increase of
77.50 bushels per acre, and just in propor-
tion to the amount of top destroyed so much
wall the crop be lessened. Instead of wait-
ing until the vines begin to show very plainly
the work of the young beetles the vines
should be 'sprayed just w'hen they are hatch-
ing, as it takes a day or two^ usually before
the Paris green takes full effect and the vines
by that time are pretty badly eaten.

Not only should we spray to kill the pota-
to beetle, but also to prevent the blight which
causes such great loss every year. If grow-
ers would only spray their potatoes with
Bordeaux mixture their crops would be very
miuch increased. In an experiment during
1904 with 15 varieties it was found that the
average yield per acre of the 15 kinds where
sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and Paris
green was 369 bushels 21 pounds per acre,
and the same varieties unsprayed 306
bushels 39 pounds per acre, or a difference
in favor of spraying of 62 busthels 42 pounds
per acre. Taking an average of three years,
the increase lias ibeen 94 bushels 30 pounds
per acre, which at 40 cents a bushel means
$39.80 per acre, the cost being about $9 per
acre at the outset for large areas, or a net
gain of $30.80.

A combination of iiiordeaux miixture and
Bug Death gave an increase over ordinary
Bordeaux mixture and Paris green of 29
bushels 42 pounds per acre, but the cost oi
this was nearly twice as much as the former.
There was still, however, a net difference in
favor of Bus: Death and Bordeaux mixture

applied together of $3.08 per acre, estimat-
ing the price of potatoes at 40 cents a bushel.
Bug Death applied alone in 1904 gave an in-
crease of only one bushel 13 pounds per
acre, taking an average of 15 varieties, al-
though with some varieties there was a
much greater difference, but on the other
hand with others there was about as great
a difference in favor of Paris green. It is
ortly by averaging that we can get at fair
estimates O'f what the results would be in
field culture.

AN EXCELLENT MIXTURE.

The best mixture of those which have
been tried for several years to prevent blight
and rot and to kill the potato beetle is the
poisoned Bordeaux mixture, the formula
found 'best by me being: Sulphate O'f cop-
per, 6 pounds ; lime, 4 pounds ; Paris green,
8 ounces ; water, 40 gallons.

Although the blight does not usually ap-
pear until after the middle of July I prefer
using the Bordeaux mixture at the time
when the first spraying is made to destroy
the young beetles and keeping the vines cov-
ered with the iTiixture from then until Sep-
tember. In 1904 it took five sprayings to
do this. If the vines are not kept covered
it may happen that the blight will come un-
expectedly when spraying is needed. Hence
the work should be done thoroughly or not
at all.

The first spraying we give is not con-
sidered necessary for the prevention of the
late Wight, but it does, we believe, protect
the foliage from other enemies. Five
sprayings should not cost more than $9 per
acre for time and materials if one has a good
spray pump. The Bordeaux-Bug Death
mixture which was tried this year for the
first time gave better results than Bordeaux
mixture and Paris green, but several sea-
sons' tests are necessary in order to show
whether it will average better than the Bor-
deaux mixture and Paris green.

*C'^ntinued from the May issue.

235

236

EDITORIAL.

Tlje Gn^dian ^orticOltdrist

Pnblished by The Horticultural Fublisliine
Company, Liimited.

T\\& Only HorticMltural Magazine in
tKe Dominion.

Official OrKan of British Columbia, Ontario, Que-
bec and Prince Kdward Island Fruit Growers'
Associations and of the Ontario Vege-
table Growers' Association.

H. Bronson Cowan, Editor and Business Manager.

J. A. Hand, Associate Editor.

VV. G. Rook, Advertising Manager.

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NOTICE TO ONTARIO SUBSCRIBERS.

Owing to the transfer of The Canadian Horti-
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ing Company, Limited, the fee of one dollar if
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sociation and get The Canadian Horticulturist
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P. W. HODGETTS,
Sec'y Ont. Fruit Growers' Ass'n.

WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO MORGAN ?

It would be difficult to determine which has
fallen the flattest, the seedless apple boom or
the horticultural reputation of Mr. Sampson
Morgan, of Broadstairs, England. Following
the publication of Prof. Craig's letter in The
Horticulturist for April, ridiculing the extrava-
gant claims made in the March issue by Mr.
Morgan for the seedless apple, Mr. Morgan was
written to and his attention drawn to Prof.
Craig's letter and he was invited to reply thereto.

Since then The Horticulturist has waited
patiently for the reply which has not come.
Lately, something worse than the publication of
Prof. Craig's letter has happened. It has been
discovered that the two so-called coreless apples
which Mr. Morgan sent to Covent Garden Mar-
ket, and which created so much excitement
among the buyers who frequent that historic
spot, and which were finally auctioned off for
about seven dollars apiece, really possessed
healthy seeds and cores larger and harder than
those of most apples of their size. When, after
the excitement connected with the introduction
of these apples had subsided, and they were cut
open, the discovery of the cores and seeds
created an explosion of ridicule and fun in re-
gard to Mr. Morgan and seedless apples gen-
erally, the echoes of which are still to be heard
among the papers of Great Britain. The ques-
tion now Ibeing asked is, how many seeds did
the apple sent the King contain ? No person,
however, has been found who has dared to put
this question direct.

When Mr. Morgan was beseiged by the British
press for an explanation he wired that the fruit
cut were not the Spencer seedless apples, to
which Mr. Shearn, their buyer, retorted that if
they were not the Si)encer seedless apples they
were apples he paid 30 shillings apiece for. The
Horticulturist has come to the conclusion that
the reason it has not heard from Mr. Morgan
must be that he has either innocently swallowed
the seeds of one of his famous apples or that he
is on the war path for the Spencer Coreless
Apple Company which led him from the paths
of veracity into troubles he had dreamed not of.

BRITISH COLUMBIA FALLS IN LINE.

The Canadian Horticulturist has recently been
appointed the official organ of the British Co-
lumbia Fruit Growers' Association. This means
that The Horticulturist is this year the official
organ of four provincial fruit-growers' associa-
tions extending from Prince Edward Island on
the east to British Columbia on the west.

This is as it should be. There are many
questions connected with the fruit industry in
Canada which are of as great interest to the
fruit growers in one province as to those in an-
other. There is only one paper in the Dominion
which represents the fruit interests. That
paper is The Canadian Horticulturist. This
means that if the fruit growers in all the pro-
vinces desire to keep in touch with one another
and to discuss matters and to advocate reforms
which are to their mutual benefit they can best

EDITORIAL.

We Want

8000 Subscribers

By December First Next
and

We Need Your Help

United States fruit and floral publications are
pushing their paper into Canada, and are constantly
asking their readers to help them get new subscri-
bers. Will not our readers help us in the
same way?

Without saying anything against our United
States competitors (they are hard ones to fight) we
will state that The Canadian Horticulturist is

the only paper jHiblislied, which \\ ill keep you fully
posted in regard to what Canadian Fruit, Flower
and Vegetable (Growers are doing. Our aim is to
give our readers in each issue the information they
are looking for, and therefore our articles are timely.
Tell these facts to your friends.

Our Subscription Offers

If you will induce one friend to take The Horticul-
turist for one j'ear, and send us a dollar for his
subscription, we will extend your subscription
for six months.

If you send us two new subscriptions we will extend
your subscription one year.

Trial subscriptions, from July until the first of next
year, will be accepted for 35c. For every trial
subscription you send us we will extend your
subscription one month.

New subscriptions, from July until Janu'
ary, 1907, or a year and a half, will be ac=
cepted for $1.25,

Those of our readers who are taking The Horti-
culturist through horticultural societies or fruit
growers associations will be allowed to retain a
liberal commission on all new subscriptions or we
will arrange with your secretary to extend your next
year's membership.

Free sample papers will be sent to anj- person
who applies for them.

Won't you help us reach the 8000 mark?

do so through their common organ, The Horti-
culturist. The appointment of The Horticul-
turist as the official organ of the British Colum-
bia Fruit Growers' Association means that the
paper now practically represents the fruit in-
terests of the Dominion and that w'hen it speaks
for these interests it does so wath the voice of
one having authority. This union of forces on
the part of Canadian fruit growers will result to
their advantage.

Why do some fruit growlers succeed in olbtain-
ing four and five times as much for their fruit
as others ? Thousands of Canadian apple
growers were unable to obtain over 60 cents a
barrel for their 1904 crop of apples. Recently
The Horticulturist received a letter from Mr.
Eben James reporting a sale of apples made in
April by his principals, Messrs. Woodall & Co..
of Liverpool, Eng. This sale included 131 bar-
rels of apples sold for Mr. W. H. Dempsey, of
Trenton, Ont., which netted a gross average of
$5.94 a barrel, or a net value to Mr. Dempsey of
$4.50. The article by Mr. Dempsey on " Apple
Growing for Profit," which appears in this is-
sue, shows some of the methods Mr. Dempsey
has adopted and which have enabled him to
make such sales as the one here mentioned.

While the resignations of Prof. Lochhead and
Prof. Harrison from the staff of the Guelph
Agricultural College will be a loss to that insti-
tution it is fortunate that instead of leaving
Canada, as so many of our best men have done,
they have accepted positions with the Mac-
donald Teachers' College and College of Agri-
culture at St. Annes, Que., where Canadians will
still reap the benefit of their services. Prof.
Lochhead will sever his connection wdth the
Guelph college on July 1 and will probably make
special studies, along, certain lines of plant
diseases and insect life, for three or four months
in the laboratories of the Department of Agri-
culture at Washington, and otherw'ise prepare
himself for his new duties before the new col-
lege opens in about a year and a half from now.

The British Columbia Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation is to be congratulated on the excellent
w'ork it is doing as shown by the article in this
issue by Mr. Brandrith, the secretary. The
holding of a number of meetings at different
points in the province each year is an excellent
one. The efforts being put forth to ensure for
fruit grow-ers the benefits of cooperative effort
are in the right direction and will result in bene-
fit to the industry.

The Canadian Horticulturist

Fruit growers join in expressing their sympa-
thy with Mr. Harold Jones, of Maitland, Ont.,
the well known fruit experimenter and farmers'
institute speaker, who is also a director of the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, in the re-
cent death of his father, at the old homestead at
Maitland. Those who knew Mr. Jones, sen.,
realize what a blow his death means to his son
and family.

THE PROVINCIAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

The second Provincial Fruit, Flower and
Honey Show, with the addition this year of an
exhibit of vegetalbles, will be held from Novem-
ber 14 to 18 in Massey Hall, Toronto. Even at
this early date indications are that it will prove
a great success. The fact that Massey Hall
has been secured will add greatly to the interest
taken in the exhibition.

A meeting of those interested in the show was
held in the secretary's office in the Parliament
Buildings early in May. Those present in-
cluded Messrs. W. H. Bunting", St. Catharines ;
P. W. Hodgetts and Alex. McNeill, represent-
ing the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association ; W.

A. Emory and Joseph Rush, representing the
Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association ; W.
Couse, representing the Ontario Bee Keepers'
Association ; Geo. Douglas, W. Jay and T. Man-
ton, representing the Toronto Gardeners' and
Florists' Association ; H. R. Frankland, W. G.
Rook and H. Simmers, representing the Toronto
Horticultural Society ; R. J. iScore, B. Sanders
and J. H. Dunlop, representing the Toronto
Electoral District Agricultural Society, and H.

B. Cowan, representing the Ontario Department
of Agriculture.

It was explained by Mr. Cowan that since the
show' held last fall in Toronto a deputation had
waited on the Minister of Agriculture and urged
that the show should be held in Hamilton. A
second deputation had waited on the Minister
and urged that the show^ should be continued in
Toronto. Mr. Cowan stated that he had re-
ceived a letter from the Deputy Minister of
Agriculture notifying him that the Minister of
Agriculture had decided to continue the show in
Toronto and to give a grant of $1,000 for that
purpose and that he desired Mr. Cowan to call
together those interested in the holding of the
show and to make the necessary arrangements
for it.

Mr. Cowan explained that the intention of the
Department, when it inaugurated the holding of
this show a year ago, was to encourage a Fruit
and Honey show. At the suggestion of the
florists it had been decided to hold a joint show
last year, the Government assisting only the
honey and fruit interests financially. Mr.
Cowan stated that he had consulted the Minister
of Agriculture, who had intimated his desire
that the grant this year should be distributed
in the same manner except that a portion of the
money would have to be given to the recently
formed Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association,
which he desired should have a part in the show.

Several of those present expressed the view
that the government grant should be distributed
to the show as a whole, claiming that the floral
sections are as much deserving of assistance as
the fruit, honey or vegetables.

Mr. Cowan stated that if the representatives
of the fruit honey and vegetable interests were
willing to pool their share of the grant the De-
partment would offer no objection. After some
discussion it w-as agreed to do this.

In a discussion of the prize lists Mr. Hodgetts
stated that the prize list for the fruit section
this year should be $800. Mr. Dunlop stated
that the prize list for the floral section last year

was albout $1,200, and that this amount would
not need to be increased much, if any, this year.
Mr. Couse said the bee keepers offered $200 in
prizes last year. Mr. Emory and Mr. Rush be-
lieved the prize list for the vegetable growers
would be about $200. It was decided to esti-
mate the prize lists at $2,700, rent of Massey
Hall, $650 ; carpentering, $250 ; advertising and
printing, $500 ; labor, $200 ; incidentals, $200,
making a total estimated expenditure of $4,750.
The estimated receipts were placed at : Gov-
ernment grant, available, $800 ; City Council,
$200 ; Electoral District Agricultural Society!
$150 ; Florists' and Gardeners' Association,
$125 ; public subscriptions, $1,000 ; Vegetable
Growers' Association, $100 ; Bee Keepers' Asso-
ciation, $50 ; Fruit Growers' Association, $200 ;
total, $2,625, leaving about $2,125 to be raised
by gate receipts.

OFFICERS ELECTED.

The election of officers re-'^ulted as follows :

President, R. J. Score, Toronto.

1st Vice-President, W. H. Bunting, St. Catha-
rines.

2nd Vice-President, John Chambers, Toronto.

'Secretary, H. B. Cowan, Toronto.

Treasurer, J. H. Dunlop, Toronto.

It was decided on motion of Mr. Rook that the
chairmen of all committees connected with the
show must be members of the executive com-
mittee.

The following chairmen and secretaries of
committees were appointed :

Honey — ^Chairman, Mr. Siblbald ; Secretary,
Mr. Couse.

Vegetable — ^Chairman, Mr. Rush.

Floral — 'Chairman, Mr. Manton ; Secretary,
Mr. Collins.

Fruit — ^Chairman, Mr. McNeill ; Secretary,
Mr. Hodgetts.

Finance — ^Chairman, Mr. Frankland ; Secre-
tary, Mr. Dunlop.

Printing — Chairman, Mr. Rook ; Secretary,
Mr. 'Simmers.

On motion of Mr. Manton, seconded by Mr.
Dunlop, it was decided that at meetings of the
executive committee the representatives present
from any organizations interested in the show
should have the right to vote for their absentees.

The executive committee will be composed of
four representatives from the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, four from the Ontario
Vegetable Growers' Association, and four from
the Ontario Bee Keepers' Association, making
twelve representatives from these three sections,
and four representatives from the Toronto
Horticultural Society, four from the Toronto
Gardeners' and Florists' Association, and four
from the Toronto Agricultural Society, making
twelve representatives from the floral section,
with Mr. Cowan representing the Department
of Agriculture.

A deputation representing the Niag-ara Fruit
Growers' Association waited on the Ontario De-
partment of Agriculture recently and asked for
an annual government grant.

238

WHAT THE SOCIETIES ARE DOING.

239

Items of Interest

Mr. W. T. Macoun, horticulturist, Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa, sails June 14 for the
old country and will be absent two months.
While away Mr. Macoun hopes to visit many
places in Great Britain and Ireland where ex-
perimental and commercial work in horticul-
ture is being carried on. The trip is primarily
a holiday, but Mr. Macoun hopes to get much
information which will be useful in his work.

Mr. A. E. Sherrington, of "Walkerton, attended
special fruit meetings arranged for through the
Department of Agriculture at Simcoe May 10
and at Burford May 11. The attendance at the
Simcoe meeting was fairly large and represen-
tative. A strong cominittee was appointed to
take up the work of organization in order that
the fruit of the district may be handled on the
co-operative plan during the coming season.
The meeting at Burford was not largely attend-
ed, but those present were most enthusiastic,
and an association will be formed at once to
handle the apples of the district.

Meetings to discuss matters relating to the
fruit industry were held during the latter part
of May at Salmon Arm, Enderby, Vernon, Ke-
lowna, Peachland, Summerland, Penticton and
Keremeous, B. C. These meetings were ad-
dressed by the president of the British Colum-
bia Fruit Growers' Association, Mr. T. W. Stir-
ling, on "Varieties to Plant;" Mr. "W. J. Brand-
rith, the secretary, spoke on " The Planting,
Care and Cultivation of the Orchard;" Mr. R.
M. Palmer, on " Marketing and Transporta-
tion," and Mr. Maxwell Smith, Dominion in-
spector under the Fruit Marks Act, on " Co-
operation in the Fruit Industry" and "The
Fruit Marks Act."

The Picton Horticultural Society has dis-
tributed neat circulars stating the plants and
seeds, etc., being given to members this spring,
as follows : Half pound hybrid sweet pea seed,
one exhibition double begonia, one single fringe
begonia, three pearl tulberoses and three named
gloxinias. On the sheet is a detailed descrip-
tion of the premiums given, with cultural hints
and directions for their favorable growth.— (W.
T. Ross, secretary.

The cause of horti-
culture in Ontario,
and particularly in
Deseronto and vicin-
ity, has suffered a
severe loss in the re-
cent death of Mr. R.
W. Lloyd, the ener-
getic snd enthusiastic
secretary-treasurer of
the Deseronto Hoiti-
cultural Society,
whose portrait is here
presented. Mr. Lloyd
was a native of Eng-
land, but had lived in
this country for 21
years. Fcr eight
years he held an ap-
pointment under the
ISritish Government
in India, having to
■ lo with the cultiva-
tion of cotton. He
^^^1 lived in Deseronto
HE for eighteen years
I^HJ and was always held
in the highest respect
g"To p for his sterling quali-
^;,u^ ties, h e always took
a lively interest in the
welfare and progress of the town and was among the fiist to join the
Horticultural Society after its organization. For some years past
he had filled the office of secretary-treasurer with advantage to the
society ; and his knowledge of plant life and cultivation, which was
of a high order, was at the disposal of all enquirers. The society
and the town are distinct losers by his death.

The Toronto Society

The last meeting of the Toronto Horticultural
Society was one of the best attended meetings
held for a long time, many ladies taking an ac-
tive interest in the meeting. Mr. E. F. Collins
prepared a paper on the culture of pansies, but
being unable to attend, Mr. J. McP. Ross read
the paper and commented on its worth. This
paper is published in this issue.

Mr. Jay, Mr. Mills, Mr. Tyrrell and Mr. Uttley
spoke of the worth of flowers and gardens.
Dr. Fletcher, of Ottawa, will give an address
June 6 on Insect Pests, which will be illustrated
by steropticon views.— (H. R. Frankland, Pres.

The Late R. W. Lloyd.'

Ottawa Society's First Meeting

The first exhibition this season of the Ottawa
Horticultural Society was held in May. A large

C TT7E wish to thank our many customers for a spring business much i

> beyond our anticipations. {

> S

1 Be sure you are on our mailing list for our Fall Catalogue of <

I Bulbs, Ornamental Shrubs, Hardy Perennials, etc. J

\ <

I THE WEBSTER FLORAL COMPANY, limited |

I HAMILTON, CANADA. |

A Handsome Premium wiH be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

240

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

$10.00 in Cash
for Our Readers

Will be given in six prizes to the readers
who buy goods to the greatest value on
or before July 15th, 1905, from the
advertisers in this month's issue of The
Horticulturist.

The hist prize of §5 will be given to the reader
whose purchases aggregate the most. The remain-
ing five j)rizes of one dollar each will be distributed
in proj)ortion to the value of the purchases of the
applicants. A handsome premium will be given to
every person who does not win a cash prize.

Readers must notify advertisers that they saw their
advertisement in this paper

When applying for a prize, they must inform
this office of the name or names of the adver-
tisers they dealt with, and the value of the goods
they purchased from each.

Application for this bonus must be made to this
office on or before Ju'y 18th, 1905.

Address,

ADVERTISING MANAGER,

The Canadian Horticulturist, TORONTO, ONT.

number were present, and the display of flowers
and plants was a fine one. Mr. W. G. Black,
president of the society, delivered an address on
the benefits of growing plants, flowers, etc.
Superintendent of the government park, Mr. T.
E. Davis, gave a particularly interesting and
novel address on the arrangement of color in
budding plants. The next show will be held
June 20, when Dr. Fletcher, of Ottawa, will give
an address on What Flowers Do.

An Interesting Meeting

The subject of an interesting address delivered
before the Port Dover Horticultural Society re-
cently by Mr. Wm. Hunt, of Guelph, was "Beau-
tifying the Home Grounds, and the Propagation
of Plants." Some 20 questions of a practical
nature were asked by different members in the
audience and promiptly replied to by Mr. Hunt.

This society is distributing aster seed this
spring to the pupils of the puiblic schools, who
are much interested in the fall show, when they
will have a chance to show the results of their
labors. The society is also giving to members
trees, plants and garden seeds. — (S. F. Butler,
secretary.

NEW ADDRESS: 239 YONGE ST.

LEADING

LANDSCAPE AND
COMMERCIAL

Photographers

IN CANADA

Call and see our new premises
239 YONGE ST.

RUBBEF^ STAMPS

I he Superior Mfg. Co.

Toronto, Ont.

Manufactnrers

^ ^ STENGlbS ^ '^

Classified Jldvcrtiscments

Advertisements under this heading will be in-
serted at the rate of ten cents per line, each
insertion ; minimum charge, fifty cents in
advance.

WANTED — SUBSCRIPTION CANVASSERS
for The Canadian Horticulturist both in cities
and in the fruit districts of Canada. Liberal com-
missions offered, (jood men soon put on salary.
^^'rite The Canadian Horticulturist, Rooms 507-508,
Planning Chambers. Toronto, Ont.

FOR SALE— FRUIT FARM OF 200 ACRES,
Township of Niagara, will be sold en bloc or
divided to suit purchaser. Hundreds of farms,
stores, factories, etc., on my list. W. J. Doran,
Manning Chambers, Toronto.

GREENHOUSE AND STOCK FOR SALE— TEN
thousand feet of glass ; one of the l)est equipped
greenhouses in Toronto, located in the best residen-
tial secti07isof Parkdale, large plant trade; residence,
stable and everything in good condition Apply to
F. C, care of The Canadian Horticulturist.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Parks, Cemeteries, Public and Private
Pleasure Grounds made by

Chas. Ernest Woolverton, Landscape Gardener

GRIMSBY

^p^^^%^^|^|«B^^ Drawings made to a scale, so that any ga- de-ur may carry

I \/>C\^W I ^/ "^ ;them out. Corre^^ponrteuce snlicited. tHi

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

THE CANADIAN HORTICVLTUKIST.

241

Gave 300 Plants.— In May the Hespeler Horti-
cultural Society distributed 300 plants, consist-
ing' of coleus and g-eraniums, to the school chil-
dren. A very pleasant and interesting meeting
was held, at which Mr. ^Wiji. Hunt, of Guelph,
spoke, giving many valuable hints regarding
seasona.ble garden topics and plant propagation.
This meeting was one of the best of a series of
many meetings at which Mr. Hunt spoke this
spring.

Proposed County Competition in Apples

It is proposed to have this year at the annual
FYuit, Flower and Honey Show, to be held at
Toronto in Novemlber, a county competition in
apples. The County Councils are to be asked
at their sessions in June to make a grant of $25
each, which it is proposed to divide into four
prizes of ten, eight, five and two dollars, to be
limited to growers in the county offering the
prize. The exhibits shall consist of not more
than five varieties for domestic and five for
commercial purposes, each exhibit to consist of
five named apples on a plate. The apples shall
be judged by points, as follows : Form, 5: size,
15 ; color, 20 ; ciuality, 15 ; uniformity, 20 ; free-
dom from blemishes, 25 ; total, 100. Ten points
will be added for correct naming-.

The Ontario Fruit Growers' Association will
pay express charges from the point of shipment
to Toronto and will keep the fruit in cold stor-
age till the show is held. Growers will simply
have to pack their fruit and deliver it at the
nearest express office, when their responsibility
ceases. There will be no entry fee.

The Ontario Fruit Growers' Association has
also arranged for delegations to wait on every
County Council at their June session to ask for
the grant. Fruit growers are invited to act on
these county deputations.

The proposal has met with much favor, and it
is needless to enter into any argument to show
what an advantage it would be in giving an im-
petus to the fruit industry in all parts of the
province. The money g-iven by the County
Councils will all come back to their counties in
the form of prizes.

Fruit Crop Conditions in Ontario

Special crop reports received by The Horti-
culturist from correspondents in the Niagara
and Leamington districts under dates as late as
May 23 and May 24 indicate that crop prospects
in those important fruit sections are bright.
Late frosts have done some damage, but at the
date of writing the correspondents did not con-
sider the damage serious. The reports are as
follows :

QUBBNSTON.

H. St. C. Fisher : The prospects for cher-
ries are very bright. The trees have blossomed
well, and if all goes well there will be a large
crop. Strawberries are rather lig^ht, as not
many were planted this spring. I have seen
very few good patches. The late frosts will
greatly lessen the crop. All other crops are
looking well.

SIMMERS'
SEEDS

GROW

and are the best that grow. We
have the most complete assort-
ment, and the finest strains of
garden and flower seeds on the
market. Catalogue describing
such, free for the asking. We
can also supply

Roses

Shrubs

Vines

Fruit Trees
Ornamental Trees
Evergreen Trees
Herbaceous Plants
Dahlia Roots
Gladiolus Bulbs
Etc., Etc.,

of the very best stock at moder-
ate prices. Try us for success.

J. A. Simmers

143, 145, 147, 149, 151 King St. E.,

Toronto, Ont.

"CANADA'S PREMIER SEED HOUSE"

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.

242

THE CAXADIAK HORTICULTURIST.

JORDAN STATION.

C. M. Honsberger : Strawberries have win-
tered in fine shape and are full of ibloom and
promise a full crop. A light frost in the morn-
ing of May 21 injured some blossoms, but to no
serious extent. Peaches are in full bloom and
promise well where trees were not allowed to
overbear the past two or three seasons. Cher-
ries are literally covered with bloom, more es-
pecially the Early Richmond, which bore a heavy
crop last season. The weather for fertilization
was fine, so much so that the assistance of the
busy bee was not required.

FRUITLANT).

Jos. Tweddle : Cherry buds came through
the winter in excellent shape, with full bloom
and weather mostly fair during bloom. We
should have a splendid crop. Strawberry pros-
pects are first-class. We had a heavy white
frost May 21, but I have heard of no particular
damage to strawberry bloom. Other fruits, in-
cluding apples, are looking well, and should
yield a heavy crop. Grapes are only fair; quite
a proportion of buds seem to toe dead.

BURLINGTON.
A. W. Peart : The general fruit outlook
is bright. Trees have wintered well and bloom
appears sufficiently plentiful, especially with
plums. The prospect for cherries is excellent,
notalbly the soiir varieties. Apples, pears and
peaches aJso promise well. Strawberries gen-

erally passed the winter in good condition and
their appearance indicates a fair return. Black-
berries, raspberries and currants promise an
average crop.

W. F. W. Fisher : Strawberries, vines last
season ran moderately well, wintered fairly,
promise a two-third crop. Cherries, trees
thrifty, bloom heavy. Pears, trees fairly heal-
thy, bloom medium. Plums, trees fairly heal-
thy, bloom heavy. Apples, trees look well, very
full of bloom. Raspberries, injured some by
winter, two-third crop. Blackberries, promise
well.

LEAMINGTON.

E. E. Adams : The Early Richmond
cherry shows little or no fruit, but the Montmo-
rency is all right. Strawberries will be a good
crop, providing we have enough rain to develop
the fruit fully at ripening sea.son.

THE SPRAMOTOR MACHINES.

There was a time not long ago when it was
necessary to go into foreign countries for any
special machinery. In many lines this is
changed. In 1896, when the Spramotor Com-
pany won the Government spraying contest at
Grimslby, there were 11 makers of spraying ma-
chinery in Canada. All of these have tried to
sell out to the Spramotor Company, but none
were bought. It was thought that a specialty
like the Spramotor could not live in Canada ow-
ing to the restricted market, but by adhering to

efegggSgei£i£isgSSgefeigS§§g@e;^§eeSeSefe2i£>e/£/?'^^

CANADIAN GROWN

Trees, Plants and Vines

All kinds of

Nursery Stock

A fine assortment of

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs

Read our new illustrated catalogue;
a post card bring-s it.

Salesmen wanted.

L. D. 5MITH,

Winona, Ont.

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

243

original lines and cultivating the foreign mar-
ket a good business has resulted, sufficiently
large to keep a staff of expert mechanics at
work the year round. Four years ago the
United States trade was lai-ge enough to w'ar-
rant the company starting in that market, and
each year since the trade has doubled, so that
it is now eight times what it was the first year.
When it is remembered that this is the hardest
market in the worla to capture it will be seen
that the Spramotor has merit.

Over 5.000 Spramotors have been supplied to
one manufacturer of paints in the United States
to apply their product. Mr. W. H. Heard, in-
ventor of the Spramotor, is the possessor of
many patents in this and foreign countries, but
the business is built entirely upon a commer-
cial basis. Not one cent has been added to any
article made by the company because of its be-
ing patented; the selling price being based en-
tirely on the cost of production.

Every Government in Canada has used the
Spramotor and pronounced it good, and use no
other. The general Government at Washing-
ton, together with all the State Governments in
the United States, use the Spramotor.

There are more Spramotors in use in Canada
than all others comlbined. Mr. W. S. Blair, of
Nova Scotia, and A. McNeill, Chief Fruit Divi-
sion, Ottawa, say that the (Spramotor has con-
tributed as much to the success of the fruit
growers in Canada as any other cause, by mak-

ing it possible for them to save a larger per-
centage of their crops than would otherwise be
possible. The absence of complaint against
spraying machinery in Canada is largely at-
tributable to the effort of this company, whose
products are recognized as the standard of ex-
cellence. A catalogue of 80 pages may be had
on request.

ARE DOING A LARGE BUSINESS.

A recent visit to Gammage & Sons, of Lon-
don, found this firm in the midst of their spring
plant trade. Thousands of plants were being
shipped to all parts of the Dominion — we noticed
cases of plants addressed to points in Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick in the east and Win-
nipeg, Nelson and Vancouver, B. C, in the west.
Nor is their trade confined to Canada alone, a
number of shipments having been made to the
United States.

Pelargoniums, of which the firm have made a
special feature this season, have proved a great
success. Additional time and space will be given
to them in the future. Preparations are well
under way for planting chrysanthemums and
carnations. Said Mr. Gammage, "We were
handicapped last year with building operations,
having added 40,000 feet of glass, but this year
w-e are taking time by the forelock as, having
no building to do, we can give our stock proper
attention."

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If people would realize the danger in
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exclusively Galvanized "SAFE-LOCK "
Shingles. They are easily applied ; add
to the handsome appearance of any build-
ing ; keep rainwater clean, as no dust
adheres to them ; should easily last fifty
years, without any painting or attention,
as they have no parts to get out of repair,
and interlock each other on all four sides.
They protect from lightning, and give their
owners a contented mind, which makes
up for the difference in first cost as com-
pared with wooden shingles. In the long
run they are the cheapest roofing sold.
Send us raftdr length and width, for
estimate, and we will make you an inter-
esting proposition. Catalogues mailed
free and samples sent by express, you
paying the express charges, which will be
allowed on first purchase.
The Metal Shingle and Siding Co., Limited
Fpestcn , Ontario

Manufacturers of all kinds of Metal RooBcg, Corru-
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A Handsome Premium w.il be Given Free to ail Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

FAVORABLE REPORTS.

Some reports just received on Arnotts Con-
centrated Horticultural Manure :

From Messrs. Geo. Dobbs & Son, Auburn. N.
Y., U. S. A. : " The 25 pounds we ordered last
fall have given us excellent results. Please
send us 100 pounds more."

From the Fenwick Nursery, Halifax, N. S. :
"Everything in which the "food" was applied
is doing well. The Calla and Easter lilies were
beautiful. Chrysanthemums are looking well,
also hydrangeas, fuchsias, geraniums and bench
roses."

From the general superintendent department
of parks and boulevards, Detroit, Mich., U. S. A.:
" The sample of Arnott's Concentrated Horticul-
tural Manure gave satisfaction."

down to him or to knock it down with sticks and
stones as we did when we were iboys.

For all these purposes he must have a ladder,
and a ladder which is light, handy and strong
and which can be put up in the middle of the
tree as well as against the outside. The old-
fashioned single ladders have served their day,
but with the spraying machines, binders and the
cream separators have come in the extension
ladder. The fruit grower who has only one
tree should have an extension ladder. It will
pay him handsomely, and proportionately it will
pay the man who has many trees.

A LADDER IN THE ORCHARD.

So long as fruit trees grow taller than unas-
sisted man can reach so long will it be neces-
sary for him to have at hand some assistance in
reaching the higher parts of the tree. Before
the leaves are put forth in the spring the care-
ful orchardist prunes his trees and examines
every part carefully for signs of disease and for
the rings of eggs of the tent caterpillar. Later
he may require to get to the high branches to
relieve them of an overload of fruit which
threatens to break the tree or to leave the
quality of fruit inferior. And later still he must
climb to where the ripe fruit is and bring it
down for use. It will not do to wait till it falls

Favorable Season for Packing.— We have had
a splendid season for packing, writes Mr. E. D.
Smith, of the Helderleigh Nurseries, at Winona,
and have got out our stock in excellent time and
in splendid shape. We had 150,000 trees dug
in the fall and heeled in my above ground cel-
lars. This enabled me to get the goods out to
the planters over the country earlier than could
possibly be done if everything had to be done in
the spring, and the stock was in better shape
as it was not damaged by the winter, as it some-
times is, although there was very little damage
last winter.

I take a number of the (best fruit journals pub-
lished in the United States, but I consider The
Canadian Horticulturist the most complete and
valuable of any. — (J. L. Hilborn. Leamington,

Ont.

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A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

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tie (anadiQn i{ortic(ilt(irist

Volume XXVIII

JULY, 1905

Number 7

HOW TO PACK AND WHERE TO MARKET EARLY APPLES^

J. F. SCRIVER, FRUIT INSPECTOR, HEMMINGFORD, QUE.

I HAVE been in a good position the last
three years to study this question. I have
■seen the apples on their way to market, the
way they were packed, the condition they
were in, and have also received reports of the
condition in which they were landed in the
Old Country and in Winnipeg. I have
also seen most of the returns and am possi-
bly better able to decide the best way to
pack and the best markets than most grow-
ers or buyers.

By early apples I mean Duchess, Weal-
thy, Alexander and St. Lawrence, and
would also say a few words on the Fameuse.
These are the only early apples that can be
handled with any profit. ]\Iore than half
the Duchess raised in Quebec go to waste
every year. You will say that this is be-
cause there are too many raised. I agree
with you there, but I also say that, if you
know how to handle them, three years out
of four, there is a profitable market for them.
Last year was an unfortunate year for the
exporters of apples, especially the early
varieties. The exceedingly large crop of
apples in England and the continent kept
prices very low. Even with these draw-
backs good Duchess, properly put up,
brought fair prices in Glasgow.

Glasgow is the best market in Great
Britain for our early apples. The trouble
with most of the Duchess shipped last sea-

son was that they were immature and too
small and green. In exporting you must
allow them to become full grown, and fairly
colored, being careful, however, to pick
them before they are too ripe. If your
apples are a good size and fairly well col-
ored, I would certainly advise you to put
them up in boxes. If not real No. i, put
them up in barrels, as it never pays to put
up poor fruit in boxes. Ship in refrigera-
tor cars, and cold storage on ships.

If you pack in barrels use the eight hoop
barrel ; pack barrels thoroughly while fill-
ing and do not use too much pressure.
Everything I said in regard to packing and
shipping Duchess apples to the Old Coun-
try applies to shipping to W^innipeg. Win-
nipeg is a better market for small green
stock than the Old Country. The first
Duchess shipped to Winnipeg brought $2.50
to $2.75 net, but the market became over-
loaded and the Duchess brought very low
prices. I heard of one box which netted 16
cents. The large shipments to the west
were caused bv low prices in the Old Coun-
try, which are not likely to occur again for
some' years. Last year Winnipeg buyers
did not receive half the Duchess they
wanted.

The barrel is the best package to use for
the shipment of apples to the west, although
some shippers have secured good returns

.A.n address delivered at the last annual meeting of the Quebec Pomological and Fruit Growing Society.

247

248

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

by shipping in boxes. The apples should
be sent in refrigerator cars or the cars iced
before loading, because, although the rail-
roads agree to do this, and you have to pay
for it, sometimes the bunkers are not well
filled. Your apples become heated, and
the car which might have brought you a
good profit entails a heavy loss.

The demand from Montreal and smaller
towns for these apples is limited. I sold
200 baskets, 12 to the barrel, in Montreal
last summer at 40 cents, netting about 30
cents, which paid well. The next week,
however, prices were down to 25 cents,
which did not pay.

When Duchess trees are overloaded, as
they often are, it is a good plan to pick and
ship some of the best in baskets about the
first of August. Those left on the trees
will grow much faster and be reauy to ship
in two or three weeks.

A GOOD VARIETY.

The Alexander, I consider, one of the
best, if not the best money maker we have
in Quebec. If I was setting out an orchard
I would set a good proportion of Alexan-
ders. Ontario apple growers and proba-
bly some of the Quebec growers may dis-
pute me a little, but the Ontario men must
under^iand that the Quebec Alexander is
altogether a better apple in many ways than
its Ontario brother, especially in its carry-
ing qualities. It is also more even in size
and of better color.

The Alexander tree is perfectly hardy, a
good bearer, and the fruit is 75 per

cent, to 90 per cent. No. i. It is never
affected by scab, and very little by worms.
When picked in time and picked properly
these apples always land in the Old Coun-
try in good condition. They brought the
highest price of any apples sold in the Old
Country last fall. One carload of 40-
pound boxes, four to the barrel, brought
$1.25 net, f. o. b. Montreal. Another car-
load, in barrels, made a net of $3.85. All
the Alexanders shipped in proper time
brought paying prices, even in last year's
poor market.

I would strongly advise shipping all Alex-
anders in boxes. It is almost impossible,
on account of their large size, to pack them
in barrels, ship them any distance, and pre-
vent them from becoming slack. Pack
them in layers in boxes and tighten with a
little excelsior. I would recommend Glas-
gow as the best market, although they also
do well in Winnipeg and the west when
landed in good condition.

One of the best points of this apple is the
large proportion of No. i apples. A farmer
in Hemmingford last fall sold his Alexan-
ders for 90 cents a barrel on the trees.
From eight young trees he had 30 barrels
of No. I, two barrels of No. 2, and only one
barrel of culls. A neighbor of his had 46
barrels of No. i and three barrels of No. 2.
I never heard of this being equalled in any
season by any other variety of apples.
These apples should always be shipped in
cold storage and in refrigerator cars.
(Continued on page 277 )

It is my opinion that if cooperative as-
sociations will keep their grades up to the
standard, buyers will soon hunt for their
brands. Buyers are anxious to obtain good
brands and will naturally go to the houses
that have the best name for good packing
and high-class goods. The box is certainly
the fruit package of the future. — (H. W.
Dawson, commission merchant. Toronto.

" There is considerable difference of
opinion with reference to the robin in the
Eastern States," said Wx. A. N. Brown, of
Delaware, to a Horticulturist representative.
" An anti-rObin bill was defeated in New
Jersey by the women and children of the
state, who secured large numbers of signa-
tures to petitions against the bill. I expect,
however, to see it pass yet."

THE ROBIN AND THE FRUIT GROWER

C. \V. XASH, TORONTO, OXT.

THE ever increasing number of insect
pests, both native and imported,
v^^hich prey upon our crops, and the loss sus-
tained by farmers, gardeners and fruit
growers by reason of their ravages, has
compelled crop producers to turn their at-
tention seriously to the study of the natural
laws which govern the production and de-
struction of this form of animal life. Care-
ful investigation, by men whose training has
properly qualified them for the v^ork, shows
that nature always maintains an equilibrium
between all form of life, both animal and
vegetable, so that no one form shall exist in
sufficient strength to exterminate another.
That birds, which are wholly insectivorous,
or which never feed on the fruit or other
parts of cultivated plants, are beneficial, may
be accepted without question ; but great diffi-
culty has sometimes arisen in determining
the exact status or value of birds which feed
on insects and vegetable products in vary-
ing proportions. Much depends on the
personal interest of the people whose testi-
mony is given and also on local conditions
which can not be given general application.
Thus it is we find some fruit growers loudly
condemning certain birds as very injurious
to them in their locality, while other fruit
growers in a different district, and farmers
and gardeners generally, are perfectly cer-
tain that these same birds are of the great-
est value to them as destroyers of noxious
insects.

VALUE OF THE ROBIX.

The best known and most familiar bird in
this debatable class is the robin, and opinion
is very strongly divided as to its utility.
Some fruit growers condemn this ibird with
great emphasis ; others weigh its merits and
demerits more carefully and assert that it
much more than pays for the fruit it eats by
the destruction of insects.

Robins under certain circumstances do
take a large number of cherries, strawber-
ries, raspberries and some grapes, thereby

causing individual fruit growers some loss,
but the question remains whether or not the
robins by their w^ork throughout the season,
and the 'benefits they confer on other classes
of the agricultural community, do not more
than compensate the community for the loss
sustained by the few, and further, whether
or not the fruit growers cannot protect
themselves against loss by robins without
destroying them.

As to the first question the case against
the robin has been very strongly, and I
think fairly, put by a large fruit grower in
the United States, who is an uncompromis-
ing enemy of the bird. This gentleman
shot a number of robins while they were
feeding on his fruit and examined the stom-
ach contents of those killed, the result show-
ing the percentage of fruit and insects con-
tained in each. When the birds were
actually engaged in feeding on small fruit
84 per cent of fruit and about 16 per
cent, of insects were found, a much larger
proportion of fruit to insects than has ever
come under my personal observation and
larger than I have elsewhere seen recorded

If all the robins in the country consume'!
as large a proportion of fruit as these birds
and fruit growers suffered a proportionate
loss, then there would be just cause for
complaint against the robins. We know,
however, that even during the height of the
strawberry and cherry season that the birds
rarely take as large a percentage of fruit as
this, and we also know that the large growl-
ers rarely suffer any appreciable loss.
PLENTY OE EVIDENCE.

The question as to what is the true status
of the i\merican robin with regard to agri-
culture and horticulture has been under in-
vestigation in the United States and Canada
for over 40 years, so that there is no lack of
evidence on which to arrive at a conclusion.
The result of these investigations shows un-
mistakably that, except during the months
of June and July, when the strawberries

249

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

and cherries are ripening, the robin is of the
greatest possible value to the country.
From early March until the middle of June
robins' food consists of insects and such ber-
ries as may hang on the trees through the
winter. Three specimens shot by me on
April 3 last year had each eaten 150 to 200
small dark caterpillars. One shot April 1 1
contained one large spider, a large number
of small beetles, principally weevils, and
some mountain ash berries. In ]\Iay and
the early part of June I have always found
the robins' food to consist chiefly of cut
w^orms, wire worms, white grubs and earth
worms ; at this time the birds are feeding
their young and they then destroy a vast
number of. these injurious farm pests. This
is one of the robin's greatest merits, because
of all our insects the underground cut worm
is about the most destructive, for in feeding
it just comes above the surface and cuts off
the entire plant, or if the plants are very
young and the stems small it cuts off a half
dozen or more, only eating a small section
out of the stem of each, leaving the plants
dead on the ground.

Effectual remedies against their attacks
are very difficult, and in some cases impos-
sible, to apply, so that for the most part we
are compelled to rely on the ground feed-
ing birds, of which the robin is an example,
to keep them in check.

In June, 1889, I experiiuented with a
young robin shortly after it was able to feed
itself, for the purpose of ascertaining just
what amount of insect food it would re-
cjuire daily when at that stage of growth.
On June 9 the bird weighed exactly three
ounces. From time to time during that
day I gave it all the cut worms it would eat,
having previously weighed them. The
grubs averaged 30 to the ounce, and the bird
ate five and a half ounces of them in that
one day. Had the bird been at libertv it
would probably have eaten some insects of
other species and fewer cut worms, but this

shows the amount of insect food required
by a young robin when growing. The
average number of young in a brood is four,
and there are usually two broods in a sea-
son. A very simple calculation will give
a good idea of the number of insects de-
stroyed while the young are being raised.*
It is the young of the first brood after they
have flown and are left to their own re-
sources which are apt to visit the strawberry
patch and cherry trees, and it is no doubt
very provoking to the fruit grower on a
small scale, to find them helping themselves
to his scanty supply. Towards the end of
summer and through the autumn young and
old congregate in flocks and feed on insects
and various berries borne by wild shrubs.
Late in the fall they will sometimes visit the
vineyard, but not as a rule until after the
marketable grapes have been gathered.

EXTENSIVE IXVESTIGATIONS.

The biological survey of the Department
of Agriculture at Washington has con-
ducted an exhaustive enquiry into the food
habits of the robin. The result of this has
been summarized by Prof. F. E. Beal, of
that department, who says : " An exami-
nation of the stomachs of 330 robins, col-
lected in various parts of the country, shows
that cultivated fruit forms but a very mode-
rate percentage (less than eight per cent.)
of their diet, and that practically all of this
is eaten in June and July. \^egetable food
forms nearly 58 per cent, of the stomach
contents, over 47 per cent, being wild fruits.
Cultivated fruit amounting to about 25 per
cent, was found in the stomachs in June and
July, but only a trifle in August. \\'ild
fruit, on the contrary, is eaten in every
month, and constitutes a staple food during
half the year. Xo less than 41 species of
wild fruit were identified in the stomachs.

The depredations of the robin seem to be
confined to the smaller and earlier fruits,

* Birds of Ontario in Relation to Agriculture. C. W. Xa^h,
Department of Agriculture, Toronto, Ont.

THE ROBINS DEFENDED.

and few, if any, complaints have been made
against it on the score of eating apples,
peaches, pears, grapes or even the late
cherries. By the time these are ripe the
woods and hedges are teeming with wild
fruits which the bird evidently finds more
to its taste. Cherries and strawberries, un-
fortiniately, ripen so early that they are al-
most the only fruit accessible at a time
when the bird's appetite has been sharpened
by a long continued diet of insects, earth
worms and dried berries, and it is no won-
der that at first the rich juicy morsels are
greedily eaten."

THE CASE PRESENTED.

The case, therefore, stands in this way :
It is admitted that during a part of June and
July (say for about 30 days) the robin con-
sumes a certain amount of small fruit. To
this extent the fruit growler is a loser. The
farmers and market gardeners, however,
lose nothing 'by these birds, but on the con-
trary have to depend on them principally to
keep in check the underground insects which
are so injurious to their crops. Except
during the period stated the fruit grower
also benefits greatly by the robin's work.
Limit the question then to the fruit grower
alone and how does it stand ? Suppose each
robin ate two ounces of cultivated fruit
each day for 30 days, which would be a re-
markably liberal allowance. This would
give three pounds 12 ounces for each bird,
worth in money about, for strawberries 15
to 20 cents, and for cherries of the best class
30 to 40 cents. xA-s against that every cut
worm previously eaten by the bird would
have done damage to probably as large an
amount if it had been allowed to fulfil its
destinv, and then there are tne mvriads of

other insects which the bird has eaten to be
taken into consideration.

Speaking generally, therefore, it must be
considered that the rofcin ranks as one of the
most potent factors in preventing the rava-
ges of insect pests.

It may sometimes happen, however, that
an individual fruit grower may find that the
quantity of fruit taken by the birds is more
than he can well bear, although he realizes
that generally the robins are beneficial to
himself and to the country. When this
happens it usually arises from the fact that
a great number of birds are concentrated
on too small an area, in which case they
draw too heavily on the small resources
open to them.

A SIMPLE REMEDY.

Is it possible then to save the birds and at
the same time reduce the loss of fruit so
that it shall not be a matter for serious con-
sideration ? This problem has been solved
by the easy method of providing the birds
with fruits which are useless to us, but
which they prefer to those we consider the
choicest. Probably the two best trees for
this purpose are the common red cherry and
the Russian mulberry. These are both
vigorous growers and profuse bearers,
ripening their fruit early, and the birds pre-
fer their berries to any of the cultivated
sorts. The mulberry is particularly at-
tractive to them, flavorless though it seems
to be.

By being a little liberal in planting these
trees about the country we can save the
small fruits and at the same time have about
us robins enough to keep in check the most
dangerous enemies of our staple crops of
farm and earden.

An advantage of clover growing in an
orchard in autumn is that much of the plant
food in the soil which has been liberated and
made more easily available by the constant
cultivation during the early part of the sum-

mer, is prevented from leaching by being
used by the growing plants, the clover thus
becoming a " catch crop " as well as a cover
crop. — (W. T. Macoun, Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa.

REPORTS AND BULLETINS

A NUMBER of very interesting bul-
letins and official reports reached
The Horticulturist during June. The an-
nual report of the Inspector of Fumigating
Appliances for Ontario, Mr. P. W. Hod-
getts, shows that the enforcement of the
Fumigation Act 'has driven several smaller
nursery firms out of business. Inspector
Hodgetts reports that in every case the nur-
serymen are seeing that the stock sold bears
the certificate of fumigation. Fruit grow-
ers are well pleased with the work done, and
the members of the Niagara District Asso-
ciation recommended that if the inspector
found scale on nursery stock the previous
year the facts should be made public
through The Canadian Horticulturist. The
report contains a Hst of Ontario nurseries
and may be had by application to the De-
partment of Agriculture, Toronto.

Bulletin No. 115, of the Experiment Sta-
tion, Burlington, Vermont, discusses " Dis-
ease Resistant Potatoes." After many ex-
periments to show stem resistance to disease
and tuber resistance to rot and the chances
for increasing this resistance it draws the
following conclusions: (i) Some varieties
are less subject to vine injury than others,
(2) some show greater resistance to rot
than others, (3) some show close relation
between resistance of vine to disease and re-
sistance of tuber to rot, (4) selection has not
given visible increase of resistance.

Bulletin No. 113 of the same station deals
with spra\-ing mixtures and concludes by
giving a spray calendar. Preparation of
sprays, objects of spraying and such ques-
tions are fully explained. The bulletin is
worth writing for.

" Potato Spraying Experiments in 1904,"
No. 264, New York Experimental Station,

Geneva, N. Y., gives a comprehensive re-
view of extensive experiments carried on
with Bordeaux mixture for late blight and
potato rot. At the station five sprayings
gave an increase of 233 bushels per acre, and
three sprayings an increase of 191 bushels
per acre. In 14 experiments on farms in-
cluding 180 acres, the average gain was
6254 bushels and the average cost for each
spraying 93 cents per acre. In 41 volun-
teer experiments which farmers carried on,
including 363^ acres, the average gain was
583/2 bushels per acre and the average cost
90 2-3 cents per acre. Judging from these
figures no potato grower can afford to ne-
glect spraying. The bulletin is a valuable
one.

The Experiment Station, Orono, Maine,
in bulletin 108, deals with "Orchard Moths,"
giving notes on common orchard caterpil-
lars and some insect eating birds. Bulletin
No. 109, from the same station, discusses
the " Apple Maggot and Other Insects."
Preventive and remedial measures are
given. Allowing hogs and sheep to eat the
windfalls from August until the crop is har-
vested is mentioned as being one of the
cheapest and most effective remedies.

The Agricultural Experiment Station of
Urbana, Illinois, discusses " The Curculio
and the Apple " in Bulletin 98. The life
history and habits are fully given, as well as
characteristics which distinguish it from the
plum curculio. Neglect of pruning, culti-
vation, spraying and fertilizing engenders
conditions which favor its nniltiplication.
Spraying with arsenical poisons has a bene-
ficial effect in an isolated orchard. De-
struction of fallen fruit and surface cultiva-
tion are mentioned as very efficient reme-
dial measures.

I have never used boxes for shipping
apples, and shall not as long as I can get
barrels at 50 cents or less. — (Irvine Hicks,
South Bay, Ont.

The Horticulturist is the best fruit magazine
I have ever read. — (A. A. Bligh. Water\dlle,
IST. S.

The Canadian Horticulturist is getting better
all the time.— (Geo. Shuert, Brantford, Ont.

252

COOPERATIVE PACKING BY GROWERS

D. JOHNSON^ PRESIDENT FOREST FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION, FOREST, ONT.

IN the early part of last season the Forest
Fruit Growers and Forwarding Asso-
ciation intended to have each member pack
his own fruit under inspection. If any
package was found not properly marked it
was to be rejected or marked according to
its proper value. The inexperience of
some, however, and the diverse grading
•caused the association to adopt the central
packing house.

For this purpose a rink was rented and
to this each variety of apples was brought
as the fruit matured. It was gently packed
in barrels, with the head slipped on by hand,
and hauled either in racks with springs or
with some straw in the bottom of the rack.
Each man's apples were kept in a separate
row and the man's name and the variety of
the apples were written on the top with pen-
cil. The number of barrels of unpacked
apples was credited each grower on the
books.

In packing, each man's apples of a cer-
tain variety were emptied on the packing

table, where they were carefully graded by
girls. The XXX were put in a basket to
their right, the XX in a basket to their left,
and the culls in bags attached to the tables.

Each man working in the packing house
had his special work to perform for which
he was responsible to the manager. It was
the duty of one man to properly face, nail
and cleat each barrel of fruit required. The
facing had to be a fair representation of
what was in the barrel. Each hoop had
four nails, each head six and each cleat six.

THE HEAD PACKER'S DUTY.

It was the duty of the head packer to
empty baskets, shake down the fruit in the
barrels and see that the grading was pro-
perly done and that each grower was cred-
ited with the full amount of packed fruit
of each variety and grade. The shaking
down was done by setting the barrel on a
plank. Another man was responsible for
the facing of the pressed end and for the
pressing in of the same. A third man had
charge of the stenciling and nailing in of the

ShippinsT Fruit on a Niagara District Fruit Farm.

Packers getting fruit ready for shipment at J. F. Brennan & Son's fruit farm, Grimsby, Ont., are shown. On the left is Mr,

Brennan, wh j superintends the packing. He has adopted the California style of packing, and has been repaid by the proud distinc-

on of landing the best packed Ontario fruit on the Winnipeg market of many large shipments. He has also won high awards at the

ational and international exhibitions and has received orders from many parts of the United States and Canada for his celebrated

Ashland Fruit."

253

254

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

head. He also had to check off each bar-
rel and record the name of the owner, the
variety and the grade as it was loaded on the
dray for the car. The manager assisted in
every department and was in a position to
know exactly the quality of fruit packed in
each grade.

The culls were sent to an evaporator, and
the money receivetl from this source was
used to pay general expenses such as the
cost of packing, which amounted to about
seven cents per barrel. This may not soem
fair to the man with many low grade apples,
but when we consider that it costs more to
pack i)oor apples than good ones it cannot
be considered an injustice.

The central packing house is perhaps

more expensive than the old system of al-
lowing each member to pack his own fruit
under inspection, but as dealers have long
desired such a system w^e expect the greater
uniformity will cause them to pay enough
more to meet the extra expense twice over.

The Forest association has been compli-
mented many times on the good quality of
its fruit and on the packing done last sea-
son. Our members realize the benefit of
spraying, and to ensure a high class fruit
this season are spraying at least four times-
— tw'ice before and twice after blossoming.
We expect our output this fall will be ahead
of that of last year, and feel sure that the
better quality will be appreciated to its pro-
per value by riie trade.

Top Grafting the Pewaukee

PROF. ir. L. IIUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH, OXT.

I have about 40 trees of Pewaukee apples
which Ibear heavily each year, but before ma-
turity a hi'g-h 'Wind removes fully two-thirds of
the fruit. I have been told that as the trees
get older they hold their fruit better, but if it
drops as badly as it does now I wish to graft
them to Ontario, Spy or King. Which of these
would you advise me to use ? What is j'our
opinion of the Baxter a-pple ? — (J. B., St. George.

The characteristic you describe in the Pe-
waukee of dropping from the tree is one of
the worst features of this variety, and as
the fruit itself is not of the best quality I
certainly would recommend in a section,
such as yours, where better varieties can be
grown, that such trees be grafted over. All
of the varieties you mention are excellent,
but of the three I would prefer the King,
although this too is liable to drop during
heavy winds. This variety is about the
same in rate of growth as the Pewaukee,
and should work well upon it, and, no doubt,
the productiveness of the Pewaukee would
help to make up this defect in the King.
The Ontario is hardly equal to the Pewau-
kee in rate of growth, while the Northern
Spy is much stronger, but any of these
should do well on Pewaukee stock. The
Baxter is a large, shoAvy red apple, which

originated near Kingston, and is well
adapted to that section of the country. It
is, however, quite subject to scab, and I
W'Ould not recommend it for your -section of
the country, where apples of better quality
may be grown.

Cultivation and Cover Crop

W. H. DEMPSEY, TRENTON, ONT,

CULTIVATION should be commenced
as early in the spring as possible,
w'ith disc cultivation or gang plow not more
than four or five inches, and continued each
w^eek or lo days with a light harrow
through July till the middle of August.
Then a cover crop may be sown of red
clover, barley, oats or peas, which will aid
the trees in ripening, and by holding the
leaves and snow prevent alternate thawing
and freezing and lessen the depth to which
the frost penetrates, thus carrying trees
through the winter uninjured which might
otherwise be killed. If the season is dry and
trees heavily loaded it would be better to de-
lay sowing the cover crop, as it w^ould take
too much moisture from the trees and cause
the fruit to cease growing and prevent its
development to fair size.

FIGHTING THE ROT.

The Spraying Experiments

p. W. HODGETTS, B. S. A., DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, TORONTO^ ONT.

THE second series of sprayings in con-
nection with the experiments for the
prevention of grape rots has just ended at
Mr. Shearer's farm near Niagara, as out-
lined in the last issue of The Horticulturist,
are being carried on by the Department of
Agriculture at the request of the fruit grow-
ers of the Niagara district, whose vineyards
have suffered severely the past two seasons
through the attacks of the black and brown
rots.

A Forest Spraying Outfit

The spraying outfit of Mr. William Frazer, of Forest, Ont., one of
the most successful fruit growers in this district, is shown here.
Mr. Frazer may be seen in his spraying unifoim on the elevated
platform. The Forest growers find the elevated platform a great
help in doing efficient spraying.

During April a number of vineyards were
visited and a few rows of grapes in each
were sprayed with the copper sulphate solu-
tion. Starting June 13th, just before the
blossoms opened, we again made the round
from Winona to Niagara and Stamford, a
distance of over 50 miles, with the cart
spramotor. Over 4,000 vines at eight dif-
ferent points were sprayed. The standard
Bordeaux mixture was used throughout for
the grapes.

Soda Bordeaux was applied at Mr.
Robertson's farm in St. Catharines to a
number of cherry and plum trees to control
the rot which is developing seriously owing

to the prevalent moist, sultry weather. This
mixture is made up of 40 gallons water, 4
pounds copper sulphate, with enough caus-
tic soda or lye (ranging from 18 to 24
ounces according to its strength) to make
the whole sHghtly neutral. The soda re-
places the lime, and these will not discolor
the fruit. It is claimed that this mixture
will not hold to the trees and foHage like the
lime Bordeaux, but on the other hand it is
more easily prepared, will not clog the noz-
zles, and may be used almost till the fruit is
ripe.

Care must be exercised, however, in test-
ing its strength when prepared. The use
of litmus paper in this connection will be
readily explained by any druggist and the
test is simple. The blue paper should re-
tain its color when dipped in the prepared
solution, while the red paper should, under
the same conditions, turn blue. Owing to
some trouble experienced by the Winona
growers fruit men will do well to apply this
test to any of the soda preparations.

Hairy Vetch for Green Manure

PROF. H. L. HUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH, ONT.

Kindly advise me if hairy vetch would be
good to plow under and then plant strawberries
the folloviing spring. What does the see-l
usually sell at and ,when is the best time to sow
it?— (J. B., St. George, Ont.

A crop of hairy vetch grown this year and
turned under next fall should leave the
ground in good condition for strawberries
the following year, although if the ground
is in fairly good condition it might be possi-
ble to raise some early crop on the ground
this year, such as early potatoes or early
peas, and follow with the vetch as a late
catch crop. Vetch grows well late in the
season and makes a good mat of vegetable
matter to plow under when sown as late as
the middle of August. The seed this year
is quoted at $4.50 to $5 per bushel.

2^6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Remedy for Black Knot

H. S. PEART, B.S.A., O.A.C., GUELPH, ONT.

Will turpentine and sulphur mixed painted
On growing black knot on plum trees prevent
further growth and kill the spoils ? Can a bet-
ter mixture be suggested ? — (W. C. Archibald &
Sons, Wolfville, N. S.

Black knot is a fungous disease, the na-
ture of wliicli has been thoroughly under-
stood for many years. The spores of the
disease are carried 'by the wind in early sum-
mer. Spraying the trees with Bordeaux
mixture in spring and early summer will
prevent fresh infection. Once the disease
is established there is no certain remedy ex-
cept cutting out and burning the knots.
Turpentine does not dissolve the sulphur,
hence the mixture is no better than turpen-
tine alone.

The use of such substances as turpentine
and crude petroleum are not to be com-
mended, as they nearly always injure the
tree. United effort on the part of the plum
and cherry growers in cutting out and burn-
ing knots as they appear and spraying with
Bordeaux mixture early in the summer will
soon rid a section of the disease.

Thinninc: and Propping

PROF. H. L. HUTT, O.A.C., GUELPH, ONT.

■\A''hat is the best method of thinning fruit ?
Is there any serviceable implement made for
thinning purposes ? WTiat is the manner in
which trees are best propped ? — (L. B. Pang-
nnan, Salmon Arm, B. C.

There are two general methods of thin-
ning fruit, first by regulating the number of
fruit spurs and consequently the amount of
fruit by pruning, and second, by removing
the extra amount of fruit as soon as it is
sufficiently formed to judge of its charac-
ter. Various devices have been suggested
for this purpose, but none of them are as
good as going over the fruit and picking it
by hand in the usual way. By this means
judgment may be used in the removal of
the fruit,and care can be taken to avoid the
breaking off of the fruit spurs.

Fruit trees should not be allowed to bear
so heavily that they require propping. If
allowed to grow -more than the branches
can sustain it is more or less of a drain on
the vitality of the tree, apart from the
danger of the limbs being broken by the
heavy weight of the crop. Propping, how-
ever, is much more common than judicious
thinning, and where it is resorted to we
know of no better plan than placing crutched
poles underneath the branches to support
the weight. I know of no special kind of
supports being used other than this placing
of poles underneath the branches, although
I have seen light ropes or wire used in large
trees to tie up a drooping branch to strong
limbs in the centre of the tree, but this
method is not so satisfactory as supports
from beneath, and where wire or rope is
used the 'branches often break off at the
point of support.

Cultivating the Spy Orchard

W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, C. E. F.,
OTTAWA.

In raising Spys is it best to cultivate the or-
chard and sow cover crops, or to let the orchard
be in sod and use barnyard manure ? The soil
is a sandy loam. — (A. J. L.

Cultivating an orchard of Northern Spys
or leaving it in sod will depend very much
on the character of the soil and the amount
of moisttire. Trees growing in good soil
where they never suft'er from drought, even
if the soil is left uncultivated, will usually
produce fine fruit, providing the fertility is
kept up by the application of barnyard
manure to the sod. If the soil is poor and
there is any danger of drought it is much the
best practice to cultivate the orchard and
sow a cover crop in the month of July both
for protection in w'inter and for improving
the fertility of the land.

I oelieve the bandaging of trees with bur-
lap, if properly attended to throughout the
season, will almost exterminate the moth. —
(G. C. Caston, Craighurst, Ont.

HORTICULTURE IN MINNESOTAS

T. G. RAYNOR, ROSE HILL, ONT.

THE conditions under which apples are
grown are quite different in Minne-
sota to what they are in Ontario. Through
many ups and downs some of the old set-
tlers have persevered until they have origi-
nated varieties that can be grown in this
northwestern country. The old fruit grow-
ers learned from their many failures with
eastern and southern grown fruit trees, that
very few varieties were hardy enough to
stand the Minnesota conditions.

Men like Charles Gideon, who originated
the Wealthy and Gideon apples ; Mr. Harris
and Mr. Yahnke, who has a seedling which
stands equal to our Spy and King in quality

:■• A

A Busy Day in the Berry Field.

Pickers at work in the strawberry plantation of Davidson &; Co., Meyersburg, Ont , are
here shown. Mr. Davidson has two acres of strawberries this seascn and says that Corsi-,
can, Cook and Brandywine are the most profitable varieties for that section. There is no
difficulty getting pickers at one cent per box, as farmers come miles to pick and many are
turned away.

and which bears the name of its originator,
are great benefactors to their race. There
are now varieties which bridge over the sea-
son pretty well, in Duchess for summer,
Wealthy for fall and early winter, and
Northwestern Greening, Melinda and
Yahnke for winter varieties.

There are a number of imrseries in the
state which are extending their trade even

across the line into our Canadian Northwest.
The most satisfactory locations for an apple
orchard here, as with us, are found to be
northern or eastern slopes. However, in
most parts of the state there is no choice of
slope, and fruit growers are compelled to
make these conditions by setting out wind
break plantations around their farm build-
ings and planting their trees on the north
side. These catch most of the snow and
protect the trees more or less from sun scald
and warm winds from the south.

Until recently the wind-breaks have been
for the most part of willows, cotton woods
and box alders. These break the winds
very well in summer, but
not so well in win-
ter. In many cases they
have been placed so close to
the buildings that as Mr.
Yahnke puts it, " they have
the snow banks in their
kitchens."

The coming wind break is
the evergreen, one which
breaks the winds in the win-
ter time. Many tried these
but failed to get them to
grow, because they did not
know that the sap of an ever-
green contains resin, and five
minutes' exposure of the roots
to sun or wind means dead
evergreens. Then many
farmers didn't know that in
setting them a mud bath was
necessary, and as soon as they were planted
the roots should be covered.

As Ontario is already over cleared in the
older parts more of our farmers should pay
attention to the value of evergreen v/ind
breaks about their farm buildings.

No money can be made by holding grapes.
When the .season for grapes is past, the demand
Is over. — (Robert Thompson, St. Catharines.

257

2^:8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

A Rack for Hauling Apples

JOSEi'li TWEUDLE^ FRUITEANU, ONT.

I HAVE a very convenient rack for haul-
ing apples. It has a set of low steel
wheels with wide tires. These can be lade
to order and to fit any wagon. On this is
a set of double bolster springs, which sup-
port a lorry platform. The platform can
be built of two bed pieces, any width and
length a person may desire. The wheels
cost $15 to $20, while three ton springs
cost about $15. The bed of the rack can
be made for about $10. My rack carries
24 barrels of fruit, and if it were 14 inches
longer could carry 28 barrels on end.

The way my wagon sits on the springs
we can carry the barrels on end. This
would not be possible were it not for the
springs, as the fruit would be too severely
shaken. Were it not for the springs, also,
it would not be possible, for the same rea-
son, to drive off the paths. It pays to
have these springs, as they make it possible
to trot the teams without injury to the fruit.

Objects to the Size

D. YOUA'G, ADOLPHUSTOWN, ONT.

THE new apple box adopted by the Do-
minion Department of Agriculuture
will be sold as a bushel and should be 10 x
II X 19^ inches. Between the bushel box
and the size of the one adopted there is a
loss to the producer of about 350 boxes in
the quantity I ship from my own orchard
in one season — over 5,000 ba .els. This
is too much loss. It is not much on one
box, but in the aggregate it is heavy. An-
other objection to the use of such a box is
that it is too heavy to handle with cheap
help.

The next annual meeting of the British
Columbia Fruit Growers' Association will
be held at Vancouver. The quarterly meet-
ing in April was at Victoria, in July will be
at Nelson, and in October at a place to be
selected by the executive committee.

Rapid Spraying

ALEX. GLOVER, WINONA, ONT.

'^ I"^ HERE is a statement in the Alay issue

A of The Canadian Horticulturist in
the article giving Mr. Murray Pettit's and
Mr. E. J\I. Smith's experience with their
new spraying outfits, in which I am inter-
ested. In it mention is made by Mr. Mur-
ray Pettit, of Winona, of ten dollars having
been offered an agent for another machine
if he would cancel an order for one of his
outfits. I believe this statement originated
with me. At the time I made it I had been
misled in regard to some points of the ma-
chine I had ordered, and thought that the
Spramotor cart afforded an opportunity to
overcome the difficulty. I believe I even
went so far as to offer to pay for the Wal-
lace machine I had ordered and to store it,
unused, until the agent had an opportunity
to re-sell it. After giving both machines
due consideration, however, I became satis-
fied I had better keep the Wallace Power
Sprayer which I had ordered. Since I
have given it a trial I am perfectly satisfied
with the way it works. After using it only
long enough to get slightly acquainted with
the handling of it we sprayed over 1000
pear, plum and peach trees, of an average
age of nine years, on one side in half a day,
and did it with only one line of hose, having
a four-nozzle head. The point in regard
to which I have been misled was in the mat-
ter of draft, as I had been told that my team
could not handle my machine. I have
found that my team can handle it easily,
although one of them is a four-year-old colt
weighing only 1,080 pounds. I make this
explanation because the item in question
might injure the Wallace Company and
Mr. W. H. Brand, their agent here, as well
as other fruit growers who might be misled
as I was. I wish it to be distinctly under-
stood that I am perfectly satisfied with my
Wallace machine, -and would not exchange
it for anv other.

SOME VALUABLE BULLETINS

EXPERIMENTS in dust spraying have
been tried at a number of places m
the United States, inchiding the Delaware
College Agricultural Experiment Station,
from which a bulletin giving the results has
just reached The Horticulturist. Two
pounds of dry mixture will answer on trees
which would require three to four gallons of
liquid. Each tree received at each spray-
ing one-half as much copper sulphate and
one and one-half times as much poison as
are contained in four gallons of Bordeaux
mixture with poison. The conclusions ar-
rived at from the experiments are as fol-
lows :

The codling nioth and apple scab on Xero,
July and Red Astrachaii apples, were satis-
factorily controlled by dust spraying, using
Paris green for poison, in 1904. If the
dust spray will produce the same results on
other varieties of apples it can certainly be
recommended. In liquid spraying opera-
tions for large orchards a mixing house and
storage tanks are necessary, as is also a sup-
ply wagon if the spraying outfit is worked
to its fullest capacity. This involves a
heavy expense most of which would not be
necessary in dust spraying. Should the
dusting method continue to give the favor-
able results it has given in its first trial it
must soon replace in part the liquid method,
except w'here such sucking insects as San
Jose scale must be fought during the grow-
ing season.

At present it is probably best to rely on
some brand of 'h}-drated lime now on the
market and pulverized copper sulphate and
Paris green for the dusting material, unless
a pulverizing mill is available. In this case,
and especially if dry slaked lime is used, the
materials should be mixed and run through
the mill. The formula now suggested is
one pound of pulverized copper sulphate,
one pound Paris green or green arsenoid.
one pound ground sulphur and 50 pounds
limoid. or other hydrated lim.e. It will per-

haps be well to mix the copper sulphate and
lime together a day or two before needed for
spraying so as to facilitate chemical action
between the two. Further testing may
prove that a formula with a larger propor-
tion of lime will prove efirective. but at pres-
ent the stronger one will be used.

As to cost, according to the bulletin, the
dry spray can be applied on a comm.ercial
scale at half the expense of liquid spray.

WINTER KILLING OF PEACH TREES.

Another bulletin recently issued by the
Ohio station gives a report of investigations
in the Lake Erie fruit 'belt on the winter kill-
ing of peach trees in 1903 and 1904. The
conclusions arrived at are as follows :

General cause of unusual susceptibility to
cold of the orchards of the Lake Erie fruit
belt : prevailing low vitality of the trees.

Specific causes of low vitality of the trees :
San Jose scale, leaf curl, lack of nourishing-
plant food, im.perfect drainage.

Exceptional causes of susceptibility to
cold in rare cases of apparently healthy,
vigorous trees : low, moist, rich black soil
which favored an extreme growth of soft,
poorly ripened or matured wood ; or high
culture upon soil rich in plant food which
brought about similar results.

The unusually deep, hard freezing of the
earth's crust Avas due, directly, to the con-
tinued steady cold, but was intensified, in
many instances, by a lack of humus or vege-
table matter in the soil, \v)hich constitutes
nature's insulation of the surface of the earth
from cold and heat.

Providing that the orchards had been
kept free from fungous diseases and the San
Jo'se scale, by tin:iely and thorough spray-
ing, no injury of trees was found where sta-
ble or barnyard manure had been used upon
the ground within the last year or two pre-
vious to the winter of 1903-4; rarely was an
injured tree found standing in sod; no in-
jurv was done where the surface of the soil,
beneath the trees, had been covered with

2-9

26o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

even a very lig-ht mulcli ; little injury was
done where the trees stood in fairly well
drained soil containing a moderate amount
ot fertility and humus; no injury was found
where the trees were under the grass mulch
method of culture; no injury was observed
in any case where the stems of the trees had
been slightly banked or mounded with a few
shovelfuls or forkfnls of soil, peat or
manure.

\'ery few trees which, within the past few
years, had been afTeoted with leaf curl or in-

fested wit'h San Jose scale or borers, re-
mained alive or uninjured; and very few
trees existing upon infertile or exhausted
soil, depleted of humus, escaped uninjured.
(J)ther bulletins received by The Horticul-
turist are : one on the maintenance of fertility
I)y the use of lime, from the Ohio experi-
ment station at \\' ooster ; and The Prepara-
tion and Use of Sprays, and Disease-Re-
sistant Potatoes, from the Vermont station
at Burlington. They contain useful infor-
mation and are worth writins: for.

SELF-STERILITY IN FRUITS*

TIIICO ROSS, B. A., P. E. I.

FOR some reason which we do not un-
derstand many varieties of fruit are
self-sterile. The pollen of that variety will
not fertilize the pistils of the same variety,
as for instance the Northern Spy. The
pollen of a flower of a Northern Spy tree
may fall on the pistil of a flower of a North-
ern Spy but fertilization does not take place.
We say the Northern Spy is a self-sterile
variety, and then we are in the dark grop-
ing blindly. This subject of self-sterility
has not yet been worked out and it will not
be for a long time to come, for self-sterility
is influenced by climate and location to quite
a degree.

There are some varieties of nearly all
kinds of fruits self-sterile, and by a self-
sterile variety is meant a variety that is un-
able to set fruit when alone ; in order to be
productive it must be set near some other
variety. Planting near them more trees of
the same variety does not make them fruit-
ful, but if trees of another variety are
planted near them they are often made fruit-
ful. Then there asre all the gradations
from self-sterility to self-fertility. Some
varieties will set fruit with their own pollen,
but the result will not be nearly as good as
if fertilized by pollen from another variety,

while again with other varieties it will be
just as good.

In some work done at Cornell, Stark pis-
tils weire fertilized with Wagner pollen and
others with Stark pollen with these results,
so with Longfield Greening. In these in-
stances the size was much increased by
cross-pollination, but it might have b?en
still further increased if some other variety
had been used as a fertilizer. In the case
of the Talman Sweet there has been very
little improvement, but there again if some
other pollinizer had been used we might
have had different results. The number of
crosses that might be made are \tvy large
and in most of our orchards, v^here there
are a great number of varieties, the number
made every year is undoubtedly larger but
we cannot check up the results.

Experimenting with various pollinizers
is not only pleasant work but it requires
really no outlay, and much good might re-
sult. All that is necessary is a few paper
bags and some twine and a pair of scissors.
Cut the stamens from some blossoms as soon
as they open and fasten paper bags over
them to prevent pollination. liien. when
the pistil is ready, dust some pollen taken
from some stamens that have been protected

Extract from an address delivered at the annual convention of the Prince Edward Island Fruit Growers' Association.

PREPARING FRUIT FOR WINTER.

in the same way and cover again with
paper bags. In this way results can be
noted but not in any other way. Even if
there should be only one variety in an or-
chard the pollen might come a long way in
the wind or bees might carry it. It is only
when every precaution is taken that one can
be sure. Even if this work has not been
carried on very extensively cross-pollination
of varieties is no longer a theory. It is an
established orchard practice.

Among the common varieties of apples
more or less self-sterile are Gravenstein,
King, Northern Spy, Red Astrachan, Rus-
set, Winesap.

Mostly self-fertile : Baldwins, Ben Davis,
Fallawater, Greening, Duchess.

Most of our common plums are self-fer-
tile, such as Burbank, Bradshaw, Green

Gage, Lombards, Damsons, etc. Straw-
berries very often lack stamens altogethe*-,
as the Anna Kennedy, Arrow, Avery, etc.
while others like the Crescent have so few
and so poor stamens that they are practi-
cally self-sterile.

These observations ought to be of some
practical worth in the setting out of an or-
chard. Some varieties of fruit will not
bear at all unless they are planted near other
varieties, while nearly every variety is bene-
fited by cross-pollination. Do not then set
out a large block of any one variety, but
mix t?hem, setting varieties that bloom
simultaneously side by side, and try to find
out which varieties cross best. If we have
large blocks of one variety it might be ad-
visable to put on each tree some grafts of
other varieties to act as pollinizers.

Canning Fruit*

MRS. M. m'kERIvIE;, BURLINGTON, ONT.

IN canning fruit the first thing is to select
good fruit, which is always more satis-
factory if not too ripe. Next select good
air tight jars. I have always found it the
best plan, and one which causes the least
work in canning time, to wash, scald and
air jars, then replace the same tops as soon
.as the fruit is out. They are then ready
for fruit after a single rinsing with hot
v^-ater. It is always a safe and a wise plan
to use new rubbers each year.

The following recipe for syrup is one
which I have used and can recommend. To
every three pounds of sugar allow one quart
of water and boil half an hour. Then draw
kettle to back of the stove, where mixture
will not boil. Let it remain until you have
jars filled with fruit. If berries or small
fruits be careful not to crown so as to crush,
but large fruit jars can be filled closely.

After jars are filled with fruit stand on a
wet cloth and fill with hot syrup, then seal

* Extract from a paper read at a Women's Institute meeting.

•tightly, being very careful to exclude all air
from the fruit before sealing. Set the jars
in a tub in which a sack has been placed and
pour in boiling water enough to fill the tub
almost to the top of the jars, taking care to
pour the water around the edges of tub, not
on the jars. Then cover the tub with a
cover of boards tightly and place heavy rugs
over all. Let stand over night. A dry
cool place away from the light should be
selected to store the fruit awav.

A Suggestion, — Let a number of or-
chardists agree to keep correct accounts of
the number of full grown trees of each
variety in their orchard and the age of the
trees, the number of barrels of fruit of each
variety sold, the grade, where marketed and
the net price obtained, with date or season
of sale, and report annually for say five
years. If to these reports the system of
cultivation, spraying, etc., is appended, the
information to the intending planter and the
general orchardist will be of the utmost im-
portance and value. — (R. W. Starr before
Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association.

262

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

U I HA
1 cui

Summer Pruning

A\'E sprayed my currants for the
irrant worm." said Mr. A. W.
Peart, of Ikirlington, to a representative of
The Canadian Horticulturist, who visited
his place recently, " and am practicing thor-
oug-h cultivation, which should be kept up
unti'l the fruit is almost ripe. This cultiva-
tion must cease when the fruit shakes off
readily. P>lackberries also must be well
cultivated throughout the season.

" About the middle of July 1 shall do the
summer pruning. Young canes are cut off
so as to leave them three or four feet high,
depending on the habit of growth and the
sturdiness of the cane. This pruning makes
the cane tree-like and strong to resist winds
and storms. None of the laterals will be
cut back until next March.

SUM MICK PKL'XIxr, OF GRAPES.

" When, pruning grapes in summer the
clusters of the fruit must not be exposed too
much to the sun. as that delays ripening.
About the middle of July or perhaps later
the ends of long shoots should be removed
to throw the strength from the wood to the

fruit, but there is an ideal medium which
should be struck.

" As soon as the young grapes have set I
intend to start spraying with Liordeaux mix-
ture to try to prevent the rot which gives
grape growers so much trouble. It is
practically impossible to control rots, moulds
and scab if the weather is damp and warm.
However, I am going to give three or more
applications of the Bordeaux."

"T

The Strawberry Patch

HE Williams strawberry," said Mr.
W'm. Fisher, of Freeman, to The
Horticulturist recently, " has been giving
me the best returns each year. I usually
have seven or eight acres in this crop and
have set out Williams. Sample and Senator
Dunlap this season. Strawberries should
be set out as earl\- in May as weather will
permit. They should be thoroughly culti-
vated every week through the early part of
the season. The hoe, too, should be used
frequently to keep all weeds out of the rows.
The blossoms should be clipped off the lirst
season so that good strong plants may de-
velop.

Mr. Sherrington's Berry Field.

This illustration represents the raspberry patch of Mr. A. E. Sherrington, who conducts the fruit experimental station at Walk-
erton. The principal variety grown is the Cuthbert. Mr. Sherrington considers it the best for his section for home or market. The
berry bushes are used as fillers in his experimental apple orchard. The old apple orchard appears in the background.

SMALL FRUIT AND FLOWERS.

263

" In my young- orchard I always plant
small fruit if the soil is suitable. This
practice can be carried on until the fruit
trees come into bearing. In raspberries I
find the Marlboro and the Cuthbert give ex-
cellent satisfaction. The former comes in
slightly eariier. They are both large ber-
ries of good quality suitable for shipping.
The bushes, too. have sufficient wood to
bear large cjuantities of fruit."

1

Methods With Raspberries

^HERE are two radically different
methods of growing raspberries,"
said Air. R. B. \\'hyte. of Ottawa, to The
Horticulturist. " The one commonly used
in western Ontario is to ' pinch in ' the plant
when it is about two feet high and make a
bushy plant of it. In this way staking is
not necessary. In the colder parts, like Ot-
tawa and vicinity, where the plants have to
be laid down during the winter for protec-
tion. I find it much better to allow them to
grow without pinching them until they are
about five feet high.

" Lateral branches should be cut oft' to
within aboiit six inches of the main cane so
as to throw additional strength into the main
cane and to prevent the lateral branches
breaking oft' with the weight of the fruit.
The bushes can be staked off. For a tall
open bush like this it is possible to obtain
larger and finer fruit, which possesses much
finer flavor. I used to lose my crops when
I tried the other method, but have never lost
a crop since I have adopted this system."

It pays to correctly fertilize strawberries
for the following reasons : It vastly in-
creases the yield, it gives larger berries of
better color and flavor and a firmer fruit.
Firmness in the fruit enables it to be ship-
ped long distances and arrive fresh.

A Fine Fruit Exhibit

LIXUS WOOLVERTON, GRIMSBY, ONT., SUPT.
FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

OUR Ontario fruit experiment stations
will put up an exhibit at the Ontario
Horticultural Exhibition in Toronto next
November which will be of the greatest in-
terest to fruit growers because of its edu-
cational character. For nine years these
stations have been testing all known varie-
ties of fruits. We have found many much
lauded varieties to be worthless. These
will be showai in a class by themselves, wdiile
the varieties which have proved profitable
or otherwise worthy of cultivation will be
shown and duly placarded. Work is al-
ready- beginning in preparation by the put-
ting up of tender fruits in glass bottles, of
which several hundred have been distributed
anicng the experimenters for the purpose.

The Effect of Example

GEO. V'AIR, TORONTO.

DO not be discouraged by one failure to
grow flowers, but try, try again.
Your neighbor will seek to emulate you and
thus spread this pleasing and refining influ-
ence.

On the street on which I live I did not
have much opportunity to grow flowers, but
I began to plant some creepers and added a
few geraniums and other things in the small
space at my disposal. The result was that
my neighbors began to do likewise and have
put me in the shade.

These neighbors began to take pleasure
in gardening, and a more delightful scene
could hardly be witnessed than that of a
whole family, young and old, sitting outside
in the summer evenings, often bragging
about their different displays.

Take pains. If you do that you will
make a success of strawberrv culture.

A perfect all round strawberry is about
as hard to find as a perfect all round milk
cow.

CORNER ROCKERIES IN CITIES

IN attempting to add true beauty to the
landscape or even to the small lot the
tendency in recent years has been to main-
tain as nearly as possible a strict natural-
ness. There are, however, very many cases
in which art and nature must be combined
to give the desirable effect.

Large boulders and ledges are in them-
selves natural objects which add a charm
to their surroundings. Loose rocks and
cobbles on the other hand are unsightly rub-
bish. But even these objectionable smaller
stones may be made use of by having them
form the nucleus for clumps of shrubs. It
is the larger shaggy ledges, however, that
give the best effect.

Large boulders arranged along a stpep
embankment with no regular outline add a
naturalness and beauty which can be ob-
tained in no other way.

By combining plants and rocks even small
level lawns may be rendered much more
beautiful. Too frequently a corner lot is
spoiled by " busy " people taking short cuts
and making a hideous path across what
otherwise would be a beautiful lawn, ^fanv

The First Prize Rockery in a Hamilton Rockery Competition.

264

means of preventing the making of these
unsightly paths have been tried. Fences
are being discarded. Shrubs and trees are
effective, but as a rule rockeries add more
beauty and are just as efficient in prevent-
ing inroads of hurried pedestrians.

Large, water-worn Hmestone rocks pro-
duce the best effect. They are so rough
and irregular that they are almost certain
to present a natural appearance. By com-
bining what artistic tendency is possessed
by even an amateur landscape gardener
with the inherent naturalness of the rocks
themselves it is an easy matter to produce
a very pleasing effect.

In building the rockery none but the best
soil should be used, and it is important that
it be well packed into every corner between
the rocks. The choice of shrubs, plants
and vines will depend on the climate and on
the site, as well as on the size of the rockery.
In Hamilton last year the City Improve-
ment Society offered prizes for corner rock-
eries and many beautiful eft'ects were pro-
duced. As an encouragement to amateurs
in any line it might be stated that the first
prize was won by Mr.
C. D. Xash. who had
had no previous ex-
perience in rockeries.
" -My rocker y.'^
writes ]\Ir. Xash to
The Horticulturist,
" consists of water-
worn stones of all
shapes and sizes. In
erecting them no
l)articular care was
taken to make them
in any way straight.
This, of course,
gives a better eft'ect.
The rockery is 16
feet long, 26 inches
high, and 28 inches

PRIZE WINNING ROCKERIES.

2'i:

The Rockery That Won Third

wide. After putting a layer of broken
stones in the bottom for drainage I filled
the spaces even with the top with earth
composed of old sod and manure which had
been standing foi; over a year. This was
packed down well and allowed to stand for
a couple of months. Before planting the
flowers I loosened the earth to a depth of
about six inches. I planted geraniums,
coleuses and dracenas. For trailers I used
creeping ivy, nasturtiums and periwinkle,
while small pockets were filled with alyssum
and trailing lobelia. I also added some
single petunias later in the season. In
planting the varieties were intermixed as
much as possible."

Dr. D. G. Storms, who won the third
prize, informs The Horticulturist that his
orders to the builder were : " Put the
stones together so that no one will suspect
any design." " I reaHze," says Dr. Storms,
" that nature abhors straight lines. My
rockery was built on no other plan than
that of nature, except that it was extended
from the corner of the house to the angle
formed by the two sidewalks. In building

Prize.

it the soil for the for-
mation was loosened
and thoroughly en-
riched with well-rot-
ted manure. The
stones were placed
without order except
to leave pockets here
and there. The soil
used was a mixture
of old clay sod, well
rotted chip dirt and
cow manure, with
some leaf mould.

'* I have endeavor-
ed to place in the
rockery only those
plants which are at
h o m e. I used
hepatica, ferns and

periwinkle. For bloom I depended on ver-
benas. My idea was not to make a flower
bed, but simply an attractive and useful
rockery."

Regarding the rockery of the Hamilton
Cataract Power Co., which won fourth '
prize, Mr. Wm. A. Sweet says : " The
rockery was made of mossy waterworn
limestone rocks gathered from the side of
the mountain. It is about 14 feet wide, 18
feet long, and three feet high, and runs
from the corner of the building to the side-
walk. The space between the rocks was
filled with equal parts of well mixed rotted
manure, black loam and sand loam.

" Around the sides were planted some
small rock ferns and wild flowers from the
mountain, and nasturtiums. The top was
well filled with various traiHng and creep-
ing plants, such as centrosema, cypress vine,
portulaca and canary creeper. I also had
some geraniums, fuchsias, cannas, aspara-
gus and ivy geraniums. Some of these do
not belong to rockery plants, but I put them
in because it was too late in the season to
get the more desirable kinds."

266

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIS2.

Ants on Peonies

DR. J AS. I'lJCTCIIlvR, OTTAWA. ONT.

My peonies last year were almost covered
with ants and the plants in many cases were
destroyed. I used everything I heard of but
found no remedy. A friend told me that it
was aphids and not ants which cause the
trouble and that the ants ate the aphids. My
roses too were attacked by some insect. The
leaves curled up. I washed the roses once a
day by spraying: with cold water, and applied
" slug shot," but it did no good. Is there a
remedy ? — (Mrs. Ezra Briggs, Walkerton, Ont.

Ants frc(|ucntly cluster on the buds of
peonies. Inn 1 have never observed any
liarni from their visits. They seem merely
to eat the gummy secretion on the buds. I
have never noticed aphids on peonies. B'or
aphis on roses I think the easiest effectual
remedy is to spray them with whale-oil soap,
usino^ one pound of soap in six gallons of
warm water. Kerosene emulsion is made
by dissolving one half pound of hard soap
in one gallon of rain water by boiling. Then
add two gallons of kerosene while still hot
and churn briskly for five minutes. This
should be diluted with nine times its mea-
sure of water when treating rose bushes at-
tacked by plant lice.

With the 'Mums in July

GEO. HOLLIS, BRACONDALE, ONT.

THE early varieties of chrysanthemums
planted in May must receive careful
attention this month. The bench should
be kept free from weeds and the surface of
the soil loose to a depth of at least half an
inch. If the soil is allowed to bake some
parts of the bench will be too dry while
others are too wet. Every endeavor should
be made to get a vigorous and firm growth,
for without that the flowers will not be
good.

About" the middle of July the addition of
some manure water would be beneficial, but
to some people the odor is objectionable.
Arnott's horticultural manure has not this
objectionable smell and gives first-class re-
sults.

The late varieties should be planted with-
out delay. Jioth early and late kinds must
be sprayed thoroughly and often, getting
the water well under the foliage. If this is
done the troublesome thrip will be prevented
from working destruction. More plants
are ruined by thrips than by any other in-
sect. Thorough s])raying with tobacco
water on,';e a week will keep the plants free
from insect pests. If dwarf pot plants are
wanted the cuttings should be rooted this
month. Five or six plants can be put in a
five-inch ])ot and with care they will make
very nice plants. The strongest shoots of
early varieties should be nipped back once
niore during julv.

Chrysanthemums

<4 \ ^ 7 HEX preparing the benches for
V V chrysanthemums," says Mr. H.
Neal, of Ingersoll, " I put two or three
inches of well-rotted cow manure in the bot-
tom and tlien about three inches of good soil
on top of this. When the plants grow up
and begin to show buds I pulverize a lot of
cow manure and s])read it all over the sur-
face about an inch deep.

" This is better than using the licpiid
manure, because every time the plants are
watered some food is made available to
them. I aim to keep the plants growing
steadily and never allow them to lop over.
I prefer strings to stakes. ^^ly best pay-
ing varieties are Queen (white) and Col.
Smi'th (pink) for mid-season, and Mrs.
Germey Jones (cream) and Merry Christ-
mas (white) for late season."

Some plants, as begonias, fuchsias, lilies,
Chinese primroses and coleus, may be grown
in an eastern window, in fact do better
there than in too strong sunshine. Then
there is the graceful palm and feathery fern
for the room lighted by the northern
window. — (Mrs. W. J. McLenahan, Ap-
pleby, Ont.

GROWING PANSIES

"W\!

E grow a fjeiieral stock of flow-
rs," said Mr. F. Fogarty. Jr.,
of Fog-arty & Sons, florists, Toronto, to a
representative of The Horticulturist who
visited their new greenhouse recently, " but
we have made a specialty of pansies. We
are going into carnation growing and have
selected the Lawson (red), Glacier (white)
and Morning Glory (pink) as the best
varieties. At one time we used to give
much attention to bedding plants, but since
we have built a new greenhouse intend go-
ing into cut flowers and pot plants more ex-
tensively. Cyclamens and primulas make
a nice display.

" Our pansies are grown from seed. The
seed is ])lanted in summer and produces
strong, well grown plants before winter.

They are covered in the autumn and in the
spring they com.e on in good time. Last
year we got new seed from an American
seedsman to m.ix with our own so that we
might obtain new varieties. Without such
mixing the plants would soon deteriorate.

USES MANURn;.

" The fertilizer that we use the most is
stable manure." continued Mr. Fogarty.
" but w^e have used commercial fertilizers
also. The latter are good if they do not
contain too much grease, which promotes
fungous diseases. We have had very little
trouble with insect pests. They can be kept
down by regular fumigation. A ready sale
is found for our plants in the local n:arket,
and more could be disposed of if we had
them."

Dahlias Improved

]<:. F. COIJvINS, TORONTO.

FOR many years the dahlia has been a
favorite flower among the florists in
England, and to-day it is found in almost
every garden. The honor of improving
this plant and producing new varieties with
larger flowers belongs to the Frendh and
Cierman gardeners. The glowing reports
of grand displays brought back by the jjco-
ple of Great Britain who visited the conti-
nent caused the English gardeners to inter-
est themselves in producing new varieties.
That they succeeded is best evidenced by
the fact that to-day they have hundreds of
varieties of all shades and colors.

The introduction of the dahlia into Eng-
land is ascribed to the Marchioness of Bute,
who is reported to have brought the first
specimen from Spain in 1798. At 'that time
the dahlia was single. In a few years, how-
ever, so'me French enthusiasts had produced
full double flowers in red, purple and pale
yellow. By careful hybridization the
striped and variegated varieties were pro-
duced from these until now we have what

is known as the " Fancy Dahlia." The on-
ward march toward perfection has been so
marked that little more can be desired in the
way of symn:etrv, doubleness or color.

The Lawson Carnation. — "There are
four varieties of the Lawson carnation,"
said Mr. J. H. Dunlop to The Horticulturist
recently, " the original Mrs. T. W. Law-
son, the universally popular dark pink, and
three sports, white, red, and variegated,
each of which is similar to the original ex-
cept their respective colors. The white is
pure in color and large in size, the red a
bright scarlet of a brighter shade than any
commercial variety, and the variegated is
delicately pencilled with cerise pink on a
pure white ground, a very chaste flower."

Some plants like a southern exposure,
the geranium for instance ; others prefer the
morning sun. some partial shade ; others,
as ferns, entire shade. — (Mrs. W. J. Mc-
Lenahan. Appleby, Ont.

, Large croj^s of strawberries are only
grown on soils very rich naturally, or made
so artificiallv.

267

THE CITY GARDEN

A. II. EW'ING, \V0(JUSTOCK, ONT.

NOT much can be done in the way of
laymg out city gardens, but there
are ways of planting in order to get the
greatest amount of beaut}- an-d interest out
of tliem and there are trees and shrubs and
plants that will give a greater amount of in-
terest than many that are used. Every man
is liable to have a hobby in the line of gar-
dening, as in everything else. I suppose, and
there seem to be fashions in gardening too,
but I believe there is the greatest amount of
satisfaction both for an amateur or profes-
sional gardener to be obtained out of the
hardv herbaceous plants, bulbs and tubers.

A Beauty Spot in an Amateurs Garden in Perth

The different species and varieties are in
bloom from early spring to early winter ;
amongst them there is an endless variety of
form and color ; they are of very easy cul-
vation, will grow in almost any soil and re-
quire comparatively little attention. Per-
haps it would not be amiss to name a dozen

out of tht: hundreds to be found in the cata-
logues: Delphinium (larkspur), phlox,
iris (Fleur-de-lis or flags), helianthus (sun
flower), aquilegia (columbine), campanula,
digitalis (foxglove), hollyhocks, ornamental
poppies, tritoma (red 'hot poker).

I do not mean to say that this class of
plants should altogether take the place of
many others in common use. such as geran-
iums, cannas, stocks, phlox drummondi,
etc. We can hardly get along without them,
but I think that the hardy berbaceous plants
should be made the main feature.

I am very glad to see that the geometrical

Another Walk in the Same Garden

and formal styles of bedding and gardening
are losing favor and that the tendency is
more and more to the natural, which is cer-
tainly more beautiful and also more restful
to the tired brain of the present day business
man or workman. If you go in for roses
they should have a garden for themselves,.

* Extract from an address delivered before the Woodstock Horticultural Society. The Horticultuiist will be pleased to receive copies,
of papers read at meeting i of societies.

268

SOMETHING ABOUT FLOWERS.

:69

but the situation and the soil will determine
to a great extent whether you will have
much success or not. They should be shel-
tered from strong winds, but not under
trees ; they like plenty of air and sunshine,
though shade from the hot mid-day summer
sun will not be a disadvantage. As to soil,
I have always found that a stiff loam suits
them best, and if the soil in your garden is
very light some heavy clay loam mixed with
it would be very beneficial. Before order-
ing roses for your garden find out from
}'Our neighbors the kinds that thrive best in
your locality, also w-hat kinds do 'best on
tneir own roots and grafted on other stocks.
Where the owner of a garden is unable
to do much work on it himself, flowering
shrubs are very attractive and much plea-
sure can be obtained from them. There is

a great variety, and their blooming season
begins early and lasts till well on in the sum-
mer. I should like to mention a few. Of
liilacs there are a great variety of colors and
shades, some make low bushes others large
shrubs, some are early and others late ; of
the syringa (properly Philadelphus or
mock orange) there are several varieties,
short and tall ; berberis or barberry ; pyrus
Japonica (Japan Quince), white and scar-
let ; deutzia ; weigelia, several 'beautiful
varieties, no garden should be without one
of these; exochorda (pearl bush); althaea
(Rose of Sharon), sometimes winter
killed ; the well known Hydrangea Panicu-
lata Grandiflora; spireas in great variety
and beauty; viburnum (snow-ball), and rosa
rugosa very pretty both in flower and fruit.
Some of these ought to be in every garden.

The Verandah Box

E. MEPSTED, OTTAW'A, ONT.

ONE of the most attractive features of
summer decoration is the verandah
box. We are beginning to find them on
all our streets. If there is no other plant
decoration on the lot the verandah box is
still complete, and if there are many other
decorations around it a finish is added to all.

Some people cannot afford to spend much
on these boxes. They need not. They
can easily get a plain box made the required
length with plenty of depth and width —
don't make them too small. Place them
on the verandah and plant with nasturtium
and petunias, single, of course. Add two
or three German ivys and you have a cheap
box. If you wish you can add a few ger-
aniums and by midsummer the display is
fine.

The plants need plenty of water when they
are growing vigorously. On. the shaded
side of the house begonias and foliage
plants, such as coleus, are suitable.

Tree Peonies at Ottawa

AJMONG the many amateur gardeners
which Ottawa can boast of none are
more enthusiastic than the Hon. Frank R.
Latchford. His display of tree peonies is
a very striking feature of flie Waverly street
garden. Many of these were imported
direct by himself from France and Japan.
These beautiful flowers are usually con-
sidered tender in climates less severe than
that of Ottawa so that this magnificent dis-
play requires some explanation.

Mr. Latchford attributes his success to
his manner of protecting them. He uses
no packing material of any sort, but each
plant is covered by a wind and water proof
box made of ordinary boards. He is firmly
of the opinion that packing material, even
of the best, induces milde^v and decay, and
dryness and protection from the wind are
the essential features. His success with
peonies, as well as tender roses, is an indi-
cation of the correctness of his theorv.

Advertise in The Canadian Horticulturist.

The Horticulturist is now the peer of the
American monthlies and ought to do much for
horticulture in Canada. — (P. G. Keyes, Ottawa,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Eriobotrya Japonica Japan Medlar

K. CAMICKOX, XIAC.ARA l-Al.I.S, ONT.

ERlor.OTRVA Japonica, the Loquat,
Japan "plum" or Japan Medlar, is
one of the most vahtable fruits of the south-
<^rn states. Blossoming in winter, the fruit
ripens in early sprini:^ and brings fancy

Japan Medlar

prices in any large city. It is frequently
shipped to New York in strawberry boxes.
This fruit has long been cultivated in the
south, where it seldom attains a height of
more than 15 feet, thoug'h in its wild state
it forms a lofty tree.

The fruit is the size of a plum, bright
yellow in color, and delicious taste. It is a
most beautiful broad leaved evergreen, and
is one of the finest ornamental plants to cul-
tivate as a tub plant on the lawn, where it
flowers and fruits during tlie sun-inier. It
is easily raised from seeds, and will winter
well in any ordinary cellar.

It will grow readily from cuttings the
same as the oleander, and makes a good
mate for the latter. It does better if it gets
a rest in the winter, and should be given
very little water until the spring when it be-
gins to grow. It may be kept in winter in
a cool greenhouse, or in the cellar.

Floral Exhibitions

1;. MlCi'STICl), OTT.AWA.

ONE of the greatest incentives to ama-
teur gardening is our horticultural
society with its shows. It is natural for
us to like to contest with others for
supremacy, and in flowers and j^lants and
vegetables it is particularly fascinating.
l')Ut, when we enter these contests, we must
learn to take defeat cheerfully. It is natu-
ral for us to think our own is the best, but
few can look on their opponents' exhibits
without prejudice. The judge as a rule
will pick out the best. He has points of
his own to go by, and although sometimes
the decisions are close, and it seems as if he
might have reversed his decision with equal
justice, perhaps we did not notice our poor
foliage, an old flower, or some short stems.
When we see how close we were to the first
or what an improved exhibit we have from
last year we go hom.e prepared to do better
next vear.

Starting Cucumbers

ur^ UCUAIL5ERS started in hot beds
V^-/ dampened off badly," said ]\Ir. H.
R. Rowsome, of Burlington, to The Horti-
culturist, last month, " but there -was prac-
tically no loss where they were started in
the greenhouse. I start cucumbers in pots,"
continued Mr. Rowson.e, " but plunge the
pots so that less frequent watering is de-
manded. The plants should net be set out
before June i, because all frosts must be
avoided. Cold winds are very harmful.

" My plants are set in rows, in furrows,
four feet apart, and are three feet apart in
the row. When started in pots and set out
in the furrow they get no set back. If given
frequent cultivation until the vines cover the
ground a good crop of fruit is ensured."

In preparing soil for the hot bed see that
the manure is well rotted or it will dry out.
Rich leaf mould is the best soil.

PLANS FOR THE VEGETABLE GROWERS' CONVENTION

THE recently organized ( )ntario A ege-
table Growers' Association is plan-
ning an energetic campaign for the summer
and fall. In the near future the association
is likely to be one of the strongest associa-
tions of the kind in the province.

A meeting of the executive committee was
held in Toronto June 15. the officers
present being Messrs. W. A. Emory, of
Aldershot, president ; Joseph Rusih, of Hum-
ber Bay, vice-president; Geo. Syme, Jr., of
Carlton West ; W. Carter, of Dovercourt ;
John McKay, of Doncaster ; R. Lankin, of
Toronto ; F. F. Reeves, of Humber Bay ;
A. MacMeans, of Brantford ; John Atkin,
of Sarnia ; J. E. Terrill, of Picton, and the
secretary, H. B. Cowan, of Toronto. It
was explained by the secretary that the
deputation which waited on the government
in March and asked for a grant had met with
a favorable reception, as the government had
given the association a grant of $600. In
addition to this the association was given a
special grant of $200 to assist it in making
an exhibit at the Ontario Horticultural Ex-
hibition in Toronto next November.

After a little discussion it was decided to
hold the first convention of the association
on November 15 and 16 next at the time of
the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition and to
secure first-class men as speakers, not only
from points in Ontario but from the United
States as well. A rough outline of the pro-
gram was prepared and the secretary was
instructed to communicate with the parties
mentioned to see if they would be willing to
speak on the subjects assigned to them.

In the niorning of the first day there will
be a meeting of the officers of the associa-
tion. In the afternoon the main subject
for discussion will be " Growing Vegetables
for Canning Purposes. Mr. W. C. Mc-
Calla, of St. Catharines, will be asked to
speak on " The Cost of Production " ; Mr.
J. W. Hyatt, of West Lake, on " Coopera-
tion in the Growing and Canning of Vege-

tables," and a representative of the Canadian
Canners' Company on " The Canning of
Vegetables from the Manufacturer's Stand-
point."

At the Thursday morning session the
main subject for discussion will be " Insect
Pests in the Garden," when the speakers
will include an authority from the United
States ; Mr. R. S. Brodie, of Montreal, and
Prof. W. Lochhead, of Guelph Agricultural
College. In the afternoon the subject will
be " Growing Vegetables for Market Pur-
poses." Prof. Zavitz, of Guelph. will be
invited to speak on " Experiments in
Growing V^egetables" ; Mr. Brodie, of Mont-
real, on " Growing Vegetables under Glass,"
and Mr. J. L. Hilborn, of Leamington, on
" Growing Vegetables for the Early Mar-
ket. It was decided to leave plenty of time
for a discussion of the various subjects.

After a brief discussion the secretary was
authorized to communicate with Mr. G. A.
Putnam, Superintendent of Farmers' Insti-
tutes, to see if he will arrange for the holding
of a series of meetings some time during the
latter part of September or the early part
of October in the vegetable growing dis-
tricts of Ontario, these meetings to be ad-
dressed by well known authorities on vege-
table growing wfio will be in a position to
assist in the formation of vegetable grow-
ers associations in the same manner that
local fruit growers associations were formed
last spring.

It was felt that the association should be
thoroughly organized before the convention
next November, and it was decided to send
the following members of the executive to
the cities mentioned, during August, with
the object of forniing local vegetable grow-
ers' associations :

Mr. Joseph Rush, to Cobourg, Belleville,
Kingston, Brockville, Cornwall, Ottawa and
Peterboro.

yir. W. Carter, to Barrie, Orillia, Owen
Sound, Guelph, Berlin and Stratford.

271

THE CANADIAN HGRTICULTURlS'l

Mr. A. Mexicans to Woodstock, Sinicoe,
Ingersoll, Gait and London.

Mr. F. F. Reeves to Niagara Falls, St.
Catharines and Hamilton.

Mr. John Atkin to Chatham. St. Thomas,
Windsor and Leamington.

The president of the Guclph Agricultural
College will be requested to arrange for an
exhibit of pressed weeds at the Ontario Hor-
ticultural Exhibition, the weeds to be pro-
perly named and accompanied by informa-

tion regarding methods for their extermi-
nation.

Three hundred dollars was voted to the
Ontario Horticultural Exhibition as the as-
sociation's share of the expenses. Messrs.
Rush, Syme and Reeves were appointed a
committee to prepare a prize list. A second
committee, composed of Messrs. Emory,
Rush. Syme and Reeves was appointed to
represent the association on the executive
of the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition.

BURGUNDY MIXTURE— SODA BORDEAUX

W. T. MACOUX, C. E. F., OTTAWA.

r

HE use of washing soda instead of
lime in the preparation of a mixture
for potato rot has been advocated in Great
Britain and Ireland for about five years, and
the Burgundy mixture, as it is called, has
been used very largely there for this pur-
pose in preference to ordinary Bordeaux
mixture. When freshly prepared its ad-
hesive properties are greater than ordinary
Bordeaux ; it is not so liable to clog the
sprayer ; washing soda is more uniform in
character than lime ; it undergoes no change
in composition when kept ; in Canada, also,
it is sometimes difficult for farmers to get
fresh lime. It has been used very little in
this country as yet.

A formula for the Burgundy mixture was
published in my report for 1902. It has
been tested at the Central Experimental
farm, but the results so far both with fruit
and potatoes have not been definite enough
to determine its comparative value with
Bordeaux mixture. We know of only one
fruit grower in Ontario who has been using
the Burgundy mixture for spraying apple
trees for the prevention of apple rot, namely.
Dr. Harkness, of Irena, and he has had ex-
cellent results, his Mcintosh red apples be-
ing spotless. It has an advantage in that
it does not discolor the fruit as much as the
ordinary Bordeaux. Apparently its chief

defect is in the fact that it loses its adhesive
properties very rapidly after it has been
made a few hours, and hence should be ap-
plied when it is fresh, when it will adhere
better than Bordeaux.

The following results, taken from Leaflet
14 of the Department of Agriculture for
Ireland, show that in the year 1900 the re-
sults from the use of Burgundy were better
than those from Bordeaux. In 1901 and
1902 the yields were also greater.

RESULTS OF TRIALS, SHOWING YIELDS PER
STATUTE ACRE, I9OO, IN IRELAND.

Name of Poiato.

j Sutton's
Dufferin. j lour Ball.

1 eauty of
Bute.

Sprayed with Sulphate
of Copper and Lime. .

Sprayed with Sulphate

of Copper and \Vash-

insr Soda

Tons. Cwt.

10 u

12 0

7 3

Tons. Cwt.

10 10

11 11

S 5

Tons. Cwt.

10 3

11 13

Not sprayed

7 19

The following formula for the preparation
of Burgundy mixture appears in the spray-
ing calendar which was issued by Dr.
Fletcher and the writer last spring:

BURGUNDY MIXTURE (SODA BORDEAUX) FOR
POTATO BLIGHT AND ROT.

Copper sulphate (bluestone), 6 pounds.
\\'ashing soda (carbonate of soda), 7^
pounds.

Water ( i barrel) 40 gallons.

SOMETHING ABOUT VEGETABLES.

Dissolve copper sulphate as for Bordeaux
mixture. Dissolve "jy'i pounds washing
soda in four gallons water. Pour the cop-
per sulphate solution into a barrel, half fill
the barrel with water, then stir in the solu-
tion of washing soda slowly, stirring con-
tinuously, and finally fill the barrel with
water. It is now ready for use. The
soda Bordeaux adheres better to the foliage
when freshly made than the ordinary Bor-
deaux mixture, but it deteriorates rapidly in
this respect and must be used as soon as
made. If left standing for 24 hours it will

have lost nearly all of its adhesiveness.

Tlie soda Bordeaux is not recommended
in preference to the ordinary Bordeaux
mixture, but where lime cannot be obtained
it may be used with good results. Further-
more, on account of its freedom from gritty
matter, there is less likelihood of the nozzles
becoming clogged when it is used. As
washing soda is considerably more expen-
sive than lime this mixture costs more than
the ordinary Bordeaux mixture. For fruit
trees use four pounds copper sulphate and
five pounds washing soda.

Vegetable Pests

<6'^^HE most effective preventive of
A mildew on lettuce is to grow it
rapidly," said Mr. J. W. Rush of Humber
Bay, to a representative of The Horticultur-
ist. " Sulphur is liable to kill the plants.

" I have had considerable trouble with the
maggot on my cabbage and onions. The
best method is to pinch them between the
finger and thumb. I have grown cabbage
on the same ground for 28 years, and had
club root only the last two years. I have
moved the crop to other ground to try and
get rid of it.

" Two to four acres of melons were grown
at one time, but now I have only a few hills,
as melons can be brought here from outside
points more cheaply than they can be
grown."

Vegetables Under Cotton

" I do not beHeve the growing of vege-
tables under cotton frames will ever be a
success commercially," said Mr. W. T. i\Ia-
coun, horticulturist at the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, to a representative
of The Horticulturist recently, who visited
the farm, " but it may prove a success for
amateurs who would like to keep a garden
in the city and are unable to do so through
the destruction worked by cats, dogs and
chickens.

" The frame we have at the farm cost
$15. It is 62 X 15 feet and the wood will
last for years. The cotton lasts two years
and costs about $5 a year. This year we
are growing cauliflower, radishes and beans.
The idea of using the frames in growing
these vegetables is to keep out the root mag-
got from the cauliflower and the radishes
and to get the beans earlier in the season
and have them more tender.

" Cauliflower, radishes, beans and lettuce
have done the best. Early cauliflowers are
usually a total failure outside the frame, but
I have not found them so in the frame, ex-
cept were the root maggot having got into
the hot bed, comes out on the roots. Radishes
also have been frequently a total failure
when grown outside, but have succeeded in
the frame. The warm sandy soil arountl
Ottawa is suited to the maggot."

A Big Crop of Celery. — " I expect to
grow about 50,000 celery plants this sea-
son," said Mr. H. R. Rowsome to The
Horticulturist a couple of weeks ago. "Paris
Golden and Evans' Triumph are two good
standard varieties, but Bruce's Hamilton
Red also give large returns. Swamp
muck and black sand are best adapted to the
growing of celery, while it will not grow on
land with a clav subsoil."

274

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

"1

Tomato Growing

H.W'E set out about nine acres of to-
matoes," said Mr. Arthur Peer, of
Freeman, to a representative of The Horti-
cuhurist who visited his place last month,
" and none of the vines have been destroyed
by frost. On our soil, which is a clay loam,
we i^et medium vines and good fruit, and I
find that rows five feet apart and four feet
apart in the row give the best returns."

" For an early crop," continued Mr. I'eer,
" the Karliana is exclusively grown, ^vhile
Stone, Matchless and Favorite are good for
a later crop. The Stone is perhaps best if
the season is long. I grow chiefly for the
canning factory, but ship some of the early
varieties to Toroiuto and Montreal.

" Many of the growers in this district be-
long to the Hamilton Tomato Growers' As-
sociation. I had my crop contracted for
before the agitation for a higher price was
begun, but believe that growers should have
30 cents per bushel for their crop.

" In an unfavorable season, when the crop
is net g3od, 25 cents per bushel does not pay
the expenses connected with growing them.
If the canners combine would give 30 cents
the private factories would do the same."

A Frame for Tomatoes

AHA.\1)\' ir.ethod of tying u]) tomato
vines is {practised by Mr. U. I!.
W'hyte, the well known amateur fruit
grower in Ottawa. " For my tomato
vines," said Mr. \\'h_\-te to The Horticultur-
ist, " r make a frame three feet wide by four
and a half feet high an.(l tie the vines to the
frame. Stakes two and a half inches wide
and two inches thick are used for uprights,
and laths for cross ])ieces. The stakes are
I^ointed and driven into the groimd.

" One of the best features of these franx's
is that they can be removed in the fall and
stored ami used again whenever desired.
The benefit of this system is that it lets the
sun reach the vines, thus ripening the fruit
earlier and also preventing destruction by
rot."

" The crown gall is a bad pest which is
new in our nurseries," said Mr. A. X.
Brown, of Delaware, when talking to a
Horticulturist representative. " We cannot
discover its cause or how it can be success-
fully fought. It is very destructive.
Fumigation and other remedies wjiich have
been tried are no use."

The Beautiful Effect of a Clump of Spieraea Van Houttii.

A clump of Spiraea Van Houttii, one of the most charming shrubs of the Spirsa family, is here shown as reproduced from a
photograph furnished The Horticulturist by Mr. Roderick Cameron, of Niagara Falls South. It is rather dwarf in habit, and the
flowers are of short duration, but when in full bloom its massis'e white flowers p esent a very pleasing appearance. Its foliage, too, is
beoutiful. It is hardy only in the warmer parts of Ontario.

OF GENERAL INTEREST.

Borers Injuring Trees

PROF. H. L. HUTT, ONT. AGRI. COLLEGE,

I have been planting trees and find occasion-
ally that insects and dry rot get under the bark,
and sometimes have almost girdled the .tree, so
that when I cut away the decayed part round
to the good bark it left a great patch of wood
bare. I have covered this with soft bees-wax,
as the only thing I could think of. — (R. Holmes,
Toronto, Ont.

I am inclined to believe that the trouble
with your newly transplanted trees is caused
by borers. There are several kinds of
these, the two most common being the flat
headed and the round headed borers. The
eggs from which these hatch are usually
laid in the southwest side of the tree near
the ground, and as soon as they hatch the
young larvae eat through the bark and feed
just beneath the bark for one or two sea-
sons, sometimes entirely girdling the tree.
When fully mature they bore deeply into
the wood and pass the pupa or resting state,
from which they emerge in the perfect
form as beetles.

Where one has only a few trees to pro-
tect, a good plan is to encase the lower por-
tion of the trunk of the tree with fine wire
netting, which prevents the beetles deposit-
ing their eggs. Another plan used in or-
chards where there are many trees to be
protected, is to wash the trunks of the trees
with soft soap, to which a sufficient quan-
tity of crude carbolic acid has been add'ed to
give it a strong smell and make it repulsive
to beetles. This should be applied the lat-
ter part of May or in early June, at
intervals of two weeks, at which time the
beetles are depositing their eggs. This, of
course, is a preventive measure.

If the borers have already gained en-
trance to the tree, the only plan is to cut
them out wherever dead bark indicates their
presence, and it is well to cover the injured
part with a coating of heavy lead paint. It
is not wise to use tar or any black substance
of that nature aoout the trunk of the tree,
as it absorbs so much heat as sometimes to
seriously injure the tree.

One Method of Growing Celery

u pARIS Golden," said Mr. Geo. Ben-
1 ner, of Burlington, to The Horti-
culturist in a recent interview, " is the celery
commonly grown in this section. I start
early celery in the greenhouse about Febru-
ary 15 and transplant it into flats. About
May 15 or May 20 the plants are set out and
the crop is ready for use about July 12.

" I get a better crop from rows than from
solid beds. I use level culture and get just
as good a crop with less labor than is neces-
sary when planting is done in trenches.
Then I blanch with boards instead of with
dirt. There is no trench to dig, and no
piling of dirt around the plant and pulling
it away again. With a lo-inch board on
each side, wire hooks to hold them together
and some dirt along the bottoms to keep out
the light the blanching is done in about 10
days.

" Compost is the best fertilizer for celery.
I put it on in the fall and then do not need
to plow in the spring. The ground must
be cultivated frequently and not allowed to
get solid."

Bees in the Orchard

" In fruit plantations," according to Mr.
H. R. Rowsome, of Burlington, " bees do
not have very much to do with fertilization.
Cold, long continued rains wash the pollen
out, thus preventing fertilization.

" If cold wet weather comes after the
fruit has set a great percentage of the fruit
often falls. This is especially noticeable
with cherries. The stems rot off about the
middle, letting the fruit drop. With cur-
rants, stems and all fall. In some seasons
as high as 50 per cent, of the crop is lost
from this cause."

If mushrooms were sufficiently brought
before the public in a city like Toronto they
should find a ready sale. — (Percy Casborn,
Deseronto, Ont.

276

EDITORIAL.

Tqe (an^dian plorticOltdrist

Pablished by The Horticultural PublUhine
Company, Lilmlted.

TKe Only HortiCMltural Magazine in
Vc\& Dominion.

Official Oreaii of British CoInmbiR, Ontario, Que-
bec and Prince Kdwnrd Island Fruit Growers'
Associations and of the Ontario Vege-
table Growers' Association.

H. Bronson Cowan, Editor and Business Manager.

J. Albert Hand, B.S.A., Associate Editor.

W. G. Rook, Advertising Manager.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published the first of
each month.

2. Subscription Price $1.00 per year, strictly in advance.
F»r all countries except Canada, United States and Great Britain
add 50c for postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Money
Express Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for
amounts less than $1.00. Receipts will be acknowledged on the
address label, which shows the date to which subscription is paid.

4. Discontinuances — Responsible subscribers will continue
to receive The Horticulturist until the publishers are notified by
letter to discontinue, when all arrearages must be paid. Societies
should send in their revised lists in January: otheiwise it will be
taken for granted all will continue members.

6. Change of Address — When a change of address is or-
dered, both the old and the new addresses must be given.

6. Advertising Rates quoted on application. Circulation
5,500. Copy received up to the 24th. Responsible representatives
wanted in towns and cities.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be
thankfully received by the editor.

8. All Communications should be addressed:

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,
507 and 508 Manning Chambers,

TORONTO, CANADA

A GOOD START MADE.

The recently formed Ontario Vegetable Grow-
ers' Association promises to be of great value
to the vegetalaJe growers of the province. The
wonder is that such an association was not
formed long ago and that there are not more
similar organizations in the other provinces of
Canada and in tihe states of the Union. The
steps the association has taken to increase its
memTjership and strength by forming local asso-
ciations throughout the province give us reason
to believe that it will ultimately become one of
the most representative bodies of the kind in
Ontario.

The idea that once prevailed that any person
couild grcnv vegetables is fast disappearing. As
in fruit growing the increasing number of in-
sect and other pests is fast driving the lazy and
ignorant vegetable grower out of business. It
is becoming recogmzed that if vegetables are
to be grown successfully the most improved
methods of culture must be practised. In mak-
ing these methods known the Ontario Vegeta-
ble Growlers' Association shouJd play a promi-
nent and valuable part.

A LARGE SHOW PROMISED.

There are a number of reasons to ibelieve that
the second Provincial, Fruit, Flower, Vegetable
and Honey Show, or the Ontario Horticultural
Exhibition, ais it is now proposed to c^M it, will
be a much greater success this year than last
The fact that Massey Hall has been secured for
the purposes of the exhibition, for the second
full week in November, will make it possible to
display the exhibits to much better advantage
and should add materially to the attendance.
The inclusion of a vegetable exhibit and the
holding of an additional convention will also
tend to increase the interest in the slhow^.

Dast year the management Avas handicapped
by unsuitalMe (buildings, lack of experience in
the hoildlng of a joint exhibition and by ignor-
ance on the part of the public in regard to the
real nature of the show. TIhe success achieved
under these circumstances was encouraging and
is bearing fruit this year, as firms and people
who refused their assistance last fall are al-
ready showing an interest in this year's exhi-
bition. These exhibitions promise to become
an annua;! event of great importance.

The Horticulturist frequently receives letters
from its readers, when renewing their subscrip-
tions, stating that they have taken this maga-
zine regularly ever since it was first established
twenty-seven years ago. This speaks well for
The Horticulturist and indicates the Important
part it has played in the horticultural affairs
of the country for over a quarter of a century.
We would greatly like to introduce some of these
old subscribers to our thousands of new read-
ers, and if they will be kind enough to send us
their photographs it will be a pleasure to pub-
lish them. Let us hear from you, our old
standbys.

Fruit growers are waiting patiently to hear
Hon. iSydney Fisher's verdict in regard to the
Dominion fruit conference he has been asked to
call. Beyond infoiTning the delegation that
waited on him that he was favorably disposed
to the idea nothing has been heard from him
since. It is about time arrangements for the
convention "U'ere being made, and fruit growers
would like to know what the plans of the Do-
minion Depantment of Agriculture are.

"Will not our readers help us increase our cir-
culation until it reaches the 8.000 mark ? If
each of our readers were to induce only one of
their friends to subscribe, even if only for the
balance of the year, they would be doing their
part nobly and the mark aimed at would be
much more than passed. Our readers can be
of great assistance in this way if they will try
and can a.lso help by buying from our adver-
tisers. A little help from each means a great
deal of help from all.

The main prize of five dollars, offered in each
issue of The Horticulturist to the readers who
purchase goods to the greatest value from ad-
vertisers in that issue, was won recently by Mr.

OF INTEREST TO FRUIT GROWERS.

277

E. M. Bmifh, of Winona, who purchased goods
to the amount of $726.95 from the Spramotor
Company, of London, Ont. The Spi-amotor
Company has informed The Horticulturist that
Ml'. Smith, when ordering these goods, notified
them that he saw their advertisement in The
Horticulturist. How is this for proof of the
value of The Horticulturist as an advertising
medium ?

Even the war and other troubles of Russia
did not prevent Eurene Joseph Roebuck, 47
Pokroosky street. City of Rostaff on the Don,
Russia, from renewing his subscription in Janu-
ary to The Horticulturist. Truly the circle of
.influence of this magazine is a wide one.

How to Pack Early Apples

(Continued from page 248.)

The St. Lawrence, last year, was particularly
fine in Quebec, but a great many of them were
handled at a loss, simply because shippers did
not know the best place to market them. Never
ship St. Lawrence to the Old Country markets,
as for some reason British buyers do not want
them and they always realize a poor price.
One reason for this is they are often allowed
to become overripe before packing and land in
poor condition. Another reason is that the
people over there seem to want an apple to
please the eye rather than to tickle the palate;
else why should they prefer the Alexander to
the St. Lawrence, or the Ben Davis to the Spy.

The best and in fact the only market for the
St. Lawrence is Winnipeg and the west. West-
ern buyers will handle all we can send them.
One of the buyers in our district shipped a car
of St. Lawrence to Liverpool, at the same time
shipping one to Winnipeg. The stock was
equally good in each, and was put up by the
same gang of packers. While the one shipped
to Winnipeg realized $2.25 net, the one sent to
Liverpool only netted 55 cents.

For the Winnipeg market the barrel is the
best package, although if the No. 1 were put
up in boxes the returns should justify the extra
trouble. Pick your St. Lawrence as soon as
well colored; do not allow them to become too
ripe ; grade them carefully, and keep out the
•culls.

The best paying apple in the province of
Quebec is the Fameuse. Although it is not
really an early variety, I think you will agree
with me that the Fameuse is the best apple we
can raise in this province when properly han-
dled. There is no apple raised on the conti-
nent in which there is so much money lost
every year by poor handling. Being tender
and easily bruised it shows rough treatment
more than any other variety. This is another
apple which I contend should always be packed
in boxes when No. 1. You cannot pack them in
barrels to ship any distance and have them
tight when they arrive at their destination
without practically ruining about one-third of
the apples in the barrel. Few shippers would
recognize their apples one week after packing if

they were to see them. No apple looks as
badly as a bruised barrel of Fameuse two weeks
after packing.

The loss will be lessened considerably if the
apples are properly packed, but how many of
our farmers can we get to pack their Fameuse
and have them tight without bruising them? I
inspected two cars of Fameuse last fall just as
they were going on board the steamer for Glas-
gow. One car had been packed by Mr. G. D.
Edwards, of Covery Hill, the other by another
shipper near Montreal. That packed by Mr.
Edwards, notwithstanding the fact that they
had been drawn ten miles over one of the
roughest roads in our county, were practically
all tight, without being overpressed. The other
lot were 75 per cent slack, and 50 per cent
badly so. I think the party shipping this lot
failed to rack his barrels thoroughly.

Glasgow is the best foreign market for our
Fameuse, but Winnipeg is the best market to
ship to. They want our Fameuse there, and
last year were unable to obtain all they
wanted. About 20 cars were shipped there
from Hemmingford, and the shippers
made money on them. They always bring
about one dollar a barrel more than Ontario
Snows and I believe that from this out dealers
will be able to handle all surplus stock.

Our local markets also take quantities of Fa-
meuse at good prices. A great many growers
make the mistake of selling their Fameuse be-
fore November 1. Look at the result last year.
On November 1, Fameuse sold in Montreal for
$1 to $1.25— later they were worth $3 to $4. It
would have cost about 20 cents per barrel to
have put the apples in cold storage. Look at
the profit there would have been had this been
done. Only put in No. 1 stock, as wind falls
or scabby apples would be practically worth-
less at this season.

Three or four years ago we thought we had
too many early apples. Our local markets
were glutted with them every fall, they sold
for ruinously low prices, and farmers became
discouraged. Some of them even cut down
their orchards. This is all changed. Since
our western market has become such a good
one for our early apples and exporters have
found that they can be exported with profit
there is no glut in our market.

If our growers would only attend to their or-
chards properly, cultivating, manuring, spray-
ing and pruning them, the early apples I have
mentioned, with the addition of one or two
others, such as Mcintosh Red and Milwaukee,
would prove fully as profitable as those in On-
tario. With all our experimenting we have
failed to find a satisfactory winter apple for
Quebec, and until we do let us stick to our
early varieties.

One of the most Important problems before
the average small fruit grower is that of the In-
troduction of the power sprayer for use either
In a cooperative way or by parties who are
prepared to undertake the work by contract.
The large grower can afford one for his own
use— (Joseph Tweedle, Fruitland, Ont. .

TRADE NOTES FOR PROFESSIONAL FLORISTS

Tihe past month was a busy one for the pro-
fessional florists in Canada's leading cities, as
trade was brisk, the demand being steady and
the prices realized profitable. N<n\' that The
Canadian Florist has given up the ghost The
Canadian Horticulturist, being the only paper
in Canada through which the professional flor-
ists may expect to be able to keep in touch with
eacih other, has codlected a few ohatty letters
for the trade.

Montreal Notes

The bedding trade is practically ended for this
season. It has been the best season for some
years for quantity sold and prices obtained.
Most of the florisits report being cleaned out.
Geraniums were the leading plants, especially
scarlet, A. Ricard ibeing the favorite. S. A.
Nutt was a good second, whilst La Favorite
(white), Beautie de Pontevin (salmon) and J.
Viaud (pink) all sold. Good plants in four-
inch pots brought $1.50 per dozen without even
a murmur. Petunias had the next best call,
and deservedly so, either for hanging baskets,
window boxes, or for bedding. Other staple
varieties of bedding plants soid equally well.
Although bedding plants are very remunerative
we are all glad to see the last of them so as to
give us a chance to clean out the houses. We
are now busy planting roses, 'mums, etc.
Trade has been brisk ilately, weddings and
funeral ordei-s taking the lead. Roses and car-
naitions are in steady supply, but the hot
weather is injuring them slightly. Hardy
flowers are coming in in quantity now. Valley
is over, but while it lasted there was a great
demand for it. Peonies are coming in in great
quantities and of extra fine quality and sell on
sight. A few of the new Jaipanese varieties
exhibited before the Gardeners' and Florists'
Club were superb. — (Geo. Robinson.

A Newsy Letter from London

The season when store trade is any consider-
able feature in the general business is past,
wedding and funeral orders being the only ones
that are being executed. In the greenhouses
we are jusit between two rusihes. The Ibedding
plant trade is about finisihed, a few belated
window boxes, vases and baskets are all that
are called for. The coming rushes are rose and
carnation, and chrysianthemum planting and
getting general stocks ready for the fall trade.

The bedding season has been an extra brisk
one. and all good plants — especially geraniums —
have sold out. There are still quite a few on
the market, but these are the second or third
rate stock, being brought in by the small grow-
er who grows or tries to grow eveiTthing in ex-
tremely limited space.

In London, in geraniums, S. A. Nutt is the
reigning favorite, but in Gueiph a local man
told me recently that SK:arlets were the only
sellers. "We can dispose of quite a few good
scarlets here, also a few pink and white, but 90
per cent, of the demand is for crimson. Coleus,
Verchaffeltii, Golden Redder and Chicago Red-
der are all popular. Lots of people want the

big leaved, coarse growing kinds, but it won't
do to encourage this demand, as these varieties
seldom or never stand the sun outside. A few
cannas, say half a dozen different kinds, a cou-
ple of crimsons, a yellow, Madam Crozy, a spot-
ted variety, and a good dark foliaged variety, are
all the market demand. Caladium Esculentum,
in limited quantities for damp situations, a few
heliotrope, for lovers of the old fashioned flow-
ers, a batch of alternanthera, cordyline and
mesembryanthemum for an occasional formal
bed, a big lot of vinca variegata for a
trailing plant, and piles of the old German ivy
for the same purpose will about cover the prin-
cipal lines of the bedding trade here. To all
this there is but one string, the same that is at-
tached to every line in floriculture: the plants
must all be of the very best quality. Buj'ers
will willing'ly stick any old scrags they may
have had in the house all winter into their beds
and boxes and enthuse on the beautiful plants,
but they invariably fail to become enthusiastic
on anything but the very best when they visit a
g- eenhoi'se, and if this Ls not present, woman-
like, they have 40,000 excuses for not taking
what you have got. If you have extra quality
stuff they vi!! take it even at double price^.

Insects and fungous diseases are trou-
blesome as ever. An encyclopedia would be
necessary to tell all the troubles they develop.
Growers are rapidly getting the plants into the
benches. The commercial varieties are looking
well. The list of those grown for this purpose
re?mT to >e smaller than ever, notwithstanding
the iTimense number of varieties introduced
each year. Gammage & Sons will have eight
houses devoted to chrysanthemums this year,
seven to commercials and one to exhibition
blooms. The big house devoted to the latter
is in charge of Roy Winslow, the medalist of
the Gueiph Agricultural College, who has got
his chemical laboratory in working order and
promises us something extra. He certainly
has got them moving — 'but more of this later.

What we want to hear a lot about through
The . Canadian Horticulturist is the coming
Canadian Horticultural Association convention
at Montreal. I hope, Mr. Editor, you will per-
suade all your readers possible to take in the
old city during the meeting of that body. It is
not by any means necessary to be a florist or a
gardener to enjoy a couple of days with the
craft in old Montreal in August. Any horti-
culturist will find there is plenty to interest him
in his own line down there and lots to see be-
sides Mount Royal. In conclusion I would say
that it gives me much pleasure to send these
few notes to The Canadian Horticulturist, and
sincerely hope it will be successful in its efforts
to secure the interest and patronage of the pro-
fessional floriculturists of Canada.— (Fred. Ben-
nett.

Toronto Trade Notes

" Trade has been brisk," reports Mr. H. G.
Dillemuth, of J. H. Dunlop's retail establish-
ment on King street. "So far it has been bet-
ter than last year. American Beauty roses are
still of fine quality and almost up to mid-winter

27S

A SPLENDID CONVENT/ON PROMISED.

279

stock. The Victoria is coming in with three-
foot stem and large heavily petalled flowers
Madam Chataney has become a favorite pink
rose. It holds its quality and color well and
is likely to displace Bridesmaid to a oonsider-
alble extent, especially in the warmer weather.
The latter already shows smaller flowers and
has suffered considerably from mildew.

•' Peonies are now the staple flower. More
attention is being paid to these each season.
Poor varieties are being weeded out and better
ones added. This j'ear flnds a greater acreage
of them grown than ever. The first lot of out-
door sweet peas have arrived. Lilium is ex-
pected in a few days. There is still an abund-
ance of Longiflorum and Aratum. As a result
of the Governor- General's visit and the usual
host of June weddings trade has been extra
brisk during the past month."

TRADE BETTER THAN USUAL.

" Trade has been excellent and prices better
than usual," reports Mr. T. Manton. " Geran-
iums have brought higher prices than in other
years, and the stock is cleaned out. Most bed-
ding stock sold well. Ordinary box stock is
always cheap in Toronto. Recent arrivals of
roses are good for this season of the year.
Kaiserin August Victoria is an exceptionally
popular white variety. Peonies are of good
quality. Many buds form, but late frosts so
injure them that they never open. The tender
European varieties are most easily affected by
frosts. The demand for these flowers is greater
than ever. Carnations are cheap and also in
great demand."

Ottawa Florists Sold Out

Spring business is over and it has been brisk.
There has been a much greater demand for all
lines than previously. The demand for veranda
and window Iboxes has doubled, and the demand
for hanging baskets was increased. Geraniums
were wanted by every one, and in a majority
of cases scarlet, aad though there was a larger
stock than ever yet there was not enough to go
round. This may be accounted for to a cer-
tain extent, by the demand for boxes, for the
success of these depends largely on geraniums,
an indispensable anticle in making them attrac-
tive. When there is a large demand for these
and vases it is very profitable to have lots of
Cannas, Coleuses, Irisenes, Senecio and Ger-
man Ivy, well grown in 4-inch pots, as they
then cover lots of space, and also have some
early tuberous rooted begonias in flower, a
fine thing to mix in among the geraniums and
foliage. Also don't forget now to look out for a
large stock of dracaenas to grow on for next
year's use, as large fine plants add greatly.

All are now Ibusy planting roses; the stock
is in good shape. C. Scrim has two houses
planted with young carnations, Lawson and
White Lawson. and they are good plants out of
4-inch pots. The outside plants had too much
rain early in the season that gave them a yel-
low look, but are now starting off in great
shape. Trade has been very good and flowers
fairly plentiful. Peonies have sold well. The

backward season obliged the horticultural so-
ciety to postpone its rose show from last week
until this week. Our public parks and the
beautiful driveway are in grand shape; flower
beds all planted and grass and shrubs looking
fine, and the Government Improvement Com-
mission still going ahead. That $60,000 a year
is making Ottawa a really beautiful city.

Canadian Horticultural Convention

The eighth annual convention of the Cana-
dian Horticultural Association will be held this
year in Montreal (Natural History Hall),
August 8-11. It promises to be the most in-
structive and enjoyable meeting the association
has yet held, not only because of the excellent
program that has been prepared, but because of
the many beautiful gardens, parks and green-
houses that will be visited. Montreal excels
any other city in Canada in this line on account
of the large number of wealthy gentlemen's
residences located there, many of which are
kept up in first-class style. Members of the
association will be guests of the city of Mont-
real August 10. and of the Montreal Gardeners'
and Florists Club on August 11, so that there
will be no lack of opportunity to see aJl the
" lions."

The association takes in " any person inter-
ested in the advancement of horticulture on the
recommendation of three members in good
standing " (the latter part of this rule is more
often neglected than observed) on pa>Tnent of
$2 as membership fee.

In view of the " extra good time " members
"u-ill have in a place like Montreal it is expected
that many horticulturists of various special pro-
clivities, and those who he'lp to run the horti-
cultural societies through the country, will at-
tend. The railways are gi\ing a special rate
on the certificate plan, that is : Buy a full rate
first-class one-way ticket to Montreal from
your station of departure and ofotain at the
same time a certificate on the standard form
that you have done so. On arrival at the con-
vention hall hand this certificate to the secre-
tary of the association for him to fill in and
sign. The Eastern Passenger Association will
have an agent at the convention hall to revise
all certificates for which a charge of 25 cents
each is made. On returning, if there are 50
members or more who hold certificates (and it
is probable there will be), on presentation of"
certificate to the ticket agent at the Montreal
station a ticket to starting point will be given
to the member on pajTnent of one-third of one
way first class fare. K there are less than 50
Certificates two-thirds of one way first-class
fare will be charged.

As to hotel or room accommodation at Mont-
real there is any amount of it at prices to suit
any purse, and the reception committee of the
Montreal Gardeners' and Florists' Club will en-
deavor to place everybody in comfortable quar-
ters. The "^elland Hotel will be the headquar-
ters of the a.ssociation. Programs and any
other information may be obtained from the
secretary, Mr. A. H. Ewing, Woodstock, Ont.

OUR SPECIAL CROP REPORTS

The special reports received by The Horticul-
turist from its correspondents in the leading
fruit sections' of Ontario indicate that the total
fruit ci-iop of the province this year will not be
as large as promised earlier in the season. The
peach crop will not be more than a medium one.
Small! fruits wall be about a full crop. It is
too early to predict what the total apple crop
of the province will be, 'but the reports received
by The Horticulturist indicate that the total
yield of the province will (be above an average
crop.

The rest plum trees had last year, after the
heavy yield in 1903, promises to result in an-
other heavy crop this year. Several reports
received by The Horticulturist are to the effect
that some varieties will bear lightly, but these
reports are the exception rather than the rule.
Conflicting reports have come to (hand regard-
ing the outlook for peans, iDut the prospect is
that the total crop wdll be a mediuon one.
A FAIR APPLE CROP.
In the Lalce Brie district apples will not be
better than an average crop. Bloo'm was
abundant, but wet weather prevented the fruit
from setting. In Essex county some wiinter
varieties promise a full crop. In the Niagara
district the same conditions exist, but the pros-
pects are better in the Winona district than in
Welland county. Repoirts from Winona and
Stoney Creek state that apples are a full crop.
The Lake Huron section reports are unfavor-
able and indicate that there is likely to be a
light crop of several varieties, although winter
apples are promising in some localities.
Georgian Bay growers, however, anticipate that
early, fall and w'inter varieties will be a medium
to full crop. Pewaukee, Ben Davis, iSpy and
Russet are reported to show excellent promise.

In central Ontario reports vary. In the
county of Wellington one report says the crop
will be only 25 per cent, of last year's. Other
parts give Spy and Alexander a full croip. On
the whole, reports from this district show a fall-
ing off from last year's yield. In the Burling-
ton section the production will he light to
medium. Along Lake Ontario the prospects
are the most encouraging east of Toronto.
York county promises a light to medium crop,
while in Northumberlanid indications point to a
full crop of the winter varieties. The Ottawa
"Valley promises a medium to full crop. In the
northern section not many apples are grown,
but Algoma, Victoria and Peterboro eaoh pro-
mise a medium to full crop. Reports from
Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island state
that a full crop is promised.

PEAR SECTIONS GIVE FAVORABLE
REPORTS.
Pears in the Lake Erie district are very pro-
mising. Late varieties are reported as Ibeing
a medium to full crop. In the Niagara penin-
sula both early and late varieties are likely to
be a good yield in most localities. Many re-
ports state there will be a full crop. In the
important Winona section, however, the f.rop
will not be large. Along Lake Huron the crop
will be light. In Georgian Bay district the

pear crop Ls heavy wherever the trees survived
the hardships of the past two winters. One or
two reports say the blossoms were numerous,
but late frosts destroyed them. In Central On-
tario the crop will be light. Some reports give
Keiffer pears medium to full crop. Burling-
ton section promises a light crop.
HEAVY PLUM CROP.
The section along Lake Erie promises a
medium to full orop, many sections reporting
the trees heavily laden. In the Niagara district
reports state a heavy crop is expected, but some
varieties in the Winona district will be light.
The Lake Huron and Georgian Bay districts
report a full ca-op, though one report says plums
wiill be as scarce as last year. Reports from
central Ontario are sanguine of a heavy yield.
BurMng-ton and Lake Ontario crops vary from
medium to full.

PROSPBCTlS FOR CHERRIES.

The ciherry oro-p will be light in the Lake Erie
district. In the Niagara peninsula the yield is
likely to be good, but rot has set in. Lake
Huron reports say the cherry croip is light,
while Georgian Bay reports a medium to full
crop. Conflicting reports come from central
Ontario, but a light to medium yield is ex-
pected. Burlington growers expect a full crop.
Along Lake Ontario growers anticipate a
medium to full crop.

PEACHES AND GRAPEiS AN AVERAGE
CROP.

Peaches and grapes are reported as being a
ligtht to -medium crop in the counties along Lake
Erie. The Niagara growers are counting on
a medium to full crop of both. The total
acreage of peaches is less than it has been for
.some years.

ABUNDANCE OF SMALL FRUITS.

The small fi'uits proanise a good crop in the
Lake Erie district. In the Niagara peninsula
the reports favor a medium to full crop. In
some sections the raspberries were winter
killed. Wlherever grown the small fruit pro-
mise to 'be a fair to hea\T crop.

Attractive Packages

In a report issued by the Department of Trade
and Commerce, Ottawa, under date of June 19,
Mr. J. B. Jackson, Deeds, England, has the fol-
lowing to say about apples from Tasmania and
Australia :

" Australian and Tasmania apples are arriv-
ing in large quantities. These apples are ship-
ped in a nice sized box holding about 40 pounds
of fruit, and are bringing wholesale to-day from
$3 to $4.15 per box. The packing and grading
is excellent. Each apple is rolled in tissue paper
and all interstices in the box filled therewith.

" I have seen no apples imported into Eng-
land that can in any way approach these apples,
either as to packing or appearance. They oome
out of the box without the least sign of bruise
or discoloration, and in as perfect condition as
when picked from the tree. The best varieties
sent are very fine in flavor, but do not excel the

280

COMMERCIAL SIDE OF FRUIT GROWING.

best Canadians as we find them in the orchards
in Canada.

" The boxes are well stencilled ' Australian '
or ' Tasmanian,' together with the initials of the
grower, and the place T\-*here grown. Within
the box a neat showy card the full size of the
box is found, printed in colors, stating where
grown, the variety, and a guarantee that they
have ibeen packed and graded according to gov-
ernment regulations, together with the address
of the grower and shipper. In every respect
they are well packed, neat and attractive paxik-
ages.

" These apples sell readily retail from 8 to 12
cents per pound. For the finest ' Canadian des-
sert apples ' packed in boxes in this attractive
form there should be a ready sale at prices al-
most double what the same apples bring in
barrels."

Items of Interest

A Fruit Growers' Co-operative Association
was formed at Cowal recently. The officers
elected were: Pres., R. J. Hine, Button- vice-
pres., John Lyons, "Wallacetown ; sec, Robert
Campbell, Cowal.

The new prize lists for the Toronto Exhibi-
tion are out. The secretary, Dr. Orr, promises
that this year's show will eclipse all former at-
tempts. The first entries have already been
received. This year the cash prizes are larger
than ever before.

The Ontario Agricultural College calendar
for 1905-1906 is a neat ibooklet and gives a care-
ful, comprehensiA'e outline of the different
courses. Numerous illustrations of college
scenes and students at work in the different de-
partments add to its make-up and efficiency.
Tbe horticultural department is well equipped.
The calendar contains an outline of the courses,
terms of admission, etc.

In the report issued by the Department of
Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, under date of
June 19, Mr. P. B. Ball, of Birmingham, Eng'-
land, speaks favorably of the chances for Cana-
dian apple growers making money by exporting
cider apples — or better, the manufactured pro-
duct.

Berry Boxes Must Be Full Size

In 1901 " an act respecting the packing and
sale of certain staple commodities " designated
weights and measures to be used in handling
these commodities. Section 5 dealt particu-
larly with fruit packages. Boxes were to con-
tain specified quantities, and every box manu-
factured or offered for sale was to "be plainly
marked on the side with the word " short " if it
did not hold that quantity when level full. The
small boxes should hold at least two-fifths or
four-fifths of a quart, while baskets may be two
and two-fifths quarts, six and two-thirds quarts,
11 quarts and 15 quarts or more, as nearly as
practicable.

The penalty for violation of this act is a fine
of not less than 25 cents for each basket or box
sold or offered for sale in contravention of *^iiis
section.

This law has not been fully enforced. Ra-
cently, as a result of representations made to
the Dominion Department of Agriculture by
fruit growers and by the box and basket manu-
facturers who have been making full sized
packages, a notice has been issued that special
care is going to be taken to see that the law is
complied with in the future.

An Illustrated Lecture

The Hamilton Horticultural Society is fortu-
nate in having a president "who is as interested
and enthusiastic in the growing of flowers as is
Mr. J. O. MoCul'loch. At a recent meeting of
the society Mr. McCulloch gave an interesting
lecture. " The plants that I have grown " was
the theme of the address, which was illustrated
by stereopticon views of the plants and flowers
discussed, all of which are grown in the lec-
turer's own gardens. The audience were car-
ried through a descriptive succession of bloom
of the seasons, spring, summer and autumn.

Some fine views were shown, among which
was one of the red-hot poker, or torch plant,
of the genus kniphofia, which plant makes a
splendid show even upon canvas. Mr. McCul-
looh referred to this plant as being a native of
Africa, and not quite hardy here, but one that
wiU amply repay the trouble of protecting or

W

\ TT7E wish to thank our many customers for a spring business much

> beyond our anticipations.
>

> Be sure you are on our mailing list for our Fall Catalogue of

< Bulbs, Ornamental Shrubs, Hardy Perennials, etc.

\ THE WEBSTER FLORAL COMPANY, limited

\ HAMILTON, CANADA.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers,

282

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

storing' over winter. It is one of the most
striking plants under cultivation, sending up
from a dense mass of swoid .shaped leaves sev-
eral taJl scapes, each surmounted by a pyra-
midal poker, from 8 to 10 inches long, and bear-
ing about 100 drooping flowers of a fie-rc*. fiery
red color, hence its name. Details of the cul-
tivaition of each flower shown and discussed were
given, and the audience listened to a very In-
structive and interesting discourse.

dent in place of Mr. D. McClew. A flower show-
is being planned for the early fall.

Prizes are to be offered later for the best kept
grounds of members of the society, and judging
from the improved appearances of several of
the surroundings of the homes of members,
many are preparing for the competition. This
year .there will be likely some changes made in
the classification of this comipetition.

A Talk on Insect Pests

The Toronto Horticultural Society at its June
meeting had the pleasure of entertaimng Dr.
Fletcher, entomologist, from the Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, who delivered a lecture on "In-
sect pests and how to exterminate them," which
was illustrated by slereopticon views. The so-
ciety made the doctor's visit not only pleasant
for himself but to all. as fine vocal talent was
engaged which made the evening pass very
pleasantly. The society invite their friends to
join with them on their annuaJ excursion to
Guelph July 5th, leaving Toronto a.t 9.30 a. m.:
tickets $1.00 and return.— (H. R. Frankland,
President.

A Change in Officers

At a meeting of the directors of th*^ Deser-
onto Horticultural Society held recently, Mr.
D. 'McOlew was appointed secretary and trea-
surer to succeed the late Mr. R. W. Lloyd. Mr.
F. B. Gayford was unanimou.'^ly elected presi-

Instructive IVIeeiings

The Ottawa Horticultural Society held an-
other of its interesting and well knoAvn meet-
ings June 20, when Dr. Fletcher, of the Experi-
mental Farm, gave an address on "What plants
do." The fioral exhibitions at this meeting were
of the usual high standing. On July 25 this
society will listen to an address by the Hon.
Frank R. Latohford on " Tree peonies," and Mr.
S. Short will speak on " The making of a subur-
ban garden."

The Lady of the House

should have a Clothes Line Reel for the yard.
Clothes lines alwaj'S up ; never let clothes fal
into the mud ; never catch the unwary man pass-
mg under; easj' to put clothes on ; easy to take
them off — complete — cheap. Write for circu-
lar and quotation.
(See our Ladder Advertisement on List page of cover of this issue.)

THE WAGGONER LADDER CO., LIMITED

LONDON, ONT.

'^H:,g©eiseS<^e@£i£i^©2te>2^e&&£fefe/R>S/£>£>2fe^

Remember

Most of the very best

FRUIT TREES, VINES
AND ORNAMENTALS

you see making" such vigorous growth in the different
orchards came from

The Helderleigh Nurseries

Write for our beautiful catalogue.

AGENTS WANTED

I

L. D. vSMITH, Winona, Oni I

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

A LIVE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

28-

Has Been a Force for Good

V. KXECHTEL, SECRETARY
The Seaforth Horticultural Society is in a
more flourishing- condition than ever. It has
119 membei-s this year, and prospects of a larger
membership for next year. In May we had a
public meeting. The attendance was not as
large as expected, but attention and interest
was good. Mr. T. H. Race, of Mitchell, gave
an address on " Bulb culture and its attrac-
tions," which was very interesting and instruc-
tive.

The .society has been a force to increase in-
terest and taste in our home surroundings, and

Canadian
National Exhibition

TORONTO, ONT.

August 26th to September llth, 1905

Entries close on Monday, August 14th,
for Horticulture, Floriculture, \'eg'etables,
Field Roots, Grain, Sections, Etc.

For prize lists and entry forms apply

DR. J. O. ORR, Manager and Secretary
TORONTO

(GET OUR CATALOGUE OF

RUBBER STAMPS

AND STENCILS |

THE SUPERfORj^MFG; COi
58 ADELAIDE ST. W. TORONTO.

the appearance of our homes has been much
improved. A very much better quaJity and
variety of plants and flowers are now seen. In
our fruit culture there has Iteen much improve-
ment. The information supplied in the wel-
come Horticulturist has enlarged our ideas and
stirred up our desire to have the best that is
offered.

A great improvement Is being made in the
already extensive greenhouses of Mr. J. H. Dun-
lop, Toronto. The old liouses are being torn
do^Ti and four new ones substituted. The
most modern greenhouse architecture is being
u=ecl and every convenience added. On page
285 Mr. Dunlop has an advertisement offering
the sash-bars, etc., for sale.

Classified Jldvmiscments

Advertisements under this heading will be in-
serted at the rate of ten cents per line, each
insertion ; minimum charge, fifty cents in
advance.

WANTED — SUBSCRIPTION CANVASSERS
for The Canadian Horticulturist both in cities
and in the fruit districts of Canada. Liberal com-
missions offered. Oood men soon put on salary.
Write The Canadian Horticulturist, Rooms 507-508,
Manning Chambers, Toronto, Ont.

FOR SALE— FRUIT FARM OF -200 ACRES,
Township of Niagara, will be sold en bloc or
divided to suit purchaser. Hundreds of farms,
stores, factories, etc., on mj- list. W. J. Doran,
Manning Chambers, Toronto.

GREENHOUSE AND STOCK FOR SALE— TEN
thousand feet of glass ; one of the best equipped
greenhouses in Toronto, located in the best residen-
tial sections of Parkdale. large plant trade; residence,
stable and everything in good condition Apply to
F. C., care ot The Canadian Horticulturist.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Parks, Cemeteries, Public and Private
Pleasure Grounds made by

Chas. Ernest Woolverton, Landscape Gardener

GRIMSBY

Drawings made to a scale, so that any ga'-denf rniay carry

tbeii out. Correspondence solicited.

THE KING OF SPRAYERS

The best sprayer on top of earth for the spraying of fruit- and vegetables of all kinds, such as
apples, pears, plums, peaches, grapes, berrj- bushes, potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, tobacco and flowers
of ever\- description. It exterminates bed bugs, roaches, moths, carpet bugs, flies, and disinfects
stables, hen houses, green houses, hospitals, sick rooms, etc

Any mixture can be used with it, including Bordeaux Mixture, Kerosene Emulsions, Hellibore
and Paris Green. Being of glass the contents are always in sight. It is the only sprayer with an
agitator and the contents are always thoroughly stirred up. Every part is rust proof, so its bound
to last for years. Patented in Canada and the United States. Send for circular and prices Made
only bv

THE COLLINS MFG. CO., 34 w^st Adelaide st., Toronto, Ont.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

248

Caught in a Glut

is what happens to the fruit
grower who depends on one
market to take his crop.

Fortunately their is no need
to be thus caugfht. Canada
is wide. There are many
centres from Halifax to Cal-
gary anxious to get good
fruit from a reliable grower.

The Canadian Grocer is
the medium through which
the grower can reach these
buyers.

An advertisement in our
Fruit Department costs little
and goes far.

. Drop a card for rates.

The Canadian Grocer

TORONTO, ONT.

Extension Ladders.

Of modern appliances for orchard work th.^r-j
are few quite so important as a good extens.jn
ladder. In the old days fruit grow-ers took a
pole of tamarack or cedar, ripped it in two half
round sections and put rungs in. Where the
height required was small, 10 or 12 feet, this
served very well, but where, as it often hap-
pened, it was necessary to get to the top of a
tree 25 or SO feet high to get the apples or pex'S
—well, we usually did not get there. SeMo.-n
had we a ladder long enough, or if we had 't
took a neighborhood " bee " to raise it, and
when it was finally put in or let fall into place
with a bump it knocked off half the fruit it was
meant to gather.

With a good light safe extension ladder oae
man can place it just where he wants it, even a
32-foot ladder, then extend it and place it gently
just where the best fruit is, even in the mid lie
top of the tree where the long single ladder
cannot be placed at all. Tu-o or three sizes of
good extension ladders in a small and moderate
sized orchard, and more in a larger one, v/ill
pay for themselves in a few days in apple pick-
ing time. In this as in other farm and orchard
appliances it pays to get the best.

NEW ADVERTISERS IN THIS ISSUE.

Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto.
Firstbrook Box Co., Toronto Ont.
Biggs Box Co., Burlington, Ont.
Geo. Vipond, IMontreal, Que.

LAWN ROLLERS

Well made, light and serviceable. Can be weighted when desired.

CANADA FOUNDRY COMPANY, LIMITED

Head Office: TORONTO

District Offices : ^lontreal, Halifax, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Calgary, Vancouver, Rossland

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.

See Notice in Advertising Columns.

WITH OUR ADVERTISERS.

28 r,

A Highly Commended Plum

The new Maynard plum, which is said to be
the greatest plum creation of that wizard of
horticulture, Luther Burbank, is being- sold in
Canada by Stone & Wellington, nurserymen,
who have Ibought the sole right to sell this plum
in Oanada. On every tree they sell they are
under contract to give Mr. Burbank a royalty.
Mr. Burbarik has sent out the Maynard plum
with the assurance that it surpasses in quality
and beauty of fruit any plum heretofore intro-
duced. In fact, ■some leadiing growers believe
that in the Maynard plum he has reached the
point of perfection. In size it is very large,
often measuring seven and a half inches in cir-
cumference. The form ls' nearily round, sJightly
flattened at the ends ; in color it is a rich crim-
son purple, deepening to royal damask as full
ripeness is reached. A more beautiful fruit
were hard to imagine. The flesh is firm even
when dead ripe, but melting and juicy with a
deliciousness indescribable. The fruit, there-
fore, for table use and as a shipper has no com-
petitor.

Apple and Fruit Boxes

After considerable agitation covering many
years the apple growers of Canada have opened
their eyes to the necessity of marketing their
fruit in boxes, along the saime lines as is done
by the growers in California, who have been so
successful. The boxes containing California
fruit are all well made and well printed, giving
the contents a splendid display appearance.

The Firstbrook box Co., Limited, of Toronto,

Keep the weeds down by using the

"Handy Hand Scuffler"

the best tool in the market for farmers or
gardeners. See Candian Horticultuuist of
April for particulars. Wm. Welsh, Kinkardine.

GEO. VI POND & CO.

Fruit Commission Merchants

gS@@e2gggg§@gg@g@@@§gggeee;e:^e<

Reliable-

MONTREAL

Prompt

-Safe

MONEY EASILY MADE BY OUR READERS

$

1 C\ Qfl willbe eiven away free by The Canadian

Horticulturist to readers who purchase goods
from it's advertisers. All you have to do is to tell the ad-
vertisers you read their advertisments in The Horticulturist
HOW TO OBTAIN THE MONKY

$5 will be g ven to the person who buys goods to the
greatest value from advertisers in this issue before July
30, 1905.

$5 will be distributed, one dollar to each, among the first
five persons making application, who have purchased goods
from our advertisers.

Readers must tell the advertisers they saw their adver-
tisements in The Horticulturist.

A va'uable premium will be given to all who do not win
cash prizes. A premium will thus be given to everybody
who buys something from advertisers in The Horticulturist.

When applying for a prize readers must inform this office
of the name or names of the advertisers they purchased
from. Ap))lication for this bonus must lie made befo e
AusuHt 15, 1905 Address ADVERTISING MAN-
AGER, The Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, Ont.

0] Thro rebuilding operations we have a
Q quantity of

s Second Hand
Material

viz

Sash Bars, Ridge, Puoiln,
|S Ventilators Glazed,

% 1 in. Pipe for Supports,
Headers, Etc.

Any person contemplating building
(.) can buy the above at bargain prices.

JOHN H. DUNLOP

644 Lansdowne Ave. TORONTO

NEW ADDRESS: 239 YONCE ST..

LEADING

LANDSCAPE AND
COMMERCIAL

Photographers

IN CANADA

Call and see our new premises
239 YONCE ST. TORONTO

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

THE CANADIAN HORTICJj LTURIST.

286

have taken the first place in the manufacture
of fruit boxes, and the quality of work they
turn out speaks for itself. Any information as
to sizes, printing and prices will be gladQy fur-
ni.shed on application. A great feature of the
box goods is they are in great demand, com-
m.and a much higher price than barrel gooas,
and shippers make a great saving in freight, as
boxes can be packed on board cars and vessels
very compactly.

Steamships Improved

Recogmizing the importance of the green
fruits, dairy and provision trade to the Oomin-
ion, and the possibilities of its great develop-
ment, the Thoaii'son line fleet has been fitted
wiith the most up-to-date system of refrigeration
and cool air, and the delivery to the consumer at
London improved. An arrangement has been
made with the Surrey Commercial Dock Co.,
London. Eng., to equip im.mediately alongside
The Canadian Produce Warehouses west berth,
in the Gi-eenland dock, with refrigerated and
cool air chambers at a cost of over £70,000. The
berth alongside the warehouse so fitted is for
the exclusiive use of the Thomson line, and their
vessels are the only ones that can discharge
direct from the vessel's hold into the specially
prepared cold storage provided for the apples,
cheese and Ibutter.

The Thomson line has procured the exclusive
use of the Gould patent loaders in the ports of

Montreal and Portland. The loaders are so
constructed as to pass package goods into the
holds of the vessels without any jar, squeezing
or breakage, and the line is thus enabled to de-
liver its cargo at destiriation in the best condi-
tion. We can confidently recommend these
loaders to apple exporters. This line has had
many years' experience in the carrying of green
fruit, anid has earned an enviable reputation both
in the Mediterranean and Atlantic trades. All
the vessels of this line are fully equipped with
steam and sirocco fans, and no expense has been
spared to make these vessels the best of any
on the Atlantic.

Recognizing the necessity of an up-to-date
refrigerator service on the G-lasgow route, the
Donaldson line has fitted up special steamers,
giving unexoeMed cold storage facilities for the
carriage of all classes of products, the carriage
of apples and other green fruits and vegetables
being a specialty. In addition, the vessels are
fitted with sirocco fans of the latest type, which
make this line so favorably known as amongst
the most successful apple and fruit carriers on
the Atlantic.

Quality and Price. — The fruit grower who
prides himself on the quality of his fruit and
who is careful in grading and packing deserves
a better price for his truit than his less care-
ful neighbor. The way to get that price is to
brand his packages and advertise the brand in
a medium that reaches the trade.

ATLANTIC REFRIGERATOR SERVICE

THOMSON LINE

Montreal and London Service

lona, - cold storage and cool air, July 8

Devona, cold storage and cool air, JuIy 15

Kildona, cold storage and cool air, July 22

Hurona, cold storage and cool air, July 29

Fremona, August 5

Direct service to Newcastle, Leith and
Aberdeen. Sailing cards will be furnished on
application. ■ ■ ._ ,:^j»i-^~-t.,, ,.:,ijr,..,,^ ^

DONALDSON LINE

Montreal and Glasgow Service

Athenia,. . . . cold .storage July 8

Lakonia,... cold storage July 13

Salacia, July 20

Kastalia, . . . cold .storage July 27

Tritonia, August 3

:^< LORD LINE TO CARDIFF, fortnightly sailings.

FOR SPACE APPLY TO

THE ROBERT REFORD CO., Limited

STEAMSHIP AGENTS
Montreal, Toronto, Portland, Me.,

TORONTO OFFICE: Room 110, Union Station

St. John, N. B.
D. 0. WOOD, Western Agent

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertiser.s in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

The Best
Cameras

Quality

Style
Value

Price, from $1 up

Pocket,
Folding or
Fixed Focus

A complete line of
supplies always in
stock.

m

Mail orders promptly and carefully shipped.

Canadian Camera Company

40, 42 and 44 King Street East

TORONTO

■ M l^llililll "

Gait Sure Grip

les

Every building roofed -with these
shingles has a sure and effective shield
against the monsters of Wind, Water,
Storm and Fire.

In scientific construction, general
utility and all-round excellence they
easily lead all other metal shingles.

Made of the best steel only, they
■will last the lifetime of any ordinary
building.

The Classik Kids will gladly give you
any farther information about them.

GALT ART METAL CO.. Ltd.

G-ALT. ONT.

n

The "Safety " Fruit Picker

does away with ladders and climbing,
and ensures safety to the operator and
avoids bruising of the fruit

The 'Safety" Fruit Picker will save

money in clearing up your trees, and is the

' proper thing " for picking "Exhibition" fruit.

DESCRIPTION

The "Safety" Fruit Picker consists of a rubber
covered wire hood, attached to a 12 foot pole, which
grasps the fruit the same as the human hand, tilts it up
and a single twist releases the fruit and drops it down
the chute into a canvas bag at the waist of the operator
without bruising or coming in contact with other fruit.
It can be operated b> a woman or child as easily as by a
man.

The pole is bamboo, which insures lightness and
stability, and is divided into 8 and 4 foot lengths, which
are adjustable and can be used for large or small trees,
at the pie (sure of the operator. The wire spring, which
holds the mouth of the chute in position, allows for the
interference of the branches. The whole outfit weighs
only 2J lbs.

The bag is made of canvas duck, and is attached to
a steel wire frame, which conforms to contour of the
bodv, and is strong and durable and holds half bushel
of fruit ; is heM in position by a wide canvas strip,
which goes over the shoulder with an adjustable snap
o secure it, and which is easily detached to facilitate
he emptying of the bag when full.

Price, complete, $2.00

The Safety Fruit Picker Co. of Ontario,

Limited.

Ridgeville, Ont.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

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'pfe (anadian f[orticcIt(irist

AUGUST, 1905

Volume XXVIII

Number 8

WIDE AWAKE BRITISH COLUMBIA FRUIT GROWERS

A. m'xIvILL, CHIEI' F"RUIT division, OTTAWA.

THE Province of British Columbia is
progressing very rapidly in the mat-
ter of fruit growing. The climate (we
might say climates, for British Columbia
has several) has much to do with this ad-
vancement. The islands, coast and lower
mainland are particularly adapted to small
fruits, though excellent fruit trees are also
grown in large sections of this country.
The semi-arid inland valleys are particularly
adapted, under irrigation, to the cultivation
of apples, plums and cherries. With the
development of the various schemes for ir-
rigation it is not at all improbable that in
the near future British Columbia will supply
fruit enough to meet the demands of the
prairie provinces.

Another most potent cause for the excel-
lence of the methods employed in British
Columbia is the fact that many of the fruit
growers have gone into this province quite
lately totally unacquainted with fruit grow-
ing, having, however, considerable capital.
These men are not loaded down with a
quarter of a century of prejudice, but come
to their work fresh and willing to imbibe
the latest and best from books and from
their most successful competitors in the
business. This will account for the fact
that on the average the methods of British
Columbia are infinitely ahead of those of the
average fruit grower in eastern Canada.

In the Okanagan Valley irrigation is al-
most a necessitv. This determines, to some

extent, the nature of the product, as well as
the methods employed in producing it.
Clean culture is almost uniform. Where
water has to be conveyed for many miles
in an artificial water bed, constructed at
great cost, it does not take long to convince
the fruit grower that he should not waste
it upon grass and weeds.

EARI.Y FRUITING.

The control which the orchardist has
over his trees contributes to the early fruit-
ing of nearly every variety of tree, and pro-
bably the dry atmosphere has much to do
with the perfect pollenation of fruit blos-
soms. The setting of the fruit is usually
what an eastern fruit grower would call
phenomenally heavy, and has led to another
orchard practice, almost unknown in east-
ern Canada, namely, thinning of the grow-
ing fruit, even on apple trees. It would
strike the average Ontario or Nova Scotian
grower as a waste of money to pay a man
$1.25 a day to pull good apples ofif a full
grown apple tree, but this is the common
practice in British Columbia, and one which
is a necessity.

The one fruit tree that is not thinned is
the cherry. I took a branch of May Duke
cherries, a foot long, from the orchard of
Mr. Pridham, of Kelowna, and found that
there were 154 perfect cherries on it. Ap-
parentlv there were dozens of branches that
could have been selected from the same tree
quite as heavily loaded.

289

290

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

The dry atmosphere probably accounts
for the absence of fungous diseases in
apples, cherries and plums, but it is the ex-
cellent cultural methods that have to do
largely with the fine quality of the fruit.
Here again the intiuence of the environ-
ment is very clearly to be seen. The local
market is a comparatively small one.
Everything is packed for the distant mar-
kets. Hence, great attention is given to
grading and packing. Their teachers in
this were the Americans in California,
Washington and Oregon, who by long and
costly experience had demonstrated that it
did not pay to ship inferior or over ripe
fruit.

The fruit grower of British Columbia,
profiting by this experience, spends time
and thought upon packing and packages
that would seem wasteful to an eastern
grower, but the result of this is seen in the
prices which they obtain for their fruit.
Calgary markets give about $2.50 per box
for British Columbia fruit when they only
give $4 per barrel for Ontario fruit.

There is no reason why the apple grow-
ers of Ontario should mix different grades,
and ship in barrels, fruit, which if properly
packed and p-raded. would eciual in every
respect the British Columbia fruit. It is
very true that the eastern orchardist has a
larger proportion of No. 2 fruit than the
British Columbia grower, but there is com-
paratively little diflference between the best
fruit of Ontario and the best fruit of British

Columbia. The difference is largely in the

intelligence, skill and care of the growers.

HIGH WAGES.

Surprisingly high wages are paid to
laboring men. For ordinary orchard work
$1.25 to $1.75, with board, per day was
given. Some of the larger plantations
have expert fruit men from the Pacific
states to whom the owners pay salaries that
professional men in the east might envy.

]\Iany of the larger estates on which cat-
tle feeding was tried are being broken up
into small lots devoted to fruit growing.
The delightful climate, where the tempera-
ture rarely goes, even in the coldest
weather, down to zero, and that only for a
few weeks in the year, has attracted many
farmers, who have accumulated a compet-
ency in Manitoba or the Territories. The
next largest class would be comparatively
wealthy Old Country people. All these
make most desirable citizens.

The social conditions are not those of a
primitive settlement. There is an air of
refinement and leisure everywhere which
bespeaks not only culture but material pros-
perity. Libraries and lawn tennis flourish
with the fruits. Churches and schools are
well equipped and generously supported.
Parks and home grounds abound, where
trees, grass, flowers, rocks and water are
worked into beautiful landscape effects not
easily duplicated in the east. It is not a
mere figure of speech to say that British
Columbia is the California of Canada.

Grain in the Orchard. — Many advo-
cate leaving grain in the orchard in the fall
for the mice. They claim that when there
is plenty of grain the mice will eat it and
leave the trees alone. My experience has
been that when I leave any vetch on the
ground that has seed in it the mice will
gather in great numbers, more than thev
otherwise would, and that they will girdle

the trees just the same. — (Jos. Tweddle,
Fruitland. Ont.)

Draining Orchards. — I might as well
go out of business as give up tile draining
in my orchards. One of the drains stopped
up one spring and I lost 15 trees through the
water backing up. — (Adolphus Pettit,
Grimsbv, Ont.

SODA BORDEAUX (BURGUNDY MIXTURE)

FRANK T. SHUTT, M. A., CHE;M 1ST, EXPERIMENTAL FARMS.

DURING July a number of reports were
received, both from Ontario and
Nova Scotia, stating that serious injury has
resulted from the use of Soda-Bordeaux on
apples, plums, cherries and peaches. These
communications have been accompanied
by requests for information respecting this
newly-introduced mixture. A brief ac-
count of certain experiments recently con-
ducted at the Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
may, therefore, be of value and interest to
fruit growers generally.

In Soda-Bordeaux, or Burgundy mix-
ture (suggested as an alternative for the
ordinary Bordeaux mixture for potato
blight and rot), washing soda (carbonate of
soda) is substituted for lime in the prepa-
ration of the spray. Two formulae have
been recommended :

Copper sulphate (bluestone) . . 6 lbs.
Washing soda (carbonate of

soda). . 71/2 lbs.

Water 40 gals.

B.

4 lbs.

5 lbs.
40 gals

A simple calculation will show that the
proportion of bluestone to washing soda is
the same in each, but " B " is a more dilute
preparation.

As far as the writer can learn, paris
green, white arsenic, or some other arseni-
cal compound, had been added to the Soda-
Bordeaux in every case in which injury was
reported from application to fruit trees.
When paris green is mixed with ordinary
Bordeaux mixture it is not dissolved, but
remains in suspension, and experience has
shown that no injury results from the use
of such a spray. When, however, paris
green is added to Burgundy mixture it is
partly dissolved, owing to the alkaline com-
pound more or less corrosive to foliage. It
has long been known that soluble arsenical
compounds have this injurious effect upon
foliage, and consequently cannot be used in
insecticidal mixtures. It follows from this
consideration that the addition to the Bur-
gundy mixture of a solution made by boil-
ing white arsenic and sal soda (resulting in
the formation of arsenite of soda), as prac-
ticed by some, would render the spray ex-
tremely injurious. For these reasons it
might well be conjectured that the addition
of paris green or arsenic in any form to the
Burgundy mixture would render it unsafe
for use on fruit trees.

One of the Fruit Farms For Which British Columbia 4s Becoming Famous.

The Richter oi chard and farm at Keremeos, Similkamean, British Columbia, is here shown in part. The light
background is the steep side of a high mountain. On this farm the alfalfa fields yield four crops annually. Apricots,
peaches, almonds and grapes, including Black Hamburg, reach perfection.

291

292 THE CANADIAN

Our recent experiments comprise trials
on apples, cherries and plums with the fol-
lowing mixtures :

"A" — Soda-Bordeaux (Burgundy mix-
ture:

Copper sulphate (bluestone) 4 lbs.

Washing soda 5 lbs.

Water 40 gals.

The bluestone and washing soda were dis-
solved separately in half the total volume of
water and the resultant solutions mixed.
This mixture, it will be observed, contains
no paris green or arsenic in any form.

'' B " — Soda-Bordeau.x, as above, to
which was added 4 ounces of paris green.

" C " — Soda-Bordeaux, as above, to
which was added a solution made by boil-
ing together 8 ounces of white arsenic and
2 pounds of washing soda with i gallon of
water.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS.

" A " — No apparent injury to the foliage
of apples, plums and cherries.

" B " — Apples : A few leaves slightly
scorched at the edges. The probabilities
are it will be found that the varieties dififer
somewhat in their ability to resist the cor-
rosive action of this spray, but the results
obtained so far indicate that its use would

HGRTICULTURISI

be attended with a considerable degree of
danger in the apple orchard.

Plums : Scorching of the leaves quite
evident, though injury not very serious.

Cherries : Results rather similar to those
obtained on apple foliage. It is extremely
doubtful if this spray could be used for this
crop with safetv.

" C " — Apples, Plums and Cherries : In
every instance in which this spray was used
excessive injury resulted. The foliage was
ba(ll\- scorched, subsequently becoming crisp
and falling. The damage was such as to
sliow conclusively that this spray is quite
unsuitable and dangerous in the highest de-
gree for all classes of fruit trees.

In a word, Burgundy mixture, pure and
simple, has shown itself, as far as our ex-
periments have gone, to be non-injurious to
foliage. When, however, paris green is
added the spray becomes more or less cor-
rosive to foliage and its use is attended with
danger. The addition of soluble arsenical
compounds, as in " C," renders the spray
extremely injurious to foliage, entirely pro-
hibiting its use."

When it is desired to use paris green as
an insecticide in the spray, Bordeaux mix-
ture made with lime only should be used.

BURGUNDY MIXTURE HARMFUL

7 HE Burgundy mixture, used in many
orchards during the past season, has
given poor results in several cases. Grow-
ers in the Winona and Grimsby districts
have destroyed a great percentage of their
trees as a result of its use.

" The total damage to my trees amounts
to about $1,000," said Mr. E. D. Smith, to
The Horticulturist a few days ago. "Near-
ly 2.000 plum trees and 500 cherry trees
have been injured. Some trees were so
badly scorched that I do not think they can
recover. Smaller trees received a heavier
spray than larger ones, so that the younger
stock was daniacred the most.

" We used the proportions recommended
by the leading authorities, but did not test
every time with litmus. With the ordinary
Bordeaux mixture an excess of copper sul-
phate is all that has to be guarded against.
An excess of lime makes no difference. In
the Burgundy mixture, however, the pro-
portions inust be just right. An excess of
sal soda seems to be just as injurious as an
excess of copper sulphate. It is easy to
prepare, but just as easy to make a mistake
in the preparation of it. The nozzles never
clog, and the mixture being colorless does
not discolor the fruit, but I do not think I
shall ever use it again."

THE SAN JOSE SCALE STILL SPREADS

J. FRED. SMITH, SCALE INSPECTOR, GLAXFORD, OXT.

THE San Jose scale is slowly but surely
spreading from all the old infested
spots in Ontario. Only those who have
been in close touch, and have taken a keen
interest in the spread of the scale, are
aware of how far it has spread since the
Act was passed in 1898.

When I was appointed scale inspector in
February of that year it was expected by
the department that all the scale in the pro-
vince would be destroyed and that by pass-
ing an Act to prevent trees coming in from
the United States we would soon be free
from it. Instead, there is more scale in
Ontario to-day than ever before.

It spreads so quietly and insidiously that
it may be in an orchard for some time be-
fore the owner is aware of its presence. I
do not know of a single case where scale
has been found in an orchard, and where it
was allowed to remain long enough to
spread from the original tree, that it has
been cleaned out. The reason for this is
plain when you are conversant with the way
it spreads. Very frequently trees nearest
an infected tree are practically free from
the pest, while those at a considerable dis-
tance are badly infested. It is liable to
break out anywhere within a mile of the
original infested tree.

Despite the fact that some of the profes-
sors of this province scofifed at my opinion
that the principal means of its spreading is
by the winged males I still hold firmly to
that opinion. These winged males carry
the infant ,or larvae, from an infested tree
and thus perpetuate the species. Other-
wise the scale would be exterminated be-
cause the tree would soon die and the death
of the scales on it would follow.

My reason for considering the male
scales the chief medium of its spread is the
one of choice. Some varieties of trees will
stand in the midst of a very badly infested
orchard and be almost free from scale, while

those around it are literally covered with
it. I cannot see why some people consider
it such a ridiculous idea. Take for in-
stance the spread of the codling moth.
Every one knows that its spread is by the
moth herself, which flies around and de-
posits her eggs on the apples, not indis-
criminately, but after making a choice.
Every orchardist who is at all observant
about insects, knows that some varieties of
apples never have worms if there are plenty
of others to be attacked. The moth dis-
tinguishes the varieties when the fruit is so
small that we ourselves could not tell what
kind it was if we did not see the tree on
which it was growing.

Another reason for thinking the male
scale is the culprit has been obtained
from information gathered after an
infested tree has been planted in an or-
chard. I have known cases where the tree
had stood for two or three years and then,
on becoming aware of the presence of the
scale the owner destroyed the tree and
there has never been a scale found there
since. But I have known other cases
where such a tree was left for a time, and
just as soon as it became overloaded and a
spread was necessary for the perpetuation
of the species, the scales could be found not
only close by but at a distance. Especially
is this so if varieties near are not to its
taste. In a district where the scale is bad
growers frequently say, " No, you never
find much scale on those trees. They do
not seem to like them."

I have said that I do not know of an in-
stance where the scale had spread from the
original tree or trees, and I wish to empha-
size the words " spread from," as there are,
I think, somewhere about 100 places in dif-
ferent parts of Ontario where the scale was
caught in time, and not a scale has ever
been found there since. A notable instance
of this came under mv observation this

293

294

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

spring. In the year 1898 a consignment of
trees was shipped to Belleville, and during
inspection it was found that this carload
had some scale in it. A list of all the
places where the trees had been sent was se-
cured, and everything on which scale could
be found was destroyed. This spring the
growers of that section became alarmed and
sent in a petition to Hon. Mr. Monteith, the
Minister of Agriculture, asking for an ex-

amination, and I was ordered to go down.
I made a careful examination of those
places most convenient to Belleville in which
the scale was found in 1898. Although it
is now seven years since those trees were
destroyed, which would give the scale time
enough to make an appearance, still I could
not find a single scale. The fact, however,
remains that there is more San Jose scale
in Ontario than ever before.

New Heads for Cherry Trees

J. I.. IlILBOKN, LEAMINGTON, ONT.

What is the best plan to deal with my lot of
25 cherry trees ? They are thrifty and 'measure
one and a half inches through the trunk. I pro-
cured them two years ago from the corners of
the fences. They grew from the common
cherry. I would like to grow new tops of the
latest and best varieties. Shall I do It by bud-
ding or grafting, and at what time, and should
the work be done in a different way from apples?
— (J. G. Wait, Wicklow, Ont.

The cherry cannot be grafted so far as I
know. The tops might possibly be changed
by budding in early August, but I do not
think it advisable to try it^ I would grow
them as they are, as that is a good variety.
The Montmorency is considerably larger,
finer and later, but I do not think it practi-
cal to change such large trees. They are
always budded the first season of their
srrowth.

Picking and Handling Apples

W. II. DEMPSEV. TRENTON, ONT.

APPLES require great care in gather-
ing and handling if the most is to be
made of them. 1 hey should never be
picked until they are matured, well colored,
and of full growth yet firm. They should,
however, be picked before they have com-
menced to decay or fall from the tree ripe.

I have found that apples picked under the
conditions described, and placed in the fruit
house the same day, will keep better than
when green or over ripe. AMien green they
are subject to scald in the barrel or box if

the temperature is warm, and if there is any
fungous on them it will continue to develop.
1 have seen hundreds of barrels thrown out
from this cause. If over ripe a great many
will be found to have decayed by shipping
time and many more will decay before they
reach the market, and arrive in a wet, wasty
condition.

I Have 1,200 Plum Trees in bearing, in-
cluding 60 or 70 varieties. There are two
distinct classes of plums, the Domestic and
Japanese. The Japan class has a positive
brilliant color with a certain pineapple fla-
voring. It is also claimed to be more
exempt from plum rot and the attacks of
the curculio. In the domestic class the
best varieties are Lombard, Reine Claude,
Glass Seedling, Bradshaw, Niagara and Im-
perial Gage. Of the Japan class the lead-
ing varieties are Abundance, Burbank, Wil-
lard, Chabot and Satsuma. — (A. W. Peart,
Burlington, Ont.

If Trees Are Overloaded so that they can-
not bear fruit to maturity it is better to thin
the fruit in August than put props under
each limb. The prop I prefer is the remo-
val of the fruit. If the tree has such a load
that it cannot hold it up without splitting,
by all means remove enough to bring the
tree through without injury, so that it will
be in a condition to fruit the following sea-
son instead of having to wait a year or two
to recover from the overload. — (AV. H.
Dempsey, Trenton, Ont.

SUMMER APPLES IN COLD STORAGE

G. B. ROTHWELL, B. S. A., OTTAWA, ONT.

DURING the summers of 1903 and
1904 I conducted several experi-
ments with summer apples in a refrigera-
tion building of the Hanrahan type. Two
main objects were kept in view : first, to il-
lustrate the advantages of an efficient type
of ice refrigerator to the farmer ; second, in
accomplishing the above end, to show the
value of storing non-keeping varieties of
summer apples. In the working out of the
latter, owing to a number of experiments
being suggested by the dififering conditions
encountered, the work resolved itself into
the handling and methods of storing apples.
The apple used, in the majority of the
experiments, was the Duchess of Ol-
denburg. This apple is largely grown
in eastern Ontario and in the east-
ern provinces, and is a typical mid-
summer apple. The fruit is medium to
large in size, of a light yellow color striped
with bright red, and has, when mature, a
very agreeable semi-acid flavor. It is, at
best, a poor keeper, retaining its flavor and
texture only a short time after maturing, if
kept under ordinary temperatures. For
this reason and because of its popularity on
local markets, especially in more northerly
districts, it was chosen as a basis for experi-
mentation.

METHODS OF PACKING.

Four methods of packing were adopted :
(i) Stored in ordinary bushel boxes; (2)
ditto, each specimen being wrapped in a
quarter-section of unprinted newspaper ;
(3) wrapped in tissue paper and again in
waxed paper similar to that used in wrap-
ping butter; (4) packed in small kegs of
sawdust. Sixteen bushels were stored,
four separate pickings and four separate
packing methods.

Pickings were made on August 4. 15. 25.
and September i. The apples picked on
August 4 were immature in every way. be-
ing only slightly colored and acid in flavor.
Those picked on August 15 were also im-

mature but were fairly well colored. Those
picked on August 25 were almost ripe, lack-
ing only the yellow tinge to being fully col-
ored and being only very slightly acid in
flavor. Those picked on September i
might be said to be dead ripe.

The two first lots, immature when picked,
retained their immaturity throughout. On
November 15 several were spotted on the
green or uncolored side, the spot somewhat
resembling a sun-scald. They still re-
tained their acid flavor, but shortly after
lost even this and became flat and tasteless.
The lot picked on August 25 were, on De-
cember 15, perfect in texture and flavor, al-
though they had at this date evidently
reached their limit of keeping. Shortly
after a distinct falling off in flavor was
noticed. Those picked on September i,

Ready For Pressing — No. 1.

A handy device used on Coldstream Ranch, Vernon, British
Columbia, for the packing of fiuit, is here shown. The box of fruit
that can be seen is ready to be pressed so that the ends of the cover
may be firmly nailed, Before applying pressure by means of the
bar of wood over the box the small wooden frame work, leaning
against the box, is placed on top. 1 he pressure is applied on this
framework to prevent injury to the truit. As this framework is not
as long as the box there is plenty of room at the ends for nailing.

^95

2gb

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

dead ripe when stored, were, on November
15, lacking in both texture and flavor. They
were soft and in some cases discolored and
the flavor was becoming flat.

THE EFFECT OF WRAPPING.

Comparing the unwrapped apples with
those wrapped; on November 15 no decay
was found in the latter, while in the former
two or three specimens were removed. The
flavor of the wrapped specimens was, if
anything, slightly better than the other.
The third lot, wrapped more carefully in
double wrappings of paper, showed a per-
ceptible improvement over the newspaper-
wrapped lot. However, it is doubtful if
the extra gain was worth the extra trouble
and outlay. Sawdust was found, in this
case, to be a very undesirable material in
which to store fruit.

Similar experiments were made with the
Langford Beauty and the Fall St. Lawrence.
Both are typical varieties of non-keeping,
early fall apples. The Fall St. Lawrenc^
apples were placed unwrapped in three
bushel boxes, each box representing a dif-
ferent packing. Some were picked on Sep-
tember 12 and were rather immature.
These did not improve as the storage period
advanced. Others picked on September
18 were almost perfect. They had reached
their limit on December r, but were then
perfect. Others picked on September 27
were fully matured. They lost their flavor
earlier than did those of the former lot.

The Langford Beauty specimens were
also placed, unwrapped, in bushel boxes.
They showed the same tendencies as the
other varieties. The earlier picked lot re-
tained their immature flavor throughout the
experiment. Their texture also remained
perfect throughout. Those picked on Sep-
tember 7 were almost fully mature and
were perfect on November 15. but had then
reached their limit. The peculiarity of this
variety seemed to be its early loss of flavor,
the texture remaining firm.

BENEFITS OF WRAPPING.

A separate experiment was carried on
with the Tetofski apple to ascertain the
benefits of wrapping fruit. The Tetofski
is a very early variety, and it is found par-
ticularly difficult to keep it for any length
of time after maturity. Consequently it is
a very suitable variety with which to test
more fully the benefits of wrapping. The
apples were placed in four bushel boxes on
August I, when they were almost ripe. The
same methods of wrapping were employed
as in experiment i, namely, (i) unwrapped,
(2) wrapped in newspaper, (3) wrapped in
tissue paper and waxed paper, (4) packed
in sawdust.

The results obtained were practically the
same as with the Duchess apple, with the
exception that these apples, being soft and
easily bruised, were even more benefited by
the protection afiforded by the paper. These
apples, under any method of storage, could
not be kept for more than one month. Sep-
tember I is about their limit of keeping.
On this date the wrapped specimens were
perfect in appearance and flavor. The un-
wrapped specimens were discounted con-
siderably by bruised and spotted specimens.
Sawdust, again, proved very undesirable as
a storing medium.

THE POINTS PROVED.

The experiments show conclusively that
the early apple is very greatly benefited by
some protective covering. Although this
is especially the case with the early apple,
many late varieties, such as the American
Russet, are similarly benefited. Where
apples are stored in small quantities for pri-
vate use or held for fancy trade, wrapping
should be resorted to. A layer of ordi-
nary newspaper surrounding an apple pre-
vents it from injury by jarring, rubbing, or
slight pressure. It lessens the liability to
damage from sudden excesses of heat and
cold, in cases where the temperature may
be influenced from external sources ; it

HA IV DUNG EARLY A PPLES.

297

Ready For Nailing— No. 2.

This shows the pressure being applied and the bar or handle
being held in position by being caught in a tooth of the iron rod
standing up from the end of the stand. The cover is ready to be
nailed on. Notice the manner in which the box is stamped.
(These photographs are printed through the courtesy of Mr. Alex.
McNeill, Chief of the Dominion Fruit Division.)

checks transpiration, isolates specimens in
which rot or scab may appear, and has suf-
ficient influence over the fruit to amply re-
pay for the trouble of wrapping. Where
large quantities are stored, however, such a
practice would be out of the question.

THE HANDLING OF FRUIT.

Careful handling before storing is the
most important phase of the industry. No
matter how perfect an apple may be on the
parent tree, a slight bruise given when hand-
ling and magnified during its storage period
very greatly lessens its value when removed
from storage. Experiments conducted
with Duchess and Tetofski showed clearly
the benefit of careful handling. It must be
remembered that the low temperature of a
storage exerts no " mysterious influence "
over fruit. It cannot heal bruised apples
nor remove scab or rot. It can, however,
check the spread of a disease, or also, the
injury caused by a bruise, but these influ-
ences are rather over-estimated. If the
apple is to leave the storage and reach the
consumer in perfect condition it must neces-
sarily enter it in that condition.

The importance of storing as soon as the

fruit is picked cannot be too strongly em-
phasized. It is a very common practice
among growers to allow the fruit to remain
in " pits " or piles in the orchard, previous
to storing it. An experiment was sug-
gested by just such a case. The owner of
the apples in question claimed that this de-
lav exerted a considerable influence over
the ultimate keeping qualities of the apples.
It is easily shown that an apple picked when
almost ripe, will, if allowed to remain tmder
ordinary conditions, ripen much more
rapidly than if it were allowed to remain on
die tree. The effect of severing it greatly
accelerates the speed of the changes in-
volved in the maturing process. This be-
ing so, the ill effects of piling apples in the
orchard are very apparent and an easy ex-
planation is afforded for the behavior of the
fruit in the experiment. Not only did the
fruit ripen more rapidly, but its maturing
was still further quickened by the heat of
the ground and by any heat and moisture
developed in the pile. Immediate storage
after picking is one of the essentials to suc-
cessful fruit storage.

COMMERCIAL VALUE.

The value of storing early apples for
commercial purposes is a most important
question. Experiments made indicate that
the practice of holding over such an apple
as the Duchess for comparatively long
periods would be a risky procedure. Such
an apple cannot be stored for a much longer
period than a month or a month and a half,
leaving a reasonable length of time for dis-
posal after removal. The real virtue of the
early apple is that it is early. It has no
other outstanding points of superiority over
the fall varieties, and would stand but a
poor chance if brought upon the market in
competition with them.

A long storage may not be advisable, but
great benefit may be derived from one of
shorter duration, especially where the fruit
is to be disposed of on local markets. Tn

298

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

eastern Ontario, where the early apple is so
widely grown, the crop ripens " all in a
heap," as it were, and must be disposed of
with due haste before it deteriorates. The
grower must content himself with prices
which make the handling of such varieties
unprofitable. Hundreds of bushels have

been sold for as low as 25 cents per bushel
simply because a quick sale was imperative.
Two or three weeks later similar apples sold
^t 35 to 50 cents per bushel. The employ-
ment of some method of cold storage would
have made the delaying of sale possible,
and resulted in great gain to the producer.

Actual Co-operation

Til J*, value of cooperation is recognized
by the members of the Kootenay
Fruft Growers' Association, of Nelson, B.
C, which was formed last }ear and has ac-
complished excellent work. The objects
of the association, as aimounced in a circu-
lar which Secretary Thos. Morley has sent
to die fruit growers in the Nelson district
are as follows : To encourage the growing
of choice fruits and vegetables ; to secure
to the fruit growers and gardeners of the
Kootenay district, who are members of the
association, all possible advantages in the
marketing of their produce ; to create a de-
mand for the produce of the association ;
to use their combined efforts for the preven-
tion of plant diseases and insect pests ; to
prevent the importation of infected nursery
stock ; to collect and distribute information
of value to its members ; to secure by co-
operation the lowest prices on fertilizers,
crates, boxes and such other supplies as
may be required ; to secure lower freight
rates, and to expedite the delivery of the
produce of its members.

Early this season the secretary issued a
circular to the members of the association
and enclosed forms which they were to re-
turn to him showing the number of berry
crates, collapsable berry boxes, plum and
cherry baskets and crates, rhubarb crates,
pear and apple boxes, etc.. they might de-
sire. As soon as the secretary had secured
a list from all the members of the supplies
they wished, he was able to purchase the
supplies more cheaply by getting them in

large quantities. Much of the fruit of the
association is sold in Winnipeg and the
towns and cities of the central west.

Value of Wood Ashes

PROF. F. C. SEARS, VVOLFVILLE, N. S.

How heavily should wood ashes be applied in
orchards ? Will they hurt a growing cover
crop, or should they be applied just before turn-
ing under ? If so, would they not be too late
to benefit the existing crop ?— (A. J. L,., Ontario.

Wood ashes are so variable that it is diffi-
cult to answer this question. Analysis of
ordinary Canadian hardwood ashes shows
about 6.15 per cent, potash and 1.90 pei
cent, phosphoric acid, while soft wood ashes
run little more than half that amount. This,
too, is for ashes which have been well taken
care of. Ashes as bought on the market
run all the way from the percentage given
to nothing. I should consider one ton per
acre a good dressing. I should not apply
them to growing cover crops. Application
in the spring before plowing is better. They
would benefit tliat season's crop because
much of their fertilizing constituent is imme-
diately soluble.

We Cannot Grow Pears or European
plums in this district. I have tried Flemish
Beauty and Keiffer, two of the hardiest
varieties of pears, and both froze out. In
plums I have, tried Moore's Arctic, Lom-
bard, Smith's Orleans, Abundance, and
many other hardy varieties, but they met
the same fate as the pears. I never yet
had a good crop of either. — (Dr. McCallum,
Smith's Falls, Ont.

A SUCCESSFUL COOPERATION ENTERPRISE

COOPEKATIOX is in the air. . The
fruit growers of Ontario are aUve to
the necessity of cooperating more in the
hanclhng and marketing of their fruit. This
is evidenced by the numerous cooperative
associations that are being formed and by
the various plans which are every now and
then brought forward in an effort to enable
fruit growers to obtain more for their crops.

The importance of the subject being thor-
oughly realized. The Canadian Horticul-
turist purposes from time to time describ-
ing various cooperative movements which
are in successful operation among fruit
growers. The Niagara District Fruit
Growers' Stock Company, Limited, was
formed 25 years ago to assist the fruit
growers of the Niagara district to market
their fruit to better advantage. While this
company has had its up and downs, the fact
that it has existed all these years and that it
has increased in strength is the best evi-
dence that it has been of value to the fruit
growers of the Niagara District.

An editorial representative of The Horti-
culturist recentl}' called at the head office
of the company at Grimsby and had a chat
with ]\lr. ^Murray Pettit. of Winona, the
president of the company, and ^Iv. ]. W. G.
Nelles, the secretary. " When we started
the company." said Mr. Pettit. " it was capi-
talized at $10,000. but in 1894 we increased
the stock to $20,000. the shares being placed
at $100 each. We have about 100 share-
holders, principally in Lincoln and ^^'ent-
worth counties, although some live in Essex.

" At the time the company was formed
the commission men in the leading cities
had the situation practically in their own
hands. They were slow in reporting sales
and the growers were unable to ascertain
what their fruit had realized until two or
three months after it had been sold. Our
first intention was to send members of the
association to the different markets to sell
the fruit of the members of the company.

An eft'ort was made along this Tine l)ut was
finally given up, partly on account of the
short fruit season, which prevented the
agents from building up a trade, and partly
on account of the competition with the com-
mission men. who had the great advantage
of being located in the cities.

" Gradually we changed our methods un-
til finally an arrangement was made with
the commission men in the diff'erent cities
whom we knew to be reliable. We agreed
to ship our fruit to these men only, and in
return required them to furnish bondsmen
every year. These bondsmen we insisted
should be worth in their own right from
S2,ooo to $5,000 each.

'■ This method has been followed ever
since. The commission men deduct the
freight rates and charge seven per cent,
commission on all sales. The regular com-
mission is 10 per cent., but the commission
men are willing to charge us less in view of
the fact that they do not require to have
agents in the district where our company
has shareholders. The company supplies
the commission men with agency books.
The commission men report directly to the
head office at Grimsby after each sale, the
price realized daily. They are supposed
to report every week and most of them do
so. sending the money and a list of the
sales."

PROMPT RETURNS.

" I generally receive reports," broke in
Mr. Nelles, " on Tuesday. Every share-
holder thus has his money by AA'ednesday.
The contracts between the company and
the commission men are signed at the be-
ginning of the season. The commission
men are given the privilege of handling all
the fruit of the company sent to their city,
and in return they agree to report to us
weekly. The commission man who is slow
in making returns runs the danger of losing
the agency. We have agents in 26 or 2y
cities in Ontario and Quebec. Some vears

300

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTURIS7

we have had as many as 34 agencies. About
one-third of the cities report daily the price
which is being paid and their reports are
placed in the hands of the growers."

" Our members," said Mr. Pettit, " are
nearly all large shippers. Most of the
shareholders in Essex county live near
Leamington, Kingsville or Walkerville. All
kinds of fruit are handled, starting with
early berries. Three per cent, covers the
cost of the secretary's expenses, office rent,
etc. The growers are sure of receiving the

money for their sales as the company guar-
antees the price.

" We ship for about 300 growers in the
different counties. Our business has run
from $75,000 to $100,000 per year. While
the company is not making money, its finan-
cial basis is better than for 15 years."

Among the leading directors of the com-
pany are Mr. Murray Pettit, of Winona,
president, and Messrs. A. H. Pettit, of
Grimsby ; Robt. Thompson, W. H. Bunting
and Andrew Haines, of St. Catharines.

Likes a Shallow Box

W. v. HOPKINS. r.URLTXGTON. ONT.

FOR 15 years I have been shipping
apples in boxes 12 inches wide and
nine inches deep. I have three grades,
large and small sound fruit and a number
two. I am compelled to have the packing
done by women. It is difficult to see well
and place apples properly in this box, which
is only nine inches deep, and for this reason
it is a mistake to have the box deeper.

Twelve inches is rather narrow for two
reasons. The larger the surface or face
the better the appearance, and in turn the
higher the price. A flat box piles better
in the storeroom or in a car, and carries
better on a wagon.

I always press so as to have a bulge in
the centre of the top and bottom and put a
cleat on each end to protect this. The
boxes should not be piled crosswise, as then
the weight comes on the bulged part of the
box and the fruit is bruised.

A uniform package is needed, but I hope
the new box adopted by Parliament will
prove more practical than the standard bas-
ket, which is too large for cherries, cur-
rants and plums. It is necessary that time
be given to dispose of the old stock of boxes
before the new law comes in force.

Fruit for Huron County

PROF. H. L. HUTT, O. A. C, GUELPH.

A Huron county correspondent asks for the
names of five of the best plums, three cherries
and three grapes for his district ; also for sug-
gestions as to what are the most rapid growing
trees for shade to plant near the dwelling.

I would recommend the following five
varieties of plums as most likely to give
satisfaction: Burbank, Bradshaw, Imperial
Gage, Lombard and Reine Claude. These
are given in their order of ripening and
cover the season fairly well. In cherries
I would recommend Montmorency, Early
Richmond, and Windsor. The following
varieties of grapes are the best representa-
tives of the three colors, red, white, and
black : Lindley, Niagara, and Worden.

The shade trees which make the most
rapid growth when young are not always
the most satisfactory when old, or do not
usually live as long as many of the slower
growing trees. The Ash Leaf maple, or
as it is sometimes called, the Box Elder, or
Nagundo, is one of the most rapid growing
shade trees, but it is not nearly so satisfac-
tory after 20 or 25 years as the maple or
elm. The soft maple is another rapid
grower, and either of these may be planted
for immediate effect, but I prefer to plant
white elm or hard maple if soil is suitable,
and wait a little longer for results.

POINTERS FOR FRUIT EXHIBITORS.

301

Judging Fruit*

W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST^ C. E. F".,
OTTAWA.

IN judging fruit one of the first defects
to be looked for are blemishes. No
fruit should be exhibited in competition for
prizes that has a worm hole, bruise, spot or
any other blemish unless it is impossible to
get a specimen without such, or unless the
blemish is very small and the fruit perfect
in every other respect.

The uniformity of the specimens is equal-
ly as important as the freedom from blem-
ishes. Irregularity is never attractive in
fruit, and the specimen which attracts the
eye on the dining table, in the shop window,
and in the barrel or box is the specimen
which approaches nearest the typical shape
of the variety in question. Furthermore,
the irregularity of one specimen gives an
uneven appearance to the whole, and par-
ticularly is this the case when there are
only five apples together.

High color is as desirable as uniformity,
and it is difficult to decide just how far from
perfect uniformity, highly colored fruit may
be and yet score as high as a perfectly uni-
form plate with only fairly colored fruit.
It is sometimes puzzling to the exhibitor to
know just why a plate of apples receives a
prize ; but all these points are carefully
weighed by the judge.

The time when size was considered the
first essential in exhibition fruit has passed
away, at least with the best judges, and
large size is only preferred when the speci-
mens are uniform, highly colored and free
from blemishes, and equal in every other
respect to those a little smaller. Apples
which are of good size for the variety, and
perfect in every other respect, will stand the
best chance for first prize, as it is difficult to
get large specimens which are as highly col-

*Extract from an address delivered at the last annual conven-
tion of the Prince Edward Island Fruit Growers' Association.

John M. Fisk

John Manson \ isk, President of the Quebec Pomological Society
for 1905, was born at Abbotsfoid, P. Q., Dec. 13, 1836. As a boy
he developed a taste for horticultural pursuits by sowing apple seeds
and planting trees, andl after coming into possession of his father's
farm, established a nursery, where many varieties of apples, pears
and plums were tested, the trees from which now form the nucleus
of many a commercial orchard in his native province. He was one
of the originators of the Abbotsford Fruit Growers' Association,
firmed in 1874, and which published the first fruit list for the prov-
ince of Quebec in 1875, and ever since has been one ot its leading
members. The Pomological and Fruit Growing Society of the
Province of Quebec was organized at Abbotsford in 18^4, by repre-
sentatives from different parts of the province, at which Mr. Fisk
was elected its first president. Each year since he has taken an
active part in the work of the society.

ored and as perfect as those a little smaller.

There is also a certain undefinable thing
called " finish " about an apple which is re-
garded by the judge. This may be ex-
plained, in part, by a clearness of skin and
a thorough maturity of the fruit. No bet-
ter evidence could be given of the stability
of the soil and the care in growing the fruit
than the finish which the fr' '^ has.

When comparing dilferci^t varieties,
quality, of course, should and does receive
due consideration ; especially is this the case
when judging collections of fruit. In judg-
ing collections, however, the value of the
varieties shown from a commercial as well
as a dessert standpoint receives attention.

302

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Undersized Baldwin Apples

fct A GREAT many orchards, especially
x\ those in which ])aldwin apples
are being grown, are producing undersized
fruit," said Mr. Joseph Tweddle to an edi-
torial representative of The Horticulturist.
" The question," continued Mr. Tweddle,
" is what is the cause ? Several years ago
I was handling lo or 12 orchards on shares.
For two or three years parts of them bore
some fruit, which was off in color and small
sized, while others produced fruit of nor-
mal size and fair color. The trees in all
the orchards were sprayed in the same man-
ner.

" I found that the orchards which were in
cultivation during the winter of 1878 and
1879, when so many peach and plum or-
chards and vineyards were destroyed by
root freezing, were the ones which bore the
small sized off-colored fruit. Those which
were in sod that winter escaped the root
killing and bore medium sized well colored
fruit. When I found this out I commenced
heading in severely the orchards which were
root killed, and they immediately responded
by vigorous growth. In my opinion that
is what is the matter with many poor or-
chards. I now grow crimson clover and
rye and vetch, and after it has served its
purpose as a winter cover it is plowed im-
der for a supply of nitrogen and humus.
Some kind of crop is sowed every year for
this purpose.

A Plum and Cherry Disease

T. D. JARVIS, B. S. A., O. A. C, GUELPH.

Something' has happened to many oherry
and some plum trees in this section. The
leaves turn yellow and have brown or blackish
sipots on them. Tihey Anally fall off. I un-
derstand it is a fungous disease that is the trou-
ble. What is the remedy ? — (E. C, Essex Co.

The fungous disease attacking the plum

and cherry leaves is popularly known as the

Shot Hole Fungus. It does considerable

injury each year to the plum and cherry

trees of Ontario. If the trees are sprayed
in the early season with Bordeaux mixture
it will reduce the disease considerably.

Wanted — A Fruit Commissioner

THAT leading fruitmcn feel strongly
regarding the action of the Dominion
Government in placing the fruit division
imder the supervision of the Dairy Commis-
sioner is shown by many forcible letters and
expressions of opinion on the subject which
continue to reach The Horticulturist. Here
are two:

A. E. Sherrington, manager Bruce Fruit
Growers' Association : Owing to the vast
importance of the fruit industry, I believe
that it is absolutely necessary that it should
have a commissioner of fruit, who shall be
entirely separate and distinct from the dairy
division and who shall have entire charge
of the fruit branch of the Dominion depart-
ment of agriculture. It is important that
we shall have a fruit commissioner through
whom we will be able to come in direct
touch with the Minister of Agriculture,
which is impossible at present, owing to its
being necessary for the chief of the fruit di-
vision to consult with the dairy commis-
sioner in regard to all matters concerning
the fruit industry. We should push this
matter until our desires are complied with.

D. Johnson, president and manager For-
est Fruit Growers' Association : The ac-
tion of the Dominion Minister of Agricul-
ture in placing the chief of the fruit division
under the control of the dairy commissioner
places the former in an awkward position.
It seems to me that if the chief of the fruit
division was brought in direct contact with
the minister he would be able to do more for
the advancement of the fruit industry, which
is in a discouraged condition. The large
quantities of fruit which go to waste every
year show the great need of something be-
ing dene to improve the fruit industry.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

303

Other industries have been helped by the
Dominion department of agriculture, and
many of them have been put on. a paying
basis. The fruit industry with all its possi-
bilities is being neglected as is shown 'by the
action of the Minister in refusing to give
the fruit interests a special commissioner.
I am in favor of fruit growers uniting and
demanding that the government give them
a comimissioner of their own and thereby
recognize the great possibilities of the fruit
industry.

Soot &s a Fertilizer

PROF. R. HARCOURT^ O. A. C, GUELPH.

What is the best way of using soot as a ferti-
lizer ? Should it ibe scattered on the ground
or mixed with water and applied as a liquid ? —
(J. G. Goble, Woodstock, Ont.

Soot owes its value to the presence of a
small and variable quantity of ammonia
salts. The best house soots do not contain
more than about 3.5 per cent, of nitrogen.
They do not contain any appreciable quan-
tity of potash or phosphoric acid. As
there is such a small amount of fertilizing
constituent in the soot, it would not pay to
mix it with water and use it as a liquid.

All that is necessary is to sow it broad-
cast on the ground as a top dressing. It
would possibly give its best results on
grains, sown after the growth commences
in the spring. I do not think it is rich
enough in nitrogen to be an efficient manure
for the horticulturist.

Direct Shipments

A LEADING Canadian fruit grower of
the Hamilton district, who has re-
cently returned from Great Britain, states
that a number of the large wholesale com-
mission firms in Great Britain are becoming
disgusted with the auction sale method of
purchasing their supplies of fruit, which is
now followed in Great Britain. Several
of these firms are anxious to get in touch
with leading Canadian growers and with

our cooperative apple growers' associations,
that they may arrange for direct shipments
of apples and other fruit. Two of the
firms mentioned are those of Veitch, Moyer
and Er-skine, of Edinburgh, and Watson &
Co., of Aberdeen, Scotland.

Firms like these claim that when they buy
their fruit by auction they are unable often
to select the kind of fruit they want or fruit
that is packed in the way they would like
They believe that if they can arrange with
large Canadian shippers they will be able to
obtain the fruit they would like. Some of
these firms intend to send buyers to Canada.

Insects on Larch and Honeysuckle

TENNYSON D. JARVIS, B.S.A., O.A.C., GUELPH.

My larch trees are being attacked by some
greenish caterpillar. These caterpillars are
very numerous and in clusters. Many of the
needles have a white downy substance on them.
Some small insects, some of which have wings
and some without wings, appear in wihlte clus-
ters on my bush honeysuckle. Wihat are the
insects which cause .the trouble and the best
methods of combatting them ?— CD. M., Peel
County.

The larvae that is attacking the larch trees
is the Larch Saw Fly (Nematus erichsonii).
I would advise spraying the trees with Paris
green solution (Paris green four ounces and
water 40 gallons). The white sticky sub-
stance to which you refer is likely the Larch
Chermes, a very small insect common on
the larch. This insect has a sucking
mouth, and should be sprayed with kerosene
emulsion. The clusters of insects on your
honeysuckles are plant lice. These insects
have sucking mouths and should also be
sprayed with kerosene emulsion.

Spraying is an absolute necessity in order
to attain success, and is very remunerative
in return for the outlay required tO' make a
thorough job of it. The question is how to
get it done with the help at hand and keep
up with other work. Power sprayers have
appeared on the scene to solve this problem.
— (W. H. Brand, Vinemount, Ont.

MARKETING SMALL FRUIT

JT is a season such as we have this year
which tests the grower of small fruits.
Many growers find little trouble in so car-
ing for their bushes and cultivating their
land that a fair crop results each year if the
weather conditions are not too unfavorable.
As a rule it is not difficult to find a ready
market if the crop is not very heavy. But
when a bumper crop comes the business
ability of the grower is put to the test and
that grower who is the shrewdest and pays
the most attention to supply and demand on
the different markets usually obtains great-
est returns for his labors.

An attempt has been made by The Horti-
culturist to find out how some of the lead-
ing growers in the Niagara district sell
their crops and from what markets the
greatest profits are obtained.

" This year," said Mr. J. A. Pettit, of
Grimsby, " there was good money in the
home market for strawberries. I always
sell my fruit to local buyers unless it is evi-
dent they are not paying enough. I also
ship some. The Ottawa market suits me
best, because it is handy to ship by Domin-
ion express from here. I seldom sell to
the canners and never make a contract with
them. This year the canners have paid
$1.32 per crate, but when they contract for
many crates from certain growers they
do not always get the best berries as the
growers can make more money out of the
best on the local market or perhaps by ship-
ping them."

CANNERS PAY BEST.

" Selling berries to the canners," said Mr.
J. W. S. Nelles, of Grimsby, " pays best all
through. ]\Iany growers claim otherwise.

but ' a bird in the hand is worth two in
the bush.' In many cases if they ship to a
distant market they are not sure what price
they may get. Many buyers here have
bought whole patches to ship. It will not
be long until the buying will all be done at
the growing point."

" For the Marlboro raspberry," said Mr.
W. H. Spera, of Bartonville, " I find best
money in selling on the Hamilton market.
It comes in early and demands a high price.
Sometimes I ship to Ottawa or Montreal if
I find localities better located for supplying
those cities have not a sufficient crop. As
a rule, however, the home market pays best.
There is more work, however, about sup-
plying the home market, as when the berries
are shipped all that is necessary is safe de-
livery to the train. The Cuthbert is firmer
and a better canner and greater returns are
obtained by selling it to the canners, as this
variety comes in after the earlier varieties
have lowered the price on the open markets.

MONEY IN CURRANTS.

" My land," continued Mr. Spera, " is
specially suited to growing currants. I
usually sell the red currants in Hamilton at
about $1.75 per crate, but if the demand is
not good there I look for other markets. I
have shipped direct to Buffalo, and after
paying freight and a duty of one cent per
box, besides commission merchant's fees,
have cleared over $1.75 per crate. Black
currants generally bring 90 cents to $1 per
1 1 -quart basket. For me the canning fac-
tory in Hamilton pays best because I have
a big lot to sell. On the local markets a
higher price might be obtained, but only 10
to 12 baskets could be disposed of at a time."

A great deal of fertilizer can be profitably
used on strawberry plants if applied at pro-
per intervals, as follows : In the early spring
before planting, again late in the summer or
early fall around the plants, and again in
the winter or very early spring directly over
them.

What interests me most in The Horticul-
turist is the names of the different kinds of
fruit that do well in latitudes similar to
Owen Sound. These articles are a far bet-
ter guide in selecting fruit trees or plants
than the fruit agent with his picture book.
— (John Thomson, Owen Sound, Ont.

304

HARD TO GET PICKERS

GROWERS of small fruit generally
find considerable difficulty each year
in handling the crop. This is the case in
most sections this season. The trouble was
not very great with the strawberry crop,
which was light in many districts, but now
the respberries are in the trouble has begun.
Growers have to use different methods to
secure pickers, and many of these methods
are far from satisfactory.

While talking to .a representative of The
Canadian Horticulturist who visited his
place recently, Mr. W. Walker, of Grims-
by, said : " It is very difficult to get pick-
ers— in fact, we can't get good ones. Some
growers bring in Indians from Caledonia,
but perhaps they only stay at one place for
a day or so. They are unsettled and some-
times other growers coax them away. I
hope to get all my crop harvested without
experiencing any serious loss, as I have the
promise of about 40 pickers for odd days.

" The cost of harvesting a crop of berries
often comes pretty high. We have to sup-

ply shanties or cottages for them after pay-
ing their fares on the train or car. Of
course they board themselves. Some grow-
ers give a reliable woman 50 cents a day ex-
tra to oversee the job and secure pickers.
The usual price paid for picking ranges
from one cent to a cent and a half per box,
depending on the variety."

" We simply have to do the best we can
in getting pickers," said Mr. J. M. Metcalf,
of Grimsby. " We can get a few from
surrounding villages. A good plan is to
go back on the mountain and bring down a
load of farmers to help out. We pay one
and a half cents per box for picking black
and red raspberries and one cent for thim-
ble berries."

" It is going to be a serious problem,"
said Mr. E. D. Smith, of Winona, " to get
pickers this season. It is now some years
since we had a heavy crop of raspberries.
I suppose the best plan will be to make con-
tracts for the berry season with a number
of Indians from the reserve."

STRAWBERRIES FOR THE WEST

ONTARIO strawberry growers, it is
the conviction of Mr. Alex. McNeill,
chief of the Dominion fruit division, who
has recently returned from a trip to the
Pacific coast, will have to use more care in
the growing and shipment of their fruit if
they ever expect to build up a profitable
trade with Winnipeg and western points.
" When I was in Winnipeg in July," said
Mr. McNeill to The Horticulturist, " straw-
berries from points in British Columbia
were meeting with a ready sale. I asked
one of the commission dealers how it was
he did not sell Ontario fruit, and found he
was a man with a grievance as far as On-
tario fruit was concerned.

" This merchant informed me that he had
ordered a car of Ontario berries to be de-
livered on Thursday, July 29. He showed

me a telegram he had received stating that
the fruit would not be delivered to him un-
til Friday, and another telegram stating it
would not reach him until Saturday, and
finally a third telegram stating that the On-
tario shipper would not be able to let him
have the fruit at all. This promise to ship
the fruit and the breaking of it had caused
the merchant great loss, as he had relied
upon receiving this car of fruit to fill his
local demand and had been putting off his
customers in expectation of the arrival of
the fruit.

" I presume that the trouble with the On-
tario shipper," continued Mr. McNeill,
" was that he was unable to make proper ar-
rangements for securing the fruit. The
trouble in Ontario is that very little fruit is
grown for export, as all that is shipped to

305

3o6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURISi ,

the west is what Httle surpkis is left over
after the Ontario and Montreal demand is
supplied. In Nelson, B. C, one grower is
able to supply the local demand, with the re-
sult that all the other growers in that sec-
tion bend their energies to filling the de-
mand for the Winnipeg market and other
cities in Manitoba and thfe Territories.

" Ontario growers might be growing
three times as many berries as they do, but
as long as they oscillate between the local
and distant markets, without bending their
energies to developing a profitable trade ex-
clusively with one or the other it will be im-
possible for them to work up a first-class
trade with the west. If they are going to
work \\\y such a trade it means that they
must keep their business engagements, even

if it sometimes means a loss to them to do
so, as otherwise the buyers in the west will
not have confidence in them and will be
slow to give them orders.

" Ontario growers will have, also, to raise
the varieties that will prove the best sellers,
and pick and pack these berries especially
for shipment. Only by definite work of
this kind will they be able to compete with
the British Columbia growers. One fail-
ure to fill an order has a worse efifect with
a buyer than even a shipment of poor fruit,
as a small amount of poor fruit can be sold,
if necessary, at a lower price, while if no
berries are shipped at all the buyer is left
in a bad position. When I was in Winni-
peg British Columbia fruit growers were
receiving $2 net per case for their berries."

LONDON PARKS

F(^R a city of 40,000 inhabitants Lon-
don is fairly well supplied with
parks. The greatest need in the future
will be small play grounds for the children.
There is a movement on foot, inaugurated
by Ex-Mayor Beck, to acquire small areas

in dififerent parts of the city to be laid out as
playgrounds for children, so that we hope
to have this need filled also.

VICTORIA PARK.

Within three blocks of the center of the
city Victoria park is located. It has an

Flower Bed in Victoria Park, London, Ont.

J

CITY BEA UTY SPOTS.

307

abundance of trees, in fact almost too many.
Its area is about 16 acres. Being easy of
access, it is a favorite resort in the evenings
and on Sunday afternoons and evenings.
Very slight improvements had been made
for many years till the season of 1904. In
October, 1903, the city appointed J. S.
Pearce parks superintendent, giving him
full control and supervision of all the city
parks, together with the trees on the streets
and boulevards throughout the whole city.
He was also given full authority to prune,
cut down, or trim out any trees that were
unsightly or out of place. Under his di-
rection a vast improvement has been made.
Some 1,600 trees were marked by him a
year ago last winter. Nearly all these have
since been cut down. The work was done
by people out of employment and cost the
city but little.

The new superintendent laid plans for a
number of alterations in this park.
The band stand was moved to a more suit-
able place. A larger flower bed was made
near the center of the park. Some trees
were cut out. Much of the old shrubbery
was cleaned up or cut out and many of the

flower beds were rearranged. These
changes have so improved the appearance
of the park as to cause the most favorable
comment. The next step was to plant a lot
of new shrubs, trees and perennials. The
general appearance of the park can be
judged from the cuts reproduced from
photos taken during the cummer of 1904.
queen's park.
This park has been cleaned up and put in
good order. Beds of flowers and shrubs
have been planted. Further improvements
have been made this year. A number of
small plots have been cleaned up and trees
and flowers have been planted.

SPRINGBANK PARK.

This park is situated four miles down the
river at the city waterworks, and contains
some 300 acres. It is beautifully situated,
with hill and valley, stream and forest. It
is a favorite resort in the afternoons and
evenings during the summer months. It is
under the control and management of the
Water Commissioners, who are gradually
improving it. The street railway have a
double track into the grounds. Nature
has done so much toward making this a

Greenhouse and Surroundings, Victoria Park, London, Ont.

3o8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

park that man has only to clear the way,
make roads and plant flowers.

The numher of flowers and shrubs that
can be used for park purposes is almost un-
limited. Much depends on tlie locality, the
size of the park, and other conditions. This
should be left to the taste and judgment of
the superintendent. For solid, bold ef-

fect nothing equals geraniums and can-
nas. A great deal depends on the loca-
tion of the beds, their size, the arrangement
of colors of bloom, foliage, etc. The suc-
cess and appearance of beds, shrubbery,
etc., depends altogether on the good taste
and judgment of the superintendent or city
gardener.

TROPICAL PLANTS WITHOUT A GREENHOUSE

HORTICULTURAL enthusiasts in dif-
ferent lines take great pride in pro-
ducing something extraordinary. The or-
chardist frequently prides himself in hav-
ing one tree bear many different kinds ,'f
fruit. The market gardener, by use of hot
beds or greenhouses, thinks he has done
well if he catches the early market and
big prices with his cucumbers or tomatoes.
Florists with their huge greenhouses filled
with the latest heating appliances, rejoice
if they mature some of the tropical fruits.
But for genuine enthusiasm in plant grow-
ing the work of Mr. Walter T. Ross, secre-
tary of the Picton Horticultural Society,
shows something positively beyond the
hopes of an ordinary horticulturist.

Without the aid of any extra heat except
what he has in his house and cellar, Mr.
Ross has grown with success numerous
tropical plants. It would take too much
space to enumerate them all. A repre-
sentative of The Canadian Horticulturist,
who called on Mr. Ross recently, saw a
typewritten list of plants, which filled three
or four pages.

" The last two or three seasons," said
Mr. Ross to The Horticulturist, "have been
poor ones for work with tropical plants. It
needs a very warm summer to ensure suc-
cess. It is no more difficult to grow tropi-
cal plants than any other kind. The only
extra care that is required is to protect them
from frost. Conditions as near as possi-
ble to their natural conditions in the south

must be maintained. The greatest trouble
I have is with the fruit falling off when it is
quite small. Too much moisture or too
much drought causes that.

" Those are my fig trees," said Mr, Ross,
as he pointed to four fine healthy specimens
in a row in his garden. " I always kept
them in my cellar in tubs until last winter,
but I thought I would try covering them
outside. They were buried three or four
feet deep and then brush was piled on top
to hold the snow. When I took them out
early in May they were quite healthy. The
experiment was a success. I have four
varieties which produce fruit of different
sizes. There is no apparent flower but
one fig comes in the axil of a leaf. I have
promise of a fair fig crop this season," re-
marked Mr. Ross, as he pointed to numer-
ous miniature fruits just forming.

" I handle the pomegranate in the same
uay," continued Mr. Ross. "The wood is
soft like basswood and can be bent down
readily when covering for winter protection.

" Sweet potatoes are also grown, as you
will see by these vines. The young plants
are secured from the south and set out in
my garden when about five inches high.
The potatoes are larger and whiter than the
ones we buy in the stores and the flesh is
firm and very white.

" Peanuts are easily grown. I plant the
nuts in sandy soil. As the plants grow
yellow blossoms appear low down on the
stem. I pull the earth up around them

SOUTHERN FRUITS A AD FLO I VERS.

309

gradually covering the blossoms and thus
developing the peanuts underground. They
need a warm sheltered place."

A Fig Tree Grown in Canada

One of the fig trees, seven or eight years old, grown by Mr.
Walter T. Ross, of Picton Ont., is here shown. There are
about five dozen figs on the tree. The variety is the Celestial
or Sugar Fig.

Besides these Mr. Ross matures lemons
and oranges and has some large specimens
in preservatives which are better than most

of the specimens of those fruits which ap-
pear in the shop windows of our towns and
cities. A fine coffee plant stands in his
office window and is as nice an ornamental
plant as could be desired. Several curiosi-
ties in the form of carnivorous plants,
known as Venus Fly Trap, which catch flies,
are also very interesting. ThePapaw Tree,
which has the property of rendering flesh
tender, is also grown with success.

Among the many specimens not yet men-
tioned are pineapple, persimmon, ginger,
cinnamon, vanilla plant and tapioca.

? I have never had a greenhouse," con-
cluded Mr. Ross, " but there is an old say-
ing that ' Nothing succeeds like success,'
and perhaps my success on the start was the
cause of my attempting so much. I always
study the plant and find what conditions suit
best. If I had a greenhouse I believe I
could mature almost any of the tropical
fruits."

When such success has been attained
without glass structures what should we ex-
pect from some of our up-to-date amateurs
and florists with their huge houses and per-
fect systems of regulating heat and mois-
ture. Even the most sceptical would be-
come an enthusiastic lover of plants after
spending a half hour with Mr. Ross.

AN AMATEUR'S EXPERIENCE WITH TREE PEONIES

THE Tree Peony (Peonia moutan) is
found wild in China and Japan and
attains in its native haunts a height of 40
feet. The appearance of a tree of this size,
covered in the early spring with thousands
of enormous single flowers of a faint rose
lilac color, is surpassed in beauty only by
the great magnolia of the Southern States.
So remarkable a flowering tree must have
attracted the attention of Chinese and
Japanese gardeners. In the Flowery King-

dom the Tree Peony is called the King of
Flowers. It is said to have been cultivated
there for more than 15 centuries, and plants
of choice varieties sold for more than their
weight in gold. The first Jesuit mission-
aries who visited China sent plants to
Europe, which attracted immediate atten-
tion and attained great vogue. Those who
planned the stately gardens of France,
which are now the delight and despair of
new world visitors, contended for the dis-

*A paper read at the July meeting of the Ottawa Horticultural Society by Hon. R. R. Latchford, of Ottawa, who has been very suc-
cessful in the growing of these beautiful and rare flowers.

3IO

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

tinction of possessing a specimen of the
tree peony, and plants were sold at loo louis
each. It does not appear to have reached
England until the close of the eighteenth
century, when it was imported from Canton
by Sir Joseph Banks.

The continental gardeners greatly im-
proved the type, and the Chinese varieties
and some of the forms produced by Sene-
clause, Mouchelet and others are not sur-
passed by the most superb productions of
modern nurseries. The opening up of
commercial relations between the western
world and Japan about 50 years ago, gave
a new impetus to the cultivation of the
flower. The Japanese gardeners had been
quick to take advantage of the tendencies
to variation which this flower manifests in
cultivation, and had produced hundreds of
forms, the best of which they ingeniously
propagated. Those brought to England
and the continent in the forms most favored
were the single and semi-double varieties.
They were brought to Europe in great num-
bers and when crossed with the older im-
portations from China produced seedlings,
the best of which have been selected by
careful growers and are now available at
reasonable prices.

In England a special impetus has been
given to the cultivation of the flower by
Messrs. Kelway & Sons. By intelligently
directed crossing and selection they have
produced varieties equalling. if not
surpassing, the finest productions of
continental growers. They catalogue up-
wards of 300 varieties, and while among
these many eastern forms doubtless mas-
querade under new names, and others ap-
pear that are not any great improvement
upon the older varieties, yet it must be con-
ceded that many of Kelway's productions
are veritable novelties of the highest merit.

The nurseries at Rochester, New York,
many years ago distributed tree peonies of
French origin. A plant there obtained

Tree Peony, Yukiarashi (Snow Storm)

From the Tokio Nursery o. Enormous blooms nearly a foot
in diameter. The most delicate silvery-white petals, tossing
in lovely confusion ; anthers bright gold. A flower of exquisite
beauty and purity.

was long a striking and beautiful object on
the lawn of the late H. L. Loucks, in Wel-
lington street, Ottawa, immediately adjoin-
ing the V'anCourtland property. Its size
and period of flowering — weeks in advance
of the ordinary peony — attracted my atten-
tion, and annually when the plant was
blooming I visited the garden to admire it.
^Ir. Loucks told me that he had no diffi-
culty in bringing it through the winter. He
simply inverted over it an empty barrel or
packing case. When moving to a new
house W'here he could no longer enjoy the
delight of growing a few flowers he gave
me the pride of his garden. I cut it back
and divided it. One of the plants, now up-
wards of four feet in height and of equal
diameter bore during ^lay more than 150
enormous blooms. Roots purchased in
Japan six years ago at trifling cost have
bloomed profusely during the last two
years, producing flowers of varied colors

TREE PEONIES AND THEIR CULTURE,

3"

li^i^ftF^^^W

^

k ^^^^r _^P ^ '^ 'tr^^

Tree Peony, Kimomanotzuki — Moon=l'eeping=
Out-oMhe=Clouds.

Typical of the single Japanese varieties. Rich glowing purple
petals ; bright yellow antlers.

from the most delicate satiny white through
shades of pink, rose and crimson to the
deepest purple.

The Japanese names are most fanciful
and poetic. When preserved, as they
should be. they add much to the charm of
the flower. The finest white I have, a
semi-double, rejoices in a name which
translated is said to mean " Snow-storm."
One bloom of this plant was by actual
measurement 1134 inches in diameter. Its
size and the indescribable sheen and beauty
of its petals contrasting admirably with the
golden stamens combined to render it the
finest flower without exception that I ever
saw. A deep purple single flower variety
is , called " Moon Peeping Out of the
Clouds." Other examples of Japanese
names are : " White Lion in a Fury,"
" The Seven Gods of Happiness," " Snow
Clad Fuji."

Any soil suits the tree peony, but of
course it responds to generous treatment.
The roots are very long and the plant is a

gross feeder. The soil should, therefore,
be deep and rich, and kept enriched by top
dressings dug into the soil from time to
time. It loves water, and copious drench-
ings before and during the flowering sea-
son will be amply repaid by increased size
and substance in the flowers.

The only pruning necessary is to cut off
the dead blooms and give shape to varieties
inclined to be straggling. With ample
room, however, the tree peony is naturally
a symmetrical plant and requires but slight
trimming. As the flowers are formed
from the buds produced in the preceding
year, the little pruning necessary should be
done as soon as the blossoms fall. To
prune in early spring will prevent any bloom
during that season, and to prune late means
simply the removal of the flowering buds.
Propagation is usually effected by grafting
in the spring on the roots of the herbaceous
peony. They may also be propagated by
division, though this is not advisable, as the
plants dislike being disturbed, and by layer-
ing, which is comparatively easy. Regard
must be had in putting down layers to the
brittle nature of the wood, and great care
is consequently necessary in bending down
the shoot intended to produce a new plant.
The season of blooming is coincident with
the old-fashioned peony, P. officinalisis, and
precedes by nearly two weeks the not less
gorgeous P. sinensis, which are the pride
of our gardens in early June.

The tree peony may be as easily grown in
Canada and Eastern Ontario as the herba-
ceous varieties. It is equally hardy if
given close and dry protection. It may be
had cheaply, and in almost infinite variety.
It is magnificent in foliage and flower, yet
it is unknown except in a few gardens. In
the hope that it may be more widely grown
and add to the delights that flower lovers
alone know. I have ventured to bring it
specially to the notice of the Ottawa Horti-
cultural Society.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN AUGUST

GKO. HOl.LIS, HKACONDALE, ONT.

THE month of August is a busy one for
chrysanthemum growers, especially
for those who raise the early varieties, such
as Fitzwigram, Bergman, Monravia, Kalb
and Opah. The buds of these early sorts
can be taken after August 12. These early
buds are crown buds, and it is a good plan,
when putting the growths out, to leave one
shoot beside the bud for a day or two to
draw the sap up and make the bud plump.
Should the bud not swell you will then have
another chance.

Wires running the length of the bench, in
a line with each row of plants, and a string
from top to bottom for each plant, the
string being given a twist around the

growths, make a good support for single
stemmed plants.

Keep the benches free from weeds and
the plants well syringed with tobacco water
for insect pests. If fumigation is prac-
ticed do not overdo it, as the leaves burn
very easily. Give manure water once a
week, as recommended last month, but a
little stronger for the early varieties. Pot
plants outside should be well watched for
the chrysanthemum fly, which makes its
appearance this month. If the plants are
stung by the fly you will have only one sided
flowers. Cover the plants with cheese
cloth, or take them inside. Tobacco smoke
keeps them away.

A TORONTO ROSE GROWER'S METHODS

AN unusual method of growing roses
in the greenhouse is followed by Mr.
A. J. Frost, of Preston avenue, Toronto,
who, instead of renewing his stock every
two or three years, as most growers do, has
not renewed his stock for over 10 years.

"It is so long since I started any young
roses in my greenhouse," said Mr. Frost to
a representative of The Canadian Horticul-
turist, " that I scarcely know how frequent-
ly I change my stock. What I have now
have not been changed since 1893. They
were planted in 1892 and then replanted to
where they now stand in July, 1893. The
bloom was excellent that season, and dur-
ing exhibition weeks I cut 400 to 500 per
day. They have been just as good ever
since, and I intend to leave them as they are
just as long as they yield me as great re-
turns as they have done each year.

" I have bloom to cut the whole year
round," continued Mr. Frost. " When the
other growers are setting out new stock I
cut 50 to 100 off two benches each no feet
long. The profit from the same bench
space in 12 months is almost double that ob-

tained from methods of rose culture com-
monly employed. I cut 25 to 30 per cent.
more bloom and have it at all seasons. Of
course, naturally, they do not bloom so
freely during the winter months.

The chief trouble in growing roses is the
regulation of soil and air temperatures.
With the solid bed the soil temperature very
frequently goes much higher than the tem-
perature of the atmosphere. This causes
rapid growth of the roots, but the stem
growth is checked. I now aim to have the
temperature of the soil practically the same
as that of the air in the house. A tempera-
ture of 58 to 60 degrees in winter gives the
best results. To have the air temperature
slightly higher is not objectionable. In-
stead of that, however, many growers have
the soil temperature much higher. Low
temperature gives high quality of bloom but
short stems and low quantity.

" Before I started into business for my-
self I decided that florists did not use the
most economical methods in growing roses.
I thought that since out-door roses did not
need to be renewed each season, those

A GROWING INDUSTRY.

313

Greenhouse in Which Mr. Frost Grows Some of His Roses

grown in the greenhouse should do well ed in caring
when treated in the same way. I have
tested this method for 13 years and shall
not go back to the old way."

" What do you do with the old wood ?"
was asked. " Every third year," replied

Mr. Frost, " I go through
and cut out all but the strong
young shoots. This leaves
a healthy bed of young
plants which keep on bloom-
ing. I usually do the prun-
ing in July, but last year I
pruned one bench in Janu-
ary when the crop was off,
and it did as well as others
pruned in the summer.

" The work connected
with rose growing in this
ivay is very light. Each
year in July I add about one
inch of cow manure and a
moderate dressing of bone
meal. Then there is the
usual work which is need-
for benches. My experi-
ence," concluded Mr. Frost, " has taught
me that it is wise to leave a crop as long as
it is paying well. These roses will stay as
they are until I see they have ceased to
bring handsome returns."

CANNING SITUATION IN PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY

IN Prince Edward County, Ontario, a
great number of the tillers of the soil
depend on truck farming for a livelihood.
Perhaps more canned goods are put up in
this county than in any other county in the
province. Prince Edward growers supply
the raw material for nine factories, all lo-
cated within the borders of that county.
They also furnish the greater portion of
what is canned in two factories just outside
the limits of the county. The fact that
four new factories have been built within
the last two years gives some idea of the
increasing importance of the canning in-
dustry to the growers.

" In Prince Edward county," said Mr.
Wellington Boulter, of Boulter & Sons, Pic-
ton, to The Horticulturist, "the total value

of goods canned each year amounts to
somewhere in the neighborhood of $1,000,-
000, Of course it depends on what Nature
gives the grower."

" There has been a marked increase in
the number of acres devoted to truck gar-
dening this season," said Mr. Earl Spencer,
of Picton. " This increase is to supply the
new factories which are going up. The
acreage of canned stuff has doubled in the
last few years."

" The old factories are holding their own
growers," said Mr. J. E. Terrill, of Picton,
" and the four new factories which have
started within two years back are being
supplied by new growers."

" It is hard to estimate the total number
of farmers who supply the raw material for

314

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

these factories," said Mr. A. H. Baker,
manager of The Old Homestead Canning
Co., of Picton. " We have made contracts
with ii8 pea growers alone. Each of the
nine factories would easily average over loo
growers. The number of acres grown is
increasing rapidly each year. The produc-
ers are more numerous and the old growers
are supplying more than they did."

With such a large percentage of the rural
population engaged in this work it is not
surprising that the situation between grow-
ers and the canners combine, as elsewhere
in Ontario, should be somewhat acute. In-
formation gathered by a representative of
The Canadian Horticulturist who visited
that county recently shows clearly the con-
ditions existing. The majority of the fac-
tories are in the Canners' Combine, which
syndicate has huge factories in different
parts of Ontario. Some of the factories
are independent concerns, who have been
having an up-hill fight against the combine.
The agitation for 30 cents per bushel for
tomatoes and the refusal of the combine to
pay that price augmented the already
strained conditions.

" In districts where the combine has op-
position," said Mr. Baker, " they raise the
price so as to out-do the independent fac-
tories, but in sections where there is no in-
dependent factory they pull the price down
to make up for the extra price paid in the
other sections. Where the independent
factories pay five cents per box for berries
the combine go around and offer six cents,
while in another section, without opposi-
tion, they refuse to pay more than three and
three-quarter cents. In this way they try
to whip the independent factories into their
camp. Last year there was a surplus of
peas and the combine lowered the price un-
til it scarcely paid for production. While
we may lose a little they lose a whole lot.
They will have to repeat these practices
many times, however, before they will be

able to put the independent factories out of
business."

FACTORY OF THEIR OWN.

In the Bloomfield district the refusal of
the combine to pay 30 cents per bushel for
tomatoes caused a number of the leading
growers to take decided action.

" During the past five years." said Mr. J.
W. Hyatt, of West Lake, " the canners'
combine have practically controlled the can-
ning industry. They control the produc-
tion of raw material and the manufactured
product. Of late they have been controll-
ing the price as well.

" Farmers should be only farmers. They
should not be millers nor canners. But the
cost of labor has increased 25 to 50 per cent,
and growers should receive more for the
raw material than they have been getting.
The canners refuse to give more. What
will be done if we surrender? Next year
they may lower the price. The longer we
wait the worse off we will be.

'* After considering this important ques-
tion carefully," continued Mr. Hyatt, " the
growers around Bloomfield decided that
their interests would be served best by
forming a cooperative company. As a re-
sult The Farmers' Canning Company, Lim-
ited, of Bloomfield, has been organized. A
number one factory with first-class equip-
ment and a capacity of 20,000 cans per day
is being built. This year we will can our
own tomatoes and corn.

" Tomatoes grown in Prince Edward
county are unequalled for quality and fla-
vor. W'e were dissatisfied because many
tomatoes of poorer quality and flavor grown
in other sections of the province were be-
ing branded with the Prince Edward county
brand. The same is true of peas. Prince
Edward peas are unexcelled. The syndi-
cates in many instances put up inferior
goods which hurt Canada in regard to the
canned goods trade. Many growers saw
that truck farming was about to be ruined.

FORCING VEGETABLES.

315

This was another reason for our determina-
tion to have a factory of our own.

" It has been reported that the syndicates
will sell below cost and so put us out of
business. But The Farmers' Canning
Company is composed of ^bout 40 share-
holders who are growing the raw material,
and we can hold back our goods for five
years, if necessary, until a paying price can
be obtained. We are going to put up only
the best and work back to the old standard,"
concluded Mr. Hyatt.

" The farmers were late in starting the
agitation for 30 cents per bushel for toma-
toes this season," said Mr. Spencer. "Next
year they will be able to get the 30 cents all
right, but they will have to supply a better
quality of goods. Canners now contract
for the crop at 250 bushels per acre if they
want them. In case thev don't want them

the farmer is left to do whatever he likes
wath the crop. When the crop is light
everything is all right."

" We can not afiford to pay more than 25
cents per bushel," said Mr. Baker, " unless
all the factories do the same. But there is
no crop on the farm pays so well as a crop
of tomatoes at 25 cents. An average crop
is 250 bushels per acre, and very frequently
they run two or three times that much.
Last year one man had 800 bushels and that
was in an unfavorable season.

" The natural feeling among the growers
is that a higher price should be obtained,
but an average season gives them returns
far above mixed farming or dairying. If
the price is raised for the raw material the
next move will be a higher price to the
consumer and smaller sales as a conse-
quence."

GROWING EARLY VEGETABLES IN ESSEX COUNTY

THE forcing of vegetables for the early
markets and their growth for can-
ning purposes is rapidly becoming a very
important industry in Essex county, On-
tario, especially in the Leamington district.
Thousands of dollars are being invested in
greenhouses and in the other equipment re-
quired. Most of the people growing vege-
tables were extensive fruit growers until
the last few years. The severe winter of
1903-4 which destroyed many orchards in
this section forced many of the growers to
turn to vegetable growing. In this they
have been so successful the acreage has
been steadily increased, although some of
the growers are again turning their atten-
tion to fruit growing.

A grower who has invested a large
amount of money in the growing of vege-
tables is Mr. J. D. Eraser, of Leamington,
with whom The Horticulturist recently had
an interesting interview.

" Owing to the freeze out in my peach

orchard twice within four years," said Mr.
Eraser, " I have been compelled to enter
rather more largely than I should otherwise
have done into the growing of tomatoes,
musk melons, cucumbers, and other vege-
tables. I still hope, however, to make a
success of peach growing, as I firmly be-
lieve, apart from the above danger, that this
section is second to none fgr producing this
particular fruit. The tops of the trees do
not get frozen, only the roots. This has
been due to an insufficient covering of
snow, as is shown by the fact that after the
damage had been done by the frost the trees
came out in leaf and bloom and then wilted
away.

" Eor many years previous to the winter
of 1 899- 1 900 peaches were grown here very
successfully with clean cultivation. After
the loss caused by the cold weather of that
winter we practised clean cultivation to-
gether with a cover crop sown in July or
early August, but could not get anything

3i6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

to form a sufficient protection to take the
place of the snow.

" In the winter of 1903-1904 many of the
orchards that had been replanted were again
frozen. In sections of the United States
where they have had the same difficulty to
contend with, they are using a coarse mulch
applied directly to each tree. We are now
planting our new orchards 16 by 24 feet
apart, and with this plan hope to work a
strip in the centre of 10 or 12 feet in width,
keeping a sufficiently heavy mulch on the
balance to hold the moisture. This, in
connection with the heavy cover crop on
the cultivated strip, that nearly always
grows rankly at a distance from the trees,
ought to afford ample protection. I hope
in the future to work vegetables in with my
fruit growing rather more than I have
hitherto done, and vuider the foregoing con-
ditions expect to make fruit as profitable as
vegetables.

" We grow tomatoes chiefly, also cucum-
bers and musk melons. This year, aside
from growing the supply for our own

needs, our growers had over 250.000 tomato
I^lants under contract for canning factory
purposes. These were transplanted but
once. My own planting included 3,000
cucumber plants, 14,000 Earliana and 20,000
Stone and B. B. tomato plants, and 10,000
mellon plants. We ship to commission
men in the cities, many of whom we find
reliable, although on the start I had deal-
ings with some who were quite the reverse.
We also ship more or less to about 80 towns
in Ontario, including a few in Quebec,
Manitoba and Nova Scotia, where we deal
direct with the retailers at a quoted price.
The cities we ship to include Winnipeg and
the cities of Ontario and Quebec.

" The greatest competition from south-
ern growers is at the winding up of their
season, when they send their fruit into the
Dominion, under, as I am given to under-
stand, some arrangement with the railway
companies whereby no charge for freight
is made if the price realized does not make
it up. We fruit and vegetable growers of
Canada should follow the example of the

An Interior View in One of Mr. J. D. Fraser's Greenhouses, at Leamington, Ont.

This greenhouse is i6S feet long by 31 feet wide. In it a large number of tomato plants and other vegetables were started this
spring for the early markets.

VEGETABLE GROWERS TALK.

3'7

Manufacturers' Association and see that
our interests are protected along these hnes.
Owing to our geographical position our
neighbors to the south have the advantage,
as their early stuff always brings a price
sufficient to enable them to pay the present
manipulated low tariff, and by the time we
can compete in their markets the price is
such that we cannot afford to pay the duty,
consequently we are not working on an
equitable basis.

AN IMPROVED GREENHOUSE.

" With the old system of greenhouses, or-
dinarily in use, I found that the getting in
and out of the soil, which has to be changed
so often owing to the different crops being
moved out either to hardening houses or
the fields, took too much labor, as the
stuff had to be carried or wheeled in and
out through the ends. This led me to ex-
periment, with the result that I have so
changed my greenhouse that I can now
drive a team along the side and
shovel the soil right into the beds. When
removing the plants the same saving of
labor is effected. This kind of greenhouse
cuts the labor to about one fourth. The
side sashes create a current of air in con-

nection with the top ventilators and make it
possible to work inside on a hot day nearly
as comfortably as in the open. I also find
that the more thorough ventilation thus se-
cured produces far better plants than under
ordinary conditions.

" In the earlier stages we have tomatoes
and cucumber seedlings in the house to-
gether, and as they advance in growth
gradually work them out into the smaller
and cooler houses under cotton and glass.
The smaller houses are mostly covered with
glass that can be opened easily on suitable
days for hardening off the plants previous
to setting them out in the field. Glass be-
ing rather expensive we aim to keep the
benches in the house steadily in use. As
soon as the plants are large enough and are
removed from the large house we plant out
cucumber or other plants in the greenhouse
to produce a crop for the market.

" I had a visit recently from Mr. Robt.
H. King, engineer for the King Construc-
tion Co., of Toronto, who was much inter-
ested in my plant and buildings. Mr. King
was especially pleased with the ventilating
sash as used on the sides of the larger green-
house, which he considered is a new idea."

SPINACH BEFORE TOMATOES

t< T GENERxA.LLY run spinach on the

A ground intended for tomatoes,"
said Mr. Wm. Waller, of Bartonville, to
The Canadian Horticulturist recently.
" For an early spring crop I sow the seed
in the latter part of x^ugust or early in Sep-
tember. This gives a crop of spinach ready
for market by the last of April. In this
way I get two crops off the same ground in
one season.

" The spinach seed is sown in drills about
14 inches apart. By the time frost comes
the plants are about in the fourth leaf.
They should be protected during winter by
a covering of straw, old tomato vines or a

similar covering that is not too heavy but
still holds the snow well. It should be
planted on high dry soil, because wherever
water lies it would be winter killed. A
heavy sand loam suits best. When the
covering is removed in the spring it comes
on rapidly with the first warm weather.

" There is also a spring spinach," said
Mr. Waller, " which can be sown in the
spring as soon as the frost is out of the
ground. If kept well cultivated this crop
is ready by May 24. Most of this vege-
table grown here finds ready sale on our
local market, but sometimes it is profitable
to ship it to Montreal or some other city."

3'«

EDITORIAL.

Tqe (an^dian Horticdltdrist

Fublislied by The Horticultural Publishine
Company, Limited.

TKe Only Horticultural Magazine in
tKe Dominion.

Official Oref^n of British Columbia, Ontario, Que-
bec and Prince Kdwaril Island Fruit (irowers'
Associations and of the Ontario Vet;e-
taltle Groivers' Association.

H. Bronson Cowan, Editor and Business Manager.

J. Albert Hand, B.S.A., Associate Editor.

W. G. Rook, Advertising Manager.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published the first of
each month.

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6. AdvertisinK Rates quoted on application. Circulation
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8. All Communications should be addressed :

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,
507 and 508 Manning Chambers,

TORONTO, CANADA

LESSONS IN PACKING.

The Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, is to
be congratulated on having secured the servi-
ces of Mr. B. T. Boies, of the Coldstream Ranch,
Vernon, B. C, for the purpose of giving instruc-
tion in fruit packing in eastern Canada. Mr.
Boies was selected by the Coldstream Ranoh in
British Columbia as head packed, as he
had had several years experience in Cali-
fornia, Washington and Oregon. He is
therefore, properly fitted to give pointers in the
very latest and best methods in fruit packing
before even the best fruit growers in Ontario,
Nova Scotia and other provinces.

It is the intention of the Department to have
Mr. BoieS' visit various parts of the Maritime
Provinces, Quebec and Ontario, giving demon-
strations in the packing houses in the large
centres, and proibaibly overseeing what may be
termed classes for beginners in box packing in
the various fruit districts. The exact itineracy
has not yet been planned definitely, but will
probably be announced in our next issue. It is
to be hoped that this will lead to much more
extensive work another year.

In no department of fruit growing is the east-

ern grower at greater disadvantage than in the
matter of packing and grading. Yox want of
I)roper attention to these points eastern Canada
is losing a mo.st profitable trade in the north-
west, and is obliged to take an inferior price for
her best fruit in the foreign markets.

THE MARKET GARDENERS' CHANCE.

During August leading members of the On-
tario Vegetable Growers' Association will visit
the principal cities and towns of the province
in an effort to form branches of the association.
The leading market gardeners in the sections
visited should give these delegates a cordial re-
ception and should do all in their power to as-
sist in completing organization in their dis-
tricts. There will be many growers who will
hold iback and re-fuse their assistance for fear
the stranger is after their money. These men
will require patient handling.

The idea of a strong provincial association is
so new to market gardeners it may prove diffi-
cult at first to convince them of the need for
such an organization and of the benefit it will
be to them. One of the best methods of reach-
ing these men will be by explaining that in-
stead of wanting their money the desire of the
association is that they shall share in the grant
the Ontario government has made for this
work. No industry is in greater need of bet-
ter organization than that of the vegetable
growers. May success crown the efforts of
those who will this month endeavor to secure
this organization.

THE SAN JOSE SCALE.

The announcement by the provincial inspec-
tor, Mr. J. Fred. Smith, that the San Jose scale
continues to spread in Ontario and that new
districts are being infested calls for action of
some sort. A serious feature of the situation
is that now the panic the scale caused a few
years ago has subsided it is difficult to arouse
growers to the seriousness of the situation.

The proper enforcement of the laws already
in effect would do much to prevent the further
spread of this destructive pest. Growers who
refuse to destroy trees that have been ruined
beyond hope of redemption should be forced to-
do so. A few actions in court, such as those
tried at St. Catharines last year, would have a
beneficial effect. It is not likely that the scale
will ever Ibe completely driven out of Ontario,
but this should not prevent the taking of step;
which will help to make it impossible for the
carelessness of some growers to result in
serious injury to their neighbors.

The truth of the adage that big results from
little causes flow is borne out by the case of the
Oakville Basket Company, of Oakville, Ont.,
which last January signed for eighteen dollars'
worth of advertising space in The Horticultur-
ist. This month The Horticulturist has re-
ceived an application from Smart Bros, of Col-
lingwood, Ont., for one of the handsome prizes
we offer to readers who buy goods from our ad-

EDITORIAL.

vertisers, this firm having- purchased $442.82
worth of baskets from the Oakville Basket Com-
pany through seeing- their advertisement in The
Horticulturist. The Oakville Basket Company,
writing- about their advertisement, say: "We
have received several orders from having the
advertisement in your paper, and have two or
three customers who intend to submit their
names for some of your premiums, including
Smart Bros., of Collingwood, Ont., and Auguste
Dupuis, Village des Aulnais, Co. L'Islet, Que."
How is that for an example of a small adver-
tisement and large returns. A check for five
dollars has been sent to Smart Bros., and a prize
will also be given to Mr. Dupuis if he applies
for it.

We regret to have to warn our readers
against doing any business with the Indianapo-
lis Nursery Co., Indianapolis, Ind., which had a
full page advertisement in the April and May
issues of The Horticulturist. This advertise-
ment was accepted iby us in good faith and we,
therefore, regret to learn from some of our
readers that they have sent orders and money
to the company without receiving any response.
In some cases their communications have not
even been acknowledged. Another suspicious
circumstance in regard to the good standing of
this company is that it has not paid for its ad-
vertisement. The Horticulturist, however, ex-
pects to have a few bad accounts each year.
Its greatest regret is that its readers should
have suffered loss. We know all the advertis-
ers we are now dealing with to be thoroughly
reliable.

In spite of the fact that a large number of ex-
tra copies of the June Horticulturist were
printed our supply has become exhausted. The
relatives of the late R. W. Lloyd, of Deseronto,
whose portrait was pulblished in that issue,
would like some extra copies of that number.
Our readers who can spare their June numbers
will confer a favor either by mailing them to
this office or to Mr. D. McClew, the presiden':
of the Deseronto Horticultural society.

The members of the Canadian Horticultural
Association always manage to work a great
deal of fun and profit into their annual conven-
tions. Here's hoping that their annual conven-
tion in Montreal this month will be the most en-
joyable and profitable in their history. Pro-
fessional florists should not miss these meetings.

Items of Interest

The members of the Toronto and Hamilton
branches of the Ontario Vegetable Growers-
Association will hold a joint picnic at Burling-
ton Beach. August 16. Several hundred will
go from Toronto, and it is expected the attend-
ance from the Hamilton district will be about
equally as large. There will be a program
of sports and a fine time is assured for all.

A movement is under way whereby a number
of cars of mixed fruit, carefully picked and

packed, may be forwarded to Winnipeg during
this coming fruit season, with a view to testing
the various types of refrigerator and ventilated
cars, as to their respective advantages in carry-
ing fruit a considerable distance, and these cars
will be under careful supervision from first to
last and every condition and circumstance
noted that might be likely to affect the fruit in
any way. It is expected to commence ship-
ping the latter part of August and continue the
shipments from St. Catharines and points west
as far as Hamilton during the season as may be
found expedient.

Toronto's Sad Loss

The members Oi
Toronto Horticultu-
ral Society were
greatly shocked to
learn on the morning
of July i8ih of the
death of their well-
known ex-pr' sident,
.Mr. Edward Tyrrell,
of Toronto. Mr.
Tyrrell was appar-
ently in perfect health
and about an hour
before his death had
been in his lovely
garden with his flow-
ers, of which he was
a great lover and eut
of which he took
much pleasure and
pride. Mr. Tyrrell
was 68 years of age,
and was for three
years p esident of the
Toronto society, for
which he did much.
Many readers of T he
Horticulturist be-
came acquainted with
Mr. Tyrrell through
the series of interest-
ing articles wiitten
by him, entitled " Flower and Plant Lore," which appeared in this
magazine. Early in June The Horticulturist had a visit with Mr.
Tyrrell, who was very enthusiastic at that time regarding a larkspur
in his garden, which he had planted and which had attained a
height of considerably over 6 feet, with a flower spike over 12 inches
long. Mr. Tyrrell's presence will be greatly missed at the meetings
of the society. Among those present at the fur.eral was Hon.
G. W. Ross.

Fruit Crop Notes

A report from Mr. W. H. Dempsey, Trenton,
on July 25, states that the apples are dropping
badly. Also the leaves have been attacked by
a fungous disease which causes them to turn
yellow and fall. The fruit, however, is clean.

Mr. C. W. Neville, of Newburgh, says that the
quality of fruit in Addington county promises
to be good. Pears are a failure except the
variety, Louise Bonne, which is well loaded.

Prom Nantyr, Simcoe county, Mr. Stanley
Spillett reports that Pewaukee apples are fall-
ing off.

Rev. Father Burke, of Alberton, Prince Ed-
ward Island, reports that this is an off year for
apples. They are not more than half crop.
Pears are medium and plums light. Spraying
has been pretty general and insects and fungous
diseases not in evidence.

EDWARD TYRRELL.

TRADE NOTES FOR PROFESSIONAL FLORISTS

The Montreal Convention

The Canadian Hoiiicullural Association Con-
vention, at Montreal, Augiist 8, 9, 10 and 11,
promises to /be " vaster than has been," and it
g-oes without saying that it will be enjoyable.
Montreal is an ideal place for an " ornamental
horticulturist " to visit on account of the many
beautiful gardens, as well as the grand natural
scenery, the view from .the top of the mountain
being a sight that no Canadian should miss.

But in looking forward to the entertainment
part of the convention florists must not forget
that there is important business to be trans-
acted during the four sessions devoted to the in-
terests of the profession, and every one who has
these interests at heart should make a special
effort to attend. In these days " the butcher,
the baker, the candlestick maker," etc., etc., all
have " conventions and things " and reaip no
small benefit thereby ; surely our profession
should not lag in the rear of the grand proces-
sion. The country is prospering and making
money, M. P.'s and Senators have got a raise,
and there should be a little more going to the
florist, seedsman and gardener in consequence,
if they are not too backward in putting them-
selves forAvard. Then Ho ! for Montreal. For
programs and information apply to A. H. Ew-
ing, Woodstock, Ont.

and grows nothing but the best. Some of these
dayp the Canadian Horticultural Association
will have to pay a visit to Woodstock.— (A. H.
Ewing.

Woodstock's Gardens

Mr. H. G. Doyle, who lately sold his green-
house plant to Mr. J. Dickenson, has started to
put up two houses near his old stand. The
King Construction Co. are supplying the ma-
terial with all their latest improvements.

The gardens surrounding the residence of
John White, Esq., on Vansittart avenue, have
been much enlarged and improved and have
quite a metropolitan api>earance. Mr. Greig,
the gardener (a late arrival from Scotland, and
thoroughly experienced), deserves great credit
for the good work done in so short a time.

" Altadore," the former residence of the late
Hon. James Sutherland (now of H. A. Little,
Esq.), is looking its best. The large quantity
of trees and shrubs planted two years ago are
beginning to show up, and the late rains have
made the large expanses of lawn look their
greenest. This is really a beautiful old place,
and no visitor to this city should miss seeing it.
Four men are employed in the gardens most of
the summer. A horse-mower and two hand
mowers cut the lawns, etc., in a day and a half.
This spring and early summer the grass has all
ibeen cut twice a week, some of it three times.
There are, also, about two acres of kitchen gar-
den and an acre of orchard, besides shrubbery,
pasture, etc., 22 acres in all. There are many very
pretty and well kept smaller gardens in the
city, and as the horticultural society is in ac-
tive operation, the people are well supplied with
information, novelties, etc. Mr. James Hoare
goes in for roses and grows them nearly as fin^
as they do in the old country. Mr. R. Wood-
roofe goes in for gladiolus in large quantities

Montreal Notes and the Convention

The usual summer dullness in trade is on us
now in earnest, with the thermometer hanging
around 90 degrees every day and a great
amount of humidity in the atmosphere. It is
impossible for trade to be any other way; every-
body who possibly can is out of the city trying
to get a cool breeze and not thinking of buying
flowers. But whilst the store men are taking
a rest the growers are as busy as possible build-
ing, mending, etc.

Roses are growing fine, this weather just suit-
ing them. Chrysanthemums are all planted
and doing splendidly ; fewer varieties than
usual are being grown, but in larger quantities.
Carnations have done well in the field this year,
and housing will start in earnest next week. A
few asters are to be seen in the stores, but out-
door asters are late. Up to the present they
are not showing signs of the yellow, and the
Ibug is not as plentiful as usual.

But, if trade is quiet, the convention commit-
tee is very lively. They have everything well
under way, and a pleasant and instructive time
is assured for all the delegates. Reports from
the different cities promise a large attendance,
which is the only thing required to make the
convention the success anticipated. We would
like to impress on the delegates the advisability
of staying over the four days. The fourth day
will be given up entirely to visiting the private
places for which Montreal is renowned. The
owners have signified their willingness to allow
their places to be thrown open to the members.
The Montreal Gardeners' and Florists' Club will
pay all expenses for that day. The banquet
has been arranged and the tickets will be $1.00
each.

The railway rates are the same as last year,
viz.. fare and one-third if more than 50 dele-
gates attend. I would like to impress on all
attending the necessity of travelling by rail and
taking a certificate. It will be far more to
their advantage to spend the extra day in Mont-
real rather than spend the time on the boat, at
the same time helping their brother delegates
to get a reduced rate. (G. A. Robinson, Mont-
real, Que., July 24.

The Trade in London

Routine work is progressing favorably.
Chrysanthemums are all planted and the crown
buds on " opah " are swelling fast. Present
indications are that the flowers will be ready
for cutting by the first week in September.
Others of early kinds are growing fast, such
kinds as Bergmann. Geo. A. Kalb, The Pacific
Trilbe, Omega. Amorita (the very best early
pink), are climbing fast. Carnations in the
field are anxiously looking for a drink, but the

320

SOME LOVELY FLOWERS.

321

very favorable weather all through the early-
part of the season gave them such a splendid
start that a moderate drouth will do them lit-
tle harm. Sweet peas are remarkably dwarf
in this vicinity, but the flowers are good and
moderately plentiful. I hope later to be able
to give comparisons of some of the best varie-
ties. Asters are fairly plentiful. Queen of
the Market is about the only one for which we
have any demand. Perennial phlox is ap-
pearing in quantity all over the city. This
class of plants is getting very popular.

DISTRICT NOTES.

iMr. H. L. Jansen, of Berlin, has his place in
excellent condition ; probably the features are
two houses of tomatoes and two houses of
cucumbers in full bearing. Mr. Jansen reports
an excellent market for these products.
Chrysanthemums are looking fine, the early
ones especially being well advanced. Carna-
tions are grown partly in the field and partly
inside. Both lots of plants are looking well.
The Boston ferns in 5 and 6-inch pots are the
best seen for some time.

Mr. Wilson Her, the aipairy specialist, has a
most extensive and lively stock in this line. His
greenhouses are filled with a miscellaneous
stock in good condition.

Mr. G. L. Peltz, of Preston, is also looking
well and reports the late bedding trade as ex-
cellent. It is worthy of note that red and
crimson geraniums were invariably scarce in
•this district the past season.

Mr. John Wells, of Gait, has a collection of
Rex begonias that is most complete. A limited
number of Ibig specimens gi-own especially for
the local exhibition are magnificent.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL

iSOCIETY.

I had the pleasure of receiving a letter from
my old friend Mr. Geo. A. Robinson, president
of the Canadian Horticultural Association, on
convention matters. He tells me the meeting
will be a banner one, and I can quite believe
him. I also had a letter from another old
friend on Lake St. Louis. He says they are
contracting for a supply of ice to keep the boys
cool, and amongst other things that they have
a newly imported Scotch plant down there
called " The Epicure," that the committee is to
reiport on. "We shall all be glad to see it. I
also got the information that the Montreal
growers were going to try and lift the Toronto
chrysanthemum cup this year. Wonder what
they want to butt in for.

In reference to transportation, the London
delegation will go by boat from Toronto. I
have to go that way. My wife won't let me go
by train this time, and it's all Willie Hall's
fault. We shall leave Toronto on Saturday
and arrive at Montreal — later.

Of course our friend Tom Manton will be
along. Recollect the Montreal " bounce," Tom,
and take a spare pair of trousers along this
time. — (Fred. Bennett.

Some Perennials of Note

Charles "Webster, of the Webster Floral Com-
pany, Hamilton, says : " I consider Campa-
nula Persicaefolia Moerheimi the most meri-
torious perennial of recent introduction. In
comiparison with the variety Aliba Grandifiora
Plena it is a great improvement. The flower
stems are clothed with flowers from top to bot-
tom. Each flower is large and as well formed
as a camellia. It is the strongest growing
variety grown in this section.

"The little Thrift (.ictatica Armeria) is beau-
tiful at this time of year for borders, or, in fact,
in any position where the surrounding plants
are not too tall. Having noticed that some of
the plants raised from seed co^me a washy pink
color, I am no'W propagating by divisions from
bright colored plants only. Sedum Maxium
(Atra purpureum) reminds one in general
growth of the iSedum iSipectahile (Live-for
Eiver), ibut it is strouiger and larger growing
and the foliage is brilliantly colored, sometimes
crimson and sometimes dark maroon. It seems
to he hardy anywhere.

" The Gaillardia Grandiflora has in recent
years undergone development not unlike that
seen in the Cactus Dahlias. Some of the flow-
ers are oddly quilled, but none of the varieties
seem to take as well as the large, broad-petalled
flower, showing plenty of crimson coloring.
Two shrubs which are worthy of note are Acacia
Hispida, commonly known as the Rose Acacia.
It Ls perfectly hardy here and its large clusters
of pink sweetpea-like flowers make it one of the
very prettiest shrubs. A little pruning is
necessary to keep it in symmetrical shape, TDUt
it well deserves a lot of attention. Weigela
Eva Rathke is a beautiful red variety and fully
merits every word of praise which has been
given it. It is hardy, as dark in color as the
variety Lavali, but it is a clear crimson with
well opened flowers, which show the color well.
It is too bad that the heautiful Weigelas are
not hardy in northern Ontario and the west.
They are certainly among the very showiest
shrubs that can be planted."

Toronto Florists

" The season has just opened for asters and
gladioli," said Mr. H. G. Dillemuth to The Hor-
ticulturist. " They are coming in fine.
Weather conditions have Ibeen favorable and
these flowers should be good all season. Roses
are scarce, and what do come in are a small
grade of inferior flowers. Carnations are fairly
good but are being replaced by asters. Lilies
are plentiful. They are being grown more ex-
tensively than ever before in this section at this
season. Lilium speciosum, Lilium album and
Lilium roseum are all good sellers.

" There has been a great run on centaurea
this season. These beautiful flowers appear in
white, mauve and yellow shades and are very
saleable. Sweet peas are excellent and in good
demand. Local growlers are busy getting car-
nation plants in from the field. The young

22:

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

stock has made good growth and the plants are
in fine condition."

TRADE DULL.

" Trade has been somewhat dull," said Mr. J.
S. Simmons, the Yonge street florist. " Funeral
orders form the bulk of the trade now. Asters,
lilies and sweet peas are the main stock.
Gladioli are coming in. The specimens are ex-
cellent but not abundant. The centaurea is a
lovely flower and well liked by some, but there
is not a, heavy run on it as it does not last long.
It is a one-day flower, maintaining its fresh-
ness about the same length of time as the sum-
mer carnation."

NOTES.

D. J. Sinclair reports business better than is
usual at this season, owing to the demand for
funeral flowers and from the hospitals, etc.
Gladioli are coming in in quantity and the de-
mand is ibrisk. Asters are in fair supiply, most-
ly white. Carnations are off owing to many of
the growers having replanted. Roses are out
of season. What are coming in are very in-
ferior, with the exception of some very fine
Kaiserine. Peas in good supply.

D. J. Sinclair intends making an exhibit of
supplies at the Montreal convention.

E. Crowhurst, of Mimico. is sending in the
finest asters seen in Toronto.

Geo. Gard is cutting some very fine Lillium
Aratum.

Grobba & Wandry, of Mimico, are supplying
some excellent Album and Rubrum lillies.

Without exception the best sweet peas sup-
plied to the Toronto florists are those grown by
Miss F. F. Young, of Bradford, Ont., who, al-
though an amateur, has the cultivation of sweet
peas down to a science.

Campbell Bros., of Simcoe, are supplying a
choice lot of gladioli to the Toronto florists.
This firm has 15 acres from which to cut, and
judging from those coming in will have some
fine ones as the season advances.

A rather unusual sight was , seen recently
when Mr. Thos. Manton, swinging gaily in his
hammock among a carload of palms, dracenas,
orchids, crotons, auracarias, orange trees, etc.,
left Toronto for Winnipeg, to decorate the new
store of The T. Eaton Co. Mr. A. Jennings,
manager of the floral department in the Toronto
store, in speaking of the trip to The Horticul-
turist, said it was a record trip in many ways.
The car left Toronto July 5. arriving in Winni-
peg July 8. Mr. Manton accompanies the car.
On arriving at Winnipeg some of the boys evi-
dently thought the fruit on the orange trees
was brought for their special benefit, as they
helped themselves during Mr. Manton's absence.
Such a display was never before witnessed in
Winnipeg, and the palms, some of which were
20 feet in Tieight, caused a sensation.

HAMILTON'S FRUIT AND FLOWER SHOW

The Hamilton Fruit and Flower Show, adver-
tised in this i*sue. will be held in the Thistle
Rinks, Hamilton, September 12, 13 and 14. The
prize list is one which should assure the exhibit
of the best fruit and flower products from the
finest fruit and flower sections of Canada. The
Hamilton Horticultural society is straining
every effort to make the exhibition a success.
They are in no way competing with the Fruit,
Flower and Honey Show at Toronto, but be-
lieve that their dates are so arranged that they
will be able to have many of the early fruits on
exhibition which will not be in condition in No-
vember.

The fruit list is a very extensive one, embrac-
ing 50 sections of apples, and offering large
prizes for export fruit in boxes 10 x 11 x 20
inches, confined to the following varieties :
Alexander, Blenheim. Mcintosh, King, Weal-
thy, Baldwin, Spy, Ontario, Gravenstein, Louise.

In grapes there are 37 sections, including the
most profitable varieties.

In peaches prizes are offered for 22 sections,
giving special prizes to seedlings worthy of in-
troduction, thus encouraging the art of the
hybridist. The majority of peaches will be at
their best during this exhibition.

Fifty-three prizes are offered for pears, in-
cluding premiums for the best commercial and
dessert varieties.

The plums are a fruit which will be in splen-
did condition for this exhibition, and the direc-
tors have realized this fact by offering prizes
for 25 different varieties and special prizes for
collections of Japanese and English plums, also
for general collections of merit. The quince,
a fruit which is not used as extensively as it
should be, has not ibeen overlooked.

PRIZES FOR FLOWERS.

It would be a mistake to conclude that while
the society has done everything to encourage
the production of fruit that it has in any way
neglected flowers. Good prizes are offered cov-
ering 100 sections, emibracing foliage, flowering
and specimen plants, hardy herbaceous peren-
nials, annuals, and almost all cut P.owers which
will be in bloom about September 12.

The professional florists have been liberally
dealt with. While their prize list is not as
large yet good prizes have been offered, and the
Hamilton Horticultural society well knows
frona past experience that they have not only
have the support of local florists but from all
professionals who can possibly attend.

Mr. J. M. Dickson, of 22 Bruce street, Ham-
ilton, Canada, would be pleased to receive ap-
plications for prize lists and entry forms from
all interested. No entry fee will be chargjd.
Entries close September 4.

OUR SPECIAL FRUIT CROP REPORTS

Judging from reports received from corre-
spondents in the different parts of Ontario up
to July 26, the fruit crop will be almost an aver-
age one. Apples and pears had promising
bloom, lout wet weather and lack of sunlight at
the proper time prevented the fruit from set-
ting. In many sections the fruit set, but fell
off later on.

Cherries were a full crop in many districts,
but some growers lost a great portion of the
crop by rot which came with destructive force
in a day or two just when the fruit was ready
to be harvested. Sweet cherries suffered more
in this respect than did the sour varieties.
Strawberries varied from a half to full crop,
but the sample was good. Other small fruits
promise greater yield than last year.

An abundant crop of plums set, but many fell
off during the wet weather, and some sections
report rot setting in. Despite these facts, how-
ever, the crop will be much ahead of last year.

Peaches and grapes have excellent promise.
Some correspondents state that the yield will
be three times last year's, but on the whole 25
per cent, increase seems to fce the average esti-
mate. The decrease owing to the destruction
of trees during the severe winter of 1903-4 will
scarcely be made up by the higher yield where
trees escaped the frost. Grapes are ahead of
last season's supply, but already the destructive
rot is showing, and unless weather unfavorable
to its development sets in a considerable per-
centage of the crop will be destroyed in a num-
'ber of sections.

PROiSPBCTS IN LAKE ERIE SE'CTION.

The outlook for apples in the counties along
Lake Erie is not very bright. Most reports
state that the crop will be light and only 40 to
50 per cent, of last year's yield. Pears are also
v?ry light, and in many cases reported as a fail-
ure. Reports give plums medium to heavy
crop, or about double that of last season. Cher-
ries did not yield as well as was anticipated,
but peaches and grapes are much ahead of last
year. Strawberries have been scarce, but
other small fruits ha^-e excellent promise.
NIAGARA PENINSULA OUTLOOK.

Apples in the Niagara district have a poor
promise. One grower places the yield at 10
per cent, that of last year. The prospects,

however, are for 30 to 50 per cent. The defi-
ciency in apples is made up by a fine promise
of other fruits, even pears in some cases be-
ing a fair crop. Cherries were abundant,
but rot destroyed soime orchards. Plums pro-
mise 40 to 75 per cent, increase over last year's
yield. A report from Ridgeway says the plums
are falling off, while one from Glanford states
that rot is developing.

HEAVY CROP OF PEACHES.

Were it not for the fact that so many peach
trees were destroyed by frost, this season w^ould
give a bumper crop. Almost every orchard in
the Grimsby and St. Catharines districts pro-
mises an increase of 20 to 40 per cent, over last
year's yield. Several growers are shaking or
picking off the fruit so that they may have bet-
ter quality. The grape crop promises to be
about the same or slightly better than 1904.
IN BURLINGTON DISTRICT.

Apple growers in the Burlington district pro-
mise only a medium crop, some reports placing
it at one-third that of last year. Pears are a
light crop. Plums, peaches and grapes are
very much above the yields of last season.
Small fruits are a medium to full crop.

COUNTIES ALONG LAKE ONTARIO.

Early apples are a medium crop in the coun-
ties Ibordering on Lake Ontario, but the fall and
winter varieties are not up to last year except
in a few cases. The fruit, though lacking in
quantity promises to be above the average in
quality. Pears are scarce and scab has been
reported bad in Ontario county. The outlook
for plums is for a full crop, double that of 1904.

POOR PROMISE ALONG LAKE HURON.

As anticipated in last month's report, the
apple crop in the Lake Huron district will be
light. The best the growers can promise is 30
to 50 per cent, of last year's yield. Pears pro-
mise a light crop to a failure, although one re-
port quotes 25 per cent, ahead of 1904.
GEORGIAN BAY COUNTIES.

Reports from growers in the Georgian Bay
district place the apple crop equal to last year's.
Ben Davis trees are well loaded. Prospects
early in the season were bright for the Pewau-
kee but the fruit is falling off. Plums promise
a heavy yield, while small fruits are better than
last year.

I ^^1 * A. WRITE us for quotations on young stock <

f m^ I ^jrl S iS ^^ Primulas (Chinese and Obconica), Cine- c

> rarias, Cyclamen, etc, <

i S^ . \

msniiBM Also Palms and Araucarias of very select c

quality. I

You will find our prices right.

THE WEBSTER FLORAL COMPANY, limited

Wholesale and Retail Florists

HAMILTON, ONTARIO

A Handsome Premium will' be Given Free to ail Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

324

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

PROSPECTS IN INLAND COUNTIES.

Prom inland counties come the best reports
for apples. Dufferin, Peterborough and the
south part of Simcoe promise as good or better
yield than last year. Pear trees are very
scarce and the yield poor. Plums are reported
as being a medium to full crop. Small fruits,
too, are plentiful.

OTHER SECTION'S.

Aipples promise to be a heavier crop in the
Otta^\'^a valley than they were a year ago. Mc-
intosh, Wealthy and Fameuse are quoted as be-
ing a good crop. A noticeable feature is the
absence of fungous diseases. In Muskoka
apples are reported up to last season's crop
and coming in earlier. In Algoma district the
promise is slightly better than 1904. Pears
and plums have not recovered from the winter
of 1903 and 1904. All small fruits are a heavy
crop.

Fruit Crop Notes

Writing from Essex county, J. O. Duke, of
Olinda, says that present appearances point to
the apples of that section being quite wormy.

Jas. Symington, of Port Dover, reports that
strawberries were light, tout other fruits will be
a good crop.

A report from Robt. Thompson, of St. Catha-
rines, says that the hot weather is having a
good effect in preventing rot on the grapes.

From Hamilton R. H. Lewis reports that black
rot has already started.

On July 19 John Rice, of Whitby, writes that
appearances earlier in the season favored a
large crop, but continued wet weather caused
much of the fruit to drop.-

From Bond Head, H. B. Jeffs reports that
plums have been infested with a host of " little
Iblack bugs " and that black knot is very preva-
lent.

D. M. Lee reports from Paris that raspberri-^
are a short crop and that plums have nearly all
rotted.

In the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia,
the fruit is expected to ripen a week or 10 daiys
earlier than usual owing to warm dry weather.

J. E. McNeill, of Wanstead, Lambton county,
has a fine quince tree which has borne a good
crop each .season for five years.

The Davis Clothes Line Reel

%Ve make this reel. It is for the yard. It has 130 feet
of clothesline, twisted wire, and occupies only a 16 foot
circle. You tilt it to one ^ide to pin the clothes on, then
straighten it up with a push. It then holds the washing
high off the ground. The wheel turns round with the wind,
and dries the clothes evenly and quickly. No more yard
tangled up with clothes line to run against — no more wash-
ing falling into the mud. It is cheap too, and durable. Sent
all ready to set up, needing only a post hole. Circular free.
See our address on last cover page of this issue.

The Waggoner Ladder Co., Limited

''^ The Season for ROSES may be past and gone, but the season for

BUYING

ORNAMENTALS, VINES,
SHRUBS AND TR

is never past.

IT PAYS TO BUY THE BEST

Write for our illustrated catalogue.

The Helderleigh Nurseries

fc: D. vSMITH, Winona, Ont. I

S ALESMEN__VVAl£TfiD^ ' ^■'^'^- -\

VWt^i^rQ^H^J^TE'^^CJ^, P!®oi?^^ from Advertiseps in this Issue.

' " ^ ggg Notice in Advertising Columns.

FRUIT, FLOWER AND VEGETABLE PRIZE LIST

The prize lists for the floral and vegetable
sections of the Provincial, Fruit, Flower, Vege-
table and Honey Show, or The Ontario Horti-
cultural Exhibition, as it is proposed to ca.ll it,
have been completed and a portion of the fruit
prize list. The prizes in the floral section will
be wooith about $1,000. in the fruit division $800,
and for vegetaibles $200. Here are the prize
lists as completed to date :

FLORAL EXHIBITS.

The rules governing the floral exhibits will
be published in the prize list. They require
that all exhibits, except made-up work, must
be grown by the exhibitor and in his possession
three months before the date of the show.

'*BuIb Culture for tf^e /Amateur"

Address Secretary Horticultural Society,

195 Pretoria Ave., Ottawa, Ont.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Parks, Cemeteries, Public and Private
Pleasure Grounds made by

Chas. Ernest Woolvertoa, Landscape Gardener

GRIMSBY

Drawings made to a scale, so that any gardener may carry

them out. Correspondence solicited.

CANADIAN

National Exhibition

TORONTO, ONT.

August 26th to September II th, 1905

Upwards of $4,000.00 in prizes for

Horticulture and Floriculture

Entries close Monday, August 14th.

Special arrang-ements on all lines of travel
and transportation.

For entry blanks, prize lists and all in-
formation address

J. 0. Orr, Mgr. and Secy, City Hall, Toronto

VV. K. McNaught, President

GET OUR CATALOGUE Ot

RUBBER STAMPS

AND STENCILS

THE SUPERIOR MFG. CO.
58 ADELAIDE ST. W. TORONTO.

CLASS A— OHRYSANITHBMUMS, PLANTS
AXD MISCELLACsTEOUS.

Best I specimen, any variety or sized pot,
1st $6, 2nd $5, 3rd $4.

Best 1 standard, any variety or sized stem,
not more than 3 feet, ls.t $6, 2nd $5, 3rd $4.

Best 3 specimens, white, pots not to exceed 10
inches, 1st $12, 2nd $10, 3rd $8.

Best 3 specimens, pink, pots not to exceed 10
inches, 1st $12, 2nd $10, 3rd $8.

Best 3 specimens, yellow, pots not to exceed
10 inches. 1st $12, 2nd $10, 3rd $8.

Best 12 single stems, and flowered, not less
than 4 varieties, in 6-inch pots, 1st $6, 2nd $5,
3rd $4.

Best 5 sing-le stems and flowered, not less than
8 varieties, in 6-inch pots, ls.t $12, 2nd $10,
3rd $8.

Best 12 specimens palms, not less than four
varieties, pot not to exceed 10 inches, 1st, $10,
2nd $8, 3rd $6.

Best 50 ferns, not less than 8 varieties, pots
not to exceed 3 inches, Ist $5, 2nd $4, 3rd $3.

Best 25 ferns, not less than 6 varieties, pots
not to exceed 3 inches, 1st $4. 2nd $3, 3rd $2.

Best 6 specimens ferns, 1st $10, 2nd $8, 3rd $6.

Best 1 orchid in flower, 1st $3. 2nd $2, 3rd $1.

Classified Jldpcrtisements

Advertisements under this heading will be in-
serted at the rate of ten cents per line, each
insertion ; minimum charge, fifty cents rn
advance.

WANTED — SUBSCRIPTION CANVASSERS
for The Canadian Horticulturist both in cities
and in the fruit districts of Canada. Liberal com-
missions offered, (xood men soon put on salary.
Write The Canadian Horticulturist, Rooms 507-508,
Manning Chambers. Toronto, Ont.

GREENHOUSE AND STOCK FOR SALE— TEN
thousand feet of glass : one of the best equipped
greenhouses in Toronto, located in the best residen-
tial sections of Parkdale. large plant trade; residence,
stable and everything in good condition. Apply to
F. C, care of The Canadian Horticulturist.

FOR SALE— FLORIST BUSIXESS, WELL
established in good residential part of To-
ronto : new brick store and dwelling- ; also
greenhouses. These may be purchased sepa-
rately or combined ; owner has excellent rea-
sons for retiring. A bargain if sold imme-
diately. Apply to M. L., care of The Canadian
Horticulturist, Toronto.

nPPLE GRAOER. A FIRST-CLASS PETTIT
}~\ Fruit Grader, in perfect working order, for
sale at a bargain. Address L. Woolverton, Grimsbv,
Ont.

CACTI FOR SALE. A COLLECTION OF RARE
and Varied Cacti. Apply Rev. C. E. Whit-
combe, Hamilton.

CACTI— FOR SALE, A VARIED AND RARE
collection of Cacti, made by the late Wil-
liam Raynor, of Hamilton. Apply to Mrs. Wm.
Raynor, 61 Steven street, Hamilton.

A Handsome Premium wiH be Given Free to ^If Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

326

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Best 6 cyclamen, in bloom, pots not to exceed
8 inches, 1st $5. 2nd $4, 3rd $3.

Best 12 primulas, in bloom, pots not to exceed
8 inches, 1st $5, 2nd $4, 3rd $3.

Best 6 pots of callas, in bloom, pots not to ex-
ceed 8 inches, 1st $5, 2nd $4, 3rd $3.

Best 6 begonias, in bloom, pots not to exceed
8 inches, 1st $5, 2nd $4, 3rd $3.

Best group of plants, arranged for effect, con-
sisting of mums, palms, ferns and selaginellas,
space not more than 90 square feet, Hallam cui ,
1st $30, 2nd $25, 3rd $20, 4th $15.

Best group of foliage plants, arranged for ef-
fect, in ^Yhich mums may be introduced, space
not to exceed 90 square feet, 1st $20, 2nd $15,
3rd $12, 4th $10.

Best display of orchids, in which nepenthes
ja.d any foliage may be used, arranged for ef-
fect, 1st $25, 2nd $20, 3rd $15, 4th $10.

CLASS C— CUT BLOOM (CHRYSANTHE-
MUMS.

Best 25 distinct varieties, cup, 1st $8, 2nd $6,
Srd $4.

Best 12 distinct varieties, Hallam cup, 1st $6,
2nQ $4. 3rd $3, 4th $2.

Best 25 T. Eaton, cup.

Best 25 Dr. Oronhyatekha, cup.

Best 25 any varieties, 1st $10, 2nd $8. 3rd $6,
4th $4.

Best 12 one variety^ 1st $6, 2nd $4, Srd $3,
4th $2.

Best 6 distinct varieties never before exhib-
ited in Ontario, 1st $5, 2nd $4, 3rd $3, 4th $2.

Best 6 white, 1st $4, 2nd $3, 3rd $2, 4th $1.

Best 6 pink, 1st $4, 2nd $3, 3rd $2, 4th $1.

Best 6 yellow, 1st $4, 2nd $3, 3rd $2, 4th $1.

Best 6 crimson, 1st $4, 2nd $3, 3rd $2, 4th $1.

For largest bloom in the show, prize R. J.
Score' guinea pants.

CLASS D— CUT BLOOM, CARNATIONS.

Best 25 white, named, 1st $4. 2nd $3. Srd $2.

Best 25 red, named, 1st $4, 2nd $3, Srd $2.

Best 25 light pinks, named, not darker than
Scott, 1st $4, 2nd $3, Srd $2.

Best 25 dark pinks, not lighter than Scott, 1st
$4, 2nd $3, Srd $2.

Best 25 crimson, 1st $4, 2nd $3, Srd $2.

Best 25 fancy, Ist $4, 2nd $3, Srd $2.

Best 25 new, introductions of 1905, 1st $5, 2nd
$4. 3rd $3, 4th $2.

Best 25 new, not yet introduced to commerce,
cup.

Best 50 blooms, one variety, arranged loosely
in vase. 1st $8, 2nd $6, Srd $4, 4th $3.

Best 50 blooms, any varieties, with any foli-
age, arranged loosely in vase, arrangement to
count in judging, not necessarily grown by ex-
hibitor, 1st $8, 2nd $6, Srd $4, 4th $S.
CLASS E— DECORATIONS.

Best decorated dinner table, to seat eight,
laid complete, exhilbitor to supply everything,
1st $60. 2nd $50, Srd $40.

LAWN ROLLERS

Well made, light and serviceable. Can be weighted when desired.

CANADA FOUNDRY COMPANY, LIMITED

Head Office: TORONTO

District Offices : ^lontreal, Halifax, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Calgary, Vancouver, Rossland

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

FLOWER AXD VEGETABLE PRIZE LISTS.

327

CLAiSiS F— CUT BLOOiM, ROSElS.

Best 10 yellow, 1st $4, 2nd $3, 3rd $2, 4ith $1.

Best 10 white, 1st $4, 2nd $3, 3rd $2, 4th $1.

Best 10 pink, 1st $4, 2nd $3, 3rd $2, 4th $1.

Best 10 crimson, 1st $4, 2nd $3, 3rd $2, 4th $1.

Best 10 llgiht pink, 1st $4, 2nd $3, 3rd $2, 4th $1.

Best 10, any other color, Is.t $4, 2nd $3, 3rd $2,
4th $1.

Best 10 American Beauties, 1st $8, 2nd $6, 3rd
$4, 4th $2.

Best 25 American Beauties, 1st $15, 2nd $12,
3rd $10.

Best 10 new, introduction of 1905, 1st $6. 2nd
$4, 3rd $3, 4th $2.

Best vase of 50 roses, arrange^ment to count
in judging-, not necessarily grown by exhibitor,
American Beauty excluded, 1st cup, 2nd $12, 3rd
$10, 4th $8.

CLASS G— CUT BLOOM, VIOLETS.

Best bunch 50 violets, double, 1st $3, 2nd $2,
3rd $1.

Best bunch 50 violets, single, 1st $3, 2nd $2,
3rd $1. ~

CLASiS H— FLORAL DBSTGNiS.

Best funeral design, standing crescent, wreath
(20-inch frame), Is.t $15, 2nd $12, 3rd $10, 4th $8.

Best presentation basket of mums, 1st $10, 2nd
$8, 3rd $6, 4th $4.

Best presentation basket, any flowers, 1st $10,
2nd $8, 3rd $6, 4th $4.

Best flat basket of mums, for table decora
tions, not to exceed 3i0 inches over all, 1st $1).
2nd $8, 3rd $6, 4th $4.

Best hand bouquet, any flowers, 1st $10. 2nd
$8, 3rd $6, 4th $4.

VEGETABLE PRIZE LIST.

Artichoke, red, 12, 1st $2, 2nd $1, 3rd 50c.

Artichoke, white, 12, 1st $2, 2nd $1, 3rd 50c.

Beet, long, 6 roots, 1st $2, 2nd $1, 3rd 50c.

Beet, turnip, 6 roots. Ist $2, 2nd $1. 3rd 50c.

Beans, green, best quart. 1st $2, 2nd $1, 3rd 50c

Brussels Sprouts, 3 stalks. 1st $3. 2nd $2
3rd $1.

Cabbage, red, 3 heads, 1st $2. 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1

Cabbage, Savoy, 3 heads, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50
3rd $1.

Cabbage, pointed, 3 heads. 1st ?2. 2nd $l.bO
3rd $1.

Cabbage, flats, 3 heads. 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1

Cauliflower, best, 3 heads, 1st $3. 2nd $2
3rd $1. ^__

Keep the weeds down by using- the

"Handy Hand Scuffler"

the best tool in the market tor farmers or
gardeners. See Candian Horticultuuist of
April for particulars. Wm. Welsh, Kinkardine.

GEO. VI POND & CO.

Fruit Commission Merchants
MONTREAL

Re' iabl e Prompt Safe

Cardoon Spanish, red, white, yellow, 1 each
1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Celery, Paris Golden, 6 heads, 1st $3, 2nd $2,
3iw $1.

Celery, red. 6 heads, 1st $3, 2nd $2, 3rd $1.

Celery, winter, 6 heads, 1st $3, 2nd $2, 3rd $1.

Carrots, table, best 12 roots, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50,
3rd $1.

Cucumber, White Spine, 2, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50,
3rd $1.

Cucumber, greenhouse, 2, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50,
3rd $1.

Citron, preserving, 2, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Egg Plants, 3, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Endive, 6 heads, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50. 3rd $1.

Kohl Rabbi, green, 3 roots, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50,
3rd $1.

Kohl Rabbi, purple, 3 roots, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50,
3rd $1.

Leek, 6, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Lettuce, Grand Rapids, 3 heads, 1st $2. 2nd
$1.50, 3rd $1.

Lettuce, head, 3 heads, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Onion, White Globe, 12. 1st $2, 2nd $1.50,
3rd $1.

Onion, Yellow G. Danvers, 12, 1st $2, 2nd
$1.50, 3rd $1.

Onion, Red Globe, 12, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Onion, Prizetaker, 12, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Onion, White Pickling, quart, 1st $2, 2nd
$1.50, 3rd $1.

Onion, Yellow Pickling, quart, 1st $2, 2nd
$1.50, 3rd $1.

Caught in a Glut

is what happens to the fruit
grower who depends on one
market to take his crop.

Fortunately their is no need
to be thus caug-ht. Canada
is wide. There are many
centres from Halifax to Cal-
gary anxious to get good
fruit from a reliable grower.

The Canadian Grocer is
the medium through which
the grower can reach these
buyers.

An advertisement in our
Fruit Department costs little
and goes far.

Drop a card for rates.

The Canadian Grocer

TORONTO, ONT.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

328

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Parsnip, 6 roots, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Parsley, 6 stalks, 1st $2, 2nd $1, 3rd 50c.

Radish, winter, 6 roots, 1st $2, 2nd $1, 3rd 50c.

Radish, forcing, 6 roots, 1st $2, 2nd $1, 3rd 50c.

Salsify, 12 roots, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50. 3rd $1.

Spinach, 1 basket, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Squash, yellow and gi-een, 1 each, 1st $3, 2nd
$2, 3rd $1.

Vegretable Marrow, 2, 1st $3, 2nd $2, 3rd $1.

Tomato, red, 12, 1st $2. 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Tomato, pink, 12, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Potato, red, 12, Ist $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Potato, white, 12, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50, 3rd $1.

Turnip, table, white, 12, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50,
3rd $1.

Turnip, table, Swede, 12, 1st $2, 2nd $1.50,
3rd $1.

Herbs, collection not to exceed 12 varieties,
1st $3, 2nd $2. 3rd $1.

PRESERVED FRUIT.

CLAjSS 10.
Tlhree prizes of $3. $2 and $1 each will be of-
fered for the best one-quart sealers of canned
fruit of each of the following varieties of fruit:
Cherries (black), cberries (red), cherries
(white), grapes, peaches (white fleshed),
peaches (yellow fleshed), peare. plums (red),
plums (yellow), raspberries (best, re^d, black),
strawberries.

CKAjSiS 11.
Jams.
In this class the prizes will be $2.50, $2 and

$1.50 : Black currant, peach, pear, plum, rasp-
berry, strawberry.

CLASS 12.
Jellies.
Three prizes of $2.50, $1.50 and $1 will be of-
fered in each section for the best exhibits of
two half pint jars of the following varieties of
fruit : Apple, crab apple, currant (red), quince.
In classes 10, 11 and 12 no gelatine or pre-
servatives other than sugar shall be used.

Regular Sailings

The imiprovement in the regularity of steam-
ship sailings from Montreal means much to fruit
exporters. There was a time when specific
sailings from Montreal could not be depended
on, but in recent years faster and better vessels
have been brought to the port, so that now it is
a rare thing for a ship to miss her sailing date.

Some apple exporters are apt to overlook this
very important feature of the St. Lawrence
route, but a glance over the history of the past
two or three years will convince shippers that
the regularity of the Montreal sailings is wor-
thy of their attention. The Rolbert Reford
Company very early saw the necessity of regu-
lar sailings and worked hard to have such a
service. The result now is a regular weekly
service to Glasgow and London by ships fitted
up with cold storage refrigerators and cool air
chamtaeis. See advertisement below.

ATU\NTIC REFRIGERATOR SERVICE

THOMSON LINE

Montreal and London Service

Cervona, cold storage and cool air, Aug. 5th
lona, - cold storage and cool air, " Izth
Devona, cold storage and cool air, *' 19th
Kildona, cold storage and cool air, " 26th
Hurona, cold storage and cool air, Sep. 2nd

Dii'ect service to Newcastle, Leith and
Aberdeen. Sailing cards will be furnished on
application.

LORD LINE TO CARDIFF, fortnightly sailings.

FOR SPACE APPLY TO

THE ROBERT REFORD CO., LIMITED

STEAMSHIP AGENTS

Montreal, Toronto, Portland, Me., St. John, N. B.

TORONTO OFFICE: Room 110, Union Station D. 0. WOOD, Western Agent

DONALDSON LINE

Montreal and Glasgow Service

Tritonia, fan ventilation Aug. 3rd

Marina, cold storage and fan ven., " 10th
Athenia, cold storage and fan ven., " 17th
Lakonia,cold storage and fan ven., ** 24th
Salacia, fan ventilation " 31st

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

329

An Interesting Book

Much valuable information for fruit growers
and florists is contained in a book, recently
published, entitled The Orchard and Fruit Gar-
den, by E. P. Powell, the well known United
States authority. The book, which contains
over 325 pages and numerous illustrations, is
divided in three parts. Part first is devoted
to the orchard and deals with the varieties and
the handling and marketing- of apples, pears,
plums, cherries, peaches and numerous other
varieties of fruit. Part second is entitled The
Fruit Garden, and treats on currants, strawber-
ries, raspiberries, etc., a full chapter being de-
voted to each.

Part third deals with cultural directions. A
few chapters are devoted to windbreaks, drain-
age, irrigation, pruning, spraying, harvesting,
marketing, etc. The William Briggs Company,
of Toronto, are Canadian agents for this pub-
lication.

The Classik Kids

The Classik Kids are a chirpy little pair who
have succeeded in placing- Sure Grip Shingles,
Steel Siding and Classik Ceiling's, made by the
Gait Art Metal Co., Limited, in the very fro at
row of popularity in this Dominion. Little
more than six months have elapsed since these
goods were first introduced, but th'e demand for
them has been enormous. The goods them-

selves are largely responsible for this. Made
only of the hig^hest grade materials, by com-
petent workmen, on modern scientific princi-
ples, they have found ready Ibuyers wherever
they have been exhibited.

This success is built on a sound basis and is
sure to be more than doubled in the remaining
half year. In the firt place, Gait Steel Sidings
and Sure Grip iShingles, applied to any build-
ing, make it practically fire proof from without.
If it is a farmer's barn, there is no danger from
a flying spark from a passing locomotive or a
thresher's engine, and lightning has absolutely
no effect on a building thus clad in a coat of
Gait steel, the latter acting as a perfect conduc-
tor. Then they make a barn, or any other
building, perfectly wind, rain and storm proof.
For interior decoration nothing surpasses Clas-
sik Ceilings and Panels in beauty or durability.

New Advertisers in This Issue

•Miss Lilly, Toronto, Ont.

Georgian Bay Shook Mills, Midland, Ont.

C. E. Whitcombe, Hamilton, Ont.

Allan Line Steamship Co., Montreal, Que.

W. Briggs, Toronto, Ont.

Clarke & Sinclair, Dundee, Scotland.

J. F. Watson, Ottawa, Ont.

Canada Cold Storage Co., Montreal, Que.

Union Cold Storage Co., Montreal, Que.

Furness, Withey & Co., Montreal, Que.

Art Metal Co., Gait, Ont.

Why?

Why? ^

The question is, Why should the farmers of Ontario send their boys

and girls to the

Ontario Agricultural College?

and the answer is, Because the boys will receive a practical and helpful working
knowledge of Scientific Agriculture, and because the girls will be given a first-class
training in Household Science at the MACDONALD INSTITUTE.

Residence Accommodation is provided for both men and women.

Macdonald Hall, the girls' residence, is one of the best equipped buildings of its
kind in Canada, and the boys' dormitories are comfortable and commodious.

COURSES

Courses for Boys, varying from
two years to four years in length,
commence on September 13th.

Courses for Girls, varying from
three months to two years in length,
commence on September 13th.

For full information regarding courses, terms, etc., write to G. C. CREELMAN,
President Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont,

J

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

330

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

other perishables
The refrigerators

Unsurpassed Facilities

Continuing their policy of improvement in
facilities and service from year to year, the
Allan Line, Royal Mail steamship service, has
this season been equipped with fast steamers
and superior facilities for handling apples,
fruits, dairy products and
with the utmost despatch,
and system of ventilated compartmenLs are
thoroughly up to date, assuring discharge of
this traffic at destination in perfect marketable
condition. The Liverpool service has been aug-
mented by the addition of the new turbine
steamers, Victorian and Virginian, which to-
gether with Tunisian and Bavarian, constitute
the fastest and most up-to-date Canadian line
on the Atlantic to-day.

In order to facilitate the handling of apples
and other perishables at London the Allan Line
steamers now discharge their cargo at the Sur-
rey Commercial Dock Co.'s Greenland Dock, on
which has been erected the Canadian Produce
warehouses, fitted with refrigerator and cool
air chambers, the steamer's perishable cargo
being discharged into such chambers by the
most improved methods of handling.

Not content with improving the Liverpool and
London services only, the Glasgow steamers are
also equipped with the most modern systems of
refrigeration and sirocco fan ventilation, for the

handling of apples and other green fruits, and
dairy products, thus making the vessels on this
service unsurpassed in both speed and equip-
ment.

With their usual enterprise the Allan Line
has, therefore, the fastest and most efficient
steamship service to London, Liverpool and
Glasgow, the various vessels sailing weekly
from Montreal during the season of St. Law-
rence navigation.

As a further indication of the progressive
policy of the Allan Line, there has been inau-
gurated this season a fortnightly service from
Montreal to Havre, France, thus placing the
Canadian exporters in closer touch with their
French customers and enabling them to make
prompt and regular deliveries of their product
destined for European consumption.

Improves The Sight.— A handy aluminum
pocket microscope is being introduced to fruit
growers and florists by the firm of Stone &
Wellington, of Toronto. These microscopes
are made of aluminum and magnify four and a
half times. A large number of them have been
sold to farmei-s who find them useful in examin-
ing seeds and grains. Florists and growers
use them in examining plants and trees for in-
sects, and teachers and scholars use them in
studying botany. The ordinary individual will
find them useful in many different ways.

Use Corrugated
Paper, it"s tidy
and quick.

The Biggs Fruit Box Press

(Pat. acplied for)

We have all
kinds of Pack-
er's Supplies.

Last month we directed your attention to our Utility Fruit Box with six reasons why it is the best.
This month we direct j-our attention to our Box Press, which is Light, Strong and Serviceable.

We have put this Press
on the market to sup-
ply the wants of Box
Packers.

A Good Press
will save time.

WRITE FOR PRICES

This is the only Box
Press that is adjusta-
ble to press Apple and
Pear Boxes of any or-
dinary size.

It is Complete.

Note — Don't forget that success in the fruit trade depends upon a Series of Qoods : Qood
Fruit, Qood Boxes, Qood Packing, and Qood Tools will assist you in this. Whv not have these
Tools?

The Biggs Fruit and Produce Co., Limited,

Burlington ^

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

The Best
Cameras

Quality

Style

Value

Price, from $1 up

Pocket,
Folding or
Fixed Focus

A complete line of
supplies always in
stock.

Mail orders promptly and carefully shipped.

Canadian Camera Company

40, 42 and 44 King Street East

TORONTO

GaltClassikCeilinfs

Send the Classik Kids a
rough plan and measure-
ments of office, public building or dwell-
ing and they will furnish you free esti-
mate of cost of Classik Ceilings. Panelsand
Cornices for same, together with working
details.

These metal decorations give a charm-
ing and harmonizing effect to any room
or building to which they are applied.

Fire proof, sanitary, best acoustic
properties and practically indestructible.

GALT ART METAL CO^Ltd.

GALT, ONT.

The "Safety" Fruit Picker

does away with ladders and climbing,
and ensures safety to the operator and
avoids bruising: of the fruit.

'.The "Safety" Fruit Picker will save
money in clearing up your trees, and is the
''proper thing" for fjicking "Exhibition" fruit.

DESCRIPTION

The "Safety" Fruit Picker consists of a rubber
covered wire hood, attached to a 12 foot pole, which
grasps the fruit the same as the liuman hand, tilts it up
and a single twist releases the fruit and drops it down
the chute into a canvas bag at the waist of the operator
without bruising or coming in contact with other fruit.
It can be operated bj a woman or child as easily as by a
man.

The pole is bamboo, which insui-es lightness and
stability, and is divided into 8 and 4 foot lengths which
are adjustable and can be used for large or small trees,
at the pie 1 sure of the operator. The wire spring, which
holds the mouth of the chute in position, allows for the
int«rference of the branches. The whole outfit weighs
only 2i lbs.

The bag is made of canvas duck, and is attached to
a steel wire frame, which conforms to contour of the
bodv, and is strong and durable and holds half bushel
of fruit; is hell in position by a wide canvas strip,
which goes over the shoulder with an adjustable snap
ti secure it, and which is easily detached to facilitate
the emptying of the bag when full .

Price, complete, $2.00

The Safety Fruit Picker Co. of Ontario,

Limited.

Ridgeville, Ont.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

$'5^'B

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anadian HorticoltOrist

Volume XXVIII

SEPTEMBER, 1905

mm

Number 9

HOW TO FORECAST FROSTS

J. B. REYNOLDS, O. A. C, GUELPH, ONT.

IN districts where the cultivation of fruit,
flowers, or vegetables, is highly spec-
ialized, it becomes important to possess
means of forecasting frost at critical times
during the growing season and of prevent-
ing injury from low temperatures. I'his
article is written with the object of giving
some practical suggestions on these matters.
TOPOGRAPHIC.

Land, bordering on the water front is less
liable to extremes and to low dips of tem-
perature during the growing season than
inland districts. This is one of the reasons
that the best fruit sections are found by the
water. Apart from the steadying influence
of the water in lessening the chance of
damage, frost is essentially a question in air
drainage.

In a given district, the spot where night
frosts are most likely to occur is the one
with the lowest elevation. There is a case
in point along Lake Ontario east of Stony
Creek. From the lake back to the moun-
tain there is a belt of land with a topogra-

phy similar to the illustration, Fig. i. On
the side of the mountain there is a terrace,
at A, where plums and pears are success-

fully grown. From the foot of the moun-
tain the ground slopes gradually as at B.
There grapes and peaches are grown. At
C is a depression, from which the ground
rises both toward the lake and toward the
mountain. Experience has shown that
fruit growing is much more precarious at
C than at A or B. The reason is found in
the topography in spite of the greater near-
ness of C to the water. At night, the cold,
heavy air drains away from the mountain
side toward C. If there were no rise of
ground as at D, the air would drain to the
lake, and C would be as immune from frost
as A or B. But on account of the peculiar
slope of the ground the cold air from the
mountain side lodges at C, and here the low-
est night temperatures are likely to be found.

ATMOSPHERIC.

It is frequently possible to forecast frost
from the appearance and condition of the
atmosphere toward the afternoon. After
a north wind has been blowing, with a clear
or clearing sky, there is likely to be a con-
siderable fall of temperature. Specifically,
a clear sky, and a still, dry air, are favor-
able to frost. Conversely, if the sky is
cloudy, or the wind high, there is less chance
of a fall of temperature.

Given a still air and a clear sky, the
humidity of the air, the amount of moisture
in it, is the chief factor in controlling the
night temperature. The temperature will

333

334

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

fall rapidly until dew begins to gather, at
which point a further drop in temperature
is prevented or retarded by the condensa-
tion of moisture. The dew point, therefore,
that is, the temperature at which dew be-
gins to gather, is a good indication of the
probability of frost. If the dew-point is
40 degrees F. or above at sunset, there is
not likely to be frost that night. If, how-
ever, the dew-point is below 40 degrees,
precautions should be taken to prevent the
injury of tender flowers, vegetables, or fruit
buds.

FINDING THE DEW FOINT.
Following is a method for determining
the dew point by means of the wet and dry
bulb thermometers or sling psychrometer :
Two ordinary all-glass thermometers, with
cylindrical bulbs, are strapped securely to
the edges of a thin board about 12 inches
long and two and a half inches wide, so that
the bulbs project below the board. About
the bulb of one of the thermometers one fold
of a fine piece of cotton or muslin is wrap-
ped closely and tied tightly at the top. To
use the psychrometer the covered bulb

should be moistened with water, and by-
means of a cord fastened to the top of the
board. The psychrometer is swung to and
fro for a minute or so in the shade in the
outside air, until the reading of the wet
bulb is stationary. The two thermometers
should be read quickly after the swinging
ceases and the readings recorded. The
depression of the wet bulb reading below
that of the dry is the amount of cooling pro-
duced by evaporation and indicates the
humidity of the air. From these readings
the dew point can be determined from the
table given below.

To illustrate the use of the table : Sup-
pose that the air temperature, the dry bulb,
reads 55 degrees, while the wet bulb reads
47 degrees, a depression of 8 degrees, the
table gives a dew point of 39 degrees. If
this condition exists at sunset, with a clear
sky and little or no wind, there is likelv tO'
be frost.

THE ELECTRIC ALARM.

Fig. 2 illustrates a simple and inexpensive
arrangement for giving warning when a
certain temperature, say ^2 degrees, has"-

Thermometer
Dry- Bulb

65 deg

64 deg-

63 deg

62 deg-

61 deg

60 deg

59 deg

58 deg

57 deg

56 deg

55 deg

54 deg

53 deg

52 deg

51 deg

50 deg

49 deg

48 deg

47 deg

46 deg

45 deg

44 deg

43 deg 41

42 deg 40

41 deg 39

40 deg 38

DEPRESSION

OF THE WET BULB THERMOMETER.

4' -o- 6' 7= 8° 9" 10^

41
40
39
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37
36

41

40
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IS
16
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9

ir

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8
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-6

12'

41
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31
30
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12
10
7
4
1
_o

-6

-22

40

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38-

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2?

2a

18-

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\i

11

9-

6

3

-1

-5

-9

-15

-22:

MEANS OF PREVENTING FROST.

335

"been reached. It consists of a thermostat,
an electric battery, and an electric bell. The
thermostat is provided with a metallic scrip
.clamped at one end. A change of rem-

BatUrjf

perature causes a bending of the strip so
that it touches the point of an adjustable
screw and makes electric coriS;act. The
thermostat should be placed outside, while
the battery and the bell may be placed in the
bedroom. As soon as the temperature out-
side falls to 32 degrees the thermostat mukes
the circuit and rings the bell. The rest de-
pends upon the man who is rung up.

There are several practical methods of
preventing frost, or if frost has occurred,
of preventing fatal injury to plants. Among
these methods a few of the more important
may be mentioned :

I. WARMING THE AIR.

A large number of small fires, properly
placed, will raise the temperature of an or-
chard or garden several degrees. Under
this head various methods have been tested
in California, and the best has been that of
suspending wire' baskets a few feet from
the ground, each holding several pounds of
charcoal or other suitable fuel. The bas-

kets may cost 10 cents each, and if 40 bas-
kets were used per acre, the fuel would cost
$2.50 or $3.00.

2. PREVENTING RADIATION.

A cloudy sky at night is often effective
as a prevention of frost. Adopting tkis
idea, the fruit grower may create clouds of
smoke in the orchard by setting fire to pre-
viously prepared smudge piles, consisting
of damp straw or strawy manure. The ef-
fect of both of the above methods will de-
pend upon the existence of air currents.
For best effect the air should be still.
3. WATERING TREES AND PLANTS.

Injury from frost may often be prevented
by sprinkling. This, of course, is practi-
cable only where there are waterworks, and
then only on a small scale, but may be used
for gardens and flower beds. This should
be done in the evening before frost is ex-
pected. If, however, no precautions have
been taken and plants have been frozen,
fatal injury may often be prevented by
sprinkling very early in the morning before
the temperature begins to rise — before sun-
rise. It is believed to be the rapid rise of
temperature before the injured cells have
time to readjust their functions, that causes
injury. The blanket of water prevents the
rapid heating.

It may be said in conclusion, going back
to the question of forecasting, that the daily
forecasts published by the weather bureau
at Toronto should be followed closely. Be-
sides being published in the daily papers,
these forecasts may be secured by telephone
from the nearest telegraph office. With the
extension of rural telephones the important
service rendered by the weather bu'cau
may be brought within reach of every rural
district in Ontario.

Power Spraying. — With the advent of
the power sprayer in the course of a year or
two we will have these power machines
workings in sections where a few thousand

trees can be found within a square of six to
eight miles, just as we have threshing ma-
chines working to-day. — (Frank J. Baker,
Georgetown, Ont.

THE SHIPMENT OF FRUIT IN COLD STORAGE

J. F". SCRIVICR, TRUIT INSPECTOR, MONTREAL, QUE.

ONE would hardly believe the amount
of loss sustained by shippers through
their fruit landing in poor condition. There
has been a great deal of nonsense written
about cold storage on vessels by people who
never took the pains to enquire or examine
into the subject for themselves. It was
once thought, and some shippers will still
argue, that the bulk of the damage to the
fruit in shipping is the result of poor stor-
age on the vessels. I contend and can
prove that if fruit, apples especially, are
picked and packed properly and placed on
the steamer in good condition that over 90
per cent, will land in good condition.

BEGIN RIGHT.

In considering a system of cold storage
for fruit we must begin at the right end
where the fruit starts on its long journey to
market. If apples are picked and allowed
to remain in piles, exposed to the sun and
rain for days before packing, or if packed
immediately and then barreled and left in
the orchard exposed to the weather, the
most perfect system of cold storage in the
world is not going to make those apples
land in good condition in the Old Country.

Inspectors at Montreal take the tempera-
ture of the fruit in barrels or boxes before
loading, and have often found the ther-
mometer 10 degrees, yes, sometimes 15 de-
grees, higher in the package than the out-
side temperature. On opening some bar-

rels we could feel the heat rising two feet
above the barrels. Now, is it reasonable
to suppose that, even with the best of cold
storage, these apples are going to reach the
British markets in good condition. It is a
common fault with all of us to blame some-
body else for our misfortunes, when they
are really caused by our carelessness. If
fruit shippers, instead of blaming the cold
storage in cars or steamers for their losses,
would change their method of handling
fruit, pick and pack properly and load the
fruit in cool condition they would find their
losses greatly reduced. If we had large
cold storage warehouses at central shipping
points where fruit could be placed and thor-
oughly cooled before loading on cars the
loss would be reduced to a minimum.

Here are a few rules to observe when ex-
porting fruit, especially apples : Do not
allow your fruit to become ripe before pick-
ing. Do not allow apples to remain in pile*
in the orchards. Do not allow apples to
remain in barrels exposed to the weather
Do not put windfalls in even No. 2 apples.
Have the fruit cool before loading.

I do not think it is possible for any ship-
per to observe all these rules, the way busi-
ness is conducted at present, and the only
remedy I see is cooperative packing and
shipping of fruit. I hope to see the bulk
of the fruit handled in this way within a
few vears.

FRUIT GROWING IN GREAT BRITAIN

W. T. MACOUN, HORTICULTURIST, C. E. r".. OTTAWA. ONT.

DURING my recent visit to the old
country many interesting observa-
tions regarding fruit and fruit culture were
made.

Strawberries had been in season but a
few days when we reached Ireland on June
24, and after being nine days on a steamer

we were very ready to test this luscious
fruit. The first strawberries tried appeared
to confirm an impression obtained at the
close of the strawberry season in a previous
year, namely, that the old country straw-
berries, though high in flavor, were lacking
in sprightliness and character. We were

33

OLD COUNTRY FRUITS.

537

disabused of this impression, however, after
eating the Royal Scvere'g.i, which, undoubt-
edly, is one of the most delicious berries in
existence. We should like to have had
some Wm. Belt or Marshall for compari-
son.

On looking into the matter and visiting
the plantations where the fruit was grown,
it was found, as in Canada, that the varie-
ties of poor or medium quality are often the
most productive, and to the average grower
the most profitable, hence one has to test
Royal Sovereign or some other good variety
to get a right idea of what can be produced.
The best berries are also very large, no
doubt principally due to the fact that the
plants are grown on the hill system, the
plants being from 22 to 24 inches apart each
way. From three to five crops are usually
taken from a plantation. The price of
strawberries was, on the whole, lower than
in Canada, varying from 2d. to 6d. per box.

Everybody eats gooseberries out of hand
when the season is on, and it does not take
long for a Canadian to get to like this re-
freshing pastime. A morning visit to the
garden in gooseberry time is a very popular
kind of entertainment. It is a fine sight to
see these immense gooseberries grown on
large areas after being accustomed to a
plantation of Downing in Canada. Rasp-
berries and currants were also abundant.

Two visits were made to the principal
fruit districts of Ireland, in Armagh county.
Apple orchards of 20 acres are not uncom-
mon here, and many young trees are being
set yearly. The fruit growers of this dis-
trict are confident that it will not be long
before Canadian or American apples will
not be needed in Ireland, and certainly if
the quality and appearance of the fruit were
as good as our own, and the crop as certain,
we should have this fear, because of the
large number of trees which are being set.
It is certain, however, that Canadian fruit,
cif the best quality only, will in the near

future command a good price, as the people
prefer their home-grown fruit for culinary
purposes, owing to its greater acidity, and
it is naturally in better condition when
bought. We were told that last year when
apples were so plentiful in Ireland they
were shipped to Glasgow and the returns
were very fair. The Bramley Seedling is
the most popular variety in the north of Ire-
land, as it succeeds well.

A visit was also paid to Kent, one of the
best fruit districts of England, where large
areas are devoted to both large and small
fruits. The impression obtained on seeing
the apple orchards both in England and Ire-
land is that the trees in general are planted
too close; that fine fruit is produced while
the trees are young and the soil kept culti-
vated, or while other crops, demanding
cultivation, can be grown between the trees ;
but that as soon as the trees become older
and it becomes unprofitable to grow other
crops on account of the shade from the
apple trees, the fruit does not get sufficient
sunshine and, we should think, would not
produce good fruit. In Canada trees of
the same age would be producing the most
profitable crops, although, unfortunately,
trees are often too close with us. The bad
efifects of too close planting could be
avoided by timely thinning out the trees,
but this, if done at all, is usually left too
long.

Many trees in the old country are, how-
ever, grown on Paradise stock and become
profitable early. There are many orchards
which are judiciously planted or thinned
where the large trees have plenty of room
and clean cultivation is adopted, and where
good fruit is produced.

The Schools of Horticulture at Swanley,
Kent, and at Reading were visited for the
purpose of seeing the character of the work
done and the methods employed. Both of
these colleges are in a very flourishing con-
dition. A visit was also paid to the estab-

33'^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

lishment of Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Read-
ing, Eng., where many interesting things
were seen. At the Woburn Fruit Experi-
ment Station, Ridgmount. which was also
visited, there is a series of experiments in
fruit culture which is quite unique. The
experiments appear to be very carefully
conducted, and the results are striking.
In Ireland the Department of Agriculture

is doing splendid work, and through the
countesy of Sir Horace Plunkctt every
facility was given mc to gain an insight inta
the methods employed by the Department
and the work being done. The apple crop
in Great Britain and Ireland is light this
year owing principally to severe frosts dur-
ing the blossoming season, hence good Can-
adian fruit should sell at profitable prices.

THE HANDLING OF THE APPLE CROP *

G. HAROLD POWELL^ U. S. DEPT. OF AGRI., WASHINGTON.

A FARM Storage or local warehouse
would overcome some of the practi-
cal difficulties now experienced in handling
the fruit crop. The average fruit grower
cannot store the fruit quickly after picking
in a distant warehouse. He does not em-
ploy enough labor, nor does he grow suffi-
cient fruit that ripens at one time to make
a carload quickly. A common practice,
especially among apple growers, is to hold
the fruit in the orchard until a carload is
ready for shipment, or the entire crop of
fall and winter fruit may be picked before
the packing is begun. Under these condi-
tions the delayed fruit ripens rapidly and
the apples enter the warehouse in all stages
of maturity. These naturally break down
at various times in the storage season. On
the other hand, if the grower sells at the
harvesting time he is obliged to accept the
price fixed by the temporary condition of
the fruit trade. From the business stand-
point, it may not be advisable for the aver-
age farmer to attempt to store his own fruit
and sell it later in the season, but for the
specialist in fruit growing, the local ware-
house provides a means of holding the fruit
in prime condition during the warm fall
weather and places him in the most favor-
able position to sell it later in the season
either to a buyer or on the general market.

The farm or local storage house is of
still greater importance to the gro.ver
and shipper of perishable fruits, such
as the small fruits, the peach, and
the pear, in providing a means of
properly preparing the fruit for long dis-
tance shipment. Many of the losses which
occur while fruit is in transit are due to the
ripening and to the development of diseases
that take place before the temperature of
the car is sufficiently lowered, either by
ventilation or by the melting of the ice. It-
is not uncommon for peaches to reach the
market with a loss of five to 30 per cent, in
the top layers of the car. This is due to
the unequal distribution of the temperature
in the average refrigerator car and to the
small order of ice.

From extended experiments in shipping;"
peaches from southern to northern-
markets in 1904, the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture found that the fruit
could be landed in perfect condition and
that it could be held in the car a much
longer period on arrival at destination wheii
it had been cooled to about 40 degrees F.
quickly after picking and before loading in
the refrigerator cars. The same principle
will apply to the export shipment of
peaches, pears and early apples, and to the
distant shipment of small fruits.

Extract from an address delivered at the last annual meeting of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association.

CARELESS HANDLING CAUSES ROT.

539

Shipping Fruit in the Nia;^ara District

The shipping station of Mr. E. D. Smith, of Winona, is here shown with se itilated cars being loaded. This station is equipped with
a cold storage plant and annually handles immense quantities of all kinds of fruit. On the left may be_seen Mr. Smith's new jam factory in
course of erection. This building has been completed since the photograph was t.iken.

The principle that we wish to emphasize
by this phase of the discussion is that fruits
01 all kinds, whether they are intended for
storage in warehouses or, like the perish-
able fruits, are shipped to distant markets,
need to have their ripening processes
checked as soon as they are picked, as the
ripening that takes place in the orchard or
in transit is at the expense of the keeping
quality and value on the market or in the
warehouse.

A phase of the question that should logi-
cally precede all others is the care in hand-
ling and preparation of the fruit. The
most serious rots in northern apples and
pears in transit and in storage are often the
direct result of bad handling and packing
on the part of the fruit grower or dealer,
coupled with a delay in storing the fruit,
during which time the rots enter the bruised
parts and develop.

The common soft storage rots of apples
and pears, which are caused by moulds, do
not affect unbruised fruit. They gain en-
trance only when the skin has been broken
by 'rough picking, or sorting, or by the
movement of the fruit in loosely packed

packages during shipment, and kill the fruit
prematurely. On the other hand, an un-
bruised fruit lives until it has spent its vital
forces through natural chemical and physio-
logical changes, when it dies from old age.

Not in the history of commercial fruit
growing has the influence of the careful pre-
paration and handling of fruit on its keep-
ing quality been emphasized as it was at the
horticultural exhibit of the World's Fair at
St. Louis. Several of the states kept the
tables well supplied with magnificent apples
of the previous year's crop throughout the
exposition. The principal part of the
fruit exhibit to September 15 was made up
of fruit of the crop of 1903. There was
a wide variation in the keeping quality in
the fruit from different states, and, in my
judgment, this variation was due more to
the preparation of the fruit for storage than
to the conditions in the particular section
in which the fruit was grown.

We do not underestimate tht influence of
geographic and climatic conditions on the
keeping of varieties, and we do believe that
the success that was achieved by the vari-
ous localities in showing their fruit pro-

340

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

ducts at the exposition was due not only to
the natural resources of the locality, but
even more to the skill and care of the men
who handled the fruit from the tree to the
show tables. A similar exhibit of storage
fruit could not have been made at the
Columbian Exposition in 1893. The pro-
gress since then has been due not so much
to the methods of cold storage as to the fact
that we have learned that fruit should de-

vel< p full size and high color before pick-
ing, that in the handling it should be treated
like a delicate living body, that heavy wrap-
ping protects it from bruising, that it should
be packed in small packages, shipped imme-
diately to a warehouse and stored in a tem-
perature of 29 to 31 degrees F. We need
to apply the lessons of this great exposition
to the handling of fruit for commercial pur-
poses.

COOPERATION

MAXWELL SMITH, FRUIT INSPECTOR, VANCOUVER, B. C.

COOPERATION is a uniting of efforts
for mutual profit and improvement
without injury to anyone, and not a com-
bining of forces to crush competitors for
the purpose of building a temple of fortune
on the ruin of a weaker rival. True co-
operation cannot fail to produce the most
salutary effects upon those who profit by its
practical operations and to raise its votaries
to a much higher plane than can possibly
be obtained under the ordinary competitive
system. It is not a means to an easy liv-
ing without the toil of hand or brain, but
provides a just remuneration for both, and
gives men a clearer conception of the innate
dignity of honest labor. Cooperation does
not require the subversion of law or exist-
ing institutions, the annihilation of the capi-
talist or the overthrow of labor unions and
other organizations. It encourages indi-
vidual efforts by rewarding according to
merit and pays capital its reasonable hire,
but the profits go to the producer and to the
consumer.

A cooperative organization cannot be
made proof against wrong doing on the part
of its members. It is subject to all the
dangers of mismanagement the same as any
other business concern. Cooperation is of
paramount importance to the horticulturist.
As we travel about the country many worth-
less orchards arrest our attention. The

owners are often discouraged and disap-
pointed men, who have practically lost faith
in the fruit business. These conditions may
be the result of planting varieties that are
not suited to the locality, want of proper
cultivation of the soil, the lack of proper at-
tention to spraying, or the absence of good
judgment in pruning and training the trees.

PROFIT BV other's MISTAKES.

But, whatever the cause may have been,
the ugly fact stares us in the face, of time,
money and toil wasted and only a miserable
failure as the result. How often have we
seen this in the case of pioneers, while those
who come later, plant and raise beautiful
orchards that pay the owners handsome pro-
fits ; and people wag their heads and sneer
at the pioneer in his misfortunes, forgetting
that by his mistakes and failures he may
have saved his new neighbor from a like
fate and made the latter's success possible.

Strive to profit by the experience and re-
search of those who have been successful in
their particular undertakings. Seek to
emulate the example of those who walk the
highways of success in your chosen calling.
But while our eyes are fixed upon the few
who have been pre-eminently successful,
we must profit also by the experience of
those who have failed. Let us be honest
enough to acknowledge the debt which we
owe to them.

COLD STORAGE SYSTEMS UNDER TEST.

341

Have patience with the man who has
made mistakes and despise not the counsels
of your neighbor who has failed — he may
have paid the price of your successes — but
seek to avoid the errors which resulted in
that failure, and if he still remains, co-
operate with him for your mutual advant-
age and the world will be better for your
both having lived in it.

Fruit growers should come together and

mutually profit by past experiences, obser-
vations, successes and failures ; cooperate
in determining what is best to plant ; co-
operate in methods of planting, pruning,
spraying and cultivating ; cooperate in pick-
ing, sorting and packing ; cooperate in ship-
ping and marketing; cooperate in main-
taining uniformity of prices according to
grade, so that every man may receive the
just reward of his labor.

TRIAL SHIPMENTS TO THE WEST

GOOD work is being done b} the St.
Catharines Cold Storage and For-
warding Co. in the matter of experimental
shipments of small fruit and tomatoes to
Winnipeg. An attempt is being made to
have two cars go each week. " This year
the work is being done to supple-
ment that done last season by Prof. Rey-
nolds, of the O. A. C, Guelph," said Mr.
W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines, honorary
president of the Ontario Fruit Growers' As-
sociation.

Different types of cars fitted with differ-
ent cooling systems are being tested. Mr.
W. W. Moore, of the Markets Division, De-
partment of Agriculture, Ottawa, has pro-
mised to furnish thermographs for the cars.
" The Provincial Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion," said Mr. Bunting, " purposes send-
ing along practical men to superintend the
shipments, watch conditions en route, and
sales in Winnipeg.

" A new package is being tested for
peaches and the finer fruits. The dimen-
sions are 20 x 14 x 4^ inches, and four
small baskets can be placed in each of these.
When full of peaches the total weight is

I have observed that the bark of your
trees in Canada is much rougher than with
us in the Eastern States. It must be due
to the colder climate. — (A. N. Brown
Wyoming, Delaware.

about 18 pounds. At present it is being
used for western shipments, but we intend
to introduce it on the Ontario markets also
for the extra fine fruits."

The first shipment was made August 18,
but owing to the light tomato crop and to
the fact that some factories are paying 30
cents per bushel it was difficult to obtain
sufficient tomatoes to make up the load.

" The packing," remarked Mr. Robert
Thompson, " is being done in boxes chiefly
after the California style. This is strictly
a business deal of our own. Express
charges are $2.40 per 100 pounds, whereas
by sending a carload we get the 66 cent rate.
In addition to this we have to pay for the
icing. Past experience has shown that the
heavy express charges run away with the
profit.

" W^e are trying the fancy packages to
find out whether it will pay to put them on
the western market. In Toronto and Mont-
real it pays early in the season when fruit
is scarce, but later on the cheaper package
is necessary. As soon as the consigners
are educated to pay the price, the growers
\\\\\ put the fruit in the proper packages."

Bandages on Trees are a good means of
fighting the canker worm, provided they are
properly looked after. Where they are left
on pear trees blight sometimes starts under
the band.— (M. Pettit, Winona, Ont.

342

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Picking and Handling Apples

\V. H. DEMPSEY, TRENTON, 0\T.

The picking should be done only by very
«areftil hands. No apple, no matter how
firm, has been found that will not show
marks of rough handling, revealing brown
spots and giving it the appearance of a
windfall. The baskets should be lined with
heavy burlap to keep the fruit from bruis-
ing against the sides, and if the fruit is to
be kept by the grower until shipped to mar-
ket I find it better to place them in barrels
in a cool place the same day they are picked.
They should not be touched until ready to
pack for shipping.

A great deal of choice fruit is destroyed
by too much handling, placing them on the
packing table, putting in baskets, then into
the barrel where they are allowed to remain
in the orchard until cold weather, then
placed in the storage building, emptied on
the packing table, sorted and packed for
shipping. They are more or less damaged
by so much handling.

Wood Ashes in the Orchard

PROF. R. HARCOURT, O. A. C, GUELPH.

How heavily should wood ashes be sown In
orchards ? — (R. Robinson, St. Catharines.

It is estimated that 20 crops of apples will
remo,ve more than twice as much nitro-
gen, one and a half times as much phos-
phoric acid, and nearly three times as much
potash as 20 erops of wheat. A crop of
wheat will remove about 40 pounds of pot-
ash per acre, therefore a crop of apples will
take 100 to 120 pounds of potash per acre
from the soil. As ashes contain five per
cent, of potash, it would require one ton of
ashes to supply that amount of potash re-
moved from the soil by one crop of apples.
This may be looked on as the minimum
amount of ashes for an orchard in bearing.
The best time for the ashes to be applied is
in the early spring or summer. The potash

in them is immediately available and may
be taken up by the plants at once.

As to whether they will hurt a growing
crop, such as vetches or crimson clover, if
applied when the leaves of these crops are
dry, ashes might sift through to the ground
readily and no harm might be done. If
they are applied while the leaves are wet
they would seriously burn and destroy the
leaves. If the cover crop is plowed down
in the spring the wood ashes might very
conveniently be plowed down with them.
A good plan is to cultivate the ashes into
the soil and not plow them under. Al-
though the potash of wood ashes is soluble
and immediately available to the plant, there
is not much fear of serious leaching of this
constituent from the soil. Nature has pro-
vided means by which it is held in the soil,
and, therefore, not subject to loss by leach-
ing, as is nitrogen.

Planting Peach Trees

( fc IT OW far apart do you plant your
A A peach trees?" was asked Mr.
Adolphus Pettit, of Grimsby, recently by an
editorial representative of The Horticultur-
ist. " In the past," replied Mr. Pettit, " I
have planted them 18 to 20 feet apart, but I
find that rather close on my soil which tends
to luxuriant growth.

" Were I setting out an orchard now I
would set the trees 25 feet apart to allow a
free circulation of air and plenty of sunlight.
This would also allow lower headed trees.
Where trees are planted too close together
they grow high and the lower branches die.
When planted 25 feet apart berry bushes
can be grown in between, which I have
found is advantageous."

In this part of the township apples are the
main fruit crop, and the price has been so
low that some are cutting down their or-
chards.— (N. B. Hagar, Allanburg, Ont.

WHAT THE STATIONS ARE DOING.

The Wilder Pear

LINUS WOOLVERTON, POMOLOGIST, ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The Wilder is a valuable pear for either home use or near market, ripening about the middle of August. It takes its name after the
late venerable Marshall P. Wilder, the honored president of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. It was not originated by him, but
was a chance seedling found growing on the norih shore of Lake Erie, and was named in his honor. When ripe the coloring of this pear is
a deep red on yellow ground, and shows up very attractively when placed on sale. Many of the early pears, notably the Summer Doyenne,
ripening in July, the Manning's Elizabeth and the Dearborn's Seedling, ripening in August are too small to bring much money, but the
Wilder is of fairly good size, often measuring three inches in length by two and a half in breadth. The quality is excellent, the flesh tender
and fine grained, and the flavor sweet, aromatic and very pleasant. I would advise growing this pear on the quince, judging by my own
experience at Maplehurst, where the dwarf trees are doing well.

IMPORTANT BULLETINS

AN interesting bulletin has been issued
recently by the New York Agricul-
tural Experiment Station treating on the
plant-food constituents used by bearing
fruit trees. Investigations were made to
ascertain the amounts of nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid, potash, lime and magnesia used
in one growing season by ' growing fruit
trees. One to three typical representatives
of standard varieties of apple, peach, pear,
plum and quince were selected. The fruit,
leaves and new growth were carefully gath-
ered and analysed.

It was found that peach trees used the
most plant food per acre. Apple and quince
trees were about the same and came second,
while plums gave much the same results

and used less plant food than the other trees.

The proportions used by the different
trees were approximately as follows :
Nitrogen, i lb. ; phosphoric acid, .2y lb. ;
potash, 1. 14 lbs.; lime, 1.35 lbs.; magnesia,
.45 lbs. In the fruit, quinces used the most
nitrogen, with apples, peaches, plums and
pears following in order. Potash was
present in the fruit in larger quantities than
any other food constituent. Nitrogen was
found to be about half as much as potash.

Plant food was more abundant in the
leaves of the peach than in those of the other
trees, after which came the apple, quince,
pear and plum trees in the order given.
Lime was present in the leaves, and in the
new wood in greater quantities than any

344

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

other food. . In new wood the amount re-
quired per acre was greatest in the case of
peach trees. Write to Geneva, N. Y., for
BuUetin 265.

APPLE CULTURE DISCUSSED.

In Bulletin 144, of the Ontario Agricul-
tural College, Guelph, " Apple Culture " in
its more important phases is dealt with
rather exhaustively. After referring to the
demand for nursery stock. Professor Hutt
gives some valuable advice regarding the
selection of varieties suitable for different
sections and classifies them into those suit-
able for market and those for home use,
giving a list of summer, fall and winter
varieties recommended by the Ontario Fruit
Experiment Stations.

The location, exposure, windbreaks, pre-
paration of soil, arrangement of trees, dis-
tance apart, cultivation, cover crops, graft-
ing, pruning, harvesting, grading, market-
ing, storing and practically every operation
connected with apple growing are fully
dealt with. Professor Hutt concludes his
part of the bulletin by a calendar of opera-
tions which the orchardist should pay at-
tention to each month of the year.

A few pages are devoted to the injurious
insects which trouble the apple orchard.
Professor Lochhead classifies these into in-
sects affecting the roots, insects affecting
the trunk, twigs, or branches, insects at-
tacking the buds and leaves, and insects at-
tacking the fruit. The pests commonly
found in Ontario orchards and the most ap-
proved methods of combatting each are
fully dealt with.

Fungous diseases are discussed and
classified. The preparation of the best in-
secticides and fungicides, a few hints on or-
chard spraying, and a complete spray calen-

dar for an apple orchard completes this very
excellent bulletin. Every orchardist should
write to the Ontario Department of Agri-
culture, Toronto, for a copy.

A CORNELL BULLETIN.

Another bulletin of special interest to or-
chardists is Xo. 226, entitled " An Apple
Orchard Survey." The purposes of
the survey were to correlate soil characters
with orchard conditions, to compare suc-
cesses and failures and ascertain underlying
causes, to investigate methods of orchard
management and determine the influence
of each, and to collect data on practical
apple-growing which would furnish indis-
putable evidence to assist horticultural in-
structors.

These purposes were well carried out in
a thorough examination of numerous or-
chards in Wayne county. Every branch of
work connected with the production of the
apple crop receives due attention and in-
creased value is given to the work by the
use of numerous illustrations. After care-
ful investigation it was concluded that til-
lage, fertilization, pruning and spraying
are the chief factors that enter into good
care of an orchard, but that one or more of
these may be omitted for a time without
serious results. To some extent tillage
may replace fertilizers ; a thrifty orchard
may resist the attacks of disease ; or some
seasons may find few insects and spraying
can be discarded. However, the most suc-
cessful apple grower is the one who keeps
a proper balance between all four agencies.
He must also study and learn something
about the life processes, about insect and
fungous diseases, and about drainage and
other soil problems. This bulletin is is-
sued by Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Spraying is more generally practised now
than a few years ago. Growers are begin-
ning to see the need of better spraying, cul-
tivation and general care of their orchards.
— (A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton, Ont.

My peach trees have been badly troubled
with the borer. I find the only way to keep
them in check is to go around with a good
stiff knife with a sharp turned up point and
dig them out. — (C. S. Nelles. Grimsbv. Ont.

NEW METHODS WITH STRAWBERRIES

ALTHOUGH the ordinary methods
adopted in strawberry growing are
according to the matted-row system and the
planting of a new patch each season, there
are growers who practice novel methods and
who are not afraid to recommend them.

" Strawberries grown in hills," said Mr.
W. A. Best, of Picton, " give good returns.
The runners are kept cut off continually,
and as a result only one strong healthy
plant is left. This method, of course, re-
quires more labor than is entailed by the or-
dinary culture, but the quality of fruit
amply repays the gardener. An extra crop
of only number one fruit results and a bet-
ter price is obtained. Besides, the patch
need not be renewed every season. Culti-
vation can be done both ways.

" In the matted row the runners take
away the strength from the fruit, and as a^
consequence fruit of poor quality is har-
vested. Cultivation can be done only one
way, and that only for the first season. The
weeds are sure to come and compel plowing
down after one crop is taken."

ANOTHER METHOD.

Some growers take several harvests from

Small Fruit in the Orchard

ORCHARDISTS cannot afford to de-
vote their land wholly to orchard
purposes for the first few years after the
young trees are set out. Different methods
of using the ground are adopted in different
sections. Some grow hoed crops, others
grain and others some of the small fruits.
The growing of grain is not to be com-
mended, but the choice sometimes depends
on the nature and condition of the soil.

" Where my trees are small," said Mr. J.
M. Metcalf, of Grimsby, td The Horticul-
turist, " I always double crop. I like to
have some of the small fruits, such as rasp-
berries or blackberries there because the
bushes prevent the snow from blowing

one planting with the matted row system.
" I have taken six fruitings in eight years
off the same ground, said Mr. J. M. Met-
calf, of Grimsby, to The Horticulturist.
" The ground was put into good condition
and as free from weeds as it was possible to
have it before setting out the plants. When
the crop was harvested the second year the
whole patch was gone over with a mower.
Then the plow was used, leaving about lo
inches of the old row bottom. After the
plowing a good harrowing was given to
tear it up well and destroy most of the
weeds. The hoes were then used to com-
plete the cleaning and the patch was treated
as if newly set out in the spring.

" By this method it appeared as if the
plants were all destroyed, but it seemed to
set the young suckers to more vigorous
growth. The quality of fruit on the sixth
harvest was just as good as on the first.
This process would not be thoroughly suc-
cessful with all varieties. I have, however,
had success with Jessie and Michael's
Early. The plants must be strong growers,
w^hich will soon smother their own row and
make good growth before winter sets in."

away in the winter and so serve as a protec-
tion to the fruit trees. Besides the berries
get the benefit of partial shade, and that
suits them best. Too much shade would
tend to make them soft and mushy, but the
shade afforded by an ordinary orchard im-
proves the quality.

" I sometimes use, potatoes, sugar beets,
carrots, cabbage, etc. Corn is unsatisfac-
tory, as it requires too much moisture late
in the season when the trees need all they
can sfet."

If I were going to plant a vineyard I would
set out Concords. They are hardier than
any other variety, seldom missing a crop,
while the quaHty is of the best. — (Adolphus
Pettit, Grimsby, Ont.

45

SMALL FRUITS FOR THE CANNERIES

FRUIT growers well know the dift'er-
ence in quality of different varieties
of the same fruit. In berries this is es-
pecially noticeable. The tendency, how-
ever, with most growers is to buy the plants
which they believe will produce the largest
berry in the greatest quantity. This ma.}'
seem plausible, but although size and
qualitx' are desirable features in a fruit the
quality should be the special characteristic
sought.

" The man who is likely to buy the fruit,"
said Air. Wellington Boulter, of Picton, to
a representative of The Canadian Horticul-
turist who visited his canning factory,
" should be counselled every time uy a
grower before he purchases his fruit-bushes
or trees. There are many varieties of the
different fruits which all go to mush when
canned. These varieties do not ship well.
The tree agent sells to make money, but the

White Grubs in Strawberry Plants

PROF. F. C. SEARS, WOLFVILLE, N. S.

Last season I planted about 200 strawberry-
plants. They were not strong and many
wilted. This season they have practically all
died. On examination of the roots I found a
larg-e white grub, which no doubt accounts for
the death of the plants. "What can be done to
exterminate the pests from the soil ? Will it
be safe to set out new plants in the same soil
this season ? — ("W. R. Wonham, Richelieu \i\-
Jag€, Que.

These large white grubs are the larvje of
some kind of " Jtme bugs" (some species
of Lachnosterna), which live in the ground
and feed upon decaying vegetable matter,
especially barnyard manure. So far as re-
planting this same ground with strawberries
this season is concerned I should advise
strongly against it if there is any other land
available. The particular " grubs " which
have caused the damage this year will pro-
bably have changed to adult insects, but
there will in all likelihood be a new crop
ready to attack new plants.

As to ridding the land of these pests I
would suggest fall plowing late in tne sea-

grower also buys to make money. There-
fore, he should have only the desirable and
saleable sorts. The Cuthbert raspberry is
the best. We often pay six cents per box
for them when Schaft'er only brings four
cents. In strawberries we have paid one
cent per box more for the Wilson than for
other varieties. It is not as large as many
of the others, but it is firm and purple or
bright red in the centre, and it is quality
that counts.

" In every case," continued Mr. Boulter,
" the demand is the first thing to be con-
sidered. The fine arguments of fruit-tree
sellers who claim certain varieties are ihe
best simply because they want to get rid of
their stock should not influence the buyer.
The man who bu}-s the product should be
consulted and the recommendations of the
agent ought not to be given too much
weight."

son so as to throw up the grubs and expose
them to the action of the weather. The ob-
ject of doing the plowing late is of course
to allow the insects no opportunity to read-
just themselves for the winter.

Next spring I would use salty fertilizers,
either wood ashes or muriate of potash, and
if the soil needs nitrogen use nitrate of soda
to furnish that, and lastly bone meal or some
phosphate. In applying such fertilizers it
is better to put on the entire lot at one time,
as this makes stronger solutions in the soil
water, which is unfavorable to the insect
life of the soil or sometimes even deadly.
If the land were treated in this way it should
be perfectly safe to set strawberry plants on
it in the spring, but I should consider it a
very risky thing to reset this season.

Bulbous plants become sickly after be-
ing over fed. Starvation is the only
remedy. Put them away to rest and mere-
ly give sufficient water to prevent total dry-
ing.— (A. J. Frost, Preston avenue, To-
ronto.

346

THE MAKING OF A SUBURBAN HOME*

S. SHORT, OTTAWA, ONT.

MOST city folk, at some period in their
lives have a longing for country air
and surroundings, a longing for freedom
from city cares, for rest and quiet and a de-
sire to dig in mother earth. This is a
natural desire, and if gratified will, in many
cases, result in indigestion cures, the up-
building of shattered nerves and general
good health. Visions of fresh eggs for
breakfast, fresh vegetables gathered while
wet with dew for dinner, and fresh berries
for tea, all produced in the home, poultry
yard and garden, furnish powerful argu-
ments in favor of going to live in the
suburbs, not to speak of the pleasure of
sowing the seed and watching the growth
of the plants and giving them such atten-
tion that when the time of the harvest
comes the product will be the finest in the
country side.

Having, therefore, decided to invest in a
piece of land with a view to making a gar-
den, the first question to decide is location.
I presume, of course ,that the owner in-

tends to garden during his spare hours and
go to the city daily. In that case I would
recommend that he locate near the street
car line if possible. That is, I would pre-
fer to pay more for land, or be content with
a smaller lot near the car line than a more
distant location. There may be in the
family some members who would not take
to the suburban life with the same zest as
the head of the house, and they should be
considered. Besides, a back ache sometimes
forces its attention on the enthusiastic gar-
dener and it is desirable to get to the car
with as little exertion as possible.

The best time to inspect the different lo-
cations is just after the snow has melted in
spring time. You can then see the state
of the roads and how the land is drained.
This is important for sanitary reasons. If
the home is located outside the city limits
the owner has to devise and carry out his
own sewage system, so a slight slope is a
help for that purpose as well as for good
surface drainage. A slope to the north or

The Guelph City Hall as Improved

Excellent results would follow were more of our horticultural societies to follow the example of the Guelph Horticultural Society,
which this year greatly improved the city hall and postoffice by placing handsome boxes in the windows. This work is appreciated by
the thousands who pass these two prominent buildings.

♦Extract from a paper read at the July meeting of the Ottawa Horticultural Society.

347

348

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

west is preferable, for then the snow in
spring melts slowly and the plants seldom
sufTer by too early exposure or by making
too rapid growth and injury from frosts.

If the owner intends to live all the year
round in the suburbs it is absolutely neces-
sary that the public highway to and from
his home should be high, dry and well
drained. There is nothing that will cause
dissatisfaction with the location more
quickly than to have to travel over wet,
muddy roads.

The next point to be considered is hov/
much land to buy. That depends on indi-
vidual circumstances. Some have mori
leisure time and more money than others.
If the purchaser can afford to keep a hired
man and a horse an acre more or less will
be of small concern, but if he intends to do
the work himself one half to three quarters
of an acre is ample and will give his muscu-
lar energies the fullest scope.

To the man with limited means who
wishes to cultivate his own garden and at-
tend to the numerous chores incidental to a
country home there are good reasons for
saying that half an acre is ample to occupy
his spare time. Unless the lawn is kept
nicely trimmed, the flower-beds kept free
from weeds and the vegetable garden kept
in thorough cultivation, the owner's repu-
tation as a gardener will suffer, and instead
of having a home and garden to be proud of
and to be shown with pride to visitors, he
very soon tires of gardening and his career
in the suburbs soon ends. To keep half an
acre in proper order and cultivation, to at-
tend to the poultry, to do a little painting
and fencing when necessary will take the
average man three hours every working day
from the time the spring work begins until
the middle of August, when the weed sea-
son is practically over. During ]May, June
and July the grass must be cut at least once
weekly, the flower beds weeded and raked
once a week ; in fact, everv inch of land un-

der cultivation, to be kept properly, must
have weekly attention.

]\Iy object in stating these facts is that
they may perhaps be a help, to an intending
suburbanite, in deciding how much land to
invest in for garden purposes, so that even
though land be low in price in the outskirts
of the city, he will not undertake to cultivate
too much, and his garden, instead of being
a pleasure become a burden. Having pur-*
chased the land, the next step is to lay out
the grounds and garden to the best advant-
age. Before planting a tree or choosing
the site for the house, by all means have a
plan drawn to a scale. Then you have be-
fore you on paper the details in full of the
work to be done. I would suggest divid-
ing the half acre in two parts. On one
half put the house, driveway, lawn, flower
beds, outbuildings and poultry runs and re-
serve ; on the other the fruit and vegetable
garden. The driveway may be placed be-
tween the house and the fruit garden and
the house between the driveway and lawn,
which ensures you from having the owner
of the next lot building close tc your house
even though he builds on the line between
the properties. A border for flowers may
be made around the lawn. It should end
parallel with the rear of the house and
be divided from the land in the rear by a
trellis made with poultry netting, on which
grape vines may be grown to screen the
poultry houses and runs.

FRUITS THAT MAY BE GROWN.

In nearly all parts of this province the
following fruits may be grown : Strawber-
ries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries,
apples, plums, cherries and grapes. Before
planting, a list should be prepared and sub-
mitted to any local expert who will willing-
ly advise the best varieties. At the start
only plant varieties that have been success-
fully grown in your neighborhood. Avoid
experimenting until thoroughly established.
The number of fruit trees and plants to

WHAT MAY BE GROWN IN A SMALL GARDEN.

349

grow depends on the number of members
in the family, the size of the garden, and in-
dividual preferences. One person likes
strawberries, another prefers raspberries.
The small fruits and perennial vegetables
should be grouped together. The fruit
bushes may be planted next to the poultry

A Part of the Lawn and Hedge in Mr. S. Short's Garden, Ottawa.

This garden, only a small part of which can be seen, was one of the leading winners in
the Lady Minto garden competition in Ottawa last year. The picture is interesting in
that it shows what may be done in home-building from very rough beginnings. About 12
years ago Mr. Short purchased a block of ground at Rockiiffe, in the outskirts of Ottawa.
This land was in very rough condition, full of boulders and very uneven. Within a few
years its owner has made great improvements. A splendid Norway spruce hedge, 250 feet
in length, which was planted by the owner and personally tended by him, may be seen.
It is one of the finest hedges in or about Ottawa.

runs, for then the fowls may be allowed to
range through them without damage and to
the advantage of both after the fruit has
been gathered in midsummer. I would
plant for a family of six persons two 40 foot
rows of strawberries, 40 raspberries, six
red, two white and two black currants, four
clumps of rhubarb and 50 roots of aspara-
gus. These should be planted in rows five
feet apart the whole length of the garden
to render easy cultivation by a Planet
Jr. Cultivator.

If I were growing small fruit for market
I would grow first the gooseberry, then
black and red currants, and lastly straw-
berries and raspberries. Strawberries and
raspberries must be gathered every other
day or the fruit is spoiled, being over ripe,
and the plants give up bearing. While it

is a delightful task to gather three or four
quarts of fresh strawberries or raspberries,
it is most laborious and tiring to gather
them by the dozen quarts. With gooseber-
ries and currants there is a latitude of a
week or 10 days in which to gather the
fruit. The whole crop may be gathered at
once and they will keen for
a week. Raspberries and
strawberries must be mar-
keted at once or they spoil.
Besides, gooseberries and
currants are more profitable.
A raspberry bush takes
nearlv as much space as a
gooseberry, and a Downing
gooseberry bush will bear
annually 12 to 15 quarts and
a raspberry two to three.

Next to the ground occu-
pied by the small fruits and
perennial vegetables the an-
nual vegetables may tre
grown in rows to permit the
using of the hand cultivator.
A well stocked vegetable
garden should contain the
following: Cress, radishes, lettuce, green
peas and beans, beets, onions, carrots, pars-
nips, tomatoes, turnips, cabbage, cauli-
flower, cucumbers, squash, celery, corn and
potatoes. All these may be grown readily
in most localities, and the owner should
grow such quantities of each as will suit the
size of his family.

Late cabbage and celery may be planted
in the ground occupied early in the season
by the green peas, which will be done bear-
ing when the cabbage and celery are ready
to be put out. The squash may be planted
near the compost heap or manure pile and
trained to grow over it and hide an unsight-
ly spot. Some flowering plants should be
grown in the vegetable garden for supply-
ing the table with cut flowers. This saves
cutting those grown near the house for or-

350

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

namentation. All flowers and vegetables
that need an early start should be grown in
a hot-bed at home.

The principle of the proper management
can be seen at a glance by visiting any gar-
dener in springtime. In this way you can
grow tomato, cabbage, cauliflower and
celery plants and annuals that need an early
start, such as aster, phlox, petunias, carna-
tions, etc. This keeps down expenses and
desirable varieties are ensured. Nor must
the poultry be forgotten. For a family of
six, 15 or 20 hens are enough. A cheap
house, free from draughts, will do for them.

Enclose the poorest ground for runs. They
must be confined, but they should have at
least 20 square feet for each fowl. Poul-
try netting is cheap and easily put up.
Three runs are needed : one for the old
fowl, one for the young, and a spare run.

A diary should be kept and a record made
of the date of the last spring frost ; the first
fall frost ; the dates of sowing the different
seeds ; the dates of their coming above
ground ; the date of the first flower blooms ;
the first and last ripening of the different
fruits. This furnishes data to w^ork upon
in succeeding seasons.

EARLY FLOWERING BULBS

FEW plants give more beauty for the
labor and expense involved in their
culture than do the early-flowering bulbs.
They are grown chiefly in Holland, but are
easily handled in beds or borders in almost
any garden. Hor best success it is w-ell to
prepare a deep rich bed in September and
plant the bulbs four to six inches .^eep in
these as early in the fall as they can be ob-
tained. Most flower-growers have a few,
but for a collection of numerous species
there are not many who can present as fine

a display as Mr. Thos. Bog, of Picton, Ont.
" I get my bulbs direct from Holland," re-
marked Mr. Bog to a member of The Horti-
culturist staff, " and generally plant them
in October. They must be planted when
the ground is dry. If the ground is w-et
there will be no growth as the bulbs rot. It
is essential that the beds be well under-
drained. Sandy loam suits them best.
They need frequent watering when growing
and especially when in flower.

" I never let them go to seed, as that

Beds of Tulips in a Lovely Hamilton Park

FOR THE FLOWER GROWER.

351

takes too much plant food from the bulb.
The leaves, also, are allowed to die down,
thus sending the strength back into the
bulbs. In this way good strong bulbs are
formed.

" I always leave them in the ground over
winter. A liberal coat of manure is put
on after the ground freezes. If put on be-
fore the frost comes the ground heats and

growth is stimulated. Late spring frosts
sometimes damage them. When left in the
ground all the year round hyacinths last
about three and tulips about seven years.

" The ground might be utilized for some-
thing else if the bulbs were removed, but
that means a lot of work. I prefer to leave
them there and set a few plants among them
to add beauty after the bulb bloom is gone."

CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN SEPTEMBER

GEO. HOLLIS, BRACONDAI.E, ONT.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS should now be
making great headway. The early
varieties will be swelling their buds and
should receive careful attention. Side
growths, as well as large growths from the
base of the plant, must be removed regu-
larly. The stems must be kept well tied
up, because no matter how good the flower
a bent stem spoils its value in the market.

Some bone flour spread on the bench and
covered with about one inch of rotten
manure, helps the plants, wonderfully. Good
cow manure is the best.

The later varieties require much the same
treatment, but if they are making a soft
rank growth no manure should be added
until the flower buds begin to swell. In
case the plants are so soft that the sun
causes wilting, less water should be added
at the root, but syringing must be continued

Walks should be artistically laid out on
each school lawn and be edged with bloom-
ing border plants. These would always
receive the tender care of the pupils and
thus 'by association they would learn to re-
isipect the flowers and shrubs of some one
who is " almost discouraged " because of
t'he vandalism practised by the youths of to-
day while on their way to and from school.
— (P. G. Keyes, Ottawa, Ont.

just the same. Plenty of air,also, is needed.

A thorough syringing with tobacco water
is required once or twice every week to
have the plants perfectly clean when the
flowers open. Fumigation is also good.

The warning of last month regarding the
chrysanthemum fly on pot plants outside
needs to be repeated now. In some of my
seedlings this pest was busy taking the
points out of the growths, and the result
was the plants had to be removed. This
fly is the main drawback in growing
chrysanthemums outside.

The plants grown in pots need plenty of
room. A supply of manure water twice
g, week helps them. Horticultural manure
is first class for this purpose, as it is clean
to handle. If the houses have been white-
washed or the plants shaded in any way the
shade should be removed during September.

If we who have plants find them a de-
light, let us not be stingy with them, but
when we have one to spare give it to some
one who has none. Give the children cut-
tings to grow for themselves and so teach
them to love and care for flowers. The
finest coleus plant I have, and the little
geranium slip with the largest bunch of
blossoms, were planted by my little girl.—
(Mrs. W. J. McLenahan, Appleby.

PLANTING PERENNIALS IN AUTUMN

ALTHOUGH perennials are so easily
grown they are comparatively scarce
in Canadian gardens. There are sufficient
hardy varieties adapted to northern sections
to brighten up the gardens in the coldest
districts. The trouble is the people do not
know the plants. In some cases success
has been achieved with some common
plants, such as the Sweet William, but the
grower became tired of such commonplace
specimens and began experimenting with
new ones which are not so easily grown nor
yet so beautiful.

The object should be to get those which
add the most beauty and can be grown most
easily. Although experiments should be
carried on with new introductions, this
should not cause the old stand-bys to be
discarded. If the new plant is a success,
get more of it, but also keep some of the
kind which seems more common. What
flowers give better effect than a bed of per-
ennial phlox or some Rudbeckia or even a
row of holyhocks?

The border represented in the illustration
is composed of coreopsis and perennial
poppies, which gave good bloom during the
early part of the season, and different

species of Boltonia, perennnal phlox and
pyrethrum for bloom later in the season.
This border produced a very striking effect.

The different perennials capable of en-
during the most severe winters of Ontario
are too numerous to mention. The at-
tention required by them does not vary
much. The common method of propaga-
tion is by root division. In past years the
usual practice has been to do the trans-
planting in the spring of the year. Recent-
ly, however, many growers have been adopt-
ing fall planting, and in most cases success
has been the result.

" Such plants as phlox, peonies, golden
glow, bleeding heart and the German iris."
said Mr. Geo. Long, manager of W' m. Ren-
nie's greenhouses, to The Horticulturist a
few days ago, " do better when planted in
the fall. All those plants which make an
early start in the spring can be set out about
the. last of September or early in October.
This usually results in earlier bloom and a
larger truss of better flowers.

" There are, however, some perennials,
such as the hollyhock, which are very un-
satisfactory when fall planting is practiced.
The frost kills a large percentage of them.

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Beautiful Border of Hardy Perennials

35^

i

IN THE GARDEN IN SEPTEMBER.

353

Root action does not become established
before frosts come and the result is rot
sets in.

" Many think that because fall planting
is best in Great Britain it should also be the
best here, but it must be remembered that
the winters are much more severe in Canada
than they are across the water. ,

" With those plants which do become es-
tablished in the fall it is not unusual to ob-
tain good bloom two weeks or more earlier.
Phlox set out in the fall makes an elegant
show by the middle of August.

MULCHING IN THE FALL.

" It always pays to apply a mulch if there
is only one small row of plants to be at-
tended. Strawy manure or some such cov-
ering suits well. It is not the hard frosts
which do the damage ; it is the alternate
freezing and thawing — a hot sun during
day time, then a cold night, and then a
warm sun.

" The mulch should be applied after the

frost comes to stay. The time depends on
the season. If put on too soon growth is
encouraged and the danger of the plants be-
ing injured is increased instead of lessened.
In the spring it should be removed little by
little as the spring opens up, having them
stripped when danger of frost is past. This
time, again, depends on the nature of the
soil, the site, and other conditions.

"With very little extra work and small ex-
pense many an ugly corner might be made
a place of beauty or an unsightly fence
might be hidden by some of the taller
species planted in a nice border in front of
it. The ground must be well prepared. A
good coat of manure should be dug in so
as to have a rich soil.

" The ordinary barnyard manure, if well
rotted, is better than commercial fertilizers.
You can be sure of not overdoing the mat-
ter. With commercial fertilizers it is very
easy to add too much and do more harm
than gfood."

Garden Work in September

BEFORE heavy frost sets in procu'-e a
few evergreen branches and lay
them over your pansies, then shake a cov-
ering of dry leaves over them. If you
have a sash, place it on also, or a few old
boards will answer the same purpose. The
object is not to have your plants thaw c-ut
before spring, which they would do, if left
uncovered, should there come a mild spell
during the winter. — (E. F. Collins, To-
ronto, Ont.

Although chrysanthemums are almost
hardy, they must not be exposed to frost, of
even to continued cold, wet weather if good
flowering results are to be obtained.
Sprinkling the foliage early in the day on
hot days will be very beneficial to the plaits.
As soon as buds are formed on the plants,
liquid manure should be given them about

once a week, until flowers are fully de-
veloped.

By planting two or three Roman hyacinth
bulbs in a four or five-inch pot early in Sep-
tember, and plunging the pot outside in
ashes or sand for three or four weeks, when
the bulbs will have made good root, flowtrs
can be had before Christmas time. Plant
the bulbs about half an inch under the soil,
so their tops are well covered, water them
well once, and if well rooted the blossoms
will repay the little trouble experienced in
securing them. — (W^m. Hunt Guelph, Ont.

Some leave their house plants out too
late. It is better to bring them in when
the temperature of the house is about the
same as outside. If left out too late, when
brought in many leaves fall or turn yellow.
— (Mrs. W. J. McLenahan, Appleby, Orit.

HARVESTING AND STORING ONIONS

'1

USUALLY pull onions in Septem-
ber," said Air. J. W. Rush, of Hum-
ber Bay, recently to a representative of 'I'he
Canadian Horticulturist. " They should
be harvested as soon as the tops begin to
fall. When sown thickly and not thinned
they ripen themselves and no rolling is
necessary to cause the top to fall over.
When thinned they often develop thick-
necks. A thick crop and rich ground gives
better returns and the onions always ripen
better. After they are pulled they should
be left on the ground to dry thoroughly.
Two or three good rains do not hurt them ;
in fact, it makes the tops come off easily.

" Onions should be stored in a cool, dry
place, with plenty of ventilation. They
will stand five degrees of frost in the field,
but after they have been stored frost causes
the outer layer to rise and peel off. A tem-
perature just above freezing is best. When
put on shelves they can be piled six or eight
inches deep. The onion house should be
by itself, as the dampness due to the evapo-
ration of other vegetables causes the onions
to sprout.

" I once knew a field of onions to be left
out until near the last of October. They
were then taken in and piled about sev^en
feet deep in a cellar. It so happened that
these kept well and not very many were l.)St
because they were cool and dry when put m.
I would not, however, advise this method.

SMALLER ACREAGE.

" Several growers in this section," re-
marked Mr. W. C. McCalla, of St. Catha-
rines, to a Horticulturist representative,
" have an acre or two of onions. Others
planted some, but the rapid growth of weeds
during the wet weather of early summer
forced them to plow their patch up. The
weeds were not fought in time, and as a
consequence the young onions were smoth-
ered out.

" A few good crops remain, but in tlie

main they are below the average in size and
quality. As soon as they are ripe they
should be harvested. The time of year
that the tops go down and shrivel depends
on the weather. If they are sown early
and the summer months are hot and dry
they may be harvested in August.

" There are two ways in which onions
may be stored. Some put them in a mow,
and when they are frozen solid cover them
with straw or hay and leave them thus
frozen throughout the winter. This cr,e
freezing does not do any damage. It is
alternate freezing and thawing which de-
stroys them. The chief objection to this
method is that they cannot be got at readily
when wanted and they cannot be handled
when frozen without damage.

THE BEST METHOD.

"The other and the most approved
method is to pull and leave them in the field
until thoroughly dry. Then, store them in
a cool dry place. A cellar that will keep
potatoes might not do for onions. The best
plan is to put them on slatted shelves in thin
layers about eight or lo inches deep. Some
growers have obtained satisfactory results
by storing their onions in slatted tomato
crates. The main thing is to have plenty
of ventilation and no moisture or frost."

" Up to the last two seasons," said Air,
Geo. Benner, of Burlington, " I have been
able to pull my onion crop in August, but
last year and the year before it was Septem-
ber before they were ripe.

" When they have thoroughly dried I
take them into the storehouse. They must
be stored where it is dry and free from
frost. A temperature just above freezing
suits them best. Warmth and dampr?ess
causes them to sprout. I place them about
a foot deep on a network of fine mesh
chicken wire on frames. They also i:ttp
well in slatted bushel boxes, but if in bulk
they draw moisture and sprout."

354

CELERY GROWING

THE fleshy leaf stock of the celery plant
is much prized as a table delicacy.
It is not before this edible part of the plant
has been thoroughly bleached, however,
that it is in fit condition for the table. Ow-
ing to its increasing popularity it is gradu-
ally becoming more widely cultivated, but
even yet there are countless gardens wnere
a supply of this crop is unknown.

Although a lover of soil rich in nitrogen-
ous matter, it can be grown with fair svic-
cess on most soils if sufficient manure is
added and frequent watering given during
the summer. A retentive well-drained
rich black loam seems to suit it best. Too
much moisture is just as harmful as too
little.

By starting the seed in the house or m
hot beds and growing both early and late
varieties, this wholesome vegetable may be
kept on hand from July until well on into
the winter months. Large growers with
special storage cellars always have a good
supply in late winter.

" The best varieties," said Mr. J. E. T.-r-
rill, of Picton, to The Horticulturist re-
cently, " are Paris Golden for early and
Evans' Triumph for late crop. I am grow-
ing those varieties exclusively this season.
A low black well watered soil suits the
celery crop best. I set the plants out in
trenches. A plow is used to make a trench
five or six inches deep. In this a imv
inches of well-rotted manure is put and oirt
is put on top. The whole is well tramped
and the plants set in this.

" I always bleach the early varieties v.ith
boards about lo inches wide. ^^'ith the
Evans' Triumph some dirt is piled along to
give the head shape, but as a rule bleaching
early varieties by banking with earth re-
sults in rust, and that spoils the sale.

"Late celery is planted in trenches iiur
feet apart. As the plants grow the bank-
ing up is done by a celery-hiller, and I find
it does the work well. A man goes along

to pack the dirt tightly against the plants.
This makes just as good a job as by using
the hoe, and twice as much can be done m
the same time. The Evans' Triumph is a
good keeper and will bleach in the cellar by
about February i.

" The crop is put into a large frost-proof
storehouse lOO x 30 feet. For winter use
it is well to leave the crop in the field as late
as possible until the temperature of the cel-
lar is lowered. The best temperature is
about three or four degrees above freezing.
There is a driveway up the middle and the
plants are set in sand. They are packed
closely, only the roots being covered. No
water is added, and we never lose any be-
cause of wilting."

ANOTHER grower's METHODS.

"For summer celery," said Mr. Wm. Wal-
ler, of Bartonville, "I grow the Paris Golden
because there is a better demand for it on
the local market. It is tender and easily
bleached. I grow between 30,000 and
40,000 per season. Planting is done m
trenches three feet apart, and the plants 'are
put six inches apart in the row. Too much
time and labor are required to dig manure
into the trenches. As fine a crop can be
secured by adding plenty of manure and
plowing it in well in the spring shortly be-
fore planting. This supplies sufficient
nourishment.

" Bleaching is best done by means of
boards. They should be used when the
plants are about one foot high.

"For winter use the plants are store.! in
a cellar with a sand floor. If they are to
be kept for a long time it is best not to pack
too closely, and they should be repacked
once every three or four weeks and all
leaves which show signs of rot or rust re-
moved. Water should not be added.
Plenty of ventilation is desirable, but frost
should be prevented. Celery will stand
slight frost when growing in the field, but
not when in the cellar."

355

356

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURlSi.

THREE VARIETIES.

" There are three varieties of celery,"
said Mr. W. A. Best, of Picton, " which I
know to be all right : the Dwarf Silver tor
summer, the Golden Self-bleacher for fall,
and the Golden Heart for winter. Wliite
plume is pretty 'but tasteless, and of very
poor quality.

"Some growers recommend growing
celery in beds, but I do not favor that
method. More plants can be grown on the
same ground space, but it requires m.ore
labor and more watering. Besides, the soil
must be very rich and the plants are liable
to rust.

"I do not, however, favor planting m
trenches. I make a small furrow with a
Planet Jr. wheel hoe and put commerv,ial
fertili/x^r in the bottom of this and mix it up
well. No work should be done among
celery plants while they are wet after they
arc six inches high, as it is liable to cause
rust or rot.

'' Best results are obtained by bleaching
with boards. Very frequently hilling up
the summer varieties with earth causes lot.
Late celery may be banked up in Sept "m-
ber so as to have it partly bleached when it
goes into the storehouse in October. The
plants should be perfectly dry when stored."

MUSHROOM CULTURE

TO be a successful grower of mush-
rooms the work should not be re-
stricted by any set of rules, as there are few-
people who uniformly succeed. The work
must be regulated by conditions and the lo-
cation of the beds. The same rules would
not apply to all conditions. By practice
and experimenting a method may be de-
veloped wiiich, with a little persistence on
the part of the grower, may result in suc-
cess with mushrooms.

The method which has proved successful
with one of the largest growers in Toronto
is here described. This grower believes
that in mushroom growing there are three
prime requisites : decaying vegetable mat-
ter, a uniform and rather low temperature,
and a steady supply of moisture. The de-
caying matter is supplied by horse manure,
which should be obtained as fresh as possi-
ble. It is necessary to produce the re-
quired heat. This applies more especially
to the fall of the year, as in the summer
there is too much heat, which has to be re-
duced by mixing soil with the manure.
The manure should be piled in some shel-
tered place and there allowed to ferment
and heat. The pile should be turned at

least once a day, perhaps more frequently,
depending on how high a temperature is at-
tained. The heating itself is, perhaps, of
no advantage except for the fact that
it contributes to the decay of the material.

^Manure should stand about three weeks,
and when it ceases to supply an increasing
amount of heat it should be put in the beds.
The temperature at this time should not go
beyond 120 degrees. The beds may be on
raised benches or on the ground, but they
should have a dry and warm bottom.
Raised benches have proved to be the best,
as there is less draft and the temperature
can be kept more even. They should be at
least 10 inches deep when raised from the
ground, or if ground beds are used it is well
to have them 12 to 15 inches deep.

The manure should be packed close and
in a uniform manner, but not too hard. The
bed should feel somewhat springy. Leave
the bed until it is found how high the tem-
perature goes. After a temperature of 90
degrees has been obtained the mushroom
spawn should be planted.

Great care should be taken in selecting
only the best spawn. One of the methods
of telling good spawn is by its appearance.

SOMETHING FOR THE MARKET GARDENER.

357

It should be of a bluish white color, and not
inclined to yellowing, which invariably in-
dicates that it is exhausted. The greater
the number of white threads the more cer-
tain it is that the spawn has run too far.
Fresh spawn should be obtained each year,
and in planting it should be broken into
pieces about the size of a walnut and put
about eight or lo inches apart each way.
The depth of planting is regulated by the
moisture of the bed. The greater the
moisture the shallower the planting, but in
any case do not cover them more than on«
and a half inches.

AFTER GROWTH BEGINS.

After the spawn has been left about lo
days it should show signs of running, and
if it does it should be covered with one and
a half inches of clay loam. After spread-
ing the soil over the bed evenly it should be
packed firmly with a mallet or brick, and
then given a slight watering.

Should the temperature of the bed go be-
low 60 degrees a covering of straw about
six inches deep should be added. Care
should be taken when this is done to avoid
overheating. If signs of overheating ap-
pear remove the straw at once ; if not, leave
the straw on until mushrooms appear. This
may be in four weeks or not until four
months.

The temperature of the beds should never
go below 60 or above 70 degrees after the
spawn is in place. If the bed becomes dry
it should have a slight sprinkling of water
about the same temperature as the bed. As
the crop increases more water is required.

The New President of the C. H. A.

Mr. Wm. Fendley, of Brampton, who was elected president of
the Canadian Horticultural Association at its annual convention
held in Montreal early in August, was initiated into the cut flower
business, in the employ of the late H. Dale, of Brampton, 21 years
ago. A few years later he began business for himself in a small
greenhouse, 10 x 12 feet. He gradually increased his glass space,
making a specialty cf carnations and violets. At present he has 19
houses, averaging 180 feet in length, and is known far and wide as
a successful violet and carnation grower. Mr. Fendley has been
faithful in his attendance at the annual conventions of the associa-
tion and, being well informed in regard to its work, should make a
most efficient president.

In gathering the mushrooms they should be
drawn out, not cut off, and the hole filled
with soil. The best months for starting
beds are September and October. About
four months is the usual time a bed con-
tinues to yield a crop, and they should pro-
duce about one-half pound to the foot.

The changing weather conditions of the
last few seasons have been rather discour-
aging to truck gardeners. — (J. W. Hyatt,
West Lake, Ont.

The land must be in good shape and the
work done scientifically to get returns from

truck gardening. — (Earl Spencer, Picton,
Ont.

In growing onions one of the main things
is to have the crop ripe and cured before
rainy weather comes in the fall. — (George
Benner, Burlington, Ont.

358

EDITORIAL.

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THE HAMILTON SHOW.

In the fruit and flower show which will be
held in Hamilton September 12, 13 and 14, the
fruit g-rowers of the Niagara district and the
residents of Hamilton have a splendid oppor-
tunity of which they should take every advant-
age. Owing to the fact that the provincial
horticultural exhibition, which is held in To-
ronto in November, is too late for many of the
early fruits, it was decided this year to hold an
earlier show in Hamilton. The show this
month is intended to mainly benefit the fruit
growers of the Niagara district and also many
.amateur flower growers. Whether or not it
shall be made a permanent affair largely de-
pends on the interest manifested in it by the
growers and by the citizens of Hamilton.

The prize list is sufficiently liberal to offer
strong inducement for the fruit growers of the
Niagara district to show what their far famed
section is capable of in the way of fruit produc-
tion. With proper management and the requi-
site amount of enthusiasm this show can be
made a splendid annual advertisement for the
district it is principally designed to benefit.

As much will depend on the success of tkis first
venture every person in any way Interested
should do his best to make it a success. In
a matter of this kind a little work on the part
of many will accomplish more than hard work
on the part of a few.

A SPLENDID OPPORTUNITY.

Vegetable growers have long complained of
the existing tariff arrangements which while
shutting them out of the United States markets
leaves them open to severe competition from
the southern States. Carloads of vegetables
are shipped from th» south to Canadian cities,
where they are often disposed of at prices be-
low the cost of production in the centres where
they are sold.

The fact that the tariff commission is to sit
in leading centres, such as Toronto and Mont-
real, should be taken advantage of by the vege-
table growers. While anything which will be
likely to advance the price of vegetables will be
certain to meet with strong opposition the vege-
table growers have claims which deserve to be
heard. By appointing a strong committee to
prepare their case and, if necessary, by engag-
ing a lawyer to present it, they should be able
to impress both the commission and the public
with the necessity for at least some change in
existing conditions.

Every fruit grower in eastern Canada who
can possibly do so should endeavor to attend
some of the demonstrations in fruit packing
that will be given during the next few weeks at
different centres by the expert who is being
brought from British Columbia. The great
name California fruit has made for itself has
been earned largely 'by the manner in which it
has been packed. In this work, it has long
been admitted, California has been able to give
Canadian growers many pointers. If our grow-
ers lose this opportunity to gain suggestions for
the improvement of their methods they are not
the wide-awake men they are generally held
to be.

The illustration in this issue showing the ex-
cellent work that has been accomplished thie
year by the Guelph Horticultural Society in
improving the appearance of the hitherto al-
most ugly town hall draws attention to a line of
work more horticultural societies could follow
with advantage to themselves and the public.
The improvement of neglected public places in
this way will do much more for the cause of
horticulture than a rather too free use, for in-
stance, of society funds for the purchase of
seeds and bulbs.

As soon as the Toronto exhibition is over the
fruit, flower and vegetable growers of the pro-
vince should set to work in earnest to get ready
for the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition, which
will be held in Toronto in November. The fact
that the exhibition will this year be held in

TREATMENT FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.

359

Massey Hall will add greatly to its success.
In Massey Hall it will be possible to show the
flowers and fruit to every advantage, which,
together with the central location, will result
in a greatly increased attendance. The several
conventions which will be held at the same time
will be one of the best features of the exhibition.

That was a splendid idea, the holding of a
joint picnic last month by the vegetable grow-
ers of the Toronto, Hamilton and Niagara dis-
tricts. The more growers in any line can meet
and fraternize the better for all concerned. The
success of this first venture suggests that it may
be possible to make a joint picnic of this kind
an annual affair.

New Advertisers

Gould Cold Storage Co., Montreal.
W. Gammage, London.
J. A. Simmers, Toronto.
Renfrew Nurseries, Renfrew.
Perkins & Paine, Port Dover.
Eben James, Toronto.

Best Spraying Mixtures

J. FREOD.

SMITH, SCALE INSPECTOR,
GLANFORD, ONT.

During August I made an examination of. the
trees sprayed for San Jose scale in a part of the
Niagara peninsula. Where the lime and sul-
phur had been prepared by the action of the
lime alone the result is anything but satisfac-
tory, but where the wash had been boiled by
steam in the old way the results were the best
that I have ever seen.

What the result may be in other localities I
can not say, as I have not made any examina-
tion, but if they are anything like those I refer
to the advice which the fruit growers received at
a large number of meetings from a gentleman
from the United States might better never have
been given. If the lime and sulphur wash is
properly prepared by boiling, and also properly
applied, the scale cannot make headway.

A striking illustration of the value to Cana-
dian shippers of the Fruit Marks Act Is shown
by the following incident, reported to the Ex-
tension of Markets Division, Department of
Agriculture, Ottawa, respecting a shipment of
apples by steamer Fremona, from Portland, Me.:
" Besides the Canadian apples there were ship-
ped by this steamer 992 barrels of United States
apples, by different shippers, which on being
landed over 50 were found to be without marks
of any description. As a consequence the con-
signees wanted to pick and choose, thereby
causing trouble and delay, during which the
apples from the Canadian shippers had been
placed on the market."

WE WANT
8,000 SUBSCRIBERS

By January First Next

-AND-

We Need Your Help

United States fruit and floral publications are
pushing their papers into Canada and are constantly
asking their readers to help them get new subscribers.
Will not our readers help us in the same way?

Without saying anything about our United States
competitors (they are hard ones to tight) we will
state that THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST
is the onlj' paper published, which will keep you
fully posted in regard to what Canadian Fruit,
Flower and Vegetable Growers are doing. Our aim
is to give our readers in each issue the information
the}' are looking for, and therefore our articles are
timely. Tell these facts to your friends.

Our Subscription Offers

If jou will induce one friend to take The Horti-
culturist for one year, and send us a dollar for his
subscription, we will extend your subscription for six
months.

If you send us two new subscriptions, we will
extend your subscription for one year.

Trial subscriptions, from October until the first of
next year, will be accepted for 10 cents. For every
three trial subscriptions you send us, we will extend
j'our subscription for one month.

New subscriptions, from October until Janu-
ary, 1907, or a year and a quarter, will be
accepted for $1.

Those of our readers who are taking The Horti-
culturist through horticultural societies or fruit
growers' associations will be allowed to retain a
a liberal commission on all new subscriptions or we
will arrange with the secretary of their society to
extend their next j-ear"s membership.

H Free sample papers will be sent to any one who
applies for them.

WONT I YOU HELP USJTOIREACH THE
8,000 MARKj?

I am much pleased with The Horticulturist.—
(Rev. J. Gandier, Newburg-h, Ont.

The Canadian Horticulturist

TORONTO, ONT.

OUR SPECIAL FRUIT CROP REPORTS

Correspondents from the peach, pear, plum
and grape districts give rather glowing reports
of these fruit crops. The pear crop is light,
but all three others are much ahead of the crop
harvested in 1904. So far there are but slight
signs of rot in the grapes, although it has
started in a few sections, while very few plums
have been affected. The peach crop is above
the average. The total number of bearing
trees is below what it was in former years,
which will affect the total yield and tend to pre-
vent any heavy surplus.

IN THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS.

In the Lake Erie district the peach crop is
about equal to that of last year, although one or
two growers state that it is better. In the Nia-
gara peninsula the correspondents, with one ex-
ception, report a full crop and good quality,
while reports from Burlington say that it is 50
per cent ahead of 1904.

PEARS A POOR CROP.

Reports regarding the pear crop show no
change from those received last month. Along
Lake Erie it is placed at a light to medium
crop, scarcely half as large as last year's.
Correspondents from the Niagara section report
a light crop, while Burlington growers have
only about one-quarter as many as in 1904. In
some sections Keiffer pears are reported as a
heavy crop. Several reports from Simcoe
county state that there is a better crop than

was looked for early in the season, and that the
harvest will be ahead of last year's. Ontario
county growers are bothered with the pear scab.

THE PLUM CROP.

Early in the season reports from all sides
placed the plum crop as extra large. The wet
weather caused many to drop, however, and re-
ports up to August 25th promise an ordinary
yield. Some varieties have stood the unfavor-
able conditions better than others. Lake Erie
growers state that last year they had none, or
in some cases a few, whereas this year they
have a full crop. Correspondents from St.
Catharines give Japanese varieties full crop and
American medium to light. The plum crop
throughout central Ontario is medium to full
except in Brant county, where several reports
state that it is very light. In York and On-
tario counties several districts are losing the
crop owing' to rot.

LITTLE ROT IN THE GRAPES.

Vineyards along Lake Erie promise about the
same crop as last year. One grower in Essex
says the crop is a failure. No mention is made
of rot except in "Welland county. In the Nia-
gara district reports are all favorable and pro-
mise excellent quality of clean fruit or very lit-
tle rot. As a rule the crop is more abundant
than that of 1904. In the Burlington section
the yield will be fully 50 per cent, above last
year's.

THE APPLE SITUATION

High prices should rule this fall for apples.
Reports received by The Canadian Horticultur-
ist from all parts of Ontario show that the crop
is not likely to total more than one-third to one-
half as much as last year's, while the quality is
little if any better. Should high winds prevail
this month the total yield may fall short of even
this estimate. This fact, taken in conjunction
with the very small crop in Great Britain, and
a considerable falling off in the yield in the lead-
ing producing sections of the United States and
the Maritime provinces, indicates that there will
be a marked scarcity of* apples and that growers
should realize high prices.

In Ontario, although buyers have been scour-
ing the country, growers have been holding
their crops. As a result not many sales have
been reported to date, making it difficult to esti-
mate what the final ruling price will likely be.
In the St. Catharines district the crop is re-
ported very light, with a heavy demand, and
some sales being made at $1 to .$1.25 per barrel
on the tree. In the Grimsby district one-quar-
ter to one-third of an average crop is expected.
Prices have been ruling high, growers asking
%2 to $2.50 per barrel, packed.

Between Hamilton and Toronto a half crop
of good quality is looked for; fall and winter
apples selling for $1.25 to $1.50 per bbl. Along
the north shore of Lake Ontario and in the
Georgian Bay district not many sales are re-
ported, although a few orchards have been

bought. The crop is estimated at one-third to
one-half last year's, and the prices being of-
fered and paid range from $1 to $1.30 per bbl.

The following reports among many received
by The Horticulturist will give a good idea of
the situation :

THE ST. CATHARINES DISTRICT.

The apple crop is very light in this district,
there not being one barrel where we had 10 last
year. A few orchards are well loaded with
clean, well grown fruit, while in other orchards
the apples are crooked, uneven and wormy. In
the majority of orchards there is little or no
fruit. Buyers are offering one dollar per bar-
rel on the trees for No. 1 — 2. In two instances,
for good orchards, $1.25 has been paid on the
tree, the farmer to board the hands and draw
the fruit to cars. Some growers are holding
out for higher prices, 'but these are men w^ho
have small lots.— (Robt. Thompson, St. Catha-
rines, Ont.

NEAR GRIMSBY.

The apple crop in the Niagara district is an
unusual failure. Not one tree in 10 has a full
crop, and there is not one-quarter of an average
crop. The Spy is the best; the fruit is clean,
and about one-half the trees have an average
crop. The fruit is going to be clean and well
colored. Baldwins come next, with about half
an average crop. Greenings are a failure,
Kings and Russets light. Early apples are go-
ing at 20 cents a basket cash at point of ship-

;6o

WITH THE APPLE GROWER.

\6i

ment, which means about $2 a barrel. One or-
chard of winter stock near Grimsby has been
bought for $700, in which there will be about
350 barrels, so I expect we should have $2 to
$2.50 per barrel packed. The quality is much
better than last year. — (L. Woolverton.
AROUND WINONA.

The apple crop in this section will run one-
fourth to one-third that of last year. The
quality is fair, not much fungus, but codling
moth is much worse than the two past seasons.
Very few sales have been made. One orchard
has been sold for $1,000 and another for $700.
The man who packed the $700 orchard last year
says there is not over 350 barrels in it. In both
cases the purchaser is to stand all expense pick-
ing, packing, etc. About $1.50 per barrel for
the fruit picked is looked for here. — (M. Pettit.
THE BURLINGTON DISTRICT.

The apple crop in the Burlington district is
not more than one-half of last year's; quality
probably 50 per cent, better. Some sales, I am
told, have been made at 80 cents per barrel for
fall apples, to $1.25 and $1.50 per barrel for No.
I's and 2's, fall and winter, the grower to pick
the apples and deliver same when packed to
wharf or railway station. Probably 50 per cent,
of apples in this district are in buyers' hands.
—(A. W. Peart.

ONTARIO COUNTY.

Our crop of apples is about one-third of the
1903 crop. There will be a lot of wormy
apples, but practically no scab. Fruit large
and fine. Trees are not heavily loaded, and
a heavy wind during September will play havoc
with the crop. Almost all orchards are sold,
sales having been made in every way. A good
part are sold lump, and in many cases the full
price has been paid in cash. One dollar per
barrel for fall and $1.25 for winter apples seem
to be regular prices. I think $1.50 has been
paid for one or two extra good orchards. No
sales have been made by the barrel as far as I
know. — (Elmer Lick.

PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY.

The apple crop is 50 per cent, short. Farmers
are holding until market develops. Apple buy-
ers are in evidence up and down the country
side taking in the situation. The fruit is of
fairly good quality. No sales have been re-
ported.— (John W. Hyatt.

EASTERN ONTARIO.

In the counties of Leeds and Grenville apples
are a fair medium crop, about double the crop
of last year. Snows, or Fameuse, are the lead-
ing variety, not many winters being grown.
Russets and Canada Red being the chief varie-
ties. Fruit and trees have been particularly
free of insect and fungi attacks, but indications
point to serious trouble with " spot " on Fa-
meuse before picking, for the disease is spread-
ing rapidly over the whole surface of the fruit
on trees that have not been sprayed. I am
spraying with Burgundy mixture to check the
spread of the disease, which has started again
where spraying was done earlier in the season
with Bordeaux. Most of the orchards here have

been sold at about $1 per barrel on the tree for
1st and 2nd quality. There will be very few
apples held for late markets, as the tendency is
to sell early. — (Harold Jones.

THE GEORGIAN BAY DISTRICT.

In most of the best districts the apple crop
will not be more than 20 per cent, of an average.
As regards size, apples will average larger than
last year, and quality on the whole will be bet-
ter. There have been no sales made in our
immediate vicinity, that is Thornbury, Clarks-
burg, and 15 to 20 miles around about. There
have been a few sales about Creemore, Cooks-
town, Stayner and Duntroon. One buyer told
me he thought he would have about 4,000 bar-
rels, and the highest price paid was $1.15. If
this is so it will be about all the apples there
are there. There will not be many sold here
on contract. The growers are building one of
the best fruit storage plants in Canada, w'hich
will be ready for the winter apples. The plum
crop is also poor, except Lombards, which are
very good. — (J. G. Mitchell, Clarksburg.
THE ESSEX DISTRICT.

The crop of apples is not as large as last year,
either in size or quantity. The codling moth
has got in its work more than usual. Not much
spot or scab. I have not heard of any buyers
looking after the crop. No price has been
fixed. — (W. W. Hilborn, Leamington, Ont.
IX LAMBTON COUNTY.

The apple crop is not equal to last year's. In
this district a good many growers have taken a
great interest this year in spraying, consequent-
ly, although the apples are not thick, there is a
fair quantity and unsurpassed quality. Other
orchards that have not received proper atten-
tion produce only a light crop of poor fruit.
The growers are holding on to their crops. I
know of none having sold, and am not in a posi-
tion to state what price they expect. — (Colin
Johnson.

PROSPECTS IN THE MARITIME PRO-
VINCES.

The apple crop in the Maritime provinces does
not promise any better than in Ontario. Re-
porting from Kentville,' N. S., Mr. Ralph S.
Eaton, president of the Nova Scotia Fruit
Growers Association, states that the general
feeling throughout the Annapolis Valley is that
the crop will be a very light one. The princi-
pal varieties, Gravenstein and Baldwins, with
few exceptions, are not bearing this year. Re-
ports from growers in other parts of Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Is-
land are to the same effect. Rev. Father A. E.
Burke, president of the Prince Edward Island
Fruit Growers' Association, states that fall and
winter apples will be a light crop, not half of
last year's.

IN THE UNITED STATES.

American Agriculturist, a United States pub-
lication, which makes a specialty of crop re-
ports, announces that in many heavy apple pro-
ducing sections of the United States there are
slender prospects this year and that prices have
opened on a high plane. In the Hudson River,

362

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

New York, section buyers are giving $1.75 to $2
per barrel for fruit on the trees. In Michigan
fine Duchess have sold for around $2 per barrel.
It states that it is apparent apples will be con-
tracted in the United States this year for more
money than last year.

THE BRITISH APPLE CROP.
A report from Woodall & 'Co., Liverpool, Eng-

land, says that the apple crop in the United
Kingdom promises to be one of the poorest in
many years. Out of 270 reports from the most
important districts only three place the crop
a'bove the average, 44 placing it as average, and
223 under average. In many cases it is given
as a total failure. Reports from Holland, Bel-
gium and Germany also indicate small crops.

TOMATO SITUATION ENCOURAGING

The tomato situation, as far as the growers
are concerned is, on the whole, encouraging.
In the St. Catharines and Prince Edward county
sections, two of the largest producing districts,
while the crop of early tomatoes was somewhat
larger than usual, there will be a marked short-
age of the later varieties. In the Hamilton dis-
trict, while there are possibilities that the crop
of late varieties will be large, it is reported by
leading growers that the canners will not be
able to secure nearly as many tomatoes as they
require. For this reason it is believed prices
will be well maintained.

The following reports received by The Horti-
culturist, as late as August 25, from the leading
growers in the main producing districts give a
good idea of the situation:

PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY.

The crop of early tomatoes is somewhat larger
than last year, and will be an average one, but
the early varieties represent a small per cent,
of the crop. The late varieties are still the
leading crop for canning, and they are very
poorly covered with fruit. I have not met a
farmer who reports a full crop of the late varie-
ties. If frost comes as early as last year the
late varieties will be an entire failure, as we are
later in ripening this year than last. Prices
are 25 cents per bushel. The syndicate and
independent factories appear to be willing to
leave the situation alone. The crop here will
be much less than an average one, both in acre-
age and yield.— (J. W. Hyatt, West Lake.
IN THE NIAGARA DISTRICT.

In this section the acreage planted to early
tomatoes is at least double that of last year,
and in general the crop has been good. The hot
dry weather ripened them rapidly, and the price
dropped sooner and lower than usual, so that
the returns have not, on the whole, been satis-
factory. Owing to the failure last spring of
the Canadian canners and the growers here to
come to an agreement as to contract price for
late tomatoes the members of our association
have greatly reduced their usual plantings.
What are being grown are mostly for a new in-
dependent company, which, in May last, made
contracts at 30 cents per bushel, and have now
a new factory in operation. This, together with
a probable shortage in the crop of late toma-
toes, has stiffened the price, so that any one
who has tomatoes not contracted for can readily
obtain 30 cents per bushel — even for early ones.
Outside of our association a number of new men
were induced to contract for 25 cents. Many
of these started late, and plants were often put

on unsuitable ground and will not yield much of
a crop. However, good plants set on suitable
ground and well cared for promise a fair crop,
provided the weather is favorable for the next
few weeks. — (W. C. McCalla.

SITUATION AROUND HAMILTON.

The following statement as to the situation
around Hamilton has been made to The Horti-
culturist by Mr. E. J. Mahony, president of the
Hamilton Tomato Growers' Association :

Last January a well known Hamilton capital-
ist decided to establish a canning factory and
contracted for about 40,000 bushels of tomatoes-
at 30 cents per bushel. Shortly after making
these contracts the gentleman was induced to
transfer them to the companies already doing"
business in the city, and it is generally be-
lieved that he received a very liberal remunera-
tion for making the transfer. In addition tc>
these 40,000 bushels the canners induced a num-
ber of inexperienced growers and also a few
members of our association to sign contracts at
25 cents and the " rise." Now, the whole situa-
tion here may be found in the answer to two-
questions — first, will the canners receive a suffi-
cient amount of tomatoes to fill their orders on
these contracts ? and second, what is the posi-
tion of those growers who have made no con-
tracts and are still holding out for 30 cent con-
tracts ? The factories in this immediate
vicinity require annually at least 200,000 'bushels
of tomatoes. Of this amount less than 60 per
cent, are contractea for. Even in the most
favorable years less than 70 per cent, of the
amount contracted for are delivered. On this
basis of calculation the factories here are face
to face with a very substantial shortage. It
should also be noted that a majority of those-
who made contracts this year know very little
of tomato cultivation, and in many cases less-
than 25 per cent, of the amount contracted will
be delivered. To make matters still worse for
the canners there is every indication that the-
late tomatoes will be a light crop.

Those growers who have refused to make con-
tracts at 25 cents have no cause for regret.
They have the satisfaction of knowing that they
played the part of men, and have proven their
loyalty to the growers' association and to the
principle maintained by the association that the-
producer, as well as the purchaser, should have
a part in fixing the price of his produce. They
have, also, the additional satisfaction of beings
able to dispose of their tomatoes at a price-
equal to and even considerably in exeeate of 30»
cents per bushel.

A BIG SHOW AT HAMILTON.

363^

Those growers who have shown their weak-
ness by making contracts at the prices dictated
by the canners are in a much less enviable posi-
tion. They are forced to endure the humilia-
tion of being looked on as deserters 'by their
brother growers, and, moreover, they are up
against a financial loss of 5 to 10 cents on every
bushel of tomatoes they deliver to the factories
on their " 25c.-and-the-rise " contracts.
HOPES FOR FUTURE.

We feel that our Hamilton Association, which
have conducted the fight in this district, has
reason to feel satisfied with the results. At

the beginning of the year we entered the fight
single handed without any provincial organiza-
tion to support us, without any organ through,
which to explain our position, and with only a
very limited knowledge of the situation in other
parts of the province. To-day we possess all
those advantages, and in addition to this our
financial position is stronger than at any time-
since our organization three years ago. If,
therefore, we find it necessary, we are in first-
class shape to continue the fight for higher
prices, not only for tomatoes, but also for other-
lines of produce as well.

THE HAMILTON FRUIT, FLOWER AND VEGETABLE SHOW

Great preparations have been made for the
combined show of fruit, flowers and vegetalbe
which will be held in Hamilton September 12-14.
As thie object of the show is to benefit the hor-
ticultural interests of the Niagara district, all
the principal organizations in the district have
been given representation on the board of man-
agement. The fruit prize list is worth about
$500, the flower prize list $350, and vegetable $70.

His Honor Lieut. -Gov. Mortimer Clarke has
been invited to open the exhibition the after-
noon of the first day. Demonstrations in the
cooking and preserving of fruit will be given
every afternoon and evening by members of the
Ontario Women's Institutes. Demonstrations
in the packing of all kinds of fruit will be given
the afternoon and evening of the first day by an
expert from British Columbia, and at the three
sessions the second day. Samples of fruit will
be given free to all who attend the second day,
and of flowers the last day.

Among the special exhibits will be one by the
Ontario Agricultural College and one by the
three fruit experiment stations in the Niagara
district, under the direction of the superintend-
ent, Mr. Linus "U'oolverton, of Grimsbv. In ad-

dition to this a large part of the fruit exhibit
at the Toronto Industrial Exhibition will be
shown at Hamilton. There will also be ex-
hibits 'by the canning factories and of spraying
machinery, fruit boxes, best decorated dining,
room, etc.

These on the committee of management in-
clude the officers of the Hamilton Horticultural
Society and Messrs. W. A. Emory, of Aldershot,
president of the Ontario Vegetable Growers'
Association; M. Pettit, of Winona, representing
the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association; A. H.
Pettit, of Winona, representing the Niagara
District United Fruit Growers' Association; E.
J. Mahony, of Hamilton, president of the Ham-
ilton District Vegetable and Fruit Growers' As-
sociation; F. Foster and W. E. H. Peer, of the
Burlington Fruit Growers' Association, and P.
W. Hodgetts and H. B. Cowan, of the Ontaria
Department of Agriculture. Arrangements are
being made for reduced rates over the radial
lines, and if possible, for excursions over the
railways. It is expected there will be a large
attendance of the fruit and vegetable growers
of the Niagara district. Mr. J. M. Dickson, of
Hamilton, is the secretary.

Experimental Canning Station. — If the Ontario
government establishes an experimental fruit
farm in the Niagara district would it not be a
good thing to estaiblish an experimental canning
station in conjunction with it to test the best

way of putting up fruits and vegetables, also
approximating the cost of building and running?
This would encourage co-operative canning
among the growers. — (Thos. R. Stokes, Niagara
Falls South, Ont.

BULBS FOR FALL PLANTING I

Our catalogue of Bulbs, House Plants, Shrubs, S

etc., is now in the hands of our printers. ... 5

DROP A CARD FOR A COPY. \

I The WEBSTER FLORAL COMPANY, limited \

5 Florists, Nurserymen axd Seedmex HAMILTON, ONTARIO J

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

3^4

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

The Apple Box

LINUS WOOL.VERTON, GRIMSBY, ONT.

I was among the fii-st apple growers in Canada
to use the box instead of the barrel, having be-
gun to use them for fancy graded apples wrap-
ped in i>aper, 12 or 15 years ago. Every year I
have been using them more and more freely,
some seasons exporting from my own orchard
eev^eral thousand boxes. At first I used a box
meas'uring outside 12 x 12 x 24, sending it not
only to the British market but also to Australia.
Mr. J. iS. Larke, Canadian commercial agent,
took much interest in the experimental ship-
memt, which went by way of Vancooiver, at a
through i-ate of $1 per box. These apples suf-
fered from the heat of the tropics en route, but
those arriving in prime condition sold for $3.75
a box. They were shipped early in November,
and arrived at iSydney before the earliest Tas-
mania apples were ripe. Finding this size to
be larger tha.n most boxes used in the British
miarkets, I adopted the smaller box, measuring
inside 9 x 12 x 18, a fine little box for packing
and for display, but this proved too small, tak-
ing four to the barrel.

GEO. VIPOND & CO.

Fruit Commission Merchants
MONTREAL

Reliable Prompt Safe

I was a member of the committee of the On-
tario Fruit Growers' Association, appointed at
Walkerton to consider the best sized ibox to be
used throughout the Dominion. We concluded first
that a capacity of about one bushel was mos't
desirable, (being a measure universally adopted
already, and considering the average size of the
apples to be packed as No. 1 grade, we con-
cluded that an inside measurement of 10 x 11 x
20 inches would be the most convenient.

Last year I used several thousand boxes of
this size for export to Glasgow market. I found
that the apples packed well In it, each layer tak-
ing about four apples wide and seven apples
long, and four deep, or about 112 apples in all.
If the apples were larger, as the Kings for
example, the box would only take three layers
deep.

It is of the utmost importance that we should
reach uniformity in the use of boxes, for so long

The Davis

Clothes
Line Reel

1 6 ft. diameter
130 ft. of line

Write for our
free illustrated
circular.

The

Waggoner

Ladder Co.

Limited

London, Ont.

2gSsfeiS£>£>£S^Se©2ieSgSs@^/efe>geg@fe®si^€ige^

GRAPEvS

are not yet ripe, but the time for placing"
an order for nursery stock should always
be RIPE. We grow the

Best Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Excellent specimens of Maples, Elms,
Lindens and Catalpas for street plant-
ing always in stock.

MOORE'S EARLY

Salesmen Wanted.

Write for Catalogue.

The Helderleigh Nurseries

E. D. SMITH, Winona, Ont.

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

BEST PRICES FROM HONEST PACKING.

:>'-':>

as a miscellaneous lot of sizes and shapes are
used, growers can never expect to make sales
f. o. b. by the box. This is the hope of our busi-
ness, for with well defined grades, so that a dis-
tant buyer can know just what quality he is
buying, and a uniform box and uniformity in
style of packing, there is no reason why such
sales should not .be made, instead of the present
ruinous method of consignment, leaving the dis-
tant buyer to put his o^ti price on the fruit
when it has, perhaps, crossed the sea.

A year ago I sold to a first -class house in
Paris, France, a lot of my XXX boxed apples,
Baldwins and Spys, at $1.72 delivered in Mont-
real. I had an enquiry again last year from the
&ame house, but the excessive foreign crop pre-
vented the deal. However, this points out the
proper method of sale, and every means to that
end should be encouraged.

I am inclined to think the penalty, 25 cents a
box, too high, for the box itself only costs aboTit
10 or 12 cents, and the size is only one bushel,
wihich often sells in our own markets for about
25 cents. According to this section, if a man

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Parks, Cemeteries, Public and Private
Pleasure Grounds made by

Chas. Ernest Woolverton, Landscape Gardener

GRIMSBY

Drawings made to a scale, so that any gardener may carry
them out. Correspondence solicited.

W^indsor
5ALT

is all salt. Every grain is
a pure, dry, clean crystal.
That is why it never
cakes — dissolves instant-
ly— and goes farther
than any other.

Insist on having

—WINDSOR

SAI.T.

GET OUR CATALOGWE^Ct^^

RUBBER STAMPS

AND STENCILS

THE SUPERIOR MFG. Cb.
58 ADELAIDE ST, W. TORONTO.

were by mistake to use a box varying ever so
slightly from the measurements, and w-ere ship-
ping in thousand lots, his fine would amount to
hundreds of dollars.

Dishonest Packing

The practice of topping or over-facing and
dishonest packing of fruit generally is thus re-
ferred to in the Market Growers' Gazette, Lon-
don, England

"Honest packing is undoubtedly the keynote
of the success obtained by the Canadian, Nova
Scotian and French products. Salesmen have
many classes of buyers to deal with, and if
growers wish to reach the best buyers they
must pack the best quality, for no buyers of
first-class fruit will be deluded, at any rate
twice, into buying a top layer of the finest fruit
with nothing but inferior stuff below.

" If this secondary fruit had been carefully
and fairly packed and sent separately, another
class of buyer, the largest one, would have pur-
chased it. This would mean much quicker
sales, and for the whole consignment a better
price. It does not follow that because a buyer
should pack as though he had a conscience he
should pack without using his intelligence.

Classified JIdpertisements

Advertisements under this heading will be in-
serted at the rate of ten cents per line, each
insertion ; minimum charge, fifty cents rn
advance.

WANTED — SUBSCRIPTION CANVASSERS
for The Canadian Horticulturist both in cities
and in the fruit districts of Canada. Liberal com-
missions offered. Good men soon put on salary.
Write The Canadian Horticulturist, Rooms 507-508,
Manning Chambers, Toronto, Ont.

FOR SALE CHEAP— ONE OF THE CLEANEST
and best equipped greenhouses in Toronto.
Everything in splendid condition, carnations planted,
excellent stock of ferns and general stock of plants,
10,000 feet of glass. Apply at once to F. C, care
of The Canadian Horticulturist.

FOR SALE— FLORIST BUSINESS, WELL
established in good residential part of To-
ronto ; new brick store and dwelling ; also
greenhouses. These may be purchased sepa-
rately or combined ; owner has excellent rea-
sons for retiring. A bargain if sold imme-
diately. Apply to M. L., care of The Canadian
Horticulturist, Toronto.

PPLE GRADER. A FIRST-CLASS PETTIT
Fruit Grader, in perfect working order, for
sale at a bargain. Address L. Woolverton, Grimsby,
Ont.

*'BuIb<Sulture fertile /Amateur"

lo*-

Address Secretary Horticultural Society,

195 Pretoria Ave., Ottawa, Ont.

A Handsome Premium wiH be Given Free to alF Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

366

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Items of Interest

Practical lectures are to be delivered in the
Dairy Building at the Canada National Exhibi-
tion, Toronto, at 2.30 p. m. during the fair.
Those of special interest to readers of The Hor-
ticulturist are " Drainage of Farm Lands," by
Prof. J. B. Reynolds, O. A. C, Guelph, Septem-
ber 1; " Th<e Fruit Industries of the Dominion,"
by A. McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Division, Ot-
tawa, September 2; and "Farm Forestry," by
E. J. Zavitz, O. A. C, Guelph, September 6.

The extension of markets division. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, has received information
to the effect that the government of Cape Col-
ony, South Africa, intends to enforce more
sjrictly the existing regulations against the in-
troduction of apples infected with the di.sease
known as " black spot " (fusicladium dendriti-
cum), or other fungous or insect diseases. Ex-
porters of such fruit from Canada are warned
that shipments found to be so infected will be
liable to confiscation and destruction without
compensation, under the provisions of the im-
port regulations.

A close watch is being kept by the fruit in-
spectors of British Columbia for diseased fruit
and culls coming into that province. During
the last few weeks nearly 1,500 boxes of Cali-
fornia fruit have been condemned by Inspector
W. H. Lyne, of Vancouver. The California
shippers do not believe in shipping subject to
quarantine inspection and have united in re-
fu.«!ing to do so. It has now been suggested

that Vancouver fruit dealers unite to boycott
the Yankee dealers unless the fruit is guaran-
teed. Mr. Lyne knows California conditions
and says that there is plenty of healthy fruit
to supply the needs without dealers trying to
make a few cents more by selling such culls as
have been sent.

The beautiful hydrangea which is pictured
on the front cover of this issue is owned by Mr.
S. E. Arnold, of Smith's Falls. This is a
variety suited to indoor culture, known as Hy-
drangea Hortensis, the special name of this
specimen being Otaksa Monstrosa. At the
time the photo was taken there were 95 clus-
ters. Mr. Arnold started this plant about 17
years ago from a small slip, and has given away
many slips from it since then. It is kept out-
side during summer and allowed to become dry
and lie dormant in the cellar over winter. Once
every two or three years it is repotted.

An interesting case was settled at Lome
Park recently. Mr. W. C. Peer had contracted
with the distributing company for all his ber-
ries at seven and a half cents, but was offered
more elsewhere and decided to break the con-
tract. An injunction was laid to prevent him
selling to any other party, and he ultimately
consented to abide by the contract for the re-
mainder of the season.

Last autumn Messrs. R. B. Whyte and W. T.
Macoun published a bulletin on " Bulb Culture
for the Amateur." under the auspices of the
Ottawa Horticultural Society. As it will soon
be bulb planting time again, the authors would

THE UNDERWOOD

" Tried and True". Don't take our word for
it. We are prejudiced. We can show you the
Underwood, how it works and what it will do,
but for the Most Convincing Argument, you
will have to ask any of the 5500 users in Canada.

More Underwood Typewriters are in use in
Canada than all other makes Combined.

We carry a large stock of rebuilt typewriters
at very low prices. Send for Catalogue and List.

Headquarters for Supplies.

UNITED TYPEWRITER CO., Limited

TORONTO, ONT.

COLD STORAGE

FOR

APPLES

Linda Cold Air System, Perfect Ven-
tilation, Right Temperatures, Centrally
Situated, close to the principal Dealers.

COR. CREY NUN & WILLIAM STS.
MONTREAL

O.M.GOULD,
Manager

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

NEIVSV ITEMS.

367

be pleased to learn through the columns of The
Canadian Horticulturist from any persons who
procured copies of this bulletin whether the ad-
vice given has proved satisfactory in practice,
and if not, what changes are suggested in either
the lists of varieties or in the methods of cul-
ture recommended. There was a large demand
for this bulletin, but copies can still be ob-
tained at 10c. each from Mr. J. F. Watson, Sec-
retary Ottawa Horticultural Society, Ottawa.

The first Ontario apples reached Winnipeg
on August 11th, on precisely the same day as
they arrived last year. They were mostly Red
Astrachans and of exceedingly poor quality.
They were probably windfalls of neglected trees
falling in grass, and did not show up well along-
side of the carefully put up fruit from the
United States and British (Columbia.

The joint picnic of the Toronto, Hamilton and
St. Catharines branches of the Ontario Vegeta-
ble Growers' Association at Hotel Brant Park
on August 16 was a huge success. For one
afternoon, growers with their wives and fami-
lies to the number of over 2,000, forgot the hoes
and the hoed crops and let enjoyment reign
supreme. Handsome prizes were given for
each of several events, which made up a fine
programme of races, jumping, etc. Special in-
terest was taken in the race for members of the
association only, between 40 and 50 years of
age, and in the one for members' wives only.
Among the leading members present were
Messrs. J. W. Rush, Humber Bay. Robt. Thomp-
son, W. C. McCalla, G. B. McCalla, W. H. Bunt-

THE

Herbert Raspberry

From all quarters, where under trial,
come good, enthusiastic reports of the Her
bert Raspberry this season. It is justifying-
all the claims made for it, of being the
Hardiest, Earliest, Most Delicious and Most
Profitable Red Raspberry grown to-day.
From 4 rows, 300 ft. long, were picked
some 800 quarts.

Prices for fall delivery ; plants, each
40c; dozen, $4; one hundred, $25. Cash
with order.

To protect from unscrupulous persons,
all packages will bear the Herbert Seal of
this Nursery, which purchased the rights
from the originator, Mr. R. B. Whyte, one
of the foremost horticulturists of Canada.

WRITE FOR CIRCULAR

The l^cnfrcw Nurseries Co.

LIMITED

J. C. Rochester,
Pres

W. E. Smallfield,

Vice-Pres. and Sec.-Treas.

NOW IS THE TIME

to order your Fall .Supply of

FLOWER POTS, ETC.

Our stock is large and we can make
prompt shipments.

THE FOSTER POTTERY CO.

LIMITED

HAMILTON, ONTARIO

MARCHMENT'5

Sure Growth Compost

Supplied to all the largest nurserj'inen and fruit
growers in Ontario. Shipments made by car or boat.
Prices reasonable.

S. W. MARCHMENT,

Tcl. Main 2841. 105 Victoria Street,

Residence Park 951. TORONTO.

EST.4^BLISHEn 1873.

PEACHES

AND

GRAPES

There are hundreds of first-class sub-
stantial grocers throughout Canada
who would be glad to buy peaches and
grapes, and other fall truits direct from
the grower.

An advertisement in The Canadian
Grocer will put you in touch with these
buyers and will cost you very little
money.

We make no charge for preparing
your copy.

WRITE US FOR PARTICULARS

The Canadian Grocer

10 Front St., TORONTO

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.

368

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

ing, St. Catharines; W. A. Emory, president
of the Provincial Association; E. J. Mahoney,
president of the Hamilton Association; E. D.
Smith, Winona, and A. W. Peart, of Freeman.

Mr. McNeill, of the Fruit Division, Ottawa,
has been interviewing the fruit dealers of the
west. One dealer in Medicine Hat commented
as follows: "Our trade is going almost exclu-
sively to British Columbia. The western men
grow better stuff, gra4e it more uniformly, use
better packages, settle claims more promptly,
and are in every way better business men than
eastern fruit growers."

A report from Dominion Fruit Inspector
Wartman, Montreal, states that the keeping
quality of California Tragedy plums is some-
thing wonderful. Three specimens taken from
different boxes of a car lot consigned to Glas-
gow via Montreal, wei'e put in a drawer in his
desk where a thermometer ranged from 70 to 80
degrees. After 10 days the plums were unwrappad
from the soft fpaper and found to be in sound
condition. These plums could easily be placed
on the Glasgow market in perfect condition
when the temperature during the ocean voyage
is kept at 35 degrees.

Where Damage Occurs. — I believe sending un-
ripe, uncolored, immature fruit to the old coun-
try markets does more damage to the fruit
growers of this country than almost any other
Infraction of the act to prevent frauds in pack-
ing fruit. — (H. J. Scripture, Brighton, Ont.

Quebec Fruit Growers Meet

The summer meeting of the Pomological and
Fruit Growers' Society of Quebec was held at
Village de Mont St. Hilaire, August 23 and 24.

The meetings were ably presided over by Mr.
Fisk, and Mr. Chapais did excellent work as in-
terpreter. On Thursday noon Mr. A. McNeill,
Chief of the FYuit Division, Ottawa, arrived,
and the afternoon was given over to a general
discussion and to a visit to a neighboring or-
chard. The various sessions were fairly well
attended, especially that of Wednesday even-
ing, when Prof. F. A. Waugh gave an interest-
ing address on Flower Culture. The discus-
sions were w'ell sustained and to the point.

The programme included addresses on the
following subjects : " Planting of fruit trees,
care necessary to be taken. Fruit cultivation
along the Gulf of 'St. Lawrence " — G. Reyneaud,
Horticulteur, La Trappe, Que. ; " Plums " — R.
Brodie, Westmount, Que. ; " Results following
severe winter of 1903-4, and last winter upon
tender varieties of fruit trees " — R. W. Shep-
herd, Como, Que. ; " The Strawberry Leaf Rust"
—J. C. Chapais, St. Denis, Que.; paper (subject
not named) — N. E. Jack, Chateauguay Basin,
Que. ; " Notes on fruit meeting in western New
York and Vergennes, Vt." — Wm. Craig, Abbots-
ford, Que., and "Some mistakes made in the
past in the planting and after treatment of
apple orchards in the province of Quebec " —
Volunteers.

ATLANTIC REFRIGERATOR SERVICE

THOMSON LINE

Montreal and London Service

S. S. liurona, cold storage and cool air, Sept. 2nd
S. 5. Fremona, fan ventilation only, '« pth

S. S. CcrVOna, cold storageand cool air, «i 16th
S. S. KildOna, cold storage and cool air, •» 23rd
S> S. lOna cold storage and cool air, «» 30th
Direct service to Newcastle, Leith and

Aberdeen. Sailing cards will be furnished on
application.

LORD LINE TO

DONALDSON LINE

Montreal and Glasgow Service

S. S. KaStalia, cold storage and fan ventilation, Sept. 7th
S, S. Tritonia, cold storage and fan ventilation, »» 14th
S, S> riarina, cold storage and fan ventilation, •» 21st
S S. Athenia, cold storage and fan ventilation, «« 28th
S. S, LakOOia, cold storage and fan ventilation, Oct. 5th

CARDIFF, fortnightly sailings.

FOR SPACE APPLY TO

THE ROBERT REFORD CO., Limited

STEAMSHIP AGENTS

Montreal, Toronto, Portland, Me., St. John, N. B.

TORONTO OFFICE: Room 110, Union Station D. 0. WOOD, Western Agent

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

SOCIETY DOINGS.

369

What the Florists Did

A pleasant and profitable time was spent by
the members of the Canadian Horticultural As-
sociation at their eighth annual convention, held
in Montreal Aug^ust 8, 9, 10 and 11. The busi-
ness of the convention was transacted during
the first two days, the last two being devoted to
visiting leading gardens and points of interest
in and around Montreal. In his annual address
the president, Mr. Geo. Robinson, of Montreal,
reported that the past year had been an encour-
aging one for professional florists as the de-
mand for flowers had shown an increase.

The principal papers and addresses presented
included an illustrated lecture on "Park Design"
by Mr. Frederick D. Todd, landscape architect,
of Montreal ; an essay on " How to keep a
greenhouse attractive in winter," by Mr. Thos.
McHugh, of Dorval ; essay, " How to keep
grounds attractive in summer," by Mr. R. Bur-
rows, of St. Anne de Bellevue, Que., published
in this issue ; a review of roses and carnations,
by Mr. Wm. Gammage, of London, and an essay
on violets by Mr. F. L. Girdwood, of Montreal.

Guelph was selected as the place for holding
the next convention. The following officers
were elected for 1906 : President, Mr. Wm.
Fendley, Brampton; 1st vice-president, Mr. Wm.
Hunt, O. A. C, Guelph ; 2nd vice-president, Mr.
John Walsh, Montreal; treasurer, Mr. Herman
Simmers, Toronto ; secretary, Mr. A. H. Ewing,
Woodstock ; executive committee, Messrs. J.
Suckling, Truro, X. S. : J. Eddy, Montreal ; J.
Campbell, Simcoe. It has 'been decided since

the convention to start a new florist paper, the
first copy of which will appear the first of this
month.

Guelph Society Pushing Matters

This year 900 packets of aster seed were dis-
tributed by the Guelph Horticultural Society
and a revised 'bulletin given with each packet.
The children are greatly interested in the grow-
ing of these, and a love of flower culture that
might have lain dormant is being brought into
active life. Last spring several of our inter-
ested citizens donated shade trees, over 50 elms,
oaks, maples, catalpas, etc. The society
looked after the planting of them around the
schools a,nd churches and in the parks and
streets. In order to prevent the havoc to the
trees so often perpetrated, the society is en-
deavoring to look after those on public property.
Our society also provided window boxes for the
postoffice and city hall. The sight of large well
filled boxes of green and bloom on the gray
substantial stone buildings is most effective.

Monthly meetings have been very practical,
usually taking the form of an informal discus-
sion led by some member of the society. A
deputation from the horticultural society waited
on the members of the city council and the
board of trade and asked their assistance in a
campaign of civic improvement. To set the
ball rolling a joint meeting under the auspices
of the council, board of trade and horticultural
society was held, when Mr. A. K. Goodman,
Cayuga, gave an instructive address on civic

r.

HYACINTHS ^ TULIPS

NARCISSUS
CROCUS ^ SNOWDROPS

f^

OUR BULB CATALOGUE

describes the above and many other other kinds. It tells how
to plant, when to plant, where to plant, and what to plant.

Paeonies, Hardy Phlox, Crimson Rambler and Hardy Hybrid
Roses, Ornamental and Flowering Shrubs.

CATALOGUE ON APPLICATION.

J. QAnnAQE & SONS, = London, Ont.^

A Handsome Premium wilt be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

27^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

improvement, and our president. Rev. P. C. L.
Harris, exhibited about 70 stereopticon views of
-unimproved and improved grounds, streets,
school gardens, etc. We are indebted to mem-
■fbers of the staff of the O. A. C. for much valu-
able assistance and information. It is our am-
bition to make Guelph the prettiest and best
■city of them all.— (Annie Rose, Sec'y Guelph
Horticultural Society.

A bigger flower show than ever is being plan-
ned for this fall by the Kingston Horticultural
Society. Plans are under way for the show on
a larger and more complete basis than last year.
Tickets have been printed and the prize list has
been revised. A number of new classes has
"been added to the prize list, and prizes in open
classes have been made more uniform.

A Splendid Spraying Machine

The Little Giant Sprayer is a machine which
lias grown rapidly in public favor since its
merits have become known. After giving it a
fair trial many leading growers have purchased
■one of these machines, among them being Mr.
E. D. Smith, of Winona.

Mr. Smith has sprayed over 200 acres of nur-
sery stock this spring and summer with a Little
Giant Sprayer without a break or a dollar of ex-
pense, which cannot be said of any other sprayer
on the market. Ninety gallons of Bordeaux
mixture will spray two and a half acres, with
over 15.000 trees per acre, and he has sprayed

12 acre.s per day with one horse. For power,
cheapness and easy running it has no equal. It
is the only machine on the market that was in-
vented with a number of nozzles on either side
of the machine that will spray two rows of
grapes or raspberries at a time. This can be
done by driving between the rows.

For peaches, pears, plums, cherries and apple
trees two lines of hose with four or six clusters
of nozzles on each line will spray any tree after
the machine stops. For potatoes it is possible
to spray four rows at a time, and for killing
mustard all the user has to do is to sit and
drive. A fair trial will readily convince grow-
ers that there is nothing like it on the market.
It is rapidly taking the lead of all others, due
to its intrinsic merits. Some of these machines
will be on exhibition at the Toronto exhibition.

New Variety of Asparagus

A new French asparagus of great merit has
been introduced by Stone & Wellington, nur-
serymen, Toronto. A good crop was harvested
up to July. Bunches have been made of 20|
stalks measuring eight to nine inches in length
which weighed two pounds.

Although the stalks are so large they are per-
fectly crisp and tender, so that it is a great
acquisition in every way. A Yonge street, To-
ronto, dealer on seeing a bunch which was
shown in his store window remarked that if he
had had asparagus like it early in the season he
could have sold it for $1.50 per bunch.

THE MAYNARD PLUM

The greatest plum ever introduced by that " Wizard of Horticulture,"

LUTHER BURBANK

Offered for the first time in Canada, in Canadian grown stock, by

THE FONTHILL NURSERIES

THE MAYNARD PLUM is sent out by Mr. Burbank with the assurance that it sur-
i\J A Di^' nuahty and beauty of fiuit any plum heretofore introduced. We bespeak for the MAY-
IN ARU, through tlie hearty co-operation of fruit-growers everywhere, sucli a sale as Mr. Burbank"s

ijest t'ltorts so richly deserve and merit.

ft. .^^•'' ^'\7 ^'0'°!^^ ^1'^ ^°^^ '■•-''<' ^° ^*^11 ^^^ MAYNARD PLUM in Canada, under a contract
tnat gives Mr. Burbank a royalty on each tree sold, and will concede that he has well earned, by his
long years ot toil in the origination of new fruits and flowers, all that will come to him in honor and
money from the sale of this new plum.

DESCRIPTIOX— Size, very large, often measuring 7i inches in circumference. Form, nearly
round, slightly flattened at the ends. Color, richest crimson purple. Qualitv, unsurpassed in flavor
and as a shipper, fruit perfectly solid when dead ripe. Tree, hardv and vigorous, bearing immense
crops while very young . c > »

Write for descriptive circular and prices. See reading notice on page 285. Agents wanted for
tlie MAYNARD PLUM and other SPECIALTIES. Write for terms and catalogue, and
send 25c for our HANDY ALUMINUM POCKET MICROSCOPE, just the thing
for Farmers. Fruit (irowers, Florists and Botanists, Teachers Etc.

%.

STONE & WELLINGTON,

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers
See Notice in Advertising Cokimns.

TORONTO K

in this Issue.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE UNDERWOOD

" Tried and True". Don't take our word for
it. We are prejudiced. We can show you the
Underwood, how it works and what it will do,
but for the Most Convincing Argument, you
will have to ask any of the .ISOO users in Canada.

More Underwood Typewriters are in use in
Canada than all other makes Combined.

We carry a large stock of rebuilt typewriters
at very low prices. Send for Catalogue and List.

Headquarters for Supplies.

UNITED TYPEWRITER CO., Limited

TORONTO, ONT.

Steel Siding^

Is easily applied toany hnilding-, requires
no expert knowledge and gives a hand- |
some and substantial appearance at a
minimum of cost.

Is fire and lightninTf proof and re-
duces insurance rates to the lowest
schedule

ISfade of the best grade of sheet steel,
in a number of designs. Its perfection in
every respect is guaranteed.

The riassik Kids ^vn fri-nkh ra'alncrnc
and all i.aormauon Irce if you ask them

GALTART METAL CO.. Ltd.

<3-AL.T. ONTT.

The "Safety" Fruit Picker

does away with ladders and climbing,
and ensures safety to the operator and
avoids bruising of the fruit

!?v5

IThe "Safety" Fruit

money in clearing up your
" proper thing " for picking "

Picker will save
trees, and is the
Exhibition " fruit.

DESCRIPTION

The "Safety" Fruit Picker consists of a rubber
covered vrire hood, attached to a 1'2 foot pole, which
grasps the fruit the same as the human hand, tilts it up
Hiid a single twist releases the fruit and drops it down
the chute into a canvas bag at the waist of the operator
without bruising or coming in contact with other fruit.
It can be operated by a woman or child as easily as by a
man.

The pole is bamboo, which insures lightness and
stability, and is divided into 8 and 4 foot lengths, which
are adjustable aud can be used for large or small trees,
wt the pleasure of the operator. The wire spring, which
holds the mouth of the chute in position, allows for the
interference of the branches. The who'e outfit weighs
ouly 2J lbs.

The bag is made of canvas duck, and is attached to
a steel wire frame, which conforms to contour of the
bodv. and is strong and durable and holds half bushel
ot fruit; is held in position by a wide canvas strip,
which goes over the shoulder with an adjustable snap
t> secure it, and which i< easily detached to facilitate
the emiatying of the bag when full.

Price, complete, $2.00

The Safety Fruit Picker Co. of Ontario,

Limited.

Ridgeville, Ont.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

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tie (anadian HorticOltCrist

Volume XXVIII

OCTOBER, 1905

• mm

Number 10

THE SPRAYING DEMONSTRATIONS

PROF. WM. LOCHHEAD, O. A. C, GUELPH.

ALTHOUGH the results of the experi-
ments conducted this season in tlie
Niagara district, spra}ing grr-pes, have not
been conclusive, yet the careful and impar-
tial observer has been shown that those vines
which were sprayed are freer from disease
than those which were unsprayed. The
main object of the experiments was to test
the efficiency of the preparations which had
been recommended for the control of the
chief insect and fungous diseases of the
vineyard and orchard, especially for the
control of the grape rots and Siii Jose scale.

The work was begun and charted by my-
self, but was carried on in my absence by
Mr. P. W. Hodgetts, Department of Agri-
culture, Toronto; Mr. T. D. Jarvis, O. A.
C, Guelpli, and Mr. Andrew Haynes, bt..
Catharines. Experiments were carried on
at the following points : Mr. .viurray Pet-
tit's, Winona ; Mr. Ambrose Pettit's, Grims-
by ; ^iv. R. Kelly's, Beamsville ; ^Ir. Bart-
lett's, Beamsville; Mr. J. Fretz's, Jordan;
\lr. S. Overholt's, Jordan ; ^Nlr. Geo. Rob-
ertson's, St. Catharines ; Industrial Home,
St. Catharine^'I'^i^r. S. Shearer's, Xiagara-
on-the-Lake : 'Sir. Porter Aaams', Queens-
ton, and ^Ir. Berriman's, Stamford.

The first experiments began at Winona,
April 13, while the trees and vines were still
dormant. Applications of lime-sulphur
were applied in some orchards for the con-
trol of the San Jose scale. In most cases

this mixture was made without the applica-
tion of steam. In the vineyards a one per
cent, solution (4 pounds in a barrel of
water) of copper sulphate was applied to
certain check rows. Later applications of
Bordeaux mixture were made in the vine-
yards about the second week in June, the
first and third weeks in July, and the first
and second weeks in August. A chart of
the difi^erent experimental vineyards was
carefully prepared at the outset and the plan
was adhered to as nearly as possible
throughout the season. ±he object of the
chart was to determine what sprayings were
absolutely essential and what sprayings were
unessential for the control of the grape rots.
Rows, or portions of rows, were left un-
sprayed as checks in every vineyard.

During September I visited the different
experimental vineyards. The season has
been a most favorable one for the grape
grower. Even the most careless grower
has had very little rot to contend with. For
this very reasan the season has been an un-
favorable one for experimentation. Prac-
tically no dift'erence was noticed as to the
effects of the dift'erent applications. At
Winona the check vines, which were left un-
spraved, had considerable mildew, but the
grapes will not be injured to any extent. In
a season, such as that of last year, these
mildewed grapes would have been totally
destroved. The color of the foliage was

w3

374

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

much brighter on the sprayed vines than on
the unsprayed. At Grimsby tlic I'dack Rot
was found on the vines which had been un-
sprayed, and. as at Winona, it was found
that i)ractically no damage had been done
by the mildew, which was quite evident on
the unsprayed rows and absent from the
sprayed rows.

At Beamsville the check rows were the
only ones that had Black Rot to any extent,
and the owner of the vineyard was one of
the first to recognize the fact that the spray-
ing had kept the lilack Rot away from his
vines. At Jordan the row which only had
the blue stone treatment in April showed
considerable mildew. There was, how-
ever, one row of Moyer grapes which had
been sprayed with Bordeaux five times dur-
ing the season and which showed more
Black Rot than any other row. The owner
states that last year the grapes on this row
were completely ruined by Black Rot.

At St. Catharines the results were very
similar to those observed at Grimsby and
Winona, the unsprayed vines showing the
most Black Rot and mildew. An interest-
ing lesson by way of comparison may be
drawn from a study of a neighboring vine-
yard which had never been sprayed. Al-
though this is a very favorable season for
grapes, yet this grapery showed a great deal
of Bird's Eye Rot, Mildew, and Black Rot.

PETRIFIED GRAPES.
At Xiagara-on-the-Lake, ]\Ir. Jarvis re-
ports, the sprayed vines were very clean,
but the unsprayed vines showed consider-
able Black Rot and Bird's Eye. At Stam-
ford, Mr. Jarvis also reports, there was
practically little difference between the
sprayed and unsprayed vines — both being

The power sprayer possesses the follow-
ing advantages: ist, the same number of
men will cover two to three times the tree
surface ; 2n.d, only about one-half the quan-
tity of spraying mixture is needed ; 3rd, the
work is much better and more effectively
done. — (W. H. Brand, Vinemount, Ont.

ver\' free from disease. At Queenston a
splendid object lesson was observed in a
vineyard of Niagaras. On the check (un-
sprayed) vines " petrified " grapes and
Downy Mildew were in evidence, but were
entirely absent from the sprayed vines.
The owner states that the Delawares which
were sprayed were much better and cleaner
than those which had been left unsprayed.

A very interesting side experiment was
carried out in a vineyard along the Niagara
river road. Only a portion of this vine-
yard was sprayed, but the grapes on the un-
sprayed portion were shelling very badly,
and many of them were " petrified." Downy
Mildew was very abundant in the unspray-
ed portion, and there seems to be no doubt
that the " petrified " grape is due to the at-
tack of that disease. The sprayed part of
this vineyard had but one application, in
July, but even with but a single application
the difference between the sprayed and un-
sprayed vines was very evident.

In most of the orchards considerable in-
jury was done by the Grape Berry Moth.
Should this insect continue to trouble us for
another season, it may be necessary to add
some arsenic solution to the Bordeaux, es-
pecially during the June and July sprayings.

On account of the tmsatisfactory condi-
tion of the season for spraying experi-
ments the Government will be urged to con-
duct the same series of experiments in the
same vineyards for another season at least.
Grape growing is a very large industry in
the Niagara region, and it is very important
that the grape grower should have definite
information as to the best yfO})^ of controll-
ing diseases on the grape in the most unfa-
vorable seasons.

It will not do to over-estimate the results
of spraying, but I am satisfied that, with
one or two exceptions, the growers about
Ingersoll, in whose orchards we used the
government power sprayer, were well
pleased with the results. — (J. C. Harris,
Ingersoll, Ont.

HOW FRUIT SHOULD BE PACKED

'' Y^ H/\T Ontario fruit growers are anx-
A ious to learn the best systems of
packing fruit in boxes was evidenced at the
Canadian National Exhibition by the inter-
ested crowd of fruit growers present at the
packing demonstrations given in the dairy
building by Mr. B. T. Boies, an expert
packer from Coldstream Ranch, Vernon, B.
C. The growers were not satisfied to mere-
ly watch the w^ork, but persisted in asking
questions. These were answered by Mr.
A. McNeill, chief of the fruit division, Ot-
tawa, or by Mr. P. J. Carey, Dominion Fruit
Inspector, Toronto.

Mr. Boies showed that he had mastered
the art of packing by the neatness and dis-
patch with which he handled the uneven
samples that he was compelled to use. By
placing in rows of two, three, four, five, etc.,
according to size, and the fruit on edge or
on end, there are a total of about 60 differ-
ent arrangements. The main point is to
select that arrawgement which will fill the
box sufficiently full for putting on the cover
and leave no slack.

Mr. McNeill was asked if he would recom-
mend making large shipments in boxes. He

replied he would not unless he had large
quantities of first-class fruit. In British
Columbia the growers use nothing but
boxes and find their use pays. They should,
he thought, also pay in Ontario. The Brit-
ish people are accustomed to our apples
reaching them in barrels, and as they are
slow to change they would look on our boxed
apples with suspicion. The result at first
would be they would not sell. It will take
a few seasons to make Canadian boxed fruit
popular on the British market.

In reply to a question regarding the use
of foreign materials to face the box, Mr.
McNeill explained that British Columbia
packers use nothing between the face and
the apple, but he said that it might be ad-
visable to use pulp paper. Excelsior is
condemned all along the Pacific slope.

THE BOXES ON EXHIBITION.

The boxes which had been in competition
in the fruit building were criticized. Some
packers had not used boxes of standard
size. Others used paper fillers to avoid
spaces. If the fruit did not come to the top
of the box several folds of newspaper were
put in instead. Other exhibitors made

How Fruit^Is Packed in British Columbia— Note the Different Arrangements of the Rows

375

i76

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

tlieir boxes secure by means of steel bands
and screw-nails. These practices cannot
be allowed. They will not do in commer-
cial packing. Xo matter how good the
fruit, these defects would warrant the
judges in throwing the entry out. Xot a
single packer had used the proper nails.
The best nail is a round, corrugated wire
nail roughened so that it holds in the wood.
The next best thing is an ordinary nail re-
sined or put in salt so that it will rust.
Tight boxes are not wanted. The lids
should never be nailed along the edges.
Proper nailing at the ends and cleating is
sufficient. If nailed along the edges venti-
lation is hindered and the fruit heats unless
continually in cold storage, and the value of
elasticity in the sides is removed. There
should always be a bilge, and as the apples
evaporate the spring due to this bilge goes
in to take up the resulting slack. The
cleats are essential because when stored the ■
weight of contiguous packages should come
on the cleats and not on the bilge. Dove-
tailed boxes are not wanted, as they are
liable to burst open after being used a short
time or if stored in a moist place. White
spruce, free from knots, makes the best box.
These can be made light and yet be strong,
and spruce holds the nails well.

Some one wanted to know the quality of
paper used in wrapping fruit. " The paper
generally used," said ]\Ir. JMcXeill, " is the
regular duplex packing paper. It is calen-
dered on one side and slightly thicker than
ordinary paper. Any grained tough paper
will answer the purpose."

An anxious grower remarked that there
was no use packing apples in boxes when
the Government will not take steps to secure
the proper shipment of the fruit. Mr.
Carey admitted that conditions were not the
best, but claimed they were as good as they
had been and growers had shipped with
success for vears.

■■ (Jrchardists object that the individual
grower cannot ship his fruit," said Mr. AIc-
X'eill, " but it is difficult to ship small lots
of any commodity. Farmers should club
together and ship in carloads.

" Cooperative packing establishments
have been a success in several localities.
Associations are incorporated for the tri-
fling fee of 50 cents. The Government has
lent aid by sending men to lecture on the
advantages of these associations." The
good work being done by the St. Catharines
Packing and Forwarding Co. was mentioned
to show what could be done in this line.

In reply to a question as to whether it
would pay to use the California pack;ige for
plums, ]\Ir. McXeill said that it was not ad-
visable for the local market, but that if we
are to gain a place on the western markets
that style of packing must be adopted.

Mr. Boies has been engaged by the Do-
minion Government to give demonstrations
throughout the fruit districts. From To-
ronto he went to the Xiagara district, ?nd
from there he goes east to Nova Scotia.

A TALK WITH MR. BOIES.

In an interview with The Horticulturist
]Mr. Boies said : " Growers in British Co-
lumbia have made a success of packing in
boxes. Why cannot Ontario growers ? In
the west selling is done according to
weight. A box of pears or apples is 40
pounds. Peaches, plums and grapes are
put up in basket-crates, four square baskets
to the crate, making about 20 pounds alto-
gether. Many styles have been tested and
these suit best.

There is a uniform standard along the
coast from Mexico to Britisli Columbia. In
British Columbia the fruit inspectors will
reject all fruit which is not in a standard
package. One of the drawbacks in On-
tario fruit conditions is the lack of a stand-
ard. Packages are allowed to come across
the line in any package from a bushel to a

THE SAN JOSE SCALE.

Ml

small hand basket. The re'^ult is the home
grower does not know what he has to com-
pete with.

" Growers in the west have no San Jose
scale ar codling moth to fight. These pests
have been watched for since fruit growing
began, and all diseased fruit or trees
brought into the country is burned. In this
way these fruit destroyers never get a hold
in British Columbia.

NOT SUCH SLOW WORK.

" Ontario orchardists say that it takes too
much time to pack their fruit in boxes. In
the west an expert packer averages 70 to 100
boxes per day. He is paid at the rate of
two cents per box. Since coming to On-
tario I have packed a standard box and had
it nailed ready for shipment in seven min-
utes.

" On the Lord Aberdeen estate at \'er-
non. B. C, about 40,000 cases of apples are
handled in the fall. Pears and plums are
handled in the same way but wrapped in
paper for protection. To have this fruit
keep well it must be picked at the proper
stasfe of maturitv and then handled with

care. Along the pacific coast a barrel of
fruit is unknown.

" Ontario fruit can be handled in the
same way just as successfully if proper care
is taken. Early fruits especially could be
handled in boxes to great advantage. Since
the varieties are tenderer special care must
necessarily be taken. Wealthy apples are
shipped from British Columbia to Dawson
City, and although they have to be transfer-
red four times they invariably arrive in Ai
condition. The same fruit has been sent to
Hong Kong and Sicney with similar results.

" Uniform fruit is the essential to speedy
packing, and by putting only uniform fruit
in a package the retail trade has something
it can depend on. Over half of this grad-
ing for size is done when the fruit is small.
The fruit is thinned on the trees, leaving
each fruit equal chance for development.
No patent graders are used after the crop is
harvested. Each packer learns by experi-
ence to take only fruit of uniform size. The
eve readily becomes trained. There are
manv ways of packing, but the main point
is to have the exact package or a full box."

THE SPREAD OF THE SCALE

J. FRED SMITH, GLAXFORD, SAX JOSE SCALE IXSPECTOR.

iT is impossible to tell just how far the
San Jose scale has spread in Ontario
during the past year, as in some localities,
such as those where very little treating was
done, it has spread more than in others. In
the county of Wentworth, where some scale
has been found, I cannot see that the scale
has spread to any appreciable extent during
the past year.

This is due to the spraying which has
"been done by those who have the scale.
East of the city of Hamilton, in the county
of \\''entworth, I do not know of a man who
has the scale who did not treat his trees.
The local inspectors see that this is done.

and also watch to see how thoroughly the
remedies have been applied. in the county
of Halton, where there is a small infested
district, the work has been done well until
this year, when no' treating was done. The
people thought that they had the scale so
w-ell in check that they could afford to miss
one year. This is a mistake, for what little
scale there is left (and I found some when
making an examination last spring) will
multiply and become more firmly estab-
lished.

In the Niagara end of the peninsula the
spread has been more rapid owing to the in-
difiference of some of those who have the

37'

THE CANADMN HORTICULTURISl

scale. There are no local inspectors and it
is left to each individual to spray or noi to
spray as the spirit moves him.

HAS SPREAD IN KKNT.

In the county of Kent the spread has been
by far the greatest, as it is the exception to
find a man who sprays. There is one sec-
tion of this wonderfully fertile county where
the work is done systematically. This is
near the city of Chatham, where they have
a regular cooperative association and where
the spraying is all done by one gang of men
who spray not only for scale but continue

spraying for fungous diseases as well. I
may say, also, that the packing and ship-
ping of the fruit is all superintended by one
man, Mr. W. D. A. Ross, and a more thor-
oughly efficient and practical man it would
be hard to find.

In the scale centre of the county of Es-
sex fairly good work has been done until the
present year, when owing to the destruction
of a large number of trees by the severe
winters the people have become discouraged
and I fear very little elifort has been made to
check the spread of the scale.

THE FRUIT INDUSTRY OF THE DOMINION

A. m'nEILL, chief of the fruit division, OTTAWA.

ACiENERAL survey of the fruit inter-
ests of the Dominion was given at
the Canada National Exhibition by Mr. A.
McNeill, Chief of the Dominion Fruit Divi-
sion. The trade, Mr. McNeill said, is in a
healthy, perfectly normal, but nevertheless
critical condition. Each province has prob-
lems of its own. From Prince Edward Is-
land on the east to Vancouver on the west
there is a range of climate and soil that
gives a great varietv of fruits, including the

the

Shelves Containing Harry Dempsey's Forty Varieties of Apples

tenderest apricot at one extreme and
crispy apple at the other.

There is this common experience that
production has outgrown the consumption
of local markets. Frviit growers, every-
where, are reaching out for the distant mar-
ket. Many, however, do not realize the ne-
cessity of making material changes in their
business to conform to the new conditions.
It is a common practice to take the surplus
that the local market will not absorb and
send it to the distant market
with very indififerent success.
The fruit arrives in bad con-
dition. Small prices and dis-
satisfaction is the result. The
growers blame the transpor-
tation companies and the com-
mission men, who do not fail
to retaliate in kind.

As a matter of fact the
problem is a new one. Re-
form must be in the work of
all three. The varieties that
are most excellent for the onj
market are not always suit-
able for the other ; transporta-
tion facilities good enough i< r

PROBLEMS FOR FRUIT GROWERS.

379

St. Catharines

a short haul would not do for
the long haul ; and the com-
mission men would be more
than human if they did not
occasionally take advantage
of the man whose property
they controlled absolutely,
but who cannot examine the
truth of their alleged facts
nor make any audit of their
books.

The problem resolves itself
into four main factors: i,
getting better shipping facili-
ties ; 2, producing one or
few varieties ; 3, securing
cheaper freight rates, better
cars and quicker dispatch,
and 4, instituting a better system of sell-
ing.

In speaking of better varieties Air. ]\Ic-
Xeill pointed out that private growers could
not be expected to produce and introduce
new varieties. It was peculiarly the work
of the departments of agriculture, dominion
and provincial, to undertake this develop-
ment. The appropriations for this work
would not be in the interests of the fruit
growers alone. They would benefit less,
probably, than any other class. The mer-
chants and mechanics in the aistant cities,
in getting more and better fruit, would in
the greatest degree be affected by the im-
provements.

Grading, packing and packages are ques-
tions with which the fruit growers can deal
directly. Speaking particularly for On-
tario and the Northwest, he expressed the

Horticultural Society's Fruit Display at the
Canadian National

opinion that these questions were funda-
mental. Having these in view the Cana-
dian Department of Agriculture had secured
the services of Mr. B. T. iJoies from Cold-
stream ranch in British Columbia, an ex-
pert in grading and packing, with long ex-
perience in California and Oregon. . Mr.
Boies is showing eastern packers that pro-
per packages and packing costs only a
slight advance at initial points, and prices
obtained have shown that this improvement
is appreciated at the selling end.

As to the methods of selling, Mr. ^McNeill
looked forward to the time when the ship-
ping of fruit on consignment would be a
thing of the past. The estabHshment of
large fruit farms and cooperative methods
among small growers would lead to direct
sales where the buyer and seller would meet
on equal terms to do business.

"A

PICKLES— HOW TO MAKE THEM

R. BLAXCHK MADDOCK, GUELPH, OXT.

RE pickles good for one?" is a ques- less if properly made and sparingly used,
tion frequently asked. The re- but generally used to excess.

ply cannot be given in Yes or No. It is
something like the " pie " question — harm-

Vinegar, if used sparingly in salads anc'
pickles, has an exciting efifect on the diges-

-,So

II.

CAXADIAN no A' TICULT'JRIS:

tive organs, causing the digestive juices to
flow more freely, thus aiding digestion.
However, if many pickles containing vine-
gar, mustard and such condiments are used
the digestive organs are retarded, tlnis pre-
venting the digestion of other foods.
CUCUMBER PICKLES.

The most common pickle is the green cu-
cumher, and perhaps no other vegeta"ble or
fruit is so often spoiled in the pickling. I
liave seen cucumbers of all sizes gathered
and put into a salt brine for several weeks.
They were taken out and put in jars and
hot vinegar and spices poured over them.
These pickles, when served, have a color re-
sembling sauer kraut in a stage of final col-
lapse and are about as pleasing to the palate
as olives to the untrained taste.

In making cucumber pickles that will re-
tain their green color and give a crisp,
dainty flavor, the best brine is made from
one gallon of water to one and a half cups
of salt. Only small or medium sized cu-
cumbers should be used and lett in the brine
three or four days or longer if necessary.
^\'hile in the brine cover them with a flan-
nel cloth that has been rung out of boiling
water. This collects any scum that may
gather and also prevents mould. Before
pickling take the cucumbers out of the brine
and place in cold water for 24 hours. Then
put in a clean white cloth to drain over
night. Wipe and put them in the preserv-
ing kettle (not brass) with vinegar, spices,
red pepper and sugar. Tie up cloves and
small spices in cheesecloth. Add the red
pepper and one cup of sugar to three quarts
of vinegar. Cook slowly for two hours.
Small onions may be done with cucumbers
if desireu.

MUSTARD PICKLE.

An excellent mustard pickle may be made
as follows : Take one quart of small white
onions, one quart green tomatoes, one quart
green cucumbers, three green peppers, one
head of cauliflower and three heads of

celery cut fine. Cut the cauliflower, toma-
toes (and cucumbers if necessary) in fairlv
small pieces and add a dressing made of the
following. One-half cup flour, one-half
cup nuistard, one-half ounce mace in water.
To this add one cup sugar, one-half ounce
butter, and one and a half quarts of vinegar.
Cook all together, stirring gently, till boiled.
Then pour this over the vegetables and let
stand at simmering point one hour before
bottling.

GREEN' TOMATO PICKLES.

Slice one peck of green tomatoes, six
green peppers and four onions, strew a cup
of salt over, and let stand over night. In
the morning pour the water off and put in
a kettle with a tablespoonful of ground
cloves and the same of allspice and cinna-
mon tied in cheesecloth. Cover with vine-
gar and boil until soft, after which they may
be bottled.

Chowchow can be made by taking one-
half peck of green tomatoes cut fine, one-
half peck of small onions, parboiled; one-
half peck small cucumbers, nine or 10 sweet
peppers cut fine, one head of cabbage cut
fine, one head of cauliflower (parboiled),
one-half cup of salt, a large tablespoonful
of turmeric, half pound of ground mustard,
one pound of sugar, one-half teacupful of
cornstarch, and vinegar to cover. This
should be put over a fire and let come to a
boil. After standing for one hour on the
back of the stove it can be bottled.

Ripe tomato sauce is made from one-half
peck ripe tomatoes, four onions, one-half
head cabbage, six tart apples, one-half
pound raisins, three-quarters of a cup of
brown sugar, four tablespoonfuls of salt,
three of ground cloves, two of allspice and
one quart of vinegar. Chop tomatoes,
onions and cabbage separately, and let them
stand over night. In tne morning drain oft"
the liquor and mix with the other ingre-
dients. Boil slowly for one-half hour or
until the tomatoes and cabbage are soft.

HOW TO PICKLE FRU.TS.

3S1

TOMATOES AIJ, WINTI^R.

While tomatoes, both green and ripe, may
be nsed in making- pickles and sauces in-
numerable, everyone prefers them sliced and
served raw. With care they can be kept
fresh and whole all winter. Select only
medium sized, round ripe tomatoes. Cut
off the green stem carefully in order to leave
the top of the tomato sealed. Care should
also be taken that the skin is not broken or
bruised. Take a large stone crock, with
smooth unchipped lining, and half fill it
loosely with the tomatoes. Then add water
that has been boiled and cooled. Lastly
ring a flannel cloth out of boiling water and
spread over the top of the crock. In a
short time a scum will rise and gather on
the cloth. This should not be removed un-
less it gets very thick, as a slight scum on
the cloth collects any germs that may settle
and prevents them from injuring the toma-
toes.

PICKI,r;D FRUITS.

Peaches and pears are excellent when
pickled. Select small but nicely matured
fruit. After peeling put one or two cloves
in each pear or peach and drop them into
hot vinegar in which sugar has been dis-
solved (one cup of sugar to one and a half

cups of vinegar. 'J'ie up cloves and cinna-
mon in cheesecloth and allow all to cook
until fruit is tender (about 15 minutes).
They should be bottled \vhile hot. Talman
Sweet apples make a delicious pickle done
the same way. The apples should be cut
in quarters and cooked until bright yellow.
They should also be dipped out immediately,
because if allowed to stand in the vinegar
they become dark.

MAKE USE OF THE CUELS.

Some use should be made of the cull
fruit that is allowed to waste year after
}ear. Small peaches, pears and apples
may be gathered up, wasned and put into
the preserving kettle, stones, skins and all.
Put on sufficient water to stew without
burning. When soft put through a cullen-
der and return to a slow fire with sufficient
suarar to sweeten. If allowed to simmer
slowly for one-half hour this makes a de-
licious marmalade for pies or cakes.

In cities large quantities of so-called jam
is sold every year, made in most cases of
one-half fruit and one-half turnips, carrots,
and other vegetables. Girls on the farm
might make a good deal of pocket money by
gathering the waste fruit, making it into
marmalade and selling it at the stores.

Wintering Canna Roots

WM. HUNT, O. A. C, GUELPH.

When shou'ld canna roots be taken up and
where should they be kept until spring- ? — (J.
W., Kincardine.

After the foliage of cannas has oeen
blackened by frost, and before the roots are
touched, they should be dug with a small
quantity of earth adhering to them and
placed under the veranda or in a shed or
out-house safe from frost, and allowed to
remain for about a week or two or perhaps
more, being careful not to allow them to be
touched bv frost.

Remove the roots before severe frosts to
a rather dr}- warm place in the cellar and
keep them in a temperature never lower
than 45 degrees, and not higher than 70 de-
grees. Canna roots will not winter suc-
cessfully in a cold, wet cellar, but be careful
to avoid the opposite extreme of a very hot
dry position near the furnace, as this is
equally as injurious to them as a cold wet
position. If the cellar is of necessity very
hot from furnace heat, pack the roots in dry
sand or earth and keep them in the coolest
part. Florists usually winter canna roots
under the greenhouse benches.

THE HAMILTON HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

THE fruit, liower and vegetable exhibi-
tion held in the Thistle Rinks, Ham-
ilton, on September 12-14, was a complete
success in that it created an increased inter-
est in general horticulture. Owing to its
being a very busy season with the fruit
growers and to the fact that the fruit and
vegetable growers of the Niagara District
did not seem to fully understand the objects
of the show, the exhibits of fruits and vege-
tables were not as large as might otherwise
have been the case, but were very creditable
nevertheless.

On Wednesday the school children of the
city were given a half holiday and over
1,700 of them attended the show. A most
successful excursion to the show was run
by the enterprising St. Catharines Horti-
cultural Society. These features added
greatly to the success of the exhibition.

The prime object of the promoters was to
aid the fruit, vegetable and amateur flower
growers of the Niagara district, and in this
they were most successful. The opinion of
]\lr. Roderick Cameron, of the Queen A'ic-
toria Park, Niagara Falls, is that the dis-
play of flowers in several ways eclipsed any-
thing before held in Ontario. " It is a very
creditable show," said Mr. Cameron, " and
of special value to the amateur."

The rink in which the flowers were shown
growers. A special feature of the work
done by the Hamilton Horticultural Society
was shown in the great display of window
boxes and hanging baskets. The window
presented a most pleasing appearance. The
cut flowers, especially the gladioli and as-
ters, were excellent. Encouragement had
been given to the growing of every variety.
Prizes were ofifered principally to amateur
boxes, over 20 in number, added much to
the appearance of the building with their
profusion of foliage and flowers.

The display of commercial plants, includ-
ing not less than 100 square feet area, de-

.•■erves special mention. There were four
entries, and the judges remarked that for
real value they surpassed anything ever on
exhibition at Toronto. The special fea-
tures of the one which got the red ticket
were the elegant group of palms of differ-
ent varieties of which the centre-piece was
composed, the Cocos Weddelliana palm,
which is one of the most graceful for table
decoration, and the elegant ferns. A little
more color on this group would have made
it nearly perfect. In the table which won
second prize, the Araucaria excelsa, was the
best in the show, and the color effect was
good, but the centre-piece Ficus elastica,
was rather tall and ragged. The centre-
pieces were the weak points of the other
two entries.

A fine sample of the work done by horti-
cultural enthusiasts in Hamilton was seen
in an excellent display of native ferns by
Dr. Storms. The doctor had a collection
of ;^;^ varieties of ferns native to Canada,
each carefully numbered and the names
typewritten so that everyone could get the
correct name. Some of the varieties, such
as Asplenium augustifolium, Aspidium
Goldieanum, Polypodium sculari and three
specimens of the royal ferns are very rare.
As a further encouragement to fern grow-
ing Dr. Storms purposes offering a special
prize next year for a collection of ferns.

The pendulous fuchsia, the variegated
leaved begonia, the scarlet Salvia, the twin-
ing English ivy and many specimens, such
as the Rubber plant, Dracena, Oleander and
palm, plainly demonstrated the place of the
amateur at the show.

It is claimed by ]\Ir. Cameron that Can-
ada is sadly lacking in evergreen shrubs and
plants to decorate her landscape in winter
and afford shelter and protection to our
numerous birds, which are forced to go
south when cold weather comes. To show
what can be done to change this state of af-

382

AT THE HAMILTON SHOW.

583

••a^-

A Portion of the Cut Flower Exhibit

fairs he had on exhibition over 100 varieties
of evergreen plants which withstand Jack
Frost's attacks at Niagara Falls.

PRIZE WINNERS.

Prizes were awarded to such well Known
amateurs as Wm. Colvin, J. Sweetlove, J.
O. McCulloch, Dr. Storms, L. C. Hilde-
brand, A. O'Heir, A. Alexander and numer-
ous other flower lovers of the city. For
window boxes Mr. W. Newberry won first,
A. O'Heir second, and J. Sweetlove third.
Miss Elsie AlcCulloch won the red ticket
for bouquet of garden flowers, Mrs. A.
G. Pettit secured second and ]\Irs. Wm. v^ox
third.

In professional or commercial plants or
flowers the prizes were divided among The
Webster Floral Co., Walter Holt, Sones
Bros., E. G. Brown, Chas. Alason and H. P.
VanWagner, of Hamilton, and P. Murray,
of Niagara Falls. The Webster Floral Co.
won the silver trophy which was given to
the professional making the best display in
the commercial class. The Steele, Briggs
Seed Co. had a fine display of bulbs, seeds,
flower fertilizers and sundry lines handled
by that firm, while the Foster Pottery Co.
had a show of their well known flower pots.

The show of vegetables was conspicuous

? MB on account of its ab-
sence. Many growers
who had made entries
claimed that the wet
weather of Monday
previous to the show
prevented them from
collecting the vege-
tables, while others
decided not to en-
ter the competition
because they did
not expect the show
was going to be in
their line. The speci-
mens of vegetables shown were good,
and it is to be hoped that next year will find
the vegetable department full. Ihe prizes
went to F. Sinnet, J. Tregunno, M. E. Bur-
ton, D. A. Hyslop, A. Davis and G. E.
Horning.

IN THE ERUIT BUILDING.
The condition of Ontario's fruit crop for
1905 was plainly shown by the exhibit on
the benches. Apples were of fair size but
very much lacking in color. Peaches,
though a good crop, were very scarce, pro-
bably because they are late in ripening, and
only a few varieties were sufficiently ma-
ture for exhibition purposes. Pears and
plums were perhaps the best, although there
was also a fine display of grapes.

The most creditable as well as the most
instructive feature was the display of fruits
from the Experiment Stations of the Nia-
gara district. Too much praise cannot be
given the Ontario Department of Agricul-
ture for sending this exhibit, nor to Mr. L.
Woolverton, of Grimsby, superintendent of
the Experiment Stations, for the tasty ar-
rangement of the different fruits. Six
tables were filled with the exhibit and e .ery-
thing was carefully labelled. Placards

such as " These varieties of Japanese plums

384

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

were originated by Luther IJurbank, the
wizard of horticulture. They are wonder-
fully productive, but not equal to the Euro-
pean plums in quality " ; " First-class com-
mercial pears for home market — Giffard,
Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett, Boussack, An-
jou " ; " The best dessert apples to cover the
season are Sweet Bough, Chenango, Fa-
meuse, Louise, Swazie and Spitzenburg,"
and " The King, Spy, Greening, Baldwin
and Russet apples are the leading commer-
cial varieties," were placed here and there
on the tables, and Mr. Woolverton was
there all the time to answer questions.

The chief object in arranging this exhibit
was to give information regarding desirable
and undesirable varieties. This point was
well brought out with grapes. One large
table was filled with varieties from Mr. M.
Pettit's experimental plots, which are not
recommended. This could be made a very
valuable feature if the same were done with
all the fruits and a display similar to the
one at Hamilton made at all the leading
fairs. There are about 150 varieties of
grapes grown in Ontario, and from these
the secretary recommends Lady, Green
Mountain, Niagara and Diamond for white ;
Moore's Early, Worden, Concord and Wil-
der for black, and Lindley, Delaware,
Brighton and Agawam for red. These 12
cover the season and are excellent varieties.
For the home garden Moyer (red), Larly
Ohio (black) and Green Mountain (white)
are recommended.

From the Burlington station Mr. .v. W.
Peart sent a mixed collection of currants
beautifully put up in formalin. The
branches with the fruit attached had been
preserved. Besides these there were some
good pears and apples from that station.

Three large tables were covered by fruit
from Mr. Woolverton's plots at Grimsby.
Many bottles were filled with the dififerent
fruits nicely preserved in salicylic acid.
Japanese plums were a feature on one of
these tables. The secretary informed The

Horticulturist that these plums are much
inferior to the European varieties and are
never likely to take their place for domestic
uses. Golden Prolific and Hale are recom-
mended as the best, while Red June and
Abundance are good but not yet ripe enough
for exhibition purposes.

Another interesting and instructive ex-
hibit was that of insect and fungous dis-
eases. This display was also due to the ac-
tion of the Department of Agriculture and
was in charge of T. D. Jarvis, j-.S.A., of the
Entomological and Zoological Department
of the college. Specimens of fruit irom
trees infested with San Jose scale had been
collected from trees which have been
sprayed and from unsprayed trees. Al-
though these samples had not been selected
to show the best fruit from sprayed or the
worst from unsprayed trees, the benefit of
spraying was clearly demonstrated.

Specimens of plums, peaches, cherries
and grapes affected with rot, pear scab and
grape mildew were in this collection. Small
vials containing the different spraying mix-
tures and the formula for making each,
weeds and weed seeds and infested
branches, leaves or fruit, showing the ef-
fect of insect or fungous attacks made up
the balance of this exhibit. Large magni-
fying glasses were supplied, and under these
specimens of the scale and fungous diseases
were examined by those interested.

The Women's Institutes had a booth, and
anxious housekeepers received many valu-
able hints on the methods of canning and
preserving from Misses Smith and Shuttle-
worth.

x^ display of jams by E. D. Smith, of
Winona, added much to the appearance of
the building, and many w^ent on their way
rejoicing with a small jar of this excellent
brand of jam. The famous " Little Giant
Sprayer " was the only sprayer present.

As the gate receipts were nicely ahead of
the estimate the management feels well
pleased with the success of their venture.

SUCCESS WITH APRICOTS

^PMiE apricot is generally supposed to be
Jl much less hardy than the plum.
There are, however, some varieties which
thrive wherever plums do if clean cultiva-
tion is given during the early summer and
protection by means of cover crop or mulch
during winter. A member of the staff of
The Horticulturist saw two fine trees well
laden with fruit in the garden of Mr. John
Ewing, of Rosemont, last August.

The garden in which they stand is almost
level, but immediately to the north the land
slopes to north and west. Protection is
given on that side by two rows of walnut
trees with a row of Russian mulberries be-
tween.

" I procured the trees from a Canadian
nursery firm over 12 years ago," remarked
Mr. Ewing. " They were set where they
now stand as early in the spring as the
ground was fit to receive them. Both have
done well and I get a good crop every sec-
ond year. The greatest trouble is keeping
them from blooming too early. To retard
the bloom I put a heavy mulch of sawdust
around the trees after the frost is in the
ground. In this way I can delay the blos-
soms 10 days and sometimes longer.

"The soil is a nice clay loam and is always
kept cultivated. They bear as heavily as
plum trees of the same size, and the fruit
makes excellent preserves. The fruit
ripens about August 15, or slightly before
the plum crop comes in."

"W

Cut Out Old Canes

HEX the crop of raspberries is
harvested," said Mr. J. A.
Pettit. of Grimsby, to a representative of
The Canadian Horticulturist recently, " I
go through the patch and cut out all the old
canes and leave them lying on the ground
between the rows until the following spring.
They hold the snow and thus are a protec-
tion during winter. When the snow is

gone I trim off the tops of what canes were
left to about three feet high, and all rubbish
is removed and burned."

" As soon as the raspberries are done,"
says Mr. J. M. Metcalf, of Grimsby, " I go
through the patch with a spade and take out
all old and diseased canes. These are
burned so that the diseases will not hav2 a
chance to spread. My patch has been run-
ning about 16 years and gives fruit of as
good quality as it did the second season."

The method adopted by Mr. A. W. Peart,
the well known fruit grower of Burlington,
is to prune out all old wood and supertluous
young wood as soon as possible after the
fruit has been harvested. " The sooner it
is done the better," said Mr. Peart, " be-
cause the strength which goes to the super-
fluous young wood should be going to the
bearing wood of next year. It is not wise
to leave the canes which are cut out on the
ground because they harbor mice and fun-
gous diseases. They should be burned im-
mediately."

Buying New Raspberry Plants

U \ ^ 7 HEX getting in a new variety of
V V raspberries from a distance,"
says Mr. J. A. Pettit, of Grimsby, " it oays
best to get only enough to plant a few rows.
Then the young suckers can be taken from
these the following spring, when just com-
ing up, and the remainder of the patch set
out. This can be done with success if the
young plants have not to be transferred
too far."

Columbia raspberries yield more to the
acre than the Cuthbert, but they are not so
good for table use. — (W. A. Best, Picton,

We are apt to form our opinions of the
people whose homes we pass on our way to
and frorn business by the neat appearance or
otherwise of their home environments. —
(P. G. Keyes, Ottawa, Ont.

38;

BULB POTTING AND PLANTING

VVM. HUNT, O. A. C, GUELPH, ONT.

^^ (J secure early flowers from winter and
A spring flowering bulbs, the bulbs
should be potted early in the autumn. A
few of the early flowering Roman Hyacinths
should be potted. There are several colors
of these easily grown. The white variety
is the best.

Three bulbs can be put in a four or five-
inch pot. No drainage, excepting the hole
in the bottom of the flower pot, is necessary.
When grown properly, these and all similar
kinds of bulbs require all the room in the
pot for roots, without putting in cinders,
etc.. for drainage. Dutch Hyacinth bulbs
should be put one in a four or five-inch pot.
These can be had in a variety of colors, sin-
gle or double.

Almost all varieties of the Narcissus
family succeed well when grown in pots for
the window. The Paper AVHiite is about
the earliest flowering and is easily grow^n.
The rather rank odor of its flowers are,
however, objectionable to some people. The
following varieties will be found to be good
for growing in pots: Poeticus, Poeticus
ornata. Von Sion (true Dafifodil). Golden
Spur. Horsfieldii, Emperor, Bicolor, not
forgetting a few of the sweet-scented Jon-
quils. Two or three bulbs of Narcissi can
be planted in a four or five-inch pot.

Tulips, Crocus, and Snowdrops will not

give as satisfactory results in pots as those
just mentioned. They are better for plant-
ing out of doors in beds or borders.

In potting bulbs use fairly rich loamy soil.
Press the soil firmly around tne bulbs, leav-
ing the surface about half an inch below the
top of the pot. Water them so that all the
soil is well moistened. Ihen stand the pots
where they can be covered with two or three
inches of coal ashes, sand, or light garden
soil until the bulbs are well rooted. About
five or six weeks in this condition is usually
sufficient to enable them to secure good
roots. Securing good roots to the bulbs,
before they are brought out into the light,
or before they make much top growth, is
the great point to be gained in the pot cul-
ture of bulbs.

A good place to bury the pots is in the
garden where they can be protected with
leaves if severe frosts set in, or the pots can
be put in a cellar or root house and covered
up as directed. The pots can — after the
bulbs are rooted — be placed in the window
at intervals of a week or two to ensure a
succession of flowers.

Bulbs of the kinds mentioned may be pot-
ted as late as December or even later, but
the earlier potted bulbs usually give the best
results, as the bulbs lose vitality to a certain
extent when kept dry too late in the winter.

A GENUINE HORTICULTURIST

RODERICK CAMEROX. XI \GARA FALLS SOUTH, OXT.

RECENTLY I enjoyed spending a few
hours at the residence of Mr. James
Goldie, in Guelph, and was much impressed
with all I saw and heard. ^^Tr. Goldie and
his guid wife seemed to possess the secret
of youth and of happiness, which secret I
felt was in some mysterious way connected
with their daily study of horticulture.
Truly they live verv near to nature's heart.

\Mth the hope that the readers of The
Horticulturist may get a glimpse of what
so delighted me and perchance an inkling of
their secret, I venture a short report.

]\Ir. James Goldie, of the People's ^lills.
of Goldie & Sons, Guelph, is a name famil-
iar to most Canadians. As a man of busi-
ness he has been eminently successful. In
early life Mr. Goldie, who is now 8;^ years

:,86

A BEAUTIFUL HOME.

387

A Corner in Mr. Goldie's Garden

old, and who has retired from active busi-
ness, took up the study of gardening, which
lie thoroughly mastered because it was to
him a labor of love. After entering on a
business career he still devoted much time
to his favorite study, until to-day he is not
only one of the most ardent advocates of
floriculture in the Dominion, but he is also
one of the most enthusiastic botanists.

The artistic manner in which the grounds
around his fine residence are laid out with
the choicest of trees, shrubs and flowering
plants bespeaks his knowledge, his culture,
and his refinement. They seem truly the
visible expression of his inner self. To see
these choice and valuable plants in such a
variety and in such abundance surprised and
delighted me.

Notable among these plants were to be
seen the Gentian Acaulis, an old inhabitant
of British gardens, but in this country very
rare. It grows six inches high, producing
tubular blue flowers, and is one of the most
beautiful of hardy perennials. There was,
also, the best collection of Primulas I have
seen in Ontario, and in many species and
varieties. The Violas or tufted pansies
are the finest in the Dominion. His varie-

ties of perennials are legion. Nor have the
orchids been overlooked. They can be seen
in large clumps in select spots in the garden.
The lily family, too, have a place, and the
Retinospora plumosa, R. plumosa aurea, R.
obtusa and many other varieties of ever-
greens also seem to be at home.

The ferns are great favorites with Mr.
Goldie. Among his collection may be seen
a large number of the rare fern, Aspidium
Goldieanum, one of the most beautiful na-
tive ferns we have. This fern was dis-
covered and named after John Goldie, Mr.
James Goldie's father, who, being a great
botanist, was sent out to Canada by the
British government before the time of trunk
railroads, on a botanical expedition. At
that time Mr. Goldie had to foot it from
Montreal to Albany.

From his father Mr. Goldie has inherited
his love for the beautiful, and this heritage
he would perpetuate to all within his reach
for Mr. ^oldie is not content to live to him-
self alone in his garden of the beautiful, but
is ever active in trying to promote more love
for floriculture. He has probably imported
and exported at his own expense more
plants and seeds than any other private in-

388

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

dividual in the province. Mr. Goldie is a
public benefactor in the strongest sense of
the term, though perhaps because of his
quiet method of working there is no other
public benefactor who is receiving less cog-
nizance for his achievements.

Mr. Goldie holds the view that horticul-
ture is ever the forerunner of all other suc-
cessful cultivations, hence his zealous de-
sire to promote the love for flowers. The
gardener's position he would elevate ;' the
ideal gardener has to him as large an out-
look and as broad a field as that of the so-

fiowers, has broadened with his years.
Birds and animals now have a share in his
affections. The fine arts, too, have a place.
Inside his home may be seen many beautiful
and costly paintings, statuary and cases of
stuffed birds, while outside pans of water
and food stand here and there. The birds,
the beautiful and now rare wood duck, the
English, the Golden and the Silver pheas-
ants, are being domesticated in numbers by
domestic hen. The birds from the tiny
wren to the proud black swan seem to know
their host and to enjoy the provision made

View in Mr. Goldie's Lawn

called learned professions. The pruniiig
knife in the hands of his ideal gardener can
be handled he maintains with as much love
and dignity as can the knife of the surgeon.
Mr. Goldie's love for the beautiful,
though confined in early life mostly to the

for them. Even the English sparrow that
is despised by the majority of agriculturists
have a friend in Mr. Goldie, and it is pleas-
ing to see the delight he takes in telling in a
whisper (so that the farmers do not hear
him) that he imported the sparrow.

We should encourage amateur tinriculture
because well kept gardens and grounds are
pleasing to others as well as to ourselves.
They make our homes beautiful, and also
our city. The love of culture of flowers
has a refining influence on all and the pres-
ence of flowers must tend to the good of our
children. — (E. Mepsted, Ottawa.

The geranium is the most popular win-
dow plant, as it is so easy of culture.
Given a fair chance, it seldom fails to bloom
during the winter. — (Mrs. W. J. McLena-
han, Appleby, Ont.

For exhibition purposes cut asters with
as long stems as possible. — (Wm. Hunt. O.
A. C., Guelph.)

HOW TO PRUNE SHRUBS.

589

Flowers at the Exhibition

''1 "^ HE exhibit of annuals and perennials
A at the Toronto exhibition was fully
up to the average. Special mention can be
made of the sweet peas shown by Mrs.
Johnston, of Lennoxville, Quebec ; the as-
ters shown by J. H. Lock, and the dahlias
and gladioli shown by W. Rennie & Co.
Among the many prize winners were -be
following: W. Rennie, J. H. Lock, Steele,
Briggs Co., W. J. Hare, Toronto ; C. Scott,
J. W. Stockdale, Jas. Ogilvie, H. L. Oaken-
den, Peter Stevenson, A. M. Wilson, E.
Grainger, Peter Murray, E. Byfield, and
others. In was the opinion of different ex-
hibitors that a more unsuitable building
would be hard to find in which to exhibit
flowers. Nature's most beautiful products
should have a better building. No other
class of exhibitors have been given as little
attention as the flower and fruit grower?.
It is time for a change.

Pruning Hedges and Shrubs*

WM. HUNT, O. A. C, GUEI.PH, ONT.

What is the best time of year to prune cedar
hedges, syringas, etc, ?

About the end of April or early in May
is the best time to prune a cedar hedge. It
should be done before the new growth com-
mences, which is usually about the end of
May. Many prefer trimming or pruning
evergreen hedges in the fall, as there is
usually more leisure time at that season of
the year. The objection to fall clipping
or pruning of evergreens is that it leaves
them bare and rusty looking all winter, the
season of the year when evergreens in good
color are the most appreciated and admired.

Syringas and almost all flowering shrubs
can have all the pruning they require at
almost any time from early spring until fall.
A large collection of flowering shrubs that
I planted over 25 years ago have been kept

* A question asked at the convention cf the Canadian Horticul-
tural Association, held in Montreal during August.

in splendid shape by an annual pruning or
thinning out of the most prominent shoots
here and there where required when the
shrubs were in flower. If carefully done
they can be prevented from growing too
large and kept symmetrical and natUx'al
looking as well. Flowering shrubs should
never be clipped with the shears in July, as
is too often done, as it removes almost the
whole of the flowering wood for the next
season. Besides, it gives the shrub an un-
natural appearance. The Hydrangea Pani-
culata Grandiflora is an exception to this
system of pruning. This plant should have
the young growth pruned back either in
early winter or early spring when the wood
has ripened well. The young wood should
be pruned back so as to leave three to six
inches of the base of the young growth.
These spurs will throw good strong bloom-
ing wood the following season.

Flower Notes

In selecting pansies for a show it is a
strong point to have the belting or mar-
gined colors as perfectly defined as possible.
To secure this it may be necessary to shade
the flowers from the sun should it be very
bright weather. Pick the bloom with as
long a stem as possible, and in arranging
them in the dish or vase keep the colors as
distinct as you can, as it will help to bring
the different shades into effect. — (E. F.
Collins, Toronto, Ont.)

Water your plants well before bringing
them in and they will not need much water
for the first week or two. After they have
become accustomed to the change and be-
gun to grow, water twice a week, and when
the days grow longer, three times a week.
Perhaps some will need more. I had some
pans made to fit my shelves and find them a
great improvement on the old way of hav-
ing saucers for each pot. — (Mrs. W. J. Mc-
Lenahan, Appleby, Ont.

PERENNIALS FOR CUT FLOWERS

RODERICK CAMERON, NIAGARA FALLS SOUTH, ONT.

COLOR and variet\- in i)crcimials are
legion. For this reason it is a very
difficult matter to decide on the specimens
which suit best. No two persons nave
similar tastes in this regard, and perhaps no
two would select the same plants. How-
ever, there are numerous good species which
give general satisfaction.

PRI M UL A — PRI M ROSE.

The hardy primroses are among the most
beautiful of our spring plants. Primula
vulgaris, and the garden forms of it, thrive
admirably at Niagara Falls. The climatic
conditions help in this, but the soil in which
they are grown is the principal agent. It
is a loose, rich, black loam that is always
moist. Primula officinalis, or cowslip, and
Polyanthus thrive under the same condi-
tions. On account of their early flowering
(May) they are valuable as cut flowers.
They take kindly to pot culture also and
are grown for the decoration of conserva-
tories. They grow from eight inches to a
foot high, and in several shades of color.
They are not reliably hardy in northern sec-
tions and should be protected.

CONVALLARIA — LILY OF THE VALLEY.

This plant is well known to everyone, and
is noted as a cut flower the world over in
June. It grows to a height of about nine
inches.

PEONIES — PEONY ROSE.

Peonies bloom in June, and are among
the noblest and most beautiful of hardy
plants. They are practically indispensable
as cut flowers and for the border, and are
beautiful in foliage without flowers. There
are to be found among them every shade of
color imaginable. The Anemone flowered
varieties are the best and most beautiful and
they are as hardy as the others. There are
several excellent varieties among the tree
peonies that should be grown by all lovers

of flowers, particularly the variety Montan,
upon which I have counted as many as 150
open blooms at one time. The tree peonies
are not reliably hardy everywhere ; there-
fore, I would rather advise the planting of
the herbaceous sorts. The following half-
dozen will be found among the best :
Grandiflora, pure white; Carnea trium-
phans, large flesh color ; Dr. Andry, rose,
centre light, extra good ; Edulis superba,
extra large, color carmine ; Anemonoeflora,
one of the best of the genus, bright rose
color.

ANTHERICUM — ST. BRUNO's LILY.

I find if these are grown m clumps they
are very beautiful, graceful, and fine to cut
for small vases. The flowers are pure
white and very hardy. They are also very
fragrant. I grow two varieties, Lilias-
trium major and Liliago, height two feet.
They bloom in June. I find Liliastrium
major to be the best, yet they are seldom
seen in gardens.

RUDBECKIA — CONE FLOW^ER.
There are many excellent varieties among
these suitable for the border. They are
admired by many for the gorgeous display
they make when in bloom. They may be
classed among the flowers familiarly known
as " cut and come again " variety. Golden
Glow needs no description, but I would ad-
vise cutting off one half its growth. This
will prolong its blooming season two weeks
and do away with the necessity of staking.
The flowers will be just as large and pro-
duced just as freely as if they were allowed
their freedom. The best varieties I find to
be Golden Glow, yellow, eight to ten feet
high ; Calif ornica. dark centre, yellow, four
feet high ; Newmanii, yellow, dark centre,
two feet high, and our native variety, which
is not to be despised, named Hirta. yellow,
dark centre, 2 feet high. All bloom in
August and September.

30'>

EA SIL Y GRO WN PERENNIA LS.

391

The pinks resemble carnations in foliage
and flower and in fragrance, but the plants
are shorter. They are equally good for
cutting. The following will be found
among the best varieties : Dianthus plum-
arius, garden or Scotch Pink ; Dianthus
plumarius alba plena, double white pink ;
dianthus plumarius roseus pleno, double,
rose color. They bloom in June and grow
to 18 inches high.

THE IRISES.

The Irises resemble each other in foliage
and habit. Some produce flowers eight to
10 inches across, and in every shade of color
found in flowers, many equalling tropical
orchids. They are prized highly as cut
flowers for vases, and as decorations for
bridal parties. I will name six of the Ger-
manicas first : Atropurpurea, purple, early ;
Aurea, golden yellow, very good ; Floren-
tina, white, free, sweet scented ; Flavescens,
primrose yellow, large and ime ; Innocence,
pure white, one of the best; Mad Chereau,
white edged violet, good. Height two to
three feet. They bloom in June.

The Iris Koempheri bloom after the Ger-
manicas. Blue Danube, indigo blue, yel-
low center; Eclipse, reddish purple, very
good ; Malmaison, light veined with blue ;
Othello, rich purple, lighter center ; Turban,
light pink, purple center ; Orion, reddish
pink, are among the best of these.

ASTILBE OR HERBACEOUS SPIR.?iA.

All varieties of these plants are very free
blooming. There is nothing more graceiul
as cut flowers for all purposes, and they are
very hardy and easy of culture in any good
garden soil. They flower during June and
July, and their color is pure white to bright
pink. They grow to a height of two feet
to six feet. The following will be found
to be the best. Spiraea filipendula flore
pleno, two feet, producing pure white dou-
ble flowers ; Spiraea palmata, two to three
feet, flowers bright pink ; variety Palmata

alba is the same in every way, but produces
white flowers ; Spir^a palmata elegans is
one of the most beautiful of all, flowers light
pink, in long spiral plumes, four feet high ;
Spiraea Japonica compacta is one of the best
and is much used for forcing, two to three
feet, flowers white ; Spiraea, variety Gigan-
tea, grows to six feet high, flowers pure
white in large flat panicles.
LIEIUMS.

The liliums are pronounced to be the
choicest of all cut flowers, but I would not
advise the general growth of them unless
the soil and situation are suitable to their re-
quirements. They degenerate and are
damaged by heavy freezing on ordinary soil
in exposed places. They can be grown
fairly well in all soils, but there must be
fresh imported stock added from time to
time, as two years is their limit. Most
lilies do well at the foot of a north sloping
wooded bank, if the soil is black much and
vegetable matter, mixed with fine sand, a
foot deep, with a clay loam subsoil. If
there is enough spring water in this soil to
keep it moist the lilies will do well. The
spring water being warmer than the air
passing through the soil prevents its freez-
ing. Besides, the soil is not raised up and
down by the action of the frost as is the case
with other soils. This prevents the bulbs
from being broken and destroyed.

The following will be found to give the
best results : Lilium candidum, Japan
lily, or St. Joseph's lily, four to six feet
high, flowers white, July ; Lilium speciosum,
L. speciosum rubrum, and variety album,
grow two to three feet, and bloom in
August ; Lilium auratum, or Golden-rayed
Lily of Japan, is often seen in yards near
the Falls. It is the queen of all the liliums,
but like the others does not last more than
two years. Lilium Hansoni, Hanson's, will
outlive any that I know in this section,
leaves in whorls, flowers yellow and spotted.

392

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

flowers average about ten in iiuiubcr. Lil-
iuni Isabellinum and candidum are the
commonest grown here. IsabelUnum
grows to five feet, flowers yellow with a red-
dish tinge, eight to twelve flowers, is one of
the best. Bloom comes in July.

KNIPHOFIA — RED HOT POKER.

These are known by several names.
Seven varieties grf)w in the park and all are
g<jod and worth cultivating. As cut flow-
ers, with bright colors for autumn, there is
no flower in the border can equal them.
They grow two to five feet high and are per-
fectly hardy if treated as recommended for
the liliums, all but the situation, which
shoulfl be an open sunny place. Many of
tliem die because the water is in the clasp-

Knipliofia- Flame Flower

ing sheathlikc leaves around the crown,
freezing there and rotting the crown, i^ate
in the fall all the leaves should be twisted
into a knot around the crown, and on this
knot should be placed a piece of board or
stone to shed the water. The whole should
be covered with leaves or soil so as to ap-
pear like a hill of potatoes. Varieties Orandi-

flora and Pfitzerii arc the best. .\ fine
specimen of the latter is shown in the ac-
companying illustration. Names commonly
applied to the plant are Tritoma, Flame
Flower and Torch Lily.

LATHYRUS — EVERLASTING PEA.

It is only where the lathyrus has been al-
lowed its freedom for several years, and
upon damp rich soil, where it can continue
growing and be allowed to ramble over
some branches at will, that its beauty and
value can be appreciated. There is no bet-
ter flower grown for cutting purposes.
There are two varietes that should be found
in every collection of perennials — Lathyrus
latifolius and Lathyrus latifolius alba. The
one is bright red and the other pure white.
They grow six to eight feet high.
OTHERS WHICH ARE GOOD.

There are numerous other common plants
which can be grown without trouble and
which are very beautiful. Of these only
brief mention can be made. Centaurea
Montana produces five or six different
shades of color. Bloom comes in July and
August, and if the old stems are taken ofif
flowering c(jntinues until late fall. Hen-
clicra sanguinea, or alum root, is fine in
July. Gypsophila paniculata or chalk plant,
Thalictrum adiantifolium or Maidenhair
Meadow rue, and Lythrum salicarium or
Loose Strife, a native of Ontario, should be
in every perennial border.

I'hlox, Helianthus or Sunflower. Helen-
iiuii or Sneezewort, Pyrcthrum or Feverfew,
-Anemone or Wind Flower, Aquilegia or
Columbine, Coreopsis, Caliopsis or Tick-
seed, Delphinium or Larkspur, Gaillardia
or I)laiikct Flower, and many others are
worthy of mention.

However, the lover of flowers can select
from the specimens mentioned, and by get-
ting a few seeds of new ones recommended
in catalogues a collection suitable for a bor-
der in any garden will soon be found.

THE BEST STORAGE FOR ROOTS

AS severe weather approaches the vege-
table grower must attend to the har-
vesting and storing of his root crops. Light
frosts do not damage them much, especially
if there is a covering of heavy foliage, but
if sufficient frost comes to freeze the ground
there is danger of injuring the keeping
qualities. Parsnips will stand more frost
than beets or carrots. The harvesting cf
these crops entails considerable work. Dif-
ferent means can be adopted to lessen this
labor. Special care must be taken not to
injure the crown of the beet. The best
plan is to twist the tops off. If a knife is
used many of the roots are liable to be ct?t
and rot soon sets in. With carrots and
parsnips it matters little whether the roots
are cut or not as far as affecting the keep-
ing quality is concerned. When labor is
scarce many growers take the tops off with ■
a sharp hoe and then plow out the roots. A
better plan is to plow along the row as
closely as possible and then pull the roots
and cut the tops off with a large knife.

Most growers leave part of the parsnip
crop in the ground over winter. The ob-
jection to this method is that they cannot
be dug before the frost is out in spring and
by that time there is a meagre demand.

Where large quantities are grown the
storing is usually done in pits. They must
be kept cool. If put in a cellar where we

air is dry :... .s wUt and become corky
unless they are covered with earth or sand.
Most growers recommend leaving them out-
side in pits with scanty covering until severe
w eather sets in. A temperature near the
freezing point suits best-

" I generally leave about one-third of u:y
parsnips in the ground over winter," said
^Ir. Wm. Naismith, Falkenburg, to The
Horticulturist. " These can be dug in tte
spring as soon as they b^in to sprout. I
put them in a pit and put enough earth over
them to keep them dark. If the light gets
at them tiiey turn yellow and become of
poor quality.

" Frost will not hurt parsnips, and ^s
there is not room enough in the cellar I
leave them outside in pits. Only a light
covering of earth is necessary. I leave an
opening at each end of the pit to carry off
the moistinre due to evaporation. Hiey
keep well in cellars if covered with sand. A
good plan is to barrel them in sand.

" Carrots and beets will stand consider-
able frost when in the ground, but none
after they are pulled. Cellar storage, the
same as for parsnips, suits them."

" I store beets, carrots and parsnips in ^n
ordinary cellar," remarked Mr. Chas. Plun-
kett. ^^"oodbridge- " The addition of a lit-
tle sand around them keeps them as fresh
as if they were in the ground."

STORING THE CABBAGE CROP

TV/f ARKET gardeners near towns and
i J cities generally find cabbages a
profitable crop. There is always a good
sale during the summer for the earlier varie-
ties and in late fall for later varieties, but
the large growers have to winter over con-
siderable quantities in order to have a sup-
ply for filling orders during the winter
months. Ever>- grower should aim at get-
ting rid of the more mature heads or those
which are nearlv readv to burst, in the fall.

as they do not keep as well as those which
are less mature.

Many experienced gardeners claim that
a few degrees of frost does not injure the
keeping quaUty of cabbage, but it does
them no good, and severe freezing is ver>-
injurious. Most growers aim to have them
stored before frost comes. If stored when
in good condition good keeping varieties
can be held over until spring.

Manv methods of storage have been test-

3^3

394

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

c(l. The prime requisite is tliat they be
kept cold and moist. Warmth and damp-
ness are sure to cause rot in a short time.
Frost does Httle (hunajre provided they
are allowed to thaw out before being dis-
turbed. The general method adopted by
large growers is to put them in trenches and
cover them with eight or lo inches of soil
and sufficient mulch to prevent hard freez-
ing. Others recommend putting them di-
rectly into a cool cellar and storing in bins
three or four feet wide so that a free circu-
lation of air is allowed. For small grow-
ers who wish to keep a few over winter for
home use the best plan is to bury the head
in sand or to heel in the roots. In every
case all the loose outside leaves should be
removed before storing.

"If planted late," said Mr. Guthrie, of
Wright avenue, Toronto, to The Horticul-
turist, " the St. Dennis is a good keeper.
When planted early 50 per cent, of them
crack. Quintal is one of the best keepers.
The Drumhead Savoy also gives good satis-
faction. As a rule I do not pull late varie-
ties of cabbage before November 15. They
should be pulled and left roots upward for
a week or so to allow all the water to drain
out. If water remains in the head rot soon
develops.

" I store them root and all because they
keep much better. They require too much
room in a cellar, so I put what is not sold
before winter into long pits. Large ones
can be laid two deep, while smaller ones
will keep well if three layers are placed.
They are put on the surface and furrows
turned in with just enough space between
to allow the cabbages to be placed roots to-
gether and heads outward.

" Then they are covered with clay. The
less soil is put over them the better as long
as they are covered. I want them to be
frozen as hard as frost will freeze them, but
alternate freezing and thawing would spoil

them. An air hole is left at each end so
that there is no danger of their heating.

" In the fall I always store some in the
cellar for present use. When more are
needed a pit is opened and enough are
brought in to fill sales for two or three
weeks.''

" I have a special frost-proof cellar for
celery and cabbage," said Air. J. E. Terrill,
of Picton, to a member of The Horticultur-
ist staff who visited his place recently. "The
cabbage are pulled about the first week in
November and the roots cut off. Then
they are piled in this storehouse in pyra-
midal heaps, bottom side up, so that the
water drains out. If they are put in when
wet, rot sets in. They do not rot so quickly
with the roots cut off and piled this way as
they do with roots on. I can have nice solid
cabbage up to May i easily."

The method practised by Mr. Jas. Gib-
bard, of Doncaster, is to plow two furrows
toward each other, leaving space enough
for piling two rows of cabbages with the
roots together. " When one layer is put
in," said Mr. Gibbard, " I cover it with
earth. Then another tier of cabbage is put
on and again a thin layer of earth is added.
Cabbage are then put along the centre to
round the pit up nicely, and the whole is
covered with eight or 10 inches of earth.
In case heavy frost comes without any snow
it is well to cover with long manure. If
the deep covering is not added until hard
frost comes there is no need of air holes.

" Some growers claim that heavy frost
does not hurt cabbage, but I find that those
on top are always the first to go, and in the
winter of 1903 I lost many, so I have de-
cided that hard freezing damages them."

I prefer using compost as a fertilizer in
the fall on my garden, and then there is no
need for spring plowing. — (Geo. Beniier,
Burlington, Ont.

VEGETABLES AT THE EXHIBITION

ri > HE display of vegetables at the Cana-
J. dian National Exhibition was not as
large as the extent to which truck garden-
ing is carried on in Ontario would warrant.
Whether this is on account of poor treat-
ment at the hands of the exhibition manage-
ment or because of poor crops this season
could not be definitely learned from the
gardeners. A general lack of interest
seems to be the real cause. One exhibitor
claimed that some valuable prizes had been
withdrawn from the vegetable prize list,
while another explained that fourth prizes
had been added in several sections to make
up for this withdrawal. To say the least,
the competition was not as keen nor were
the entries as numerous as they should be.
The prize winners could almost be counted
on the fingers of one's hands.

Growers from Humber Bay carried off
many prizes. In beets the awards went to
J. B. Guthrey, Dixie, and W. Harris and J.
Dandridge, Humber Bay. The prizes for
the different varieties of cabbage were
divided among R. J. Taylor, Brantford ; W.
Harris, Brown Bros., and J. Dandridge,
Humber Bay, and J. B. Guthrie, Dixie,
while Harris and Brown Bros, carried off
first and second for best collection of cab-
bages.

The display of onions was very good.

The prizes went to Harris, Brown Bros.,
Guthrey, Dandridge, Taylor and F. W.
Krause, Guelph. The prize parsnips were
owned by Chas. Plunkett, Woodbridge ;
Wm. Naismith, Falkenburg, and Taylor.
A fine collection of peppers owned by R. J.
Taylor deserves special mention. S. D.
Furminger, Guthrey and Harris shared the
prizes with Taylor for peppers. W. Har-
ris won first and Guthrey second for collec-
tion of table squash.

WINNERS I^ROM MUSKOKA.

The vegetable-growing qualities of Mus-
koka soil were shown by the fine specimens
shown by Mr. Wm. Naismith, of Falken-
burg. His fine collection of potatoes won
first place this year for the fourteenth time
in succession. This year he carried off
every first but one in potatoes. When Mr.
Naismith gets a new variety of good quality
he does not hide it in one corner of his cel-
lar for fear some other grower might get
some for seed. He brings the best of them
to the Toronto exhibition, so that others
may see what can be grown, and sells all he
has to spare.

The prize for collection of garden herbs
went to Chas. Scott, of Melville Cross.
For collection of vegetables W. Harris won
first, J. B. Guthrey second and Broadview
Bovs' Institute, Toronto, third.

EXPERIMENTS IN GROWING POTATOES

THE eft'ect of certain arsenites on potato
foliage is dealt with in Bulletin 267
of the New York Experiment Station. Ex-
periments were carried on with Paris green
and arsenite of lime. The former was applied
four times by the three common methods :
with water, with lime water, and with Bor-
deaux mixture. Rows were left unsprayed
for checks. As high as four and a half
pounds per acre were used without injury.
The experiment showed that Paris green

has a fungicidal value at least one-third as
great as Bordeaux. Rows treated with
Paris green and water yielded 46 bushels
per acre more than untreated rows, while
those on which Paris green and Bordeaux
were applied gave a slightly higher yield
than those on which Bordeaux alone was
used. It was further shown that arsenite
of soda may be much more safely used with
Bordeaux than with lime water, and the
conclusion was that it should only be ap-

3^5

396

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

plied with Bordeaux mixture. The Paris
green, if applied in moderate quantity and
evenly distributed, is not injurious to foli-
age when used with lime water or Bordeaux
mixture. Rows treated with Bordeaux
alone out-yielded those treated with arsenite
of soda in Bordeaux by 34 bushels per acre.
This suggests that, perhaps, the soda arsen-
ite may do damage to the crop though not
showing any effect on the foliage. The
use of arsenite of soda and lime is attended
by considerable risk. The part which cop-
per sulphate and lime plays in spray mix-
tures is plainly given. Those interested in
spraying should write for this bulletin.

QUALITY TESTS.

" Quality in Potatoes " is discussed in
Bulletin 230, Cornell University. It is
pointed out that the quality depends on the
amount of water, the amount of starch, and
the richness of the potato in nitrogenous
matter. -After careful investigation it was
considered that the quality and mealiness of
a potato when boiled depended on the daily

range of soil and atmospheric temperature
during the growing period, on the degree of
ripeness of the tuber when the plant uies,
and on the physical condition and type of
the soil. Since tubers grow at regular
nodes on the stem above the planted tuber
it is recommended that planting be five or
six inches deep in good soil so that enough
nodes may be formed to accommodate the
tubers which the plant is capable of bearing.
If planted deeper than six inches moisture
and temperature conditions are unsuitable
for tuber development at the lower nodes
and the result is small and scabby potatoes.
If planted shallower than three inches the
variation in temperature and moisture is too
great for proper development. The result
is small, compound and sunburnt potatoes.
Long tubers which grow sloping in the
ground show a difference in quality in the
different halves. The desirable conditions,
65 to 75 degrees temperature and uniform
moisture, are most nearly approached at a
depth of two to six inches, and it is there
that the best tubers are found.

WINTERING THE CUCERBITS

SPECIAL care in handling is necessary
if the gardener wishes to have suc-
cess when storing squashes, pumpkins,
melons and such crops. Little handling
should be given before the skin has become
thoroughly hardened. They are injured
by very slight frost, although the injury
may not be apparent for some time. Those
who have had experience in harvesting and
storing these crops recommend that they be
pulled before frost comes and put in piles
in the field. There they can be left ex-
posed to the sun by day, but should be cov-
ered at night to prevent injury from frost.
In case a stem is broken off rot soon de-
velops. For this reason it is recommended
that the stems be cut off to not more than

one inch long when harvesting so that they
cannot be used as handles when loading
them on wagons. When hauling them to
the storehouse they should be placed on a
bed of hay or straw to prevent bruising.

The best storage is dry atmosphere ar.d
cool temperature, although they keep for a
considerable time if the temperature is com-
paratively high. Authorities recommend
placing them on shelves one tier deep.

" I always aim to have the squash har-
vested before frost comes," said Mr. T. W.
Stephens, of Aurora, to The Horticulturist
recently. " They should be off the vines
in early October to escape early frosts.
They must be kept dry and cool, but, never
frozen. I always put them in a dry shed

FRESH TOMATOES DURING WINTER.

397

or feed room where there is no dampness.
They keep much better in a dry room free
from frost than in a cellar. If put in the
cellar in early fall the heat and moisture
causes them to rot in a short time. By

keeping them in a dry room just above t!:e
freezing point I have had them until May
24. Citrons and watermelons can be kept
the same way, but the latter will not keep
longer than Christmas."

Tomatoes Until Christmas

U T CAN have ripe tomatoes for use until
A near Christmas," said Mr. Jas. Gib-
bard, of Doncaster, to a member of The
Horticulturist staff who visited his place a
short time ago. " Just before frost comes
the green ones are picked and stored in a
cool dry place. Where there is a dampness
they soon rot, and if there is much heat they
ripen quickly.

" I have taken fresh tomatoes to England
in that way. When I reached the Old
Country they were not quite ripe. If they
get any frost before being put away they
will not keep."

Marketing Tomatoes

( ( 'Tp HERE is good money in growing
A early tomatoes for the local niar-
ket," said Mr. Wm. Waller, of BartonviUe,
to The Horticulturist recently, " but we
cannot get rid of all our crop in that v.-ay.
A local commission buyer takes great quan-
tities, and although more might be obtaiiied
on the Hamilton market for a few at a time
it pays to sell to him.

" Selling to the canning factory, also, is
not so profitable for the same quality of to-
matoes. The commission buyer wants
good quality and pays a good average
price."

The Asparagus Bed

ALTHOUGH asparagus is a whole-
some and most profitable garden
vegetable it is not widely grown. It is per-
fectly hardy and comes in early in the spring
when there are few garden crops fit for use.

Speaking to a representative of The Can-
adian Horticulturist who visited his place
at Picton recently, Mr. J. E. Terrill said:
" I have about four acres of asparagus. I
take a good harvest from early in the spring
until about July. Then I cease cutting and
harrow the beds well. This destroys most
of the weeds. The patch is left through-
out the summer and in the fall before it
ripens the whole is cut oft' level with the
ground. A thorough cultivation is then
given with the Acme harrow and a light
coat of well rotted manure added.

" The bed is left in this condition over
winter. In the spring as soon as warm
weather renders the ground fit for cultiva-
tion the Acme harrow is again used to pa**-
tially mix the manure with the soil. In a
very short time the crop is fit for cutting.
I prefer to cut when about six inches above
the ground, as underground stems are liable
to be tough."

" After w-e stop cutting the crop," said
]\Ir. W. A. Best, gardener for Earl Spencer,
Picton, "the asparagus bed is let run until
October. Then all the old stems are -:u':
off and burned. After that a disc harrow
or some such implement is run over thi
patch and a heavy coat of rotten manure
applied. In the spring it is disced both
wavs to work the manure into the soil."

Tomatoes can be had for slicing up to
April or later by taking solid specimens
from the vines, being careful not to detach
the calyx from the tomato, and preserving
them in a solution made of five quarts cf
water to one of vinegar. — (W. H. Arm-
strong, Cornwall. Ont.

398

EDITORIAL.

Tqe (anadian f4ortic6lt(irist

Pablished by The Horticultural PnbliahinK
Company, Limited.

TKe Only Horticviltural Magazine in
tKe Donvinion.

Official Organ of Hritish Columbia, Ontario, Que>

bee and Prince Kdward Island Fruit Growers'

Associations and of the Ontario Vege>

table Growers' Association.

H. Bronson Cowan, Editor and Business Manager.

J. Albert Hand, B.S.A., Associate Editor.

W. G. Rook, Advertising Manager.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published the first of
each month.

3. Subscription Price Si.oo per year, strictly in advance.
K«r all countries except Canada, United States and Great Britain
add 50c for postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Money
Express Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for
amounts less than $1.00. Receipts will be acknowledged on the
address label, which shows the date to which subscription is paid.

4. Discontinuances — Responsible subscribers will continue
to receive The Horticulturist until the publishers are notified by
letter to discontinue, when all arrearages must be paid. Societies
should send in their revised lists in January: otheiwise it will be
taken for granted all will continue members.

5. Change of Address — \Mien a change of address is or-
dered, both the old and the new addresses must be given.

6. Advertising Rates quoted on application. Circulation
5,500. Copy received up to the 24th. Responsible representatives
wanted in towns and cities.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be
thankfully received by the editor.

8. All Communications should be addressed:

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,
507 and 508 Manning Chambers,

TORONTO, CANADA

THE HAMILTON SHOW.

The Hamilton Horticultural Exiiibition, for
a first effort, ^vas a success, but it can be great-
ly improved another year. In spite of the best
efforts of those in charge, the fact remains that
the bulk of the fruit and vegeta^ble growers of
the Niagara district did not realize that the
show was established for their benefit and that
they were expected to take a prominent part in
its management. Should the Ontario Depart-
ment of Agriculture decide to continue the show
another year a committee which will represent
all the horticultural interests of the Niagara
district ought to be selected to have charge of it.

This committee should start work early in the
season and should be composed of one or more
representatives of each of the horticultural so-
cieties, of the Ontario. Niagara district and
Burlington fruit growers' associations, of each
of the several vegetable growers' associations,
and possibly one or two members of the Hamil-
ton City Council. Much of the success of the
Canadian National Exhibition has been due to
the work of the members of the Toronto City
Council. Sub-committees could be appointed

for fruit, for flowers, and for vegetables, and to
these committees would have to be left largely
the making of all arrangements connected with
these departments of the exhibition.

It would be well, for convenience of manage-
ment, to have the president and secretary lo-
cated in Hamilton. For these positions it would
be diflicult to secure two better men than Mr.
McCulloch and Mr. Dickson, the president and
secretary of this year's exhibition, as the suc-
cess of this year's show was due in a large
measure to their faithful, efficient work. Small
local committees could have charge of the de-
tails of management. If this exhibition is to
fulfil the objects for which it was started the
best men the Niagara district can produce
should be on the committee of management.

THE DOMINION CONFERENCE.

The conference of fruit growers from the dif-
ferent provinces of Canada, which the Dominion
Department of Agriculture is arranging to hold
next winter, will be the most important gather-
ing of fruit growers ever held in Canada. Such
a meeting has long been needed. Each pro-
vince has difficulties of its own which its gi'ow-
ers will have to gi'apple with by themselves, but
there are larger questions which affect all the
provinces, and their proper consideration can
only be secured through a conference of grow-
ers from each province.

One of the most important subjects that can
be dealt with is the advisability of forming a
permanent body, representative of the fruit
growers in the different provinces, which could
meet annually or at least once every two years.
Such a body, owing to the expense of attending
its meetings, would have to be small. It might
be constituted of the presidents of each of the
provincial associations, and could meet in turn
in the different provinces at the time of the
holding of their provincial convention, but sepa-
rately.

The associations could hardly use a portion
of their funds to better advantage than in send-
ing delegates to such meetings. In this way
it would be possible for fruit growers to have a
direct say in all matters of Dominion legisla-
tion relating to their interests. The honor of
representing a provincial association at one of
these conferences would be highly prized and
would add to the interest taken in the work of
the provincial organizations. A determined
effort on the part of fruit growers will easily re-
sult in the formation of such a body.

The advance of the times is forcing vegetable
gi'owers, as well as growers in other lines of
work, to devote more attention to improving
their methods. Varieties of vegetables and
practices which proved profitable a few years
ago are no longer so, and the growers who real-
ize this first and are the quickest to grasp the
demands of the situation \\\\\ reap the largest
returns. The recently formed vegetable grow-
ers' association has already done much to

OBJECTS TO USING BOXES.

399

awaken an increased interest in matters of this
kind. Greater advances will be made during
the next five years than have been during- the
past ten. Is it not strange that with all the
fruit, flower, bee, poultry and other publications
there is none devoted exclusively to the grow-
ing of vegetables ?

Most of the provincial fruit grow-ers' associa-
tions in Canada have committees at work pre-
paring the programs for their annual conven-
tions which will be held during November, De-
cember and January. Care should be taken
to see that time is allowed for a discussion of
the best method of bringing pressure to bear
on the Minister of Agriculture to see that the
chief of the Dominion fruit division, instead of
being under the control of the dairy commis-
sioner, is given full control of his department.
The fruit interests of the Dominion are of suffi-
cient iinportance to require a commissioner who
shall be independent of the heads of any of the
other branches of the government service.

Evidence of the value of The Canadian Horti-
culturist as an advertising medium continues to
accumulate. The latest one of our readers to
win one of the prizes offered to readers who
purchase from advertisers is Mr. R. H. Ellis, of
Leamington, who bought goods to the value of
$270 from Pilkington Bros., of Toronto, and
$8.80 worth from the Poster Pottery Co., of
Hamilton, through seeing their advertisements
in The Canadian Horticulturist.

There are few of our readers who have not
a few friends who would not profit w-ere
they to subscribe for The Horticulturist. This
they would do were the good points of the
paper properly drawn to their attention. If our
readers will help us gain a few subscribers it
will enable us to improve the paper and every-
one will benefit. Won't you do your part by
getting us at least one new subscriber for the
balance of this year and all of next year for
only one dollar ?

Boxes Not Profitable Packages

W. R. DAVIS, OAKVILLE, ONT.
I find it is not as profitable as I could wish
to pack apples in boxes, except for really good
Btock. Last year I put all firsts in boxes, and
seconds in barrels. The returns showed that
the firsts, except Blenheim Orange, did not bring
a high enough price to warrant my doing so this
year, considering the extra price of boxes and
trouble of packing. Baldwins seemed to sell
better than Spys in boxes.

I did not have, as a rule, very much trouble
securing boxes. Last year I got them from
Burlington. They were 9 x 12 x 18, and ran
four to the barrel, but I would rather use the
larger box, that runs three to the barrel, which
is the size adopted by the Fi'uit Growers' As-
sociation.

FRUIT GROWERS
VEGETABLE GROWERS
AMATEUR FLORISTS

you and your friends should
be regular readers of

THE CANADIAN
HORTICULTURIST

It is the only paper in the Dominion that
will keep you fully posted on fruit, vegetable
and floral matters. Sample copies sent on
request.

We want to have 8,000 paid subscrib-
ers by the first of next year.

Our Subscription Offers

If you will induce one friend to take The Horti-
culturist for one year, and send us a dollar for liis
subscription, we will extend Aour subscription for six
months.

If you send us two new subscriptions, we will
extend your subscription for one j'ear.

Trial subscriptions, from October until the first of
next year, will be accepted for 10 cents. For every
three trial subscriptions you send us, we will extend
j'our subscription for one month.

New subscriptions, from October until Janu-
ary, 1907, or 14 months, will be accepted
for $1.

Those of our readers who are taking The Horti-
culturist through horticultural societies or fruit
growers' associations will be allowed to retain a
a liberal commission on all new subscriptions or we
will arrange with the secretary of their society to
extend their next year's membership.

Free sample papers will be sent to any one who
applies for them.

WONT YOU HELP US TO REACH THE
8,000 MARK?

The Canadian Horticulturist

TORONTO, ONT.

THE ONTARIO HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

Arrang'ements are rapidly being comjiletecl
for the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition, which
will be held in Massey Hall, Toronto, November
14-10. The Governor-General has been invited
to open the exhibition on Tuesday afternoon,
November 14.

A committee representing the various organi-
zations interested in the exhibition visited Mas-
sey Hall recently to arrange for the allotment
of space. It is intended to have striking ex-
hibits of flowers, fruits, vegetables and honey
both upstairs and down, so that people who visit
the hall will be pleased with the general effect
of the exhibition. All commercial exhibits will
be shown in the basement of the hall, where the
demonstrations in fruit packing, etc., will be
given. The prize lists this year have been con-
siderably increased, and owing to the advertise-
ment the exhibition received last year, it is ex-
pected there will be an increase in th^ number
of exhibits this season.

At a meeting of the committee of manage-

ment held during b'eplember it was decided to
pe'A three coupon tickets for 50 cents, to place
the general price of admission at 25 cents, and
to have a special children's day on Saturday,
when children will be admitted for 10 cents, or
three for 25 cents. Members of the Ontario
Fruif Growers' Association, the Ontario Vege-
table Growers' Association, and of the other
bodies interested in the exhibition will te sold
50 cent tickets which will admit them to the
exhibition at all times during the week.

An effort is being made to secure the use of a
large building immediately adjoining the hall,
in which it will be possible to hold the conven-
tion of the Fruit, Vegetable and Bee Keepers'
Associations simultaneously. Committees are
at work preparing programs for these conven-
tions. It is intended to secure noted authori-
ties as speakers. This will be the first annual
convention of the Ontario Vegetable Growers'
Association, and a great deal of interest is be-
ing taken in it on that account.

THE WORK OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

During September horticultural societies in
the diffe:ent cities and towns of Ontario demon-
strated that their labors have not been in vain.
Flower shows were held by many societies,
while several also had a concert in the evening
at which music and practical addresses made
up the program.

DESERONTO'S FINE EFFORT.

The show of the Deseronto society was most
successful both as regards the quantity and
quality of the exhibits, especially when it is
considered that not a dollar of the funds of the
society is paid out in cash prizes. The strong-
est evidence of the good work that is being done is
the large number of lawns and gardens which
are kept in first-class condition among the
working classes. Many of the back yards and
gardens would do credit to the professional gar-
deners. The judge was Mr. E. P. Collins, of the
Allan Gardens, Toronto, who writes to The
Horticulturist as follows : " Some of the ex-
hibits would put to shame many I have seen at
much larger places. Special mention may be
made of the Rex begonias and' Tuberous be-
gonias, which were very fine for the amateur
classes."

KINCARDINE FLOWER SHOW.

The annual show of the Kincardine society
was held August 30, and at the special request
of some influential citizens the president and
secretary kept it open the following evening.
Costly plants of rare excellence and beauty, as
well as many equally fine though less valuable,
filled the side tables. The center tables were
filled with cut flowers tastefully arranged on
the tables by some of the ladies of the society.
To say that the display was grand conveys but
slightly the striking effect of a large hall filled
with healthy and vigorous plants and gorgeous
bouquets of the choicest flowers, all grown by
amateurs. This shows that the seven years'
life of the society has cultivated the tastes of

the citizens. It has also been the means of
beautifying many gardens and homes belonging
to members and their friends. The premium
list of the past year consisted of 14 collections,
made up of fruits and flowers. ^c^ch member
on paying one dollar is entitled to one of the
premiums free, and besides we make a present
of a year's subscription to The Canadian Horti-
culturist, a dollar magazine. It is the neatest,
cleanest and most instructive magazine on the
subject that I know of, and ought to be found
on every center table. Every year adds new-
flowers, shrubs and trees to our list. Many of
the progressive farmers and fruit growers are
becoming members, as the cost is little and the
gain great. — (Joseph Barker, Sec'y.

A SUCCESS AT CARDINAL.

The Cardinal society held its annual exhibi-
tion Septeni'ber 6 and 7, afternoon and evening.
Notwithstanding the fact that several of the old
officers and active workers of the society have
left the organization during the past year, and
the idea that the exhibit this year would be a
failure, our exhibition, though late in the sea-
son, was the best in quality and selection of
house plants and ctit flowers that the society
has put before our villagers. That our flower
show is popular and becoming more so was evi-
denced by the hall being crowded both evenings.
— (E. E. Gilbert. Sec'y.

GRATIFYING RESULTS AT CAYUGA.

The Cayuga society has completed its work
this season with gratifying results. Increased
interest has been awakened. The public gar-
dens at the Court House Park, the high and
public schools, and many private gardens are
more beautiful than ever. Our country school
director, Principal Neale, is making a show
place of the Decewsville public school grounds.
Our distribution to members included 1,000 Nor-
way spruce trees, 480 geraniums, 480 coleus, and
several hundred gladioli. The well defined plan

4CO

WHAT THE SOCIETIES ARE DOING.

-;oi

of this society that a horticultural society should
be a factor in the public improvement of its
neighborhood has been followed closely again
this season with good progress. I cannot too
highly praise our officers in their zealous and
unpaid efforts, and the courtesy of our official
florist, L. H. Weaver, of Dunnville, and the
energy- of our secretary, F. G. Lishman. — (A. K.
Goodman, Treas.

THE FOURTEENTH SHOW AT GALT.

The Gait society held it fourteenth annual ex-
hibit on August 3i and 31. There was a good
exhibit in all classes, the specimen ferns and
coleuses being especially fine. The cut flow-
ers were also of a high quality and comprehen-
sive in character. The show was not patron-
ized as well as it deserved to be. W. Hunt, of
the O. A. C, Guelph, was the judge of pot plants,
and A. H. Ewing, of Woodstock, awarded the
prizes for cut flowers. H. S. Peart, of the O.
A. C, judged the fruit and vegetables.
NEEDLEWORK AT PRESTOX.

The Preston society held a successful show
in the skating rink on September 6 and 7. The
exhibits were of a high order and competition
in many classes very close. An exhibit of
ladies' needle and fancy work gave an aduc- in-
terest to the exhibit. The attendance was
good. TV. Hunt, of the O. A. C, Guelph, judged
the plants and flowers, and E. Lane, of Gait,
awarded the prizes for the fruit and vegetable
display.
SCHOOL CHILDREN SHOTi^ AT SIMCOE.

In the spring the Simcoe society distributed
seeds among the children of the public schools,
with the understanding that a big flower show
would be held in the fall. The show was held
in the drill shed September 7 and the success of
the scheme can be judged from the fact that
there was almost four times as many entries as
in 1904. The display on the tables ■^"as grand,
and the competition was so close that it is
thought more than three prizes should have
been awarded. Judge Robb and Mr. "^V. S. Tis-
dale awarded the prizes. Many vegetables
were on exhibition. In the evening band music
and appropriate recitations added to the enjoy-
ment of the visitors. — (Henry Johnson.

EXCELLENT SHOW AT BRANTFORD.

The executive of the Brantford societj^ were
well pleased with the results of their distribu-
tion of about 6,000 packages of seeds to the
school children. The exhibition of flowers
held on September 15 was a huge success. The
secretary recorded about 600 entries of asters,
verbenas, phlox drummondi, scabiosa and sal-
piglossis, besides about 50 entries of baskets of
cut flowers. In all about 130 prizes were
awarded. The premiums given consisted of

fine specimen plants of palms, ferns, dracenas,
araucarias and bulbs. The evening meeting
was presided over by Mr. Dempster, president
of the society. In a very interesting address
Mr. Wm. Hunt, of the O. A. C, Guelph, com-
mended the action of the Brantford City Coun-
cil in granting the society the sum of $100 as
being one of the best outlays the city had ever
made. Those present heartily endorsed the
outlay by loud applause. Directions for the
care and culture of the plants awarded as prem-
iums were given by the speaker in his address,
as well as a practical demonstration on the pot-
ting of bulbs and their after culture and care.
ELMIRA'S SECOND ATTEMPT.

The directors of the Elmira society are to be
congratulated on the syccess of their second
flower show, which was held August 24. A
large number of fine specimens of the floral
kingdom were on exhibit. The children's ex-
hibit of asters grown from seed given to them
by the society was particularly fine. The ad-
mission receipts show that over 2,000 people, be-
sides the children, visited the show.

KEEN COMPETITION AT BELLEVILLE.

Last spring the Belleville society distributed
flower seeds among the children of the different
classes in every school in the city. In Septem-
ber the scholars from the high, public and sepa-
rate schools were in their glory displaying the
flowers. The total number of entries was about
300. Each school had its (display upon one of
the large tables which are in the building, and
it was rather difficult to tell which school had
the best exhibit. In the afternoon the building
was open to the public and many of the parents
and others visited the show, all being apparently
much pleased.

FEWER ENTRIES AT STRATFORD.

The City Hall was the centre of attraction for
a large number of citizens on the evening of
September 6 at the opening of the Stratford
society's annual show. Flags and bunting along
with the numerous tables of beautiful plants
and flowers made the hall a pleasant place to
spend the evening. There was a noticeable
falling off in quantity but no deterioration in
quality. The flower and plant department was
very attractive. Among the flowers were some
very fine sweet peas, single petunias and asters,
while several superb specimens of the rubber
plant and begonia were highly admired. The
judging of flowers and plants was done by Mr.
Wm. Gammage, of London. In pot plants
Messrs. Wm. Sanderson and S. B. Webb carried
off most of the prizes.

The vegetables were somewhat of a disap-
pointment, the display being quite small. The
fruits occupied one table. Apples were a fine
sample, but inferior to last year's.

Report Your Meetings

Officers of horticultural societies are earnestly
urged to send notes regarding the doings of
their societies to the society editor for publica-
tion in each issue. Programs of meetings held.

copies of addresses read, and subjects discussed
are all interesting to our readers. Let us have
all you can. The more the better. Contribu-
tions can be received up to the 22nd of each
month.

VEGETABLE GROWERS ORGANIZING

The Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association
has set to work in earnest to organize branch
associations thi'oughout the province. A

special effort is being put forth to have thor-
ough organization through local associations in
the different vegetable centres before the Horti-
cultural Exhibition in November. During
August Mr. Andrew McMeans, of Brantford,
made a tour of western Ontario for the purpose
of forming locail associations and met with
varied success. As a result of his trip Mr. Mc-
Means hopes to have several flourishing asso-
ciations at different points. Growers around
Leamington were enthusiastic and a strong as-
sociation was formed with J. S. Fraser as presi-
dent; J. L. Hilborn, vice-president, and E. E.
Adams, secretary-treasurer. It was decided
that the best means of getting the different
members in line would be to hold meetings at
their respective homes.

Flourishing organizations are promised for
several other centres. At Woodstock Messrs.
Doyle and Gabriel Elliot were well pleased with
the move and have promised to do what they
can. The good work at Chatham was left in
the hands of such enthusiasts as Me.ssrs. Ross,
Collins, Clarke, Findlay and Everetts.

The growers in the Windsor district are
chiefly French Canadians and know merely
enough English to make sales. However, at
Cabbage Point, a few miles from Amherstburg,
Mr. Hilare Gignac was sure that an association
could be formed and 150 members secured be-
fore fa-ll. Messrs. Wigle, of Ruthven, and
Coatsworth, of Kingsville, can also be counted
on for support.

There is a general feeling among the growers
that their crop should be protected by a duty at
least equal to that imposed on similar Canadian
products going south.

FRUIT CROP CONDITIONS

Reports received by The Horticulturist dur-
ing iSeptember from the leading fruit sections
of Ontario tend to verify the report published
last month that the apple crop of the province
this year will be light and prices high as com-
pared with last year. In many sections the
crops have been sold and the growers regret
they did not hold out for better prices. The
United States and British croi>s are, also, be-
hind the average, and a keen demand from the
Old Country is expected.

Grapes and plums will be larger crops than
last year. The quality generally is reported
to be good. The following are some of the re-
ports that have been received :
ESSEX COUNTY.

The apple crop is not more than 40 or 50 per
cent, of last year's. The greater part is al-
ready disposed of. Some of the best orchards
sold for a lump sum on the trees. Other buyers
are giving $1 per barrel and do their own pick-
ing. There does not appear to be any regu-
larity in prices given as the quality is not iini-
foiTTi. — (W. W. Hilborn, Leamington.
KENT COUNTY.

Our crop of apples this season promises to be
very line, especially where thoroughly sprayed.
In quantity it will be about half of last year's
crop. Sales so far are very satisfactory, and
we are looking forward to a very successful
season.— (W. D. A. Ross, Chatham.

WENTWORTH COUNTY.

Japan plums and Lombards are a heavy crop,
while other varieties are only about one-third.
Fancy lots sold at 30 to 40 cents. Japan varie-
ties and Lombards brought 10 to 25 cents.
About 50 per cent, of the Lombards are rotting.
Grapes are not more than half a crop, but clean
and ripening early. Some Concords and Nia-
garas have sold at 15 or 16 cents per nine pound
basket. There is only a light crop of apples,
probably 25 per cent, full crop. Winds and
codling moth are playing havoc and not more
than one-half of the crop will be packed as No.

1 or No. 2, and there is every likelihood that a
No. 3 grade will find a market. As high as
$1.50 per barrel has been obtained for No. 1 and
No. 2 on the trees. — (Joseph Tweddle, Fruit-
land.

The grape crop is in every way better than
last year, very clean of rot and quality never
better. Plums are heavier than last year and
prices much lower. The apple crop is very
light, quality fair, prices ruling high, about $1.50
per barrel on the trees, purchaser furnishing
labor, barrels, etc. Some have done better than
this.— (E. M. iSmith, Winona.

THE ST. CATHARINES DISTRICT.

Apple prospects have not improved. Some
isolated orchards have nice crops, but majority
of orchards have very little fruit. Plum crop
has been disappointing. Market was over-
supplied with Japan varieties, and it has not
been possible to secure ready sale for the later
kinds at satisfactory prices. Many kinds have
not been harvested in full on account of low
price and poor demand. Grape crop promises
to be of excellent quality and fair proportions.
If weather remains warm a good demand is ex-
pected at reasonable prices. Growers are mar-
keting heavily. — ("W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines.
BURLINGTON DISTRICT.

Apples are one-half of last year's crop. Prices
range from $1.50 to $2.55 per barrel for No. 1
and No. 2 stock, grower to pick and deliver at
the station. Grapes are 100 per cent, better
crop and prices hun two to four cents per
pound gross. Plums are dou-ble the crop, with
the price 171/4 to 25 cents per 11-quart basket at
station. — (A. "W. Peart, Burlington.

GEORGIAN BAY SECTION.

The apple crop in the Georgian Bay district
from Collingwood to Owen Sound and in the
Beaver Valley, is exceedingly light, not more
than 10 per cent of a full crop. There are,
however, some very good apples, especially
Russets. The winds of the last few days have
verv much reduced them. In the Simcoe dis-

4n2

THE PROPOSED CONFERENCE.

403

trict the crop is better, but the orchards are
generally small. It is nearly all bought by one
man. He has said there will be about 7,000
barrels. The price paid is 75 cents to $1.45 per
barrel. — (J. G. Mitchell, Clarksburg.
SOUTH ONTARIO.
The apple crop in the southern part of On-
tario county will be heavier than last year. The
crop along the lake is light, but further north
is exceedingly good. The apples are clean and
of good size, but there is quite a lot of wormy
fruit. Apples have been bought at all prices
up to $1.60 per barrel for everything on the
trees in one good orchard. Almost all the ap-
ples are sold. — (Elmer Lick, Oshawa.

NORTHERLY SECTIONS.

Apples are as large a crop as last year, but
the fruit is much larger and finer. Not so many
codling grubs in the fruit apparently even where
not sprayed, and that is generally. I do not
hear of any sales being made so far, and I have
inquired a good deal.— (Stanley Spillett, Nantyr.

The apple crop this year in Grenville county
will be easily double that of last year, chiefly
Fameuse. I should judge that two-thirds of
the crop has been sold on the basis of $1 on the
tree for No. 1 and No. 2. Many orchards will
grade low, as the spot spread rapidly in August
in orchards that were not sprayed. — (Harold
Jones, Maitland.

THE DOMINION FRUIT GROWERS' CONFERENCE

Arrangements are being made by Mr. A. Mc-
Neill, chief of the fruit division, for the confer-
ence of fruit growers from the different provin-
ces of Canada which will be held in Ottawa next
winter. An outline of the subjects that will
probably be discussed has been prepared and it
has been suggested that the various provincial
associations had better consider these matters
at their annual conventions so that the dele-
gates they send to Ottawa may be prepared to
debate them.

The suggested subjects to be discussed at the
proposed conference are :

1. The preparation of statistics and fruit crop
reports, including acreage of small fruits by
counties ; number of fruit trees 'by counties ;
estimation of value and quantity of fruit crop ;
preferred varieties; bi-monthly or monthly re-
ports of fruit crop conditions, including the
weather, insects, fungous diseases and market
quotations.

2. Transportation by rail. Rates ; classifica-
tion ; discrimination in rates between individu-
als and firms, between long and short hauls, be-
tween places or territories, between commodi-
ties ; station accommodations ; speed of service
and delays ; supply of cars (delays in supplying
cars) ; facilities for tracing cars en route ; de-
lay in settling claims ; special facilities for fruit
shipments, " decking " cars for baskets, venti-
lated cars, refrigerator and frost-proof cars,
heated cars, transportation for attendants in
charge ; bills of lading, shipper's count, exemp-
tion : demurrage charges ; competent station
employees ; transportation by express.

Transportation by water. Freight rates ;
ventilated and refrigerator chambers ; the dock
accommodations for loading and unloading ;
bills of lading.

3. Packages. Berry boxes ; baskets ; fruit
boxes ; barrels ; crates and other packages ;
uniformity in minimum, maximum or definite
size.

4. Markets and marketing. Agents and com-
mission men, domestic and foreign; direct sales
and consignments; cooperation in selling; open-
ing new markets; commercial agents abroad.

5'. Adulteration of fruit products. Jams, jel-
lies, canned fruit, fruit extracts.

6. Nurseries. Varieties and novelties ; dis-
eases and pest inspection; responsibility of
agents.

7. The Fruit Marks Act. Definition of No. 2.

8. The Dominion experimental farms and
provincial experiment stations. On what new
lines should the work be prosecuted ?

9. Horticultural education. i'Vuit conven-
tions and institutes, orchard meetings, school
gardens, agricultural college short courses.

10. Orchard practices, including varieties,
planting, tillage, fertilizers, winter protection,
pruning, thinning, spraying, orchard soil cul-
ture, picking, storing.

11. Fall fairs and fruit exhibitions generally.
Prize list ; judging and judges, score cards ;
displays.

12. The formation of a Canadian Pomological
Society or Dominion Horticultural Society.

13. Horticultural publications.

14. Miscellaneous.

Items of Interest

Cases of deceitful packing have been cropping
up lately at the Toronto market. In one case
it is claimed a lady packer is responsible for
the fraud. The apples on top of the package
were beautiful specimens of Duchess, but un-
derneath were scrub G-reenings. Another simi-
lar case was found with a basket of peaches.
Both cases were reported to the authorities and
Investigation is promised.

A freak of the horticultural world was noticed
in an orchard near Enderby, B. C. in August.
A bunch of freshly opened >lossoms were found

on the limb of an apple tree with fruit almost
ripe on the same limb only a few inches away.

British Columbia fruit growers met the Tariff
Commission at Nelson and urged that the doity
on fruit be maintained and that the same strict-
ness be kept with regard to inspection. The
"Winnipeg vendors had hoped to have the duty
lowered, but British Columbia growers claim
they can supply the whole northwest and have
some left to ship to England. They said that
duty might be taken off oranges, lemons, and
such tropical fruits, but went so far as to ad-
vise a stiffening of the duty on apples.

THE FRUIT SHIPMENTS TO THE WEST

The trial shipments of fruit being- made by
the St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwarding
Co. are not, as some seem to suppose, being as-
sisted by the Ontario government. Shipments
made this year receive no aid and are the re-
sult of the enterprise and push of the company.
One year ago when the Government sent Prof.
Reynolds to the Niagara district to secure two
eaiioads of fruit to be forwarded to Winnipeg,
the members and growers of the St. Catharines
Cold Storage Co. volunteered to load a car and
forward it on commission free of any expense to
the Government, while Prof. Reynolds had to
guarantee a fixed price for the bulk of the fruit
sent in the other car. Owing to the guarantee
this car cost the Government over one hundred
dollars, while the St. Catharines car was sold at
ptii-es satisfactory to most of the shippers.

During the winter and early summer the
growers at St. Catharines held several meetings
and at last decided to arrange with some of the
commission houses in Winnipeg to handle their
fruit. A committee of four growers was
named to assist the directors of the company
to load two cars a week under the direction of
the committee.

About 25 growers agreed to pack an^ ship
their share, so that the cars would have enough
fruit on the shipping days. Arrangements
were made with The Ottawa Fruit Exchange,
Winnipeg, to sell the fruit and to send state-
ments to each shipper and also to send a copy
of the whole to the storage company. A portion
of each car was to be packed and put up in
special packages, and the remainder in
the regular shipping baskets. The com-
mittee has a copy of all details of the fruit and
shippers in each car, giving- the grade of fruit,
ripeness and style of packing and packages
used. To this will be attached the copy of sales
and condition of car on arrival. Mr. Moore,
Chief of Markets Division under the Dominion
Government, has been placing thermographs in
most of the cars, and the records of the tempera- .
tures during the trip will also be attached to the
statements.

Good results are looked forward to from
these records. At date of information 16 cars
have gone forward. Shipments have increased

to three cars per week, and two carloads have
been sold to go as far west as Calgary, and other
sales will follow.

Some of the results have been disappointing
and others very satisfactory. The largest ship-
pers appear to be sanguine that the venture will
he very successful on the whole and that they
will be able to locate the weak points which
have caused low prices in some shipments and
to some growers.

The railway commission induced the railway
companies to give transportation to anyone the
growers might choose to accompany a few cars
to test the efficiency of the several makes of
refrigerator cars. Inspector Carey, of the
Fruit Division, was chosen to accompany the
first, a G. T. R. refrigerator, on September 8,
and Mr. A. D. Broderick accompanied the one
sent on September 15. Mr. Broderick goes out
solely in the interest of growers, receiving noth-
ing for his expenses or time, but it is felt by the
growers that the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation or the Ontario government should bear
his expenses.

Later in the season ventilated cars will be
tried. The sending to the west of such large
quantities of fruit will help to stiffen prices here
and prevent gluts and over-shipments to our
own markets.

A report from The Ottawa Fruit and Produce
Exchange, of Winnipeg, of the car which
reached there September 20 states that the fruit
was in great demand and sales made as follows:
Pears, 12-quart basket 65 cents, trays 95 cents,
and boxes $2.30 ; tomatoes, 40 to 50 cents ;
peaches, 70 cents ; grapes, 30 to 43 cents. The
report also says that the cars are arriving in
much better condition than they did earlier in
the season.

The Canadian Horticulturist is becoming an
important publication and must be a great help
to fruit growers and lovers of flowers.^(Mr.
Thomas Kerfoot, Minesing, Ont.

Congratulations on the greatly improved con-
dition of The Horticulturist. It is ■v>ery notice-
able.— (J. Thos. Murphy, Simcoe, Ont.

i E9| II E9^^ /Tulips, Hyacinths, Crocus, Narcissus, i
< ^^\^ ^Hb^^^ ( Snowdrops, Lilies, Etc. \

I HOUSE PLANTS, SHRUBS, PERENNIALS <

$ Now is the time to order. You will find our prices the best. See our catalogue be- <
# fore orderino- elsewhere. \

The WEBSTER FLORAL COMPANY, limited

Florists, Xlk.serymex and Seedmen

HAMILTON, CANADA

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertiser.s in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

FRUIT AT THE CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION

The magnitude of the fruit display at the To-
ronto exhibition can be judged from the fact
that apart from boxes, baskets and barrels over
2.000 plates were required to place the entries
on the shelves. The entries v\-ere more numer-
ous than in 1904, but that this is an off year in
most fruits was shown by the quality and lack
of color in most cases. It would be difficult to
single out any one fruit that was particularly
fine. Plums, perhaps, were the best, but many
rotted on the plates. Peaches were plentiful,
but noticeably immature. The same lack of
development was characteristic of nearly all the
fruits.

The surprising feature of thfe display was the
show of pears. Reports from all sections quote
that crop as being light to a failure. Despite
this fact the entries were up to the average and
the speciniens good in most instances. The
grape shelves were well filled, but very few of
them were ripe enough to warrant the placing
of the placard " please do not handle."

The reports which have been published in The
Horticulturist stating that Ontario's greatest
apple crop this season is to !:« found in eastern
Ontario was borne out by the number of prizes
awarded to the Dempsey's and other growers
near Trenton. Several prizes, however, went
to Hamilton growers and a few to St. Catha-
rines. The interest taken in modern packing
was evidenced by a greatly increased exhibit of
boxes packed for export. In this class, also,
the Trenton growers seem to be the most ex-
pert. Many prizes were awarded to Harry

Dempsey, of Rednerville, both for packages and
specimens on the shelves. For the ninth time
in succession Mr. Dempsej* has won the red
ticket for collection of 40 varieties. The sec-
ond prize for this collection went to Harry Mar-
shall, of Hamilton, who also won numeroias
prizes for the different individual varieties on
plates and first for collection of 20 varieties.

A valuable part of the apple exhibit was the
collections of five varieties for export, five for
dessert, and five for cooking. In the class for
export Harry Marshall got first with Ribston
Pippin, Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, North-
ern Spy and King of Tompkins County. Frank
Onderdonk, of Albury, secured second with
King, Spy, Baldwin, Ben Davis and Golden Rus-
set. For dessert apples the first went to Harry
Marshall, who had Fameuse, Swazie Pomme
Grise, Ribston Pippin, Gravenstein and Spy,
while Harry Dempsey came next with Trenton,
Ribston, Mcintosh Red, Swazie and Fameuse.
J. F. Dempsey, of Albury, secured first for cook-
ing apples with Duchess, Spy, King, St. Law-
rence and Rhode Island Greening. Second
prize was awarded to H. Marshall for Duchess,
Alexander, Cayuga Redstreak, Greening and Spy.
EDUCATIONAL FEATURES.
In former years the Fruit Experiment Stations
have made exhibits of fruits, good, bad and in-
different. This year a change was made and
only the best varieties were shown. A division
was made to bring out three main classes: The
best eating varieties, the best varieties for com-
mercial purposes, and the varieties best adapted

Is

E;<£i£^i^efeiseS€Se/£>::fe/s>'

:/L/£^^.yS>£/Sfe£§<£iSiS£fefefe>S>£<5.

Trees Shrubs Vines

All lines oi Nursery Stock, and everything the best.
All goods true to name or money refunded.

Patronize a Genuine Canadian Nursery

Agents wanted.

A post card brings our catalogue.

The Helderleigh Nurseries

E. D. SMITH, Winona, Ont.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

^oo

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

to colder sections. In the last class were such
varieties as Duchess, Long-field, Sweet Bough,
Swazie, Pewaukee, Wag-ner, King, Wealthy,
Tolman Sweet, Greening and Spy. A mere
glance over this exhibit enabled the anxious
farmer to select varieties suited to his locality,

The Davis

Clothes
Line Reel

i6 It. diameter
t30 ft. of line

Write for our
free illustrated
circular.

The

Waggoner

Ladder Co.

Limited

London, Ou

Classified Jldvcrtisements

Advertisements under this heading will be in
serted at the rate of ten cents per line, each \
insertion ; minimum charge, fifty cents in '
advance.

WANTED — SUBSCRIPTION CANVASSERS
for The Canadian Horticulturist both in cities
and in tlie fiiiit di.'^trict.s of Canada. Lil)eral com-
missions oHeted. (iood men .soon put on .salary.
Write Tlie Canadian Horticulturist, Rooms 507-508,
.Maiuiing Ciiamljers, Toronto, Ont.

FOR SALE CHEAP— ONE OF THE CLEANEST
and best equipped greenhouses in Toronto.
Everything in splendid condition, carnations planted,
excellent stock of ferns and general stock of plants,
lO.dOO feet of glass. A])()ly at once to F. C, care
of The Canadian Horticulturist

nPPLE (iRAOER. A FIRST-CLASS PETTIT
XTL Fruit Grader, in perfect working order, for
sale at a bargain. Addre.ss L. Woolverton, Grimsbv,
Ont. "_

n PPELEXPORTFIRM— A YOUNG MAN AT
r\. |)resent engaged in the fruit trade in England,
speaking Danish, Swedish and (ierinan, is seeking
engagement in Canada. RHB, The Horticulturist's
Office.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Parks, Cemeteries, Public and Private
Pleasure Grounds made by

Chas. Ernest Woolverton, Landscape Gardener

GRIMSBY

Drawings made to a scale, so that any gardener may carry
them out. Correspondence solicited.

GET OUR CATALOGUE OF

RUBBER STAMPS

AND STENCILS

THE SUPERIOR MFG. CO.
58 ADELAIDE ST. W. TORONTO.

and also most profitable for whatever purpose
he intended growing. Another creditable fea-
ture for which the Ontario Department of Agri-
culture w-as responsible was the excellent dis-
play of insects and fungous diseases which
worry the fruit grower. This fine exhibit -was
in charge of T. D. Jarvis, B. S. A., lecturer in
entomology and zoologj' at the Ontario Agricul-
tural College, and either Mr. Jarvis or Mr. An-
drew Hayne.s, of St. Catharines, who has been
assisting in the spraying experiments in the
Niagara district during the summer, was pres-
ent to answer questions and give information
regarding the pests. Great interest was taken
in the plates of fruit illustrating the value of
spraying with the lime sulphur wash. Treated
and untreated fruit were shown side by side.
Specimens of fruit and branches of plums,
pears and apples affected with San Jose scale
were shown, along with such troublesome fun-
gous diseases as apple scab, bitter rot, black
and brown rots, pear scab, mildew of the grape,
and other diseases which destroy the different
fruits. The exhibit, also, contained a collec-
tion of injurious insects in the different stages.
Beside these were specimens of leaf, twig, or
fruit showing the work of these insects and dis-
eases with the life history of each.

Microscopes were supplied so that the spores
could be distinctly seen and the orchardist
taught to identify them in his own orchard or
garden. Small bottles contained samples of
commonly u.sed insecticides and fungicides, and
beside them were the formulae for inaking the
solutions. There were also in this instructive

GEO. VI POND & CO.

Fruit Commission Merchants
MONTREAL

Reliable I'rompt Safe

Get Top Prices
For Your Butter.

The use of a little
care, and WINDSOR
SALT, will improve
your butter loo^'^c.

^^indsor
SALT

is absolutely pure —
disolves quickly — and
is easiest to work. It
makes the most deli-
cious butter that read-
ily biing^ the highest
market price.

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

PRIZE WINNERS AT TORONTO.

407

collection weeds and weed seeds, common clo-
vers and other leguminous crops which are
used as cover crops, bottled to show the nitro-
g-en-gathering- nodules on the roots, and mount-
ed specimens of three of the commonest bees
which fertilize the red clover.

" The object of this exhibit." said Mr. Jarvis,
" is to teach the farmer to Icnow the insects and
fung'ous diseases which cau?e him endless trou-
ble, to show him the work done by each, and by
use of the microscopes to arouse a deeper in-
terest by showing him the forms described."
THE PRIZE WINXE-RS.

Lack of space prevents the publication of the
prize winners in detail. In peaches the prize
winners were : Messrs. E. Freel, Niagara-on-
the-Lake : Gordon Bunting, St. Catharines ;
Robt. Cameron, Homer ; Stanley Prest, Stam-
ford; Alex. Glass and A. D. Broderick, St.
Catharines. Awards for grapes went to F. G.
Stewart, Homer; Lewis Haynes, S. D. Furmin-
ger, J. H. Smith and A. D. Broderick, St. Catha-
rines; H. P. Secord and Wm. G. Selby, Homer,
and iStanley Prest. For grapes grown under
glass John Chambers, Toronto, and F. R. Mer-
ritt divided the honors. S. D. Furminger,
Harry Marshall and G. Bunting had the best
quinces. The prizes in the different sections
for pears were awarded to Geo. H. Wild and
Harry Marshall, Hamilton; "W. M. Robson,
Lindsay; Harry Dempsey, Rednerville; S. D.
Furminger, A. D. Broderick, J. H. Smith, G.
Bunting', C. Riordan and Alex. Glass, St. Catha-
rines; Thos. Delworth, Weston, and Robt. Cam-
eron, Homer. The prize plums were owned by

COLD STORAGE

FOR

APPLES

Linde Cold Air System, Perfect Ven-
tilation, Right Temperatures, Centrally
Situated, close to the principal Dealers.

COR. GREY NUN & WILLIAM STS.
MONTREAL

O.M.GOULD,
Manager

i

-,Tg.Lrr^lslg.igrigj5TigJgTI3-l:r7g.tgTg-'gT?-feT^'^

:L;;^ig^gp[^L:qz.l^[:r7^l:q:ifcl^Urpl:rp.t^r75.t:r7?.t^

Beautiful Flowering Bulbs

FOR FALL PLANTING

L -.. We offer a complete assortment of

1

I

Azaleas

Crocus

Freesias

Hyacinths

Lilies

Narcissus

Spireas
Snowdrops
Tulips, etc.

Bird Seeds and Supplies, Poultry Supplies, Flower Pots

and Fancy Vases, Lawn Grass Seed, Vegetable,

Flower and Farm Seed of all Descriptions

Send for our illustrated descriptive Catalogue— now ready
—FREE. Special prices to Horticultural Societies on appli-
cation.

SPECIAL OFFER

Collection No. 1— For house culture, 26 Bulbs, retail price 80c,

for 50c postpaid.
Collection No. 2— For garden culture, 50 Bulbs, retail price

95c, for 50c postpaid.

JOHN

A. BRUCE &

Seed Merchants-

A Handsome Premium will be

CO., Hamilton, Ontario d

— Established 1850 tJ

Given Free to ail' Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

4oH

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Messrs. Marshall, Cameron, Bunting, Glass,
Furminger and Stewart.

Among- those who were awarded prizes for
apples were Harry Dempsey, Rednerville; Harry
Marshall, Hamilton; Frank Onderdonk, J. F.
Dempsey and S. Pem Peck, Albury ; James B.
Guthrey, Dixie; AV. M. Robson, Lindsay; Mr.'^.
Boyd Bulk, Brougham; Dr. Foster, Oakville ;
Norman Brown and Edwy Brown, Eglinton; R.
Houston, Dixie, and Alex. Gla.ss, St. Catharine.^.
For packages J. F. Dempsey got first and Frank
Ondeidonk second for one barrel for export,
while the prizes for apples in boxes were divided
among Harry Dempsey, J. F. Dempsey, Frank
Onderdonk and Gordon Bunting.

First prize for best display of fruits went to
St. Catharines Horticultural Society, while the
South Fruit Growers' Association, of St. Catha-
rines, got second. A. D. Broderick won first
and G. Bunting .second for fruit decorative cen-
tre piece.

during this season has ranged from 35 to 50
cents per bushel. From thus a good idea of the
scarcity may be gained. On account of the re-
fusal of the canners to pay 30 cents on straight
contracts a nuinber of the growers have shipped
almost their entire crop to outside points.— (E.
J. Mahoney, Hamilton.

AROUND ST. CATHARINES.

The favorable weather has brought the toma-
toes around rapidly, and this week all the fac-
tories have been busy. Prices remain the same
except that a. few of the surplus tomatoes have,
I believe, been sold for 25 cents.— (W. C. Mc-
Calla, St. Catharines.

PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY.

The tomato fields are doing well owing to ex-
cellent weather. Factories are running full
capacity. — (John W. Hyatt, Westlake.

The Tomato Situation

The weather around Hamilton for the past
four weeks has been most favorable for the to-
mato crop, but notwithstanding this the late
varieties are a short crop and most of the sup-
ply received 'ty the canners has been early
varieties. In former years, when canners ac-
cepted these, the growers were generally docked
a number of bushels on each delivery, but this
year they were very glad to receive them with-
out resorting to this imposition. The price
paid for late tomatoes on the Hamilton market

Improved Service

Now that the service for the exportation of
apples and other green fruits is about to com-
mence, the question of facilities furnished by
the steamship lines from Montreal is of vital
importance to exporters of these commodities.
The improved service and equipment installed
on the vessels sailing from the port of Montreal
in recent years are largely responsible for the
increasing demand for Canadian fruit, which
can now be landed in Great Britain in first-class
condition. The progressive spirit of the mana-
gers of the steamship lines has this season in-
augurated a steamship service far in advance
of anything that has been done heretofore. It

ATLANTIC REFRIGERATOR SERVICE

THOMSON LINE

Montreal and London Service

S. S. DevOna, cold storage and cool air, Oct. 7th

S. S. Hurona, cold storage and cool air, «« 14th

f S. S. Fremona, fon vemiL-ilion only, '« 21st

T S. S. Cervona, cold storage and cool air, »» 28th

I S. S. Kildona, cold storage and cool air, Nov. 4th

Direct service to Newcastle, Leith and
Alierdeen. Sailing cards will be furnished on
, application.

SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO STORAGE AND HANDLING OF APPLES.

DONALDSON LINE

Montreal and Glasgow Service

S. S. LakOnia, ci^lJ sl'Ji^'ge and fan ventilatim, Oct. 5th
S S. Salacia, fan ventilation, - - - - •« 1 2th
S. S. KaStalia, cold storage and fan ventilation, «« 19th
5. S. Tritonia, f-n ventilation, - - . - .4 26th
S, S. riarina, cold storage and fan ventilation, N'OV. 2nd

FOR SPACE APPLY TO

THE ROBERT REFORD CO., LIMITED

t STEAMSHIP AGENTS
I Montreal, Toronto, , Portland, Me.,
; TORONTO OFFICE: Room 110, Union Station
♦ «,«>,««« ♦.. » . ^

St. John, N. B.
D. 0. WOOD, Western Agent

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.

See Notice in Advertisinq Columns.

WITH OUR ADVERTISERS.

409

is needless to mention the record beaters placed
in the Liverpool service by the Allans this sea-
son, as a perusal of the daily papers from week
to week clearly shows that there is nothing on
the Atlantic that is superior to this service
either for freight or passengers.

On the Glasgow service of the Allan Line such
vessels as the Ionian, Mongolian, Pretorian,
Sicilian and Corinthian speak for themselves.
These vessels make the passage from Montreal
to Glasgow in eight to 10 days and are equip-
ped with the latest system of refrigerator and
ventilated compartments for the carriage of
perishable freight. The loading and unloading
is not done by the ordinary stevedores, but by
special and experienced men employed exclu-
sively by the Allan Line for this purpose, there-
by ensuring the best results. The vessels of
this line sail regularly from Montreal every
Thursday throughout the season of St. Lawrence
navigation, so that the shipper may time hLs
freight accordingly and be sure that it has been
forwarded on the steamer for which it was in-
tended. Exporters of fruits would do well to
get into communication with Messrs. H. and A.
Allan or their representatives, who will be
pleased to furnish all information required.

always crowded. At the Western Fair at Lon-
don the Waggoner Ladder Company set up a
bench and one of their workmen, with his ap-
pliances, worked away as if in the factory for
several days of the fair, putting in the steel
wire reinforcement which is one of the advant-
ages of the Waggoner Extension Ladder. A
very much interested crowd stood around the
place the whole time, and the result was — sev-
eral times larger sales than the company ever
made at the fair before.

Showing the process produces interest, and if
it illustrates a really good thing the man who
sees it is convinced. At the West Middlesex
fair, at Strathroy, the company showed the pro-
cess again with similar results. There is a
general feeling on the part of the managers of
these fairs that it Avill pay to encourage these
proce.ss sho^\ings and keep out the " midway "
shows, which have for some time been discredit-
ing our fairs.

Process Showing at the Fairs

A feature w'hich is coming into vogue at the
agricultural exhibitions is the exhibition of the
process of manufacture of various articles.
Where the article shown is one of common use,
the process of making it is always of great in-
terest. At Toronto the process building was

Spraying Machines at Toronto

One of the most interesting exhibits at the
Toronto National Exhibition for the fruit grow-
ers was the Little Giant Sprayers, shown by
the Perkins & Paine Co., of Port Dover, Ont.
As they were the only power sprayers on the
grounds these machines attracted much atten-
tion. Besides being the cheapest machine on
the market, it is also the only one that auto-
matically sprays two rows of grapes or small
fruits at the same time.

Many United States fruit growers expressed
themselves as being highly pleased with the

r.

HYACINTHS ^ TULIPS

NARCI5SU5
CROCUS 'Mi SNOWDROPS

f^

OUR BULB CATALOGUE

describes the above and many other other kinds. It tells how
to plant, when to plant, where to plant, and what to plant.

Paeonies, Hardy Phlox, Crimson Rambler and Hardy Hybrid
Roses, Ornamental and Flowering Shrubs.

CATALOGUE OX APPLICATION.

J. QAnnAQE & 50NS, = London, Ont.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

^

4IO

THE CANADIAN HORTlCULTURlSr.

marhines and as being anxious to have them
manufactured In the States. The firm \vas of-
fered a large amount for the right to manufac-
ture theae machines across the border. Mr.
Perkins stated that they have booked enough
orders this fall to keep their factories working
full time all winter. These machines are now
in r'erfect working order, having long since
pa.ssed the experimental stage. Fruit growers
may feel assured that they are obtaining the
best when they purchase a Little Giant Sprayer.

saw. This is a steel saw, not only useful for
trimming trees, but for cutting iron or other
hard metals. Will cut through bolts, nails or
any iron metal without injuring, and with per-
fect ease. It Ls handy for the farmer, fruit
grower, and townsman. By taking large quan-
tities we are enabled to offer them at 50 cents
6-ach, or they can be obtained through any of
our reliable agents for the same money.

LoaJing and Stowaj»e of Apples on St amers

<'>ne of the most important points about safe
carriage of apples to Europe is the loading and
stowage on the vessel. The Donaldson Line to
Glasgow has a most enviable record in this re-
spect, and shippers will do well to look into this
feature when asking for space.

The refrigeration and fan ventilation of the
steamers on this line Is almost perfect, and In-
spection of them is invited. Another feature
of this line is that the vessels take a north At-
lantic course, thus giving the apples the benefit
of the coolest .sea voyage, so that with propf-r
loading and stowage fruit on this route, espec-
ially during the early part of the season, should
arrive In first-class condition. (See advertise-
ment.

A Useful Novelty for Everyone

stone and Wellington have pleasure in offer-
ing to their r>atrons and the general public gn-

ofhfT rif'-.v novlty In tho shap'^- of the handy

Little Giant Sprayer. — In a recent issue of The
Horticulturist there was published an advertise-
ment, including a photograph of a Sprawiotor
outfit, under which it was stated that the illus-
tration showed one of these machines being
operated on the premises of Mr. E. D. Smith, of
Winona. This was an error on the part of the
printer, as it should have read Mr. E. M. Smith,
of Winona. Messrs. Perkins & Paine, of Port
Dover, the manufacturers of the Little Giant
Sprayer, inform us that Mr. E. D. Smith, of
Winona, is using one of their sprayers and that
he does not possess one of the Spramotor ma-
chines.

Write For It,— A valuable and beautifully il-
lustrated catalogue has been sent out by the
Steele, Briggs Seed Co., Limited, of Toronto,
who also have branrdies at Hamilton and Win-
nifj^g. Special mention is made of bulbs and
house plants for winter decoration. The grow-
ing of bulbs is claimed to be simple, and this
progressive firm offers a pamphlet on "Bulbs
and TIo'.v to Grow Them " fr'^e.

MONEY EASILY MADE
BY OUR READERS

0 fin ^"' *** K'v«n away free by The Canarh

' v/.VJVf HorticiilturiHt to readers who xiurchase goociB
from it s advcrtiHerH. All you have to do is to tell the ad-
vertiHere you read their arlvertiHments in The Horticulturist

HOW TO OBTAIN THE MONKT

$5 will he given to the person who buys goods to the
greateHt value from advertisers in this issue before Oc-
tober 30, 1»05.

%H will be distributed, one dollar to eaeh, among the next
five persons making application, wlio have purchased goods
from our advertisers.

We have secured a limited number of an up-to-date work
"The Orchard and Fruit Garden," recently published by
K. y. J'owell, one of the best known authorities on thin
continent. It contains :i20 pages, and is well illustrate'l.
We will give one of these books to any of our readers who
would j.refer it to one of the one dollar prizes. This book
retailH at $1..V).

Iceaders must tell the advertisers they saw their arlver-
tisements in The Horticulturist.

A valuable premium will be given to all who do not win
cash prizes. A premium will thus be given to everybody
who bays something from advertisers in The Horticulturist.

When applying for a prize readers must inform this ofTice
of the name or names of the advertisers they purchased
from and the value of their purchases. Application for
this bonus must be iriade before November 1ft, 1J»05.
Address

ADVERTISINO MANAGER,

The Canadian Horticulturist, - Tonnto, Ont.

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

t

\

The Belleville
Nurseries

for hardy varieties of

Fruit and Ornamental

Trees, Shrubs, Vines

and Everj^reens

guaranteed true to name.

Special price.s on Norway Spruce, 3
to 5 feet, good .stocky trees, and sever-
al varieties of the best Winter Apple,
good healthy trees, ^ in. and up,
grade, 6 to 7 feet high. Send list of
wants for prices before placing your
order.

W. C. REID, BELLEVILLE, ONT.

THE CAXADIAS HORTICULTURSST.

THE UNDERWOOD

■'Trie. .e". Dout tAke our word for

it. We ;•. . eed. We can show you the

L'nderwood. i.cv.. it \rork< arid wh;;.- -r wi"" i .

tv^v ::.e Most Convincing Argument, y ,.

will hsiNe :o .isk ;ir.v ct rV.e ""CO ■•.^tfr^ :•.■, Canada

More Underwood Typewriters ,. e •. >
Canada than ;.".' ether make* Combined. ^.

We Oiirry ;=. Isrg^ stock ot" rebuilt typewriter*
at \ ery low prions. Send for Catalogue and List.
Headquarter? for Supplies.

LMTED TYPEWRITER CO.. Limited

TORONTO. ONT.

Protect >our Trees
From Mice ! !

Something New ! Consisting only of
:■. \"eaeer wrapping- —

SIMPLE

QLICKLY APPLIED
EFFECTIVE
CHEAP

Tr\- it and be con\"inced. We are in
position to supply any quantity or size of
^'enee^ for this purpose, compactly crated.

In ordering: give size.

keenan W oodenware Mfg. Co.

Manufacturers of Woodenware of all kinds Fruit
Riskets. Meat Packers" Riskeis. Veneers, etc.

Owen Sound. Ontario

w

Free

Green Mountain. Mc Pike,
Campbells' Early

Free

I

S ZmZ^ Tlie varietie* named above are tliree of the best Orapes of recent introduction. We will send
^ a drst-olasis, 2^^-ea^, strong, well rooted vine of one of them to any person who will send us the name*
M and P. O. address of ten reliable men among whom we would be likely to engage a canvassing agent"

S We want names of per^aons who have had previous experience as canvassers for books, pictures-

j^ agricultural implements, etc . or of any others whom you think would succeed as agents for us.

Your name will not be mentioned to tlKV=»^ r."* wV.-m v.m ■^rVr ns. and no re>".^''n>il^ility will
attach to you in any way.

The Grai^e Vine will be sent to you, free of any expense, and if this were not a bone-fide offer
we would not be permitteti to print it here.

A post card and a tew luinutes. time are all that are needetl from you. Address us as below,
and write names plainly, and be <ure to giN e us your onn n name and Pest Office.

Brown Brothers Companv, Nursery men

LiniTED

BROWN'S NURSERIES, ONTARIO

A Handsome Premium win be Given Free to aH Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

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Tlie (anadian fjorticoltorist

Volume XXVIII

NOVEMBER, 1905

Number 11

METHODS OF SELLING FRUIT

A. E. SHERRIXGTOX, WALKERTON, ONT.

AFTER visiting all of the principal
fruit markets in England and Scot-
land, I am more convinced than ever that
cooperation among the growers and ship-
pers of Canada and other countries is an
absolute necessity if the growers are to re-
tain that market and receive a share of the
profits on the products of the orchard. I
saw some dickering in Great Britain last
summer that could scarcely be called square
dealing, in fact, it was anything but square.
Who was the loser in this particular trans-
action? No one but the shipper. The
commission merchant had his commission
and was at no loss. The time is coming
when our fruit and other produce will be
sold F.O.B. here, instead of by consignment.

Retail merchants I saw expressed them-
selves as very much pleased with our
method of cooperation in packing apples,
and agreed that all products should be sold
direct, and not handled on commission.

I interviewed several retail fruiters in re-
gard to shipping apples in boxes. A num-
ber of them had had no experience with
boxes, but said they were willing to give
them a trial, believing that they would be
very convenient for their trade. Others
who had handled apples in boxes were per-
fectly satisfied that it is the right package
for the finer sorts.

During the short time that I was in Eu-
rope I had no difficulty in arranging with

reliable parties to take all their requirements
from our cooperative association F. O. B.
here. If the right kind of man was over
there one season he would be able to place
nearly all the apples grown in Ontario by
straight sales to reliable parties. It does
not pay to send anything to Europe but
first-class goods. When good fruit was
offered the buyers vied with each other in
bidding, but when the goods were inferior
bidding was slow.

It is a great mistake to mark the barrels
wrongly. I saw some apples on Covent
Garden market, London, put up at Col-
born, Ont., marked XXX Duchess. I
opened some of the barrels and found one
marked XXX Duchess which had not a
Duchess in the barrel. They were green
apples without a particle of color. An-
other barrel contained Duchess, but only
number two, and marked XXX. This kind
of packing will not do. It can be prevented
cooperation in packing.

The need for greater cooperation on the
part of Canadian growers becomes more
apparent every year. Cooperation will
mean better packing and higher prices and
will strengthen the fruit industry in all its
branches. ^^'herever it has been given an
honest trial in Ontario it has been a great
success. The more of these associations
we can have the better for the growers of
the province.

411

'1

COOPERATIVE WORK IN ONTARIO

HE vd\n(\ increase in the number of side of the passage, where they are kept un-

fruit growers' cooperative associa- til taken to the station. The cuHs are sent

tions is one of the most encouraging signs to the evaporator. A careful record is

of progress in the development of the fruit kept of the amount of fruit sent by each

industry in Ontario. The success of the man, and oi the number of barrels of first

St. Catharines, Walkerton, Chatham and and second grade fruit, and of culls, it

Forest associations has done much to edu- grades into.

cate the growers of the province in regard " Our first season," said Air. Walter A.

to the value of cooperation in the handling Inglehart, the manager, " is going to prove

of fruit. Not only have these associations a most successful one. At the beginning

had a successful season this year, but sue- of the year we expected t(j handle some

cess has also attended the efforts of the two 4,000 barrels, but we are going to hanile

new associations at Oakville and Thorn- about 7,000. We have some 40 growers

bury.

The Oakville Fruit Growers, Limited,
was the name adopted for the company or-
ganized last spring by some 40 growers in
the vicinity of Oakville. A few days ago
a representative of The Horticulturist vis-
ited this plant and was greatly impressed by
the large amoimt of business being done.

The building, in which the fruit is packed,
is a temporary structure, 50 x 80 feet long,
located on Mr. Inglehart's property near
the railroad. The fruit is received at one
end of this building. There is a ])assage
way down the centre,
on each side of which
are bins in which the
fruit of the members
is stored as rapidlv as
it is received. On
each side of this pas-
sage, at the opposite
end of the building
from which the fruit
is received, there are
two large spaces. In
one of these the fruit
is graded and ])acked.
The culls are dropped
through a chute to
the basement. As
soon as the apples are
packed the barrels are
rolled across to the
spa:e on the cpposite

in our company, and at the outset placed
our shares at $10 each, on which we have
called up 25 per cent. The fruit of our
members is picked by them, and all the fruit,
including the culls, is brought direct to the
packing house. We only handle apples.

" We have been paying $1 a barrel for all
fruit packed during the week. The balance
is kept for working capital, and the surplus
will be divided at the end of the season.
We do not pay dividends, as everything
goes back to the grow-ers. All our stock
has been subscribed. The prices we have

Part of the Stock at Oakville Waiting for the Graders

A SUCCESSFUL COOPERATIVE ENTERPRISE.

413

obtained are higher than
most of the growers in
this section, who are not
members of onr associa-
tion, have been able to
secure for their fruit. 1
look after all the grad-
ing and packing and the
sale of the fruit, in re-
turn for which I am
paid a regular salary.

" We made a consid-
erable saving on our
supplies at the begin-
ning of the season by
purchasing in bulk. We
bought the stock and
contracted with a coop-
erage firm to make the
barrels. They have cost
us an average of 35c.
In this way we have
saved at least two cents a barrel, or $140 on
this item alone. In order that we might
work at night during the busy season v.e
have had the building equipped with elect: ic
lights, and in this way are able to g^*
through out work more expeditiously.

" So far the venture has been a perfect
success. Our growers have been delighted
with the results obtained. Some bttye^j
have been offering our members induce-
ments to leave the company and to sell th^.ir
fruit independently, but as yet only ■■^p ■
grower has done so. Every member of th?
company had to sign a statement at the be-
ginning of the season agreeing to sell all his
fruit to the company, and with the exception
of the one man referred to they have all
done so.

" Some idea of the amount of the work
we do in a day can be gained from the fact
that we have been sending as much as two
tons of fruit a day to the evaporator. Dur-
ing a great deal of the time I have to keep
10 to 12 assistants at work, who are em-

Packing Apples at the Oakville Fruit Growers, Limited

plo_\ed by the month. In addition to the
packing house we have a storehouse which
will hold 2.000 barrels. Two teams are
kept going all the time taking the fruit from
the packing house to the station and store-
house and looking after other work." ■

" Have any of the growers complained of
the manner in which their fruit has been
packed?" was asked.

" X"o," replied Mr. Inglehart, " they all
seem well satisfied. I have had experience
as a buyer of fruit, and they seem to have
confidence in my packing. One thing I
have noticed is the great difference in the
quality of the fruit sent in by the different
growers. The fruit of some growers
grades 50 per cent, firsts, while that of
other grades 50 per cent, culls. Consider-
able fruit has been injured by the codling
moth, but there has been little trouble from
fungi. To keep everything straight I
have found it necessary to balance all the
stock on hand and the fruit shipped during
the week everv Saturdav night. In this

414

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

way we keep careful track of the amount
of fruit sent in by each grower, when it was
packed, when shipped, and all other infor-
mation concerning it.

" The great bulk of our fruit has been
purchased by British importers, and will be
shipped to three or four different firms. In
this way we will save the commission of the
middlemen who have generally bought the
fruit of our members. We have adopted
the Oak Leaf brand, and all our boxes are
marked with a stencil. In this way we
hope to establish a demand for our fruit
which next year will help us dispose of our
supply.

WHAT THE GROWERS SAY.

Several growers in the Oakville district
who have contracted with the Oakville Fruit
Growers. Limited, were interviewed by The
Horticulturist and all seemed well satisfied
with the outlook for good returns for this
season's crop.

" Selling to the company," said Mr. F. G.
jNIcCraney, " is the only way. Selling to
buyers is always more
or less unsatisfactory.
The buyer looks over an
orchard and then makes
an offer, grading firsts
and seconds to suit him-
self. If the fruit turns
out well he takes nearly
all, but if it is not good
and the Old Country
market is dull, only a
few are taken and the
bulk of the crop is left
on the grower's hands.
The buyer makes the
grade and practically
fixes the price as well.
He will never make a
contract in writing, so
that there is nothing to
compel him to take the
fruit.

" When selling to the company all the
fruit is brought in, and Mr. Inglehart and
his men do the grading and packing, while
the managing committee attends to the sell-
ing. I have every confidence in this
method, and if rightly managed it should
prove more satisfactory to the grower than
the old way. It is a new departure in this
section, but something must be done to
make the apple industry pay better, and I
intend to stand by the company. There
should be one in every neighborhood."

A BETTER SYSTEM.

'' This method is far superior to the old
way," remarked Mr. Alex. Belyea. "When
sales are made to the buyers the apples are
picked and left in heaps under the trees.
Sometimes the buyer does not come for
days, and often weeks, and the fruit lies
there exposed to weather, mice and insects.
The top layer of some varieties is damaged
by the sun, and the mice and insects destroy
many.

" When contracts are made with the com-

At Oakville — Eighty=Five Boxes Ready for the Car

THE ISLAND PROVINCES FRUIT CROP.

415

pany there is no waste. The fruit is put
directly into barrels and taken to the pack-
ing house. There, uniform grading and

packing is done and the Old Country buyer
sees that he can get larger quantities and a
more uniform grade, and pays a better price.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND'S POOR APPLE CROP

REV. P'ATHER A. E. BURKE), ALBERTON, P. E. I.

SELDOM or never has a more bounte-
ous crop been garnered into the
barns in Prince Edward Island than this
year. The fruit crop, however, is not
abundant, and, grateful as we are for small
favors, there is no ground for exuberance
on this count.

Last year, when all the world enjoyed a
full measure of apples, ours was fairly good
too, but the conditions of the fruit market
gave only moderate returns for the orchard-
ist's toil. It was a very dry season — five
months of complete drought, where rain is
required every week for best results. The
trees bloomed profusely, and, though they
bore a'fair crop, strange changes in the size,
color and quality of the fruit were notice-
able. Owing to the extreme drought the
Ben Davis apples had become ripe enough
for eating by October, whereas, ordinarily,
they are not' so mellow until the following
June. The same changes were common to
all the winter varieties. The general result
was only a medium return from the or-
chards, and, naturally, fruit growers ex-
pected an average crop for 1905-

Why, then, are we so stinted in the apple
production? The trees bloomed; there
were no frosts at the time to kill the blos-
som; the protection, defective enough, it is
true, was no worse than usual. There
must be some other reason for this dearth
of fruit. Here is the explanation. The
trees passing through such a drying-out
period in 1904 were engaged in a life and
death struggle. They were able to fix
fruit buds but had not sufificient strength to
vitalize them thoroughly. These buds were
sufficient to produce biossom but not strong

enough to fix fruit. This year's famine,
therefore, is due to last year's drought.
Nay, more. In many cases the trees them-
selves were unable to store up sufficient
nourishment to hibernate, and hence the
many mysterious cases of what is called
" blasting," resulting in partial or com-
plete destruction of the tree.
THE REMEDY.
The natural question is, could these mis-
fortunes not be avoided? Might such con-
ditions not militate against the Island as a
fruit country ? No easier task could be set
than the conservation of our apple areas.
The trouble is, the orchards are not suffi-
ciently fertilized. With water, the soil will
give crops every season. In dry seasons
they grow where there is sufficient humus
in the soil. If the orchards had been well
fertilized, they should have been able to pro-
duce vital fruit buds for this season. In
fact, some of the well cared orchards did do
so. Protection must be found in this ex-
posed province every year and sufficient
fertilizers must also be added if prime fruit
is to be grown and money made.

The far famed Annapolis Valley, too, is
comparatively bare of fruit. A study of
conditions there and a comparison of the
situation and soil with Prince Edward Is-
land shows that they have an advantage in
shelter. The valley is completely pro-
tected by a fringe of hills. On the island
the protecting forest has been shamefully
cut down until artificial windbreaks have to
be depended on.

Despite untoward circumstances, Prince
Edward Island fruit at the Charlottetown
show excelled the exhibits at Halifax and

4i6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Frederickton. The judge, Major Shep-
pard, of Queenston Heights, said that Island
fruit was easily superior to that from the
other provinces. With normal conditions
the (|uality of fruit grown here is unex-
celled. The soil of the Annapolis Walley
is not equal to that of the Island. With as

nnich manure added as is used in the valley
just as abundant crops will be produced.
Prince Edward Island should be the best
a])ple producing region in Canada — aye, in
the world — but the growers have not
learned enough about the business to bring
the best results.

PROTECTION FROM MICE

I

N Bulletin No. 144, Ontario Agricultural
College, Guelph, Professor liutt, in
dealing with the damage done to fruit trees
by mice in the winter, says that the rapid in-
crease in numbers is due largely to the in-
discriminate destruction of the farmer's
best friends, the hawk and the owl. The
hawks feed largely on mice by day and the
owls take up the work by night. These
birds should be protected so that the equili-
brium of nature may be restored. Mice
seldom harbor in a green crop and never on
clean fields. They are found along old
fence bottoms and. in meadows. As there
is usually some shelter for the mice near or-
chards it is advisable to guard against their
depredations. In localities where snow
falls early and remains on the ground all
winter the simplest and cheapest preventive
is to tramp the snow firmly around the base
of each tree early in the winter. A mound
of earth is also said to be effective in divert-
ing the runways of the mice from the tree.
Building paper or tar paper is frequently
tied around the trunk and is recommended
as cheap and effective.

The remedy recommended by Prof. ]\Ia-
coun, and practised at the Experimental
Farm at Ottawa, is the use of veneer around
the trunk. This veneer is cut six to 10
inches wide and 18 inches long from elm or
other cheap wood.

Different methods are adopted by leading
orchardists. " I use tar paper for all my
orchards, both young ana old," writes i\Ir.
A. H. Brooks, of Dixie. " I have prac-

tised this method for three years and have
lost only one tree in that time. That tree
was girdled above the paper. Four years
ago I banked with earth and lost 38 trees.
These trees were all on the outside row near
an old fence. I have taken away the fence,
plowed the grassy bottom and put a wire
fence in its place. By keeping the grass
away from fence bottoms and practising
clean cultivation, no lodging places are left
for the mice. I have tried tramping the
snow around the trees but always suffered
considerable loss until I used the tar paper.

" I tie the paper around with binder twine
very loosely so that when the trees swell the
bark is not injured. In a year the twine
will have become so weak that the tree
readily breaks it as it grows. If tied tight-
ly the bark will be injured if the string is
not cut in the spring. One man and an as-
sistant to carry the string and help in other
ways can go over a 12-acre orchard in a
day."

" In a sod orchard," said Mr. Jos. Twed-
dle. of Fruitland. to The Horticulturist re-
cently, " mice are very troublesome. I dig
the sod away about 10 inches around the
tree and bank up 10 inches above the level
of the ground with earth taken from an-
other hole, burying the sods in this hole so
that the mice will not find a convenient har-
bor. This is practically complete protec-
tion. Tar paper is more trouble, but is ef-
fective if banked around the bottom and ex-
tended at least one foot above the surface
of the ground."

METHODS OF A SUCCESSFUL GROWER

ALTHOUGH apples are a light crop in
most sections of Ontario, orchards
can be found in favored locations with
somewhat abnormal crops. One of the
finest orchards seen this fall by The Horti-
culturist is owned by Mr. W. G. Watson,
near Dixie. It is situated on a light loam
which is moist during the summer if well
cultivated, and is protected from the sweep-
ing winds by bush.

The bearing orchard was set out at three
different plantings. The oldest trees are
26 years old and the youngest 18. About
half the trees bear one year and the other
half the following season.

" There is not a tree," remarked Mr.
Watson, " that should bear this }ear that
has not got a large load. The Alexanders,
Snows, Russets and Spys never had a better
crop."

There are 12 acres in bearing, and Mr.
Watson placed this year's crop at 1,200 bar-
rels, but if the unharvested trees exceed
this amount as much in proportion as those
already picked the total will be nearer 1,600
barrels. For quantity and quality the fruit
is hard to beat. Northern Spy trees only
18 years old were heavily loaded with large
clean specimens, while Russets of the
same age had almost more than the
branches could support. Buyers had vis-
ited the orchard who said it was one of the
best they had seen, and several made tempt-
ing offers, but Mr. Watson has sold direct
to the Toronto retailers since he started 26
years ago and preferred to do the same this
season. He realizes that there is more
work, but does not believe in letting the
commission men take a share of the profit.
Six trips a week are made to Toronto, and
in case of a .special rush two can be made
in a day.

These 26 years in the fruit business have
taught Mr. Watson that to make the most
out of his crop the fruit must be graded.
" There are a few things in connection with

raising the crop which an orchardist ought
to know," remarked Mr. Watson, " but he
must also know when and how to market
the crop to make the most out of it. I al-
ways grade the fruit, selling the lower
grades for what they are worth. A bushel
of culls in 10, spoils the sale of the whole lot.
The retailer will pay only low grade prices
if he sees a few small apples in a box."

The picking is done as soon as the apples
pull freely, because if left a few days half
of them would be on the ground. Fallen
apples are not wanted. The varieties come
in one after the other, keeping the pickers
busy from the time the earliest harvest ap-

Picking Fruit in Mr. Watson's Orchard

pies are ready until the late winter apples
are stored. Up to the first week in Octo-
ber nearly 600 barrels had been taken to
Toronto.

The picking is done from ladders. Two
men start at one tree at the same point and
work in opposite directions until they meet.
Each picker is supplied with a round bot-
tomed basket, holding about a half bushel,

4'7

4i8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

which has a hook fastened to tlie handle.
Low handles are preferred because it is
necessary to get the basket to the bottom of
the barrel to prevent bruising when empty-
ing. Each picker empties his own basket.

Apples which will be marketed before
heavy frosts come are left in the packing
house. Those which will be sold before
the middle of January are stored in an old
dwelling house. In case frosts come a
stove is in readiness. The winter varie-
ties, which keep best, are stored in a large
cellar under the house free from frosts.

"The apple store room," said Mr. Wat-
son, " should be kept a little damp or the
fruit will wilt. I prefer cement floors.
Now and again I throw a pail or two of

water in to keep moisture in the air. Rus-
sets should be well stored at once or they
shrivel up. I never put apples in a pile on
the ground as it makes extra work.

" With colored varieties it is best to leave
them on the tree until a few fall, so that they
will develop color. Apples will yellow
after being pulled, but they will not redden.
The bulk of our picking, however, is done
before they commence to fall. I hate to
see apples going to waste. All that are not
fit for market are fed to the pigs, and special
care is taken not to drive over any in the or-
chard. Most of the picking is done in the
afternoon and late in the evening when the
dew has gone. In the morning the truck-
ing around is attended to."

EVAPORATING APiPLES

ri "^ HE question of obtaining some returns
A from the unsaleable part of the apple
crop is important to every orchardist. In
many orchards a considerable portion of the
crop is lost each year which might be turned
into ready cash or at least fed to stock.
When the crop is heavy and prices are low
this waste is especially great.

Large quantities are dried in some sec-
tions. Evaporators this fall are paying 25
cents a hundred for culls. Many farmers
do this drying on a small scale. A few bags
are carried into the kitchen in the evening
and the family, and, perhaps, a few of the
neighbors, do the work. One manipulates
the peeling machine while others get around
the table and quarter and core the apples.
The smaller members of the family put the
quarters on strings and hang them over the
kitchen fire to dry. In some sections the
stringing is dispensed with and instead the
apples are placed on a screen and set out-
side on a scaffold in the sun to dry.

In the principal apple growing sections
this drying is done on a large scale and
growers who have great quantities of culls

dispose of them to advantage by contracts
with some of these evaporators. When
the supply is great prices run as low as 10
cents a hundred, but 25 cents is not unusual
for some of the most suitable varieties. The
line of work in large evaporators was out-
lined to The Horticulturist recently by Mr.
E. Roblin, of Carlton street, Toronto.

" When apple drying is done on a large
scale," said Mr. Roblin, " kilns in which 400
bushels or more can be done in a day are
used. As a general rule only culls are
used but if the good apples are evaporated
the finished product is of much better
quality and considerably more can be ob-
tained from 100 pounds of apples. For
this work the apples should be well ripened
on the tree. Russets and Baldwins are the
choicest varieties for evaporation. If pro-
perly worked they give about 16 pounds
from 100 of apples. Snows are very in-
ferior. They are too juicy and yield only
nine or 10 pounds from 100. They are
never used unless other varieties cannot be
procured.

" In a factory running 400 bushels a day.

FRUIT IN THE uKA\A(iA.\ VALLE).

419

30 girls are required to do the work. Eight
machines peel and core 50 bushels each in
a day and these can be dried in one kiln.
The girls trim off anything the peelers leave
and from the trimming table the apples are
sent in bushel boxes to the bleacher, where
they are subjected to strong brimstone
fumes. This treatment makes them soft
for slicing and prevents discoloration dur-
ing the process of drying.

" Then the fruit goes to the slicing ma-
chine and is cut into rings. These slices
are spread four or five inches deep on the
kiln, and the evaporation is completed in 10
to 20 hours, depending on the depth. They
must be well turned two or three times.
When dried they are put in a- heap in the
curing room, where they are left for two
or three days, after which they are turned
and aired by being thrown from one corner
to another and allowed to ' sweat out.'
After seven to 10 days they are ready for
packing. For shipment, two sizes of boxes

are used — one holding 25 pounds, and a
smaller and more common one weighing 15
pounds. After being packed, ordinary
storage suffices. Frost does no harm and
dampness makes them heavier. Too much
heat makes them lighter unless they are
packed when wet, in which case they sour
and become like vinegar.

NOTHI^'G W'ASTED.

" Xothing is allowed to go to waste. The
peelings and cores are dried by the same
process and packed tightly in barrels. This
product is shipped to Germany and France,
where it is made into jams, etc. Apples
which are imperfect and too small for peel-
ing are chopped and dried by similar pro-
cess and packed, 275 pounds in a barrel.
This barreled product is sent to France, and
when grapes are scarce it is used in making
some of the strong beverages. The cham-
pagne which reaches the Canadian con-
sumer at $3 a bottle is made by this by-
product from the evaporator."

FRUIT DEVELOPMENT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

:*I. S. MIDDLETOX, VERNON, B. C.

IN the early eighties a few experiments
were made to test the adaptability of
the then practically unsettled Okanagan
valley for the growing of fruit. These
were in the form of small fruit gardens, but
clearly showed to such men as Lord Aber-
deen at Vernon, G. W. Sterling at Kelowna,
and a few others, the great industry which
lay undeveloped in the fertile valleys lying
between the picturesque hills of the Okana-
gan. These men began setting out large
commercial orchards and the breaking down
of several of the larger ranches into small
fruit lots encouraged easterners and old
country people to settle and take up fruit
growing. From that time progressive
strides have been made along horticultural
lines. About 60,000 voung trees were

added this year to the many thousands
which had been planted during recent years.
These trees consisted chiefly of apples,
pears, plums, cherries and peaches. Be-
sides, some set out a few of the smaller
fruits. The leading fruit, however, is the
apple, which, roughly speaking, occupies
about one-half of the fruit area, while the
other fruits are about equally divided.

Up to three or four years ago the fruit
development of the valley was practically
in an experimental stage. A great number
of the varieties planted as the most suitable
for that section proved unsatisfactory.
They developed and bore heavily, but, as
varieties, were not suited to the market re-
quirements. The more recent planters,
having profited by the mistakes of the pio-

420

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

neers, are plantini;' fewer varieties of more
desirable qualities and now claim to have
reached the commercial stage.

The principal tested commercial \arieties
might be summed up as follows : Apples —
Gravenstein, Wealthy, Fameuse, King and
Mcintosh Red as fall and earl\- winter
varieties; Canada IJaldwin, Spy, W'inesap,
Hubbardston, Nonesuch, Jonathan, Spitzen-
burg, Yellow Newtown Pippin and Cox's
Orange as winter varieties. The last three
varieties are highly recommended, but have
not yet been well tried. Pears — Bartlett,
Howell, Flemish Beauty and Buerre dc
Anjou.

Imperial Gage. Columbian, ]]radshaw,

^'ellow \i%g and Pond's Seedling are among
the popular varieties of plums planted, while
the Italian prune is a great favorite in the
l)rune line. In the peach area the Crawford
gives greatest satisfaction. It is a greatly
disputed cjuestion as to what are the best
varieties to plant. The best growers, how-
ever, advocate a comparatively few num-
ber of varieties. Three or four, or at most
five, are enough. Then those interested in
the fruit industry of the Okanagan valley
can direct all their efforts towards making
these varieties prominent and in a few
years win a proud name for this valley
whose fruit industry is yet only in its in-
fancy.

COLD STORAGE FOR ONTARIO FRUITS

PROF. J. B. REVNOI.DS,

T-iE question of cold storage in relation
to the fruit industry is very import-
ant. Both the warehousing and transpor-
tation are of immense consequence to the
fruit grower. There are in Ontario, as well
as in the other provinces in Canada, many
cold storage warehouses which are not pat-
ronized by the fruit growers as they should
be. These warehouses, if patronized, would
enable the grower to refuse low prices for
his apples and other fruits, and to hold them
for better prices next week, or next month,
or next year. It usually happens with the
enterprising fruit grower who takes advant-
age of storage facilities that the cost of
storage is paid many times over by the dif-
ference between autumn and spring prices.
The actual eft'ect of cold storage on pro-
duce is to delay the process of ripening in
the first place, and retard decay after ma-
turity. For instance, if a peach is to be
shipped to a distant point, it must be picked
from the tree in advance of dead ripeness,
cooled as quickly as possible to 40 degrees
F. or preferably as low as 31 degrees F.,
and held at the low temperature until it

O. A. C, GUELPH, ONT.

reaches the market. That peach, if left on
the tree a day longer, might have been dead
ripe, and in the course of nature after ripe-
ness is reached decay sets in, and in a warm
atmosphere proceeds very rapidly. But
the amount of ripening that takes place in
one day on the tree would require four to
five days, or more, in cold storage, during
which time the fruit is being carried to mar-
ket. Then the molds, fungi, and bacteria
that cause decay work very slowly at low
temperatures. At the same time, if that
hypothetical peach is picked before it has
attained full size and some color, it will
never attain the same quality in storage as
it would have done if left longer on the tree.
For storage or shipping, therefore, the pick-
ing of tender fruits is a matter requiring
careful and trained judgment. A grower
of cantaloups in Georgia has found that for
best results he must go over his vines every
eight hours.

Cold storage in transportation, however,
is even more, important, as it ex-
tends almost inimitably the bounds of
the market. The British market is

SAVE THE FRUIT.

42

accessible for many kinds of Ontario
fruits, which a few years ago were perforce
marketed at home. There is, also, a large
and a rapidly growing market in Manitoba
and the Northwest for the best fruit which
southern Ontario can produce. This mar-
ket is largely supplied by fruit from British
Columbia, Washington and Oregon States.
If, however, the facilities afforded by re-
frigeration are made use of this western
market can be cap<^ured for Ontario fruit.

There are certain impediments in the way
of this undertaking. In the first place On-
tario fruits, while perhaps of better quality
than those produced along the northern Pa-
cific, do not ship so well and are rnore liable
to disease. The difference in climate ac-
counts for this, the very dry summer of the
coast producing a dry fruit and insuring
external dryness in picking and packing.
Ontario fruit is more juicy, and our uncer-
tain summer weather makes it difficult al-
ways to ship perfectly dry. Then, too, our
more humid seasons encourage all kinds of
disease from which the drier climate of the
coast is practically immune.

These facts emphasize the necessity of
careful picking, selecting, and packing of
our fruit for export. The study of cold
storage as a means of preservation of fruit
has laid bare many of the deficiencies that
have prevented complete success in the On-
tario fruit business. Cold storage has

brought to notice the difference between
good and bad fruit and good and bad pack-
ing. It has made it clearly manifest that
it pays to store and to ship only good fruit,
that it pays to select fruit of even size and
ripeness, that for tender fruits particularly
there is a critical time which is best for pick-
ing. A thorough knowledge of the results
of cold storage cannot fail to make the fruit
grower, if he regards his own interest, more
careful, more skilful, and, if possible, more
honest

Cold storage is of particular importance
to the province of Ontario. We have large
quantities of perishable produce of high
quality, which, to find a profitable market
must be carried outside our own boundaries.
We have a short producing season, necessi-
tating the preservation by some means of
our products to be consumed during the
winter of forced inactivity. We have ex-
tremes of heat and cold, both conditions
necessitating well-insulated walls for stor-
age ; and, on account of our geographical
and political relations, we are at a great dis-
tance from our most important markets.
For all these reasons cold storage, both sta-
tionary and in transit, is of first importance
to Ontario, and only by taking advantage
of it can the producer realize all that he de-
serves for his products and the consumer
enjoy to the full the bounty given forth by
Ontario's soil.

PUT FRUIT IN A STOREHOUSE

A. m'neilIv, CHiEi^, Fruit division, Ottawa.

Dl'RIXG a recent visit to the Brighton-
Colborne district I noted a very
large number of apple barrels remaining in
the orchards packed and piled, usually di-
rectly on the ground, occasionally resting
on a few boards or rails. The heavy rains
of the previous day thoroughly saturated
thousands of these barrels unprotected in
the orchards. Manv of them will remain

there until they are dried out by the sun
and wind. This is not so harmful as
the old practice of piling the fruit itself on
the ground exposed to the inclemencies of
the weather. Nevertheless, it is a bad
practice and accounts for many of the slack
and wet barrels that afterwards appear in
the foreign markets. The quality of the
barrels now used is greatly improved. It

422

THE CAAaDIA.\ H0RTICL\/rUi<I6l

does seem, therefore, somew
to expend so large a sum on
then allow it to deteriorate
the rain and sunshine.

Even supposing, however,
rain the exposure to the heat
a few days in the orchard w
ripen the fruit than many w
perly constructed storehouse,
in box cars warm, are almost

hat of a folly before they are placed on board ship, and

a package and then no accommodation, no matter how

so seriously in good, can save them. This has been the

history of far too much fruit this fall. The

there was no weather has been warmer than usual, and

of the sun for tiie fruit inspectors report a much larger

ill do more to percentage of heated barrels than usual. In

eeks in a pro- no case has there been a report of serious

Apples put loss in cargoes that were reported as being

certain to heat of low temperature when they were shipped.

Plums in Quebec

AUGUSTK DEPUIS, VILLAGE DISS AULNAIS, QUE).
^^HE plum crop at the Experiment Sta-
J. tion at Village des Aulnais, County
LTslet, has been very abundant. Fifty-
two varieties have given fruit this year, be-
ginning with the " Jaune tres hative " and
" Favorite hative," which were ripe August
lo to 15. These were followed, by the
Alirabelle Precoce and Reine Claude d'Oul-
lins, very valuable varieties for localities
where the summer is short. Then Brad-
shaw, Washington, Damson, R. Claude,
Montmorency and others came in Septem-
ber, closing this month with Pond's Seedling,
Grand Duke, and Coe's Golden Drop. We
expect to complete the picking of these three
varieties by October 18.

We pack the plums in half-gallon card
boxes, put up in eight gallon crates, and
they sell well at 40 cents a gallon. In Oc-
tober, 1902, I exported crates of these
varieties to Great Britain through the firm
of R. Barden, Quebec. The plums reached
Liverpool in excellent condition and the re-
turns were very satisfactory. I have ship-
ped a great part of the crop to consumers.
It causes more trouble and is more expen-
sive, and we learn the taste of the fami-
lies who consume them and of the hotel-
keepers and retailers. We learn how the
fruit reaches the people at a distance and
the time that varieties will keep in good

ccjndition on the stands of fruit dealers. I
have analysed the reports received and have
come to the conclusion that 12 varieties out
of 52 will be generally popular and profit-
able for this far northern section.

Gall Lice on Spruce Hedges

T. D. JARVIS, B. S. A., O. A. C, GUELPH.

My spruce hedge is being killed in patches
by some insect which works inside a gall. I
have used Paris green and have cut off the in-
fected parts but nothing seems to be effective.
— (J. C. M., Picton.

The insect which is troubling your spruce
is what is known as the Spruce Gall Louse
(Chermes abietis). As these insects in the
feeding stage are within the gall, and the
gall is perfectly water-tight so that no fluid
can penetrate, poisoning is out of the ques-
tion, and as in the migrating larval stage
they do not eat, poison is equally useless.
In the larval stage soap emulsion might be
of some use if applied abundantly at the
proper time.

The cheapest and best plan yet tried in
Ontario is to clip off the galls as soon as
they are noticed, say in June and always
before the first of August, while the pro-
ducers are in the galls, and immediately
burn them. There is no use in doing this
after the producers are out of the galls.
When a tree is too much infested to be
dealt with in this way it should be cut down
and burned at once.

THE WINTER OF 1903-4 AND ITS EFFECTS

R. W. SHEPHERD, COMO, QUE.

THE disastrous effects of the severe
winter of 1903-4 on our orchards
were not fully understood or observed the
following spring. The damage was more
far-reaching than at first supposed. Trees
which were killed outright were replaced,
and the percentage of these, in some locali-
ties, was high — fully 10 per cent, in some
instances. But we also noticed that many
trees were injured, more or less, which we
hoped would ultimately survive. We ob-
served, also ,that the fruit of 1904, particu-
larly Fameuse and a few other varieties,
was considerably undersized. This was at-
tributable to the severe shock which the
trees sustained during the previous winter.
The trees, apparently, had not the vitality
and vigor to develop their fruit to the nor-
mal size of other seasons.

During the 30 years I have paid attention
to the cultivation of the apple I do not re-
member having exported such small Fa-
meuse as those packed in 1904. In fact.
No. I Fameuse of last year would have been
considered No. 2 grade in 1903. Those
trees which bore a heavy crop in 1904 (I
speak for my own locality) m many in-
stances were so exhausted by the effort and
their vitality had been so impaired by the
severe winter, that they have succumbed
altogether. The past winter, although it
could not be considered a severe one, was
too hard for those trees which had strug-
gled through last season and had borne a
crop of undersized fruit. One has only to
go through orchards in districts such as the
Ottawa Valley, Lake St. Francis district
and Chateauguay to see the number of trees
that have succumbed after having feebly
tried to develop foliage this season.

The varieties in these districts which have
withstood the winter are those to be recom-
mended and may be considered thoroughly
hardv. In mv orchard thev are few, and

include Rochelle (very hardy), Gipsy Girl,
N. W. Greening, McMahon and Winter
St. Lawrence. The following were more
or less injured. Duchess, Wealthy, Scott's
Winter, St. Lawrence and Canada Baldwin.
Those considerably injured were Fameuse,
Mcintosh Red, Canada Red, Golden Russett
and Red Astrachan. Those very badly in-
jured were Ontario and Windsor Chief, (jf
20 trees of the latter, eight years planted,
only one survived, and it is not in satisfac-
tory condition. We had great hope of it.
The tree was vigorous and healthy and bore
regularly. The fruit is large, handsome,
and undoubtedly a long keeper of fair
quality, and an excellent apple for profitable
export in barrels. It is the apple our or-
chardists have been looking for, for a num-
ber of years, as one able to compete with
those grown in Ontario, such as Northern
Spy and Baldwin. I admit that the test
was severe, and it may be several years be-
fore we have such another.

The Ottawa Valley and contiguous dis-
tricts, such as Lake St. Francis, sustained
an extra cold blast and a degree of exceed-
ingly low temperature which was main-
tained a longer period than we have hereto-
fore experienced, but the fact remains that
the late keeping varieties we have been wait-
ing for, and which we expected had arrived
when Windsor Chief was brought to the
front, has not stood the test. At Mr. New-
man's orchard, on the Lower Lachine road,
this variety has come through satisfactorily,
but his locality is favorably situated in hav-
ing the open water of the Lachine Rapids,
which has the effect of tempering the cold.
Mcintosh Red seems quite as hardy as Fa-
meuse. It is important to know that our
two most popular varieties are of equal
hardiness and can be planted with equal
hopes of success.

One peculiar feature of damage done to

* A paper read at the summer meeting of the Quebec Pomological and Fruit Growers' Society.

424

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

our trees has been the splitting- and lilting
of the bark of the trunk on the southwest
side. This has been noticeable only the
present season. The cause is that those
trees, last year, seemed to recover somewhat
from the effects of the previous winter and
started to grow too late in the season. All
trees thus effected were those that had made
good growth in 1904, but had been slightly
injured by the winter, and they were mostly

in cultivated ground. Trees of the same
age in sod have not been much effected in
the splitting of the bark of the trunk. This
is another argument against too much culti-
vation, which in the province of Quebec in-
duces too late growth. I have had so many
surprises as to the far-reaching effects of
the winter of 1903-4 that my confidence in
successful orcharding in some localities has
been considerablv shaken.

Ajpples For Eastern Ontario

A. m'nEILL, CHIEI? fruit DIVISION,
OTTAV/A, ONT.

A correspondent from Carleton Coanty,

Ont., writes :

Our Ben Davis and Mann apple trees are
dead, the Spy is dying, and the Pewaukee is
showing signs of weakness. What winter
apples would be the best to replace them ?

As grown in Carleton County the Fa-
meuse and Mcintosh Red are at least early
winter apples, and if the correspondent is
growing for commercial purposes they will
pay better than any other varieties he cares
to plant.

For long keepers we could recommend
Scott's Winter, Northwest Greening, and
Milwaukee. It is quite possible that Wolf
River will be hardy and will keep well into
the winter. I would not recommend com-
mercial orchards of these varieties.

Cherries Can Be Grafted

J. M. m'ainsh, welburne, ont.

IN the August number of The Horticul-
turist, page 294, I notice a question
asked about grafting the cherry, and the
answ^er is : " The cherry cannot be grafted
so far as I know." I have grafted the finer
varieties of cherry on the common red
cherry, which, before the appearance of the
black knot, was grown all over the country,
and was usually propagated by suckers. I
generally topgraft them. I do not find any

difference whether the tree is large or small,
so long as it is vigorous and healthy. In
any case I only graft on small sized limbs,
so that the larger the tree the more grafts
will have to be put in. I do this work early
in the season, just when growth begins, and
cut the scions fresh from the tree. I graft
them the same as I do apples, using cotton
cloth saturated with common grafting wax
and putting it around three or four times
to prevent the wax from cracking.

Although cherries are not as sure as
apples, yet I generally have more than 50
per cent, of the grafts to grow. Your cor-
respondent says his trees were got from the
fence corners two years ago and are thrifty
and measure one and a half inches through
the trunk. I consider such stock very fine
to graft on, and if properly done I would
expect all the way from 50 to 90 per cent,
of them to grow.

Pruning and Spraying Trees

"W

7 HEN trees are well pruned and
well sprayed," said Mr. Joseph
Tweddle. of Fruitland, recently to a repre-
sentative of The Horticulturist, who visited
his place. " they have a vitality which en-
ables them to hold their fruit to maturity
and prevents loss from winds.

Trees heavily loaded with fruit are not so
likely to sway with the wind and to drop
their fruit. Where pruning is well done
it permits the sun to reach the fruit and, re-
sults in the fruit being better colored."

FALL WORK IN THE STRAWBERRY PATCH

THOSE who have had experience in
strawberry growing know how es-
sential it is that the patch be kept free from
weeds and in excellent condition during the
first season. If weeds are allowed to go to
seed they must be fought throughout the
fruiting season or a greatly decreased crop
wull be harvested and more work is entailed
in obtaining the diminished returns. The
successful grower continues frequent culti-
vation until the growing season is ended.

Very few varieties of strawberries are
capable of withstanding the hardships to
which they are subjected during the winter
and spring months in Ontario unless
some protection is given. There are,
however, winters when no covering is re-
quired, but it requires little time to add suf-
ficient mulch each fall to ensure a healthy
vigorous patch in the spring. Besides be-
ing an insurance, some mulch can be used
wnich enriches the ground as well. It is
not so much the heavy frosts which do dam-
age to the plants ; it is the alternate freez-
ing and thawing of early spring when the
snow has melted from the patch.

PUTTING ON THE MULCH.

The time to apply the mulch depends on
the season. Most growers recommend put-
ting it on as soon as the ground is frozen
hard enough to carry the horses and wagon.
In no case should it be applied before growth
ceases. Different materials are used in dif-
ferent sections. Much depends on what
can be obtained most readily. Strawy
horse manure is most commonly applied. It
is an effective mulch and the ground is fer-
tilized by the finer particles being washed in
by the rains. Straw alone is sometimes
used, while swale hay is excellent for pro-
tection but does not contain the manurial
element. It is not wise to put on too heavy
a covering. It should be worked in well
amongst the plants in the bare places and
sufficient on top to hide the plants. Light

straw could be applied in greater quantities
than could some of the other mulches.

As a general rule the covering is removed
in the spring as soon as danger of hard
freezing is past. Bright sunny days and
frosty nights are most disastrous. It is not
wise to remove all the covering at once.
The best plan is to rake the coarser parts of
the mulch off the plants between the rows
where a surface mulch is required to keep
down. weeds and conserve moisture during
the spring and summer. Besides, a mat is
afforded to the pickers while harvesting the
crop and the sand is prevented from splash-
ing on the fruit during rains.

Some growers apply a liberal mulch in
the fall and leave it on late in the spring to
retard the crop. With judicious mulching,
covering the tops of the plants as well as
the soil, the flowers and fruit can be re-
tarded a week or lo days. Care must be
taken, however, not to leave the covering
on too long or bleached weakly plants will
result.

" I cultivate my strawberries frequently
through the summer," said Mr. Wm. G.
Horn, of Clarkson, " and always put on a
mulch as soon as the ground is frozen hard
enough to get on it with the wagon. Al-
most every enterprising grower in this sec-
tion applies a mulch of some kind. Coarse
strawy horse manure is best. The finer
manure helps to fertilize the soil while the
straw protects the plants from frosts.

" In the spring when growth is nicely
started I pull the coarser stuff between the
rows to conserve moisture and serve as a
mat for the pickers. The crop can be de-
layed some time by leaving the mulch on,
but if left there too long the plants are in-
jured."

" I use horse manure as it comes from
the transport stables in Toronto for mulch-
ing my patch," remarked Mr. H. Pickett,
another successful strawberry grower, of

425

426

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Clarkson. '" Some use straw and others heavier crop. There are a few hardy
swale hay, but I consider manure is the best varieties which do well in this section with-
because it em-ichcs the ,c:roun(l and gives a out mulching."

CARE OF PLANTS WHILE DORMANT

WAI. HUNT, O. A. C, GUELPll.

^J 1 K tender pot hydrangeas such as
Otaksa, Thomas Hogg, and similar
varieties of these lovely summer decorative
plants, should have their growth well
ripened and hardened before the plants are
consigned permanentl\- to cool winter quar-
ters in the cellar or basement. To secure
this condition the plants should be left out
of doors as late in the season as possible. It
is not well, however, to expose the plants to
more than five or six degrees of frost.

The plants can often be left under the
shelter of a veranda or open shed until late
in the season, so as to ensure a thorough
ripening and a perfectly dormant condition.
Less water can also be given them than in
the summer, but at no time, either now or
during the winter, should the soil be allowed
to become very dry. ]\Ian\-. of these and
similar plants are often materially injured,
if not killed outright, by drying them off too
severely and for too long a time in winter.
They should be kept in a dormant condition
in a temperature of about 40 degrees until
March or early in April. At that time the
plants should be transferred to pots or tubs
two or three sizes larger than the ones in
which they have been.

Hydrangeas like a rich loamy compost to
grow in, and plenty of water when growing
and flowering in summer. They require
very little, if any,> pruning. Removing a
few of the most prominent shoots so as to
secure a shapely plant is usually all that is
necessary. Prune, if necessary, in March
or April, when repotting them.

A short period of dormancy, or semi-
dormancy, is necessary for fuchsias and pot

roses if they have been kept growing all
summer. About the same treatment during
the resting period should be given them as
recommended for pot hydrangeas. A fairly
moist cellar is preferable for all of these
plants rather than a dry furnace-heated at-
mosphere.

To keep oleanders successfully a light,
fairly warm room, cellar, or basement is
best. Thev do not come out in the best con-

Geranium Cut Back

dition if placed in a dark cold cellar or in a
dry over-heated place. Oleanders are
naturally moisture-loving plants. A tem-
perature of from 45 to 50 and a moist at-
mosphere suits them in winter splendidly.
It is advisable to sponge the leaves a few
times during the winter with water, or soap
and water.

PLANTS FOR THE WINDOW.

427

Dahlia roots can be kept best in a tem-
perature of about 45 degrees. These, also,
do not like a dry, furnace-heated atmos-
phere, preferring a rather damp, cool cel-
lar. The stems should be cut down to about
six inches above the roots. The roots are
very easily damaged by frost when exposed.

Anthericum^Picturatum

A fairly dry cool place is necessary to
keep gladioli bulbs successfully. Avoid
putting them in a very damp cellar as it in-
duces mildew and rot. A very dry cellar
is not advisable for them. A dry basement,
room, or cellar, where a temperature of 40
of 50 degrees prevails, suits very well. It
is best to leave three or four inches of the
flowering stem on the bulbs or corms for a
few weeks after digging. I have Kept
gladioli bulbs successfully in a moist, cool
cellar by stringing them to the joists in
paper or cotton bags, or tied in bunches by
the stems.

Old plants or stumps of geraniums, if not
frozen too severely, can be taken from the
bed or border, cut back and potted in sand
or sandy soil and be kept through the winter
with very little trouble. In digging, care
should be taken not to break off the roots.
Cut the top growth of the plant down so that
onlv two or three inches of the base of the

shoots remain near the main stem, and
shorten the roots a little if very long. Plant
three or four of these stumps or roots in
some sharp fine sand, or in half sand and
half potting soil, in a six-inch pot. Water
them well once and stand the pot away in a
cool window or in a light cellar. One plant
can be put in a four-inch pot or smaller if
desired. Give them water only when the
sand or soil is getting quite dry, more es-
pecially if they are put in the cellar. A tem-
perature of 50 degrees suits them. If a
large number of plants are wanted pack
them closely in sand or sandy^ soil in boxes
three inches deep, with holes in the bottom
for drainage purposes. The sand or soil
should be kept only barely moist, never wet
or soddened. These roots or stumps can
be potted at any time during winter or
spring and will make fine bushy plants next
season. They are frequently much better
than autumn struck cuttings.

SOME FINE WINDOW PLANTS.

The Anthericum picturatum is suitable for
window or house decoration in winter, and
should be more commonly grown than it is.
Its pretty variegated yellow and green
leaves, together with its easy culture, m^kes

Impatiens Sultani

428

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

it one of our most desirable decorative
plants for the window. It loves a warm
shady position and a moist soil. There are
two variegated varieties of this easily grown
plant, but Anthericum vittatum is not as
pretty as the picturatum. Young plants
are produced, as seen in the picture, on the

Sanseviera Zeylanica

stolons or flowering stalks, and can be easily
removed and potted.

Belonging to the same family as the com-
mon garden balsam, islmpatiens Sultani or
Zanzibar Balsam, often erroneously called
the Patience Plant. It takes its generic
name, "Impatiens," from the fact that like
the garden balsam it bursts its seed-pods in
a very impatient manner before the pods are
really ripe. Anyone who has attempted to

])ick a pod of balsam seed in the garden be-
fore it seems to be mature can testify to the
hasty impatient manner in which the seed
pod bursts, scattering the seed in all direc-
tions. Unlike most common or local names
the name " Patience Plant " is not at all
appropriate.

A warm sunny position in the window
gives the greatest profusion of the pretty
rose-scarlet flowers. The magenta and
salmon colored varieties of this plant also
are very pretty and attractive. Under suit-
able conditions new plants are frequently
obtained from self-grown seed.

Green Fly and Red bpider are the worst
foes of this desirable window plant. To-
bacco water for the Green Fly and a good
sprinkling of clear water on the under side
of the leaves for Red Spider are the most
approved remedies.

Another pretty window plant seldom seen
is the Peperomia. Its pretty silvery marked
leaves look very effective in winter time. A
warm shaded position in the window suits it
best.

One of the best gas resisting plants we
have for the house is the Sanseviera Zeylani-
ca, or Bow-string Hemp plant. Although not
of a graceful habit its tall spire-like silver-
barred foliage is very effective in a collec-
tion of window plants. It will succeed
best in a warm situation in the house away
from the window, as its tough leathery
leaves do not show the effects of dry atmos-
phere like other plants. It must be watered
very sparingly, as over-watering or too fre-
quent waterings will kill it unless it is kept
in a very high temperature. It is a slow
growing plant and requires very little pot
room but plenty of drainage.

In the fall I always plow to the rows of
small fruit bushes and grape vines to shed
water away from the roots. In low ground

the frost is liable to heave the plants out in
case this is not done. — (A. W. Peart, Bur-
linerton.

FALL CARE OF LAWNS

To have a beautiful lawn through the
summer special care must oe ta^en
in the fall. Close and frequent cutting
during the warm months gives the best ef-
fect, but when winter approaches it should
not be kept cut so close as it is well to have
considerable growth for protection during
the rigors of winter. If, however, it is al-
lowed to become too long there is danger
of it forming a close mat and damaging its
own roots.

GOOD FERTILIZERS.
If the grass has lost its fine rich green
color or is becoming thin in places, fertiliz-
ers are required. Most landscape garden-
ers recommend adding a dressing of some
of the coarser fertilizers in the fall, while
others use a quickly soluble one in the
spring. A thorough dressing of rich cow
manure in the fall is as effective as any-
thing in producing the desired growth, but
the unsightly appearance and rank odor pre-
vent its common use. A fine compost is
claimed to be equally effective and has not
these objectionable features. Commercial

lawn fertilizers are suitable but very expen-
sive. They are composed of salts of am-
monia, soda and potash, and these elements
can be secured for much less money in their
unmixed state. . Finely ground bone, fish,
ets., being slowly soluble, may be used late
in the fall or during winter when it will be
washed down amongst the grass with the
melting snows.

" We do not cut the lawn much after
October," said Mr. E. F. Collins, of Allan _
Gardens, Toronto, to a member of The
Canadian Horticulturist staff recently.
'■ The grass should be quite a length before
winter sets in so that the covering may pro-
tect the roots. If any fertilizers are to be
used it is best to apply them early in the fall
before frost comes so that they will have
worked down through the grass and pro-
duce a rapid growth in the spring.

" The lawn should be kept perfectly clean.
If rubbish is left lying around and leaves
are allowed to collect, the grass is weakened
in a few days and a bare spot frequently re-
sults."

Wintering Pansics

^4 TH HERE are plenty of pansies grown,"
X said Mr. P. Fogarty, of Fogarty &
Sons, Pape Avenue, Toronto, to a member
of The Horticulturist staff who visited his
place recently, " but the large grower must
have something better than the ' other fel-
low ' if he hopes to find a ready market.

" Pansies like cool weather, and the best
quality of bloom is always produced on
thrifty plants late in the fall or early in
spring. With a good strain, a nice clay
loam, and plenty of work, it is not such a
difficult matter to winter the plants and have
an abundance of bloom before warm
weather comes in the spring.

" We start the seeds outside and then set
the young plants in cold frames four inches

apart each way. Some varieties come into
bloom much more quickly than others. Our
earliest usually show some bloom in the be-
ginning of October and then others follow
until the ground is frozen up.

" When cold weather comes the sashes
are set on the cold frames to protect the
plants. In case we have not enough glass
to cover all the plants we spread straw over
them. The straw is equally effective but
gives far more work. In the spring as soon
as fine weather comes there is a profusion
of the finest bloom."

Let plants such as the calla lily rest until
they show signs of growth and then shove
them as rapidly as possible. — (A. J. Frost,
Preston avenue, Toronto.

429

FALL AND WINTER CARE OF PLANTS

i;. r. COLLINS, PAPE

WITH the summer season over, the
best method of saving the differ-
ent roots and bulbs, and of keeping over
some of the plants and flowers, which have
given so much pleasure during the past sea-
son, becomes an important matter for the
amateur gardener. The commercial flor-
ist or private gardener usually has a dry
cellar or shed in which they may be kept
free from frosts, but the amateur is often at
a loss to know how to winter his plants
safely.

Let most plants, such as dahlias, cannas
and gladioli have a touch of frost before
disturbing them. Then, after a few bright
sunny days, the stems will begin to dry up.
Xo set time can be made to cut them down
as all depends on the weather. Usually
about the middle of October they may be cut
down to within six inches of the ground.
Care should be taken to label the different
kinds, or if the name is not known the color
may be marked. The work is made much
more interesting in the spring if you can
tell what varieties have kept best. Besides,
if you wish to exchange specimens with
your friends, half of the pleasure is lost if
you cannot tell the names or color.

To keep cannas or dahlias, dig them up on
a dry day and shake oft' most of the soil,
taking care not to break oft" any of the
tubers. Place them one root deep in a box
or something which can be moved about
easily. If the weather is fine leave them
outside in the sun during the day for a week
or more. That will ripen the skin and dry
up any bruises which may have been made
in them, as where there are bruises is where
they will start to decay. Thorough drying
lessens that danger. After they are well
dried, and before they start to wilt, they
should be packed fairly tightly in boxes in
a single layer (not one on top of the other)
and some drv sand or soil should be shaken

.WENUE, TORONTO.

between them and on top, to cover the tops
of the tubers. Then they can be put in
some place where the thermometer stands
about 40 degrees all winter. The great
secret is to have them remain dormant and
that is accomplished by a low temperature,
a perfectly dry atmosphere, and having
them well ripened before storing. The
lover of flowers is often in too great a rush
to put the bulbs away instead of giving na-
ture a chance to ripen them.

Dahlias are more easily kept than cannas.
Many of the newer varieties of cannas win-
ter very poorly, especially if the tubers are
not properly developed. If there are
varieties which you are short of and want
to increase, dig them up and put them in
pots or boxes which will just hold the roots
and give them a good watering. Place
them outside in the sun each day while the
temperature remains about 40 degrees, and
do not give them any more water, as they
should be perfectly dry. Most of the old
growth will have dried up and they can be
cut off about four inches^ from the base.
Numerous green shoots will be seen start-
ing up from the roots. If they are kept dry
and near a window in the cellar or any cool
place they will remain c^uite plump and
green, but will not grow until spring. About
]\Iarch they may be cut in small pieces and
planted. Nature will do the rest.

Gladioli may be dug and tied in bunches,
but care must be taken not to cut any of
them, as it is much better to let the stems
dry off. If hung up in a dry place the
corms can be very easily pulled away from
them during the winter and stored in a cool
place.

Tuberous begonias must not receive more
than a very slight frost — just enough to
wilt the foliage. When dug, most of the
soil which adheres to the fibrous roots
should be shaken off and the tubers packed

* A paper read at the October meeting of the Toronto Horticultural Society.

430

TREATMENT OF PLANTS IN WINTER.

43'

fairly tightly in boxes. The tops must be
allowed to shrivel. They should never be
cut off. If placed in a cool dark corner
and kept dry they remain dormant until
brought out in the spring.

Sometimes it is desirable to keep over a
few favorite geraniums for the next sum-
mer. If placed among the other window
plants they look unsightly during the win-
ter. The best plan is to put them in pots
or boxes just large enough to get the roots
in, and give a thorough watering. If put
outside in the sun each day and i^llowed to
become perfectly dry all the leaves drop, the
outer tissue becomes dry and the color
changes to brown. Before frosts come
during the daytime stop putting them out-
side but place them near a window and
away from furnace heit. If not given any
water they will remain dormant until
spring. When growth is wanted they
should be watered about once a week at
first and placed in a warm room. In a
short time new shoots come. Then the

plants must be cut back severely to get the
growth from the bottom. Plants treated
in this way are much more suitable for set-
ting out than those kept growing all winter,
'i he hydrangea is another plant which the
amateur often tries to keep growing during
the winter when it should be at rest. If thfe
plants are outside let them remain there un-
til there is lo degrees of frost. In the
meantime water them only when they are
wilting. By gradually withholding the
water you are assisting nature to ripen the
wood and causing the leaves to drop. This
encourages the development of buds for
next season's growth. After the plants are
perfectly dry and have lost most of the foli-
age, lay them in a box in a dark corner of
the cellar and cover with dead leaves. This
keeps them from drying out and also pre-
vents growth. In this way nature is as-
sisted in storing and retaining all the vigor
in the plant, and in the spring when the
warm weather comes and water is added
growth begins and flowers come readily.

Mealy Bugs on Coleus

PROF. H. L. HUTT, O. A. C, GUBLPH.

What is the best treatment for lice on foli-
age plsCnts ? They are not the green lice, hut
are oblong and flat and of a whitish grey color.
I have tried tobacco smoke and soapsuds, but
they were not effective.— (A. J. M. Ratho.

By the term " Foliage Plant " I suppose
you refer to the Coleus. This plant usually
goes by the name of Foliage Plant on ac-
count of its beautifully variegated leaves.
The Coleus is frequently infested with small
insects of a whitish color, known as Mealy
Bugs. If they be examined closely it will
be found that the insects themselves are
very small, but they secrete waxy scales
which give them a mealy appearance, hence
the name Mealy Bug. This waxy cover
serves the purpose of protection, and makes
it difificult to destroy them by smoke or
caustic solutions.

The best means of getting rid of the in-
sects is to begin with fresh cuttings and
exercise great care that none of the insects
get a start on them. They will usually be
found hidden in the axils of the leaves, and
before they develop the waxy covering they
are so small that it requires close observ-
ance to detect them. When they are pres-
ent on young cuttings, the best way to get
rid of them is to brush them out of their
hiding places with an old tooth brush or
other stiff brush, which should be first dip-
ped in strong soapsuds. It is hardly worth
while trying to save old plants which have
become badly infested.

Do not crowd blooms for exhibition too
closely. Each flower should be seen
singly when arranged in the vase. — (Wni.
Hunt, O. A. C, Guelph.)

THE DESERONTO COMPETITIONS

F£\\ horticultural societies in Ontario
have been doing better work than has
been done by the Deseronto society during
the past year. The aims of the society, " to
cultivate and improve the taste for flowers,
])lants and trees, and to assist the citizens
in beautifying their homes by increasmg
their knowledge of plant life," have been
nobly carried out. The society made valu-
able distributions throughout the year of
seeds, bulbs and plants for spring and sum-
mer planting, and again in the fall for house
culture. Then a creditable flower show
was held on September 13.

But this was not all. Four competitions
in well kept grounds were held. These
were : Best kept grounds, professional ;
well kept grounds, exceeding one town lot,
amateur, with assistance ; well kept grounds,

can boast of as many beautiful lots as any
town of its size in Ontario.

Some of the contestants were handicap-
ped in not having as favorable location or
natural conditions as others and found it
difiicult to make the lot present a pleasing
appearance to the passerby. Some, which
would have stood near the top as beautiful
gardens, could not be placed high because
the effect from the street was not good.

The judging was done by Mr. E. F. Col-
lins, of Allan Gardens, Toronto, to the
satisfaction of all. He reports that the
l^lacing was rendered very difficult owing
to a lack of uniformity in size.

First prize went to Mr. D. R. Jones,
whose lot was favorably laid out for beauti-
fying. It had a strong advantage in the
contour of the land and in havingf the house

First Prize Garden, Owned by

not to exceed one town lot, amateur, with
assistance ; and well kept grounds, not to exr
ceed town lot, amateur, without assistance.
In each case handsome prizes were offered.
Special interest and enthusiasm was mani-
fested in the competition between amateurs
without assistance, and as a result Deseronto

D. R. Jones, Deseronto, Ont.

to one side, so that an excellent view was
presented to persons passing on the street.
" Mr. Jones had a grand collection of
plants, and his grass was in fine condition,"
said Mr. Collins. " Dahlias were most
prominent among the flowers, while the
tall-growing asters, gladioli, zinnias and

LOVELY GARDENS.

433

Second Prize Garden, Owned by D. McClew, Deseronto, Ont.

awarded to Mr.
was a beautiful

geraniums were also beautiful. The gen-
eral effect was good and everything was
neat and clean."

Second prize was
D. McClew. " This
lot," said Mr. Col-
lins, " but the gen-
eral efifect from the
street was not so
striking. The bed-
ding plants were fine
but more sparce in
the beds than many
of the others. The
most prominent
flowers and plants
were gladioli, dah-
lias, tuberous be-
gonias, asters, sweet
peas and nastur-
tiums."

cover fences and un-
sightly places, and in
doing this Madiera
vine, nasturtiums,
sweet peas and all
growing asters were
used to good advant-
age. Besides these
there was a fine col-
lection of dahlias,
tuberous begonias and
other plants."

Many societies in
dififerent parts of On-
tario could profit by
copying some of the
features which the Deseronto members have
found to be so successful. The distribu-
tion of seeds, bulbs and plants is good, and
flower shows create an interest in horticul-
tural work, but competition in lawns and

Mr. H. E. Parks secured third prize.
" For back yard efifect," remarked Mr. Col-
lins, " this was simply perfection. The ef-
fect, however, must be for the public. The
side entrance was not as nice as some of the
others. There was a good effort made to

Third Prize Garden, Owned by H. E. Parlts, Deseronto, Ont.

garden flowers for the beautifying of the
lots does infinitely more to impress the
stranger with the beauty of the town, and
if a few are enthused in this way others copy
from them in order that their lots may look
as beautiful as the one beside it.

FALL PLANTING OF ROSES

FALL planting of perennials and some
of the shrubs is becoming more
common every season. Many of the most
successful amateur horticulturists report
less loss from fall than from spring plant-
ing.

" I prefer to set out my roses between Oc-
tober 20 and November 10," remarkeu Mr.
H. Spencer Case, of Hamilton, who always
has a fine collection of plants. This leaves
them plenty of time to become established
before the ground is frozen up, and when
spring opens the roots and canes are ^ull of
sap. The result is I get a good crop of
bloom the first season.

" If put out in the spring there is a heavy
strain on the bush for two or three weeks,
and it does not make good growth. I have
tried planting both seasons and had a lower
percentage of dead bushes and more perfect
bloom from the planting done in the fall.

" I always protect my roses with a straw
mulch." continued Mr. Case. " In Sep-
tember or October I give a light pruning,
cutting ofif about one-third of the cane to
give a finer appearance and make the wood
ripen better. Then before w-inter has set
in, straw is put around them to a depth of
about six inches. Some of the tenderer

specimens receive extra protection oy hav-
ing the straw laid up around them.

" I have tea roses, hybrid teas, hybrid
perpetuals and such tender varieties. They

are all kept out-
side the year
through and I
do not lose two
bushes a year."

Now and again
some enthusias-
tic lover of
shrubs washes to
grow some ten-
der specimens. In
this case special
means of protec-
tion must be re-
Ready for Winter sorted to. Some-
times the bushes are laid down and covered ;
other gardeners wrap them with long straw ;
while others put empty barrels over them
and fill in around the shrubs with dry leaves
or straw. The accompanying illustration
shows a tender specimen protected by leaves
held around it by a rack. This method en-
tails considerable work, but is successful if
done after the wood is ripened and before
heavy frosts come.

Potting Soil

WM. HUNT, O. A. C, GUELPH.

''T^HIS is a good time of the year to make
X a pile of potting compost. Sod,
about four inches in thickness cut from a
pasture field or by the roadside where the
soil is of a loamy nature, makes the best
basis for a good potting soil for plants.
Avoid taking the sod where couch or spear
grass is growing. Stack two layers of the
sod with the grass side downward, cover
this with a layer of cow manure or well rot-
ted stable manure to a depth of five or six
inches.

Continue successive layers of these ma-
terials until the pile is large enough. Make
the pile in the open not under cover. Cover
the pile w-ith some brushwood to keep oflf
chickens and animals. It will be ready for
use next May or perhaps earlier.

If a man goes into tomato growing on a
large scale there is more money in growing
them for the canning factory than for any
other market. — (W. A. Best, Picton, Ont.

I depend on thorough cultivation, heavy
pruning and plenty of fertilizer to give me
returns.— (J. M. Metcalf, Grimsby, Ont.

A 34

FORCING TOMATOES

THE forcing of tomatoes for commer-
cial purposes has been receiving con-
siderable attention in different sections of
Ontario during the past few seasons and an
increasing demand is causing the growers
to erect greenhouses each year. As the
best market is found during the Christmas
holidays and from then until Easter a
special eft'ort is made to have the crop ripe
shortly before Christmas.

In Bulletin No. 231, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, matters in connection
with forcing tomatoes are dealt with by
Professors Craig and Hunn. It is of the
utmost importance that a suitable size and
perfect shape be obtained. Sales are
usually made at a high price and the con-
sumer orders a definite number of fruits
rather than a specific weight. • Tomatoes
of irregular shape are vmattractive, and if
large the cost would be too high, as they are
served one to each individual. Therefore,
it is necessary to have them of moderate
size and as uniform as possible.

After four years testing at Cornell, sev-
eral varieties have been found which are
adapted to forcing. The characteristics
mentioned as being desirable are : slow
stocky growth ; healthy, but not heavy foli-
age ; a habit of forming the first cluster of
buds near the base of the plant and a pro-
truding stigma capable of setting fruit with
a minimum amount of pollen.

BEST VARIETIES FOR FORCING.

In many respects the English types of to-
matoes have proved to be far superior to
those of American origin. They set fruit
more readily in dark weather ; they grow
the fruit in clusters, ripening the full clus-
ter within a short period, and they continue
growing considerably longer. Among the
most satisfactory American varieties are
Lorillard. Mayflower, Combination and
Pepper. For general midwinter forcing
Lorillard and Combination (American), and

Frogmore and Holmes' Supreme (English)
are mentioned as being thfe four best.

Too copious watering before dull weather
brought on a yellowing and spotting of the
leaves which considerably checked the
growth. The White Fly caused trouble, but
was controlled by fumigation with hydro
cyanic acid gas, using potassium cyanide
98 per cent, strength and a 66 per cent, solu-
tion of sulphuric acid with a small quantity
of water. Experiments with difit'erent
strengths and under different conditions
showed that damage was done when the
fumigation took place in daylight or when
the houses were very damp. Safe condi-
tions are stated as absolute darkness, a still
air, a temperature below 60 degrees, and a
dry house. Fumigation once each month
with one ounce of potassium cyanide, two
ounces of sulphuric acid and four ounces of
water to each 1,000 cubic feet of house
space will keep dow^n the fly. Great care
should be exercised in using this gas as it is
sure death to all animal life.

In different parts of Ontario growers
force a few for the winter market. " I like
to have a few tomatoes ready for market be-
fore Christmas," said Air. Jas. Gibbard, of
Doncaster, to The Horticulturist recently.
" The seed is started outside and as soon as
the plants are large enough to handle I set
individual plants in old strawberry boxes.
By August they are about six inches high,
and early in that month I transfer them to
the greenhouse.

" I prefer planting them on ground
benches in about eight inches of rich soil
made from sod and well rotted manure pre-
pared the previous fall. As soon as the
plants begin to lop over I string them up.
Some stake them with laths, but I find the
stringing much less expensive.

" All side shoots must be kept nipped off,
leaving only the terminal. If this is not
done there would be too much top for the

435

436

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

roots and a small crop of fruit would result.
Careful stringing and continual trimming
gives fruit in greater quantity and better
quality.

"The Green Fly and mildew are very trou-
blesome in forcing tomatoes. Fumigation
with tobacco keeps the former in check, but
there seems to be no cure for mildew if it
becomes established. Sulphur will check
its spread, but the main thing is to keep the
plants dry and maintain a free circulation
of air. W'ater should never be used unless

the sun is shining brightly. I always make
it a point to do the watering in the morning.
If the weather is cloudy no harm will be
done to the plants if they are left for four
or five days at a time.

" If the beds are well attended to and the
weeds kept down the fruit will ripen by
Christmas or earlier. There is always a
brisk demand from the holiday season until
April, but in May and June the market is
flooded with the ci;op grown outside in the
United States."

Keeping Potatoes

MARKET gardeners will be anxious
to learn some of the methods
adopted by Air, Wm. Naismith, of Falken-
burg, who has won first prize for collection
of potatoes at the Toronto exhibition for 14
years in succession. Mr. Naismith went
into Aluskoka years ago to clear a plot of
ground on which to make a living. As the
land is specially adapted to the growing of
roots he has gone into that line extensively.
Particular attention has been given to pota-
to growing and he has originated some new
varieties. His success is due in a gre.it
measure to the care given to the selection of
seed. His method of storing is inexpen-
sive, and the potatoes always come out in
fine condition in the spring.

" When digging my potatoes," remarked
Mr. Naismith, " I always select those speci-
mens which come near to my ideal for size
and shape. These are kept for seed the
following spring. This is the best and sur-
est way of raising the standard.

" The potatoes are always stored in pits,
or, perhaps, better called dig-outs. By put-
ting the pit in the south side of a bank,
about 25 bags in a pit, very little covering
is needed. I put up a frame work to keep
the dirt away from the potatoes. The pit
is filled to within about one foot of the ceil-
insf. Then six inches of hav or straw is

put on to take up what moisture comes from
the potatoes. The six inches of straw and
six inches of air space along with a foot of
earth prevents any injury from frost. I
have always used this storage and have firtt-
class seed in the spring. The potatoes
never sprout and remain perfectly solid."

Cauliflowers Do Not Keep

'' f ^ HE cauliflower, though commonly
V. grown in Canada, is not usually
stored with success. Though belonging
to the same class of plants as the cabbage,
it is very much less hardy and is very sensi-
tive to adverse conditions. The crop
ripens very irregularly and frequently a
large percentage remains immature when
frosts come.

Some growers recommend digging up the
plants and putting them in cold frames until
they mature. This, however, means much
work and few growers care to go to the
trouble. In ordinary storage mature heads
do not keep longer than Christmas, and in
most cases those that are not disposed of be-
fore then are lost.

" I stored cauliflower only once to make
any profit," said Mr. Jas. Dandridge, of
Humber Bay, to The Horticulturist a short
time ago. " That time they were pulled be-
fore frosts came and stored in a long pit.
I dug a trench about 18 inches wide and

CLEAN UP.

437

deep enough to stand the cauHflowers on
end. In this trench the cauhflowers were
placed heads upward as tightly as they
could be packed. Cross pieces were put
over the top and a light covering of boards
put on until frosts came. As soon as the
cold weather set in a covering of coarse
manure was added.

" If they are pulled about November i
and special care given they may be held un-
til about Christmas, but a slight frost dam-
ages them and rot soon sets in. It is not
advisable to try storing many. They should
be sold before winter sets in if possible."

Fall Work in the Garden

]\/l OST gardeners and fruit growers
1 J have general work completed by
the early part of November, but there are
always a few days after that time when
much can be done to make less work and
better conditions for the following season.
No diseased leaves or roots of plants should
be left on the garden to carry the diseases
over for the succeeding season. Rubbish
of any kind on the garden or along fences
or buildings near by serve as desirable hid-
ing places for insects during winter. There-
fore, clean up before snow comes.

The market gardener who has to start
many plants in hot beds should make full
preparation for early spring work now.
The hot beds and cold frames can be left in
such shape that very little time is lost in get-
ting the seeds or plants into their places at
the proper season. The garden should be
fall plowed and left to the mellowing influ-
ences of the weather during the winter
months.

" I always plow in the fall if I can find
time," remarked Mr. Jas. Dandridge to The
Horticulturist. " There are many reasons
for doing this. Cabbage leaves, carrot tops,
and all such vegetable matter are turned
under and incorporated with the soil to act

as manure the following spring. Weeds,
too, which come late in the season are de-
stroyed. Besides, it puts the land in better
condition for the spring work. When
plowed again after the warm weather has
come it makes a nice mellow seed bed for
garden crops."

'1

Results From Fertilizers

HAVE been using commercial ferti-
lizers for 20 years." said Air. Earl
Spencer, of Picton, to a member of The
Horticulturist stafif who visited his place,
■' and I find that four times out of five the
best crop is harvested from the soil which
has received the most fertilizer. I used to
use compost in celery trenches, but one sea-
son ran out of it and used another fertilizer.
It has been a good thing for me that I was
forced to do this.

" I can get as good or better results by
giving a liberal coat of manure in the fall
and working it in well and then applying
some commercial fertilizer in the spring. It
entails far less labor. Nitrate of soda
gives big returns, but it must be applied by
an experienced hand and only to the soil.
If any of it touches the plant the foliage is
burned. This season I destroyed a patch
of melons by its use. Another objection
to its use is that its effects are not noticeable
after about three weeks. Other fertilizers
made up of different ingredients last for
three years or more, but the best returns :;'re
found the first season.

" From my experience I recommend the
use of some fertilizer with small fruits and
vegetables, and I have found that the best
is the cheapest in the end."

A garden crop should be cultivated
whether it has weeds or not. — (W. A. Best,
Picton, Ont.

I thoroughly enjoy reading The Cana-
dian Horticulturist. — (Norman Gill, Ber-
lin. N. H.

438

EDITORIAL.

Tqe fanadian plortic^iItOrist

Published by The Horticultural HublishiiiK
Company, Limited.

TKe Only Horticult-ural Magazine in
tKe Dominion.

Official OrKan of British Columbia, Ontario, Que-
bec aud I'riiice Kdward Isl:iii<l Fruit Growers'
Associations and of the Ontario Veee-
table Uroviers' Association.

H. Bronson Cowan, Editor and Business Manager.

J. Albert Hand, B.S.A., Associate Editor.

W. G. Rook, Advertising Manager.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published the first uf
each month.

8, Subscription Price Si.oo per year, strictly in advance.
Ker all countries e.\cept Canada, United States and Great Britain
add 50c for postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Money
E.xpress Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for
amounts less than $i.oo. Receipts will be acknowledged on the
address label, which shows the date to which subscription is paid.

4. I>iscontinuances — Responsible suljscribers will continue
to receive The Horticulturist until the publishers are notified by
letter to discontinue, when all arrearages must be paid. Societies
should send in their revised lists in January: otheiwise it will be
taken for granted all will continue members.

5. Change of Address — When a change of address is or-
dered, both the old and the new addresses must be given.

6. Advertising Rates quoted on application. Circulation
5,500. Copy received up to the 24th. Responsible representatives
wanted in towns and cities.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be
thankfully received by the editor.

8. All Communications should be addressed :

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,
507 and 508 Manning Chambers,

TORONTO, CANADA

FREE TRADE OR AN EQUAL TARIFF.

The vegetable growers have decided that
their plea before the tariff commission will be
free trade or an equal tariff. In deciding to
ask for an increase in the duty on only those
vegetables that are the most largely produced
in Canada and for only such an advance as will
protect the Canadian grower without prevent-
ing the importation of such vegetables the of-
ficers of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Asso-
ciation have acted wisely.

Many growers favored an increase in the
duty on such vegetables as asparagus and
melons. While an increase in the duty would
be of great assistance to some producers the
number is so limited while the consumption of
such vegetables is so general strong opposi-
tion to such an increase would be aroused.
This opposition would weaken the whole case
of the growers and might result in their fail-
ing to gain an increase in the duty on the more
important vegetables such as cabbages, cucum-
bers, tomatoes, etc.

The cry of the growers for free trade or an
equal tariff is a just one and should strike the

j)ublic and the commission as such. The peo-
ple of the United States are devoting more and
more attention to the matter of free trade with
Canada. In the demands of the vegetable
growers they can find no reason for further re-
prisals on their part. This move of the vege-
table growers is really in the direction of ulti-
mate free trade.

THE HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION.

In the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition the
fruit, flower and vegetable growers of the pro-
vince have a great opportunity. No better
means of advertising the horticultural resour-
ces of Ontario than this exhibition could be de-
vised and with proper management it should
result in an increased demand for these pro-
ducts. The educational features, also, are of
great importance.

This year four conventions will be held in
connection with the exhibition. For these
conventions several of the most noted speakers
on the continent have been secured. Arrange-
ments have been made for thorough discus-
sions of the various subjects dealt with and
nothing but good can result. With the pres-
tige gained from last year's show and the bene-
fit of having Massey Hall for this' year's effort
the exhibition this month should prove a credit
to the province. It will mean dollars in the
pockets of those fruit, flower and vegetable
growers who are able to attend.

SUCCESSFUL COOPERATION.

The success which this year has attended
the work of the various cooperative fruit grow-
ers' associations in Ontario is most gratifying.
The old associations at Chatham. Forest, Wal-
kerton and other points have disposed of their
apples in bulk at thoroughly satisfactory prices
as have also the two new associations at Oak-
ville and Thornbury. In most cases the apples
have been purchased by British importers. In
this way the growers who belong to the asso-
ciations have saved the commissions of the
dealers on this side who buy most of the crops.

The number of British commission firms
which each year send representatives to
Canada to contract for fruit is rapidly increas-
ing. These men are glad to have the oppor-
tunity to purchase in bulk which the associa-
tions afford. Were there more associations in
Canada it would soon be possible for most of
our apples to be forwarded direct from the
storage house of the associations to the im-
porters and possibly to the retailers in Great
Britain. This would mean a great saving to
the grower and better satisfaction on the part
of the purchaser. The natural growth of the
cooperative movement is in the line of an in-
crease in the number of these associations.

I consider The Horticulturist a vastly im-
proved paper and feel sure that it will do much
towards bringing the industry of fruit growing
before the public— (R. F. Robinson, St. Catha-
rines, Ont.

ANALYSIS OF CANNED GOODS

In the laboratory of the Provincial Board of
Health for Ontario an examination was
made of the various canned vegetables, fruits
and jams put up in the province for the purpose
of finding out whether poisonous metals are
present, whether adulterants or preservatives
are used in their preparation and whether there
is any reason for the prevalent opinion that the
use of canned goods is injurious to health. The
results are given in the annual report recently
submitted to the legislature.

Peas from four factories were examined.
Traces of copper were found in only one sam-
ple. Four showed traces of zinc. No adul-
terants were found, but starch was used in two
cases to thicken the menstruum, with what ob-
ject could not be determined, as the pasty mass
was not inviting in appearance and did not im-
prove the flavor. Three specimens contained
cane sugar, five dextrose and one common salt.
Sugar and salt improve the flavor of the peas.
One canner had evidently sprouted his peas,
making them very sweet and tender and in-
creasing the bulk so that only three-fourths as
many were required to fill a can.

Four specimens of tomatoes from as many
canneries showed traces of copper and three
showed zinc, but not enough to be harmful.
Th/e juJice was very acid, but no tin was found
as expected. Evidently nothing but salt had
been added to the contents.

Three cans of corn from three different can-

neries showed an absence of poisonous metals,
except one, in which there were traces of zinc.
The cans were quite discolored, and one was so
rusted that particles of metal adhered to the
corn.

All the canned raspberries were of poor ap-
pearance, especially the white varieties, which
had been treated with a purple dye. Three
showed traces of zinc and two of tin. All were
acid and had been preserved with cane sugar.

Three specimens of strawlberries looked well
and were of fine flavor. No coloring had been
added. Traces of zinc were found in three and
tin in two.

Two cans of plums looked well and were of
good flavor. Both showed traces of tin. They
were more acid than the raspberries or straw-
berries. Although enough specimens were not
examined to draw any general conclusions noth-
ing out of the way was found in any of the can-
ned fruits.

The jams were all made up, a filler, probably
apple, having been used. Many cans, labelled
" true fruit," " absolutely pure," etc., contained
very little real fruit, the balance being filler,
coloring, flavoring and sugar. They were all
of the ten cents a jar variety.

Salicylic acid as a preservative was not found,
nor gelatin which might be used for thickening.
Cane sugar was used throughout, though glu-
cose may have been added. The coloring mat-
ter was apparently of the aniline dye variety.

Bulletins and Reports

Bulletin No. 101 of the Maryland Agricultural
Experiment Station, gives the life histories and
remedies for common injurious insect pests of
that state. The woolly aphis, the round head-
ed borer, the San Jose scale and many others
are treated in full. Many illustrations show
the different stages of the insects and the work
they do. Several pages are also devoted to
beneficial insects and insecticides.

A report of the forty-first annual meeting of
the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association, a
copy of which has reached this office, contains
many instructive addresses and discussions.

The seventeenth annual report of the Hatch
Experiment Station, of Massachusetts, contains
much that is of interest to fruit growers. Ex-
periments with apple pomace show that it is
practically equal to corn silage in feeding value
pound for pound. A series of experiments and
special studies in pruning is being carried on.
Peach trees left unpruned for nine years are
less thrifty than those pruned. Heading back,
summer pruning and pruning to renew frozen
trees are each being tested, and definite infor-
mation will be forthcoming in an early report.
In pruning to renew frozen trees the result so
far shows that a greater percentage of the
trees moderately pruned are in better condition
than those not pruned or those heavily pruned.

Should Have a Certificate

A FRUIT GROWER.

While at the St. Louis exposition I noted that
Canada made a very fine display of fruits, On-
tario's apples for export winning in the first
class. Canada was only awarded one grand
prize for its installation and one grand prize
for the collective exhibit of fruits. Not the
least mention was made of the growers who
sent the fruits. This is not very encouraging.
The commissioners refused to make entries for
provinces, horticultural societies, or growers.
They said that it was a Dominion not a provin-
cial exhibition, and one even said, were he
pressed to act otherwise, he would resign his
position.

Shall the fruit growers of Canada unite to
force the federal authorities to have their merit
recognized at future international exhibitions?
The subject should be discussed by fruit grow-
ers' associations. Our industry deserves as
much advertisement as others and even more,
considering all the difficulties caused by climate,
insects and diseases. Every state in the union
received hundreds of prizes. Entries had been
made for each fruit grower exhibiting fruits.
Compare our position with theirs. It is humiliat-
ing for us. It does not repay the trouble of the
careful selection of fruit sent to St. Louis.

Like good wine The Horticulturist acquires I think a great deal of The Canadian Horti-

quality with age.-(Auguste Dupuis, Villiage culturist and would not like to be without it.-
des Aulnaise, Que. (W. M. Turnbull, Gait.

439

LINES OF WORK FOR HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

The matter of spending the society funds to
best advantage requires considerable attention
by the executive committees of the different
horticultural societies. The best hints can be
obtained by reading the reports from the most
successful societies. The secretaries of many
societies have sent The Horticulturist their
views as to what work is liable to result in
most good to the members and to the citizens.
The distribution of seeds, plants and bulbs is
recommended by all. All advise sending
some horticultural paper to the members, and
all except one prefer The Horticulturist. Gar-
den and lawn competitions, flower shows, ad-
dresses by authorities on suitable and season-
able topics, and other similar lines of work are
taken up by different societies.

The work done by the Deseronto society,
and outlined and illustrated on pages 432 and
433 is worthy of emulation. The Stratford so-
ciety has become famous for its annual exhibi-
tion. Guelph, Simcoe and a number of others
have made excellent progress by working
through the school children and in this way
getting the parents interested.

In different societies different metiiods must
be adopted. The directors of the society
should study what is most needed in their town
and then decide what is the best and most
satisfactory means of obtaining that need. If
the lawns and front gardens are in poor shape,
lawn competitions should give good results. If
few flowers are grown, the distribution of seeds
and flower shows might be most desirable. In
most cases, however, energetic societies can
manage to combine two or more features in
one season. ,

In the past the good work of some societies
has been detracted from by having fruit and
vegetables shown with the flowers. In these
cases trouble has been caused through the fruit
and vegetable exhibitors having scoured the
country to secure a collection of the best that
could be found in order to win the prize. When
prizes are not given the exhibitors are not
encouraged to show crops grown by others, but
many reports say that where money prizes are
not given the same enthusiasm is not displayed.
In some cases the absence of prizes has caused
a dearth of exhibitors.

The secretary of a society in western On-
tario which has been doing fine work for eight
or nine years writes : " We hold a two-day
exhibition of plants, cut flowers, fruit and
vegetables each fall, at which premiums are
awarded as stated in the prize list which is
published in April or May. Competitions in
gardens, in which the decorative effect from
the street is made a leading feature, are held,
and prizes are given for lawns from which
fences have been removed, and for boulevards.
Besides, each member receives seeds or bulbs,
or both, with a request to exhibit flowers from
them at next year's exhibition.

" These flowers are called for in the prize list
and premiums are awarded. This year we are
giving sweet pea seeds in six varieties and a
parcel of mixed flowering tulips. The peas
will appear in next year's prize list, and the

tulips are a new departure that we expect will
be appreciated. We also have had addresses
on horticultural subjects.

" No charge is made by the society for the
competition in gardens or lawns. Admission to

A Grand Old Man.

Much of the success of
many of the horticultural
societies cf Ontario, and in
cidently of The Canadian
Horticulturist, is due to the
untiring efforts of a few
luvers of the beautiful in
liorticulture who, in spite of
advancing years inclement
weather, lack of enthusiasm
on the part of the general
public (and sometimes on
lie part of their own direc-
tors), refuse to be discour-
aged, and as a result of
whose efforts their societies
ilo splendid work each year.
One of these enthusiasts is
Mr. Joseph Barker, the
secretary of the Kincardine
Horiicultural .Society. Last
-priiifj The Horticulturist
received a letter from Mr.
Barker in which he stated
that although 8i years of
age he was tramping
through the snow securing
members for his society and
readers for Tlie Horticulturist. Such devotion to a society should
encourage the secretaries of other societies, and explains, in part,
why The Horticulturist is steadily increasing in influence. The
illustration shows Mr. Barker. Ihe Kincardine society has been in
useful activity for alrout eight years. It was organized with only 15
members, at which time Mr. Barker was chosen secretary and
treasurer. The society has 126 members, and Mr. Barker still
serves as a most efficient officer in the same capacity as at the start.
Mr. Barker has been the clerk of the Division Court at Kincardine
for 40 years. He declares himself a lover of flowers from his
earliest recollection.

the lectures is free and competitions are open
to citizens. The exhibition has resulted in the
. most good, but all combined have helped to
maintain a good, strong society."

Mr. R. Walter Brooks, secretary of Brantford
society, says : " Our socitey, had it continued
only the old annual exhibition for fruit, flow-
ers and vegetables, would have ended in com-
plete failure. This year we had a new depart-
ure. In the first place we gave our members
The Canadian Horticulturist, which I think is
almost a necessity. Secondly, we distributed
to the school children about 6.000 packages of
seeds, consisting of asters, verbena, phlox,
scabiosa and salpiglossis. Thirdly, we had a
very successful exhibition. Mr. Hunt, of the
O. A. C, Guelph. said it was the most beautiful
lot of asters he ever saw.

" There were about 500 entries, for which we
gave 119 prizes in plants, consisting of arau-
carias. palms, ficus and ferns. Each exhibitor
also received a hyacinth bulb. Everything in
regard to the exhibition was free and there
was gi-eat enthusiasm among parents and chil-
dren. It is great encouragement for us as we
have had a hard pull to get members this year,
but 1 have great promise for next year. Peo-
ple want to know how so much can be done for
nothing. The only answer is, avoid unneces-
sary expense and purchase plants for prizes in
the best market."

440

WHAT THE SOCIETIES ARE DOING

The North York Horticultural Society held
an exhibition at Newmarket in conjunction
with the York County agricultural show.
Twenty departments were well represented.
Entries in tlowers totalled 197, while in plants
there were 56 competitors, and in the children's
department 223. The show was a decided suc-
cess.

PINE SHOW AT HESPELER.

Good work has been done during the sum-
mer by the horticultural society at Hespeler.
In the spring over 200 geraniums and coleuses
were distributed among the school children,
with the understanding that an exhibition
would be given in the fall for the best plants.
Interesting and practical instructions regard-
ing the care of the specimens were, given at
that time by Mr. Wm. Hunt, of the O. A. C,
Guelph. In reporting the exhibition Secretary
Davis says that the quality of the specimens at
the exhibition showed that these instructions
had been well followed. About $50 were given
in prizes and the plants were judged by Messrs.
Bryce and Lane, of Gait. Four long tables
were filled with plants, cut flowers and fruit,
while many exhibitors had to place their en-
tries on the floor.

In the evening Dr. A. Ochs called on Mr. Geo.
Pattinson, M.P.P., president of Preston so
ciety, who declared the exhibition open, and
pointed out some of the beneflts of the society
to the members and to the communnity.

The president, Mr. David Rife, presided at
the evening program, when over 400 visitors
enjoyed short addresses and vocal and instru-
mental music.

TORONTO'S OCTOBER MEETING.

A report from Mr. Chas. E. Chambers, secre-
tary of Toronto Horticultural Society, states
that an interesting meeting was held on Octo-
ber 3. " The fall care of plants " was taken
up by Mr. B. F. Collins, and Mr. Herman Sim-
mers gave an interesting and instructive ad-
dress on " Bulb culture." A resolution was
passed expressing sympathy with Mrs. Tyrrell
and her family in the death of her husband,
Mr. Edward Tyrrell, who was for many years
associated with the society both as president

PETERBORO'S COMPETITIONS.
The Peterboro society during the past season
endeavored to encourage the beautifying of the
home surroundings. Competitions were ar-
ranged for those who paid for all the labor, for
those who paid for part of the labor, and for
those who did all the work themselves. The
taste and skill displayed has proved to be
worthy of imitation and those who competed
this year are benefactors to their fellow citi-
zens. Barren and unsightly places have been
changed into beautiful gardens. In awarding
the prizes the judges did not place those which
were most extensive first. Natural conditions
were taken into consideration and awards were
made according to the skill shown in working
under adverse circumstances and producing
good effects. The prizes were awarded as fol-
lows : Class I, all done with paid labor : A.
L. Davis, 1, Hon. J. R. Stratton, 2; Mrs. Wm.

Hamilton, 3. Class II, partly home and partly
paid labor : Adam Hall, 1 ; Mrs. Kilgour, 2 ;
Thos. Tucker, 3. Class III, all home work:
Mrs. Thorndyke, 1 ; George Elliott, 2 ; James
Stevenson, 3.

The energetic directors are planning for
good work next season and have distributed
8,000 Dutch bulbs for fall planting and 7,000
tulips among the members of the society.

The Smith's Falls Horti-
cultural Society owes its ori-
gin and successful existence
largely to the energy and
work of Dr. J. S. McCalluni,
who has filled the position ol
pre.vident since ihe formation
of the society, nine years ago.
The Doctor is a many-sided
man, and is chairman of tlie
town's financ" committee, and
has served many years on the
board of education, part "I
the time as chairman. Tli'-
society has a membership "I
over ICO of the most inlelh-
gent people of the community,
and is doing a good work.
Some years ago the society
induced the corporation nl
Smith's Falls to lease from
the Dominion govenuiient a
few acres of rough, broken
land along the Ridei-u canal.
This has been reclaimed,
filled and made into a lawn,
with shrubs, flowers, etc.,
furnishing a good object les-
son in hoiticulture and an agreeable breathing place in summer for
the citizens.

Is a Good Work. — To my mind, one of the best

things any horticultural society can do is to get
in touch with the principal of the public school
in the town or district, and arrange with him
for a distribution of plants among the school
children, thereby getting the young people In-
terested in flowers, etc. This is one of the best
ways of bringing to the front the finer and bet-
ter feelings in a person ; the same applies to
adults. The more a person studies flowers,
etc., the more refined and considerate that per-
son becomes. — (R. Davis, Sec. Hespeler Horti-
cultural Soc.

DR. J. S, McCALLUM.

Exporting Apples. — We are very often likely
to taste an apple and say that is a good variety.
It would take thousands of dollars to put some
of our varieties on the market. I can mention
a dozen varieties' that are better than those we
are placing on the English market, but it would
take tens of thousands of dollars to place these
varieties there. Shipping qualities should
come first, then the keeping qualitiesv then the
appearance and finally this last point that of Its
taste. — (A. McNeill, Ottawa, before Nova Scotia
Fruit Growers' Association.

On one of the front pages of this number the
Dominion Government officials who used the
power sprayer furnished by The Spramotor
Company, of London, Ont., during the past sea-
son have endorsed this power sprayer. The
machine was operated in Nova Scotia by Mr.
G. H. Vroom in demonstration spraying. Not
a day's work was lost and there were no com-
plaints on account of want of power.

441

THE ONTARIO HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

Final preparations for tlie Ontario Korticul-
tural Exhibition which will be held in Massey
Hall, Toronto, November 14-18, have practically
been completed. Everything indicates that
this year's exhibition will be much ahead of
the one held last year, in the number and
quality of the exhibits, as well as in the at-
tendance. The prize lists have been increased,
and this year there will be an exhibit of vege-
tables in addition to the fruit, flowers and

honey.

Massey Hall, where the exhibition is to be
held, lends itself admirably to decorative ef-
fects. A committee has been at work for
some time planning the arrangement of the ex-
hibits, with the result that the hall should pre-
sent a very attractive appearance at the time
of the show. Exhibits of flowers will be made
upstairs and down, while the commercial ex-
hibits will be shown in the basement. There
will be the same special features there were
last year, including cooking demonstrations by
members of the Women's Institutes, fruit
packing demonstrations by the Dominion De-
partment of Agriculture, special exhibits by
the Ontario Fruit Experiment Stations, and by
the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, a
special exhibit by the Guelph Agricultural Col-
lege, and other features of this nature.

One of the pleasing parts of the floral section
Vvill be a competition for the best decorated
dinner table. Some of the exhibitors purpose
making a great display of cut glass, silver,
china, etc.. and it is anticipated the value of
these exhibits will amount to thousands of
dollars. In the fruit department, one of the
most interesting features will be the exhibits
by the cooperative fruit associations through-
out the province. An evidence of the great
interest taken in the show is afforded by the
fact that nine county councils have made
special grants to encourage exhibitors from
their counties. All the fruit shown at Simcoe
will be exhibited at the Toronto Exhibition.

As was the case last j-ear, a special feature
of the exhibition will be the various conven-
tions, four of which will be held. These in-
clude the convention of the Ontario Fruit Grow-
ers' Association, which will take place Tues-
day, Wednesday, Thursday ; the first conven-
tion of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Asso-
ciation, which will be held Thursday and Fri-
day, and the convention of representatives
from the horticultural societies in the province,
which will be held Friday. At this latter con-
vention the formation of a provincial horticul-
tural association will be considered.

The main features of the fruit growers' pro-
gram include a directors' meeting, Tuesday
afternoon, a public meeting Tuesday evening,
at which the Hon. Nelson Monteith, Minister
of Agriculture, the Hon. Sydney Fisher, Do-
minion Minister of Agriculture, and A. M.
Brown, of Wyoming. Delaware, will be the
principal speakers. On Wednesday morning the
president's annual address will be given, after
which general business will be disposed of.
In the afternoon the report of the New Fruits
Committee will be considered. Mr. Harold

Jones, of Maitland, will speak on " Selection
of Sites for Orchards." Mr. G. C. Caston, of
Craighurst, and Mr. W. T. Macoun. of Ottawa,
will speak on " The Effect of Manuring on
Hardiness for Northern Districts:" Mr. J. G.
Mitchell will speak on " Plums," and an ad-
dress will be given by Mr. L. Woolverton.
Wednesday evening the Transportation Com-

Oue of the most enthusiastic
Workers in Ontario iti tbe
cause of horticulture is Major
H. J. Snelj;ruve, .\I. A , of
Cobourg, who for ten years
has been the Secretary of the
Coburg Horticuhural baciety.
Major .Snelgrove i> the chair-
man of tliecommitteeappoint-
ed at the time of the Ontario
Horticultural Exhibition last
year, to consii!er the advisa-
bility of forming a ptovincial
horticultural association and
to suggest changes in the Act
governing the horticultural
societies of Ontario. 1 his
committee will present its
report at the convention of

delegates from horti ultuial societies which will be held Friday,

November 17, at the time of the Ontario Horticultural E.\hibition.

It is men like Major Siielgrove who are making a success of the

work of our horticultur.il societies.

mittee will present its report and Mr. A. M.
Brown, of Delaware, will speak. The meeting
Thursday morning will be devoted to the con-
sideration of matters that will come before the
Dominion conference of fruit growers. At the
afternoon session Prof. F. T. Shutt, M.A., will
speak on " Fertilizers for Orchard Crops," and
Mr. Robt. Thompson will give the result of the
fruit shipments to W^innipeg.

The Vegetable Growers' Association will listen
to addresses by Professors Lochhead, Harcourt
and Zavitz, of Guelph ; Mr. J. L. Hilborn, of
Leamington ; Mr. W. C. McCalla. of St. Catha-
rines; Mr. John Hyatt, of Westlake ; Mr. R.
Brodie. of Westmount, a speaker representing
the Canadian Canners' Association, and a
speaker from the United States. The ar-
rangement of the program has not been finally
completed, but will be shortly.

The Horticultural Convention will be held on
Friday. An effort is being made to induce the
various horticultural societies to run excur-
sions to Toronto. At the morning session the
advisability of forming a provincial association
will be discussed, and there will be addresses
by officers of horticultural societies regarding
the best methods of work. In the afternoon
the principal speakers will be Mr. Wm. Hunt,
of Guelph, and Mr. W. T. Macoun, of the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Useful Information.— The lover of beautiful
gardens and those who appreciate fine house
plants should secure one of J. A. Simmer's
latest seed catalogues. The annual autumn
catalogue published this fall is replete with il-
lustrations and gives a full description of pot
plants for indoor culture, and desirable spring
flowering bulbs. Hardy perennials and an-
nuals which may be planted or sown in the
fall, ornamental shrubs, and garden tools and
requisites fill up the back pages. It is free and
worth writing for.

442

VEGETABLE GROWERS AND THE TARIFF

The Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association
has definitely decided to have a deputation
wait on the tariff commission, when it sits in
Toronto, to ask for a change in the tariff on
vegetables. The case for the growers will be
presented by the Hon. J. W. St. John, M. L. A.,
and by Mr. A. Campbell, M. P., who will be
supported by such well known growers as
Messrs. W. A. Emory, of Aldershot, president
of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association;
W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines ; A. McMeans,
of Brantford ; J. L. Hilborn, of Leamington ;
a representative of the Toronto Vegetable
Growers' Association, and by other leading
growers.

During the past six weeks the secretary of
the Ontario association has been in communi-
cation with the Departments of Trade and
Commerce in Canada and the United States
with the object of ascertaining the position of
both countries in regard to the tariff. The in-
formation gained has been laid before the
branch vegetable growers' associations
throughout Ontario, each of which has been
asked to prepare a statement phowing the
changes its members would like to see made in
the tariff. A meeting of a special committee,
appointed by the president of the Ontario as-
sociation, to consider the replies from the
branch associations and to adopt a line of ac-
tion before the tariff commission, was held re-
cently in Hamilton. Those present included
Messrs. W. A. Emory, of Aldershot, the presi-
dent ; E. J. Mahoney, of Hamilton ; A. Mc-
Means, of Brantford ; F. F. Reeves, of Humber
Bay, and the secretary of the Ontario associa-
tion. The reports from the branch associa-
tions throughout the province showed that the
growers feel they would have no cause for

complaint were there free trade between the
United States and Canada. As it is, however,
the United States tariff is much higher on sev-
eral lines of produce than is the Canadian
tariff, which is felt to be a great injustice. It
was decided, therefore, to make the cry of the
association " Free trade or an equal tariff."

The need for an increased duty on several
lines of vegetables, such as asparagus, green
beans and watermelons, was realized, but ow-
ing to the fact that the number of growers pro-
ducing these vegetables is limited, compared
with the large number of people who consume
Such vegetables, the committee decided that it
would be best to ask for an increase in the
duty on only those vegetables which are the
most largely produced in Canada and on which
the United States competition is the most
keenly felt. These include cabbages, cucum-
bers, celery, onions (dry), potatoes and toma-
toes. The duty to be asked for on each of
these vegetables was decided on. In no case
will it be higher than the United States duty
on similar lines of Canadian produce entering
the States. In the case of cucumbers and to-
matoes it was decided to ask for an ad valorem
duty, but to stipulate that in no case will an
invoice be accepted if marked, in the case of
cucumbers, at less than 2.5 cents a dozen and
in the case of tomatoes at one cent a pound.

It was decided not to ask for a duty which
would prevent the importation of these vege-
tables into Canada, but which would be enough
to prevent their being slaughtered on the Can-
adian markets at prices below the cost of pro-
duction on this side of the line. The duty to
be asked for will not be published until the
tariff commission meets.

THE FRUIT SHIPMENTS TO WINNIPEG

The shipments of fruit to Winnipeg made by
a few of the members of the St. Catharines
Cold Storage Co. are still going forward at date
of writing, October 25, at the rate of two cars
per week, but they will end by the last of the
month. The detailed statements of individual
sales are not to hand for a number of the last
cars, but the prices the fruit sold for are re-
ceived twice a week by wire. The shippers
have sifted down to about eight, who have
stuck to their guns and have unbounded faith
in the final result. Details will have to be held
over until next month— but the shippers are
unanimous in expressing the opinion that only
cooperative associations can successfully hope
to compete in the Winnipeg market.

Were the small shippers who forwarded fruit
in the early cars without experience
asked as to their opinion and the prices they
received they would be very apt to say that the
Winnipeg dealers are a set of thieves, but
those who have stayed by the shipments
throughout say imhesitatingly that the prices
obtained are iDctter on the whole than -.lose
paid on the Ontario markets, and so they
should be, as more pains in packing are neces-

sary, as well as in selecting the fruit. The
point they feel the most satisfied over is often
overlooked by the ordinary shipper, and that
is that the 30 carloads of fruit were kept off
our own markets and thus helped to stiffen
prices instead of to depress the Ontario market.
At the beginning of the season two or three
of the shippers commenced to wrap and box
their pears. They have kept it up and are
now sending from 100 to 250 boxes in each car.
These boxes are packed equal to the best Cali-
fornias, and what is more satisfactory the
prices received have paid the shippers well for
their time and trouble. The boxes used are
the American and British Columbia pear boxes
holding 40 or 42 pounds of pears net. or 45 to
47 pounds gross. This box can he packed
much better and more easily than the half case.
The cost of. wrapping and paper costs about 10
cents per box. The Ontario cars are now be-
ing looked for on sale days in Winnipeg, and
the class of buyers is improving. The Depart-
ment of Agriculture at Ottawa has been plac-
ing thermographs in the majority of the cars,
and the records, with two exceptions, have
been very satisfactory. In the case of the ex-

443

444

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

ceptions the fruit was placed in the car warm
on a clay when the temperature outside was
about 90 degrees. One carload was placed in
storage over night and cooled to 42 degrees.
The thermograph started at 4.5 degrees and
dropped the first day to 42 degrees and re-
mained there for 36 hours and then advanced
to 50 degrees for nearly two days, and finally
dropped to 42 degrees, where it remained until
the car was opened. Very good time has been
made by most of the cars, about five days be-

ing the record. Five cars of different makes
were tested as refrigerators and five also as
ventilators. Three or four men have accom-
panied these cars. The last to go (on October
18) was Albert Pay, whose car arrived in Win-
nipeg October 23, or in less than five days.
When these men all return a meeting will be
called at the Cold Storage Company's office and
the railway men will be invited to attend,
when these men will present their reports.

HINTS FROM A BRITISH IMPORTER

During October Mr. .Joel Goodwin, one of
Manchester's leading fruit dealers, visited On-
tario and incidentally studied fruit conditions.
'• In Canada," said Mr. Goodwin to The Horti-
culturist, " only fruit that will ship well should
be grown. Colored fruit sells better than un-
colored. The Englishman wants something
showy and will take a variety that is highly
colored although the quality is not so good. It
seems to be a hard matter to teach Canadians
to pack properly. Many of the packages,
when they reach Great Britain, appear to have
been put up by persons who had never seen
packing done properly. The proper way is to
have some man who understands packing do it
all. There is no use trusting the average
farmer to do it.

'• The greatest satisfaction is given by the
Canadian barreled fruit. The packing is done
better, and boxed goods do not sell so well on
our market. Two years ago when barrels
were scarce in Canada and boxes were sent it
was difficult to make sales. Many of the boxes
were weak and spread enough to allow the
fruit to become slack. Besides, barrels arrive

in better condition, as their shape leaves space
between them for ventilation during transport.
Cold storage is necessary for the boxes and
that entails extra expense.

" I usually get my supply of apples by con-
signment, but have had some sent direct from
the growers. The dealers are better informed
as to market conditions and understand the
business better than the average producer.
Selling fruit is a business distinct from grow-
ing, and as a rule the farmer is willing to sell
at a paying price if he has no risk to run.

" Better steamship service is needed be-
tween Canadian ports and Manchester. Our
merchants could handle 15,000 or 20,000 bar-
rels a week if the steamers would bring them.
We must have a weekly service, and if the
Manchester lines cannot give it I may put on
some steamers myself. The very best boats,
fitted with cool chambers, are needed for the
apple trade. The steamship companies claim
that there is no money in carrying freight, but
if the best boats were put on more trade w^ould
result and then it would pay."

More Cars Demanded

Owing to the great scarcity of cars for hand-
ling the late crop of tender fruits and the bulk
of the apples, a meeting of the transportation
committee of the Ontario Fruit Growers' As-
sociation was held in the Grand Union Hotel,
Toronto, on October 16. Messrs. W. H. Bunt-
ing and Robt. Thompson, of St. Catharines; E.
D. Smith, of Winona; W. L. Smith, H. W. Daw-
son and P. W. Hodgetts, secretary of the Fruit
Growers' Association, discussed the situation.
Great losses have resulted to several shippers.
It was estimated that there would be 300,000
barrels awaiting shipment within three weeks,
and owing to the millers asking for cars to
bring wheat from the west for Ontario mills
the shortage in rolling stock was likely to be-
come serious.

The committee considered that since fruit
was a perishable product and apple shippers
were paying a higher rate for their shipments
special efforts should be made to aid the fruit
men at this critical time. It was decided to
ask the Railway Commission to compel the
railways to give preference to the shipments
of apples until the congestion has been re-
lieved. A petition to this effect has been sent
to the commission.

Packed When Green

A. McNeill, chief, fruit division,

OTTAWA.

Mr. J. J. Philp, Dominion Fruit Inspector,
Winnipeg, notes the especially large quantity
of Fameuse apples arriving in bad condition,
and attributes this to the fact that these apples
have been packed on the green or somewhat
immature side. A large quantity of fruit has
arrived at its destination in a wasty condition
this year as the result of its being shipped
while yet immature.

The idea that fruit must be packed green to
ship and keep well is so strongly intrenched in
the public mind that it will take much time and
patient teaching to eradicate this erroneous
impression. Scientific experiments, under-
taken for the purpose by the Department of
Agriculture at Washington. D. C, have shown
that to keep and ship well, fruit must be just
mature but not over ripe. Green fruit spoils
as readily as over ripe fruit. Mr. Philp's re-
ference was specially to Snow apples. The
Fruit Division, Ottawa, gives it as the experi-
ence of its inspectors that these apples cannot
be shipped profitably in barrels. They must
be classed as a tender fruit, and the box is the
largest package that should be used for them.

OF INTEREST TO FRUIT GROWERS.

445

Results of the Windstorm

The worst storm that has struck Ontario or-
chards for a great number of years occurred
during the third week of October. Fruit In-
spector Carey, of Toronto, who recently vis-
ited Northumberland county, states that the
growers there claim that 50 per cent, of the
fruit on unpicked trees had been blown down.
Mr. Carey estimated that 30 to 40 per cent, had
fallen. The ground was literally covered with
excellent fruits and gangs of pickers gathered
them like potatoes so that they would not be
further damaged while the remainder of the
crop was being harvested.

All this fallen fruit will be rushed on the
market or put in storage and in either case the
result will be serious if the fruit men do not
act with prudence. Windfalls do not give
satisfaction in store, and if rushed on the mar-
ket a glut will be caused. Some fruit which
fell on soft ground was not seriously damaged
and appears all right, but the consumer is dis-
satisfied when a bruise is found. ''This storm
and the effects which are likely to follow," re-
marked Mr. Carey, " are the only drawbacks to
a prosperous year for fruit growers."

Mr. Carey advises that special care be taken
in selecting apples that are to be shipped. A
few of the least damaged can be shipped with
fair success, but the badly bruised fruit should
be sent to the evaporator. Naturally, the
grower is anxious to send all he can at higher
prices, irrespective of the damage to the fruit
industry, but in this case he must act pru-
dently.

Fraudulent Packing

A number of cases of fraudulent packing
have been reported from different sections of
Ontario. In a recent interview with Domin-
ion Fruit Inspector Carey, The Horticulturist
learned that cases were under consideration at
St. Catharines, Aldershot, Oakville, Meaford
and other places. Several growers have been
prosecuted and fines imposed on the trans-
gressors. Mr. Carey favors lenient treatment
but claims that the educational stage is past
and those fruit growers who pei'sist in violat-
ing the law can expect little consideration in
future. They have been given time to ac-
quaint themselves with the requirements and
heavy fines will be imposed.

A marked improvement in packing is re-
ported, ' as the majority of growers are co-
operating to bring the desired results. There
are, however, some unscrupulous packers who
have not the best interests of the fruit indus-
try at heart. The principal defects have been
over facing and wrong marking. In several
cases XX fruit has been marked XXX. " We
must," said Mr. Carey, " have honest packing
and grading up to the standard."

Cool Fruit Before Packing

A. McNBILL, CHIEF OF THE FRUIT
I>IVISION, OTTAWA.

The Dominion fruit inspectors at Montreal
draw attention to a most serious source of loss
to apple shippers. When inspecting- fruit un-
der the Fruit Marks Act they also test it with a
thermometer for the purpose of arriving at some
knowledge of its condition. There are numer-
ous cases of the fruit standing at 75 to 78 de-
grees in the barrel when the outside tempera-
ture is between 50 and 60 degrees. Such pack-
ages going into ordinary storage are almost cer-
tain to arrive in the Old Country in bad condi-
tion.

It mends matters somewhat to place them in
cold storage, but even cold storage cannot re-
store to proper condition fruit that has been
some days packed in a barrel at this tempera-
ture. The heat developed by the fermentation
of the apples themselves would almost counter-
balance the effect of the refrigerator plant, so
that it is doubtful whether the centre of the bar-
rel would be materially affected before the
apples reached the English market. Our pack-
ers must learn that the apples should be put in
the barrels cold, and that a barrel of apples,
even in the cold storage chamber, cannot be
cooled thoroughly in less than a week or 10
days. Hence, the necessity of cooling them be-
fore they are placed in the barrel.

Fruit Inspector Carey states that fully 200,000
barrels of apples will go into storage in North-
umberland county. These will consist chiefly
of Spys, Ben Davis, Baldwins and Russets.

Items of Interest

The British Columbia Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation has decided to make a display of fruit
again this year at the annual Royal Horticul-
tural Exhibition which opens in London, Eng.,
on December 5. Over 600 boxes of apples and
about 100 boxes of pears are being selected
from the crop in the different sections of the
province. The British Columbia exhibit was
awarded two gold medals last year.

The largest cargo of apples ever exported
from Montreal left on October 6 on the Allan
liner, Bavarian. This record load consisted
of 28,560 barrels and 765 boxes. The inspec-
tor from the Department of Agriculture had a
busy time looking after proper marking and
taking the temperatures. Each package was
clearly marked "Canadian apples."

Reports from diiferent parts of Canada tell
of freaks in fruit trees and bushes this season.
In Mr. W. G. Watson's orchard, at Dixie, a
bunch of healthy blossoms was found within a
few inches of mature fruit. In Dufferin
county Mrs. Thos. Hinton, sr., of Black's Cor-
ners, picked well formed strawberries of splen-
did flavor in October. A second crop of rasp-
berries matured on some bushes in Mr. Jos.
Chantler's garden in Simcoe county. At
Peterboro, Mr. Robt. Daly also picked ripe
raspberries in mid-October.

The interests of the fruit industry are being
looked after by Inspector Gifford, who laid
charges against Messrs. Godfrey, Dyce and
Ellis, of Meaford, for- violation of Section 6 of

446

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the Fruit Marks Act. Mr. McNeill, Chief of
the Fruit Division, Ottawa, in reporting that
these men were convicted, says that present
demand points to bright prospects for a large
and permanent trade for fruit that can be ship-
ped through Georgian Bay ports to the North-
west and that it is not in the interests of the
fruit growers to have this trade jeopardized
by carelessness or fraud on the part of a few
packers.

Fruit Notes

It has not been definitely decided when the
Minister of Agriculture will call the Dominion
Conference of Fruit Growers, but presumably
it will be some time in February or early in
March. The delegates will be called from the
different provinces in about the following pro-
portions : Prince Edward Island, 2 ; Nova
Scotia, 4 ; New Brunswick, 2 ; Quebec, 4 ; On-
tario, 9 ; Manitoba, 1 ; Saskatchewan, 1 ; Al-
berta, 1 ; British Columbia, 4. In addition, it
is probable that there will be one fruit expert
representing the provincial government and
provinces interested. The secretaries of the
different provincial fruit growers' associations
have been notified, so that should there be any
subjects on which they would like to instruct
delegates they will have an opportunity of do-
ing so at their annual meetings.

Mr. Maxwell Smith, Dominion Fruit Inspector
for the Province of British Columbia, writes
that a very large proportion of the apples ar-
riving from southern points up to date this sea-
son have been condemned for codling moth.
Scarcely a year passes but Ontario shippers
are induced to send apples to British Columbia,
and it very seldom happens that these apples
successfully pass the pest inspectors, which, of
course, entails a serious loss upon the shippers.
It is necessary, to enter British Columbia, that
the fruit be absolutely free from codling moth,
a condition that can scarcely be met in ordinary
years by Ontario fruit.

Record time was made in the shipment of
fruit made recently by the St. Catharines For-
warding Co., which Mr. P. J. Carey accompa-
nied to Winnipeg. The trip from St. Catha-
rines to Winnipeg was made in four days and
20 hours. The shipment consisted of pears,
peaches, grapes, tomatoes and a few apples.
Mr. Carey reports that everything was in good
condition on arrival and encouraging sales
were made. It was the first shipment of
peaches for the season. They were somewhat
immature but sold readily at $1.25 a case.
With care and fair transportation facilities, it
is claimed the most tender fruits can be put
on the Winnipeg market and sold at a profit
in large quantities. Defective packing and
improper selection are said to be the chief
causes of the slow progress in bringing the
merits of Ontario fruits to the front.

The blueberry crop in the neighborhood of
Kenora (Rat Portage) amounted this year to
about 155 tons, the price varying from 7 to 10
cents per pound.— (A. McNeill, Fruit Division,
Ottawa.

Mrs. W. Keith, of Newmarket, who recently
l>urchased bulbs to the value of $1.12 from J.
A. Simmers, of Toronto, through seeing Mr.
Simmers' advertisement in The Horticulturist,
has been sent a handsome premium by The
Horticulturist. We give premiums to all our
readers who purchase from advertisers.

The Tomato Situation

The Grantham vegetable growers held a
special meeting on October 14 to take action
on the tomato situation for the season of 1906,
as some of the factories try to secure contracts
when paying the growers off at the end of the
season. A large number of growers were
present.

The results of this season's work were con-
sidered and all were unanimous in agreeing to
stick together. A committee was appointed
to keep in touch with the situation and be pre-
pared to take any needed action.

A Secret of High Prices

E. H. WARTMAN, DOMINION FRUIT
INSPECTOR, MONTREAL.

Canadian fruit growers should know a few
facts relating to the transportation of Califor-
nia plums via Montreal to Glasgow. I had the
pleasure of inspecting five standard three-box
crates California Tragedy plums out of a car
of 1,130 crates. Each plum was well wrapped
in soft paper, well graded as to size and quality,
three plums deep. After inspecting these five
crates to the bottom I decided they were in per-
fect condition.

News of this kind to shippers serves as a
warning to those who have the very responsi-
ble position of looking after the temperatures
of these chambers aboard ocean liners. A
shipment went forward last season and landed
in such perfect condition that the fruit de-
manded lOd. or 20 cents per pound over the
counter. This fruit usually sells for one cent
per pound or 60 cents per bushel in California.
T\''hen we consider 20 cents per pound, or $12
per bushel on the other side, it is evident some
one must be reaping a great harvest. But the
little secret should be better known among our
growers. The fruit is picked' at the proper
time and most beautifully wrapped and packed.
It is placed in cool air and kept there to its
journey's end. All this may seem a lot of
trouble and expense, (but it is a most perfect
system, and he wlho practices it will be well re-
munerated.

I like boxes very much, and think them a
better package for early apples than barrels. I
think too that the best winter apples should sell
to better advantage in boxes, but the old coun-
try trade seems prejudiced in favor of barrels.
— (R. A. Thomas, Barrie, Ont.

I enjoy The Horticulturist very much and do
not wish to discontinue it — (Adam Brown, An-
nan, Ont.

COMMISSION SALES IN GREAT BRITAIN

A CANADIAN IX ENGLAND.

"WTiile I do not believe there is as much fraud
connected with the sale of Canadian apples in
British markets as has, sometimes, been
charged, still I believe there is considerable
fraud. Openings for such are evident, even
though many firms are quite too honorable to
take advantage of them.

I advise Canadian growers to have a Cana-
dian, preferably one of themselves, to represent
them in England. Such a man might confine
his attentions to Liverpool and endeavor to cer-
tify the correctness of Liverpool returns, or he
might have a roving commission, with authority
to see books of any brokers whose returns are
questioned by the shippers. Brokers would, no
doubt, be quite willing to agree in advance that
their books should be open for inspection by
any accredited representative of the shippers.
The idea is capable of elaboration in many
ways. As far as engaging a man over here to

influence the bulk of the sales is concerned, I
cannot see any necessity for outlays on the part
of Canadian growers for suoh a purpose. If
the fruit is carefully put up on the cooperative
principle, so that large lots of any given variety
and grade will turn out uniformly, barrel after
barrel, the demand will not only be easily found,
but is already waiting.

To put it briefly, the goods will sell them-
selves if they are right, and what the Ontario
grower wants is the assurance that he will get
all the fruit produces, less actual and necessary
expenses for freight, dues, and commission. It
must not be difficult for the growers to get
transportation on extremely easy terms for one
or two representatives, whose expenses for say
one month, November 15 to December 15, would
be a very small matter in comparison with the
sum that would be required to keep a man em-
ployed over here by the year.

SPRAYING COMPETITION CHALLENGE

W. H. BRAND, GRIMSBY, ONT.

In your issue for October I find some repre-
sentations which, in the interests of both the
purchasing public and ourselves, require cor-
rection. They are found under the headings
" Spraying machines at Toronto," " Little
Giant Sprayer," and in the advertisement of
their manufacturers. They are : " Besides
being the cheapest machine on the market, it
is also the only one that automatically sprays
two rows of grapes as well as small fruits at
the same time. These machines are now in
perfect running order, having long since passed
the experimental stage. Fruit growers may
feel assured that they are obtaining the best
when they purchase a Little Giant Sprayer.
Mr. E. D. Smith is using one of their sprayers
and does not possess one of the Spramotor ma-
chines. This sprayer is the most complete
machine on the market. Unreliable agents
tell you they sell a machine just as good, but
don't be deceived; buy a Little Giant which
has stood the test on many large fruit farms
during the past summer and has never been
known to disappoint. The Little Giant is a
Canadian made machine that many try to
imitate but have not succeeded." etc.

Now. as Wallace Power Sprayers and m^'self
appear to be directly included in these sweep-
ing assertions, I deem it well within my right
to draw attention to the positive facts and pre-
vent the uninformed from being " deceived "
by such statements and place them on the cor-
rect basis to judge which make of machine pro-
duces a correct spray, enough of it, holds it
long enough to do thorough work at each stop,
is the most economical in the use of mixtures,
produces the most paying results, requires the
least expenditure for help while in operation
and would really be " the cheapest " for them
to invest in.

A proper spray is one composed of very fine,
mist-like atoms not coarse (like that commonly
called a "Scotch mist"), and is one that will

not drench the foliage to the dripping point
when applied from nozzles passing by at a rea-
sonable walk. If it be too coarse it will gather
in drops and carry with it the very ingredients
desired to deposit. The same thing results
from directing even the finest spray too long
in any one spot. In doing this it carries with
it components such as Paris green, which is
not perfectly soluble in water; blue vitriol,
white arsenic, etc., as these remain in a very
fine but heavy powder. A proper spray, pro-
perly applied, is no heavier than an ordinarily
light dew on the foliage. To obtain this pro-
per spray we require machines capable of gen-
erating very high pressures— as high as 200
pounds sometimes— and furnishing enough vol-
ume of spray to accomplish thorough and speedy
work in whatever we are spraying. Not only
so, but, as we sometimes find it absolutely
necessary to halt at a tree in order to finish it
thoroughly, or. on account of using extension
rods have to make a stop at each tree, we must
have a reserve force and extra room for the
storage under that force of sufficient mixture
to do the work required. In the most economi-
cal of power sprayers, this force is compressed
air— a quantity which is free to all and only
requires placing in proper shape to do many
things other than apply the brakes on railway
cars. This is the agent employed in Wallace
m;achines. and in most of them it is got by
power from the wheels or axles of the vehicle
that carries the outfit as the horses (or horse)
draws it along. Our pumps are made finely
enough to compress air to 40 or4o pounds pres-
sure without the use of liquid. After we get
the required amount of air to do the work con-
templated, we turn the suction on liquid and
run up a pressure of 200 pounds if it is re-
quired. (Most people run between 70 and 160
pounds.) The length of time we can stand
and spray depends on the size of the machine
and the number of nozzles being used. The

448

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

way to judge which of these machines will best
perform the work is to be governed by the ver-
dicts of users of them, or those who see both
makes in actual operation.

To decide which is the cheapest is to learn
which is most capable of making the covering
capacity of the mixtures the greatest, accom-
plishing the greatest amount of work in the
shortest time (thus reducing expense for time
of help and team) and with the smallest
amount of help, and then take into account
their original cost and make comparisons.
When this has been done correctly the point
of which produces the most paying results will
have been met and decided.

First, let me inform every reader of this
article that Wallace Power Sprayers are not in
the same class as the Little Giant. They are
strictly air compressors, and are the only ma-
chines of that class now being sold or exten-
sively used in Canada or having a resident re-
presentative here. They are leaders, and are
so far ahead of such combinations as the Little
Giant that the latter will have a long lap to
cover in catching up. I intend to use, as much
as I can, Canadian made trucks and tanks in
mounting the 4-wheelers. and to make here in
Canada many of the attachments for their vari-
ous uses. We furnish these in sufficient variety
to enable our customers to spray most thor-
oughly two grape row sides " at the same
time " (this has been done by some of them
with my own make of grape spars on the
" Standard " machines during the past season,
and I am credited with having the best design
extant. I intend to further improve it for next
year's work), or two rows of anything else that
grows in the bushy row form, or four rows and
upward of strawberries, potatoes, tobacco, etc.,
or twelve feet and upward in width when
spraying to kill mustard, etc., and tree spars,
which make it possible for one man to handle
both the levers and spar and thoroughly spray
largest apple trees without halting from start
to finish of each row in doing the work. All
he requires is a boy to drive the team for him.
We design our own fixtures and improve them
as we find necessary or of use to our custom-
ers. W^e will also get up for them any special
arrangement of nozzles their work demands,
and we guarantee every machine.

The Little Giant has not, and never had any-
thing worth our while to attempt to copy or
" imitate." My opinion is that this boot is on
the left foot. At some of the fairs at which
both of us were present I found this man mak-
ing very close examinations of our "Junior"
and " Duplex " machines. As these machines
and their various improvements are protected
by patents I trust his rashness will not lead
him into attempting to adopt some of our pat-
terns. The demand for Wallace Power Spray-
ers is such that the company have had to buy
more yard and store room and enlarge their
factory to cover one acre more.

Regarding Mr. E. D. Smith, let me say that
he not only possesses a Little Giant, but also
a Spramotor and a Wallace " Standard." He

uses the first named for nursery stock only,
the Spramotor for vineyard work, and the
" Standard " for all his heavy orchard work, of
which he has a sufficient acreage to keep it
steadily going during the spraying season. On
receipt of request I will forward any of your
readers a 20-inch circular on which will be
found Mr. Smith's commendations of our ma-
chines and those of a number of others who
own and use them here in Canada and some in
the United States. On it, also, will be found a
number of hard facts regarding our machines
and other useful information along the same
line. A postcard will bring it.

Regarding Toronto Fair. I happened to be a
visitor there and saw other power sprayers
than the Little Giant, and when I passed both
exhibits the other exhibitors seemed to have
" won more friends " by three times the num-
ber I saw around the latter. To a group of
my acquaintances who interviewed the Little
Giant man, he stated that a Mr. Orr said that
he would give his present possessions in the
line of sprayers for a Little Giant. My query
is why he did not make the deal. Let us see.
Mr. Orr and Mr. R. H. Dewar own both a Spra-
motor and a Wallace " Standard." (In my cir-
cular will be found an extract from their letter
also.) Are we to infer that this man consid-
ered these machines too risky to venture his
cash in ? Here is Mr. Orr's reply to my ques-
tions regarding this: "It is utterly false. I
made no such offer to any one: I am not quite
so foolish. It is the veriest nonsense. It oc-
curs to me that I met this man on the car one
day and he gave me a glowing representation
of the capabilities of his machine, the correct-
ness of which I have yet to see verified. I may
have said that I would give a good deal for a
machine that would do all that he claimed for
his, but I made no offer whatever. I have yet
to be convinced regarding his machine." My
own personal opinion leads me to view him as
leaning too readily toward this style of talk.
It is also strengthened by the fact that
I personally overheard him making use
of a statement in a manner calculated
to make a most damaging impression re-
garding our machines, and my advice to
him and the writer of the statements
herein complained of is to comb down some-
what and be content with plain modest truth
in regard to his representations of both his
own and other makes of machines even if he
does not wish to accord toward the latter the
spirit of common fairness nor cares how he
jeopardizes his own public reputation for
veracity and the common self-respect possessed
by all honorable dealers in so doing. In so
far as I am personally concerned, his blustera-
tions carry no weight nor cause me the least
concern, because I am too well aware as to
how much he knows about the whole spraying
business, and how much he has yet to learn
regarding it. I also estimate that the ma-
jority will very quickly learn the same things.

My object in dealing at all wich this matter
is as at first stated— I do not care to see the

SOMETfifVG ABOUT SPRAVl.VG MACHIXES.

449

uninformed " deceived." I will give this man
an opportunity to demonstrate the correctness
of his representations on or before November
15 at some place in the Winona vicinity to be
agreed upon, he to name the date and invite
(through the press) all who are interested in
these machines or sprayers of any make for
any rural purpose. He may cover the whole
of Canada if he chooses. He may also have
a committee of judges if he wishes, eitlier two
or five. He to name one or two and I will do
likewise and these can select the other man.

Readers of The Horticulturist will then have
other than the writings of the Little Giant man
as authority on which is " the most complete
sprayer on the market;" learn if "it has
enough power;" possess from an actual demon-
stration the " proof of the superiority " of the
machine which gives the evidence that it pos-
sesses it; learn whether it has or has not "long
since passed the experimental stage;" see for
themselves the " test " and judge whether or
not they would be " obtaining the best when
they purchase a Little Giant Sprayer," or
whether all these are better embodied in Wal-
lace machines. At the same time I would
show them a cart-machine that will surprise
them when they see its power and scope. I
will also lend to any inquirer after information
regarding spraying and spraying apparatus,
my services, and will be impartial in giving
any desired answers. I invite closest investi-

gation of our system. Instead of giving only
three names out of the " many " regarding the
" sprayer which has stood the test on many
large fruit farms" (? these are the only ones
I can find), I will give a whole list of them re-
garding Wallace machines and get as many
more, if wanted. We do not write our own
testimonials, nor accept or publish any unless
dictated by the individual whose authority is
subscribed. How about the Little Giant ? If
my challenge is accepted please advise at ear-
liest possible date, as I wish to plan to be on
hand.— Advertisement.

Has a Spramotor Machine

In the October issue of The Horticulturist
appeared a statement regarding the Little
Giant sprayer, in which it was stated that Mr.
E. D. Smith, of Winona, does not possess a
Spramotor machine. We have since been in-
formed by Messrs. Perkins & Paine, of Port
Dover, that what they desired to have pub-
lished in The Horticulturist was that Mr. B. D.
Smith does not possess a power spramotor ma-
chine.

We are informed that Mr. Smith has both a
hand and a horse-power Spramotor machines,
purchased last season, and that these machines
have been giving every satisfaction. We pub-
lished the item in good faith and take pleasure
in making this correction.

> <

Cheap Offer of Surplus Bulbs j

c In order to quickly dispose of any bulbs left after tilling our orders, we oiier them to our J

5 patrons in the form of a Surprise Collection, worth at catalogue prices two or three times the price C

J charged in this way. We shall make them up into generous assortments, well selected, and all of #

\ good, sound bulbs, but the choice must be leftstrictly with us. Customers will, however, be al- S

5 lowed to indicate a preference, and if the bulbs requested are still in stock, it will be complied with- «

J These collections, which may be had for either House or Garden Culture, will not be filled before Nov. #

C 5th, but orders will be booked at any time before that. No selection will be made for less than $1.00, >

$ but orders for any larger amount will be filled in the same liberal manner. We pay the postage. <

•% Much more liberal collections can be sent when ordered by express, <

70 SHRUBS -- 95 PERENNIALS

S In our Fall Catalogue, we offer the above number of varieties, all hardy for #

S planting- at this season of the year. You will not find this list equalled by any firm c
S in the Dominion. Don't put off planting- any longer. \

The WEBSTER FLORAL COMPANY, limited

Florists, Nurserymen and Seedmex.

HAMILTON, CANADA-

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

45^^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

The Price of Fruit

L. WOOL.VERTON. SECY OF ONTARIO
FRUIT STATION'S, GRIMSBY, ONT.

Supply and demand must always regulate the
prices of fruits, providing the sale is regulated
by business metJiods. We owe much to the
commission man in the larger cities, for when
we have an over production how else can we
force quick sales ? The fault has been in ship-
ping on corrmiission or auction, to small out-
side towns, in competition with the bulk of our
own fruit going' to the cities. In such places
f. o. b. sales should always be made, otherwise
the prices for our whole crop are lowered. Here
is the secret of our recent failures, and nothing
cojild be more foolish ajid unbusinesslike.

Classified Jldvcrtiscments

Advertisements under this heading will be in-
serted at the rate of ten cents per line, each
insertion ; minimum charge, fifty cents in
advance.

ANTED — SUBSCRIPTION CANVASSERS
for The Canadian Horticulturist both in cities
anil in the fruit districts of Canada Liberal com-
missions oliered. (Jood men soon put on salary.
Write The Canadian Horticulturist, Rooms 507-508,
Manning Chambers. Toronto, Ont.

FOR SALE CHEAP— ONE OF THE CLEANEST
and best eijuipped greenhouses in Toronto.
Everything in splendid condition, carnations planted,
excellent stock of ferns and general stock of plants,
10,000 feet of glass. Apply at once to F. C, care
of The Canadian Horticulturist.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Parks, Cemeteries, Public and Private
Pleasure Grounds made by

Chas. Ernest Woolverton, Landscape Gardener

GRIMSBY

Drawings made to a scale, so that any gardener may carry

them out. Correspondence solicited.

Smooth, Rich Cheese

depends on the way the curd is
salted.

The salt must be pure — like
Windsor Cheese Salt.

The salt must dissolve slowly
and evenly — like Windsor
Cheese Salt.

The salt must not be carried
ofT in the whey — but stay in
the curd, like Windsor
Cheese Salt.

The salt must help to preserve
the cheese, and keep it
smooth and rich — like
Windsor Cheese Salt.

^^gge:gg^gSg@g@egg@g@^gg@g^^ggggggg§g@ggggg@gg@ggeigg^

IT PAYS

to grow good fruit, and every grower wants

To Have the Best

We carry a full line of the. very best nursery stock,

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Write for our beautiful catalogue, and select the varieties suited
to your locality.

The Helderleigh Nurseries

E. D. SMITH, Winona, Ont.

« . « J

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Special Glass for
Greenhouses

(^ Good Quality, Flat, Even Thickness
and Well Cut

^ PLATE, MIRROR PLATE,
I WIRE GLASS, PRISMATIC |
^ GLASS, and all other kinds k
^ of glass used for building |

^!* ^^* ^^' ^^ t^^ V^

purposes.

Pilkington Bros. |

l^itnited. /"hj

Montreal Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg ^

i JOHN B. SMITH & SONS

Limited

Cor. Strachan and Wellington Aves.

TORONTO

Manufacture of

Lumber

Lath
Shingles

Doors

Sash

Blinds

Silos, Etc.

JoiBSiTn^SoNS.

LIMITED.
\ TORONTO /

\ SASH BAR (

ALL WOODWORK.
FOR GREENHOUSE
^CONSTRUCTION^

Clear Cypress for Greenhouse Work ^

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GREEN-
HOUSES

For

Fruit and Flowers

Permanent structures,
jT, _ ^ best and cheapest to
"*""'' build.

Ventilating-, Heating,
and all other accessories
for greenhouse equip-
ment. For catalogues
and particulars apply to

The King Construction Co.,

32 Church St. TORONTO

Money Given Free to People who buy Goods from Advertisers in this Issue.
See Notice in Advertising Columns.

lie Canadian Horticokorist

DECEMBER, 1905

Volume XXVIII

Number 12

THE ONTARIO HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

C'* REAT was the success of the second
J annual Ontario Horticultural Exhibi-
tion held in Massey Hall, Toronto, Novem-
ber 14-18. The total number of entries
was more than double the number made last
year, and the interest shown in the exhibi-
tion was much more marked. This exhibi-
tion promises to become an annual event of
national importance and will be of great
value in advancing the horticultural inter-
ests of the country.

The exhibits of fruit were more than
twice as numerous as last year and the
quality was much superior. It was the best
exhibition of the kind ever held in Canada.
The display of flowers was a revelation.
While the number of entries was but little
larger than last year, the character of the
blooms was much superior. Experts pro-
nounced it the finest exhibition of flowers
ever seen in the Dominion and one of the
best ever held on the continent. This year,
for the first time, prizes were offered for
vegetables, and the results were most grati-
fying. Over 300 entries were made and
the excellent quality of the exhibits and the
attractive manner in which they were dis-
played made this one of the best features.
The apiarists maintained the high standard
of the exhibition by a very fine display of
honey. As a combined show it is doubtful
if the exhibition has ever been surpassed by
any other ever held on the continent. When
it is remembered that this was onlv the

second attempt the splendid success of the
effort will be realized.

The exhibition was formally opened on
the afternoon of the first day by Hon. Nel-
son Monteith, Minister of Agriculture, who
showed clearly that he realizes the vast im-
portance of the horticultural interests of the
province and that he is anxious to promote
them. Speeches were made by Mayor
I'rquhart. of Toronto; Mr. W. H. Bunting,
of St. Catharines; Mr. A. N. Brown, of
Wyoming, Del., and by one or two others.

Five conventions were held during the
exhibition. Most of them were largely at-
tended and all were important. They in-
cluded the annual convention of the Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association, the first annual
convention of the Ontario Vegetable Grow-
ers' Association, a pomological convention,
a gathering of representatives from the
horticultural societies of the province, and
the Bee Keepers' convention. Over 300
people holding standard railway- certificates
attended one or more of these meetings.
This is an evidence of the interest taken in
them.

GATE RECEIPTS SMALL.

In only one way was the exhibition dis-
appointing. That was in the attendance
of the citizens of Toronto. On this account
the gate receipts were several hundred dol-
lars le^s than it was hoped they would be
and caused a deficit the directors have since
had considerable difficulty in overcoming.

454

I HE CANADIAN HORTICULTURlS'l

It is expected, however, that every dolhir
of expense connected with the exhibition
will be paid in full without its being neces-
sary for the management to appeal to the
government for any further financial assist-
ance. Plans are being laid, already, for a

still larger and better exhibition next \ear,
to which excursions will be run from all
parts of the province. A full description
of the recent exhibition and an outline of
the proceedings at the various conventions
is published in this issue.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE FRUIT EXHIBITS

^1 ■ HOSE who argue that apple growing
A ill ( )ntario is on the wane had only
to examine the fruit display to have their
minds disabused of that thought. The
general exhibit of fruit in quantity and
quality was something of which every Cana-
dian should feel proud. A marked improve-
ment over last year's attempt was noted in
every section, but in the commercial pack-
ages the greatest advancement was evi-
denced.

Mr. P. J. Carey, of Toronto, who judged
the boxes and barrels, told The Horticultur-
ist that the exhibit was fully three times as
large as last year's. He also claimed that
the demonstrations given by Mr. Boies, of
British Columbia, in the different fruit sec-
tions had much to do with the improvement
in packing. Last year not more than five
per cent, of the exhibits were up to the
mark, while this year fully 75 per cent, were
in good shape. The chief defect was that
the packages were slack. Some growers
have not learned to adopt the special system,
out of the 60 possible w^ays, that will give
the proper fullness of package. So nu-
merous were the entries and so close the
competition it took the judges two da}S to
complete the work.

The county exhibits added greatly to the
appearance of the tables and proved valu-
able from an educational standpoint, while
the work that can be accomplished, by form-
ing local organizations, was evidenced by
the displays from fruit growers' associa-
tions. These and the exhibits from the ex-
periment stations were closelv studied bv

those who intend setting cnit }Oung fruit
trees.

Perhaps the most surprising feature of
the sh(nv was the specimens from the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Mr. W.
T. Macoun had 115 plates of apples and 20
of grapes. These showed the characteris-
tics of the different sorts, nearly all of
which are new or little known. _ The most
promising of a collection of 16, all of Cana-
dian origin, were Mcintosh, Scarlet Pippin,
Fameuse, Baxter, Canadian Baldwin and
LaVictoire. Some Wealthy seedlings
showed the variation that is common to
seedlings. Crosses made by using Mc-
Mahon White as female and Scott's Winter
as male, also showed vast differences. Some
resembled the female in appearance and the
male in keeping qualities, while others re-
tained the qualities of the female and ac-
quired external appearances similar to the
male. The object of these crosses is to get
a hardy variety of good size and quality that
will keep all winter.

Of the varieties extensively grown Mr.
Macoun recommended Milwaukee, Mcin-
tosh and Pewaukee Russet, a new American
seedling, as the most hardy for the Ottawa
section. Bethel, too, has a good appear-
ance, but is a shy bearer. Many new Rus-
sian seedlings show extreme hardiness, but
they lack quality. The best are Sklianka,
Winter Arabka and Bogdonoff.

To mature grapes in that northerly sec-
tion the vines have to be laid down and cov-
ered v.ith soil. Over 90 varieties matured
large bunches of delicious fruit. Brighton,

EDUCATIONAL FEATURES AT THE SHOW.

455

X'ergennes, Lindley and Herbert are among
the best.

Useful information was given at the
Women's Institute tent, by Misses Shuttle-
worth and Lillian Gray, in demonstrating
the easier methods of putting up fruits. It
was explained that there is no necessity for
the busy housewife to stand over a hot stove,
as almost every kind of fruit can be put up
in cold water to advantage. Rhubarb,
gooseberries, plums, currants and other
fruits were easily done in this way, and may
be used at any time during the winter. To-
matoes, when' ripe, may be peeled and put
in a sealer of cold water and the whole set
in a kettle of cold water and heated but not
boiled. When done in this way they are
excellent for slicing at any time. Compe-
tition in jars of apples, strawberries, cher-
ries, pears, apple jelly, etc., between the
branches of the Women's Institutes,
brought out a fine collection of preserved
fruits.

The Ontario Agricultural College, of
Guelph, had a collection of insect and fun-
gous diseases, weeds, apples, etc., in charge
of Messrs. T. D. Jarvis. B.S.A., of the ento-
mological department, and H. S. Peart, B.
S.A., of the horticultural department. Mr,
Jarvis had specimens of the common insects
and fungi that attack our orchard and gar-
den crops, nicely mounted or bottled ; while
Mr. Peart had supervision over a collection
of 56 varieties of apples from the young or-
chard at the college.

The Lake Huron Experiment Station was
represented by beautifully preserved speci-
mens of berries, currants, and cherries. A
special display was made of such varieties
of apples as Spy, N. W. Greening, Ribston
Pippin, Wealthy, Pewaukee, Grimes' Gol-
den, Russet and Tallman Sweet which are
adapted to that section. An exhibit of
apples from the Algoma station included
Wolfe River, Gideon, Longfield, Alexander
and Wealthy, besides some Russian varie-
ties, such as Borsdorf and Winter Arabka.

Simcoe station was represented by some
very fine specimens of highly colored Wolfe
River. Spy, Salome, Fallawater, Stark,
Pewaukee and Peerless, a new variety of
great promise, were also well represented.
A magnificent collection of currants bottled
in formalin, showing branch, leaf, and fruit
clusters, made the exhibit from the Burling-
ton station one of the most attractive. The
more desirable varieties, such as Mann, Spy,
Russet and Baldwin formed showy pyra-
mids. From the St. Lawrence station Mc-
intosh, Scarlet Pippin and Fameuse were
most prominent. Trenton station had the
largest collection of apples. There were
not sufficient tables to place all of them.
Ben Davis, Fallawater, Stark, Yellow Belle-
fleur, Gano, Fameuse, Trenton and a new
variety. Coo's River Beauty, were repre-
sented by large specimens of fine quality. A
general collection made by Secretary Wool-
verton from all the stations showed the lead-
ing dessert varieties, the leading commercial
varieties, and undesirable varieties grown in
Ontario.

Entries for the county competition were
received from 14 counties, but owing to the
delay in sending the prize lists and to the
varieties not being suited to some of the dis-
tricts only eight were represented. In Ox-
ford the County Council refused to grant
the required sum, but Messrs. Alex. Mc-
Neill, of Ottawa, and J. C. Harris, of Inger-
soll, put up the necessary fee in order that
that county should be represented. Five
prizes were awarded. Hastings had the
honor of winning first place, with fruit
chiefly from the orchards of W. C. Reid and
Lewis Miles. Lambton, Ontario, Lincoln
and Kent came in the order named for the
other prizes.

The St. Catharines Cold Storage Com-
pany won the red card for best general col-
lection exhibited by a society or a fruit
growers' association. The next best were
shown by Norfolk Union Agricultural So-
ciety, Chatham Fruit Growers' Association,

456

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Orillia Horticultural Society, and Leaming-
ton Horticultural Society, and awards were
made in the order named. In this class
the Chatham association had a very attrac-
tive exhibit, but it lacked variety of speci-
mens and was composed of packages that
were of little commercial use.

The display in the general competition
comprised varieties representing every sec-
tion of Ontario where apples are grown.
There was a marked difference in the
quality of the same variety when grown in
different sections. For color, size, and
genuine fine quality the specimens shown by
Mr. C. W. Challand, of Marburg, Norfolk
county, were far superior to any other col-
lection on the tables. His six varieties of
winter apples, comprising King, c^pitzen-
bcrg, Newton Pippin, Greening, Spy and
Baldwin were hard to beat. In several
classes specimens were shown for size rather
than quality. In dessert classes, particu-
larly, judges should be more careful in
awarding prizes to large specimens. In
Great Britain dessert apples are only called
such when less than three inches in diame-
ter. Criticism was offered regarding the
placing of three varieties, dessert, fall, or
early winter apples. The prize was given
to Blenheim, King and Wagener, over beau-
tiful specimens of Fameuse, Wealthy and
Scarlet Pippin, that are much more suitable
for dessert purposes. A few promising
seedlings were exhibited, among them a
good cooker by Mr. W. C. Reid, of Belle-
ville.

In commercial packages Air. Challand's
fruit again merited special mention. The
majority of the prizes were carried off by
Mr. Elmer Lick, of Oshawa; Biggs Fruit
and Produce Co., of Burlington ; Mr. J. B.
Cjuthrey, of Dixie ; Chatham Fruit Growers^
Association, and Forest Fruit Growers' As-
sociation. Other winners were C. L.
Stephens, A. R. Dawson, W. C. Reid, A. D.
Harkncss, H. Jones, N. Brown and W. M.
Robson.

An exhibit made by the Fruit Division,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, was in
charge of Fruit Inspectors Carey and Gif-
ford. A general display of popular pack-
ages for the different fruits, packing tables
and demonstrations were important features
of the show. Mr. Carey presented a handy
home-made press, made of a framework of
wood and two bands of iron to go over the
box. The pressure was supplied by stand-
ing on a lever. Some criticism was made
of the circle for the ordinary press on the
barrel head on account of it being so small
that sometimes the head is broken. It was
recommended that the circle be made with
a wing on either side to catch the edges of
the pieces where the grain runs lengthwise.

A collection sent by Mr. Wm. Harris, of
Day Mills, Algoma, showed that Pewaukee,
Alexander, Duchess, Wealthy, Gideon,
Haas and several Russian varieties thrive
in that northern section. The fruit display
was twice as large as that made last year,
and it was of a most valuable educational
nature.

THE FLOWER EXHIBIT A CREDIT TO CANADA

SO magnificent was the sight, as one en-
tered the hall, presented by the dis-
play of flowers it called forth an uncon-
scious exclamation of delight. The im-
mense stage was a mass of plants and bloom
while most of the tables throughout the hall
bore exhibits of beautiful cut flowers.

A framework built high up on the wall at
the back of the stage was covered wath love-
ly orchids. Below this was shown banks
of palms and chrysanthemums, while along
the edge of the platform were displayed ex-
hibits of cyclamen, begonias Glorie de Lor-
raine, and primulas. Vases of cut chrysan-

A BRILLIANT D ISP LA Y.

457

themums were also shown on the platform
and added greatly to the beauty of the gen-
eral efifect. The chrysanthemum, being
queen of the autumn flowers, naturally pre-
dominated in the exhibits. This grand
flower was shown in various ways. One
of the specimens had flowers measuring
slightly over one inch in circumference, and

Entries in the carnation classes were nu-
merous, and the competition was keen. En-
chantress again won the honor of being the
best light pink. Airs. T. W. Lawson car-
ried oflf the award offered for the best dark
pink. In the red and white sections honors
V ere about evenly divided among the dif-
ferent varieties shown. Some wonderful

A Portion of the Fruit and Floral Exhibits at the Recent Ontario Horticultural Exhibition

brought to mind the plants our grand-
mothers grew. Blooms that measured 19
inches in circumference were also shown
and bore tribute to the wonderful advance-
ment that has been made in the cultivation
of this grand flower. Chrysanthemum
plants were shown that had but a single
flower, while others bore as many as 150
blooms. Those shown by Messrs. Steele,
Briggs Company , and Mr. Alex. Mc-
Hardy, of Toronto, were splendid speci-
mens.

In the rose section every one's favorite,
the American Beauty, was the most promi-
nent. The new crimson rose, Richmond,
had many admirers, the color, foliage and
stem of those shown being as near perfect
as could well be desired.

creations of the florists' art were shown in
the section for made-up work.

The dining tables set complete for eight
persons were a center of attraction. They
v.ere judged by Mrs. Mortimer Clark and
several society ladies, who decided that the
table exhibited by The Rosery, of Toronto,
won first prize. The decorations of this
table consisted of orchids, lily-of-the-valley,
asparagus and Maidenhair ferns. The
handsome silverpiece in the center of the
table was tastefully arranged with these
flowers, and at each plate was placed an or-
chid button hole bouquet fVr ger.tlei> en o' a
corsage display of lily-of-the-valley for the
ladies. The settings of this table complete
V ere worth over $1,500.

The judging was very satisfactorily done

458

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURISl.

by Mr. Jos. Bennett, of Montreal, who
judged the plants and cut chrysanthemums,
and by Mr. Robert Flowerday, of Detroit,
who decided who should have the awards in
the roses, carnation and made-up work.
Mr. Flowerday expressed the opinion that
Canada has nothing- to learn from the
United States in the growing or arrange-

ment of flowers. It is unfortunate that the
exhibition is held at a time of year when it
is impossible for amateur flower growers
t(j take a prominent part. The exhibition,
however, was started mainl}- with the idea
of promoting the fruit interests, and the
dates of the show have to be arranged ac-
cordingly.

VEGETABLE EXHIBIT A SURPRISE

The vegetables were shown in the base-
ment and their attractive appearance and
exceptionally fine quality caused many ex-
clamations of surprise. A wide table, run-
ning almost the entire width of the base-
ment, had been reserved for these exhibits,
but proved too small, with the result that
many of the vegetables had to be shown
along the floor at the side of the table.
Down the center of the table were arranged
pots of chrysanthemums in bloom, that
added greatly to the general appearance.
Altogether there were 306 entries..

The best exhibits were made in the cauli-
flower, citron, cabbage and onion sections.
The first prize Swede turnips were pro-
nounced to be the finest ever exhibited in
Toronto. They were shown by iNIr. R. J-
Taylor, of Brantford. An exhibit of cauli-
flowers, made by Messrs. jNIcKay, of Don-
caster, was far better than any one could ex-
pect at this season. Two lots of Brussell's
sprouts, shown by Messrs. Brown and Dan-
dridge, of Humber Bay, were of excellent
quality and were greatly admired. Messrs.
W. Harris, J. G. Brown and J. B. Guthrey
captured the cream of the prizes in onions.

Some ver)- fine white plume celery was
shown by Mr. T. Benstead, of Strathroy.
The winning bunch was the best that has
been shown in Toronto for a long time, be-
ing splendidly bleached.

A yellow table squash, shown by Mr. R.
J. Taylor, of Brantford, attracted general
attention, it being of exceptionally fine
quality as regards weight in proportion to
size. Some larger squash were shown that
did not weigh nearly as much. Some sal-
sify, shown by Mr. T. Delworth, of Weston,
was of very fine quality.

The two classes that gave the judges the
greatest work were the Danvers onions and
Paris Golden celery, in each of which there
were large exhibits. The prizes offered
for artichokes brought out a large exhibit,
including specimens of both good and poor
quality. Alessrs. Rush and Delworth di-
vided the honors.

Inasmuch as this was the first exhibi-
tion ever held under the auspices of the On-
tario \^egetable Growers' Association, it
was felt that the display for a first effort
was a most creditable one and that another
\ear it can be greatly improved.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FRUIT GROWERS

THE secretary's report, given at the an-
nual meeting of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, held in Toronto No-
vember 14-16, showed the association to be
in a flourishing condition financially and
otherwise. The constitution was revised

and officers elected as follows : President,
James Scarf, of Woodstock ; vice-president,
Ed. Morris, of Fonthill ; secretary-treasurer,
P. W. Hodgetts, of Toronto ; directors —
Messrs. R. B. \\'hyte, of Ottawa; A. D.
Harkness, of Irena ; H. lones.of Maitland ;

FRUIT GROWERS WANT AN EXPERT.

459

W. H. Dempsey, of Trenton ; Wm. Rickard,
of Newcastle ; E. Lick, of Oshawa ; M.
Pettit, of Winona; E. Morris, of Fonthill;
H. H. Grofif, of Simcoe ; J. L. Hilborn, of
Leamington ; A. E. Sherrington, of Walker-
ton ; T. H. Race, of Mitchell ; G. C. Caston,
of Craighurst; W. H. Bunting, of St. Catha-
rines ; A. McNeill, of Ottawa; W. T. Ma-
coun, of Ottawa, and Prof. H. L. Hutt, of
Gnelph.

At the opening session the directors dis-
cussed the question of educating the fruit
growers by demonstrations and orchard
meetings, or any means that would result in
a better quality of fruit being produced.
Some thought that the horticultural socie-
ties should pay more attention to fruit and
that growers should be notified when a so-
ciety in that district was holding a meeting.
Others pointed out that societies could not
materially benefit fruit growers. The good
work done by orchard meetings arranged
by Mr. G. A. Putnam, Superintendent of
Farmers' Institutes, should not be over-
looked, but more of this is needed, and it
was suggested that an energetic man, spec-
ially interested in fruit growing, be ap-
pointed to act with Mr. Putnam to arrange
for more frequent meetings and demon-
strations. The formation of cooperative
associations and the offering of county
prizes at exhibitions were considered im-
portant features.

The finding of the committee appointed
to report on matters connected with The
Canadian Horticulturist was favorable. In
a discussion in regard to The Horticulturist
the members agreed that the magazine has
been greatly improved. The report of the
committee was unanimously adopted.

AT THE EVENING SESSION.

Hon. Nelson Monteith, ^Minister of Agri-
culture, presided at the evening meeting.
In his address as chairman he referred to
the change of conditions since the time of
Ontario's pioneer settlers when fruit was

considered a luxury to the present when it
is a necessity. Farmers were advised to
practise intensive rather than extensive
farming. The advisability of some recog-
nition being given to those who propagate
new varieties was mentioned as a stimulant
to thorough investigative and scientific
work.

Questions in horticulture were treated by
Mr. Alex. McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Divi-
sion. The best means of fittingly honoring
distinguished horticulturists was dealt with.
Mr. McNeill suggested that a suitable bio-
graphical address, referring to the work of
the late Mr. D. C. Beaddle, be put in the an-
nual report of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion. It was recommended that such varie-
ties of apples as Mcintosh Red, Ontario and
Baxter should have their histories written
so that future generations would know their
origin, characteristics and qualities.

The good work of the Transportation
Committee before the railway commission-
ers, and the educational value of such
shows as the Horticultural Exhibition were
referred to. Mr. McNeill said that the
past season taught fruit growers that there
should be a systematic and regular report
made giving the record of crops and results
so that the prospects each year might be
compared from month to month. This sea-
son buyers operated early and profits that
should have accrued to the producers went
to the dealers. He urged the growers not
to sell until the market conditions were
known and not to allow false reports, writ-
ten by incompetent reporters, to influence
them. It was pointed out that Ontario
growers supply the local markets, but that
they must work hard to gain a strong hold
in the markets in the Canadian Northwest
in competition with British Columbia and
the western States, and also, to increase
their trade with Great Britain.

Fruit growing in Great Britain was dis-
cussed bv Mr. W. T. Macoun, of Ottawa.

460

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

The system of land tenure does not induce
fruit growing on a large scale. Ireland is
progressing rapidly, especially in producing
cooking apples. Labor is cheap and this
means cheap production. Experiments
conducted for 12 years with sod and culti-
vated orchards showed the disadvantages of
sod in comparison with the cultivated or-
chard.

In an enthusiastic address by Mr. A. N.
Brown, a practical grower from Wyoming.

Some ideas on plant breeding were given-
by Mr. H. H. Groff, of Simcoe, who said
that new varieties are not secured by grad-
ual development, but that by persistent
crossing the type can be broken and a new-
type established.

RKVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION.

On Wednesday, November 15, the revi-
sion of the constitution was taken up and
the by-laws passed with a few slight
changes. .\ most important change was

A Portion of the Exhibit of the Ontario Fruit Experiment Stations

Delaware, the fruit growers were advised
to cooperate as do other professions. Mr.
Brown claimed that special attention needs
to be given to the marketing of the fruit.
The best results come from cooperation in
every branch of the industry. By coopera-
tion in Delaware the growers have forced
the buyers to come to their orchards and
buy their fruit, paying cash, and have in-
duced the railway companies to supply
peach trains with fast engines that have the
right of way over passenger trains. Special
progress has been made, also, in the potato
industry by cooperation on the part of the
sf rowers.

made that makes it possible for cooperative.
fruit growers' associations to become affi-
liated with the Fruit Growers' Association
on the payment of 75 cents per member.
Branch associations can be formed through-
out the province on the same basis. An
amendment to have the executive commit-
tee to consist of two members appointed by
the directors to act with the president, vice-
jjresident and secretary, was deemed wise,
because a quorum can be secured with less
expense and good members can be retained
from year to year. Considerable discus-
sion developed over the notice given regard-
ing the annual meeting. It was finally car-

FIGHTING THE SAN J USE SCALE.

461

ried that notice should be given through the
pubHc press and by circular letter at least
two weeks before the annual meeting.
Notice of an officers' meeting is to be served
10 days beforehand instead of a week as
heretofore. In future a quorum for the
transaction of business for the association
comprises 10 members, instead of seven as
formerly. Another change, that was ob-
jected to by some members, was the one that
allowed the payment of the expenses of dele-
gates to the annual convention for the whole
time the convention is in session. Formerly
the delegates were allowed two days' ex-
penses. A strong effort will me made to
materially increase the membership through
local branch organizations.

Questions in connection with transporta-
tion will be looked after by Messrs. Bunt-
ing, Thompson, E. D. Smith, W. L,. Smith,
H. W. Dawson and R. J. Graham. The
■cooperation committee comprises Messrs.
Sherrington, Thompson, Johnson, Ross,
Peart and Lick. A committee was ap-
pointed to look after the appointing of an
expert to direct the work at the experiment
stations. Other committees are the New
Fruits Committee and the Historical or Bio-
graphical Committee.

In the afternoon new ideas in spraying
were discussed by Mr. A. N. Brown, of
Wyoming, Delaware. Mr. Brown refer-
red to the ravages of the San Jose scale in
that state and accounted for its wide spread,
during the past season, to the fact that the
wet season nullified the effect of the spray-
ing and also to the shade trees and orna-
mentals being so thickly infested that a new
migration to the fruit trees could not be
prevented. He claimed that this enemy
must be met in the fall, when the larvae
forms are most susceptible, as well as in the
spring, if it is to be kept under control.
Summer spraying is not effective because
the foliage prevents it being done thorough-
ly. The use of lime sulphur and salt in the

fall had resulted in some trees throwing
their buds. For this reason he advised
leaving the salt out. Petroleum is harm-
ful, too, in the same way. The safest mix-
tures known in Delaware are two combina-
tion washes, one called Kil-o-scale, and the
other Scalecide. The latter is perfectly
soluble and costs no more than the lime-
sulphur wash. Reports from 21 states say
that it is enective.

It was pointed out by Mr. Brown that the
ordinary hand pump cannot generate suffi-
cient force to give the desirable mist-like
spray. Power pumps are a necessity.
Nozzles and sizes of extension rods, too,
have much to do with the nature of the
spray. The bore of the tube must be large
and the friction reduced to a minimum by
the absence of angles. With proper care
and feeding of the soil quality can be put
into fruit just as well as into an animal.
THE MINISTER OE AGRICUI.TURE.

Hon. Sydney Fisher referred to the pre-
vention of the spread of the San Jose Scale
by close inspection and fumigation of nur-
sery stock. Reasons were given for plac-
ing the chief of the fruit division under the
dairy commissioner. The perfect organi-
zation of those engaged in fruit growing in
California and the consequent satisfactory
state of the fruit trade of that country were
cited, and the farmers were advised to work
harmoniously and cooperatively so that high
grade fruit may be produced. This fruit
should be put up in a uniform attractive
package. With proper methods of pack-
ing and handling Ontario growers should
capture a large percentage of the trade in
the west. The Fruit Marks Act has been
leniently enforced in the past, but the grow-
ers and packers know what is wanted and
in future it will be strictly enforced.

In the report of the new fruits committee
Prof. H. L. Hutt, of the O. A. C, Guelph,
said that promising seedlings are found
from time to time, but perfection has not

462

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

yet been reached. Four new seedlings
from Gravenhurst were promising. One
was a seedling from Duchess but had bet-
ter keeping qualities. .Another, of the
Wealthy type, was a prolific bearer when
young, and kept well on into the winter
months. A seedling from a Guclph garden
was of the Colvert type but the fruit was of
longer season. .\ seedling peach from

P. W. Hodgetts, B.S.A., Secretary Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association.

Hamilton, of Crawford type, was no better
than many standard varieties. Mr. Wm.
Orr. of Fruitland, sent a seedling peach that
was large and free-stoned. It was of fine
quality and superior to any of its season,
the second or third week in October. At
the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
Mr. \\\ T. Macoun has been crossing with
the object of obtaining a variety with
quality as high as Mcintosh that will keep
all winter. It takes time, however, and a

thorough test is given before any new varie-
ties are recommended.

Mr. Norman Jack.of Chauteauguay Basin,
Quebec, the Quebec Pomological Society
representative, told of the advancement
made in spraying and in methods of pick-
ing, packing and transportation. He said
that no hard and fast rules can be laid down
regarding cultivation, as much depends on
the season.

BENEFITS OF COOPERATION.

The members of the cooperative commit-
tee then gave their report on the season's
work. It was clearly shown that the co-
operative organizations have come to stay
and that the growers in the different sec-
tions realize that it is the most satisfactory
way to handle the crop. Mr. Sherrington
referred to the advantage to be gained by
having the apple crop packed and marketed
through the local associations and regretted
that in many sections where organization
had been effected there was no fruit to do
business with. In most cases the mem-
bers of the association pick their own crop
and take the fruit to a central packing house
where it is graded into firsts, seconds and
culls. Some growers said that such asso-
ciations could never be formed in their sec-
tions because the farmers would not, or
could not, find time to harvest the crop.

" The Burlington Association," explained
Mr. A. W. Peart, " works on a different
basis. Each member picks and grades his
own fruit and his name and address is
branded on each box, together with a com-
mon brand for the association. All the
fruit has been handled in boxes for 15 years.
A manager is appointed and paid according
to the number of boxes handled."

That barrels can be obtained at a much
lower cost than formerly was shown by Mr.
D. Johnson, of the Forest Association.
That association employs a cooper and ob-
tained barrels for this year's crop at 28

THE VEGETABLE GROWERS' MEE'UNG.

463

cents. \\'hen the association was formed,
the growers used to grade and pack their
own fruit, but it was found that every
grower had a distinct idea as to what were
XXX and what XX. Xow they have 75
members and the fruit is brought to a cen-
tral packing house. Much missionary
work in the hne of spraying has been done
through this association with good results.
]\Ir. W. D. A. Ross, of the Chatham as-

sociation, reported that individual packing
was unsatisfactory and that for four years
their fruit had been brought to a central
packing house. Cooperative power spray-
ing is done and the cost of the spraying de-
ducted from the returns for the fruit. Good
results have been secured this season from
sales to Glasgow, f. o. b. at Chatham.

The remaining sessions will be reported
in our next issue.

WHAT THE VEGETABLE GROWERS DID

^r^HE convention of vegetable growers.

I

the first held under the auspices of
the recently formed Ontario X'egetable
Growers' Association, was not largely at-
tended, but great interest was shown in the
papers and discussions. Two of the most,
interesting addresses were those given by
!Mr. A. McMeans, of Brantford, on the Cul-
tivation and Marketing of Cauliflowers, and
b." Mr. J. L. Hilborn. of Leamington, on
Growing \'egetables for the Early ^larkets.
Extracts from both of these addresses are
published in this issue.

A paper by Prof. R. Harcourt, of Guelph.
on Fertilizers for \'egetable Growers, was
read b^•Prof.F.T. Shutt, of the Central Ex-
perimental Farm. Ottawa, who on its con-
clusion answered many questions asked by
the growers. An extract from this paper
appears on another page. Prof. Zavitz, of
Guelph. gave a most instructive talk on the
results of experiments he has conducted, at

the college, in the growing of potatoes.
These experiments had for their object the
ascertaining of the best size of potato to
plant for profit, the depth at which potatoes
should be planted, the distance apart for
planting to give the best results, etc. A
summary of the results will be published in
The Horticulturist.

Mr. W. T. Macoun, of the Central Ex-
perimental Farm. Ottawa, described experi-
ments that have been conducted at the farm
in Ottawa, in the growing of vegetables.
Prof. T. D. Jarvis, of Guelph, dealt with
Injurious Insects that Affect Vegetables. A
brief talk that was fully appreciated was
given by Mr. A. N. Brown, of Wyoming,
Del. Short addresses were also given by
Prof. F. C. Harrison and Mr. H. S. Peart,
of the Agricultural College at Guelph.
After each address scores of questions were
asked the speakers and the value of the con-
vention greatlv increased.

FRUIT GROWERS AND THE TARIFF

A COMMITTEE representing the On-
tario Fruit Growers' Association ap-
peared before the tariff commission on X'o-
vember 17 and asked that no reduction be
made in the duty on fruits imported into
Canada. It was suggested that a decrease
in the tariff" on sugar would be in the inter-
ests of the fruit industry. The committee
consisted of Messrs. W. H. Bunting, of St.

Catharines ; A. W. Peart, of Burlington ;
Robt. Thompson, of St. Catharines ; D.
Johnson, of Forest, and T. H. Race, of
Mitchell.

The decision to have a deputation wait
on the commission was precipitated by an
address delivered at the fruit growers' con-
vention by Mr. W. L. Smith, of The Weekly
Sun. and by an annoimcement made during

4b4

IHE CANADIAN HORTICULTURISI

the discussion that follow eel that Toronto
dealers had asked that the tariff on fruits be
reduced.

Mr. Smith urged the fruit growers not to
cut themselves loose from the sympathies
of those engaged in mixed farming by en-
deavoring to have the tariff increased, and
pointed out that the agricultural population
shcniki work together. Each year finds so
much more exported from Canada than is
imported that the foreign market governs
the price. He claimed that as far as fruit
growing is concerned it is impossible to in-
crease the selling price by increasing the
protection. There are few American fruits
that come into competition with the Cana-
dian product, and if the home-grown crop
is handled in as careful a manner as the
fruit from the States, Canadian growers will
be able to balance up later in the season.
The tender fruits from the States come
when we have none, and as soon as the
home crop is ripe the imported goods are
not wanted because the quality is inferior.

According to Mr. Smith, a high tariff in-
creases the price of what is to be bought
without increasing the value of what is be-
ing sold. lie cited the case of baskets.
Less than three years ago logs were taken
across the line, made into baskets, which
were shipped back and sold at a lower price
than Canadian manufacturers charged, de-
spite the fact that duty had to be paid. One
man in the St. Catharines district was $300
out of pocket on account of the duty on the
baskets.

It was pointed out that an export trade
is required for our canned goods. To get
this trade it will be necessary to reduce the
cost of production. A reduction in the
price would, also, increase home consump-
tion. The tariff on sugar hinders the de-
velopment of this industry. The cost of
sugar used in canning amounts to one-third
the total cost of the goods. Under a rea-
sonable tariff sugar would be much cheaper.

Statistics from the sugar making countries
in the south show that the raw sugar can be
])roduced at one and one-half cents a pound.
At that price over $100 an acre can be real-
ized from the land devoted to sugar cane.
1 here is no reason why refined sugar should
not retail at three cents, or slightly more.
The encouragement of the beet sugar indus-
try in Canada was termed a misfortune, as
it cannot prove a success unless under a
high tariff or a high bounty.

Mr. Smith concluded by impressing on
the growers the fact that a decrease in the
price of sugar would cause more fruit to be
preserved and canned and stimulate the de-
mand for fruit, which is a health-giving
food. He urged that it is not possible to
increase the price obtained for fruit by put-
ting the tariff wall higher, but that such ac-
tion merely imposes a burden on the con-
sumers.

In the discussion Mr. H. Dawson, com-
mission dealer, of Toronto, claimed that it
is well to have the consumers acquire the
habit of eating our tender fruits before the
home crop is ready for market. He pointed
out that our chief imports of fruit and vege-
tables are made in June and July, and that
our exports are 1,000 per cent, more than
our imports. The fact that the year of low
tariff' was the year strawberries were cheap-
est was referred to, and it was noted that
low prices mean enormous consumption.
P)etter transportation facilities were men-
tioned as being more desirable than increas-
ed tariff.

Mr. J. L. Hilborn, of Leamington,
thought the tariff should be such that it
would help to even up for the duty paid on
certain implements that have to be used by
fruit growers.

It was suggested by Mr. W. Armstrong,
of Queenston, that if it could be arranged
to admit American products free up to a
certain date and shut them out after Cana-
dian fruit is readv for sale that the Cana-

THE TARIFF ON FRUIT.

465

A Corner in the Basement Where the Commercial Fruit Packages Were Shown.

(Han grower would benefit as a result.

Mr. Jos. Rush, of Humber Bay, claimed
that only the doctors benefit by the importa-
tion of this American " stufif." As long as
only good products are sent we can compete,
but our prices have to be in keeping with
the quality of our fruit, and the majority of
consumers take the cheaper goods from the
States.

" If we have a surplus of fruit to send
out," said Mr. W. H. Bunting, of St. Catha-
rines, " we find a wall practically prohibi-
tive, and if we wish to buy implements we
are again at a serious disadvantage. Be-
sides, climatic conditions are against Cana-
dian producers. Our seasons are short and
the winters severe. A producer may suc-
ceed when hampered by one drawback, but
three are too many."

Mr. Jos. Tweddle, of Fruitland, referred
to the loss annually owing to the difftculty
of getting labor. He claimed that the pro-
tection afiforded manufacturers made it pos-
sible for them to pay high wages and keep
the laborins: men awav from the farmers.

!Mr. Caston, of Craighurst, claimed that
considerable money could be made out of
some varieties of apples by shipping them
to the northern states were it not for the
duty.

While the discussion was going on it was
reported that local fruit dealers had been
before the tarifif commission, which was sit-
ting m Toronto, and had asked for a reduc-
tion in the duty on American fruits coming
into Canada because these importations did
not injure sales from Canadian producers
whose fruit was not ripe when the foreign
stock arrived.

The fruit growers were unanimous in
adopting a resolution that the duty should
not be reduced, and a committee was ap-
pointed to lay the fact-s before the tariff
commission. This ended the discussion.

THE CASE PRESENTED.

On the Friday evening following this dis-
cussion the deputation from the association
laid its case before the commission. Mr.
Bunting, in introducing the deputation,
read the following resolution : " That we.

466

THE CANADIAN HORTICULT'JRIS'l

the committee appointed by the Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association, in convention
assembled, would respectfully urge upon
the tariff commission that it would not be in
the interests of the fruit industry of Canada
if any reduction should be made in the

duties on fruits coming into this country.
That, while the fruit growers do not ask for
an increase in the tariff on imported fruits,
they would request that wherever possible
specific be substituted for ad valorem

duties. (Continued On page 486.)

RASPBERRY CULTURE

RASPBERRIES and Their Culture was
the subject of an entertaining talk
by Mr. A. E. Sherrington, of VValkerton, at
one of the sessions of the pomological con-
vention. Many valuable points were
brought up by Mr. Sherrington in the dis-
cussion that followed. Many varieties
have been tested by Mr. Sherrington, who
recommends Herbert, Marlboro and Cuth-
bert as being the most suitable varieties for
his section of the province. The recom-
mended varieties vary slightly from year to
year because dift'erent conditions suit differ-
ent sorts, and new ones are being experi-
mented with each season. The Herbert is
one of the seedlings from the collection of
Mr. R. B. Whyte. of Ottawa. During the
past season it has given excellent results.
The first fruit was picked July 17 and the
last August II. In that time 565 ounces
were taken off a 20-foot row. The quality
was fine and it has proved to be a good
shipper. The Cuthbert, however, was
placed as the great standard variety, al-
though outclassed in yield. The first fruit
was harvested July 19, and 347 ounces were
picked by August 14, when the crop was
done. It is hardy and a vigorous grower,
and in great demand in all sections.

Marlboro was found to be a shy bearer
and to produce a dry crumbly fruit, lacking
in quality. In 29 days from July 13 the
crop harvested was 330 ounces. Turner came
in July II and yielded only 257 ounces.
On July 13 the first Phoenix were picked,
and by August 14 the crop harvested
amounted to 380 ounces. The fruit is

small, but as a rule there is a heavy yield of
good quality.

Black raspberries have been a compara-
tive failure recently owing to the work of
anthracnose. Hilborn was the hardiest
and best. Conrath comes in earlier, but is
not so hardy. Older was perfectly hardy,
but is not recommended because the fruit is
shiny black and the demand is not so brisk
when the characteristic bloom is lacking.
It, also, has a very short period of ripening.
During the past season the crop was taken
off in four pickings, from July 18 to August
I, and six plants yielded 161 ounces. The
quality is not good.

Growers were advised not to set out hy-
brid bushes, as there is no commercial de-
mand. Golden Queen was a very good
variety, but is not needed. The same is
true of such purple sorts as Columbian and
Schaffer. The Columbian is the hardier,
but not of such good quality.

It is necessary to have the ground thor-
oughly cultivated and perfectly free from
grass before setting out the plantation.
Cultivation and fertilization are the two
main factors in having a good crop. Spring
planting was recommended as being much
ahead of fall planting. It is always best
to have the plants set deeply because the
roots are surface feeders and they should be
kept down as low as possible. The most
approved method is to make a furrow with
the plow and then turn out another along
the same bottom. The bushes can be set
in this trench and the roots covered well.

Rows six feet apart give good satisfac-

RASPBERRIES AXD CURRANTS.

467

tion. The suckers are allowed to spread
until a hedge-row is formed 30 to 36 inches'
wide, A space of three feet is maintained
between the rows. This system is conveni-
ent for working wnth a horse cultivator, and
specially adapted to growing between the
orchard trees. A suitable arrangement is
three rows of berries with the outside rows
nine feet from the trees. When the or-
chard-rows are 30 feet apart this gives satis-
faction,

FERTILIZERS.
A fruit plantation needs plenty of ferti-
lizers. Some growers rely solely on the
commercial fertilizers. It is true that this
avoids weed seeds, but it also results in a
deficiency of humus and a compact surface
soil. \\^ood ashes and barnyard manure,
at least every two years, keeps the soil in
good condition if sufficient cultivating is
done. Shallow cultivation is best. ]Mr.
Sherrington used the plow in his plantation
one season and ruined the whole patch. The
roots gradually come near the surface and
plowing cuts the roots that supply the nour-
ishment. A one-horse cultivator, that
works the ground up two or three inches,

used once a week, or oftener in dry weather,
was recommended.

PRUNING.

No summer pruning is done in ]\Ir. Sher-
rington's orchard, as such practise causes
late laterals and numerous suckers. If
there is time all the old wood is taken out
in the fall ; if not, this work is done in the
spring after the fruit trees have been
pruned. At the latter time, also, the canes
are cut back. Great judgment is required
in the distance to cut back. In some cases
the canes have made rank growth. If there
is a sufficient number of buds low down the
canes can be cut back much more severely
than if the buds are higher up. All canes
that are damaged by frosts are removed.
The canes are thinned out, leaving the
strongest ones four to six inches apart.

From following such methods satisfac-
tory results were obtained during the past
season. From 2^^ rows, 300 feet long, in a
young apple orchard, about 3,600 boxes
were harvested, and the returns netted seven
cents a box. A(!cording to Mr. Sherring-
ton, a good yield is 3,000 to 4,000 boxes
from an acre.

THE CURRANT PLANTATION

^ EVERAL years" experience in the cul-
vT^ ture of currants have resulted in ]\Ir.
A. W. Peart, of Burlington, being classed
as an expert in the growing of that class of
fruit. Experiments have been carried on
by him at the Burlington station, and the
members of the Fruit Growers' Association
were given the benefit of his work along
that line in an interesting paper presented
at the annual convention of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association last month.

THE BEST SOIL.

After years of testing, Mr. Peart has con-
cluded that a rich, moist, cool soil gives best
results. In case the soil is very fertile
satisfactory returns can be had among the

orchard trees. When the bushes are
shaded there is not the liability to scald
that is found in the open, especially with the
red varieties.

Better results are obtained from wide
planting. The distance apart depends on
the variety. As a rule the reds may go
closer than the blacks. For the average
plantation 6 x 6 or 6 x 7 is advisable. Fall
planting should never be practised unless
the soil is naturally well drained. If the
land is low and wet the plants heave and
are found lying on the surface in the spring
because they had not time to become estab-
lished before winter caused the growth to
cease.

468

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

Mr. Peart usually prunes the bushes in
the spring, but does not object to fall prun-
ing if there is time. March is the best
month. The old wood is cut out and the
strong young shoots cut back, leaving suffi-
cient canes to give a good crop. All wood
over three years should be removed, and if
the bushes are making vigorous growth the
three-year-old wood may go, too. The reds
Sear on previous year's wood, but the blacks
do not. For this reason the blacks cannot
be cut back so closely. The bush form is
recommended rather than the tree form,
where the currant borer is found, because
in the tree form, if the borers attack one
stem, the whole bush is lost.

The varieties were classed as desirable,
doubtful, and undesirable. The sorts
placed under these headings are found to
differ greatly from year to year. Among
the red currants there are two classes of
bushes, one of which has a much darker
foliage than the other. The lighter green
ones are the more rugged. The varieties
of reds recommended are Cherry, Wilder,
Prince Albert, North Star and Fay's Pro-
lific. Naples, Saunders, Lee's Prolific and
Collins' Prolific give best results among
the black varieties tested. Undesirable red
currants include Belle de St. Giles. The

berry is large, but the bushes are unproduc-
tive. Brayley and Versailles are also un-
desirable. Among the whites the White
Grape is productive, but White Imperial is
highest in quality.

For some time there was a poor demand
and correspondingly low prices for cur-
rants. This last year or two, however, has
seen a change, and many growers have real-
ized encouraging profits. With ordinary
planting 1,200 bushes can be set on an acre.
These easily average three quarts a bush,
which gives 3,600 quarts of fruit from an
acre. Recent prices have netted over three
cents a quart after paying for packages and
picking.

In the discussion that followed the pre-
sentation of Mr. Peart's paper, Mr. Joseph
Tweddle, of Fruitland, said that there was a
tendency to plant currants too close. One
of his plantations was planted 6x4.
Bushes have been removed until they are
wide enough apart to permit work being
done among them with a team, and he real-
izes three times the crop.

In reply to questions, Mr. Peart said that
a plantation should be profitable for about
10 years. Rich soil is claimed to produce
a rank growth that is liable to be killed back
during the hardships of winter.

WINTER CARE OF DORMANT PLANTS, BULBS AND TUBERS

W^r. HUNT, O. A. C, GUEI^PH, ONT.

I^HE care of the numerous varieties of
plants, bulbs and tubers, that add so
much to the beauty of home surroundings in
the summer time, and that require a period
of rest or partial rest during our long win-
ters, is one that presents many very difficult
problems to the plant lover. The unattrac-
tive appearance of plant life when in a dor-
mant condition often tends to induce even
the most enthusiastic plant lover to forget

sometimes the absolute necessity there is to
still apply a small portion of the care we are
so willing to give these plants when they
are resplendent in all their summer beauty.
Too often, also, our attention is so much
taken up with the care of the winter flower-
ing plants or bulbs that we forget our now
dull and dingy looking summer friends and
leave them to take care of themselves.

A little wholesome neglect is sometimes

* Extract from an address delivered at the convention of delegates from horticultural societies held last month at the time of the
Ontario Horticultural Exhibition.

WHAT TO DO FOR THE PLANTS.

469

beneficial to plant life, but when it comes to
utter neglect and carelessness, even to
plants in a resting condition, sorrowful re-
gret at the loss of our summer favorites is
the inevitable result of our inattention.
Lack of knowledge as to the requirements
of plants when taking their winter season
of rest, is another factor that is accountable,
oftentimes, for failure in wintering-over
plants. Possibly there is no one phase or
period of cultivated plant life that is less un-
derstood or that information is more eagerly
sought for by plant lovers than this resting
period. A lower temperature and a less
bountiful supply of water, or the withhold-
ing of water altogether in some instances,
are the principal factors in inducing rest or
partial rest in plant life. How much or
how little of these factors to give or to with-
hold from the plants is the great problem
to solve.

POT h\t)range;as.
These plants are of Japanese origin, and
are of a deciduous or leaf-shedding nature.
Towards autumn, when the blooms have be-
come rusty looking, the plants should be
watered less frequently than in the summer
until the leaves show signs of decay, when
only sufficient water should be given them
so as to keep the soil barely moist.

Keep the plants outside in the open until
they have been exposed to five or six de-
grees of frost a few times, when before se-
vere frost the plants can be lifted under-
neath the veranda or into a shed for a time
before being put into the cellar, basement,
or a cold room for the winter. A rather
moist cellar with a temperature of 40 to 45
degrees wdll suit the hydrangea. If the
atmosphere of the cellar is very dry or fur-
nace heated, wTap the branches of the plants
in several thicknesses of burlap or coarse
sacking, tea matting, or similar material.

Sprinkle the wrapping about once a week
with water. This will keep the wood or
growth of the plant from shrivelling, an es-

sential point in wintering over the hydran-
geas successfully. Laying the plants down
in a box and covering with dead leaves is a
very good plan in a dry cellar, but watch
out for mice, or they will soon ruin the
plants underneath the leaves. I have found
excelsior wood-packing fibre, or even fine
shavings, a good substitute for leaves and
not so likely to attract mice.
FUCHSIAS.

These require very much the same treat-
ment as the hydrangea, but the tender culti-
vated varieties of these plants wall not en-
dure as much frost as will the hydrangea,
although two or three degrees of frost will
not injure them materially. A moist atmos-
phere in a cellar where a temperature of 45
degrees prevails will suit fuchsias when rest-
ing. The soil in the pots of both hydran-
geas and fuchsias should never become dust
dry even in a low temperature.

UNCOMMON SHRUBS.

Amongst the evergreen shrubs that can
be used very effectively for out-door deco-
ration purposes in summer time and that are
seldom seen here, although very common in
England and Europe, are the Ancubas, the
]vlyrtle, Japanese Euonymus, Lauristinus,
and the Bay Tree. All of these require
very similar treatment to the oleander in
winter. The mistake is too often made of
treating specimens of these evergreen plants
in the same way as deciduous plants are
treated. Keep all of the plants just named
in a temperature of 45 to 50 degrees, avoid-
ing by all means a dry furnace-heated at-
mosphere. Better a cool damp root cellar
for them where there is some light and the
temperature near to freezing point all win-
ter than in a dry arid atmosphere. All of
these plants are becoming popular for sum-
mer and wanter decorative purposes.

In giving the temperature and other re-
quirements of the plants I have been speak-
ing of, conditions' and temperatures have
been named that can usuallv be found

^7o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

iround every home,, rather tlian conditions
lot usually attainable by amateur plant
growers, such as a cool greenhouse or un-
lerneath greenhouse benches.

Always endeavor to ascertain the condi-
ions that surround the plants you are grow-
ng where they are found growing naturally,
uid then give them as nearly as possible the

same conditions, when they are in a resting
condition, as well as when they are in a
growing state. The natural conditions and
surroundings pertaining to plant life may
be moderated or intensified oftentimes, but
to diametrically oppose these conditions, as
is sometimes done, means disappointment
and failure will inevitably ensue.

EVERGREENS

DAVID Z. MORRIS, T.ROWn's NURSERIES, ONT.

W1II\X all the other leaved friends of
our lawns and roadsides have de-
;crted us, and the chill winds of winter
)low, we have but the evergreen to remind
IS of their departed beauty. When this
:lass of trees is mentioned most people think
Duly of the commonest
5ort of conifers — the
Norway Spruce — and it
is only of comparatively
recent years in this
:ountry that the more
rare and beautiful varie-
:ies have come into
Dopularity ; and the
mdless possible com-
binations both of them-
selves and with
deciduous trees have
:ome to be appre-
:iated.

Their use has long
3een quite general in
European gardens and
lurseries, which dif-
:erence may, to some
extent, have been due
o the milder climate,

judicious handling of the young stock from
the minute it is taken out of the nursery soil
till it is again firmly planted in mother-
earth. No class of trees is more suscepti-
ble to cold, or drying winds, and for this
reason they should be carefully protected

Evergreens in the Arboretum at the Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

and the popular
dea here that their culture in our rigorous
"ugged zone was out of the question. The
vriter can recall no more perfect specimens
)f a large range of varieties of evergreens
han that to be seen at the experimental sta-
ion in Ottawa.
The best results depend very largely on

from exposure of any kind. The roots
should be dipped in a puddle of clay and
carefully burlapped for shipment. Spring
planting, rather later than other classes of
ornamentals, seems to succeed best. Much
also depends on the nature of the soil, a
sandy loam being best adapted to their rapid
and luxuriant growth. When setting out,

BEAUTIFUL TREES AND SHRUBS.

471

a judicious amount of water will help to re-
vive the plant, but even this may be easily
overdone and result in a mistaken kindness,
for the soil must not be kept wet and soggy.
When grown in a mucky nursery soil, it is
best to handle the choice varieties with a ball
of earth secured in burlap.

The selection of a somewhat protected
spot is very desirable, especially in the case
of the more delicate varieties, such as the
junipers, retinosporas, and taxus. Exposure
to severe, or constant winds, will prove in-
jurious to these.

The most effective, pleasing, and lasting
results in the planting of evergreens may
be had by judiciously grouping them, with
reference to their contrasting colors and
shapes, at the same time distributing these
groups over your grounds so that they may
be as suggested — effective in winter when
the field is all their own. The tall spindling
junipers, grouped with spreading, heavy-
growing spruce or hemlock ; the feathery
silvery or golden retinosporas, together
with the squatty-growing Juniperus Cana-
densis ; backed up by a few leafy Balsam Fir,
breaking the sky line — what combination of
ornamental trees could be more effective,
either contrasted with deciduous growths or
standing out against the snow covered
ground and the leafless branches outlined
in white.

The long list of quite hardy conifers
makes it possible for one to assemble speci-
mens that cannot fail to interest and instruct
students and admirers of fine ornamental
plantings, just as a collection of paintings
or other works of art, and is an unending
pleasure to the owner as well as to all be-
holders.

Among the spruce the Norway is always
with us. The Douglas and Hemlock of
feathery structure, and the Colorado Blue
are among the most hardy and attractive.
The Xordman and Concolor, of the Silver
Fir class, are hardv and distinct, and should

be prominent in every collection where suf-
ficient room is afforded for majestic speci-
mens.

Junipers seem to demand more care than
any other class of evergreens, though when
once established many of them are quite
rugged. The Irish we all know. Then
these in the Alpena Nana — low-branched
and spreading in habit; the Virginiana or
Red Cedar; and the Sabina, of dwarf
growth, and also the beautiful golden and
silver Japan, will lend life and variety to
any mass of foliage.

Of the pines the Austrian and Pondorosa
stand out in the open and alone. The
Scotch, the White, and the low-down
Mugho pines are equally desirable, but of
slower and more moderate growth.

The yews comprise many unique and
beautiful varieties, but they verge on the
tender class and should, if planted, have
some protection from wind and alternate
freezing and thawing. This is a point that
seems not to be appreciated by many. That
is : that if a plant is so situated that it may
remain frozen throughout the winter until
the opening of spring, it will survive, where-
as if the warm sun can occasionally strike
the bark and the frost partly come out re-
peatedly, the result will be a loss. This is
particularly true of evergreens and rhodo-
dendrons.

The arbor-vitae form a class specially
valuable on account of their dense growth
and hardiness for hedging or screens,
though many of these are quite showy as
single specimens. Among the former, of
course, is the Occidentalis or American. Of
the latter class Pyramidalis, Globosa and
Hovey's Golden and Tom Thumb are quite
hardy, and should be given a place.

Some of the retinosporas will, with slight
protection until well established, endure our
southern and middle Ontario winters, and
on account of their peculiar beauty and ef-
fectiveness are well worth the trouble. The

472

THE CANADIAN HGRTICULTURlS'l

hardier varieties are Aurea and Argentea.
To make a complete and attractive planting,
as well as an economical and lasting result,

the evergreen is just as essential as the per-
ennial or the deciduous class, and may be
truly said to be a joy forever.

WATERING HOUSE PLANTS

ALMOST everyone is anxious to have
some plants in the windows or on
centre tables, and very few homes can be
found without some geraniums, fuchsias,
begonias or other common plants. Palms,
ferns, rubber plants, etc., too, are becoming
common. Many plant lovers, however,
lose several fine specimens each season from
various causes. In many cases failure is
due to injudicious watering. Some enthu-
siasts are too lavish with water, while others
allow the plants to become too dry.

The professional florists exercise great
:are in supplying their plants with water,
rhey have learned from experience how es-
sential to success judicious watering is.
While talking to a representative of The
Horticulturist recently Mr. Thos. Manton,
Df Eglinton, one of Ontario's best known
lorists, said : " There can be no fixed rule
aid down for watering plants. In dry,

GREENS FOR

C. B.

THE same apparent cheer is never in the
household as strongly as at the
Christmas time, and any evidences that may
)e displayed along that line, in the way of
iecorations, are always welcome. Many
lew and novel decorations for table use and
vindow wreaths are looked for, and the fol-
owing may be of use or ofifer some timely
lints.

Holly, mistletoe and evergreens enter
argely into the Christmas decorations, and
)f late years potted plants and cut flowers
IS well are fast becoming popular. The
em dish lends itself well for centerpiece
able decoration. Filled with sprigs of
lolly covered with the red berries, and

warm weather they need twice as much as
when the air is cool. The best way to learn
whether water is required or not is to rap
on the side of the pot. If there is a hollow
sound the soil is too dry. A thorough
watering should be given or none at all. I
always add water until it begins to run out
at the bottom of the pot. If the pot sits in
a saucer or jardiniere all the water that
runs through should be thrown out. Stag-
nant water is very injurious to any plant.
It is well to put a handful of gravel in the
bottom of the jardiniere so that in case
some water does run through the flower pot
does not sit in it.

" Great care must be exercised in the fall
when fires are first started, and again in the
spring when warm weather allows fires to
be dispensed with. After fires are started
much more water is needed. In the spring
the quantity can be decreased."

CHRISTMAS

M.

placed on a round mirror, surrounded with
arbor-vitae or other Christmas green, it
makes a simple but efifective centerpiece
for the table. Any well formed, not too
tall fern, or palm, placed in a pot covered
with scarlet crepe paper, finished off with a.
band of red satin ribbon and smart bow,
makes a pleasing addition to any table. The
pot thus decorated may be placed on a
round mat of moss or bank of holly.

Another pleasing variation is found in a
large, low, white basket, filled with red
roses, the handle of which is tied with a
large scarlet bow having a bright sprig of
holly thrust through its loops. Distribute
the roses among the guests after dinner.

DECORATED TABLES.

473

A hollow, six-pointed star may be made
of tin and filled with holly and mistletoe.
At each point of the star, place a silver can-
dlestick holding a wax candle, covered with
a red paper shade. The red crepe paper
bells, easily secured from the local florist at
a small price, are also, used extensively to
hang over the table. They may be sus-
pended from the light over head. The bells,
of different sizes, hung with red streamers,
may be used in the archway between the
large hall and living room. They. make a
very effective decoration when the rooms
are thrown together for entertainment.
Large bows of red satin ribbon may be ar-
tistically tied and placed at the opposite
corners of a table, and small sprigs of holly,
laid at intervals on the table, mixed in with
the ribbon and a dashing centerpiece of

holly, make a pleasing and easily arranged
decoration. The long strips of arbor-vitae
will readily adapt themselves to almost any
decoration that may be required and make
a beautiful showing when mixed with the
red of the holly.

Nearly every one has a different idea
regarding the decoration of the Christmas
tree, that all-important event in a household,
and these ideas have to be governed accord-
ing to the circumstances and means avail-
able in each individual household. Strings
of popcorn, tinsel, little candles, apples and
oranges hung on the boughs of the trees,
with the lace cornucopias filled with tiny
candies and popcorn, all have had their
place from time immemorial and will con-
tinue to do so as long as Christmas trees are
in vogue, which will be always. Tufts of

The Table That Won First Prize in the Decorated Table Competition

The decorated tables at the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition attracted a great deal of attention. The fittings of this
table, which was shown by The Rosery, of Toronto, were worth over $1500. A description of the table is published in this
issue.

474

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

cotton sprinkled with mica or coarse salt
(which is cheaper by far and more satisfac-
tory) are often used to represent snow, and
if the trees are to be lighted with the candles
the effect is more pleasing to the small folks.

Wreaths of Christmas greens are still
seen in the windows of rich and poor alike
for many days before and after the all-im-
portant day which they are to celebrate.
The fashion, if such it may be called, is in
some localities on the wane, but it is still
popular in many sections. Many persons
decorate these wreaths with large scarlet
bows which, if deftly tied and of the right
kind of ribbon, add much to the decoration.

'1 here are many ways of tying these bows.
For a wreath of evergreen, which is less ex-
pensive than one of holly, much more trim-
ming may be used. The ribbon chosen for
the purpose should be the exact shade, or as
near as possible, to that of the holly berry.
The soft louisine ribbon is the easiest to
manage and produces the most graceful ef-
fect when tied. A large bow of two loops
and one end, placed at the top of the wreath,
and extending in one piece of ribbon, over

to about an angle of 45 degrees, where it
ends in another similar bow, is perhaps a
novel way of tying. A large bow of
four or five loops and two ends of the same
length, tied to the lower part of the wreath
and let hang in their own way, and a round
bow of five or six shorter loops, with two
ends, one to each side of the wreath, are
each in themselves well adapted for ever-
green wreaths. One medium sized bow for
a holly wreath is sufficient. It is easier and
more satisfactory to fasten the ribbon to the
wreaths after the bows are made, sewing
them on from the underside of the wreaths
with a wire or black thread.

The wrapping of Christmas gifts, in white
paper, tying them with narrow silk ribbon
or fancy cord, and placing a small sprig of
holly in the ends or loops of the bow, wrap-
ping the whole in a heavy paper for trans-
portation purposes, is now almost univer-
sal. The more dainty effect secured
and the more the individuality of the sender
is conveyed to the recipient, the nearer we
will have come to the blessedness of giving,
rather than of receiving.

CAULIFLOWERS AND THEIR GROWTH

.\. MMEAXS, BRANTFORD^ ONT.

U 1 WAS asked to select a subject to
1 subject to speak on at this conven-
tion, and I selected the cauliflower, because
I have been growing it for the last 10 years.
You have heard Alfred Herbert's definition
of a cauliflower, ' A cabbage with a college
education.'

" Men's ideas change. Ihe grower who
a few years ago was disposed to sneer at
books and ' book farmers ' now turns for
information to the printed page. How
easy it is to tell in a few short sentences that
which we have been years in finding out.

Knowledge comes slowly and laboriously
from the fields, and yet the -closest observa-
tion of the character of a plant, its habits,
likes and dislikes, and the habits of its ene-
mies seldom goes unrewarded. ]\Iuch has
been written on the cauliflower, and yet it is
a stranger to many a garden and is almost
unknown in some markets.

" To grow cauliflowers successfully it is
necessary to have good loam or sandy loam
with loam predominating. It should be
made as rich as we know how to make it.
Where it is obtainable, I know of nothing

* Extract from an address delivered at the tirst annual convention of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association, he'd in Toronto at
the time of the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition.

A TALK OS CAULIFLOWERS.

4-

better than successive applications of well-
rotted stable manure. Plow as early as the
first of May. By plowing early we pre-
serve the moisture. When the first sign of
weeds appears give a harrowing or cultiva-
tion. For your seed bed choose your piece
of ground early and plow as early in the
spring as possible, harrowing when any
signs of weeds appear. About May 15 give
a thorough cultivation, harrow well and put
on your planker or roller.

" I prefer the plank, as it gives a nice,
mellow, smooth seed bed. Do not be afraid
to pay a high price for seed, and if possible
secure seed that has been grown north. I
consider Danish seed better than German.

" Of late years one of the chief faults has
been that the germinating power of cauli-
flower seed has been very low, and whether
the fault is due to the seedsmen or in the
breeding up of the higher type I know not,
but, this I do know, that, generally speak-
ing, it takes one ounce of seed to produce
1,000 to 1,500 plants, and in sowing the seed
I sow one ounce to about 400 feet of drill.

" Before the plants break the ground
there should be a good supply of tobacco
dust on hand. This is one of the best pre-
ventives I know of for that little bug that is
so destructive to cabbage and cauliflower
plants. Put it on while the dew is on the
plants. It takes about five or six weeks for
the plants to grow to the right size for trans-
planting.

" It is not good policy to set the plants too
small. They should have a good, strong,
stocky growth and will be more hardy and
live better in an unfavorable time if their
growth has been moderately slow in the seed
bed. It is never best to crowd cauliflower
in the field. Give them plenty of room and
you will get better development. For the
Erfurt I plant the rows three feet apart and
two feet apart in the row.

" A few days before transplanting manure

and plow your ground again, harrow well
and put on your planker so that your sur-
face is smoothed off nicely, select a cloudy
day or after a rain to put your plants out, or
if the weather be hot and dry take the after-
noon, say from three o'clock, and evening
for doing your work. If the soil is too dry,
draw water and wet each place a little be-
fore setting the plant. Generally there is
no need to draw water, as if the ground has
been worked properly it will be moist
enough to set out the young plants.

" The cultivation should always be level
and should be run fairly deep the first and
second times, and after that quite shallow.
Cultivate as long as possible without break-
ing the leaves. Cauliflowers if left to grow
without covering are not worth anything,
but if covered at the proper time will gen-
erally come out nice and white.

" Commence to tie them up when the
heads are the size of a coft'ee cup, taking
two rows at a time. I use a strong three-
ply twine. The tying should be done while
the cauliflowers are dry and during the
warm part of. the day while the leaves are
limber. Most people prefer to tie their
flowers up tight. I like to leave them as
open as possible just so the sun will not spot
them, so that when cutting them you can
look down and see how they are doing.

" The cutting involves considerable care
and judgment, and must not be neglected,
for money is often lost by not attending to
the cutting at the right time. There are
two methods in common use ; one is to cut,
trim and pack in boxes or baskets in the
field as you go along. The other is to cut
below the bottom leaf and cart to the barn
to trim and pack. By cutting below the
bottom leaf it stops the growth of the stalk,
while if you leave any leaves on that stalk
it lives and draws nourishment from the
soil. I use the latter.

" I take six rows and do the third and

476

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

fourth rows first, that is cut and tie up as
I go along; then I come back on the first
and second and any heads that I cut I drop

in the row I did first. The fifth and sixth
rows are treated in the same way. I leave
the twine on till I trim them in the barn."

GROWING CUCUMBERS FOR EARLY MARKETS

J. L. IIILBORN, LEAMINGTON, ONT.

OUR soil is well adapted for growing a
few varieties of vegetables. Most
of you, I suppose, grow for the local mar-
ket. Ours are entirely for shipping; we
do not try to sell anything in town. Every-
thing goes by express and the express com-
pany gets every year $1,300 to $1,400 from
us. We grow cucumbers, melons and to-
matoes chiefly. I will start with early cu-
cumbers.

It would be useless to attempt the kind of
business we are doing without some form
of greenhouse to start with. We start all
our plants in some kind of greenhouse.
There are some 40 greenhouses within two
miles from my place. New ones are being
built every year, and these houses are used
for starting plants to be moved outside.
Tomatoes are grown in some of them. We
start to grow our plants about the first or
second week in March.

The chairman : " \\'hat variety do you
grow ?"

Answer : " We have been growing two
varieties, the White Spine chiefly, and Ar-
lington. I would prefer something of the
same nature with a deeper brighter green.
Bervey's Extra Early White Spine is an
early variety and of fairly good size.

" The seeds are started in flats, and when
the third leaf is on we transplant them into
other flats. We use a flat two feet long
and one foot wide and about three to four
inches deep. Formerly we used a much
deeper flat, but we have found that using
less soil is better. The way we discovered
this was. that my little boy made some boxes
two inches deep and picked out some of the

cull plants and set them out in these boxes
and every one of his plants beat ours. He
used just about an inch and a half of soil
and he got more stalky plants. After he
had been doing this for three or four years
we began doing it and we found that we got
a much better rooted and more stalky plant,
and we cut all our trays down. That goes
to show that we may learn from people
whom we think know much less than we do.

" What I say about cucumbers will apply
to all the plants that we grow. We use the
same plan for transplanting. We trans-
plant the cucumbers in rows, using a stick,
something like the head of a wooden rake,
in which I have fingers. I make the holes
with that."

Question : " A\'hat distance apart is it
best to have the plants?"

Answer : " The first time put them two
by three. With the cucumbers, when they
begin to crowd, we put them into larger
beds and boxes. I would rather transplant
them twice if I had time. The oftener you
transplant them the better root you get.
You can get a thick, stalky, clump of roots
and a more stalky plant and one that will re-
sist checking very much better by trans-
planting two or three times.

" The man behind the hose has a wonder-
ful lot to do with the plants. I like to let
my plants dry out pretty w^ell before I water
them and then give them a good wetting and
allow them to thoroughly dry again before
watering them. Watering too often makes
a soft plant that will not stand transplant-
mg.

Question : " What object do you aim at

* Extract from an addre-;'. delivered at the first annual convention of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' .Association, held in Toronto at
the time of the Ontario Hurticultural Exhibition.

FORCING CUCUMBERS.

477

in hardening the plants and then forcing
them on again ?"

Answer : " We do not let them dry out
enough to check them ; I like them to dry-
out pretty well. If you water too often it
is impossible to get a hard, tough plant."

Question : " Do you water the leaf or
the ground?"

Answer : " I put it right on with the
hose, all over the leaf and all. I like to
water when it will not reduce the tempera-
ture of the house too much. In the morn-
ing, just as the sun is coming up, is the best
time, but, when we get busy, we water in
the evening as well. We use five and six-
inch pots and boxes, largely five inches by
five inches and five inches deep. We use
a good many that are six inches square. In
either case we put two plants in the box.
We try to get the plants a good size. They
run perhaps one and a half feet long before
we transplant them."

Question : " You have them in blossom
before you put them out?"

Answer : " i es. It is necessary, of
course, not to give them any check in mov-
ing them. We are planting a number un-
der cotton. We have a fence about seven
feet high to the north and west. To the
east there is a bit of grove and to the north.
I think it will repay any vegetable man to
put up a wind break. It is just like moving
loo miles south.

" We have boards two and a half feet
high on one side and eight inches on the
other, and use rafters one by four and con-
nect with an angle iron. You can set them
up very quickly, ours are 210 feet long and
covered with cotton. We put the cucum-
bers in as soon as the danger of frost is
over, about the first or fifth of May, and
these cucumbers come in about 10 days later
than those planted in the greenhouse. We
keep the cotton over them for a while and
then start hardening them off.

" We have to spray them to prevent the

blight. We use the Bordeaux mixture the
same as we use for melons. We have
about 2,500 yards of cotton, and most of it
is used for cucumbers. After we have the
plants out under the cotton if frost threatens
(if it is a windy night you will not get frost,
but on a still clear night it is very easy to
tell if it is going to freeze) if you have water
connection just put on your hose and sprin-
kle your cotton about dark, while is it freez-
ing, and the water will freeze on the cotton
and then you will have a covering tighter
than any glass house. It is practically air
tight and it will stay so until the frost is
over. I have found that to work splendidly
and we have very little loss from frost."

The chairman : " How is this ground
prepared before you put these plants out?"

Answer : " We open the furrows and
put the rows in these 12 feet spaces. We
open out the furrows with a plow and then
put on the harrow and harrow it, then we
plant in the hollow and we mulch well with
rotten manure. Cucumbers want a great
deal of water. We use an inch hose and
let the water run through it as fast as it will.
We mulch after we plant."

Question : " How do you draw the
manure down?"

Answer : " We have a roadway between
every two beds and the mulch is carried in
trays. It is not a very good job to carry it
in. Most of it is thrown directly from the
wagon. It is easy to water, and the mulch
of the manure prevents the ground from
drying out and retains the water so that the
plant gets the most of it. We just water
the strip and cover with manure, and by
running the cultivator once every 10 days
or two weeks between the rows we prevent
the ground from drying out."

Mr. Dillworth : " How do you run the
cultivator when you have these scantlings ?"

Answer : " We lift these off ; it only
takes a short time. We can take them off
our beds and have them cultivated in about
two hours."

478

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTU RJ^^l

Question

bcrs?"
.Vnswer :

turc."
Question

than ?"
Answer :
Question
Answer :

'^Do

you spray your cucum-

Yes, with the Bordeaux mix-
" Does tliat prevent bhght on

les.

" What strength do you use ?"
" Four of coperas and six of
Hme to five gahons of water."

Question : " What time of the year are
you past danger from frost?"

Answer: "It varies considerably; we
usually start moving our tomatoes out in the
field about the third or fourth of May, and
we have never had a plant frozen after mov-
ing them outside."

Question: "What about cucumbers ?
Do you grow any outside frum transplant-
ing?"

Answer : " Yes. We start these about
the first or tenth of April and transplant
them the same as the others. \\'e try to
keep them as much out of the wind as
possible. Above all things get your cucum-
bers where there is not much wind, if you
can."

Question : " Do you train up those that
you grow under glass?"

Answer: " You can grow twice as much
in the house by training."

Question : " What is the best method of
pruning?"

Answer : " I do not profess to be an ex-
pert; we prune very little. If we find the
laterals are getting too numerous we prune
some of them. We allow them to run and
branch as they like till they reach the glass,
and then nip them. We use poles to run
them, sloping a little, and then we run twine
along to hold them."

Question : " In the house I am building
I intend to try poultry netting."

Answer : " I have only one fault to find
with that, and that is to get the cucumbers
to come down through it."

\'oice: "I use three-inch mesh."
Mr. Hilborn : " I want a coarser mesh."
Mr. Dilhvorth: "What ])rovisions do
you make for pullcnising the blossom?"

Answer : " We use a camel's hair brush
on the first that conu'. but we endeavor to
encourage the bees to come in. If we can
get an old bumble bee to conie in he will do
niorc than a lionex' bee."

Mr. Joseph Rush, Humber Bay, Ont.

Mr. Rush is first vice-president of the Ontario Vegetable Growers'
Association and an officer of the Toronto Branch of the Association.
He is one of the best known vegetable growers in the Dominion.

Member: " I keep a hive of bees in the
house."

Mr. Hilborn : " I intend to do that next
spring.

Question : " Do you use raised benches
or solid benches?"

Answer : " These are raised benches. In
some houses we have solid ueds and. I like
them best."

Question : " How close together do you
plant in the house?"

Answer : "' We put the plants about

POOR POTATOES THIS YEAR,

47Q

three feet apart in the row, one plant to a (Jur beds are about six feet apart and we
place. Those that we grow for the green- run two rows in them. The houses are
houses, we only grow one plant in the box. built for growing tomatoes."

RESULTS OF THE POTATO ROT

^I^HE potato rot has caused great loss
X this year to Ontario growers. Re-
ports from different sections show that the
percentage of affected potatoes varies from
15 to 60, according to the nature of the soil.

The development of this disease has been
particularly rapid during the past three or
four seasons, and this fall many fields, on
which the yield was good, are rendered
practically worthless on accoinit of the large
percentage of affected tubers. The crops
on low clay land in many counties are
scarcely worth harvesting. Carloads reach-
ing Toronto from Simcoe, Dufferin, Wel-
lington and Ontario counties show that the
disease has wrought great havoc in those
counties. Not only has dissatisfaction been
felt by the growers, but the dealers in cities
and towns have had endless trouble with
their customers. The result has been that
they are purchasing their supplies else-
where. For several weeks IMew Brunswick
growers have been able to furnish all that
has been required.

Some of the leading produce merchants on
Colborne street, Toronto, who handle pota-
toes were interviewed by a member of The
Horticulturist staff. " Early in the sea-
son," said Mr. J. J. Ryan. " I handled On-
tario potatoes, but the prevalence of rot
caused so much trouble that I decided to get
my supply elsewhere. The red potatoes
seem to be more subject to this disease than
the white stock. The potatoes came in
looking all right, but after standing about
a week nearly half of them were rotten.
Since early in September I have imported
about 100 cars loads from Wellington, N.
B., and in that quantity I have not noticed
a bag of bad ones. I am handling 10 cars
a week.

" The price was about the same there as
here, but the Americans are beginning to
look to that province for part of their sup-
ply, and the result has been a slight ad-
vance in price. Besides, colder weather
forces the freight cost up because the cars
have to be lined to prevent the potatoes
from freezing."

"About September i," remarked Mr. C.
Barrett, " some car loads arrived from cen-
tral Ontario in which 225 bags out of 400
were bad. Since early October I have got
my supply from New Brunswick. There
is practically no rot in that province. Deal-
ers from the eastern states frequently buy
much of their stock there when the supply
is scarce across the line. In case that 'is
done to any appreciable extent this year the
price is liable to be raised so high that we
cannot afford to import from there and we
must then be content with what Ontario has
produced."

" Car loads received from dift'erent parts
of Ontario earlier in the season," said Mr.
Ferrier, of Ferrier & Co., " contained 15 to
50 per cent, rotten potatoes. During the
first week in November I received some
which were not so bad, but I do not know
of any section free from rot. We have im-
ported large quantities from New Bruns-
wick. The growers in that province send a
white potato, the Green Mountain, known
here as Delaware. It is of much better
quality than Ontario stock, and the consum-
ers willingly pay 25 cents a bushel more for
it. They will pay higher prices for that
variety when there is no disease in the On-
tario crop.

" Ontario farmers do not realize that they
are losing ground in the potato market.
They have not learned that they must

480

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

change seed frequently and use commercial
fertilizers rather than barnyard manure. In
New Brunswick and Maine a crop of 300
or 350 bushels an acre is not uncommon.
The planting is done with a machine that is
equipped with a fertilizer sprinkler as well.
Twenty dollars an acre is not counted ex-
travagant fertilizing. Ontario growers
must change their methods or lose the mar-
ket."

By way of aiding the growers to prevent
the loss entailed by the rot, the bacteriologi-

cal department of the Ontario Agricultural
College, which has been studying the disease
for the last year, would like to ascertain if
the disease in various parts of Ontario is
similar to the one with which it has been
working, and which caused so much dam-
age last year, and hence would like farmers
troubled with this disease to mail an affect-
ed potato and state at the same time if they
were troubled with the soft or wet rot last
year and to what extent the rot is present in
this season's crop.

VEGETABLE GROWERS BEFORE THE TARIFF COMMISSION

DEPUTATIONS from the Market
Gardeners' Association of the pro-
vince of Quebec, and from the Ontario
Vegetable Growers' Association waited on
the tariff commission during October and
asked for greater protection.

The members of the Ontario association
who waited on the commission when it sat
in Toronto, asked for the following duty :
Cucumbers, 15 cents per dozen; celery, 15
cents per dozen ; cabbages, three cents each ;
beans, other than dry, 40 cents per bushel ;
tomatoes, two cents per pound ; onions, dry,
40 cents per bushel of 50 pounds ; potatoes,
25 cents per bushel ; water melons, five
cents, and musk melons three, cents each,
other vegetables not enumerated 25 per
cent, ad valorem.

The Quebec Market Gardeners' Associa-
tion appealed to the commissioners when it
sat in Montreal and asked for much higher
duties than did the Ontario association. Its
demands were as follows: Cucumbers, 25
cents per dozen ; lettuce, 25 cents per dozen ;
celery, 25 cents per dozen ; &gg plant, 25
cents per dozen ; green beans, peas and
spinach, 50 cents per bushel ; tomatoes, 5
cents per pound; onions and potatoes, 25
cents per bushel ; green cabbage, 3 cents
per head ; cauliflower, 3 cents per head ;
radishes, 10 cents per pound; parsley and

watercress, 25 cents per pound ; watermelon,
5 cents each ; musk melon, 3 cents each :
salted vegetables for pickle, i cent
per pound ; other vegetables not enume-
rated, and green corn, 25 per cent, ad
valorem.

The deputation from the Ontario associa-
tion was introduced by Mr. A. Campbell.
M. P., and Hon. J. W. St. John, M.L.A.,
and included Messrs. A. McMeans, of
Brantford ; J. L. Hilborn, of Leamington,
and Jos. Rush, of Humber Bay. A num-
ber of other well known growers were in at-
tendance, including Messrs. John Atkin, of
Sarnia; Geo. Syme, jr., R. Lankin and F.
F. Reeves, officers of the Ontario associa-
tion.

In introducing the deputation Mr. Camp-
bell pointed out that while the growers were
aware that a general increase in the tariff'
would result to their benefit they realized
also that the consumers' interests must be
considered, and therefore, were moderate
in their demands. The existing duty af-
fords little protection. Large quantities of
vegetables are shipped into Canada, a con-
siderable proportion of which are in a dam-
aged condition. These vegetables are often
passed at too low a valuation. If the in-
dustry was properly protected it would in-
crease enormouslv.

NEW TARIFF WANTED FOR VEGETABLES.

481

Hon. Mr. St. John stated that the grow-
ers need a specific and not an ad valorem
duty. The United States growers supply
the Canadian markets with their goods
early in the season and obtain high prices.
By the time their own markets are glutted
and the Canadian vegetables are ready for
sale they dump their surplus on our mar-
kets forcing the prices down to almost noth-
ing. Their poor cabbages, for instance,
are sold at such low prices that the Cana-
dian growlers are unable to obtain as much
for theirs as they are worth. If the sur-
plus stock could be kept off the Canadian
markets the desires of the Canadian grow-
ers would be satisfied.

Hon. Air. Fielding asked if the superior
quality of the Canadian vegetables was not
their best protection. Hon. Mr. St. John
replied that it would be were both classes of
vegetables placed on the market at the same
time, but the poor vegetables from the
United States are offered first and force
down the price, and later the Canadian
vegetables, of better quality, are unable to
advance the values.

Hon. Mr, Fielding asked if the vegetable
growers are not as well-to-do and making
as good a living as any other class of the
community. Mr. McMeans replied that if
they are it is because their women and chil-
dren often have to help out with the work.
Were the vegetable growers to engage only
male help and pay the same wages the
manufacturers do they could not earn a liv-
ing. If the tariff were increased and the
price of vegetables thereby advanced slight-
ly it would make it possible f Dr the vegetable
growers to give their children the education
they should receive.

Mr. J. L. Hilborn stated that within two
miles of his place there are some 40 green-
houses and thousands of acres of land de-
voted to early vegetables. The industry,
although seriously handicapped, is increas-
ing rapidly. It would increase tenfold

were it properly protected. Last summer
the growers sold two carloads a day all over
Ontario. At the beginning of the season
their tomatoes sold for one dollar a bushel,
but later, owing to the United States sur-
plus, the price dropped rapidly until it
reached the point where it was not profitable
to even pick the crop.

Hon. Air. Fielding asked if a duty of
Si. 20 a bushel is not rather high on toma-
toes that sell for one dollar a bushel down.
In reply it was pointed out that Florida to-
matoes are selling for five dollars for crates
containing three-quarters of a bushel each.
Mr. Rush stated that when tomatoes sell
for 25 cents a bushel, as they often do, two
cents a bushel is a mere trifle. Beans were
cited by Mr. Rush as a vegetable Canadian
growers have practically given up growing
owing to the United States competition.

The representatives of the vegetable
growers made a strong case, and it was evi-
dent the members of the tariff commission
were impressed with the information
brought forward. Hon. Air. Fielding
stated that it was evident the vegetable
growers have a grievance.

SUBMITTED A STATEMENT.

Both associations left with the commis-
sion a typewritten statement setting forth
their demands, as follows :

The association respectfully submits to
your honorable commission the following
considerations :

I. Since many years our agricultural
classes have complained upon reasonable
grounds, in regard to the unrestricted im-
portation into Ontario of large quantities of
American vegetables, principally of early
vegetables, to such an extent that the Cana-
dian producer, the market gardener, who
has invested considerable capital in this in-
dustry and employs many hands in its main-
tenance is seriously crippled in his efforts to
earn a living.

(Continued on page ^ij.)

WHAT PEOPLE SAID ABOUT THE EXHIBITION

DURING the progress of The Ontario
Horticultural Exhibition, held in To-
ronto last month, The Horticulturist gath-
ered the following expressions of opinion
from leading people present :

This is a grand exhibition. Ihe display
of packages and packing is a desirable edu-
cational feature. — (C. M. Honsberger, Jor-
dan Station.

It is a great exhibition and a credit to On-
tario fruit growers. — (J. C. Harris, Inger-
soll.

It is a fine display and shows the varia-
tion of color from south to north. The ex-
hibit of boxed fruit is specially striking. —
(Norman Jack, Chateaguay Basin, Que.

This exhibition should be of the greatest
value to the country. The people are
sliown what can be grown in Ontario or-
chards and what are the best methods of
packing. Together with the flowers it is an
excellent display. — (Elmer Lick, Oshawa.

For quantity, color and variety it is a
great show. The citizens of Toronto do
not know what they are missing or more
would come to see the display. — (Robert
Thompson, St. Catharines.

The quality of the fruit is much superior
to that shown last year. Altogether there is
a marked improvement. — (W. E. A. Peer,
Burlington.

This is the best show in the history of the
Fruit Growers' Association. The worst
feature is that it is not better patronized by
the citizens of Toronto. — (W. W. Hilborn,
Leamington.

It is the finest show of its kind ever held
on this continent. Everything is attractive
and the commercial packages and displays
from the experiment stations are decidedly
educational. A special advance has been
made in the canned fruit exhibit. This will
tend to educate the people to use such goods.
— (Prof. H. L. Hutt, O.A.C., Guelph.

The show is grand in every respect. The
pyramids of fruit are very attractive and

the exhibits from the" experiment stations
better than usual. — (W. H. Dempsey, Tren-
ton.

It is the best display ever made in Canada
and decidedly creditable to the fruit grow-
ers of Ontario. — (W. H. Bunting, St.
Catharines.

This exhibition should prove a great
benefit to the grower who takes the trouble
to investigate and follow out the points de-
monstrated and suggested. The apprecia-
tion shown by the citizens of Toronto is not
very encouraging. Many growers have
spent $30 or $40 to help make this show
what it is, and the citizens will not spend a
few cents to see the display. — (W. Arm-
strong, Queenston.

The commercial display is magnificent.
This show should result in an enormous in-
crease in the consumption of apples and
other fruit in this city. — (W. L. Smith, To-
ronto.

The transition since the first meeting of
the Fruit Growers' Association is some-
thing remarkable. The display from the
different experiment stations is very en-
couraging.— (A. M. Smith, St. Catharines.

The vegetable exhibit exceeded my ex-
pectations 200 per cent, as regards the num-
ber of exhibits and their quality. If this
exhibition becomes an annual affair the
vegetable growers will fill thd basement of
Alassey Hall with their exhibits. — (A. Me-
xicans, Brantford, Ont.

The exhibits of vegetables greatly ex-
ceeded my expectations. They are a great
credit to the exhibitors and to the manage-
ment of the show. — (W. G. Carter, Dover-
court, Ont.

The exhibit of vegetables is a decided suc-
cess and the quality is excellent. — (T. Del-
worth. Weston, Ont.

It is the best exhibit of vegetables I have
seen in Canada. I did not expect to see as
good vegetables at this time of year. — (J.
Gibbard, Doncaster, Ont.

4S2

FRUIT GROWERS STILL DISSATISFIED

HUN SYDNEY FISHER, Dominion
Minister of Agriculture, while ad-
dressing the members of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, at their annual con-
vention last month, took advantage of the
occasion to explain his reason for placing
the chief of the fruit division under the con-
trol of the dairy commissioner. The ex-
planation of Hon. Mr. Fisher did not con-
vince the fruit growers that the arrange-
ment he has made is in the best interests of
the fruit industry. It would not be far
from the mark to say that there was not a
fruit grower present who was fully satisfied
with the reasons given by Mr. Fisher for
arranging his department as he has.

Hon. Mr. Fisher said in part: "The fact
that the chief of the fruit division is under
the dairy commissioner does not hinder the
work connected with that branch being car-
ried out in the best interests of the fruit
growers. It is simply a case of adminis-
tration for efificiency. The Dominion and
Provincial Governments have done their
best to help the producers and, by working
in conjunction, one department has not
duplicated the work of the other. The On-
tario department has charge of all educa-
tional work, while matters pertaining to
interprovincial and foreign trade come un-
der my jurisdiction.

" The development of the fruit industry
made it necessary, a few years ago, to ar-
range for improved transportation. Cold
storage and refrigerator cars were needed.
At that time such facilities were used in
connection with the dairy industry. For
this reason the transportation of fruit was
placed under the direction of Prof. J. W.
Robertson, who was then dairy commis-
sioned. Associated with Prof. Robertson
was Mr. Ruddick, who was in close touch
with the work. When Prof. Robertson re-
tired Mr. Ruddick was given charge of the
cold storage and the extension of markets

divisions. Inasmuch as the work of the
fruit division is closely identified with the
work of these two divisions it was deemed
to be best to have the fruit division placed
under Mr. Ruddick's supervision so that the
work of all three divisions could be carried
on to better advantage and to prevent the
work of one division overlapping the work
of another. The same stafif was retained
to look after the work of the fruit division,
and I could not see that there was any need
for a fruit commissioner. As long as the
stafif continues to give efficient service to the
fruit growers I can see no just reason why
a change in this arrangement should be
made."

THE growers' views.

Owing to the fact that Mr. A. McNeill,
Chief of the Fruit Division, was presiding
at the meeting at which Mr. Fisher spoke,
and to the circumstance that Hon. Mr.
Fisher was a guest of the Fruit Growers'
Association, the growers present did not
like to start a discussion on this matter.
After the meeting many of the leading
growers informed The Horticulturist that
they would have liked to have been in a
position to have expressed their views.

The following are the opinions of some
of the most representative growers. It
should be borne in mind that this is not a
political matter as among the growers,
whose views are here given, are well known
Liberals :

C. M. Honsberger, Jordan Station, presi-
dent Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' As-
sociation : " I would have liked to have ex-
pressed my views to Mr. Fisher as the pres-
ent arrangement seems like an unjust trans-
action and an imposition on the fruit indus-
try. The fruit interests are of too great
importance to be dovetailed in with the
dairy or any other division."

Mr. Robert Thompson, St. Catharines,

(Continued on page 485.)

483

4«4

EDITORIAL.

Tqe (anadian Wortic^Itdrist

PnbliBhed by The Horticultural PublishiDK
Company, Liinited.

TKe Only HorticultMral Magazine in
tKe Dominion.

Official Ori;an of Kritisli Columbia, Outario, Que-
bec and Prince Kdward Island Fruit <; rowers'
Aasociations and of the Ontario Vege-
table Growers' Association.

H. Bronson Cowan, Editor and Business Manager.

J. Albert Hand, B.S.A., Associate Editor.

W. G. Rook, Advertising Manager.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published the first of
each month.

3. Subscription Price $1.00 per year, strictly in advance.
F»r all countries except Canada, United States and Great Britain

add 50c. for postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Money
Express Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for
amounts less than $1.00. Receipts will be acknowledged on the
address label, which shows the date to which subscription is paid.

4. Discontinuances — Responsible subscribers will continue
to receive The Horticulturist until the publishers are notified by
letter to discontinue, when all arrearages must be paid. Societies
should send in their revised lists in January: otheiwise it will be
taken for granted all will continue members.

5. Chanjje of Address — When a change of address is or-
dered, both the old and the new addresses must be given.

6. Advertising Rates quoted on application. Circulation
5,500. Copy received up to the 24th. Responsible representatives
wanted in towns and cities.

7. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be
thankfully received by the editor.

8. All Conamunications should be addressed :

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,
507 and 508 Manning Chambers,

TORONTO, CANADA

THE HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION.

The success that attended the second On-
tario Horticultural Exhibition, held last month
in Toronto, must be gratifying to those who
have the best interest of horticulture at heart.
While the attendance on the part of the citi-
zens of Toronto was disappointing it should be
borne in mind that it is impossible to gain the
support of the public for an institution of this
nature in the course of only one or two years.
Everything has to grow and prove its right to
be patronized, including, even. The Ontario
Horticultural Exhibition.

The most encouraging feature was the fact
that those who attended were delighted with
the show. This means that another year they
will return and bring their friends with them
and thus greater development may be antici-
pated. The various conventions, held at the
same time, were a most valuable feature. As
the years go by, and the exhibition becomes
better known, it will be found that these con-
ventions will grow rapidly in im/portance and
attendance.

Next year an effort should be made to run
excursions to the exhibition from all parts of

the province. It will be possible to do what
could not be done this year, that is guarantee
half rates over the railways. This will mean
a much larger outside attendance. In this
work the horticultural societies and branch
fruit and vegetable growers' associations will
be able to take a prominent part. This year's
effort indicates that the exhibition has been
firmly established and that its future is bright.

THE NEW ASSOCIATION.

The representatives from the horticultural
societies of Ontario acted wisely, last month,
when they decided to form a provincial horti-
cultural association of their own. The ar-
rangement that has prevailed in the past, by
which the horticultural societies were sup-
posed to hold a joint convention with the fruit
growers' association, has never been satisfac-
tory. The fruit growers' association was
formed, principally, for the promotion of the
commercial fruit interests of the province.
Horticultural societies have an entirely differ-
ent field of work along the line of the develop-
ment of amateur horticulture and civic im-
provement. The two bodies would never have
been brought together had it not been for the
desire of the directors of the fruit growers' as-
sociation to receive the assistance of the horti-
cultural societies in the publication of their
official organ.

The formation of the Ontario Horticultural
Association means that in future the fruit
growers' association will be able to devote its
whole time and attention to its special field of
work while the horticultural societies will have
an opportunity to take up important matters
that have been neglected in the past. Both
bodies should profit by the change and nothing
but good result. May the life of the new On-
tario Horticultural Association be a long one
and fruitful of much good work.

FRUIT GROWERS' NEW CONSTITUTION.

The change that has been made in the con-
stitution of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation is in the right direction, although ex-
perience will probably show that the new con-
stitution can be greatly improved. The fact
that the cost of membership has been so great
as to prevent branch fruit growers' associa-
tions from becoming afl[iliated with the Ontario
association has been a serious weakness to the
latter body. This defect, by means of the
change that has been made, has been overcome
in part although it is doubtful if many of the
local associations will care to join the provin-
cial body even on the terms now offered.

Before the Ontario association can expect to
have many branch associations it will have to
realize that the latter must be given much more
by the parent body than it receives in return
and that the local bodies must be given con-
siderable say in the management of the provin-
cial organization. This latter is the plan that
has been adopted by the Ontario Vegetable
Growers' Association. It will be interesting
to see which plan gives the best results.

MUST HAVE A COMMISSION.

48:

Although the Ontario Vegetable Growers' As-
sociation has been formed only eight months
and is receiving a government grant just one-
third as large as that of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, it already has a paid-up
memibership of 225 with branches at Toronto,
Hamilton, St. Catharines, Brantford, Leaming-
ton, Chatham and Sarnia. The directors of
the Vegetable Growers' Association have pre-
pared a plan of work that sihould greatly
strengthen the association, during the coming
year. The Fruit Growers' Association will
have to bestir itself if it does not w^ant to be
relegated to second place.

Two handsome ferns have been given The
Horticulturist by Mr. A. Gilchrist, of Oaklea,
West Toronto Junction. One is a specimen
of the new Nephrolepsis Barrowsi. The other
is a well grown plant of Nephrolepsis Scotti.
Both are splendid ferns and Mr. Gilchrist has
been voted the thanks of the staff for his lovely
donation.

The words of praise, expressed at the recent
convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' As-
sociation, over the improvements that have
been made in The Canadian Horticulturist are
appreciated as being a recognition of the ef-
forts we are putting forth to make this paper
one of which our readers may well feel proud.

Mr. S. Batcheler, of Leamington, Ont, was
recently forwarded a nice premium by The
Horticulturist for having purchased goods from
the Webster Floral Co., of Hamilton, and for
having told them that he saw their advertise-
ment in this paper. It pays to patronize our
advertisers. Try it and see.

Could you give any of your friends who are
interested in fruit, flowers or vegetables a nicer
Christmas present than a year's subscription
to The Canadian Horticulturist. Think it over.

When buying from our advertisers don't for-
get to tell them that you saw their advertise-
ment in The Canadian Horticulturist.

Fruit Growers Still Dissatisfied

Concludfd from paee 48^.)

president St. Catharines Cold Storage and For-
warding Company : " We would prefer to have
a division under a separate head and not sub-
ordinate to any other, so that when we want
anything we will have a man at the head of the
fruit division who will be in touch with our
needs and who will be in a position to take ac-
tion without having to consult the head of any
other division. The Dpminion department has
given us all that we require so far, but we feel
that this may not always be the case. It is
like putting any other man than a farmer in as
minister of agriculture."

Mr. A. E. Sherring ton of Walkerton, manager
Walkerton Fruit Growers' Association : " Ow-
ing to the importance of the fruit industry it is
absolutely necessary that the fruit division

shall be separate and distinct from any other.
After listening to the remarks of Hon. Mr.
Fisher in regard to the fruit growers of Canada
asking and demanding that a fruit commis-
sioner be appointed at Ottawa, and hearing his
statement that the present arrangement will
not injuriously affect the fruit interests, I am
of the opinion that no matter how good a man
Mr. Ruddick may be, he is not in as close sym-
pawiy or touch with the fruit growers of the
iJominion as the man in charge of the fruit in-
terests of the Dominion department at Ottawa
should be."

Mr. W. A. Peer, of Freeman, secretary of the
Burlington Fruit Growers' Association: "I
listened to Hon. Mr. Fisher's explanation of his
reasons for placing the fruit division under the
dairy division, but it failed to convince me that
his action was in the best interests of the fruit
growers. The fruit industry is developing so
rapidly it warrants the appointment of an inde-
1 endent commissioner."

Mr. Murray Pettit, of Winona, president Nia-
gara District Fruit Growers' Stock Co., Limited:
■ Would the dairymen or live stock breeders
be satisfied if the chief of their divisions were
placed under the chief of the fruit division ?
ihey would not, for they would realize that
such an arrangement would place their indus-
try in a secondary position. As fruit growers,
we cannot but feel that if our industry is to re-
ceive the encouragement it should, it sihould
have at its head a man who is in close touch
with out needs and who is in a position to act
without having to consult a person who is
known to lack experience in fruit growing."

D. Johnson, president Forest Fruit Growers'
Association: "The fruit growers of Ontario
cannot help but feel, in spite of the very rea-
sonable explanation of Hon. Mr. Fisher, that
their interests have been placed in a secondary
position when their worthy chief has been
placed under the control of the dairy depart-
ment. While we greatly respect and admire
Mr. Ruddick personally, yet we are strongly
of the opinion that our interests will be largely
sacrificed by not having an independent fruit
commissioner. The fruit division requires
great extension rather than curtailment, and
I have no doubt if our present chief is given
proper support and liberty of action that the
fruit industry will be much helped."

Tlie Tariff Essex Growers Want

The vegetable growers of Essex county have
asked for an increase in the duty on certain
products that come into keenest competition
with the crops produced in that district.

Tomato growers asked for 25 per cent, on a
minimum valuation of two cents a pound. It
was requested that the tariff on cucumbers be
made 25 cents a dozen, cabbage two cents a
head and melons three cents each.

I have noted quite an improvement in The
Horticulturist, and wish you every success In
your efforts to further improve it. — (W. Hewlt-
son, Pruitland, Ont.

486

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Fruit Growers and the Tariff

(Cuiicluded fioin page 466.)

Mr. Bunting claimed that the tariff that has
been in operation since 1897 has been satisfac-
tory to growers and not a burden to the con-
sumers. The fruit industry has increased
since 1897 until now there are 350,000 acres in
orchard and garden in Ontario. The annual
production of apples is about 11,000,000 barrels.
In that time the prices have decreased to the
consumer although the introduction of such
pests as the San Jose Scale as well as the
higher wages paid the laborers have increased
the cost of production. The improvements in
packing and efforts made to develop trade in
the Canadian northwest were referred to. If
the tariff is reduced the United Statesers would
flood our market when they had a surplus and
fruit growing in Canada would be rendered un-
stable.

A specific duty was requested in place of ad
valorem because it is more definite, and does
not leave a chance to send goods in at a low
nominal price. The duty on plums is 2.5 per
cent and on pears 20 per cent. A change to
one and a half cents a pound and 25 cents a
bushel, respectively, would make the rate prac-
tically the same as is imposed on our products
going across the line.

In reply to a question from Hon. Mr. Patter-
son regarding the local dealers claiming that a
reduction in the tariff would not hurt the grow-
ers. Mr. Bunting explained that the growers
looked for a fair margin of profit on part of the
crop, and on account of its being perishable it
could not be held over. It was necessary,
therefore, that the growers obtain the prices
that prevail before the market is glutted by
the southern crop.

The extent of the fruit industry was referred
to by Mr. A. W. Peart, of Burlington. The
total value of orchard and garden lands in On-
tario was placed at $40,000,000. The increase
in production, and the consequent decrease in
profit during the past few years was materially
increased by the cost of labor which had ad-
vanced owing to protection to the manufactur-
ers enabling them to pay high wages. The
fact that canning factories and box. barrel, and
basket factories depended on the fruit indus-
try was also alluded to.

The high price of sugar was taken up by Mr.
Robt. Thompson, of St. Catharines. The fol-
lowing resolution was read: "That this asso-
ciation believes it to be desirable, and in the
interests of the fruit industry and the general
public, that a reduction should be made in the
tariff on refined sugar." The need for an out-
let for our surplus crops, and the necessity of
cheap sugar to assist the canners to compete
on foreign markets was emphasized. Last
year jams and jellies to the value of nearly
$1,000,000 were imported and these w-ere made
from fruit sent from Canada and manufactured
where sugar was cheap.

Mr. D. Johnson, of Forest, declared that the
fruit growers should be encouraged in every
way possible. If Canadian canners could se-
cure sugar and glass at the low price that a

reduced tariff on theie articles would easure.
our increased trade in canned goods with our
Canadian northwest and with foreign countries
would benefit the growers as well as the con-
sumers. A large percentage of our apples is
allowed to go to waste each year that would
be canned if conditions were more favorable.

During the hearing the commissioners
showed their interest in the fruit growers' re-
quests by asking questions bearing on the
points brought up by the different members of
the committee. The case for the fruit grow-
ers was presented by the committee in a most
able manner.

Fruit Convention Notes

The Ontario Fruit Growers' Association ap-
pointed Messrs. H. Jones, E. Lick. W. H. Bunt-
ing. R. Thompson, Murray Pettit, A. W. Peart,
J. L. Hilborn, D. Johnson and A. E. Sherring-
ton to represent the fruit growers at the Do-
minion Conference that is to be held in Ottawa
in February.

An illuminated address was presented to Mr.
W. H. Bunting by the association, showing the
hearty appreciation of the growers for the busi-
nesslike manner in which he has labored in the
interests of the fruit industry.

A resolution was passed fittingly recognizing
the good service rendered by Mr. Alex. Mc-
Neill, as president of the association and as
chief of the fruit division at Ottawa.

The able manner in which Canada and her
fruit interests were represented at the St.
Louis Exposition was referred to in a resolu-
tion congratulating Mr. T. H. Race on his good
work.

A welcome visitor at the fruit growers' meet-
ings was Mr. L. B. Rice, of Port Htiron. Michi-
gan, who represented the Michigan Horticul-
tural Society. On behalf of that society he
wished Ontario's efforts every success and ex-
tended a cordial invitation to the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association to be represented at their
convention in Grand Rapids, December 5 to 7.

The benefits to be derived from educational
work through the Farmers' Institutes and edu-
cational features at the fairs and exhibitions
were recognized by the growers, and a resolu-
tion was passed asking Mr. G. A. Putnam,
superintendent of the institutes, and Mr. H. B.
Cowan, superintendent of agricultural socie-
ties, to extend this work.

A resolution was passed by the fruit grow-
ers instrticting the delegates to the Dominion
Conference to urge the federal parliament to
place express rates within the control of the
Railway Commission. The express rates, at
present, are exorbitant.

The executive of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion were instructed to wait on the proper rail-
way official to try to secure the privilege now
accorded agricultural societies, of free return
tickets from their annual convention without
regard to the number in attendance.

Please accept congratulations on the grand
publication you issue under the title of The
Canadian Horticulturist. — (Harry H. Davey,
The Fruit World, Melbourne, Australia.

MUST HAVE STANDARD PACKAGES

Fruit growers and representatives from the
manufacturers of fruit packages met and dis-
cussed matters pertaining to sizes and shapes
of packages at the annual meeting of the On-
tario Fruit Growers' Association held in To-
ronto on November 16. Those present were
unanimous in the opinion that standard sizes
and standard shapes should be adopted. The
growers appointed a committee to meet the
manufacturers so that the matter may be
brought before the authorities.

It was evident, from the discussion, that
neither the manufacturers nor the growers
knew the dimensions of what is termed the On-
tario apple barrel. It was also clear that each
manufacturer of baskets makes a basket to
suit his customers.

In opening the case for the growers, Mr.
Robert Thompson, of St. Catharines, said that
the 11-quart basket had given satisfaction, but
suggested that the six-and-two-thirds quart
basket be discarded and a half basket or
one with five-and-a-half quart capacity be used
in its stead. He claimed that the six-and-two-
thirds quart basket is not generally made now
because it does not sell for more than a half
basket. For that reason smaller sizes are
used. The present carriers for tender fruits
are not satisfactory, and the pear package re-
quires to be improved. Standard dimensions
are wanted for each size because, when only
size is mentioned, each manufacturer prepares
a last to suit, and perhaps no two makers turn
out packages similar in shape. The length,
depth and width at top and bottom must be
made imperative. It was also suggested by
Mr. Thompson that the 96-quart barrel, with
28% inch stave, should be adopted in place of
the larger barrels now used in Ontario.

Mr. James Innes, barrel manufacturer of
Chatham, said that New York growers had
shipped pears successfully in a keg with 17^/4
inch staves and 14 inch head. With regard to
the apple barrel it was explained that staves
that were not good enough to make flour bar-
rels could be used in the manufacture of apple
barrels. This is the chief reason why manu-
facturers turn out so many 30 inch barrels.
These, however, can be cut down to the 28%
inch size.

It was pointed out by Mr. A. E. Sherrington,
of Walkerton, that the people in Great Britain
know the Ontario barrel to be larger than the
one used in Nova Scotia, and willingly pay
more for it. The merchants across the water
had informed him that the size should not be
changed.

A basket manufacturer said it was advisable
to have a uniform size, shape, and make
throughout Canada, but that steps should be
taken, also, to prevent other sizes and shapes
being imported. Another said that there
should be common sizes, and that if any other
size were made the capacity and dimensions
should be plainly stamped on the outside of
each package. Mr. Everest suggested that in-
spectors be appointed to see that the law is
lived up to. He thought that in most cases
the producer was to blame for the various
sizes now used. This statement was challeng-
ed by Major Jas. Shepherd, of Queenston, who
claimed that manufacturers; go around offer-
ing the smaller baskets to the producers at
easy prices.

It was pointed out by Mr. Geo. Williams, of
Thorold, that, as the manufacturers have vari-
ous dimensions for the different sizes now in
use, samples from the factories should be sub-
mitted to the growers. A committee could
then decide on the most satisfactory dimen-
sions. It entails considerable expense to
change the last on which the baskets are made.
The one that looks best and packs to best ad-
vantage in a car should be adopted.

Dairy Commissioner J. A. Ruddick pointed
out that something definite must be laid before
the Dominion Parliament and suggested that
a committee be appointed to prepare a definite
request that can be fui'ther discussed at the
Dominion Fruit Growers' Conference that will
meet in February.

A committee comprising Messrs. Robert
Thompson, A. W. Peart, D. Johnson and W. D.
A. Ross later conferred with the manufactur-
ers of packages and it was arranged that the
manufacturers should submit samples, so that
the committee may select the one that suits
best and present their report at the conference
in Ottawa in February.

Vegetable Growers Before Tariff Commission

(Concluded from page 481.)

2. The American tariff on vegetables imported
from Canada into the United States is almost
prohibitive, carrying both specific and ad
valorem duties; the American climate enables
the American market gardeners, in advance of
our own, to cultivate vegetables in the open
fields, at an extremely low rate of wages, and
when the United States markets are sufficient-
ly supplied the surplus stock of garden produce
is shipped into this country and dumped on our
markets on payment of such an insignificant
duty that the competition caused to our garden-
ers is in many instances ruinous. The injus-
tice of the situation is increased by the fact
that the United States markets are practically
closed against Canadian growers.

3. Such American garden produce arriving at
Montreal and Toronto in large quantities, be-
ing the surplus stock of the United States mar-
kets, and on account of its perishable charac-
ter, valued at extremely low price, and subject
to an insignificant duty, is acquired at very in-
ferior prices by Ontario importers and unex-
pectedly thrown on our markets, glutting the
said markets and causing great loss and dam-
age to our farmers and gardeners.

4. As a result of this wholesale, indiscrimi-
nate and unregulated importation of American
produce, the Canadian markets are filled with
foreign vegetables long before our crops are
ready for sale, and all early vegetables culti-
vated in Canada are liable to fluctuation and
falls in value of such extent and uncertainty
as to discourage market gardening in Canada.

5. Not only have very large amounts been in-

487

488

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

vested here in proper equipment for the carry-
ing on of the market gardening industry and
the early production of vegetables (amounting
to many millions of dollars) , but many thou-
sand families rely on the maintenance and de-
velopment of this industry for their subsist-
ence.

6. The industry is susceptible of very great
extension and of furnishing a profitable and
happy livelihood to a large class of our agri-
cultural population.

7. It is to be borne in mind that the market
gardeners of Canada pay considerable duties
on every article that they use in their industry,
on garden tools, on harness, carts, wagons, all
agricultural implements, on their clothes, the
materials for their conservatories and in fact
all that they use for the prosecution of their
industry; they do not, however, object to such
conditions if a protective policy is deemed
necessary in the countrj-'s interests. The mar-
ket gardeners merely ask for a rea,sonable pro-
tection of their own interests.

8. The association in no way seeks to obtain
the exclusion of American garden produce, but
the enactment of such changes in the Canadian
tariff, on the lines adopted by the United
Statesers in their own country, as will secure
fair and stable conditions in our own vege-
table markets and prevent our home market
being made the dumping ground for the surplus
produce of the United States.

9. A careful examination would show that
our market gardeners, if encouraged, would be
in a position to supply most of the require-
ments of our markets during the whole year
with new and fresh vegetables, such as lettuce,
watercress, radishes, celery, cauliflower, cu-
cumbers, spinach, parsley, etc., at fair prices.

10. The Canadian duty on vegetables im-
ported into Canada is as follows:

Beans, 15 cents per bushel.

Peas, 10 cents per bushel.

Potatoes, 15 cents per bushel.

Vegetables not otherwise provided for, 25
per cent.

Fresh tomatoes, 20 cents per bushel and 10
per cent, ad valorem.

11. The United States duty on vegetables im-
ported from Canada is as follows :

Beans, 45 cents per bushel of 60 lbs.
Cabbages, 3 cents each.
Onions, 40 cents per bushel.
Green Peas, 40 cents per bushel.
Potatoes, 25 cents per bushel of 60 lbs.
Vegetables in their natural state not other-
wise provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem.

(To be concluded in January i>?.ue )

Coopers to Combine

The manufacturers of barrels, boxes and bas-
kets throughout Ontario purpose forming a
combine. They say they do not do so with the
hope of advancing prices as is the case with
most combines. Two years ago, w'hen the
coopers took advantage of a shortage in stocks
and held out for excessive prices, the result
was that the following year found cement men,
millers and others using bags and sacks, while

the fiuit growers adopted a standard box and
agitated for the use of boxes instead of barrels
lor shipping fruit.

i he cooperage manufacturers realize that if
they supply barrels at reasonable prices they
tan restore their market, and it is with the
purpose of reducing the price to the producer
that the combine is being formed.

A meeting for this purpose was held recently
in Toronto. About 20 manufacturers have
signified their intention of forming a joint stock
company. It is proposed to have a central of-
fice for buying and selling stock and output.
In this way travellers would be dispensed with
and the expenses materially decreased. In-
spectors would be employed to see that high
grade stock was supplied. An effort is being
made to get others to join the combination. As
soon as 80 per cent, of the output is under con-
trol the company will be incorporated.

Would Reduce the Tariff

The retail fruit and vegetable merchants of
Toronto and London appeared before the Tariff
Commission and asked for considerable reduc-
tions in the duty on certain products coming
into Canada.

At Toronto the case was presented by Mr. F.
C. Higgins, who pointed out that climatic con-
ditions prevented Canadians from producing
certain fruits and vegetables. In those pro-
ducts that are grown here he said that there
is a natural protection in the perishability of
the goods, and in the expense entailed in put-
ting them on the Canadian market.

It was claimed that the existing duty of 25
per cent, on cranberries is prohibitive, and as
the production in Canada is small the tariff
should be reduced to $1.00 a barrel. At pres-
ent it amounts to about $3.00. The present
duty of two cents a pound on grapes was
thought to be double what it should be. On
strawberries the same duty was said to be ex-
cessive. In peaches it was asked that the
duty of one per cent, per pound be reduced to
half a cent from December 1 to August 15, and
left as it is the remainder of the year.

Mr. Frank Simpson asked for a reduction on
potatoes from 15 to 10 cents a bushel. It was
thought the duty of 25 per cent, on tomatoes
was ample. The dutj' on onions should be re-
duced from 15 to 10 cents a bushel. On cucum-
bers, asparagus, celery and cauliflower it was
asked that the present duty be retained.

Mr. G. G. Steele presented the case at Lon-
don, and said that the importations did not in-
terfere with the fruit men. The following
changes were asked for: Tomatoes, 25 cents
a bushel instead of 20 cents and 10 per cent.;
potatoes, reduction from 15 to 10 cents a
bushel melons, reduction from 25 to 121^ per
cent.; onions, reduction from 25 per cent, to
10 cents a bushel; cranberries, restoration of
old duty of 30 cents a bushel; grapes, reduc-
tion from two cents to one cent a pound, or,
failing that reduction, to one cent on grapes
from Spain and California; peaches, reduction
from one cent to half a cent a pound from De-
cember 1 to August 15.

ONTARIO HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION FORMED

The delegates, from the horticultural socie-
ties of the province, who met in Toronto last
month at the time of the Ontario Horticultural
Exhibition, decided to form a provincial or-
ganization to be known as the Ontario Horti-
cultural Association. The objects of the as-
sociation, as outlined at the meeting, are to
bring the various societies of the province into
closer touch with each other and to introduce
more uniform and improved methods of w'ork
as well as to look after the interests of the
societies generally.

The following officers were elected: Presi-
dent, W. B. Burgoyne, of St. Catharines; first
vice-president, Major H. J. Snelgi'ove, of Co-
burg; second vice-president, Joseph Barker, of
Kincardine; secretary-treasurer, H. B. Cowan,
of Toronto; executive committee, R. B. Whyte,
of Ottawa; R. W. Woodroofe, of Woodstock ;
C. L. Stevens, of Orillia; A. T, Armstrong, of
Millbrook; W. Jeffers Diamond, of Belleville;
A. Alexander, of Hamilton; H. R. Frankland,
of Toronto; J. T. Rose, of Brantford, and Robt.
Mann, of Orangeville. The president, first
vice-president and secretary-treasurer were
empowered to draft a constitution and to wait
on the government to urge the adoption of
legislation in the interests of the horticultural
societies.

At the afternoon session of the convention
Mr. W. B. Burgoyne described the excellent

Burlington

The annual meeting of the Burlington Horti-
cultural Association was held at Freeman No-
vember 9th, with the president, A. W. Peart, in
the chair. In his annual address Mr. Peart
reviewed the work that the society had accom-
plished during the past season and outlined
work for the future. The directors reported
on the different classes of fruit grown in the
neighborhood that had given the best results.

The report of the secretary-treasurer, and
the auditors' report, showed that the society
has a substantial balance on hand. The offi-
cers elected for the incoming year were :
President, W. F. W. Fisher; first vice-president,
J. S. Freeman; second vice-president, R. C.
Fowler ; secretary-treasurer, W. E. A. Peer ;
directors, D. Jardine, W. V. Hopkins, J. S. Free-
man, H. T. Foster, R. C. Fowler, A. W. Peart,
J. A. Lindley, W. E. A. Peer ; auditors, H. T.
Foster, W. H. Easterbrook; shipping commit-
tee, H. T. Foster, E. W. Lewis.— (W. E. A. Peer,
secretary-treasurer.

work that has been accomplished by the St.
Cainarines society during the past year. With
a government grant of only $51 the society has
distributed $8 and $9 for horticulture for every
one that has been received from the govern-
bent. The distribution of seed among the
school children had been very profitable. A
discussion of Mr. Burgoyne's remarks was en-
tered into heartily by Messrs. Diamond, of
Belleville; Barker, of Kincardine; Hunt, of
Guelph, and other of the delegates. Several
delegates said that they found the giving of
The Horticulturist to their members had been
productive of excellent results. The meeting
then proceeded with the election of officers,
which resulted as already given.

During the afternoon interesting addresses
were given by Mr. Wm. Hunt, of Guelph, on
The Care of Dormant and Semi-dormant Plants
Throughout the Winter, an extract from which
address appears in this issue, and by Mr. W.
T. Macoun, of the Experimental Farm at Otta-
wa, who described some of the best features
of the botanical garden at the farm. An out-
line of his paper will be published in The Hor-
ticulturist. The convention was considered to
be a great success and the delegates appeared
to be enthusiastic regarding the possibilities
for good work mat lie before the recently
formed provincial association. A full report of
the discussions will be published in the Janu-
ary issue of The Horticulturist.

two good men from abroad, and expect to put
on a good program of local men.

It has been decided to hold the winter meet-
ing of The Pomological and Fruit Growing So-
ciety of Quebec at Richmond, Que., December
13 and 14. Secretary Wood, of St. John, Que-
bec, informs The Horticulturist that the pro-
gram containing full information will be out
before December 1.

The British Columbia Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation will hold their annual meeting in Van-
couver. The date has not yet been fixed.
Secretary Brandrith, of Ladner, sends The
Horticulturist the following list of speakers
and subjects : T. F. Patterson, B. S. A., of
Vancouver, Economic Entomology; H. H. Har-
ris, sen., of Vancouver, Floriculture; J. A.
Catherwood, of Hatzic, Freight and Express
Service; W. J. Brandrith, of Ladner, Varieties
of Fruit for the City Garden.

Fruit Growers Provincial Convention

The annual meeting of the Nova Scotia Fruit
Growers' Association will be held at Annapolis
on December 12, 13 and 14. Among other
questions the following will be discussed. Size
of the Standard Barrel. Transportation, Co-
operation, Spraying, and Improved Orchard
Practice.

Secretary Barker, of Berwick, writes The
Horticulturist that they are hoping for one or

Keen Demand For Fruit

Cable reports from Woodall & Co., Liverpool,
England, to their agent, Mr. Eben James, To-
ronto, show a firm market with a tendency to
higher prices for apples for some weeks past.
On November 22 this firm cabled: "Prospects
most favorable, 8,000 barrels selling, market
active and higher. Greenings 20 to 23 shil-
lings. Baldwins 21 to 22 shillings, Spys ^jtVa to
24 shillings. Russets 20 to 24y2 shillings,
seconds 3 shillings less." The shipments from
Canadian ports to date are 648,138 barrels,
compared with 534,953 barrels for the same
period last year.

489

490

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Exhibitions of Work Enjoyed

Many visitors at the Ontario Horticultural
Exhibition were pleased to find the Air Pres-
sure Water Systems and Wallace Power
Sprayers on hand in the display of Mr. W. H.
Brand, of Grimsby, Ont. Regret was ex-
pressed that the absence of power shafting
prevented Mr. Brand from giving a full demon-
stration of the capabilities of the " Junior "
machine he managed to get into the basement
of Massey Hall. As it was, he explained the
system employed and gave as much of a practi-
cal exhibition of it as was possible when
operating by hand, rolling in 15 to 20 pounds
pressure in a very short time. This, of course,
was purely air. It is a free agent and indeed
a powerful one.

Mr. Brand's company have a variety of out-
fits of all sizes and capacities and for every
purpose for which a power sprayer can be
used, and they are well spoken of by Messrs.
E. D. and J. W. Smith, Alex. Glover «5: Sons, of
Winona; Wm. Orr. R. H. Dewar and C. C.
Pettit, of Fruitland; Capt. Roberts, of Grims-
by; Col. Ptolemy, Stoney Creek; E. G. Beckett
and R. H. Lewis, of Hamilton; W. H. Demp-
sey. Fruit Experiment Station at Trenton ;
Mr. Macoun. of the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont.; R. Jack & Sons, at Chateauguay
Basin. Quebec, and others in Canada.

Over 3,000 of his Pneumatic Water Systems
are in use throughout the world, some of them
being in Canada. They are used by farmers
of all descriptions, town residents who have no
other pressure service to draw from, and by
owners of high buildings wherein it is desired
to further augment the fire protection by add-
ing to the city service a private tank. Write
Mr. Brand for information regarding either of
these necessities. Their cost is quite com-
mensurate with the articles. Address him at
Jordan Station, Ont.

Proper Packing Important

Many fruit growers and shippers admit that
before Canadian fruit can demand the best
prices in Great Britain it must be properly
packed. Many of the leading growers have
adopted the Biggs system of packing that was
shown at the recent Ontario Horticultural Ex-
hibition in Toronto. The Biggs Fruit and
Produce Co., of Burlington. Ont., make a spec-
ialty of supplying fruit growers with the very
best appliances for the packing of fruit, in-
cluding their press and packing table. The
Biggs Co. also makes a specialty of shipping
select fruit direct to any address in Great
Britain without any extra cost.

A Capable Man Advanced

The Allan Steamship Company has secured
the services of Mr. D. O. Wood, late with the
Robt. Reford Steamship Company, as their
western freight representative. Mr. Wood will
be located in Toronto, and will have charge of
the freight business for The Allan Company in
western Ontario. A better man for this work
than Mr. Wood would be hard to find. He has

been with the Grand Trunk Railway over 20
years and a number of years with the Robt.
Reford Co. The long experience gained by
Mr. Wood when with these companies makes
him well qualified to oversee the large ship-
ments of apples, cheese, butter, etc., handled
by this firm. The Allan line has completed a
chain between the fruit growers in Ontario and
the consumers in Great Britain and a better
man to extend the business of the company
would be hard to find. This firm purposes
placing several new boats on their line and will
devote special attention to the export fruit
trade.

A Correction

In the article Spraying Competition Chal-
lenge that appeared in the November issue of
The Horticulturist, the omission of " as is "
made Mr. Brand say blue vitriol and white
arsenic were not soluble in water. The sen-
tence should have read " In doing this it car-
ries with it such components as Paris green,
which is not perfectly soluble in water, as is
blue vitriol, white arsenic, etc., but remains In
a very fine but heavy powder."

Again, in the paragraph regarding how to
judge as to which machine produced a proper
spray the addition of the words " those who "
slightly changed the meaning. This sentence
should have read " The way to judge which of
these machines will best perform the work is
to be governed by verdicts of users of them, or
see both makes in actual operation."

Fruits, Vegetables and Tuters

Great caution should be exercised in the se-
lection of varieties, and as a rule it is not wise
to purchase novelties. However, Canadian
growers know that new specimens introduced
by Stone & Wellington are worth having be-
cause they have been thoroughly tested before
being offered to the public.

Three recent introductions have proven to
be adapted to Canadian conditions. The
Maynard plum. Burbank's greatest introduc-
tion, has "withstood the hardships of our win-
ters ; the Ideal asparagus, a French variety, is
far ahead of other varieties, producing large
crisp stalks, and the Gold Coin potato, a Ver-
mont variety, was the best yielder tested at the
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, averaging
554 bushels per acre.

Steel Grape and Fence Posts

An attractive exhibit at the recent Ontario
Horticultural Exhibition was a display of steel
grape posts and fence posts, by The Canadian
Portable Fence Co.. Limited, of Toronto. There
is a growing demand for a steel post, and this
enterprising company did not hesitate, but im-
mediately set to work to design their steel
grape posts according to the ideas of the best
known grape growers of Canada.

The grape posts are made on much the same
lines as the well-known steel fence posts, that
have made for the company an enviable repu-

A BOOK Oy 'MUMS.

49'

tation in the fence industry. The anchor, or
end posts, are rigid steel trusses, with means
of tightening and adjusting tension on wires.
The stationary anchorage is recommended, al-
though the portable, being simpler to set, is
frequently demanded. The line posts consist
of a single angle steel upright, driven about
two feet into the ground. This saves the dig-
ging of a post hole. The posts being only one
and one-half inches wide take up practically no
space — a matter of great importance for plow-
ing, spraying, and collecting fruit.

The company is prepared to sell these grape
posts direct to the fruit growers. Inquiries
should be addressed to their head office, foot

of Jarvis street. Toronto. They have every
facility for turning out these posts rapidly and
economically, and solicit the patronage of the
Canadian fruit grower for a home production
invented in and made in Canada.

How to Groni 'Mums

Every lover of flowers is anxious to have a
few chrysanthemums. Much information of
value to those interested in the culture of this
beautiful plant is to be found in a book pre-
pared by Arthur Herrington entitled The
Chrysanthemum. This work is worthy of
special perusal by amateurs. It includes the

20 Per Cent. OFF

That's really the difference between our prices and those in the
United States when you consider the matter of duty ! If you are not
one of our many customers, be sure and drop a card for one of our
illustrated catalog^ues " Canadian Plants for Canadian People" out ist
March.

The WEBSTER FLORAL COMPANY, limited

Florists, Nursekvme.v and Seedmen.

HAMILTON, CANADA. ♦

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦»♦♦♦♦♦» ♦

Horticultural Societies

WHAT HAVE YOU DONE ABOUT THE NEXT
DISTRIBUTION OF

? PREVHIMS ?

LET US SUGGEST SOMETHING THAT WILL SATISFY
ALL YOUR MEMBERS.

Our prices are right ; the quality of our stock is the best.

J. GAMMAGE & SONS, - London, Ont.

!»

^

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to ail Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

492

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

history of the plant and a practical treatise on
propagation, suitable soils, watering, cultural
methods and every detail connected with pro-
ducing good plants. Illustrations are given
to show cuttings ready for planting and, later,
ready for the first potting. Crown and termi-
nal buds are fully discussed and well illus-
trated. The value of fertilizers is treated and
the difference between " fed " plants and those
grown under ordinary conditions illustrated.

A chapter is devoted to the preparation of
plants for exhibition and judging. Specimens
of bush and standard plants are shown and
their culture fully given from propagation in
December to the fully developed plant. Com-
mercial culture, growing seed and hybridizing,
and insect and fungus pests, with their treat-
ments, are carefully described.

Those interested should write to Morang &
Co., Limited. 90 Wellington street west, To-
ronto. The price of this book, well bound and
containing 32 illustrations, is 50 cents.

Among the interested visitors to this exhibit
were Hon. Nelson Monteith, Hon. Mr. Fielding,
and other prominent persons, who expressed
themselves as being pleased with the simplicity
of operation and the many excellent features
ihe Little Giant Sprayer possesses.

Mr. Perkins intimates that a number of or-
ders were secured for spring delivery, and
wishes to advise intending purchasers to place
their orders at once as their doing so will
enable the manufacturers to have the ma-
chines delivered in time for use in the early
spring season. Delays in delivery, when the
season opens up rapidly, are annoying and
costly. A large staff will be kept busy during
the winter manufacturing Little Giant Spray-
ers, and all orders placed will receive prompt
attention.

Exliibi[ AuracteJ nt ntldii

The education features of the recent Ontario
Horticultural Exhibition in Toronto, were
greatly appreciated by the large number of
fruit growers who were present from all parts
of Ontario. Among the many exhibits was that
of the Little Giant Sprayer from Port Dover,
Ontario. Mr. Perkins, who was in charge,
was a busy man, explaining to interested spec-
tators the many points in this sprayer that
are not contained in any other machine.

The basket section in the trade exhibits at
the recent Ontario Horticultural Exhibition in
Toronto was ably represented by the Oakville
Basket Co., which made an extensive display
of the articles the firm manufactures for the
fruit trade. The high quality of workmanship
evident in the samples shown indicates the
reason why this firm stands at the top of the
basket manufacturers of Canada.

Fruit growers who heard Mr. A. N. Brown,
of Wyoming, Delaware, talk on spraying, will
be interested in an advertisement that appears
in this issue for Kil-o-Scale. Mr. Brown stated
that this Insecticide has given entire satisfac-
tion in treating San Jose Scale in Delaware.

?ggei^^ioigggge>sfeeisi2:ee;£/£/&s:.?isiseSSeis^^

IT PAYS

to grow g-ood fruit, and every grower wants

To Have the Best

We carry a full line of the very best nursery stock,

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

% Write for our beautiful catalogue, and select the varieties suited

'^ to your locality.

The Helderleigh Nurseries

E. D. SMITH, Winona, Ont.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods fronn Advertisers.

i§

DOIXG A GOOD BUSINESS.

-1 9:

Swamped With Orders.— The Wallace
Sprayer Co. informs The Horticulturist that
they are now building for spring sales and are
already swamped with orders. It would be
well, therefore, for Canadian growers who in-
tend purchasing one of these popular power
sprayers to place their orders with Mr. Brand,
their Canadian representative, at once so that
the machines may arrive in time for the spring
work.

I regret my subscription has been so long
overdue. To prevent it happening- again, I en-
close check for $5, paying up to 1908. — (Mrs. P.
E. Henry, Toronto, Ont.

QUALITYI.\l$

SKMD >Y>B OATAI/OOUE.

ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON

34« W««t 14th St., New Torli.

LANDSCAPE DESIGNING

Plans for Parks, Cemeteries, Public and
Private Pleasure Grounds made . . .

Chas. Ernest Woolverton, Landscape Designer

GRIMSBY

Drawings made to a scale, so that any ga^dent r may carry
them out. Correspondence solicited.

The Great San

Jose Scale Destroyer

Strongly recommended by Professors L. R.
Taft, of Michigan, John B. Smith, New Jersej', and
W. G. Johnson, Editor American Agriculturist.

No Cooking, Non-Corrosive

Simply add water as per directions and stir.

No Sediment to Clog Nozzle

A scientific chemical compound, largely of
Soluble Petroleum, with Oil of Sulphur and
Resin. Two infallible remedies combined
in our soluble compound.

Write for copy of letter showing Prof. John-
son's and Mr. A. N. Brown's examination of Prof.
Smith's application.

WRITE FOR PRICES—

Griffith & Turner Co.,

217 N. Paca St. Baltimore, Md , U.S.A.

THE ROSERY

LEADS IN

Artistic Table Decorations
Floral Designs

and
Wedding Novelties

Flowers carefully packed and
shipped anywhere.

Write direct to THE ROSERY

96 Yonge St., Toronto

The Chrysanthemum

Its culture for professional growers and ama-
teurs ; a practical treatise on its propagation,
cultivation, training, raising for exhibition
and market, hj-bridizing. origin and history.
By Akthcr Herrix(.tox.
Illustrated. Price 50 cents.

The Window Flower Garden

By Julius B. Heinrich.
New enlarged edition. Price 50 cents.

Home Floriculture

A practical guide to the treatment of flower-
ing and other ornamental plants in the house
and garden.

By Ebex E. Rexford.
lUustrated. Price $1.00.

Parsons on the Rose

By Samuel B. Parsons.
New and Revised Edition. Price $1.00.

MORANG 81 CO., Limited

90 Wellington Street West, Toronto.

A Handsome Premium will be Given Free to all Readers who buy goods from Advertisers.

494

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Classified HcK^ertisements

WANTED — SUBSCRIPTION CANVASSERS
for The Canadiuii Horticulturist both in cities
and in the fruit districts of Canada. Liberal com-
missions offered. (Jood men soon put on salary.
Write The Canadian Horticulturist, Rooms 507-508,
Manning Chambers, Toronto, Out.

FOR SALE CHEAP— ONE OF THE CLEANEST
and best e^iuipped gieenhou.ses in Toronto.
Everything in splendiil condition, carnations planted,
excellent stock of ferns and general stock of plants,
10,000 feet of glass. Apply at once to F. C, care
of The Canadian Horticulturist.

/>~^ej^ i/^

In

'cux

you

^I ^^""^ is
^"^^ys rl "'^e

^^teh

■^ Pure - .^^ o

Can

PRATT'S

"SCALECIDE"pat

Guaranieed to Kill San Jose Scale Without Injury to the Tree.

Prof. John B. Smith. Entonio'ogist New Jersoy E.xperiin"nt Station. writes of •■ S 'ALECIDE:' "I be-
lieve that applied at llie ritiht t me ana in a thorough manner, this is as good, if not a better remedy, for
this pernicious Ins' ct. than any we have up lo the present ti cue."

Add one gal. • • Si^ALEi IDE " t ) :.'(! gals, of water, stir and it is re-dy for use, no boiling. Price 50 cents
per gal. in barrel?, 10 gal. cans. $t; 01). 5 gal. cans. $3.25; 1 gal. cans, $1.00. Be sure to get the BEST and the
CHEAPEST. For circulars address It. G. PRATT CO.UFAJNY. 11 Broadway, ^ew Vork, N. X.

The Spramotor Co., London, Ont., Canadian Agents.

(pmig^irBii^e!aBT7ai5T£MTg;Bs^^i5Taigng.BfigJrig.^^i^ mmm

iiil

I'll

Free

Green Mountain, Mc Pike,
Campbells' Early

i

The varieties named above are three of the best Grapes of recent introduction. We will send
a first-class, 2 year, strong, well rooted vine of one of them to an}' person who will send us the namsg
and P. 0. address of ten reliable men among whom we would be likelj- to engage a canvassing agent.

We want names of persons who have had previous experience as canvassers for books, pictures
agricultural implements, etc., or of any others whom you think would succeed as agents for us.

m Your name will not be mentioned to those to whom you refer us, and no responsibility will i

liill attach to you in any waj*. In

The (Jrai« Vine will be sent to you, free of any expense, and if this were not a bone-fide offer ai
we would not be permitted to print it here. Iffl

A post card and a few minutes, time are all that are needed from you. Address us as below,
and write names plainly, and be sure to give US your Own name and Post Office.

Brown Brothers Company, Nurserymen

BROWN'S NURSERIES, ONTARIO

LIMITED m

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