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THE

CANADIAN

HORTICULTURIST

PUBLISHED BY

THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
OF ONTARIO.

VOLUME X

E D I T 0 E

L. WOOLVERTON, M.A., GRIMSBY, ONTARIO,

THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED,
GENERAL PRINTERS, 67 & 69 COLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

1887.

//6//^

(Eanabian

Dorticulturiet

Published at Toi^onto and Grimsby, Ont.
OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

JANUARY, 1887.

[No. 1.

JfruitB.

THE YELLOW TRANSPARENT.

The readers of the Canadian Horti-
culturist will be pleased to see a colored
plate of an apple that has so much to
commend it as the Yellow Transparent,

This is not a new and unti-ied fruit,
but is proved to be one of the few
apples of real excellence which is ad-
apted to the northerly portions of the
apple region. It was imported from
St. Petersburg, Russia, in the year 1870
and has since that become pretty widely
distributed. The merits of this apple
may be summed up under the following
three heads :

(1) Hardiness — In this respect it is
fully equal to the Duchess of Olden-
burgh, and it is claimed that it will
survive temperature of 45° below zero
without freezing. It was on account
of this quality that the Frxiit Growers'
Association of Ontario included it in

their premium list, and as it bears when
quite young we hope soon to have the
testimony of our readers in confirmation
of its previous reputation.

(2) Earliness — Of all our early apples
this promises to be the best shipper and
the most renumerative. Previous to
the ripening of theiRed Astracan aad
the Duchess of Oldenburgh we have no
apple of extraordinary beauty either for
the table or market ; but in the Yellow
Transparent we hope to find the gap
worthily filled. No other has such deli-
cate waxen beauty, while in flavor it
comes little behind the well-known
Early Harvest. It may be gathered
any time in August, or be left to hang
into the month of September, all the
time improving in beauty.

(3) Freedom from Spot — And herein
lies of its great merits. The

PLAQUE OF THE APPLE SPOT

is spreading through our country. Scien-
tists claim that it is a species of fungus.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

They call it Fusicladium dendriticum, a
mingling of Latin and Greek, evidently
meaning " a pest that spreads ruin upon
trees," and certainly it is well named.
The microscope reveals a miniature
forest of plants in each spot, and as
each 'one of these parasites draws its
nourishment from the apple the most
evil results must necessarily follow.

It i* further claimed that the leaf
blight which was so severe last summer
and caused the trees to drop their
leaves, is the same species of fungus as
that above described which caused the
apple spot.

No remedy is yet known, though
some of our scientists are now making
a study of this subject and will soon
make known the result.

So far we only know of one means of
checking it, and that is to plant only
such varieties as are not subject to the
disease. The Early Harvest and the
Snow apple, which are breeding the
pestilence, should be cut down and
burned up ; and in future only such
varieties should be planted as the Yellow
Transparent, the Duchess of Oldenburg
the Golden Russet land others, which
are free from its ravages.

The following description of the Yel-
low Transparent apple is from condensed
remarks upon the Newer Fruits at the
late meeting of the Michigan Horticul-
tural Society : " A most valuable early
sort ; precedes by some weeks the Early
Harvest ; of extra good quality, pleas-
ant flavor, beautiful color, waxen yel-
low ; hard wood. A Russian sort sent
out seventeen years ago,'same as White

Astrachan and White Transparent Mos-
cow] Planted extensively in Virginia
and the Carolinas for early New York
market."

APPLES IN BRITAIN.

BY A. MCD. ALLAK, OODERICH, ONT.

At the first of the season prices for
even the most ordinary samples were
very high, the buyers being under the
impression that the supply would be
extremely limited. But as the season
progressed prices have gone down until
now buyers are very particular, and
fruit that four weeks ago would readily
bring 20s. to 25s. will not realize 16s.
at the best i'or choice samples now. I
luckily sold a number of cargoes " to
deliver" and upon these the prices for
all kinds are high, but those arriving
now T cannot do much with. And I
am sorry to say the fruit is mostly
mixed in samples, very spotted and
wormy.

Many packers, too, I fear, are pack-
ing right from the trees instead of
allowing the fruit to lie upon the
ground for some days first. Tne result
is that I find a great deal of wet, mouldy
fruit arriving for which only a trifle can
be realized. I have had to let go some
lots as low as 5s. per barrel for very
poor stufi". This ought not to be so and
the remedy is in the hands of the ship-
pers, who should be more careful in
giving instructions to their packers.
Indeed, they should make packers re-
sponsible for all poorly culled and
packed samples. The various kinds
should be packed tight enough to allow
for a slight shrinkage. In doing this
probably some kinds will need to be
pressed more than others as a soft or
spongy variety will shrink more than a
crisp variety.

Then, again, special engagements
should be made with steamship com-
panies so that they should store all away

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

from the centre of the vessel and the
vicinity of the engines. Where apples
are spotted I find that the slightest
moisture will cause them to mould and
rot. There is no use in sending poor
samples here as they cost as much in
freight as good ones and will only re-
alize ruinous prices, besides gaining a
bad name for the shipper and the coun-
try. I am convinced that it will pay to
put up fine samples in bushel or bushel
and a half boxes and wrap each sample
in a piece of tissue paper. I find that
American apples are generally packed
better than Canadian, especially those
coming from the Northeastern States
and also New York State. It is a grand
mistake to think that British buyers
wont find small, wormy, spotted apples
if we put them in the centre of the bar-
rel. They turn the entire contents out
when judging any new or old trade
mark or shipper, and woe be to him
who is found out this way. Every
broker and retail fruiterer present will
make a note of him. But the careful,
honest man gets due credit and will at
any time get a good price. I believe
packers are to blame almost invariably
and not the shippers. I know from
experience how very careless they will
become, no matter how careful they may
be at the outset. It pays to bind them
down with the most stringent rules, and
then keep a watch over them by occa-
sionally tui-ning out a barrel to see how
it has been filled.

THE COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION.

Just at this time when we are con-
gratulating our worthy President, and
his able co-adjutor, Mr. P. C. Dempsey,
on their safe return from the Colonial
and Indian Exhibition, we are sure our
readers will be interested in a glimpse
of the Canadian trophy, as shown in
wood cut kindly loaned us by the
Farmers' A dvocate, of London.

At the bottom you see bags of cereals
and specimens of Canadian timbers and
minerals. Next above, and around be-
hind, are about 1,000 glass jars contain-
ing those samples of apples, pears,
peaches, berries, (fee, which were so care-
fully collected by Mr. William Saunders.
Above these again are grains, grasses,
hops, (fee, arranged in the most taste-
ful fashion.

All this cannot fail to have a good
effect in gaining for Canadian fruits
a higher appreciation in the Old Coun-
try.

The Horticultural Times (Eng.) says :
— " We learn that Mr. C. R. H. Starr,
Commissioner in charge of the Canadian
Fruit Department at the late Colonial
Exhibition, is making arrangements for
the extension of the market for Do-
minion fruit in the many populous
centres that lie beyond the confines of
Glasgow, Manchester, Liverpool, and
London, and is also endeavoring to
open up markets on the Continent.
The movement is a good one, though
we fear the Continental markets will
be difficult to open up. There is plenty
of scope, however, for increased con-
signments in this country of good
Canadian fruit. Mr. Starr's efforts in
advocating cold storage for shipping
Canadian fruit are well known."

The Canadian Gazette, London, Eng.,
says : — " The displays of Canadian
apples at Exeter and Edinburgh have
aroused no little interest at the Exhi-
bitions in those places. Reports from
Exeter state that a most favorable im-
px'ession was prodviced by the Canadian
apples. The fruit, we are told, ' ex-
celled in color and included some mag-
nificent specimens, all in a fine state
of preservation, notwithstanding the
double consignment, first to London
from Canada, and thence to Exeter.'
The mayor in opening the Exhibition
called special attention to the Canadian

THE CANADIAN H0BTI0ULTURI8T.

fruit, pointing
out that the im-
portation of ap-
ples from Canada
had increased
from 15,000 bar-
rels in 1874 to
242,144 barrels
last year. A
friend of his had,
he said, trans-
planted and
grown Canadian
apples at Great
Fulford in this
country with
great success.
The Canadian
fruit was, at the
closeof the show,
distributed
among the may-
or, sheriffs, town
clerk, local edi-
tors, and offi-
cers, all of whom
speak most
highly of its
qualities. A spe-
cial report is
shortly to be
made by the
judges of the
Tasting Commit-
tee as to tho flavor and general quality
of the fruit."

CANADIAN vs. BRITISH APPLES.

BY A. MCD. ALLAN, OODEBICH, OITT.

A test was made in Glasgow by four
good apple experts to discover the dif-
ference in flavor between our apples
and the same kinds grown in Britain.
Kibston Pippin, Blenheim Pippin and
Cox's Orange Pippin were selected as
these are grown in both countries. It
was granted at first that Canada had
by far the best of it in color and form.
The specimens were peeled and sub-

THE CANADIAN TROPHY.

mitted, and in every case all four de-
clared positively and readily in favor of
those grown in Canada. This only
bears out the opinions expressed by
thousands whom we met at the Colonial
Exhibition. Thei'e is no doubt what-
ever that the form of any of our natur-
ally grown apples is as nearly perfect
as it can be, whereas those grown in
Britain have to be forced by extra
manuring and high cultivation and
hence are very knobby and high ribbed.
Ours have a tenderness of flesh that we
do not find in any of the British apples,
and their color is superior to ours in

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTUKIST.

any we see. But it is most natural to
expect fine flavor where we have so fine
a color, and it would be unreasonable
to think of finding high color where
there is no color at all scarcely. The
The British atmosphere is too moist to
give either color or flavor in its finest
as we get it. Without abundance of
si;nlight and clear pure air such as we
have no country can produce such fine
samples of apples.

WHITE BLACKBERRIES.

Sir, — Whilst out for a tramp last
August I came across a white, or
rather yellow, blackberry growing wild
on the banks of the Ottawa, the fruit
being then ripe on the bush. I re-
moved six suckers, wrapped them up
with damp moss and brought them
home, carefully marking the spot where
they were found, so that should those
procured fail to grow — as the season
when plants are in fruit is the worst
time tor their removal — I would be
able to obtain other plants at a future
time. I would feel much obliged if
you would kindly inform me if there
are at present any white blackberries
in cultivation. I see no reason why
there should not be red, white, and
black blackberries as well as the above
three shades of currants, raspberries,
grapes, <kc. p. C.Buckb, Ottawa.

[There are some white blackberries
cultivated, such as Col. Wilder and
Crystal White, and a red one known
as Doctor Warder, but none of them
productive enough to be valuable ex-
cept as curiosities. — Ed.]

THE BLACK SPOT ON THE APPLE.

Sir, — Enclosed please find my sub-
scription to The Canadian Horticul-
turist, which I consider very much im-
proved of late.

The black spots on the Snow apple is
a subject in which we, in this section.

are deeply interested. My own opinion
is that they are living beings that feed
on the juice of the apple. They first
attacked the "Snow," the most deli-
cious of apples. They are extending
their ravages to other kinds. The
winter kinds have hitherto escaped. I
was advised by an old fruit dealer to
leave them on the tree as long as pos-
sible when so attacked. I believe the
advice to be good.

Some of my Snows were blown oflf
by the wind this year, and remained
in the long grass four or five days.
The black spots disappeared very much.
I reasoned that the damp and cold were
too much, for the insects breed in the
sunshine. t. Lewis, Maitand, Ont.

[ISToTE. — The spot on the apple is
not an insect. It is a species of fun-
gus.— Ed.]

CLIPPINGS.

The Fred Clapp.— Try the Fred-
erick Clapp Pear, The fruit is fine-
grained, very juicy, rich and excellent.
It ripens in October. Those who want
a showy pear in place of the great Kief-
fer, as well as one that may be enjoyed,
will be pleased with the F.C. It has
not as yet been tried sufliciently to en-
able us to say where it will succeed. —
R.N. Y.

Australian fruit arrives in Eng-
land in excellent condition. It is packed
in corkdust or sawdust, and placed in a
cold compartment, where the tempera-
ture is kept as near to 40 degrees as
possible. — Rural New Yorker.

The Kieffer Pear. — The wife of a
prominent fruit grower says that she
has noticed that people learn to like the
Kieflfer Pear. Attracted by its beauty,
even though it be to the amateur but
skin deep, people continue to taste and
eat, until finally they learn to like it
very much in the same way as a taste
for tomatoes, bananas and other similar

6

THE CANADIAN H0BTI0ULTUBI8T.

fruits is acquired. Specimens from the
same orchard, or from the same tree,
differ greatly in flavor. In the Phila-
delphia market the wholesale condem-
nation of the fruit, due to its deceptive
appearance, has given way to a modei'ate
appreciation, and it brings readily from
$1 to $1.50 per basket. — Rural New
Yorker.

Garden Cats. — Attention is being
given in England to training cats to
protect strawberry beds and other gar-
den treasures from the voracious English
sparrow. The cats wear collars, and
are tethered by light and sti'ong cords.
The tethers are attached to comfortable
cat houses which can be moved about
from place to place as desirable. It is
said a thoroughly trained cat enjoys the
life hugely. — Gardeners^ Monthly.

Care of an Apple Orchard. — The
lack of manure and cultivation, and a
general lack of proper care for orchards
are the causes, in a great part, of their
sterility. Neglected orchards produce
small quantities of small, poorly-flav-
ored and poorly-ripened fruit. The
orchard should be supplied with all the
manure the trees can appropriate, and
the trees will then be vigorous and will
show it by a good growth of wood and
handsome fruit. When the trees do
not make a free growth of wood it is
certain that they are in ill condition
and need the assistance of fertilizers and
cultivation — probably, also, judicious
pruning, cleaning the bark and the de-
struction of worms and insects. — Vick's
McKjazine.

[We would call especial attention to
the above extract. It is worthy of
consideration whether the barrenness
of orchards in Ontario of late is not in.
part at least due to causes therein
pointed out.]

VITICULTURAL.

The Grape Market. — Mr. G.S. Pal-
mer, a New York fruit merchant, is re-

ported in the Wine and Fruit Grower as
saying that there is no cause for discour-
agement to grape growers, notwith-
standing the extensive vineyards that
have been planted.

Immense quantities of grapes are
grown along the Hudson river ; nearly
every farmer for miles back has from
one to fifty acres in vineyard, with an
average yield of from three to five tons
per acre. A similar statement might
be made concerning Central New York
and parts of Ohio. About Euclid
alone, in the latter State, there are
about 3,000 acres in grapes, which are
mostly sent to Cleveland market, a city
which alone consumes 10,000 pounds
per day.

Besides these immense qualities
grown in the Eastern States, California
ships East some 20,000 tons yearly ;
and nearly one million pounds are an-
nually imported from Malaga and
Almeria.

Notwithstanding all this, Mr. Pal-
mer states that the demand in the
United States is increasing faster than
the supply.

Pruning theGrape — Mr.G.Arnaud,
in the Monticello Grape Grower, says :
— "Any system of pruning is good
which will preserve a good equilibrium
between the roots and branches of a
vine, will let the vine have a good crop
of fine fruit, and at the same time good
wood for the next year's pruning,"

Dr. Guyot says, and he is truly
right : — " Each vine should produce,
each year, at least one bi-anch for wood
and one for fruiting. The branch for
wood should produce each year two
sprouts or canes ; one to replace the
branch which has borne fruit ; the
other, cut back so as to leave two eyes,
will become the branch for wood, and
will produce the two shoots necessary
for the succeeding year."

Of course if a vine is strong enough,
it may have two branches for fruit and

THB CANADIAN H0RTICULTUBI8T.

two for wood, or three of each, even
four, and the fruiting branches long
according to the vigor of the vine.

Another point is to give a good shape
to the vine, to distribute well the bear-
ing canes and spurs, to have a good
distribution of the fruit, and conse-
quently a good ripening.

Before pruning especially the young
vines, the vineyardist must have in
mind what shape he wants to give his
vines. He has to go over some vine-
yards and examine what shape suits
him best. A good plan is to pay a
visit, when he is pruning, to the neigh-
bor who has every year the best crops.
This one must have the best system.

About the season of pruning, the
Spring is the best ; but pruning can
be done any time after the complete
fall of the leaves, provided the wood
is not frozen ; or any time during the
■winter, when the weather is mUd.

TheAlicanteGrape. — Mr. P.Barry
writes in the Rural- New- Yorker that
this grape, long known in European
collections, is large and handsome, and
valued for its free fruiting and good
keeping qualities. He has three vines
in a cold grapery which never fail to
give a heavy crop. The bunches weigh
from two to four pounds. The fruit,
however, is not more than second
quality.

The Worden Grape. — Thei-e is a
good deal of discussion among our ex-
changes as to whether this gi'ape is
really earlier or better in quality than
the Concord. Our experience at Grims-
by on the south shore of Lake Ontario
for two years past is decidedly in its
favor in both these respects. We can
market it fully a week before our Con-
cords, and we find that when the Con-
cord comes in, dealers still offer one
or two cents more for Wordens on
account of quality. It does not equal
the Concord for quantity.

A NEW ERA IN THE APPLE TRADE.

This year may be regarded as the
commencement of a new era in the im-
port trade. The exhibitions that now
take place annually in London have
done much to foster competition be-
tween this country and America, but
the latest, and perhaps the most suc-
cessful, of the aeries — the Indian and
Colonial — has given the greatest prom-
ience to matters horticultural. The
British colonies are well represented
in every department, but in none more
so than in the fruit trade.

Route. — This is a question of the
utmost importance, and although a
London house, we must say that the
Liverpool route is by far the best. Ship-
ments made from Now York, Boston,
Philadelphia, Montreal, or any other
ports to Liverpool at a through i-ate to
London reach us in a minimum of time
and therefore in better condition than
would otherwise be the case, while the
direct London route is subject to delay,
and an additional objection presents it-
self in the shape of heavy wharf and
lighterage expenses." — Draper & Son,
Convent Garden, London, Eng,

THE VALUE OF FRUIT AS FOOD.

Very few people are aware of the
value of fruit as an article of food.
Many persons look on fruit as a luxury,
whilst some shudder at the idea of it,
and conjure up internal tortures at the
name. Children, on the contrary, will
eat fruit at any time, and undergo much
discomfort to get it. It is elderly people,
or those past their first youth, who can-
not eat fruit and enjoy it. Cooked
food, highly seasoned meats, and alco-
holic liquors have spoiled their taste,
and in many instances a ripe strawberry
or plum would inconvenience them
sadly. But the person who values
health, and who knows little of the
value of fruit, will make it a point to

8

THE CANADIAN H0BTI0ULTUBI8T.

eat it daily, and even on occasions to
make a meal almost entirely of it.
Another cause why ripe and whole-
some fruits are given a bad name is
because they are eaten at the wrong
end of a meal. After many courses
of heavy foods and strong drinks a few
harmless strawberries are indulged in,
and then when these rich foods and
stimulating drinks upset the stomach
the blame is put on the innocent straw-
berry.

Many people — a good number of
whom are doctors — are of opinion that
autumnal diarrhoea is due to frnit. This
is an idea not borne out by facts. I in-
quired into the subject, and found that
in every case the diarrhoea was due to
meat or fish, but never to fruit alone.
The true explanation of autumnal diar-
rhoea lies in the fact that in hot weather
flesh putrifies very quickly, during pu-
trefaction alkaloids called ptomaines are
formed ; these are emetic and purgative,
and give rise to distressing symptoms.
These alkaloids are found in meat at
all times, but more especially during
hot weather.

Fruit has the composition of a per-
fect food, containing all the substances
required by the body. Here is the com-
position of strawberries :

Per cent.

Water 87

Sugar 4

Free Acid 1^

Nitrogen 0|

Insoluble matter (^ per cent, of which

is ash) 7

100

From this table we can see that fruit
is a perfect food, as it contains every-
thing needed, including water.

Were fruits used daily by all there
would be less gout, rheumatism, gall
stones, stone in the bladder, and cal-
careous degeneration than there is now.
In connection with the curative power
of fruit, we must mention the

"GRAPE CURE.

This is practiced in France and
Germany in the autumn, and is a cure
for many diseases due to high feeding.
The patient is given a pound of grapes
to eat the fii'st day. This amount is
added to until the person can eat five
or six pounds a day. The other food is
gradually lessened, and the diet at last
consists entirely of grapes. It cures
obesity and many other complaints, and
starts the person off on a new lease of
life. Fruit is thus seen to be a neces-
sity in a rational diet, and of immense
value in dietetic medicine. — Vick's
Magazine /or October.

NOTES TO NEW BEGINNERS.

BT PETER PRUNING KNIFE.

Knowing that there are numerous
new beginners in fruit culture who are
sprouting out with large and erroneous
ideas and expectations of amassing a
fortune in a few short hours, I have
considered it my duty to sharpen up
and try and lop off some of the surplus
sprouts which, I fear, may overshadow
their prospects of success — and perhaps
blight their crops : — and if I can let the
light of thirty years of experience shine
in upon them in any way, even though
it may not help to ripen up their fruit,
it may save them from some sore dis-
appointments and losses which I have
encountered.

ONE GREAT ERROR

among new beginners, especially among
those that come out of towns and cities
to get rich in fruit growing, is to think
that any soil in a fruit-growing section,
like Grimsby or Niagara, for instance,
will produce fruit ; and not a few have
bought land in these localities that was
much better adapted to growing frogs
and making brick than to fruit grow-
ing, and after a few years' experience
have become disgusted with the busi-
ness and say it does not pay.

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTUKI8T.

ANOTHER COMMON ERROR

is thinking that there is not much
work about fruit growing. Some have
an idea that if they stick a few trees
and plants in the ground the rain
and sunshine will draw out the fruit,
and all they have to do is to sit down
and wait for it to ripen, and then
gather it. My friends, you never had
a more erroneous idea growing out of
your heads in your life, and you had
better let me lop it off. " Eternal
vigilance " is not only the price of
liberty (as we used to read in our
school books), but it is the price of
good fruit, and if you expect to keep
down Canada thistles and quack grass,
and kill the mice, and curculios, and
borers, and codlin moths, and canker
worms, and a thousand other insect
pests, vermin and noxious weeds with-
out a good deal of it, besides brain and
muscle, you are mistaken ; and if you
expect

TO GROW FRUIT IN A FROG POND,

or on hard red or blue clay because it
happens to be located in a fruit section,
you are doomed to disappointment.
Locality is important, but not more so
than soil. Diligence and vigilance are
necessary to success. Let this be your
first lesson. I will give my ideas of
varieties, planting, etc., in a future
number.

Arrivals of Apples in Liverpool
market to date of Dec. 4 have been
265,938 brls., according to circular
from Messrs. Green & Whineray.

JjlotD^B.

WINTER FLOWERING BULBS.

BV HERMANN SIMMERS, ESQ. TORONTO.

At this season of the year, when
the time is arriving for bringing all
Dutch bulbs to the light, we purpose
drawing the attention of the readers of
The Horticulturist to a few

practical hints
that will serve as a guide to those who
may be unaccustomed to the proper
treatment of such bulbs after bringing
them from their dark recesses. Many
people have oftentimes complained to
me personally of the great trouble they
generally have of trying to get their
bulbs to flower in the neighborhood of
Christmas; but allow me to remind the
readers of l^he Horticulturist that in
order to secure a perfect flower a little
more patience must be manifested on
their part. They must wait until that
season has arrived when the days are
getting longer, as at that time we are
gradually getting more and more light
to force the stems out. We speak more
especially of the

dutch hyacinths,
as the Roman Hyacinths, in all the col"
ors, can be very easily forced for Christ-
mas with a large degree of success, and?
being much more rapid growers, it is
not necessary to give the same care to
them as to the Dutch Hyacinths, or
other Dutch bulbs. Another point we
might add is, that forcing Dutch Bulbs
is simply an artificial mode of growing
them in the house, and in order to
gain the greater success a few practical
hints can be used to advantage at any
time by the amateur.

If Hyacinths grown in pots have
been in the dark for about nine weeks,
they may at any time after this be
brought to the light, care being taken
not to expose them suddenly, which
may easily be avoided by placing them
under a table for a few days, until the
sprout has changed its color from a
yellow to a light green, which is only
the chlorophyll of the plant rising into
the leaves on being brought to the
light. The same care should be ob-
served in Hyacinths that are grown in
glasses, with the exception, that when
the bulb has filled the glass with roots,

10

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

no matter how short a time it may have
taken, they can be brought to the light.
The Hyacinth at this stage, when grown
in i)ots, should have an application of
some plant food preparation, which will
greatly strengthen the lower stem and
jiroduce good flowers. In case of those
grown in glasses, the water should be
changed about once every ten days, in
order that the water may not become
impure, tending greatly to retard the
growth of the flower. Polyanthus,
Narcissus and Due van Thol Tulips may

SINGLE TULIPS.

be treated in exactly the same manner
as the Hyacinth, as they require about
the same time to develop their flowers.
Crocus bulbs, being of quicker growth,
may be brought to the light in a shorter
space of time, but, as regards details of
attention, they should have the same
care as the Hyacinth.

PRIMROSES.

We have only two native species of
this interesting flower, viz., The Birds'
Eye^ or Primula farinosa, which is pale
liljic with a yellow eye, and P. Mistas-
sinica,'whicli has a flesh-colored corolla.
Both these are found on the shores of
our upper lakes.

In England the Cowslip, or P. veris,
is'quite common, and varies under cul-
tivation from straw color to many other
hue.

The most widely known and most
highly esteemed of the cultivated va-
rieties is the Chinese Primrose (P.
Sinensis, of which there is a beautiful
colored plate in Vol. Y. of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist, and of which we
now give our readers an illustration.

CHINESE PKIMROSE.

It bears a profusion of showy flowers,
varying from white to pink, and is one
of the most satisfactory of house plants.

P. Cashmeriana, which is ofiered as
one of the premiums to be given our
subscribers in the spring of 1887, is
quite new in this country. A writer
living in Erfurt, Germany, says of it ;
" Quite hardy ; the earliest of all ; pro-
duces comj^act umbels of rosy lilac
flowers, very beautiful." Mr. Saunders
says of it in the Report for 1885, p.
137: "Late in the autumn the plant
dies down to a small compact head,
from which, as soon as spring opens, a
crown of vigorous leaves is pushed,
from the centre of which rises one or
flower spikes, which soon develop stout
stems bearing globular heads of reddish
pink flowers with a pale yellow centre."

The seeds of the primrose should be
sown in pots of moist loam early in the
spring. The pot should be covered
with a pane of glass and set by the
north window of a moderately warm
room. Transplant them as they grow
large enough, and keep in a shady place
until fall, and then place them in the

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUKI8T.

11

window among your house plants.
They will furnish a profusion of bloom
all winter.

ANOTHER CANADIAN BELLFLOWER.

Sir, — Your mention of the Marsh or
Rough-Leaved Bellflower (C. apari-
noides) in the December issue of your
delightful little magazine, reminds me
of a rough-leaved little flower that I
met n^ith while in the neighborhood of
the North Bay of Balsam Lake this
summer. The flower, small and almost
transparent, was pure white, and the
plant small and prone, if not trailing.
It grew on the clumpy tu.ssocks of
grass and earth that lay on and among
the boulders to be found on the
" drowned land " caused by the build-
ing of the Trent Valley Canal locks
some years ago. Like most marsh
plants it was very sensitive to change
of atmosphere, and I found it impos-
sible to keep it in water even for a few
hours, though its hairiness and rigidity
gives one an idea of hardiness that
would bear change. It is a beautiful
thing, the flowers scarcely as large as a
pea, and pretty numerous, scattered all
over the plant and exactly the shape of
the common Hare-bell. Not being a
botanist, I did not know whether to
consider this plant a Hare-bell or not
until I read your interesting little chap-
ter on " The Bell-Flo wers," but now I
am sure of it, and send you word where
it may be found for the sake of others
interested as I am in all our wild floral
treasures. If it is known I should be
glad to hear its specific name.
Toronto, S. A. C.

North Windows for Plants. —
Most plants will do well in west win-
dows, if the conditions are right for
them, but noi-th windows are not favor-
able to the growth of ordinary house
plants. Ferns, and many kinds of
plants cultivated for their foliage, will.

however, succeed in north windows.
Many kinds of flowering plants that
have been raised elsewhere, and have
been brought to the blooming stage,
will then flower freely standing in win-
dows with a northern aspect. Among
such plants may be mentioned Hya-
cinth, Tulip, Rose, Fuchsia, Pelai-go-
nium, Camellia, Calla, Chinese Prim-
rose, Cineraria, Azalea, Orange, &c. —
Vick's Magazine Jor October.

THE FORGET-ME-NOT.

The flower which we now call the
"Forget-me-not" (a name which origin-
ally appertained to the Speedwell) has
become inseparably connected with the
flower, borne on the wings of the fol-
lowing poetic legend : A knight and
his lady-love, who were on the eve of
being united, while strolling on the
bank of the blue Danube, saw a spray
of these pretty flowers floating on the
waters, which seemed I'eady to carry it
away. The afiianced bride admired the
delicate beauty of the flowers, and re-
gretted their fatal destiny. At this
point the lover did not hesitate to
plunge into the stream. He soon se-
cured the flowers, but the current was
too strong for him, and, as it bore him
past his despairing mistress, he flung
the fatal flowers on the bank, exclaim-
ing, as he swept to his doom, " Vergiss
mich nicht."

"And the lady fair of the knight so true,

Aye remembered his hapless lot :
And she cherished the flower of brilliant hue,
And braided her hair with the blossoms blue,
And she called it Foi'get-me-not."

If roses are wilted before they can
be placed in water, immerse the ends
of the stalks in very hot water for a
minute or two, and they will regain
their pristine freshness. — Globe.

A FLORAL SCROLL of white roses and
chrysanthemums, with the inscription

12

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIBT.

"Finis" upon it, which was sent to ex-
President Arthur's funeral, and was
regarded as the most conspicuous and
elegant of all the floral pieces, came
from the Chinese Minister. — Toronto
Globe.

^xtZB ani) Shrubs.

SUITABLE TREES FOR THE LAWN.

p. E. BUCKE, OTTAWA.

It appeal's questionable to many
whether trees should be planted in the
lawn or not. After all it is perhaps a
matter of taste. Where the area is
confined and a rage for tennis exists,
requiring a neatly-kept plot without
interruption for boys or ball, trees are
of course inadmissable ; but for such
people as have grounds sufficiently ex-
tensive to be devoted in part to plea-
sure, and in part to the beautiful, there
is nothing more handsome for the eye
to rest upon than judiciously selected
trees — the word judicious is used ad-
visedly, as the size of the trees selected,
when grown, should be in accordance
with the area in which it is planted.
No one should plant a forest, elm or
horse-chestnut, in a seven by nine lot.

Before going further, I would remark
that beginners in planting are apt to
be too profuse, forgetting that in a
few years hence the young sapling will
become a spreading oak or an umbra-
geous pine. In large grounds, clumps
of trees are desirable, but in more cir-
cumscribed places, single specimens are
more ornamental.

Some of the hardier varieties of lawn
trees are : —

Weir's Cut-Leaved Maple {Acer
Laciniata Weirii), a weeping, graceful
tree. It has been growingr on the
Parliament grounds here for several
years on a very exposed high bluff where
the north and east winds have full

sweep, but it has never lost a twig ; the

leaves are very deeply indented, the

lower branches bending towards the

groimd, whilst those at the top of the
tree are very erect.

Ash-Leaved Maple {Acer nequndo).
— There are evidently two varieties of
this tree ; the one, of Manitoban origin,
is perfectly hardy in any part of Ca-
nada. It has no resemblance to the
maple family in growth, bark, or leaf.
It grows freely from seeds, which ripen
late in autumn. It does not germinate
until next year, whilst the other maples
make a small plant the same year in
which the seed falls. Its growth is
very rapid, its form is irregular and
spreading. This tree is being exten-
sively planted in the cities and towns
of the North-West. It is A^ery easy of
transplanting. When I was in Mani-
toba three years ago last August I
found that large numbers of this tree
had been set out in the streets of
Brandon. The earth there was high,
dry, and gravelly, and though there
had been an almost continuous drouth
throughout the summer, almost every
tree was living. In its natural state it
grows along the bottom lands and mar-
gins of streams. This tree gi-ows freely
from cuttings.

THETARTARiANMAPLEf^cerTar^ari-
cum) is of the shrubby growth, and
nearly, though not quite so hardy as the
nequndo. Its dwarf form makes it
more suitable for small grounds.

The Imperial Cut-leaved Alder
{Alnus Imperialis Laciniata) is also
suited for contracted areas. It is also
pyramidal shape; its light, feathery
foliage, which is deeply cut, and is of a
greyish-green colour, makes it very
attractive.

The Cut-Leaved Alder (A Laci-
niata) is pretty and vigorous, and is
considered one of the best of the Alder
tribe.

THE OA.NADrAN H0ETI0ULTUBI8T.

13

CUT-LEAVED WEEPING BIRCH.
(Betula Laciniata)

Of all the lawn trees in cultivation
there is nothing that can compare with
this beautiful and graceful tree. When
well grown it attains a height of
twenty-five or thirty feet ; the main
stem is very erect ; the branches are
exceedingly fine and delicate, on which
is suspended a wreath of foliage and a
rich harvest of green catkins early in
the year. The weight of these on the
long, slender sprays make the tree look
like a very waterfall of verdure. The
stem and larger branches are snow
white. Scott says of this tree that it
is " the acknowledged queen of all the
airy grades," and he is quite right."

I fancy there is a difliculty in pro-
pagating it, or else there must be a
great run on the nurseries for plants.
Some few years ago the city of Ottawa
required a couple of dozen for its parks
and ornamental grounds, but could not
get them at any price. I have a very

fine specimen on my lawn, and people
in passing stop to gaze at it. One
friend, seeing how dazzling white the
bark was, asked me in all seriousness
why I whitewashed that particular
tree. I notice that some people who
grow them, trim the stem up for eight
or ten feet. It is difficult to spoil so
beautiful an object, but such a course
is down-right cruelty. The lower
branches should spring from the stem
about three or four feet from the
ground ; the tree would then make a
perfect cone to its apex, the lower
sprays sweeping the grass at its feet.
The seed of this variety is infertile, so
that no seedlings can be obtained from
it. There are other forms of Betula
that are ornamental, such as the Purple-
Leaved Weeping Birch ( Pendula ele-
gans), and Young's Weeping, the lat-
ter very suitable for cemeteries when
top-grafted, and Betula Nana, a small
dwarf tree with many branches and
dense foliage.

(Concluded in next number.)

THE HARD MAPLE (Acer Sacchai-'uium).

u

THE CANADIAN HOBTIOULTUKIST.

THE MAPLE.
Oh, tenderly deepen the woodland glooms,

And merrily sway the beeches,
Breathe delicately the willow blooms.

And the pines rehearse new speeches ;
The elms toss high till they brush the sky,

Pale catkins the yellow birch launches.
But the tree I love all the greenwood above,

Is the maple of sunny branches.

Let who will sing of the hawthorn in spring.

Or the late-leaved linden in summer ;
There's a word may be for the locust-tree.

That delicate strange new-comer ;
But the maple it grows with the tint of the
rose,

When pale are the spring time regions,
And its towers of flame from afar proclaim

The advance of Winter's legions.

And a greener shade there never was made

Than its summer canopy sifted,
And many a day, as beneath it I lay.

Has my memory backward drifted
To a pleasant lane I may not walk again,

Leading over a fresh, green hill.
Where a maple tree stood just clear of the
wood —

And, oh, to be near it still !

— The Varsity.

THE SOFT OR SILVER MAPLE (Ace7'

Dasycarpum).
Note on the Maples. — Everyone

knows the Maple, and that in autumn
its colored foliage is the glory of our
Canadian landscape. But everyone
does not know that there are a dozen
or moi-e varieties worthy of cultivation
in our lawns and parks. There are
three Canadian varieties, too well-known
to need description, viz : The Hard
Maple {Acer Saccharinun), a tree so
large and compact in its habits of growth
that in a small lawn it would hide every
prospect and be wholly out of place.
The Soft Maple or Silver Maple (Acer
Dasycarpum), a tree of rapid growth,
with slender branches, and foliage silver
white beneath, a favorite tree for street
planting; and the Red or Swamp Maple
(Acer rubrum), a most attractive tree
in early spring, with its clusters of
bright red flowers, which appear before
the leaves come out. It is of this
variety that Bryant sang :

" When April winds grow soft,
The Maples burst into a flush of scarlet
flower."

There are besides several very desirable
varieties of Norway and Japan maples
worthy of cultivation, a description of
which may be seen in Report for 1883,
p. 96.

^mnttfir.

THE CURRANT BORER.

BY D. W. BEADLE. ST. CATHARINES, OXT,

In THE March Number inquiries were
made concerning this insect, especially
for some method of combatting this
enemy of our currant bushes more in
accordance with our wishes than that
of cutting away the stalks and thereby
destroying the symmetry of our plants.
We propose to give our readers a de-
scription of these insects, accompanied
with cuts, which have been very kindly
supplied to us for this purpose by the
Entomological Society of Ontario. It
is to be hoped that our readers will be
enabled to recognize these pests at

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIUT.

15

Fig. 1.

sight, and to devise means of lessening
their ravages.

OUR NATIVE CURRANT BORER.

is a very small beetle. Figure 1 shows
shows it of the natural size at the left
band, and at the right magnified in
order to present
its markings more
clearly. It may
be found on the
currant bushes
early in June, and,
being not very ac-
tive, can be cap-
tured, its small size being the greatest
obstacle, for by reason of its diminutive-
ness it escapes detection. From the
eggs laid by this beetle small, white,
footless grubs are hatched, having
brown head and black jaws. These
feed upon the pith of the stems, render-
ing them hollow, as many as half a
dozen of them being frequently found
in one cane. They remain within the
stalk, changing into the chrysalis state
without leaving it until, as little brown
beetles, they come out in the end of
May or beginning of June.

THE IMPORTED CURRANT BORER,

for it seems that somehow, as though
we had not pests enough of our own,
we must needs bring in some more from
foreign countries, belongs to quite a
different family of insects, as will be
seen at a glance at Figure
2. This little moth is of
a bluish black color, with
three narrow golden bands
across the abdomen. The
wings ai-e transparent,
veined and bordered with
black, having a coppery lustre. It
may be found among the currant
bushes about the middle of June,
laying its eggs singly near the buds,
from which the larva? are hatched in
a few days. These little worms eat
their way into the centre of the cane,

Fig. 2.

spend the summer feeding on the pith,
burrowing it out for several inches.
Its appearance when full grown is
shown in Figure 3 considerably magni-

FiG. 3.

fied. The head and legs are brown,
and there is a dark line along the
middle of the back. After it has at-
tained its full growth it eats a passage
through the woody part of the stem and
the inner bark, leaving only the thin
outer layer untouched. It then changes
into the chrysalis state — the chrysalis
is seen at a, Figure 3, magnified. In
this condition it remains until about
the beginning of June, when the chry-
salis, by wriggling itself forward, pushes
through the thin outer bark which was
left by the worm far enough to allow
the moth to break its chrysalis covering
and make its escape.

This is the life history of these in-
sects, and it discloses but

ONE VERY VULNERABLE POINT,

and that is the fact that they pass the
whole of their larval and chrysalis ex-
istence within the stem of the currant
bush which they have injured, if not
totally ruined, by eating out the pith.
Inasmuch as it is well for the plant
that these hollow canes be removed, it
may be that by making thorough work
in cutting them away and burning them
while the insect is yet within that we
may so reduce their number after a
year or two as to make their depreda-
tions comparatively trifling. However,
this involves the abandoi^ment of the
single-stem system of pruning, and
forces us to train the plants with sevei'al
stems, which seems to us on the whole

16

THE CANADIAN H0ETI0ULTUEI8T.

the preferable system in our climate,
■where heavy snows are so apt to tear
off the branches where they are trained
tree fashion.

If any prefer to train the currant to
a single stem, we would suggest that
they try the experiment of painting
the entire plant, just before the leaves
expand, with soft soap. If the eggs are
laid in the soap it will kill them, but if
these insects lay their eggs upon the
new growth, of course there will be no
soap there to do them any harm. Strong
alkalies will kill the eggs of very many
insects, and soft soap diluted to the con-
sistence of a thick paint by the admix-
ture of a strong solution of caustic soda
is an excellent application for such
purposes.

BEES AND FRUIT.

BT B. R0BIH80N, LONDON' SOUTH.

Sir, — I notice in the August number
our valuable journal the question asked
whether the Honey Bee has any bene-
ficial influence on our fruit crop.

I see Mr.Ott of Arkona has answered
the question in an interesting manner,
and as I am like him a beekeeper and
an amateur fruit grower, I also send you
a few facts that may show the great
importance of these industrious wonder-
ful little insects.

First, the perfect fertilization of our
fruits without delay is all important
either by the urivd or by some insect.
Now the wind may fail, or act against
the desired end, as Mr. C.Darwin shows,
page 73, 74, Origin of Species. " Some
holly trees bear only male flowers which
have four stamens producing a rather
small quantity of pollen, and a rudi-
mentary pistil ; other holly trees bear
only female flowers, these have a full
sized pistil, and four stamens with
shrivelled anthers, in which not a grain
of pollen can be detected. Having
found a female tree exactly sixty yards
from a male tree, I put the stamens of

twenty flowers, taken from different
branches, under the microscope and in
all, without exception, there were a few
pollen grains, and in some a profusion.
As the wind had set for several days
from the female to the male tree, the
pollen could not thus have been car-
ried.

The weather had been cold and bois-
terous and therefore not favorable to
6ees, nevertheless every female flower
which I examined had been effectually
fertilised by the bees, which had flown
from flower to flower in search of nectar"
(or pollen). So you see in the case of
a reverse wind the bees may give us a
better crop of fruit than we would get
without them. The above teaches us
that our perfect blossom strawberries
(if not wanted) need not be planted
every fourth or sixth row with our pis-
tillate varieties, for if the bee can fer-
tilise the holly at a distance of sixty
yards why not our strawberries at the
same distance ?

Secondly, the hee surpasses all other
insects in the amount oj pollen used and
in her manner of gathering it. Pollen
she must have, and get it she will, if
she falls in front of her hive with her
load, perished with the cold ; for it is
one of the principal foods of the larva
bee ; the brood will fail to mature,
starve and die in 24 hours without it
(or its substitute) and when once breed-
ing starts in the early spring, the old
bees will go out in the cold, wet weather
to get it, thousands loosing their lives
by cold and never reach home, but still
having fertilised thousands of blossoms
in their chivalrous attempt to sustain
the life of their young. (This ia known
to beekeepers as spring dwindling).
The quantity of pollen used in a good
colony is about 30 pounds I believe, as
a queen will lay from 70,000 to 100,000
eggs in a season, and it is the principal
food of the bee for the first 2 1 days of
existence.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

17

Then the mode of gathering the pollen
is all iinportant and interesting. The bee
is covered with very fine hairs and when
she alights on a ■ flower the pollen
adheres to the hairs ; the bee then takes
wing and hovers just above and close to
the flower, while she takes the pollen
off" her body with her fore legs, and
packs it on the thighs of her hind legs
in little pellets, all the time scattering
the pollen over the flower by the rapid
motion of her wings. If .she cannot
pack the pollen (some kinds will not
pack) she rolls herself in it. I have
seen them come home so completely
covered that they could scarcely find
the entrance to their hive.

Thirdly, the complete fertilization of
each plant by its oion species. — A bee
always collects her load from the same
species of blossom whether it is straw-
berry, raspberry, apple, dandelion or
clover, and if the season of one kind is
drawing to a close she will come home
with half a load of one kind rather than
a full load of mixed pollen from many
flowers. If a cell in the comb of pollen
be cut open in a longitudinal direction
it will be found packed in layers of diflfer-
ent colors, and a beekeeper can tell what
his bees are working on by the color of
pollen they are bringing home. Thou-
sands may be seen coming home in the
season, some with light yellow, some
with orange yellow, some with green
and some with white pollen ; but always
with one color to each bee, thereby in-
suring a rapid and sure fertilization of
a strawberry by a strawberry, a rasp-
berry by a raspberry, &c. I think this
of great importance to our strawberry
growers, when we consider that our
most prolific varieties are pistillate.
I notice that Mr. Dempster grows the
Crescent and that he keeps bees, per-
haps they have something to do with
his large crop of 6,000 quarts per acre.

A few more facts from that great
naturalist, Charles Darwin, page 37,
2

Origin of Species. 20 heads of Dutch
Clover fertilised by the bees yielded
2,290 seeds, 20 heads protected from
them produced not one. Again, 100
heads of Red Clover produced 2,700
seeds, same protected from bees pro-
duced not a single seed ! Now, a
good colony will number 50,000 bees
and will consume in the year about 80
pounds, and give to the beekeeper about
100 pounds of ripe honey. And as ripe
honey is at least double the weight of
honey fresh and thin from the flowers,
the bees must bring home at least 360
pounds ; add to this 30 pounds of pol-
len and 10 pounds of water and we have
the total of 400 pounds ; and as the bee
carries about ^ grain troy each trip,
we have the large number of 9,216,000
joui-neys made by a good colony of bees.
How many flowers must tliey visit and
fertilise for the benefit of fruit growers !
Last but not least. What kind of bees
are best for the Jruit groioer ? It is the
Italian, because they are more energetic,
the queens are more prolific, and conse-
quently they need more pollen and
food ; and they will venture out to get
it when the common black bee, would
not show itself. And as it is in the
spring that the fruit grower needs the
assistance of the bee, the Italian is the
one, for it will be out sunshine or
shower. Prof.Cook of Lansing, Mich.,
says : " On May 7th, 1877, I walked
less than half a mile and counted 65
Italian bees gathering pollen from dan-
delions, and only two black bees."

Young boys' stomachs are always in
apple-pie order — Rochester Fost-Uxpress

A Man who was not of much account
himself was forever boasting of his an-
cestry. A plain farmer, tired of this
nonsense, asked him why his family
were like a hill of potatoes. He gave
it lip. " Why," said the farmer, "the
best part of them are under ground."
—E. K Y.

18

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Canabirttt Sotticulturist.

^N I11U8.

trated
Monthly Journal, de-
voted to the interests
' of Fruit Growers,
Gardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burban homes,

Subscription price $1.00
per year, entitling the subscri"
ber to membership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Report, and a share in its
annual distribution of premium plants and
trees.

New Fruits. — The Editor of this
journal will be glad to receive descrip-
tions of new and desirable fruits or
flowers, from every part of the country,
accompanied as far as possible by
samples of the same. Also, having one
of the largest fruit fai-ms in Canada he
will be pleased to test any new plants
or vines sent him for that pui'pose, and
give the result thi'ough the pages of
The Canadian Horticulturist.

Window Gardening. — A writer in the
Maryland Farmer says that rooms
are generally kept too warm for house
plants. A temperature of 50° is high
enough for Azaleas, Callas, Cinerarias,
Carnations, Cyclamens, Fei-ns, Fuchsias,
GeraniumSjHolland Bulbs, Ivies, Roses,
<fec. ; while 65° is the proper tempera-
ture for such plants as Begonias, Bou-
vardias, Caladuims, Coleus, Tropical

Ferns, Heliotropes, &c. Another cause
of failui-e is too frequent watering. This
should be done seldom, and when done
a good generous soaking be given, so
that the water will go through the pots.
Once or twice a week would be often
enough to repeat this operation.

Shrubs for Side of House — The Rural-
New-Yorker says that few desir-
able shrubs siicceed very close to the
house, and recommends the Upright or
Bush Honeysuckles as the best for this
purpose. Their flowers are fragrant
and their leaves remain fresh and green
till nearly January. We would add
for this purpose the Mock Orange or
Syringa (Philadelphia Coronarius).
This shrub belongs to the Hydrangea
family, and will grow and thrive vig-
orously close to the house, and under its
very eaves. Nothing is more beautiful
than its full clusters of creamy white
odorous flowers.

Pansies. — The Gardeners' Monthly
tells us that the Pansy become a florists'
flower about fifty years ago. At this
time every new variety was given a
name, just as the roses are now named.
The first named Pansy was Lord Gam-
bier and the second George IV. New
kinds are now produced too easily to
receive names. We had some exceed-
ingly large ones this year in a shady
spot. One that we measured was 2^
inches by three inches across the
Corolla.

Reports of the Montreal Horticul-
tural Society may be had at the winter
meeting.

Wilson Strawberry. — Mr. Morden of
Niagara Falls, South, writes : " We
find that the Wilson has about given
up the idea of running, which is of
course a bad point. Crescent, Captain
Jack and Manchester do very well in
this i-espect." We read in an exchange
that the Jewell is faulty in this par-
ticular. Can anyone tell us his experi-
ence ?

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUKI8T.

19

Pioneer Fruit Picker. — Mr. Burges.s
writes : " I think if Madam Eve,
or Mrs. Adam, liad used the Pioneer
Fruit Picker it would have saved her
some trouble, as I under.stand it was
only choice specimens she used, and not
the general crop."

Clean Manure! ! — The Neio Farm
makes the following extract from the
R. .V. F. : " The cold well water which
we are apt to look upon as the purest
of all drink, is fairly reeking with dis-
ease germs . . imperceptible to the
taste or smell. . . The ordinary farm
vault is a veritable j^lague spot," &c. ;
and then adds : " If these disease
germs are conveyed into vegetables in-
stead of into water, is the case any the
better ? and yet the garden is fertilized
by the same material which poisons the
water without imparting ' taste or
smell.' We believe in using clean fer-
tilizers on crops for human food." Our
exchange would deprive our gardeners
of the most valuable manure they can
possibly use by this curious statement.
Who ever heard of garden vegetables
taking up from the soil any disease
germs or other elements foreign to their
natural constitution ?

A Toronto Lady writes : " Allow me
to express my pleasure and sense of
the usefulness of such information con-
cerning the cultivation of window and
other desirable plants, as Mr. Hermann
Simmers gives of the Easter Lily in the
December issue. Florists do themselves
great injury, both in guai-ding their
methods of growing popular flowers,
and in sneering at, or writing over the
heads of amateurs, as is too frequently
done. The more flowers we are suc-
cessnd in growing, the more we shall
buy."

Fugimation for Aphides. — Eben Rex-
ford writes in the Orchard and Gar-
den that he has found nothing so
satisfactory for ridding the greenhouse

of plant lice as fumes of tobacco. Kero-
sene emulsion, tobacco soap, tobacco
water, all effectual enough and suitable
for outdoor use, are too dirty to be used
inside. The plants should be well
sprinkled first, and a dense smoke left
in over night, then the death of the
aphis is certain.

PROTECT THE BIRDS.

A SOCIETY has been formed in New
York City for the protection of birds.
It is called the Audubon Society in
honor John James Audubon, the great
American naturalist, and it originates
in a desire to put a stop to the whole-
sale destruction of our useful and oi-na-
mental birds, which just now threatens
to rob our yards and forests of a great
portion of their charms.

This savage butchery of birds for
uses of ornament and fashion is now
carried to an extent that most thought-
less devotee of fashion, were the facts
once laid before her. We say her, be-
cause it is kind, sympathetic, compas-
sionate woman who shrinks from bru-
tality, and is naturally the champion
of the beautiful in nature ; it is she,
we say, who encourages this murderous
business.

Here are a few figures to startle the
most thoughtless, selected from the
Society's circular :

" Although it is impossible to get
at the exact number of birds killed
each year, some figures have been pub-
lished which give an idea of what the
slaughter must be. We know that a
single local taxerdimist handles 30,000
bird skins in one year ; that a single
collector brought back from a three
months' trip 11,000 skins; that from
one small district on Long Island about
70,000 birds were bi-ought to New
York in four months' time. In New
York one firm had on hand February
1, 188G, 200,000 skins. The supply
is not limited by domestic consump-

20

THE CANADIAN H0KT1CDLTURI8T.

tion. American bird skins are sent
abroad. The great European markets
draw their supplies from all over the
world. In London there were sold in
thi-ee months from one auction room,
404,464 West Indian and Brazilian
bird skins, and 356,389 East Indian
birds. In Paris 100,000 African birds
have been sold by one dealer in one
year. One New York firm recently
had a contract to supply 40,000 skins
of American birds to one Pai'is firm.
These figures tell their own story — but
it is a story which might be known
even without them ; we may read it
plainly enougli in the silent hedges,
once vocal with the morning songs of
birds, and in the deserted fields where
once bright plumage flashed in the sun-
light."

As horticulturists, it is our duty to
work in harmony with such a society
as this, for most birds are our friends
and very few are our enemies. If only
our lady friends would content them-
selves with wearing English sparrows
as decorations for their hats and bon-
nets, we could pass it by ; but no, the
useful and the beautiful birds are
chosen without regard to anything but
the dictates of Madam Fashion.

A careful count was made of the
number of visits made by the parent
Martins to their nest in a single
day, and it was found to amount to
three hundred and twelve, and each
time bi'inging insects for their young !
Already these insects nearly ruin our
fruit crop ; and who can predict the
result if we are deprived of the friendly
aid of the birds 1

The following three objects are in-
cluded in the pledges signed by the
members of the Society, viz., to prevent
as far as possible :

"(1) The killing of any wild bird
not used for food.

" (2) The taking or destroying of
the eggs or nests of any wild birds.

" (3) The wearing of the feathers of
wild birds. Ostrich feathers, whether
from wild or tame birds, and those of
domestic fowls, are specially exempted.

" The Audubon Society aims espe-
cially to preserve those l)irds which are
now practically without protection.
Our game birds are already protected
by law, and in large measure by public
sentiment, and their care may be left
to the sportsman. The great aim of
the Society is the protection of non-
game birds."

Anyone wishing to join this Society
may address it at 40 Park Row, New
York City ; its work has our heartiest
approval.

Still Wanted. — More copies of January,
April, August and October numbers of
year 1886.

A Stock of Sample Copies of back numbers
of the Canadian Horticulturist sent free
to any one who will distribute them
with the object of enlarging the circu-
lation of this journal and of increasing
the membership of the Fruit Growers'
Association.

Michigan Horticultural Society. — Mr. Gar-
field has sent us the local report of this
interesting meeting, held 1st December
last, and we hope to find room for some
extracts in our February Number.

Appreciative. — Mr. Allan Chapman,
Deans, writes : " The Canadian Horti-
culturist is a little book that is always
welcome here. It is so plain and prac-
tical that the most unexperienced can
always learn something from its pages."

Mr. A. Walker, Metcalfe: "I am
much pleased with the Canadian Horti-
culturist. This is a very cold part of
Ontario, and if the Vladimir cherry
succeeds here we shall be very thank-
ful to the Fruit Growers' Association."

A. J. Collins, Listowel : " I am
better pleased each year with what I
receive as to information and presents."

.1

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTURIST.

21

These are but samples of expressions
in the dozens of letters pouring into our
office every day.

A Correction. — Mr. John Croil, Aults-
ville, writes : "I am requested by Mr.
Beall to correct an error which, quite
unintentionally, appeared in my letter
in your December Number. I gave
Mr. Beall credit for raising 1,G00
quarts of strawberries on one-eighth of
an acre. Give the honest man only his
due. He claims only 800 quarts. Half
as honest I'll try to be, and acknowledge
to be far behind him, even at these
figures.

This department is intended as an open one to every
reader of the "Horticulturist" to send in either
qriestions or answers. Often a reader will be able to
answer a qxiestion which has been left unanswered,
or only partia lly answered by its. For convenience
of reference the questions will henceforth be num-
bered, and any one replying or referring to any
question will please mention the number of it.

1. Treatment of an Apple Orchard. —
Is top dressing with stable manure,
commercial fertilizer sufficient for an
ajjple orchard in grass ; or would it he
better cultivated i The orchard is fif-
teen years old. My neighbor thinks
that the injury done by tlie plough to
the roots and brandies will not be com-
jjensated by the benefits of cultivation.
R. Rrodie, St. Henry, Montreal.

If an apple orchard has been properly
cultivated and cared for until it is fif-
teen years old, so that it is now in a
thrifty condition of growth, it will be
far better seeded down, and treated
with an annual top dressing of manure.
But if it has been neglected and conse-
quently stunted in growth, it may need
the stimulating effect of high cultiva-
tion for a year or two in order to bring it
into a healthy condition. The greatest
care is always necessary to avoid either
scraping the trunk and limbs with har-
ness, or cutting oft" tlie numerous far

spreading roots by ploughing too deeply.
Ploughing an orchard is an evil, but
sometimes unavoidable.

2. Buckthorn Weige.— Will cows browse
a buckthorn hedge ?

Mr. W. E. Wellington, of Toronto,
says : " I think they will browse the
new growth before it hardens. After
the hedge has age, or the wood has
ripened up well, they cannot injure it;
but unless pi-otected when it is youno-^
and making succulent growth, cattle
would be very apt to nip it just as they
do the Honey Locust."

REPLIES TO PREVIOUS QUESTIONS.

6 (Vol. IX). Apples for Napanee.— I take
great pleasure in reading the Cana-
dian Horticulturist, and recommend it
to my friends. I am surprised that
you recommend Alexander as a winter
apple for Napanee. It is a fine showy
apple with us, some specimens measur-
ing 16 inches in circumference ; but it
is not a winter apple by any means.
But I have a kind, a new Russian,
called Wolf Eiver, not so large as the
Alexander, a better keeper, and a heavier
bearer, I would recommend Ben Davis
before Walbridge ; it stood the past
winter very well with us, along side of
Wealthy and other hardy sorts. I had
the Yellow Transparent i-ipe on the
28th July, but it i-equired near market.
R. Brodie, St. Henry, Montreal.

Note by Editor. — The Alexander
is not a winter apple ; but in giving
a list to cover the season, we placed it
between the Duchess of Oldenburgh
and the Wealthy. Will it not keep till
December grown as far north as Mon-
treal ?

12 (Vol. IX.). Grapes for Orillia.— Mr.
AVm. Graham, in the last Report of the
Montreal Horticultural Society, recom-
mends the following list for northerly
latitudes, viz. : Delaware, Concord,
Rogers' 9, 15 and 19, as being thoroughly

.: V

22

THE CANADIAN HOKTIOULTDRIST.

reliable varieties. He much regrets
that the Champion has been so largely-
planted about Montreal, as it has no
merit beside earliness.

Mr. Thos. Beall, Lindsay, writes :
''The reply to question 12 seems to
convey the idea that Orillia is not
suited to the cultivation of grapes gen-
erally. The climate and soil about that
town is well suited the cultivation of
any varieties that ripen with or soon
after the Concord. You would see at
their annual Fair such samples of well
grown and well matured grapes as you
would find some difficulty in excelling
even in Grimsby." Mr. Beall should
have named the five grapes which he
would recommend for Orillia.

^etikl\).

We will gladly give o\tr candid opinion of any books,
magazines or catalogues received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but will not insert cut and dried reading
notices in fav^r of any publication whatever.

BOOKS.
How TO Grow Strawberries, by
Geo. R. Knapp, Greenfield, Mass.,
price 25 cts. This is a most useful
little book of fifty-four pages, and
should be in the hands of every straw-
berry grower. It deals, in a most able
manner, with every detail of strawberry
growing, from setting the plants to
marketing the fruit. Under the head
cultivation, Mr. Knapp urges the im-
portance of cultivation after the fruiting
season and of continuing it to freezing
weather. Most strawberry growers
neglect their beds at this time of the
year, and we believe thereby make a
great mistake. The buds for the com-
ing season's fruit crop are formed in
the late summer, and every stroke of
the hoe, and every round with the cul-
tivator, adds to the number of quarts
of fruit that will be harvested the fol-
lowing season.

Mr. Knapp's estimate of an average
profit of $60U per acre is altogether too
high for us in Canada, whatever it may
be for growers in the vicinity of New
York City. Ten thousand quarts to an
acre, at an average of 10 cts. per quart,
continued for three successive years,
looks fine on paper, but how many of
our Canadian groweis, we would like to
know, ever get anything like half that
quantity, or half that price, on an
average in field culture.

We object decidedly to the practice
among our fruit growers, especially
those who have plants to sell, of setting
forth the brightest and fairest side of
their business in such a manner as to
lead unexperienced persons to embark
in a strange business to their great
chagrin and financial embarrassment.
It is high time that some of the failures
of fruit gi-owers were made prominent
enough to warn over-zealous enthusiasts
that the fruit business needs as much
brain and muscle for success as any
other industry, and a good deal more
patience.

Mr. Knapp's book treats also of in-
sect enemies and diseases of the Straw-
berry, with a description of all best
varities of strawberries that have been
tested. On the whole we highly com-
mend it.

How to Propagate and Grow Fruit,
by Charles Green, Rochester, N. Y.,
price 50 cts., is another of those books
which contain a great amount of valu-
able information in a small compass.

Annual Report of the Board of Re-
gents of the Smithsonian histitution,
Washington,D.C., in two large volumes,
one of which is devoted to the Snuth-
sonian Institution proper, and the other
to the U.S. National Museum.
pamphlets and magazines.

Agricultural Returns to the Bureau
of Industries, Nov. 6, '86, A. Blue,
Secretary. — This includes a full Report

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

23

concerning Fruit and Fruit Trees in
Ontario for the season just passed.

Arthur's Home Magazine, published
by T. S. Arthur & Son, 920 Walnut
street, Philadelphia. January number
is full of interest and well illustrated.
Its high moral tone makes it a desirable
visitor to the family circle.

CATALOGUES.

Official Catalogue of the Canadian
Section of the Colonial and Indian
Exhibition, received with the compli-
ments of Sir Charles Tupper.

Greenhouse Heating Apparattis. —
Hitchings & Co., 233 Mercer street,
New York City.

Landretlis Seed Catalogue, 1887. —
D. Landreth & Sons, Box 1623, Phila-
delphia, Penn.

D. W.Beadle Nursery Co., St. Cath-
arines, Ont., neatly got up and contains
an interesting descriptive list of trees,
shrubs and plants for sale at these
nurseries.

A Boston Dude was making an even-
ing call upon a Beacon street young lady
last week, and among the many subjects
which came up for intelligent discussion
was the chrysanthemum show.

" Have you visited the chrysanthe-
mum exhibition yetf asked the young
lady.

" Oh, dear, no," he said, " I find such
things very trying, y' know ; I am not
what you call a literary man at all, and
such performances are a boah, y' know."

" It doesn't require a very pronounced
literaiy taste to appi-eciate a chi-ysan-
themum show," said the young woman
with a tired glance at the clock.

"Nol "Well, perhaps not so much
a literary taste, y' know, as a fondness
for — for — the antique — the ancient —

the — the classical, y' know," replied
the slim, trying to hide his feet.

" I do not see that the ' antique,' the
' ancient,' or the ' classical,' as you are
pleased to call it, has any particular
connection with such a display."

" Well, possibly not very much y'
know," he assented, knocking a piece of
bric-a-brac off the table ; " it all depends
on how one looks at those things, y'
know. By the way," he continued,
" who is it that plays the part of Chry-
santhemum f

" You seem to be laboring under
some mistake," replied the young lady
politely. " It is not a play, simply an
exhibition of flowers bearing that
name."

" Bah," said the slim, " I had obtained
the idea that it was something of the
nature of a Greek tragedy, y' know."

A little later he bade her good even-
ing, and while on his way home a gust
of wind blew him against a lamp-post
and killed him. — Philadelphia Call.

Indefinite Quantities. — A barrel of ap-
ples, a quai't of strawberi-ies, a basket
of peaches, a box of cranberries, a box
of huckleberries, a quarter's worth of
eggs, a dozen oggs. — R. N. Y.

Not Exactly Tobacco. — A young lady
from the city was visiting a farmer who
had a very extensive tobacco plantation.
The farmer had gotten out the buggy
and was showing her over the place.

" Oh," she said as they turned into
the lane, "that is another field of to-
bacco, isn't it ? "

The farmer looked in the direction in-
dicated and replied : " That there ? No,
marm — er — that — is — not exactly. "

" ' Not exactly.' What do you mean
by that 1 "

" Why, ye see," said the farmer, with
a significant grin : " That there's a
cabbage patch."- — -Ohio Farmer.

To Be Shaken Before Taken. — The apple
on a lofty bough. — New Age.

24

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

§.otxaB.

THE WINTER MEETING

of the Fruit Growers Association of
Ontario will be held at Chatham, Ont.,
on the second Wednesday and Thursday
in February, 1887, at 10 a.m.

Among the suljjects proposed for
discussion in the

DAY MEETINGS

are the following, subject to revisal :

(1) State of Fruit Culture in the
County of Kent, kinds grown, quantity
shipped, &c.

(2) Plums — Best modes of destroy-
ing the Curculio. Is any variety Cur-
culio proof 1

(3) The Apple Spot : On what varie-
ties has it appeared 1 What varieties
are wholly free from it 1 When a tree
is once subject to it, does it ever recover 1

(4) Fungicides and insecticides.

(5) Are Apple Orchards Profitable ?
What is the average crop per acre?
Cause of their barrenness in some parts
of Ontario. Reinvigorating old or-
chards.

( 6 ) Value of Apples for feeding stock.

(7) Russian Fruits — Which ones
have been proved of decided value for
our Northern Sections 1

(8) Apples and Pears — Six kinds of
each best for (a) home use, (b) market.

(9) Grapes — Is there danger of over-
stocking the market. The best new
varieties.

(10) Methods of Planting, Cultivat-
ing and Pruning Small Fruit Plants.

(11) The Aphis on the Cherry leaves.
Extent of the plague. Best means of
checking it.

(12) Commercial Fertilizers for Gar-
den and Orchard.

(13) Huckleberries for the Garden.

(14) Points to be observed in judg-
ing fruits.

(15) The Fruit Garden for Home
Uses — What to plant and how ?
It is proposed to devote the

EVENING SESSION

to addresses and discussions on such sub-
jects of general interest as the following :

(1) The Canadian Fruit Exhibit in
London, Eng., and Prospects of the
English Market for Canadian Fruts.

(2) Horticultural Life in England.

( 3 ) Chrysanthemums — How to gro w,

(4) Eases — The best novelties. Are
any of them decided acquisitions 1

(5) Flowering Shrubs for the lawn
and how to group them. Latest intro-
ductions.

It is desii-able to have a

SHOW OF FRUIT

in connection with the meeting, especi-
ally of any new or desirable kinds.
Anything sent for this purpose at the
proper time to the Secretary at Chat-
ham will have express charges paid by
the Association.

We hope to be favored with visits from

DELEGATES

from other Societies. Mr. Chai'les Gar-
field writes that Pi-es. P. P. Lyon of
South Haven will represent the Michi-
gan Horticultural Society.

There will be a question box on the
Seci'etary's table to be opened at inter-
vals.

PREMIUMS.
The premiums to be distributed
among the members of Fruit Growers'
Association of Ontario in the spring of
1887 are the following : — (1) Tree of
Vladimir cherry, (2) Dahlia, (3) two
plants of Hilborn raspberry, (4) a one-
year-old Niagara grape vine, (o) a new
single-flowered Geranium, (6) three
packages of Flower Seeds — Primula
Cashmeriana, and others. Every sub-
scriber should make his choice when
sending in his subscription.

PRINTBD AT THR STEA.M PRESS BSTABLISHMENTOF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

'%.SM.

A SEEDLING OF SHARPLESS, OFTEN MEASURING NINE INCHES AROUND. FEW SMALL
BERR?ES NO LEAF BL.GHT.REMARKABLE FOR QUALITY, BEAUTY AND PRODUCTIVENESS.

XTbe

Canadian
Uorticulturiet

BLISHED AT

JOF\0

NTO AND

P

R^MSBY,

P

NT.

OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

FEBRUARY, 1887.

[No. 2.

THE JESSIE STRAWBERRY.

This is a very pretentious strawberry.
It claims to be just the very berry that
everybody wants. We want a berry of
excellent quality, and we are assured
that in quality it surpasses the Atlantic
or the Prince of Berries ! We want a
large berry, and they tell us tliiat it is
one of the largest, that thirteen selected
ones or thirty ordinai-y sized ones will
fill a quart, and that some of the berries
measure eight or nine inches in circum-
ference ! We want a productive berry,
and we are told that it is twice as pro-
ductive as the Sharpless ; indeed, some
of our American friends would have us
believe that it will produce fi-om 6,000
to 18,000 quarts per acre ! But we
Canadians are too slow-going in our
notions to swallow that statement
whole.

The originator of the Jessie is Mr.
F. W. Loudon, of Janesville, Wiscon-
sin, and before purchasing the colored
]>lates for our journal we wrote to him
and others to get as reliable information
as possible concerning its merits. We
give Mr. Loudon's reply in full, leaving
our readers to form their own conclu-
sions.

"Sir,— Yours of the 20th Novem-
ber to hand, and in reply I will say
that you may believe me when I tell
you the Jessie is no humbug. It will
prove just as I represented it in any
part of the earth where the strawberry
is known. It is an immense grower.
To-day (Nov. 23) I have dug 2,000
plants that were not in existence till
after the 21st of August. Nine-tenths
of the plants were extra large, and the
size of the berry and yield is in keeping
with the growth of the plant. I counted
120 roots on one plant, and of the lot
none ran lower than 70 to a plant.

"The Jessie originated in 1880; it
has fruited live seasons, always giving

26

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the same I'esults — an immense yield.
The litliograph was made from a paint-
ing copied from nature, the exact size
of berries that grew in matted rows,
picked fi'om plants that had once been
gone over by pickei's. The strawberry
beds had not had- a drop of rain for six
weeks. The ground was so hard that
a hoe would make no impr-ession. The
yield on four matted rows was two
hundred bushels per acre.

'' I am well pleased with the Canadian
Horticulturist. I did not suppose so
good a one was published in Ontario."
F. W. Loudon.

Mr. John Little of Gi-anton, Out., is
well known among us as a strawberry
grower. He went visiting among
American fruit growers last summer,
and was carried away with the merits
of two new seedling strawberries he saw
in fruit in Ohio. But he came back
safely, though not yet willing to dis-
believe the evidences of his senses.
He writes " I saw the Jessie in all its
glory at Matthew Crawfoi'd's place. I
I believe it and the Itasca are the
leaders of the best strawberries of to-
day " and again " I hope you will speak
well of the Itasca, it is worthy."

Altogether it would appear that the
Jessie is worthy of extended trial, and,
if it bears out its present pi'omise, we
shall be thankful to Mr. Loudon for the
result of his years of patient effort in
gi'owing seedlings.

Having been favored with a cut
of Miss Jessie Loudon, after whom the
strawberry is named, we give it a place
in our columns, presuming that as the
young lady is not yet in the market,
this notice of her cannot be taken in the
liofht of an advertisement.

JESSIE, AFJER WHOM THE NEW STRAWBERKY
IS NAMED.

Jjntits.

RAMBLES AMONG FRUIT GROWERS.— I.

Noticing the name of

MR. S. BURNER

quite prominent as a winner of prizes
in grapes both at Toronto and Hamilton
Fairs last September, we thought it
would be worth while to visit him and
enquire by what secret he had suc-
ceeded in producing such wonderful
out-door grapes.

We found his garden in the eastern
suburbs of Hamilton. Walking in from
the front gate it was evident we were
in the grounds of a practical gardener.
The well kept rows of Downing
gooseberry bushes told of an abundant
harvest. The long, highly cultivated
and beautifully trained I'ows of grape
vines, still (Sept. 29th.) hanging with
rich clusters of red, white, and black
grapes, spoke of a profitable vineyard.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

27

MR. BXTRNERS MODE OF TRAINING.

Ah ! here is Mr. Burner, busy gath-
ering those fine Hogers 4-i.

Would you mind. Sir, telling me the
secret of your great success in produc-
ing such ivimense grapes as those you
exhibited at the Fairs ?

No secret at all, said Mr. Burner.
There are just a few points to the ob-
servance of which I attribute my suc-
cess ; first

TRAINING.

I follow the renewal system. I see a
good many of my neighbors still spurring
away, but I believe I get moi-e and bet-
ter fruit by tliis system. In the spring
I cut down every old branch to within
one bud of the main lateral, leaving the
u})right of last season's growth for fruit-
ing.

We noticed these old laterals had
now become very large and strong, and
tliroughout the whole vineyard the
vines looked as i-epresented in the cut.

Another advantage, said Mr. Burner,
which I get by this method of pruning,
is the ease with which I can lay down
the vines in winter and cover them.

Do you think it pays in this section to
lay down such varieties as the Concord ?

Well, I know this, that I can't afford
to leave them up.

Do you summer Prune ?

Yes, a little. I stop the growth of
the vine just beyond the last bunch of
grapes, and thus stop the side shoots
after one or two leaves. I find two
advantages from this ; ( 1 ) the grapes
ripen eai'lier and (2) the size is much
increased. The next point is

THINNING.

No wonder some people's grapes never
ripen. They leave so many bunches
on the vine, that it has no sti'ength to
mature its fruit.

Those berries of Rogers 44 f'^'^ tremend-
ous in size ; why they are over an inch in
diameter ! and those No. 15 and No 1^>
are almost as large.

Yes, that brings me to speak of an-
other means I use to get fine sized
fruit It is

RINGING THE VINES.

It was at one time considered a great
secret, but it is a very simple matter.
I simply girdle the bearing wood in
the summer, just above the main lat-
eral taking off a circle of bark about
two inches long. The sap is thus pre-
vented from descending, and must go
to develop the grapes. It does the vine
no harm, because these ai-e the branches

^8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

which I would cut off the following
spring in any case.

But is it not a tedious job to he done in
a large vineyard ?

Not at all. Why a man can ring an
acre in a day. A rich man can afford
to leave his vineyai-d without ringing,
but I can't afford to do so. I find my
grapes from vines that are ringed bring
me twice as much money in Toronto
market as those not ringed. They may
perhaps not be quite as good in flavour,
but people do not stop to consider that.
Anyway the difference in taste is veiy
slight.

What means do you use to keep off
the mildew ?

Nothing biit Sulphur. I apply it as
soon as I see the first appearance of
mildew, and usually find it effectual in
pi-eventing it.

Which are your favorite varieties?

The Rogers' Hybrids. I prefer
Rogers' 43 to Moore's Early, it bears
more heavily with me, and the bunches
are twice the size. The Brighton mil-
dews with me worse than Rogers, but
its quality is certainly excellent, and it
is an enormous bearer. August Giant,
in my opinion, is not equal to Rogers
43 or 44. It is too small. lona does
not ripen with me ; but Prentiss is ex-
cellent, it is a good bearer, and in point
of flavor I consider it better than the
Niagara.

VITICULTURAL.

Best Varieties. — Mr. E. D. Smith
says in the Live Stock Journal that only
varieties of prime quality should be
planted. No one wants Champions in
any quantity. His Worden and Moore's
Early came into the mai-ket with Pelee
island Concords and brought 6 cents
while the latter sold at 3c. His Niagara
sold at 2^ times his Concords and he
thinks that it will some day be the

grape for export. Our own experience
agrees with him in placing Moore's
Early, Worden and Concord as the
three leading dark grapes for Canada.

Plaster for the Vineyard. — The
gi-ape vine is greatly benefited by an
occasional application of plaster (sul-
phate of lime). It requires some sul-
phur and likes lime. — Orchard and
Garden.

Training Grape Vines. — Mr. Geo.
W.Camj^bell writes in the Ohio Farmer:
" The matter of winter protection has
become so important in many sections,
that when the horizontal arm is em-
ployed, I would first plant the vine in
slanting position along the line of the
lower wire, and then train but one arm,
of double length, in the same direction,
letting each vine follow the same way,
touching, or nearly touching its neigh-
bor, and the fruit-bearing shoots all
trained upward, to be renewed annually
upon the short spur or Fuller method.
I think this would render practicable
the laying down for pi'otection, and
greatly reduce the labor of so doing."

SMALL FRUIT NOTES.

Profits. — J. H. Hale writes in Farm
and Home : " With all the advantages
of good markets, none of us are getting
rich out of the business. Some are only
pist making a living, while others are
losing money and fast becoming dis-
couraged with the low jjrices that have
ruled the past few years. We hear all
about the one successful cultivator who
succeeds in producing 6,000 or 8,000
quarts of strawberries or 4,000 or 5,000
of raspberries per acre, and sells them
at 15c or 20c per quart, while nothing
is said of the "ninety and nine just men "
and fruit growers who get only 1,500
to 2,000 quarts per aci'e and sell them
at 5c or 6c." We are of the opinion
that a little of this plain and honest talk
will hui't nobody.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

29

Fay's vs. Cherry Currant. — Peter
Fay says in the same journal : " For
two years I have grown Fay's Prolific
currant. The fruit stem is four to five
inches long, commencing of a good size
at the stalk, but diminishing toward
the end of the stem, which is not larger
than duck shot. I pi-efer the Cherry
currant at the same price ; it is a great
bearer."

Dr. Hoskins, however, prefers the
Fays. Probably his soil is dififerent.
He says ; " At last we have a big cur-
rant that will bear heavy ci'ops on light
land. I have never been able t« make
a cent by growing the Versailles or the
Cherry currant, they are so very un-
productive on my soil. I have now had
the Fay four years, and find them yield-
ing as heavily as the reliable old Red
Dutch. As the currant crop is quite an
item in my farming, I consider that I
have in the Fay a bonanza, as I had
confidence in them from the first, and
have made a large plantation of them."

With us at Grimsby the Cherry has
been a great favorite, especially on clay
loam, where no better cropper could be
desired, and the fruit grows to a tremend-
ous size. But on light soil it l;eai-s very
light crops.

J. J. Thomas is reported as saying
that anyone who has the Versailles,
Cherry or the Fay alone, need not take
the trouble to get either of the others,
unless the latter should prove after
years of trial to be the most productive.

Jewell Strawberry. — A writer in
It. ^V. Y. complains that this variety
throws out very few runnei-s, while the
Belmont sends them out in abundance.

The Marlboro' Raspberry. — The
Hon. Mr. P. Wilder says of this variety :
'• The Marlboro' is earh^ and prolific,
ripening its cro|) gradually, and when
fullyripe is of good quality, good size and
firm enough for traveling to a distant
market ; but to obtain these advantages
the suckers must constantly be cut down.

It is the most vigorous and robust of all
raspberries. "

INDUSTRY GOOSEBERRY.

This English Gooseberry, which has
now been considerably disseminated in
this country, appears to hold its place
as a non-mildewing variety, a veiy
unusual circumstance in.this country, for
all other varieties of the English Goose-
berry have been subject to a destructive
fungus on this side ot the Atlantic, ex-
cept in some particular spots, or for a
short term, merely. The fruit is large,
of a dark red color, and of excellent
quality. It is quite productive. With
this variety and Downing, and Smith's
Improved, fruit growers should be able
to raise handsome crops, and every
private garden should be enriched by
their possession. — Vick's Magazine for
January.

A BIG yield of strawberries.

Sir, — I thought I had done exceed-
ingly well with the Wilson strawberry
last summer, but I see, according to
John Croil, of Aultsville, I was beaten
by " Mr. Beall's crop."

From a spot three rods one way, by
five the othei-, in my garden, 975 quarts
of Wilson sti'awberries were gathered
last July. The mode of cultivation was
as follows : The ground being well pre-
pared in April, 1885, it was planted in
ro^vs two feet and a half apart, with
thrifty plants from ten inches to a foot
apart. Then Globe mangels and carrots
(the large white) were sown midway
between the rows of strawberries.
Sixty bushels of roots were gathered
in October, 1885. A selection from
mangles took the first prize at the great
Northern Exhibition in Collingwood.
The sti'awberry vines covered the
ground without thinning or directing
after iuly, 1885, but they were treated
with two or three bushels of hard wood
ashes in March. j. B. Aylworth.

30

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE MICHIGAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We clip the following interesting
selection from the full report of the
December meeting of that society, in
the Grand Rapids Daily Democrat.

THE SOCIETY.

Seventeen years ago was organised
in this city the 'Michigan State Horti-
cultural society, an association which
has grown to be one of the most vigor-
ous and useful of all the societies of the
State devoted to advancement of special
interests. It has come to be one of
the most important of its kind in the
country, and its annual volumes are
recognized as pomological authority
everywhere, and the good it has done
in promoting fruit growing in Michi-
gan is incalculable.

The early years of the society were
days of small things. It kept the
character of a local society for some
time, but when T. T. Lyon, of South
Haven, became president, in 1875, and
was joined by C. W. Garfield, of Grand
Rapids, as secretary, the following
year, the society took on new energy
and a new character. To Mr. Lyon
the welfare of the society has been a
first love, and he has given it a vast
amount of unselfish and unrequited
labor. He has been intelligently and
industriously aided by Mr. Garfield,
whose enthusiasm and genius in hard
work have been most fortunately com-
bined with the efforts of the venerable
president. These two have been re-
chosen year by year, and doubtless will
be as long as they are willing to accept
a modicum of honour with an excess of
responsibility and labor.

HIGH CULTURE.

The following very valuable paper by
Secretary P. C. Reynolds, of New York,
Avas read by Secretary Garfield^under
the head of "Intensive methods in hor-
ticulture :"

Very general complaint has come J
fi'om nearly all sections of the country ^
where small fruits are produced for
markets that prices the past season
were unremunerative. Such being the
case, one of two alternatives seems to
be indicated, namely : the reduction of
volume of products or the diminution
of its cost. It is a very difficult matter
for fruit growers, scattered as they are
over a wide area, to combine to reduce
production. The orderly operation of
the laws of trade and production have
a tendency to diminish ])roduction when
excessi^^e, but combination rarely does.
The jjrices of small fruits are destined,
I believe, to rule low in the future, and
growers will be wise to adapt their
business to that condition of things.
With unlimited land and labor for pro-
duction, the amount produced will be
likely to increase quite as fast as popu-
lation. The proper way to cheapen
production, in my opinion, is by pro-
ducing more per acre. Every grower
can do this for himself without the
necessity of combination or co-opera-
tion.

Small-fruit growing used to be con-
sidered a branch of horticulture. Re-
cently many have conducted it as if it
belonged to agriculture. The result is
not surprising. The horticulturist to
grow lai-ge quantities of produce on
small areas of land by means of heavy
manuring and high culture ; the agri-
culturist spreads his operations over
broad ai'eas of soil, which he cultivates
enough to enable the roots of crops to
spi'ead through the soil, without serious
obstruction, in search of adequate sup-
])lies of suitable food, and to i)ievent
weeds from obtaining such growth as to
overcome the plants he is seeking to
grow. The horticulturist seeks a small
tract of garden soil, near a town or
city, where he can have an abundance
of fertilizers, laborers of the right kind,
and where proximity to market enables

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

31

him to deliver his products, from day
to day, fresh to consumei'S.

Now it seems to me that too many
small fruit-growers have, within a few
years, come to adopting the methods of
the agriculturist rather than those of
the horticulturist. They have planted
their fruits in fields instead of gardens ;
they have manured as if for farm rather
than gai'den crops, and they have cul-
tivated after the manner of farmers
rather than as gardeners cultivate.
Moreover, many have located remote
from town, subjecting themselves to
i[uite a tax in transporting their fruits
to market and in transporting their
laborers to and from their labor. Let
the farmer stick to farm crops, and
they who are fitted by nature, tastes
and training for horticulturists grow
small fruits. This, I think, is the
natural order of things, and to this, I
believe, we shall be obliged to come.

ARE MICHIGAN APPLES DETERIORATING?

President Lyon — They are detei'ior-
ating. Probably there is not more
than one in 20 growers but are im-
poverishing their land.

Prof. B.ailey — The increasing age of
the orchards may account for it.

E. H. Scotc — The apples certainly
are deteriorating. We can no longer
grow Esopus, Spitzenberg, Fall Pippin,
Newton Pippin or Bellflower.

President Lyon said many reasons
conduced to this. Growth from year
to year in untoward conditions, the
increasing age of trees, tend to deterior-
ation. Yet in some particulars there
is improvement, as increase of age of
trees gives better flavour and keeping
qualities, and it is a question where
the balance of gain or loss would fall.

A note from H. W. Steere, of Ad-
rian, stated that he did not agree with
those who attributed the deterioration
mainly to insects, but thinks exhaus-
tion of the soil the exciting cause.

Deep, black, strong clays are rare in
Michigan, and our light sands and
gravels cannot stand the exhaustion for
forty or fifty years from grain, grass
and root crops and fruits all on the
same ground. He theorized that the
soil has been i*elieved of the lime and
ashes existant in it originally, and in-
timated that restoration of these would
cure the existant evils. Use of stone-
lime, a bushel to a tree, has been known
to restore Newton pi{)pins that had be-
come small and scabby. Instead of
letting go such valuable kinds as this
and the Spitzenberg we should take
steps to restore them.

W. K. Gibson— If the first apples
were good, and the climate is not dif-
ferent, we should seek the adverse
influences in the soils, and there we
may find why apples deteriorate, if
they do.

S. M. Pearsall would set Spitzen-
bergs wex'e he to plant an orchard to-
day. Insects are more numerous, and
we cannot expect as good results from
old trees, but when proper care is given
we can do as well as ever.

S. D. Willaid — It is well known that
quick-lime is in no sense a manure, but,
like salt, it sets free and makes avail-
able certain elements. With destruc-
tion of the forests, and other causes,
fungoid diseases have wonderfully in-
creased. The thin-skinned sorts were
the first to suffer. The wheat, sheep and
cattle that Michigan has sent to mar-
ket have carried off' the phosphoric acid
which the fruit so much needs. The
needed elements have been taken from
the soil. Restore these and you will
again be able to grow tine apples, even
of the thin-skiianed kinds.

STOCK AND SCION.

Replying to a (juestion, Mr. Bailey
said it was undecided as to the efl'eet of
stock upon the fruit of scions. There
is often a mechanical influence, dwarfing

32

THE CANAOIAN HORTICDLTURIST.

or magnifying the gx'owth of the scion ;
but thei'e are only a few cases, and they
not well authenticated, of change in
character of fruit.

THE CODLIN MOTH.

Discussion shifted to methods of com-
batting the codlin moth. W. A. Brown
of Benton Harbor said growers in that
vicinity had for three years practiced
spraying ap])le trees with Paris Green
with great success. Sprayed on just
after the blossoms fall, the poison seems
to kill off the brood of moths that sur-
vives the winter. This brood is small,
comparatively, the main damage being
done by the later hatchings. The effect
has certainly been marvelous in making
ai)])les perfect, even when the adjoining
orchards were not treated — showing
that the moths migrate bu t little.

W. H. Parmelee used London purple
this year and had more perfect apples
than for years. There is danger of in-
jury to trees by use of too strong solu-
tion. He used one pound to 50 gal-
lons of water, but half the quantity is
sufficient. The mixture was beneficial
also upon cherry trees.

W.N.Cook spoke of the danger to the
operator. Do not allow the spray to be
blown back against you. Kerosene
emulsion is said to be much better.

Prof. Pagan — Prof. Riley's position
is that the emulsion is preferable. It
is made of 75 per cent, of oil, 25 of soft
soaj), to one gallon of water.

S. D. Willard- — It requires more skill
to use the emulsion without injury to
the trees than to use Paris Green.
Three ounces to 40 gallons of water is
a sufficient quantity, but the powder is
often adulterated and so is of variable
strength. I have used it upon pears
also, while the blossom ends were up-
ward, with good effect. Keep to wind-
ward of the spray and wear gloves lest
the poison enter wounds upon the
hands.

Mr. Cook — If the emulsion is perfect
it remains uniform when diluted, but if
the uAion of the ingredients is not
perfect injury is likely to i-esult.

NEWER SMALL FRUITS.

Wilson jr. Blackberry — Not materi-
ally different from the Wilson.

Marlboro' Raspberry — Opinions were
A^arious ; does not show promised vigor ;
about like Cuthbert in growth, but not
as good quality ; if it doesn't do better
Mr. Scott will take out his three acres ;
half the size of Cuthbert and of poor
color, though at first did well ; at Ben-
ton Harbor canes quite strong, i-ipens
with Turner, firmer and better color
than either Turner or Cuthbert and
brought much better prices ; grows
slowly and of no consequence ; there are
several sorts of Marlboro'.

Lucretia Dewberry — Mr. Lyon has
had good crops for three or four years ;
best dewberry he knows ; is not derived
from wild dewberry, but is a trailing
variety of the high blackberry ; may be
a hybridization of the two ; fruits well
at Ionia, but turns red and sour ; two
weeks earlier than any blackberry.

Niagara Grape — Rots when the Con-
cord does ; white grapes are iiot more
subject to X'ot than others.

Belmont Strawberry — One member
only had fi'uited it and found it very
promising ; others were pleased with
quality of the plants.

Golden Queen Raspberry — Fine color
but same as a yellow Cuthbert ; not bet-
than Brinckle's orange.

Hiiborn Blackcap — Less seedy than
others and of fine quality, but not yet
well tested.

PORTRAIT OF PRESIDENT LYON.

The Society, by committee, has had
executed a very large crayon portrait of
Prfisident Lyon, which is to go into the
horticultural room in the state capitol,
to help perpetuate his memory and good
fame. It was x-evealed to Mr. Lyon last

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

33

evening, after a brief speech of eulogy by
Mr. Gibson, i-ebearsing Mr. Lyon's ex-
ceedingly great services to tbe society.
It was to Mr. Lyon a complete surprise,
and he was so deeply moved that re-
sponse was impo.ssible and he quickly
resumed his seat, asking to be excused
from remarks.

ELLIOT'S EARLY PEAR.

Sir, — Referring to your noteson early-
pears in the December Number, I wish
to say a good word for Elliot's Early.
It is a native of Windsor, Ont. I pro-
cured my tree (Dwarf) from Mr.
Dongall. It is a delicious [)ear, medium,
but uneven, in size, a profuse bearer,
and handsome in appearance.

They commenced to I'ipen with me
last summer on 2'2nd July, and, the
young ])eople having discovered their
merit, wei-e nearly all gone by the 1st
of August. They ripen on the tree a
half-dozen or dozen at a time, and no
sign of rotting at the core. The tree is
not so hardy as the Flemish Beauty,
but stands the winter here fairly, which,
by reason of our elevation, is excep-
tionally severe. Grapes last year were
almost a failure — s])ring frosts.

J. P. W., Stratford.

CONDENSED FRUIT REPORTS.

Chinese P.ieony. — The Chinese Pseony
received in 1883 did remarkably well,
blooming the first and each successive
year in spite of the injury done them
by dividing tlie roots every spring, for
proi)agating purposes. They are easily
cultivated, requiring no protection
whatever, and pi'oduce the finest flowers
(though not the largest), when planted
in soil only moderately rich. Those
who grow only the comuion Pa?ony can
form no idea ot the beauty of the Chinese
varieties. J. H. Wismer, Port Elgin.

The Prentiss Grape, received in
1884, made a growth of about ten inches
while other varieties alongside, with

less care, made five to eight feet. The
first winter it froze, but spi'outed the
following spring from the roots and
again made the same sickly growth, was
again injured by frost, and now I con-
sider it an utter failure, of no earthly
use in this northern country. In this
connection I may say that my grounds
are fully exposed, and the climate here
being a most vigorous one, n thing of a
tender nature can be grown.

.J. H. Wismer.

Small Fruits. — The Fay's Prolific
Cun-ant promises well ; and so does the
Marll)oro' Kaspberry. The canes of the
latter are large and stronjij. The fruit
is large and very fine.

Strawberries did well. I find it a
real success to clean and put the straw-
berry bed in a good condition soon
after the fruit is oflf. I cut off all the
leaves and runners, and work over the
ground with a hoe. This appears to
induce fruitfulness.

Would Mr. Beall or Mr. Croil tell us
the kind of soil, the variety of straw-
berry and the mode of culture which
resulted in so large a crop on Mr.Beall's
place 1 Samuel Fe.a.r, Brussels.

notes to new beginners.

BY PETKR PRIXIXG KXIFK.

The first step necessary to successful
fruit growing, after selecting the loca-
tion, is to ])repare the
soil.
If not naturally dry enough it should
be underdrained, and enriched, and
cleared of all foul weeds — especially for
small fruits. Quack grass, Canada
thistles, and fruit will not flourish to-
gether, particularly the fruit, the (piack
and thistles may. I have spent more
money in trying to clear these weeds
from ben-ies after they were planted
than the fruit was worth and then had
to plough them up. This was when I
went on a new place and wanted to get

34

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

my small fruits planted the first year.
While you are preparing your ground,
make up your mind what you intend
to plant and not wait for some tree
agent to come along and tell you. There
are always lots of these fellows around
ready to show you in their catalogues
and plate books, any amount of varie-
ties which, if taken according to direc-
tions, tfec, <fec., will make you rich in
about six months. /In experience if
nothing else. ) Don't buy all they offer
you, if you do you will have too much
fruit : besides it will be a fruitful
source of annoyance to you to dig
them out and plant them over after
you have gi*own them a year or two.
Find out from your neighbor, or through
the reports of the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation and the Horticulturist what

VARIETIES

succeed and pay best in your immediate
locality, and plant these varieties. It
is not best, as the saying is, to " put all
of your eggs in one basket," but if you
ai-e near to a good market a general
assortment may be gi'own, from berries
currants, grapes, »fec., up to the larger
fruits. Some seasons one or more kinds
may fail and you will want to have
others to depend on. If you are far
from a market the shipping qiialities of
the fruits should be taken into consider-
ation in making your selections. After
you have made up your mind what you
want, send your order direct to some
reliable nurseryman — with instructions
not to substitute — instead of havinsr it
placed on the blank of some traveling
agent on which this clause is always
printed : " If you cannot su[)ply all the
varieties named you can substitute other
varieties considered by you equally
desirable " — which means you will get
whatever he likes to send you.

Have your grounds properly laid out
before planting and plant each variety i
separately as much as possible and place
those varieties which ripen at the same I

time near together, for convenience in
gathering the fruit. Keep

A MAP OF YOUR GROUNDS

SO if you want plants or scions of any
particular variety at any time you may
know just where to find them. " Be
sure you are right and then go ahead "
is a good motto for fruit growers. Get
the right location, right soil rightly
prepared, set the right varieties, and
you are on the right I'oad to success ;
providing right cidtivation and care is
taken, of which I may write in mv
next article.

J^lotDers.

WINTER FLOWERING BULBS.

BY HERMAN SIMMERS, TORONTO.

In our former letters we have drawn
the attention of the readers of the
Horticulturist to some practical hints
about the care of winter flowei'ing bulbs;
but we must trespass the least bit from
that line and think a little of the future.
In the meantime we will allow the
various bulbs to finish their growth and
in our next issue we will speak of their
after care. We purpose in thLs issue
then to speak about the

DOUBLE TUBEROSE.

This bulb has been tried frequently by
the amateur witii almost in every case
a failure, mainly due to the subject not
being bi-ought before his notice at the
proper season of the year for planting.
The varieties of the Tuberose that are
generally gi-own are the Large Double
and the Pearl. The former variety is
not so much grown, principally on
account of its long stems ; the latter
variety is more popular on account of
its extremely dwarf habit. Its height
is about two feet and therefore it is
better adajjted both for the amateur and
the professional. The proper time for
starting the Tuberose is during this
month, when after treating it in a

THE CANADIAN HORTICDLTDR18T.

35

TUBEROSE.

manner somewhat similar to the Hya-
cinths, etc., i.e. placing it in the dark
and allowing it to i-oot thoroughlj, but
with this difference, that they may be
planted three in a quart pot, without in
any way crowding or retarding their
growth ; also we would suggest that
they be allowed to remain in the dark
for a longer period of time than the
Hyacinth, say about ten weeks. The
growth of the Tuberose is slower than
most bulbs, therefore sorely trying the
patience of the amateur, who very often
is on the point of despair, but just then
patience should step in and allow nature
time to develop the flower.

After being brought to the light it
generally takes the Tubei'ose bulbs
about three months to develop their
flowers, except when they are being
forced in a conservatory. Allow them
to keep their slow, steady growth and
those of our readers who grow them

will be amply i-epaid by their show of
flowers about the end of July. A point
that may here be suggested, which would
relieve the grower, is that they may l>e
planted out in a bed about the end of
May, care being taken when removing
them from the pot, to keep the ball of
earth from falling apai-t. This may
easily be done by holding the upper
portion of the pot with one hand, in a
reverted form, then gently tapping it,
and with the other removing^ the pot.
Any person trying the Tuberose will be
amply repaid for his trouble, being as
it is the most fragrant of all flowering
bulbs.

LIFE'S POETRY AND PROSE.
Fair and fragrant, full in foliage,

Blooms a rose beside a wall,
Freely swinging, closely clinging

To a stately stem and tall.

Fair to look upon in passing.

Fascinating to the eye,
Spirit thrilling, joy fnlfiUing,

To the daily passer by.

Safely hid 'neath leafy curtains,
Pure of birth and gently born,

In its nesting, sweetly resting,
Grows a wearing, tearing thorn.

Low among the dew-wet grass,

Lies a serpent as in sleep.
After gliding into hiduig,

Down where noisome vapors creep.

Would you walk your way in safety.
Through life's day from early morn.

Virtue's flower pluck each hour,
Free from every vice and thorn,

Would you have the rose, 0 pilgrim.
Would you gather it to keep,

Fully fragrant, brightly radiant.
Look beneath before you leap,
c. w. BRVAN, In Good Hoii.si-kcej'ui'j.

The fashionable flower of the day
is at present the White Chrysanthe-
mum. It is worn as a buttonhole,
massed as a boucjuet, and nestled among
moss for table decoration, lightly veiled
with maidenhair fern. Tinted ivy
leaves very often form a background
for it.— .V. Y. Herald.

M

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE ASIATIC PITCHER PLANT.

A CURIOUS PLANT -THE ASIATIC PITCHER
PLANT.

Of wliat are termed Pitcher Plants,
there are a number of different kinds,
belonging to different botanical order.s.
One of these is an American kind, also
known as

THE huntsman's CUP,

and the Side- saddle flower. Of this
one, no doubt many of our young read-
ers have met specimens growing wild,
for it is found in many parts of Am-
erica thriving in peat-bogs. The leaves,
very curiously, have the form of an
open cup, and are usually half-filled
with water, much of which may be
rain. Into this water many insects find
their way during the season, only to
drown.

I But even more curious than the com-
mon American Pitcher Plant, is the
Asiatic Pitcher Plant, of which an en-
graving is herewith given. It is over
sixty yeai'S ago since the first species
of this was met by Europeans, in
China, and introduced into their hot-
houses. Since that time various other
species have been found, but none is
more interesting than the one here il-
lustrated. This one is known botan-
ically as Nepenthes Hookeriana.

In the engraving the peculiar appen-
dages to the apex of the leaves, which
give it its very appropriate name, are
conspicuous. This formation is a veri-
table Pitcher,

EVEN to the lid,

which is hinged to one side. When

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

37

the Pitcher is in a young, forming
state, the lid in some species is closed.
As it develops, it opens, and even then,
water is found in the receptacle, which
proves that this fluid is a secretion of
the plant. After the lid is fully open,
no doubt additions are made to the
water by rain and heav}' dews. In
this water, insects and even small ani-
mals are often drowned. A very re-
markable quality of the fluid is that it

HAS A CERTAIN DIGESTIVE POWER,

and it is believed that the plant derives
some direct beneflt to its growth by
the consumption of insects. Plants of
this class have thei-efore been called
Carnivorous or Insect-eating plants.
The Pitchers vary in size to hold from
half a pint to nearly a quart of water
each.

The Asiatic Pitcher Plants are no
strangers to American hot-houses. The
plants require, in cultivation, condition
of treatment not very unlike those
suited to the Orchids. — From Popular
Gardening, with cut.

SUITABLE TREES FOR THE LAWN.
(Concluded.)

BY p. E. BICKE, OTTAWA.

The American Chestnut (Castanea
Americana ) is valuable for its wood and
nuts, and is ornamental in its appear-
ance. It grows wild in the woods in
the neighborhood of London, Ont., to-
ward Byron, whei'e there is a handsome
grove. So far, I have never been suc-
cessful in raising this tree from the nut
in Ottawa, although I cannot say for
certain that it was the severity of the
winters that destroyed my seedlings.
In its native liabitat it gi-ows on high,
poor, gravelly soil. Its beautiful large
glossy beach-shaped leaf gives it a fine
appearance. The tree grows from forty
to fifty feet high, and would require

large grounds to show it off" to advan-
tage.

The Japanese Chestnut (Castanea
Jajionica) is said to be hardier, is
dwarf in form, and has larger nuts.
I am testing its ability to withstand
this northern climate. If it should
prove hardy, it will be a great acquisi- ^
tion to our nut-bearing trees ; at any
rate, it would be a paying tree to plant
by the acre in western Ontario, for the
sake of its fruit.

The Thorn (Cratmjus). — Some of
the wild species are very handsome,
bearing a profusion of blossoms and
fruit. The Cockspur {Cms galli) grows
to twelve or fifteen feet high ; its red
berries give it a very oi-namental ap-
pearance in the autumn. The double-
flowering varieties of Europe are very
attractive. I have found the plants of
the latter fairly hardy here, although
they have never flowered. I have had
them growing for ten years past. In
western Ontario they should be a suc-
cess.

The Catalpa Speciosa is fairly har-
dy, although the moi-e tender shoots do
sometimes kill back in exposed locali-
ties. Its large heart-shaped leaves make
the tree attractive.

Linden, or Basswood (Tilia). — This
native tree is too well known to need
description. I merely mention it to
call attention to it as a street tree, for
which its fine umbrageous foliage pecu-
liarly fit it. Its sweet-scented blooms
in the early spring have a peculiar
charm for the bees, and bee-men count
the honey made from its inflorescence
amongst the best flavoi-ed and clearest
that is sent to market.

Cut-Leaved Linden (Tilia Lacini-
ata Riihra) is very striking, hardy, and
pretty ; it has bright rose-colored young
wood.

The European Linden^ {Tilia Euro-
pea) is very suitable for avenues. The

38

THE 0ANA.D1AN H0ETICULTUEI8T.

THE BLACK WALNUT.

leaves are a darker shade of green than
the A.merican variety, smaller in size,
but are borne in greater profusion,
forming a dense shade. The outline of
the ti'ee is regular and conical ; it will
suit itself to any soil, and is especially
adapted to large lawns.

Mulberry (Morns). — The only va-
riety of this tree I have succeeded in
growing is the Russian. It quckly
attains a good height, and stands the
climate well ; although the tips of the
young wood often suffer, this does not
check the tree's growth. I have tried
Downing's, but it is far too tender. I
-should not advise any one building too
much on the fruit to be obtained, but
as it grows rapidly from cuttings, and
the fruit varies considei-ably amongst
the seedlings, one may arise in the
multitude of those grown, which will
be valuable. Its easy propagation,
freedom from suckers, quick growth.

hardy nature, and capacity for
standing the knife should, I
think, make it a very suitable
plant for hedges.

Black Walnut and But-
ternut (Juglans Nigra and
Juglans CinereaJ are both
hardy, and make attractive
looking ti'ees, of good size.
They are both of quick growth,
besides which they have the
nuts, for pickling and eating,
to commend them. Their
feathery, fern-like foliage gives
them a striking appearance,
and no place of any size should
be without a few specimens
of each of these trees.

THE CATALPA.

Sir, — I am sorry to report
tbe same as last year " That I
am afraid it is too tender for
this climate." Last spring it
came out strong to within li
inches of the tip of the last
season's growth which was about 18
inches, but the frost on the 6th of May
cut it down, and this year it has again
sent up a shoot from the root about 22
inches and has seemed to be very vigor-
ous the rest of the season. It is fairly
protected and is in good ground with
good drainage. A. J. Collins, Listowel.

^mntific.

ACCLIMATION.

BY D. W. BBADLE.

The readers of the Canadian Hor-
ticulturist may remember the purport
of a very interesting article Vjy Mr. D.
Nicol, at page 85 of Volume IX. In
it he gives the residt of thirty-two years
of endeavor to acclimate many half-
hardy shrubs and fruit ti'ees. The con-
clusion at which he arrives is this, '• that
trying to make tender plants hardy is

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTDRI6T.

39

only a waste of time and means."
Doubtless this conclusion is quite cor-
rect with i-egard to the individual trees
and shrubs themselves, but my experi-
ence leads me to believe that there is a
way whereby we may, in process of
time, secure a race of these very trees
and shrubs that shall be perfectly
acclimated.

In support of this view I point to
the peach trees of north-eastern China,
to the cherry trees of the Vladimir dis-
trict of Russia, l^'ing north of the fifty-
fifth parallel of latitude, to the Catalpa
of the north-western States, and to the
evergreens tendei- from the Pacific slojie,
but hardy when raised from seed grown
in Colorado. Why is it that these trees
are able to endure the rigors of those
cold climates, and not merely to endure,
but to flourish and bring forth fruit if
it be not true that there is such a thing as
acclimation of half-hardy trees. How
long a period of time has clasped during
which this process of acclimation has
V)een ]»rogressing to the full develop-
ment which we now find, it is not pos-
sible to tell Nature's process are not
usually rapid in the affecting of such re-
sults, "the mills of the gods grinds low."
Nevertheless, within the short sj^an of
half a century, I have seen a race of
Biota orientalia, produced by the sow-
ing of seed raised in our climate, that is
])erfectly acclimated, while the jiarent
stock was with difficulty preserved
from death long enough to yield seed.
Hence I infer that by sowing seed, from
trees that have been able to i)roduce
seed in any given climate, for success-
ive generations, a race of such species
of shrub or tree will in process of time
be produced, that will be perfectly
hardy in that climate. How long it
will take to accomplish this, for how
many successive generations it will be
necessary to sow the seed, it is impos-
sible to say. Doubtless, when thus
taken in hand by an intelligent guide,
nature will take loncjer strides and

make more rapid progress than when
left to her own faltei'ing steps.

But whether it is worth our while to
proceed in this slow, and therefore tedi-
ous, manner to accomplish our desired
acclimation is quite another question.
We now have means at our command
whereby this work can be accomplished
with far greater rapidity. The art of
breeding for specific results is as much
within the control of the horticultui-ist
and orchardist as of the stock-raiser.
Perhaps it has not yet been quite as
fully i-educed to a science by the foinner
as by the latter, which, if true, only
shews that there has not yet been as
much careful study and experiment on
the part of the horticulturist as has
been put forth by the cattle-breeder.
Yet enough has been done to prove that
by the process of cross-fertilization we
can blend in very con.siderable measure
the desired size and quality of fruit
with the wished for hardiness of tree.
The thoughtful student and painstaking
observer are wanted to work out these
problems and reveal to us the laws of
this procreation, so that, guiding his
operations by these laws, the propagator
may work with certainty to definite
results. We have had enough of hap-
hazard guess-work, of supposing that
cross-fei'tilization has been effected
merely because certain trees or vines
were in proximity ; it is time now for
something like accuracy in our working,
if we are ever to penetrate the secrets
of nature's working. But when our
cross-fertilization shall be pei'formed
with a knowledge of the laws of vege-
table heredity, we shall hold a talisman
more potent than any of which the
wildest imagination has ever dreamed.

PARIS GREEN.

HY TIIOS. BEALL LINDSAY.

As an insecticide the vex'dict is un-
animously in favor of the use of this
poison.

Most persons now understand that

40

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

" a teaspoouful of Paris Green to a pail
of water " is about the right proportion
to use in destroying insect life, yet the
uncertainty as to its effects on the foliage
is as strongly felt as ever. This uncer-
tainty is no doubt produced by the
" indefinite quantity " as referred to by
Mr. Thompson, Ganad'mn Horticulturist
p. 156, used on a given surface of foliage
and in the manner of using it. During
the past five or six years I have used in
my gai'den and orchard about one pound
of Paris Green per acre per annum, and
have never known any injury to the
foliage. I mix a quarter of an ounce
of Paris Green and about double the
bulk of flour with two gallons of water,
and apply while thoroughly mixed, with
a hand syringe having a very fine rose
nozzle.

The quantity to be applied to each
tree must depend upon the size of the
tree, one gallon being sufficient for a
tree with bloom enough to produce four
or five barrels of fruit.

It should be applied when the tree is
in full bloom, and again about a week
later.

Injury to the foliage is caused by
using too much Paris Green. Anyone
may see however that the quantity of
poison used on each tree is not neces-
sarily in proportion to the quantity of
Paris Green to each gallon of water, but
to the quantity of the mixture apjilied to
each tree.

As to the manner of applying the poi-
son to the apple tree so as to accomplish
the greatest good, with" the least injury
to the foliage, it should be understood
( 1 ) that the poison, to be effectual, must
be applied to the centre of each blossom
and that the smallest atom is sufficient,
and {'!) that any of the poison falling
upon any other part of the ti-ee will in
no way pi-event the operations of the
Codlin moth. The spray should be so
projected that it may fall on the blos-
soms in a very fine mist.

THE

Canabimi iBortkulturist.

)N Illus-
trated
Monthly Journal, de-
voted to the interests
' of Fruit Growers,
Kardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burban homes.

Subscription price .$1.00
per year, entitling the subscri-
ber to membership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Eeport, and a share in its
anniial distribution of premium plants and
trees.

Pd. 86. — If your address label reads
thus, your subscription expired with
December No. We send you January
and February Nos. of 87 hoping you
will renew, but if you do not wish to
do so, please hand these copies to some
friend who is interested in Horticultui'e.
All names still unpaid will be promptly
removed from our list after this number.
The Repoi't for 18f<6 will be sent only
to those who pay their fee for 1887.

This Journal is not published in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniary advantage
of any one, but its pages ai-e devoted
wholly to the progress of Horticultural,
Science and Art in Canada. We aim
at the development of the fruit growing
industry in our Province ; at the general
distribution of knowledge concerning
all the newest and best varieties of
fruits ; and at the education of a refined

THE CANADIAN HORTI0ULTURI8T.

41

taste in the art of decorative gardening
around the homes of our Canadian
people.

With such ends in view we invite
the co-opei-ation of all the lovers of
Horticulture both in extending the
membership of the Fruit Growers' As-
sociation of Ontario, and in contributing
to these pages such items as may be of
general interest and profit.

Back Volumes I., II., III., IV., VII.,
and VIII of The Canadian Horticul-
turist are in stock at this office, and
will be sent to any address at 60c.
each, or with accompanying report for
75c. each.

Any Subscriber failing to receive his
copy of The Horticulturist at the proper
time will please notify us at once of
the failure that we may send it him
before the edition is exhausted.

A Package of Sample Copies of such num-
bers as Vol. VIII. as can be spared,
containing coloured plates, will be sent
to any one who will distribute them
with the view of getting new sub-
scribers.

Delay of January Number. — The following
note from Messrs. Copp, Clai-k & Co.,
pi'inters of the Horticulturist, Toronto,
will explain the delay of the January
number : —

"The January number of the Horticul-
turist is all mailed (Jan. I2th). We had a
break down in our calendering machine,
which, we regret, occasioned the delay in its
publication, and is not likely to again occur."

THE HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER.

Whether we wish it or not we must
at times lay down our spades and our
pruning knives, and reflect upon the
shortness of our stay among our beloved
trees and plants.

Already our readers will have read
the sad intelligence of the death of the
Hon. ]\I. P. Wilder, President of the
Amei-ican Pomological Society, at his
home near Boston on the 16th. of De-
cember last. His birth away back in
2

the year 1798 reminds us of the days
of George III., George Washington

HON. MARSHALL P. WILDER.

and Napoleon Bonaparte. Early in
life his taste for gardening manifested
itself. He said on one occasion " My
love for rural life and the cultivation
of the soil is well known to you all.
Oh ! yes ! I cannot remember the time,
since my sainted mother took me into
the garden to help dress and keep it,
that I did not love the cultivation of the
garden above all other pursuits."

For many years a leading merchant (
in the city of Boston, he yet found much
leisure for his favorite study of Horti-
culture. His successful experiments
in hybridizing are well known, and his
pear orchard of some 800 varieties has
become justly famous.

As time went on he devoted more
and more attention to fruit culture
until in 1848 he became President of
the American Pomological Society
which was organized in that year, and
this position he held until the day of
his death. Those were significant words
of his at the complimentary dinner in
Boston, considering they wei-e sjjoken
only two months before his decease : —
" Life at the longest is short. I have
passed its summit, and shall soon

42

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

reach the sunset shore, when I must
bid farewell to things of earth. But if
I can have the happiness to know that
I have done anything' to promote the
comfort of mankind, I shall feel that I
have not lived in vain. And so I shall
continue to work on in the same old
way while life and strength shall last."

At the January meeting of the Massa-
shusetts Horticultural Society, a mem-
orial was prepared by Mr. Wm. Strong.
In presenting it he said : " Others will
dwell upon the traits which gave him
success in the various fields of his use-
fulness. We turn rather to notice his
characteristics in his favorite pursuit of
horticulture. In this he is best known.
Here he did his best service for his fel-
low-men. It was indeed a favorite
pursuit, a genuine love. While ea^aged
in a large commercial business, Tie yet
found^ime for extensive importation
and cultivation of a great variety of
hardy and exotic fruits, plants and ag-
ricultural products ; being one of the
earliest introducers, and always on the
alert to obtain and test new kinds.
This enthusiasm was life-long, and was
as hearty in the cultivation of pseonies
as pears, or in the case of camellias or
m* dahlias or azaleas as of raspberries
and sti-a wherries. Undeniably he was
stimulated by a desire to exhibit the
best ; but before and deeper than this
was a hearty interest in every form of
cultivation of mother Earth. From my
earliest acquaintance with Mr. Wilder,
more than thirty years since, I recall a
reverent appreciation of the wisdom and
goodness of the Creator in all his ma-
terial works. And I think as the years
went by a steady and a marked increase
of ihis feeling was to be noticed, a lead-
ing from Nature up to Nature's God,
so that he gave frequent expression of
his gratitude to the Infinite Ruler of the
Universe.

" We shall love to recall the picture
of this pati'iarch as he walked among

his plants watching to obtain some new
results and improvements by crossing
and varied culture. It seemed as
though his occupation was to him the
very elixir of life, imparting to him a
perennial youth. How diftei-ent in its
result from a life spent in the absorbing
and selfish pursuit of gain or worldly
ambition ! And yet in other respects
Mr. Wilder was an old man — his life
was completed ; his was a sublime old
age, full of good works. The world is
better, how much better, for his living
in it ! Long shall we cherish his
memory ; long may we be stimulated
by his example."

Mr. Robert Manning, the Secretary,
said : —

He had hoped that Mr. Wilder
might live to the meeting of his favorite
society, the American Pomological
Society, in this city in September next,
but it has been differently and, we can-
not doubt, more wisely ordered. He
himself felt deeply the uncertainty of
his stay until that time, for in the ad-
dress which he prepared for the meeting
at Grand Rapids, Mich., in September,
1885, after expressing his regret that he
was unable to be there personally, he
said in words that now seem j^rophetic,
" I console myself with the hope that
you will accept the invitation of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society
and come to Boston in 1887, when I
may be permitted to lay off the I'obes
of office with which you have so long
honored me, unless, ere that lime, I
shall have been clothed with the robes
of immortality and gone up to gather
celestial fruits, which ripen not in
earthly climes."

One of Mr. Wilder's most prominent
characteristics was the perpetual youth
which, in spite of the infirmities of age,
he carried with him, and which led
Governor Long, in his speech at the
meeting of the American Pomological
Society in 1881, to speak of him as at

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

43

once the oldest and the youngest man
in the State. This had been attributed
to his love for rural pursuits ; but the
speaker thought it due rather to his
kind and loving heart, continually over-
flowing with regard to every one, so
that they who had known him but a
short time felt that in his death they
had lost a dear friend. This thought,
the speaker said, had been better ex-
pressed in Whittier's lines, with which
he closed .

" To homely joys and loves and friendships
Thy genial nature fondly clung ;
And so the shadow on the dial

Ran back and always left thee young."

May the spirit which chai'acterized
this gifted and noble-minded man be
caught by many Canadian horticul-
tux'ists, who will pursue their favorite
avocation not merely from sordid mo-
tives and selfish purposes, but in the
interests of science and in the progress
of the nation in one of her most im-
portant branches of industry.

OPEN LETTERS.

From British Columbia. — Mr. G. W.
Henry, of Port Hammond, B.C., writes:
" We ai'e going into the small fruit-
growing and nursery business here, and
we want The Horticulturist. Before
long we will be able to tell you some-
thing about this the finest fruit-growing
district in America, and send you some
samples that will make eastern people
open their eyes ; for I have such large
and fine specimens of apples, pears,
plums, yes, and cherries, too, as cannot
be touched by anything in Ontario.
lliey have the flavor, too, of our On-
tario fruit."

Commission Agents. — Joseph Bourne,
Niagara Falls South, writes : " 1 think
there ought to be some way of letting
the members of our association know,
through the Horticulturist, of any firms
that do not deal fairly with their
patrons.

" I think they should be warned to be-
ware of Jackman & Lindsay, Toronto.
When we sent them anything, they
made us no report of sale, until they
sent their bill of all the sales. For
instance, with grapes, they never let
us know at what prices they were sel-
ling them until the season was all
over ; and the same with our neigh-
bors."

We can sympathize with Mr. Bourne
in his experience, having shipped ex-
tensively on commission every fruit
season for the last fifteen years. One
does not like shipping fruit in the
dark, and placing his whole crop at
the mercy of middlemen ; and no com-
mission house can expect to succeed
that does not adopt a system of giving
shippers constant information concei'n-
ing receipt and sales of their goods,
and reliable quotations of prices cur-
rent.

Indeed, of late years, the margin of
profit has been too small on most fruits
to bear dividing up with commission
men, and those growers are fortunate
who are able to make their own sales.

However, we have received prompt
remittances and daily market reports
from the agents of the Niagara District
Fruit Growers' Stock Co. at Toronto,
London, Ottawa, and Montreal ; and
also from the fii-ms of Messrs. Mc-
William & Everist and Mrs. W. Bil-
ton, Toronto ; and Messrs. Vipond &
McBride and Clogg & Co., Montreal,
all of whom we believe to be perfectly
reliable.

THE FRUIT KING OF CANADA.

The Pall Mall Gazette of December
15 th gives a very interesting account of
an interview with the Presidf-nt of our
Association, and in the introduction
speaks of him in the following tributary
language : —

" No visitor that the Colonial Exhi-
bition has brought fi-om the England

44

THE CANADIAN HOBTICTJLTURIST.

beyond the sea has been more welcome
at this office than Mr. Alexander Mc-
Donald Allan, of Goderich, Ontario,
the Fruit King of Canada, not so much
because he is a type of exactly the
citizen of Greater Britain that one
likes best to come into contact with, as
because he is a foremost representative
of the mpst important industry there,
and the one in which Englishmen are
most interested at the present moment.
Mr. Allan is a tall, broad-shouldered,
black-bearded man of perhaps between
forty and fifty, with a gentle face and a
deep, tender voice. The secret of his
gentleness is soon learned, for ' I was
born a fruit-grower,' he says ; ' and,
though my father was on a farm, it was
always in the orchaixl that they looked
for me. No doubt I am prejudiced,'
he adds apologetically, ' but I do
honestly think there is nothing in the
world to compare with fruit-growing,'
and, plunging straight into his subject,
Mr. Allan drew a really admii'able and
almost pathetic analogy between a tree
and a human being. ' I would be as
kind to a tree as I would to a person.
I would not hurt it for the world.' and
he lays his hand kindly on the office
table, as if in mute protest against any
living wood having been turned to so
base a purpose. He explains how a"
tx'ee feels a wound exactly like a man
does ; how the older it is, to a certain
extent, the more it feels it ; how wicked
it is to needlessly lop a limb ofi" a tree ;
and how a tree that has just borne a
large crop of fruit must be treated
with the same consideration and care
as a mother who has just brought a
child into the world.

" Mr. Allan is the President of the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, a
position which it has taken him many
years to reach. He is recognized by
the fruit-growers both of Canada and
the United States as one of their most
trustworthy experts in all horticultural

matters. He is, and has been for a
long time, the largest exporter of fruit
to England, and he is in England as
Fruit Commissioner of the Canadian
Court of Exhibitions."

This department is intended as an open one to every
reader of the "Horticulturist" to send in either
questio7is or answers. Often a reader uxill be able to
ansiver a question which has been left unanswered,
or only partially answered by us. For convenience
of referowe the questions are numbered, and any
one replying or referring to any question will
please mention the number of it.

3. Early Strawberry.7- }f/ia< is the most
jyrofitable one? (A. D.)

The Crescent Seedling is the leading
variety for earliness and pi'oductiveness.
At the December meeting of the Ohio
Horticultural Society four objections
wei-e urged against this berry, (1) too
many runners, (2) too small, (3) too
soft, (4) deficient in table qualities ; and
yet it is more extensively grown in
Ohio than any other variety.

4. Pruning Pear Trees. — Should a pear
orchard be pruned ? [A. D. Mohawk.]

Yes. Superfluous branches should be
cut out, and the new growth shortened
when it grows too rank.

5. Deciduous Tree for Wind Break. — What |
is the most suitable, deciduo7is, quick
(/rowing tree to plant in a single row for
a wind break in uncultivated ground ?
How is tlie Lombardy Poplar ? [E,.]

The Lombardy Poplar is good until
it gets old, when it becomes unsightly.
We would suggest the Silver Maple.

6. To make Pear Trees bear Fruit. — /
Jiave Flemish Beauties twenty J eet high
and eleven years planted which do not
bear. What would you do for them ?

[F. Anderson, Ayr.]

Your idea of cutting off" the top, and

pruning them well, if done in June,

would tend to throw them into bearing.

Root pruning will also be serviceable.

THE CANADIAN HORTI0ULTURI8T.

45

7. Growing Cranberries. — / have a lake
which, I think, could he dried sufficiently
to grow cranberries. I saw by The
Horticulturist that the bed should be
covered with sand. Why ? The hike
has a peat bottom. Wild berries grow
well around it without sand. What
quantity of vines should be put on an
acre ? What would the probable cost
he per acre ? Are tame berries much
better than good wild ones ?

[S. H. Kerfoot, Penetanguishene.]

We cannot better answer Mr. Ker-
foot, nor more interest other readers,
than by condensing the following re-
marks from an excellent editorial in
the Farm and Hovie.

Cranberries are profitable providing
you have (1) a free supjily of water
at all times nnder control ; (2) a bog
located so that it can be either drained
or submerged at will; (3) the right
kind of soil ; and (4) a convenient sand
bank.

In Cape Cod the cost of making a
bog and planting runs from $250 per
acre upwards, but a fair yield is 100
bushels per acre ; so they pay well if
everything is favourable.

You want water for the purpose of
protecting your vines, so that you can
flow your bog and protect it from freez-
ing, and afterwards, in the spring-time,
for the purpose of killing the vermin
that infest the vines. You need to pro-
tect the crops when very severe frosts
come on suddenly, by flowing the bog
rapidly and covering the berries, thus
saving them. A swamp soil, not too
peaty and with some loam in it, is the
best kind of land. Trees, bushes and
bogs must be rooted out and the bog
made smooth. Then cover to a depth
of three to eight inches with sand or
fine gravel — the deeper the sand the
longer the bog will last. Loam will
not do, because it brings in weeds and
grasses, and is not as warm as sand.
The sand assists in protecting the berries

from frost and injury. It keeps out
weeds, and serves as a mulch in warm
weather. It also keeps the bogs from
running to vipes, because cranberry
vines, if you put them in the mud, will
run so much to vine that they will not
make the uprights on which the berries
grow. The sand has to be wheeled in
wheelbarrows on planks, and spread by
hand Before sanding, make ditches
about three rods apart running into a
main ditch and with such direction and
fall as will speedily conduct the water
from the dam over the bog, and most
readily drain it off" to a depth of at
least 18 inches.

Fertilizers are seldom applied, as they
cause too much wood growth at the ex-
pense of the fruit. Ground bone in
moderate quantities is probably the
safest fertilizer to use. Bogs run out
after a time, but may be i-enewed by
mowing and burning the vines and re-
sanding. There are bogs on Cape Cod
that are yielding profitably for their
32nd year. The vine is very hardy,
and may be set at any time, but the
spring is best. The usual course is to
punch holes in the ground, about eight
or ten inches apart each way, and in-
sert therein Iwo or three vines, and
afterwards }*ess the soil around them.
Some cultivators of lai'ge experience
set the vines in shallow furrows and
cover them, leaving out the end of the
vines. It is important to put them
down below the sand, so' that they may
take I'oot in the soil. It should be
kept clean of weeds until the vines
cover the soil entirely. If the bog is
kept covered with water until June 1,
or until danger of frost is past, most of
the vine insects will be killed, except
the fire woi'm, which is killed by
sj)rinkling the vines with a strong
solution of tol)acco. It is necessary,
also, to flood the bog when early frosts
threaten, and so turn ofi" the wat^r be-
fore the berries rot.

46

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Bell, Bugle and Cherry are the lead-
ing kinds. Early Bell is the standard
early — of good size and very dark color,
keeps well and is productive. It blos-
soms and ripens in New Jersey ahead
of all other varieties fully two weeks.
Black Bell is hardy, good size, dai-k
color and yields well. Richmond Bell
is large, fair, very prolific, but rather
late. Bugle is large, long, not early,
fi'uit apt to be coarse and saded green ;
good on well-sanded bogs, not too wet
and cold. Creeper is cherry-shaped,
extra large, light color, very prolific,
rather late, not a good keeper, adapted
to localities subject to scald. Long
Pond is a useless sort. The Cherry
cranberry is of two kinds — -large and
small. It is very hard, dark crimson,
medium early and a most popular mar-
ket berry. The darker the color the
better the beri-ies will sell.

8. Infusorial Earth. — Where can it be
obtained ? Give address.

9. Lucretia Dewberry. — My 'plant has
made a number of long vines. How
should they he pruned ?

J. W. M., Toronto.
We cannot answer from personal ex-
perience. At the Cleveland meeting of
the American HorticiW-ural Society,
Mr. Caywood said " We tie the upright
vines to a stake, and then let them
trail over the ground near the stake."
Mr. Albaugh, at the late meeting of
the Ohio Horticultural Society said
" The plants are set seven by eight, and
cultivated the eight foot way, the vines
lying on the ground in a matted row,
four feet wide." Mr. J. H. Hale of
Connecticut says " They are planted
in rows eight to ten feet apart, with
plants four or five feet apart in the
rows, forming a thick matted row or
bed four or five feet wide." ^ '

10. Pruning raspberry plants. — How dose
to the main stem should side branches be
cut ? [J. W. M.]

Mr. A. M. Smith of St. Catharines
replies : " In regard to cutting back
raspberries ; cut side branches 6 to 1 2
inches according to growth of canes :
if canes are very slender, 3 to 4 inches."

11. Hardiest cherry. — Is the Vladimir,
or large Montmorency the hardiest, and
will they grow here.

[W. A. Smith, Coverdale, N. B.]
The Vladimir. It should be hardy
enough for New Brunswick.

12. Grapes in New Brunswick. — Can grapes
be grown as far north as New Bruns-
wick ; if so, will the Niagara succeed ?

[W. A. S.]
Mr. W. E. Wellington of Toronto
replies : " I do not think that grapes
can be successfully grown in New
Brunswick, without beiiig laid down in
the winter.

As you are aware, in the Ottawa
Valley where the thermometer goes
much lower than it does in western
Canada, they raise grapes successfully,
and grow many fine varieties, but dur-
ing winter the vines are laid down and
covered with a little earth. If that
trouVjle is taken, they can be grown in
New Brunswick, and the best varieties,
would be Worden, Moore's Early,
Champion and Early Victor. I do not
think the Niagara would prove a suc-
cess, as it ripens rather too late."

13. Best side of a building for grapes. —
hi flantlng around a building which

is the best quarter, N. S. E. or W.

[W. A. S.]
M. W. E. Wellington : " I do not
approve of planting vines near a build-
ing but prefer the open field, or garden.
Would select the South provided the
vines were laid down, so they would not
start too early in the spring, if they
must be planted close to a building."

14. Vladimir cherry. -Will you kindly
describe this cherry.

[VV. T. GoLDSBORO, Brooklin.]

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

47

This is the most important cherry in
all Russia. It is named the Vladimir
because in that district its culture has
attained enormous proportions, and it is
shipped away to market by the car load.

It is very hardy and bears fruit even
where grown a neglected fashion. The
tree is dwai'f in habit, indeed rather a
bush than a tree, some of tbem being
of weeping, others of ei-ect habit.

The flesh of the cherry is a deep pur-
plish red color, and the skin reddish
black, and loses its acidity when fully
ripe, See Report for 1883 p. 224.

15. Wilson Junior Blackberry. — Have any
readers of the Horticulturist groion the
Wilson Junior Blackberry sufficiently to
know ivhetJier it is as good as recom-
mended, or not, I hardly think it equal
to the Snyder.

W. C. Rkid, Enterprise, Ont.

REPLIES TO PREVIOUS QUESTIONS.

Stock and Scion. (9 vol. ix.) Dr. Hos-
kins of Vermont has collected consider-
able evidence in favor of the view that
the stock does sometimes effect the size
of the fruit grown upon the Scion. He
says in Vick's Magazine : ' ' Regarding
the effects of top-grafting apples into
crabs, a practice very common in North-
ern New Enofland and the Northwest,
there is no need of weighing much
evidence, since every extensive fruit-
grower and nurseryman in Minnesota,
Northern Iowa and Wisconsin has in
his grounds plenty of jiroof that very
marked changes are so frequent as to
cause growers frequently to say, when
shown a new apple thus grown, ' I can-
not say how near this comes to the
original in size, color or taste, for it was
grown top-grafted in a crab tree.' *
* * But this is not to say that top-
grafts in crab trees never produce fi-uit
true to type, for they frequently do,
and this irrespective of the chai'acter or
the wood union at the 2)oint of inserting
the Scion. 1 have learned by experi-

ence that some of the crabs make pretty
good stock, at least for some kinds of
large apples to be gro^vn upon ; but
which will, and which will not, can
only l)e determined by expei'ience."

In the last report of the F.G.A. of
Nova Scotia this very interesting sub-
ject is ably dealt with by Prof. Hind,
who inclines to the opinion that a scion
grafted upon a slower growing stock
will be likely to produce larger fruit
than under other conditions, and also,
that the time of ripening of the fruit is
affected by the halaits of the stock. We
hope soon to be favored with the results
of further experiment in this direction.

Rust on Strawberry Leaves. (13, vol. ix.)
Prof. J. C. Arthur of the New York
Agricultural Station writes : " The
strawberry leaf which you enclosed is
affected by Ramidaria Tulasnei, a com-
mon fungus growing upon strawberry
leaves eveiywhei'e. It is said to be
kept somewhat in check by burning the
leaves off from the beds after fruiting.

Greenhouse and Heating. (11, vol. ix.)
In order to answer this question still
fai'ther we wrote Messrs. Hitchings &
Co., 233 Mercer street, New York City,
asking the favor of the cut shown be-
low representing a complete and effici-
ent heater, designed expressly for heat-
ing small conservatories such as are
frequently attached to dwelling houses.

These heaters are managed with as
little ti'ouble as an ordinary self-feeding
coal stove. The illustration represents
a small conservatory 10x20 ft. attached
to the dwelling. The heater is shown
in the cellar under the conservatory
with two 1| inch pipes rising from it
through the floor, and connecting with
four 4-inch heating pipes which jjass
ai'ound the three exposed sides of the
conservatory, and terminate in an ex-
pansion tank shown at the light hand
corner. If it is impracticable to sink
such #pit, it can be arranged to have

48

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

CONSERVATORY.

the heater on the same level as the
conservatory floor by changing the loca-
tion of the tank, and the height of the
heating pipes. The price of these heaters
ranges from $35 to $80.

We will gladly give our candid opinion of any books,
magazines or catalogues received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but unll not insert cut and dried reading
notices in favi^r of any publication ivhatever.

The Rural New Yorker. — From our ear-
liest i-ecoUections this valuable farmers
paper has been a household favorite. It
is always bright fresh and vigorous.
There is nothing stale about it, i^" is

it one sided, but it contains original
articles of great value upon every de-
partment of farm life. The address is
34 Park Row, New York City.

CATALOGUES.

Vicks' Floral Guide for 1887 comes to
hand, if possible, in a more attractive
form than usual. It has a beautiful
colored plate of pansies, representing
a straw hat full of extra choice and
Giant Trimandeau, the latter a new and
extra large variety. It has another
colored plate representing five varieties
of bordering and bedding plants, while
the cuts of flowei-s throughout the book
are as numerous and complete as in
former years.

PRINTED AT THK 8TEA.M PRESS RSTARLISHMRNT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

IT.

productiveneA:

sod it's superior in

Zhc

Canabian

Iborticulturiet

Published at yof\ONTo and Gi^imsby, Pnt.
OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

MARCH, 1887.

[No. 3.

§.t\xi J-^nitt5.

THE ITASCA STRAWBERRY.

" Rather out of season," we imagine
we hear our readers say as they open up
the March No. of this Magazine, and
see still another frontispiece of ripe
strawberries. We hope however they
may appreciate a sight of the imitations
all the more, considering that the real
article is three or four months distant.

The past season has brought into
public notice several new strawberries
for which gi-eat things are claimed by
the originators, but which have as yet
been wholly untested in Canada.
Among these the more prominent seem
to be the Itasca and the Jessie, the
latter of which was described last
month in these pages.

The Itasca was originated by Mr. J.
H. Haynes of Delphi, Indiana, and
will be introduced into Canada bv our

old friend Mr. J. Little of Granton,Ont.,
who says of it : "I saw the plants on
Mr. Crawford's grounds after the meet-
ing of the American Horticultural So-
ciety at Cleveland, and he spoke so
highly in praise of it, that I thought if
the expense would not be be too much,
I would bring it before the strawberry
loving gi'owers of Canada."

Mr. Haynes in his circular claims for
the Itasca the following points of ex-
cellence, in which we hope he may not
be disappointed. We quote his own
words : —

" In offering the Itasca to the public
I feel confident that it will fill a place
now vacant on the list of strawben-ies.
I claim for it that it is a rival of the
Crescent in productiveness, health,
vigor, size and beauty, and that it is
very superior to the Crescent in quality,
manner of ripening, and for endurance
to the end of the season in ripening its
entire crop. It is a seedling ' of the

50

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Manchester, fertilized with Seneca
Queen under ghiss, excelling both of
these varieties in every respect. It is
pistillate like all our productive kinds."

Mr. M. Crawford, a member of our
own Association, living in Ohio, in a
report of new strawberries, writes as
follows : — " Itasca ; no better berry as
far as quality is concerned, has yet
appeared, I have seen twenty -five ripe
and two hundi'ed green berries on a
single plant. It is quite regular in
form, obtusely conical, bright i-ed, and
averages about an inch in diameter."

As soon as we have tested the Itasca
we shall be very glad to give farther
information concerning it ; but at pre-
sent we can only say that any berry
which, upon thorough trial, may be
ranked along with the Crescent, Jewell
or Manchester, is certainly well worthy
of propagation. In the coming berry
we want excellence of quality, more
than we want productiveness. For the

latter quality probably no berry sur-
passes the James Vick of which the ac-
companying cut is no exaggerated re-
presentation : but this characteristic
instead of commending it has proved to
be its fault, in these days when fruit of
small size, and ordinary quality is glut-
ting the markets, and scarcely pays the
expense of gathering and shipping.

OTHER NEW STRAWBERRIES.

BV M. CRAWFORD, CUYAHOGA FALLS, OHIO.

The Jessie. — I have fruited it twice,
and I have watched it with great in-
terest on account of the wonderful
reports that reached me concei*ning it.
I am imable so far to find one weak
place in it. The plant is all one could
ask for size, vigorous growth, health,
hardiness, and productiveness. Blos-
som perfect. With me it is wonderfully
productive, veiy lai'ge, of good form and
color, and one of the best in quality.
It ripens all over at once, and is firm
enough for distant ti'ansportatiun.

Anna Forest. — From D. Brandt, of
Bremin, O. Sent out as the largest
berry in the world. Not yet fruited
here.

THE CANADIAN HORTIODLTCRIBT.

51

Ohio. — Originated in southern Ohio,
by Geo. L. Miller. It is a seedling of
the Kentucky. The plant is wonder-
fully vigorous, and about twice as pro-
lific as its parent. This is its record at
the Ohio Agricultural Experiment

johxston's sweet black cap raspberry
I

Station, where it has fruited several
years. Blossom pistillate. The origi-
nator writes that it is much more
productive than Kentucky, bright red,
and less inclined to show bruises. It
yields one or two pickings after Ken-

52

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

tucky, and will give move quarts and
more money than any other late variety.
In growth it equals the Crescent.

Crawford. — All things considered,
this is the best berry ever originated
by me. I have fruited it five years,
and intended to say nothing about it
for some time, but an account of it got
into the American Garden. I always
thought that if I raised a seedling that
was ahead of all others, I would call it
Crawford. This is the only one con-
sidered worthy.

JOHNSTONS SWEET RASPBERRY.

This is a new black cap raspberry
which is being sent out from Central
New York by Mr. R. Johnston. He
claims for it, after four years' trial, that
in quality it is particularly sweet and
delicious, and that it surpasses all
others for evaporating purposes. In
season it is about the same as the Tyler,
and in size it is little less than the
Gregg.

We are not personally acquainted
with any one else who has fruited this
berry, but we find that Mr. T. T. Lyon,
Pres. of the Michigan Horticultural So-
ciety speaks highly of it, especially
with regard to its quality as an eva-
porated fruit.

THE GOLDEN QUEEN RASPBERRY.

BY T. C. ROBINSOS, OWES SOUND.

In May, '86, I set out a few rows of
this variety with plants which had been
grown from root-cuttings in the green-
house during winter.

Some of the growing canes were
nearly a foot high, and it was reason-
able to expect that the check of trans-
planting would induce a formation of
fruit-buds on the green wood, which the
after-growth of June and July would
develop into berries. In this hope I
was abundantly justified by a fine show
of blossoms in midsummer, which ripe-

ened up finely in August and Septem-
ber. Of course, such abnormal fiiiition
cannot be regarded as a decisive test of
th.e variety — nor can any single test —
but a very good idea of the size, beauty
and quality of the berries was fairly
obtainable, and also of the tendency of
the variety to productiveness.

I found the berries to be very large,
as nearly as possible of the size, shape
and firmness of well-grown Cuthberts.
while the color closely assimilates that
of Brinckle's Orange. The plant proved
on this test to be a fine vigorous grower,
fully up to, if not excelling, the Cuth-
bert. The leaf so closely resembles the
Cuthbert that an expert might mistake
one for the other ; but one glance at
the whitish-green cane shows the var-
iation.

In quality it has been pronounced
equal to Brinckle's Orange. Fall-grown
berries are often inferior in quality to
the crop of the regular season, so that
my test pi'oves nothing conclusively on
this point ; but it is only just to re-
mark that with me they were not so
good as Brinckle's, but fairly up to the
Cuthbert's standard.

Upon the whole I am exceedingly
pleased with my experience of this va-
riety. A i-aspberry that looks just like
Brinckle's Orange, that is productive
as Cuthbert, and i-emarkably firm, needs
only proof of hardiness to simply place
it at the very head of the list, and be-
yond the competition of any other
known variety of its color. Unusual
hardiness is claimed for it, and seems
fairly promised by its Cuthbert par-
entage, so that fi-uit lovers may smack
their lips in anticipation of a large, re-
liable, white raspberry, equally good
for home use or market.

Of course fvirther tests in this and in
other parts of the country may develop
faults that do not now appear ; but at
present I must regard its indications of
success as unusually promising.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

53

Prunus Simoni. — Mr. L. H. Bailey
writes in the American Garden con-
cerning this fruit, that he thinks hardi-
ness its chief merit. He had it on an
exposed location and, yet it came
through the winter of 1885-6 unim-
pared. It fruited last summer, but its
size was against it not measuring over
one and a-half inches in diameter ; and
tlie flavor, though at first sweet, left an
unpleasant bitterness in the moiith. In
appearance it was very handsome. It
is not a hybi'id between a peach and a
plnm, but a true, natural species. It
derives it name from M. Eugene Simon,
who introduced it into France from
China.

Jfruits.

RAMBLES AMONG FRUIT GROWERS.

THE WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

On the 26 th and 27 th of January
last we had the pleasure of attending

J. J. THOMAS.

this, one
cultural
Amon

of the most prominent horti-
societies in the world,
g the gentlemen whom we were

privileged to meet were the following,
viz., Mr. P, C. Barry, the venerable
President, whose name has long been
associated with the progi-ess of fruit
culture, both in Canada and in the
United States ; Mr. J. J. Thomas, Hor-
ticultural Editor of the Country Gentle-
man, at Albany, who has been long
recognized as a pomological authority;
Mr. E. Long, Editor of Popular Garden-
ing, Buffalo ; Dr. Sturtevant, Director
of the New York Experiment Station ;
Mr. J. S. Woodward, Secretary of the
State Agricultural Society ; Mr. S. D.
Willard, Nurseryman, of Geneva ; Mr.
Chas. Green, Editor of Greens Fruit
Grower, and others.

The meeting was held in the City
Council Chamber and was attended by
some four or five hundred fruit grow-
ers. The subject of the

CURRANT

was introduced by Dr. Sturtevant, His
paper contained a history of this fruit
from its first notice in England in 1597
down to the present time.

Mr. Barry said : " The currant is one
of the best, but one of the most abused
fruits in the whole catalogue. Give it
plenty of manure and good cultivation,
and you have splendid fruit, and abun-
dance of it."

Mr. J. J. Thomas said the

APPLE CROP

in Cayuga County had been very short.
The fruit fell oflf soon after it was set,
and was small in size. Those trees
which bore well had been in every case
highly cultivated and top-dressed with
manure. The Greening had borne bet-
ter than the Baldwin.

Mr. Chase reported that in Wayne
County

SMALL FRUITS

had been unprofitable. Strawberries
had sold largely at 3c per quart. With
jaspberries there was one advantage,
viz., that when they were very cheap

64

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUKI8T.

they could be evaporated. Evaporation
of fruit was becoming a necessity with
the fruit grower. Nearly every farmer
in Wayne County had his evaporator,
by which he could evaporate from 40 to
300 bushels of fruit per day.

A berry j^^cking machine was here
exhibited, by which it was claimed that
four or five bushels of i-aspberries per
day could easily be gathered by one per-
son. The machine is wheeled up to a
tree, and the ripe fruit whipped off into
a hopper.

QUINCES AND PEARS

having been reported as sold at a very
low price, Mr. Barry said he had sold
his quinces at from S3. 00 to $5.00 per
keg or half-barrel. He shipped a few
at a time, just when they were most
wanted in the market. The same with
his pears ; bv a little management he
got $3.00 to $4.0<) per half-bushel for
his extra choice.

Mr. W. C. Barry added, " You must
select the very best, and sell it at a
high price ; the balance you must sell
for what it will bring." Mr. Hooker
thought it quite possible to put up good
fruit in good shape, and yet do badly.

(To he continued.)

PROMISING CHERRIES.

What cherries are the most promising
for orchard 'planting in Western On-
tario ? W.

In reply to this question Mr. E.
Morris writes the following papei-, the
value of which we can fully appreciate,
having vainly tried for fifteen years
past to make money out of an orchard
of Duke and Bigarreau cherries of all
the finest varieties: —

" I would recommend as a class the
Morellos, although there are a few in
the Duke and Bigai-reau classes that can
be gi'own profitably in some sections.

Of the Bigarreau, we have noticed
the variety known as Great Bigarreau

the least afibcted by rot, the great
trouble with this class of cherries. It
may be described as follows : Large
size ; very dark red, or nearly black
when fully ripe ; half tender, sweet
and excellent. Veiy productive.

The Morellos as a class are quite as
hardy, and resemble in appearance and
habits of growth the common red cherry
of the country, but without their bad
habits of throwing up sprouts or suck-
ers, and, as far as my observation goes,
are not subject to the black knot that
is destroying the common cherry every-
where in Ontai'io, except in a few most
favored localities ; and in view of this
fact, I am impressed with the belief
that any one planting out the improved
varieties of Morello cherries in oi'chard
form (15 feet apart each way) will i-e-
alize a handsome profit from the in-
vestment. I would recommend the fol-
lowing varieties, in order of merit : —

Early Richmond. — Medium size ;
dark red ; melting, juicy, sprightly,
acid flavor, and when only half-ripe re-
sembles the common red cherry, but
after this time it will continue to in-
crease in size for at least two weeks,
at the same time becoming darker in
color and sweeter in flavor ; is unsur-
passed for cooking purposes and ex-
ceedingly productive.

Large Montmorency. — A little
larger than the preceding, and about
ten days later ; otherwise resembling it
very much.

English Morello. — A veiy slow
grower and usually a very poor tree
on account of slowness of growth ;
medium to large ; blackish red, rich,
acid, juicy and good, and on account of
its richness is one of the best for can-
ning. Very productive, ripening in
August, long after all other cherries
are gone.

Of the new Rus-sian varieties re-
cently introduced into this country I
can not say too much in favor of the

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTURI8T.

55

OsTHEiM, its only fault being that it is
such a slow grower that it will make it
expensive for nurserymen to grow.
Some small trees that were imported
direct from Russia three years ago have
borne each year since planting out ;
last season very full. On one tree, in
which wasps had built a nest, they
acted as a guard to the protection of
the fruit, which was allowed to come
to full maturity. Upon testing the
fruit at this time I was impressed with
the flavor being the richest and having
more sul)stance than any other variety
of the Morello class of cherries ; at the
same time being one of the most pro-
ductive and early beai-ers. In color,
dark red, becoming, when very ripe,
dark purplish -red ; flesh very dark,
juicy, with a pleasant, sweet, and sub-
acid flavor.

LiTHAN, also a Russian. This is in
tree a better grower than the preceding ;
fruit, a trifle larger and of lighter color.

Vladimir and Parent have not as
yet borne, though am much pleased
with the growth of the trees, and all are
evidently very hardy."

SUCCESS WITH SMALL FRUITS.

BY E. MORDEN, NIAGARA FALLS, SOUTH.

To grow and market small fruits pro-
fitably, requires several conditions.

1st. The soil must be suitable. — As
small fruit plants occupy the same spot
for several years, and are cultivated and
kept clean with considerable difficulty,
a mellow, warm soil is essentia). While
some of them will succeed upon a vari-
ety of soils, the profitable plantations
will mostly be found upon sandy loams.

2nd. The situation is of great im-
portance.— The necessary manure is not
always obtainable at points remote from
villages, towns or cities. Shipping fa-
cilities to reach distant markets, as well
as local markets, are ])rominent con-
siderations. If there are several routes

by which distant markets can be reach-
ed, considerable advantage will result.
Fruit that is picked one day and teamed
for several miles the next morning, is,
of course, in bad condition, and is not
likely to remunerate the gi'ower, while
it certainly injures the general market.
3rd. The man must be of the right
stamp. — In my own neighborhood,
where the soil and situation are excep-
tionally good, I have seen many fail-
ures. The man who is a general farmer
may safely leave the small fruit business
alone. He will, as a rule, make no-
thing himself, while he is sure to injure
the business for others. The farmer's
harvest, and the fruit hai'vest, come to-
gether ; one or the other will be ne-
glected. The good, careful, tidy farmer
who hates weeds with an enduring
hati-ed, may, of course, drop his ordi-
nary farming and become a successful
grower of small fruits. He has already
much of the necessary practical know-
ledge, and if he is studious and thought-
ful, he can learn the new business.
City men and others, not already good,
cai'eful farmei'S, have very much to
learn, and will, in most cases, fail. The
man who is willing to study up the
business, and who has persistent pluck,
sufficient to keep him at work on his
plantation for eight months in the year
through a series of years, and who has
some capital, some business capacity,
and a suitable soil, suitably situated,
may try the small fruit business. Under
any other circumstances it is safer to
leave it alone. It undoubtedly poss-
esses attractive features. Human na-
ture will require to be revised before
we can look with indifference upon the
beautiful fruits. The coming man will
continue to eat berries. The coming
fool will continue to produce theni at a
loss to himself The coming fruit-
grower who fulfils reasonable con-
ditions will probably average fair
profits.

56

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

FRUIT AT OUR LOCAL EXHIBITIONS.

BY J. n. WISMER, PORT ELGIN, ONT.

Any one interested in the fruit de-
pai'tment of our Township Fall Shows
cannot but notice the errors so com-
mon in naming the diiferent varieties of
apples, pears, etc. Especially preva-
lent is this fault among our fruit-grow-
ing farmers — some of whom are rather
extensively engaged in this bi-anch of
their occupation — and I believe I am
btit giving the opinion of all who are
in the habit of judging at our local ex-
hibitions, when I say that not one farm-
er in twenty is able to name correctly
all the fruit he grows. I have often
heard bitter and loud complaints from
exhibitors against judges, charging
them with partiality and incompetence
because their " extra fine " specimens
were awarded no premium, w^ile in the
same class entries of inferior fruit took
all the prizes, simply because the exhib-
itor in the latter case complied with the
prize list in naming his fruit correctly,
while the former did not.

At an exhibition last fall, where I
was requested to act as judge, I could
not, according to the ]n-ize list, award a
single prize in " collections," although
there were seven enti'ies. This state of
afiairs is very annoying and unsatisfac-
tory to judges as well as exhibitors, and
has been a fruitful source of sti'ife and
contention, causing a rapid falling ofi" of
the number of fruit exhibits from year
to year in many of our local shows.

To remedy this, all fruit growers, and
exhibitors especially, should see that
they know by name what they gi'ow,
and in cases of doubt should refer to
their nearest authority in this line, or,
do as I have done, send a sample peck
or half bushel (express charges prepaid)
to our obliging President, who is said
to be the best authority in the Province.
I submit this, believing that all who
know him will confirm the statements
herein contained.

Seedling Peach Trees. — Mr. J. B. Pierce
maintains before the Horticultural As-
sociation of Pennsylvania that it pays
best in cold sections to plant seedling
peach trees, because they are hardier
than budded kinds.

Our experience does not bear this
out. We have over 2,000 budded and
several hundred seedling peach trees in
our orchard, and we get crops as often
from such budded kinds as Eaidy
Purple, Hale's Early, Alexander and
Louise, as from the seedlings ; and
when there does occur a full crop seed-
lings are unsalable. Other kinds are
more tender, as, for instance. Early and
Late Crawford, Old Mixon, Smock, &c.
If we had any peach trees native to our
climate it would be well to endeavour
to improve them by extended experi-
ment, and perhaps our Experiment
Station may further acclimatize some of
the hardier varieties ; but to advise
any fruit grower to plant an orchard of
natural fruit, in these days of improved
varieties, is absurd.

condensed reports of fruit.
Brighton, Moore's Eahly and
"WoRDEN Grapes. — Mr. J. B. Burk,

Brougham, writes : — My Brighton and
Moore's Early fi-uited last year. The
fruit of the former is delicious, much
superior to Moore's Early, and about
one week later. No grape pleases me
so well as the Worden. It is a heavy
ci'opper, and it ripens soon after Moore^s
Early, about the first or second week
in September. Tlie quality is superior
to the Concord. True, its fruit drops
if allowed to hang too long, but if
picked as soon as it is ripe it will cling
to the stem as well as the Concord.

The Duchess of Oldenburgh. —
Mr. S. Roy, Berlin, sends a photograph
of one of his trees of this variety, borne
down with an enormous ci'op of ripen-
ing fruit ; but which he thinks has now
borne to its last crop. He says : —

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

57

" This variety of apple has paid me bet-
ter than any other in my collection,
which embraces some fifty varieties.

The Duchess is ajiparently not destin-
ed to be a long liver in our climate ; it
is too precocious for that. My experi-
ence with it would limit it to about
thirty years. The trees are rather on
the small side, and can be grown with-
out crowding about twenty feet apart.

I notice further that when budded
on the common stock it is very apt to
sucker, but when root-grafted it is free
from this fault.

This apple, the Yellow Transparent
and the Tetofsky belong to an entirely
distinct type of the Malus from any
other in general cultivation, and are
botanically assimilated to the Siberian
Crab (Malus Baccata), of which those
indigenous to Southern Euroj)e are only
sub- varieties.

The Alexander is called a Eussian
apple, but has no botanical affinity to
those previously mentioned. It is evi-
dently of vest of Europe origin."

SMALL FRUITS IN BRANT AND OXFORD.

Mr. S. Cornwell, Sec. of the Small
Fruit Growers Association, of Brant
and Oxford, sends us an extended re-
port of their January meeting, clipped
from the Norwich Gazette.

Mr. Barnes nuiintained that the busi-
ness loas profitable and referred to Mr.
S. Cornwell 's sales of $900 worth of
small fruits in a single season. In
order to get the same amount of profit
that there would be in these operations,
in other lines such as grain and other
produce, a i)ile of hai'd labor would
have to be invested,

Mr. Charlton— Will Mr. Cornwell
tell us how he made $900 out of small
fruit that year 1

Mr. S. Cornwell — The figui-e stated
is the total price received ; the cost of
picking has to be taken out of that.
My berries sold at 8 cents; I paid Ic.

per quart for picking ; and I had three
acres bearing. I never had as good
crops or prices as that year.

Mr. Chas. Grantham, of Cainsville —
I think it is a great mistake to raise
on the price of picking to a cent and a
quarter.

The Chairman — Yes, those who sell
for five cents and give two cents for
picking can't be very anxious to make
a profit. I had no difficulty in getting
pickers at one cent. I had to turn off
about half of those who applied for
work at that price. All my adult
pickers averaged from $1.50 to $1.75
per day, and fourteen year old boys
and girls earned from 80c. to $1 per
day, with two or three hours rest each
day at noon.

Mr. Charlton — I think it is well
enough when, like Mr. Cornwell, one
ca.n get $900 for the crop and 8 cents
per quart for berries ; but many last
year sold for three cents. I think that
strawberry growing, as generally prac-
tised, does not pay. To sell at 3 cents
and pay 2 cents for picking was hardly
encouraging.

Mr. W. H. Lee, of Cainsville— That
sort of thing comes from raising poor
fruit, and poor fruit is going to come
behind every time, and the further be-
hind it gets the better for the careful
grower. It pays to raise good fruit.

The Chairman — There are two men
losing to every one who makes, taking
large and small together.

Under the head of Culture of Straw-
berries, Mr. D. M. Lee said : In the
preparation of land the following pre-
cautions might be used to advantage :
Choose land that is not too light ;
strawberries thrive best on heavier
soil ; his crop was the best in Ontario
last year and was grown on clayey
ground, almost sticky. Prepai-e the
ground thoroughly ; seeds and roots
will bother the plant-growth ; corn or

58

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTURI8T.

roots grown on the ground the year be-
fore planting berries will help the
ground ; the gi-ound should be worked
late in the fall, as late as possible ; that
is one of the secrets of success.

With regard to varieties Mr. Gran-
tham said he could do better with the
Crescent than with any other kind. The
Manchesters were larger, and when the
others were small and dying out they
extended the season considerably.

The Chairman — If we grow the
Crescents as extensively as the Wilson
it will kill the market, being a poorer
berry and of a light color. The buyers
are asking for a darker berry even now.

Mr. W. H. Lee — Had a seedling to
introduce shortly, coming between the
Sharpless and Ci'escent Seedling.

Mr. Cornwell — Had found that the
James Vick on good rich soil was as
large and iirm as the Wilson.

Another gentleman spoke in favor
of the James Vick for fertilizing.

The next subject was the " Culture
of Raspberries " — best modes of culti-
'oating, and best varieties.

Mr. W. Lee spoke for half-an-hour
or so on the subject, giving some ex-
cellent practical advice based upon his
own experiences as a successful grower.
The soil must, he remarked, be good
strong dry loam, flat land fairly dry, or
well drained. The soil must be pi*e-
pared as carefully as for the strawberry.
The raspberry could be grown success-
fully for ten years in certain varieties,
and could sometimes be cultivated suc-
cessfully in hills. As to the varieties,
the Marlboro' was xmdoubtedly the best
early berry, though it laps too close on
the end of the strawberry season. For
a fine late berry he would recommend
the Cuthbert. The color was against
the Philadelphia, and that variety had
stood the wear and tear as long as it
would. Of coui'se he was getting a
little shy of raspberry-growing as com-
pared with strawbeiTies. He recom-

mended planting them at distances of
eight feet one way and four feet the
other.

Before adjourning it was resolved
that the price for picking strawberries
should be one cent per quart and no
more.

OPEN LETTERS.

The Alexander Apple. — Mr. R. Brodie, St.
Henry, P.Q., writes : — We generally
sell our Alexanders as soon as they are
well colored in the fall, as we get a
good price, averaging 33 per barrel, for
them, and no risk in keeping them.
This has Vjeen a remarkable season for
keeping fall apples. I have Plumb's
Cider and a few Alexanders in my cel-
lar at the present time (Jan. 29).

Paris Green. — Mr. Dickson, Parkhill,
writes that by using too strong a solu-
tion the leaves were wilted off his apple
trees. In our experience thi'ee ounces
to 40 gallons of water is quite sufficient.

The Yellow Transparent.— Dr. Hoskins, a
famous fruit grower of Vermont, writes :
" I note your beautiful picture and
correct description of the Yellow Trans-
parent apple, but wish to correct the
great error (in the quotation from the
proceedings of the Michigan Pomologi-
cal Society) that it is the same as the
White Astrachan, a later, much in-
ferior apple, and very unproductive."

The Wilson Strawberry. — Mr. J. P. Cock-
burn, Gravenhurst, writes as follows : —
" With reference to Mr. Morden's re-
mark about the Wilson Strawberry, I
think it wise of the Wilson "to give up
the idea of running " when there are so
many better candidates in the field.
For a general crop on medium to light
soil, vote for Crescent, Manchester,
Miner, and Glendale ; for fancy crop,
Early Canada and Sharpless. These
will furnish a continuous crop of first-
class berries all through the season,
with the advantage of the plants with-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURWT.

59

standing more i-ough usage than any
other sort."

Temporary Wind-Break. — Sir : In send-
ing in my subscription to your valuable
publication, which I notice is improv-
ing in many ways, I enclose a descrip-
tion of a temporary wind-break, which
I put through my Niagara grape vines
this fall to ward off strong northern
and western winds. We cut and drew
several loads of young pines, which we
got from a neighbor who was about to
clear a pinery. These bushes, ranging
from 6 to 10, or more, feet in height,
were placed up against the trellis and
wound fast with one strand of stove
pipe wire, placing them close enough to
form a hedge. Several rows were i-un
through, one about every third trellis,
where the vines were too large to lay
down. The posts in the. trellis are
about 30 feet apart. About every other
space we put a brace, by using two
light posts fastened across one another
near their upper end, the fastening
being just under the top wires of the
trellis, This mode is the best and
cheapest wind-break I could think of
for this season, but for a permanency I
have other methods in view.

K. PosTANS, Oakville, Ont.

Important Questions. — Sir : I like the
January Number very much. Mr.
Simmers article on the culture of
flowers is especially interesting. What
to plant, how to plant, and how to
prune, are questions that many are ask-
ing in rural districts. It must be con-
fessed, the farmers wives and daughters
are really the only ones that are inter-
ested in the garden, (the farmer and
his .sons giving all their interest and
attention to the farm and stock,) and
it is wonderfvil how well many of them
succeed in raising fine vegetables and
small fruits, and in surrounding their
homes with flowers.

F. FoYSTc«y, Minesing, Out.

Elliot's Early Pear. — Sir : I am glad to
find a good word in your last issue in
favor of the Elliot's Early pear. Some
six years ago, 1 ripened it at Sault St.
Marie, Algoma, in the fore part of
August, although afterwards the tree
blistered and died.

Is the Jessie strawberry now in the
market? P. D. Laurent, Lindsay.

[Note. — The Jessie is advertised in
our columns. — Ed.]

TIMELY HINTS FOR THE ORCHARD.
PRUNING.

The first mild weather is the favorite
time with most farmers for pi-uning.
This work is frequently overdone, and
we often see permanent injury in-
flicted, by lopping off the large limbs
and leaving great ugly wounds which
never can heal over. By such cruel
treatment many orchards are hastened
into premature old age. We have an
old veteran apple tree, a hundred yeai*s
of age, and still in good bearing condi-
tion. It was a sweet kind, and there-
fore pruning was neglected, while many
others, of better varieties, were pruned
to death. We advise, then, to prune
the apple and pear as little as possible,
consistent with the necessity of remov-
ing all superfluous limbs which cross,
and always to choose the smaller when
one of two must be removed. Cut close
to the main branch, so that the bark
may close over the wound.

Dviarf Pears need to have the new
growth thinned out, and judiciously cut
back, in oi-der to produce fine-sized
fruit. The pyramidal form is best for a
dwarf pear tree.

The Cherry Trees will need very little,
if any, pruning. Broken boughs and
dead limbs, however, should be care-
fully removed.

The Peach Tree will require consider-
able attention. It is our custom at this
season to go over them with a pair of
tree-pruning shears, removing all dead

60

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

A GROUP OF FLOWERING BUI.BS.

wood, and cutting back a considerable
portion of the new growth. For the
higher limbs a Water's tree-pruner is
most serviceable.

Pruning the Grape is necessary to
fruitfulness, and the pruning shears
must be used freely. The work is bet-
ter done after the fall of the leaf in the
autumn ; but, if left until now, must be
done as early as possible before the
active circulation of sap begins.

The Currant Bushes need shortening
in and thinning out both, if fine-sized
fruit is desired. Under the common
system of neglect it is strange that cur-
lants are so abundant. They stand
more abuse than any other fruit.

The Gooseberry Bushes must be
thinned out but not shortened in. One-
half the old branches may be removed.

All this work should be done in
March or eai'ly in April, lest in the
push of spring planting and summer
harvesting it be neglected altogether.

JjlolDers.

WINTER FLOWERING BULBS.

BT HERMANX SIMMERS, TORONTO.

At this season of the year when the
various Dutch and Cape bulbs have
completed their growth, it would be
well to give a few practical hints as to
their after care. The best possible ex-
ample that we can take is the Hyacinth,
as all other bulbs need similar treat-
ment. As soon as the bulbs have
finished their bloom, cut the faded
flower stalk off. about two inches above
the top of the bulb ; then allow them to
remain in this condition for about two
weeks, after which take the bulb out
of the pot or glass, or whatever re-
ceptacle they may have been grown in,
and cut the green leaves off the same
height from the bulb as the flower-stalk
has been cut off. The bulbs should
then be put in a warm, dry place, with

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

61

the roots still adhering, which, when
diy, may easily be rubbed oft', leaving
the bulbs in the same sound condition
as when first planted. There are sev-
eral modes of keeping the bulbs until
the fall, and either of the following
ways are thoroughly practicable, and

are recommended to the amateur. The
first plan and probably the best is to
plant the bulbs that have been dried
about seven inches below the surface
of the ground as soon as the weather
will permit in the spring, in any out-
of-the- way place ; as when so planted

62

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

they do not make one particle of
growth, and are only being prepared
for planting at their proper season, for
winter blooming. The next mode, a

very simple one, is to tie them up in a
bag, and hang them in a dry place in
the cellar, avoiding dampness, which
causes decav.

CHIXESK CHRYSANTHEMUM.

The Chrysanthemum craze is not
on the wane. At least Peter Hender-
son, a noted florist, declares in Popular
Gardening that the oj)posite is the case.
He thinks it has come to stay for many
years. He says further : " No plant is
so easy of culture ; in no family of
plants have we such variety of contrast-
ing colours, or such symmetry and yet
eccentricity of form. It comes in a
season when nearly all other flowers are
gone ; it is hardy, so that it can be
gi'own by the most humble owner of a
cottage, yet gorgeous enough to make
splendid the conserv^atory or thd draw-
ing room."

By favor of Mr. Yick we present
a cut of Japanese Chrysanthemums.
And for contrast we show also a cut of

a Chinese variety. It will be observed
that both are large, loose gi-aceful
flowers, but that the former is more
ragged or fringe like in habit than the
latter.

We cannot better inti'oduce this
flower to those who are thus far unac-
quainted with it, than by giving the
following condensed report of Dr. T.
Sterry Hunt's remarks on this flower,
in his address on flowers before the Mon-
treal Horticultural Society, last March :

" And first about Chrysanthemums.
To many people, the name is compara-
tively new, and the flower itself is new.
He had been surprised to see how few
are cultivated in Canada. That, how-
ever, is due in part to the conditions of
climate. All present knew the family

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST.

63

of this flower and its character. We
speak of this flower something like an
Aster, as a Chrysanthemum; it is really
a Pyrethrum. It is one of the Compo-
site flowers. Tlie Chrysanthemum we
cultivate the most, is one that comes
from China. This flower was for a long
time cultivated in India and China, and
in New England it was known as " the
India plant." The story he had heard
as a boy, as to the manner of their in-
troduction, was to the efiect that they
were brought out from India by some
sea-cajitaiu. And, doubtless, that was
their history. They are highly prized
in India ; they are plants that will
flower for a long tim« on ship-board, and
they are easy to transport. These Chrys-
anthemums have been greatly varied
by cultivation. The Chinese and Jap-
anese have from time immemorial vied
with each other in the production of
new varieties. Nowhere has the flor-
ist's art and cai-eful selection been car-
ried to such a pitch of perfection as in
China, or, still more, Japan. The Jap-
anese are our masters in that, as in so
many elegant arts. The Japanese attach
a special importance to the Chrysanthe-
mum. It is to them a sacred flower.
It has a peculiar religious symbolism.
Its fragrant odor; the freedom with
which it flowei-s ; the ease with which
it is cultivated, have given it promi-
nence among these people of the East.
We have three or four difierent types.
They are of every possible color but
pure blue, and are often beautifully
shaded with two or three tints ; one
colors at the tip, one at the base, one on
the upper side, and another on the
lower side ; there is infinite vai'iety in
this ojie little flower. Extremely hardy
and very easy in cultivation, they do
not stand our winters, and cannot be
made to blossom here in the open air.
In Rhode Island, or in Connecticut,
they bloom in Novembei-, and even in
early December, in the open. Here we

cultivate them in pots and bring them
to bloom in the house. The propaga-
tion is simple : It is a little, woody,
shi-ubby plant, easily propagated, and
running up some four, five or six feet
in height, and is laden with flowers in
the late autumn and early winter. Tliey
are very fragrant, and keep their beauty
for a long time on the plant, and after
they are gathered. When the plant
has done its work of flowering, you cut
it down the ground, and put the root
in a place where there is not too much
moisture all the winter, and in the
spring, the root torn asunder, will give
you a great many plants. Compar-
tively few take the trouble to grow
them from seed ; you may get some-
thing that is more beautiful, but the
result is uncertain, and yoxi rather trust
to friends for cuttings of approved vari-
eties."

FLORICULTURAL.

Sowing Seeds. — Wm. Falconer, in
Rural New Yorker, ad\'ises early sow-
ing of the following flower seeds, among
others, in order to have fine plants for
ti'ansplanting in May, viz. : lobelia, tu-
berous rooted begonia, cockscomb, ver-
bena, snapdragon, petunia, stocks, can-
na, abuilton, pansy and chrysanthe-
mum. Lacking a hot-bed, seed pots
may be used, half-filled with drainage,
and balance with mellow, light, sandy
soil. Scatter fine earth over the seeds,
just enough to cover them, giving
very little water. The pots should be
placed on the window sill, away from
bright sunshine, and a bit of stiflf paper
laid over them, but tilted up about one-
fourth of an inch at one side. On germ-
ination of the seeds, the paper should
be removed. The Chinese and Jap-
anese chrysanthemums are so cojnous
and gay in November, and so easily
raised from seeds that we should all try
a few.

64

THE CAN APIAN HORTICULTURIST.

'©egdables.

CELERY.

How to Grow and Keep It in the
North.

BV A. A. WRIGHT, RENFREW.

How many readers of the Horticul-
turist have at this season of the year an
abundant suppy of beautiful, crisp,
ivory-like celery^ It is so healthful
and in the winter season especially,
such a desirable relish, that it seems
strange it so rarely appears upon our
tables.

It is easily grown. Sow your seed
in the hot-bed — in this locality — about
the 1st of April. It will not come
up the same day nor the same week,
but if kept warm and damp will
come along in good time. Neither
will it astonish you with its wonder-
fully rapid growth, for at first it is a
iilow grower. When about an inch
high the plants, should be removed to
another portion of the hot-bed, and
there left until they have attained a
considerable size, when they are ready
for planting in the place they are to
occupy in the garden. Having pre-
viously enriched and prepared the
ground, by deep spading, I dig out a
trench about five or six inches deep and
as wide as the spade, throwing the earth
to both sides of the trench. I may men-
tion also that you need not fear having
your ground too rich, or too loose and
mellow.

The plants are now taken from the
hot-bed and planted in your trench, sett-
ing them about six inches apart. This
being done, place little pieces of sticks
across your trenches say five or six feet
apart, and on these cross pieces lay inch
boards, say ten or twelve inches wide,
and any length. These will make an
excellent shade for your plants, and can
be easily removed when you are water-

ing them, which should.be kept up for
some time after planting, unless you
have rain, when of course it will not be
required. As your plants grow, the
earth should be drawn about them with
one hand, while with the other the
stalks are held together, to prevent the
earth from getting in between, and in-
juring them. This earthing up should
be continued from time to time until
the plants are fully grown, care being
taken that it is done only when the
earth and plants are dry to prevent
rusting of the stalks. Your plants
being fully grown the next step will be
storing for winter.

For this purpose I take boxes about
four feet long, a foot wide, and, say
eighteen inches high. The ordinary
boot and shoe boxes are admirable for
this purpose.

Having procured one which is toler-
ably sound, if the top has been re-
placed you take it off, as you have no
use for that. You next turn it on its
side. Then take a sti-aight-edged board
and with your pencil draw a line
lengthwise of your box, and about
thi-ee inches from the bottom of it.
Now take your rip saw, and saw the
side of your box through from end to
end on this line. If the board that you
have just sawn was six inches wide,
you will remove the upper thi-ee-inch
strip. Next take your cross cut saw
and saw your end boai-ds in, about
three inches, and in a line with your
previous cut with the rip saw. This
done, make another cut with your saw
in your end boards reaching from the
bottom of the remaining top side-board
of your box to where your last cut
ended, and remove the V shaped piece
from the end. Now do the same thing
with the other end. You next take
the three-inch strip you had previously
taken from the side, and place it back
again. The toj) of it will now be in
line with the side of the box, but the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

65

bottom will extend in, leaving a two-
inch space the whole length of your
box, which space you will use for pour-
ing in water to supply moisture to your
plants. Now, take your box to your
celery-bed, and cover the bottom with
two inches of earth, and in this earth
plant your celery as closely as possible.
This should be done on a dry day. The
box, with its contents, can now be re-
moved to your cellar, when, for the
present, your work is done.

oopraiQHT tsaa«
WHITE PLUME CELERY.

earlier, is so crisp and tender, and strange
to say, with me it keeps in the way I
have described, longer than any of the
older sorts. In this last respect my
experience seems to differ from nearly
every writer whose articles on celery I
have chanced to see, as all state that
the White Plume is the poorest keeper
of any.

It may be that, if kept in some other
way, it would prove the poorest keeper,
but kept in the manner I have de-
scribed I have found it to have no
equal.

From time to time as your plants
need — which is pretty often — you will
supply them with water, and always
through the open slit in the side of
your box, never by the top, as it would
rot your plants.

Treated in this way you can always
get at your plants, without any trouble,
and you can see at any time the exact
condition that they are in.

One word as to varieties. I have now

discarded the Boston Market and other

old standard sorts, and grow only the

White Plume, as it blanches so much

2

THE ONION.

Draw off his satin waistcoat,

Tear his silk shirt apart,
And, weeping tears of pleasure,

Creep closer to his heart !

Wrapt is this modern mummy
In ceaseless fold on fold ;

Yet what a wondrous power
Those endless wrappings hold !

Of all the vegetables

From garden's length to length,
He is the one most mighty —

Epitome of strength.

Whene'er his person enters,

All noses snuff the air,
And epicurean stomachs

For gastric treats prepare.

A subtle spirit rises

Of dinner in full bloom.
An appetising odor

Pervading all the room.

When at the well-laid table

How is the palate blest !
He betters other dishes.

Yet is himself the best.

But call upon your lady —
Why is her smile so grim ?

Before a word is spoken

She knows you've been with him !
-Boston Transcript.

They were at a dinner party, and he
remarked that he supposed she was fond
of ethnology. She said she was, but
she was not very well, and the doctor
had told her not to eat anything for
dessert but oranges.

66

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE

Caitabimi IBortiailtunst.

^N Illus-
trated
Monthly Journal, de-
I voted to the interests
of Fruit Growers,
.i-deuers, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
bui'ban homes,

Subscription price |1.00
per year, entitling the subscri-
• to membership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Report, and a share in its
annual distribution of premium plants and
trees.

This Journal is not published in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniary advantage of
any one, but its pages are devoted wholly to
the progress of Horticultural Science and
Art in Canada. We aim at the development
of the fruit growing industry in our Province ;
at the general distribution of knowledge con-
cerning all the newest and best varieties of
fruits ; and at the education of a refined
taste in the ar£ of decorative gardening
around the homes of our Canadian people.

With such ends in view we invite the co-
operation of the lovers of Horticulture both
in extending the membership of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario, and in con-
tributing to these pages such items as may
be of general interest and profit.

Patience on the part of our subscribers
will favour us. Owing to great amount
of mail matter coming in just now, it

is impossible to change the address
label the first month after it is received
in evei-y case. There need be no
anxiety, therefore, respecting safety of
enclosures until after the second month
from time of sending.

Subscribers receiving March Number,
and not returning the same, will be
counted members for 1887, but no
pi'emiums or Report can be sent them
until their dues for the year are paid.

Not a Nurseryman. — The Editor of this
Journal is not a nurseryman, but a
practical fruit grower. He has had
some years experience in the nursery
business, but during the past ten years
has devoted eveiy acre of his ground to
fruit cultui-e. He has no interest in or
connection with any nursery ; but, on
the other hand, will endeavour to pro-
tect the fruit grower against humbugs,
whether introduced by a nurseryman
or by any one else. At the same time
it will be his object to keep the readers
posted concerning all new fruits, and
to commend those which are valuable
so soon as their reputation is fully
established.

Contributors should i-emember that four
or five hundred words are enough for
any ordinary article. We have received
one that approaches the thousands, and
would reqiiire a special number of our
Horticulturist. Lengthy articles, though
valuable, sometimes have to wait a long
time before we can find space for them.

The Annual Report for the year 1886
will be in the hands of the membei's of
the Association very soon. We regret
its unusually small size, the result of
the employment of an incompetent sub-
stitute in place of our usual reporter.
Whole pages had to be ei-ased owing to
the wretched work of this man, and
what remains was mostly I'e-written by
the Secretary.

Such a mistake will not be repeated,
as a thoroughly competent official re-

THE CANADIAN H0KTI0ULTUKI8T.

67

porter has been engaged for the year
1887.

The Winter Meeting at Chatham was a
most interesting one. Valuable papers
were contributed by the following
gentlemen, viz. : — A. M. Smith, St.
Catharines ; B. Gott, Arkona ; John
Croil. Aultsville; S. P. Morse, Milton;
F. W. Wilson, Chatham ; P. E. Bucke,
Ottawa. Also most interesting ad-
dresses were delivered on various topics
by his Worship the Mayor of Chatham ;
T. T. Lyon, President of the Michigan
Pomological Society ; Wm. Saunders,
Director of the Experimental Farm
Stations of the Dominion ; Prof. H.
Panton, of Guelph Agricultural Col-
lege ; A. McD. Allan, President of the
Association ; P. C. Dempsey, of Tren-
ton, and others. But as our readers
will receive all this, verbatim, in the
Report for 1887, we need not occupy
these pages with even a summary of
the proceedings.

Such meetings as these, held as they
are in various portions of Ontario,
serve to disseminate knowledge of fruit
culture far and wide, and never fail to
very largely increase the local interest
in the work of our Association.

The appointment of the place for the
Summer Meeting has been left in the
hands of the Executive Committee.

Thanks. — Again we thank the mem-
bers of the Association for the many
kind letters of congratulation concern-
ing the improvement in the Canadian
Horticulturist. We again ask that this
appi-eciation manifest itself in helping
us to double the circulation, and thus
increase the usefulness of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario.

An Indiana Correspondent thinks "there
is no danger of our communication with
the United States being cut off this
year." Certainly not, if the horticul-
tural fraternity can prevent it. We
recognise neither political parties nor

national boundaries; and since our
business is with the land and not the
sea, we can afford reciprocity in hor-
ticultural information, undisturbed by
the quarrels of a few fishermen.

Acknowledgment. — The cuts of Flower-
ing Bulbs and of White Plume Celery
in this issue were kindly furnished by
Messrs. J. A. Simmers & Co., J. A.
Bruce (fe Co., i-espectively, by request.

This department is intended as an open one to every
reader of the " Uorticulturist" to send in either
questions or answers. Often a reader will be able to
ansirer a qnestinn. which has been left unanswered,
or onlji partially answered by tis. For co7ivenience
of reference the questions are numbered, and any
one replying or referring to any question will
please mention the number of it.

16. Yellow Transparent. — Where can I

buy the trees ? [E. R., Stratford.]

Write to any of the nurserymen who
advertise in this journal for informa-
tion.

17. A Rosary. — What is the proper dis-
tance to plant Hybrid Perpetual Roses
in making a Rosary ? [F. F.]

Mr. Wellington, Toronto, writes : —
The proper distance to plant Hybrid
Perpetual Roses is, for strong growing
varieties, three feet apart ; for those of
weaker habits, one to two feet.

18. The Wealthy Apple. — Has the Wealthy
Apple the defect of dropping off the tree
before being ripe, and is it easily shaken
off by loinds ? [F. F.]

A. A. Wright, of Renfrew, writes: —
We have never been troubled with the
Wealthy dropping its fruit prematurely,
as the Tetofsky does. Neither is it
easily shaken off by the wind. We
find it, so far, one of the very best
apples we have for our cold northern
climate. I sent several boxes from here
to the Intercolonial. '

19. Gooseberry Bushes. — Will they do
loell under a wide-spreading tree ? Do

68

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

you recommend root pruning in the
spring ? [E., Toronto.]

The only reason for planting them
under a tree that we know of is for
lack of any open ground ; for, grown
under a tree, the fruit will likely be
small and mouldy. The gooseberry
likes moist soil and plenty of manure
with high cultivation.

As to pruning, it is necessary to thin
out the toj) every fall or spring to
nearly one-half, especially the old wood,
but we see no use of root pruning.

20. Grafting. — Please state the time for
cutting scions, time for grafting, and
way to make best grafting wax.

[A. C. McDonald, Dunlop.]

Scions grow better if cut a good while
before they are wanted, because they
should be in a dormant conditoin when
used. They may be cut early in spring,
or they may be cut in the autumn, and
packed away in fine dry soil or saw-
dust until needed. It is not good to
cut them when frozen.

The gi*afting may be performed until
quite late in the spring. Indeed, a
neighbour of ours was top -grafting last
spring until the leaves came out, and
yet succeeded.

Grafting wax is usually made by
melting together equal i^arts of tallow,
beeswax and resin ; or a little more of
the tallow to make it easier worked.

Another good mixture is ; Linseed
oil, 1 pint ; beeswax, 1 pound, and
resin, 6 pounds.

21. Wind-Break. — How far from an or-
chard should a tviiul-break of Spruce or
Lombardy Pojilar be planted ?

[F. F.]
Mr. Thos. Beall i-eplies : — "If spruce
trees are planted at the same time as
the orchard, they should be planted as
far from the nearest row of trees as the
rows are from each other. No injury
will result for forty or fifty yeai-s.
Lombardy Poplar is the worst tree I

know of for that purpose, and therefore
should never be used."

[The Catalpa Speciosa is highly
spoken of for tliis purpose, and is quite
hardy. — Ed.]

22. Half-Standard Apples. — Would trees
branching about two Jeet high be better
than Standards for this section ?

[H. E., Napanee.]
Yes, if you can manage the cultiva-
tion. A low head is a great protection
to the trunk from the scorching rays of
the sun. No doubt the best way to
obtain them would be by topping off
two-year-olds at the desii'ed height.

23. Spot-Free Apples. — Please give me a
list. [H. E.]

Yellow Transparent, Red Astracan,
Duchess of Oldenburgh, Gi*avenstein,
Wealthy, Ribston, King, Mann, Golden
Russet, and others. Of these the Trans-
])arent, Duchess, Ribston, Mann and
Russet are, we believe, absolutely free.

)rkntifii:.

CANADIAN PHOSPHATES.

p. O. BUCKB, OTTAWA.

The following paper is principally
taken from a most exhaustive and
admirable essay on the phosphate beds
of the world, read by H. B. Small,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa,
before the Hamilton Association last
summer : —

A short review of the phosphate fields
of Canada may not be uninteresting to
the readers of the Horticulturist, espe-
cially when we consider that the above
ingredient is essential to all living tis-
sues, whether vegetable or animal.
This substance is repeatedly passing
through its three great changes ; it is
found in the soil, from which it enters
into the composition of plants, from
them it is absorbed into animals, and
again deposited in the soil to pass

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

69

through the same: cycle. This, how-
ever, is broken by the dense population
of cities, when the phosphates, instead
of passing again into the land, are lost
by our present defective method of get-
ting rid of city sewei-age. A good deal
of phosj)hate is also lost to this country
oy the shipment of cattle and grain to
distant markets by sea and land, and
hence the desirability of building up
the waste thus made from the natural
beds found in various parts of the
world. Fortunately for Canada she has
the richest and apparently the largest
deposits which have yet been discovered
on the face of the globe.

The first of these deposits was dis-
covered by the late Mr. Vennor of the
Geological Staff, also known to fame as
a weather prophet, in 1871, in the
County of Hastings. This area was
subsequently much enlarged, specimens
were found throughout the entire dis-
trict lying back of the city of Kingston,
and mining is still, to some extent,
being carried on there.

It is in the Laurentian range of the
Province of Quebec, and more especially,
as far as has yet been discovered, in
that part lying in the townships of
Buckingham, Templeton, Wakefield,
Hull, Derry, Portland and Bowman,
that mining is chiefly being prosecuted,
and more especially in the two first
named townships. The question of the
continuity of these deposits was at one
time doubted, but later tests which have
been made by means of the best mining
appliances, such as steam hoists and
drills, have shown that at the depth of
three hundred feet the phosphate is of
a higher grade, whilst the deposits are
more extended. These discoveries go
to show that our Quebec beds are prac-
tically inexhaustible.

These mines have a great advantage
as being situated in contiguity to navi-
gable water, the Lievres River, which
is deep and sluggish, where the mineral

is placed on scows which are towed
down by steam tugs, or are left to drift
till they reach Buckingham village,
situated on the Canada Pacific Railway.
Hitherto most of our Canadian phos-
phates have been shipped to Liverpool
by steamer from Montreal, where they
have been treated with acid, and again
distributed as superphosphates through-
out Britain and Europe, a large per-
centage again finding its way across the
Atlantic into the United States.

The grades shipped are known as
firsts, seconds and thirds. The best is
from 80 to 85 per cent., second-class
75 to 85 per cent., third-class below 75
per cent.

Phosphate is found in various forms,
sometimes in crystals, at others in
masses, varying from compact to coarse
granular, in strata of a lamellar texture,
and in a friable state called " sugar
phosphate." The color varies from
greenish to clear sea green, bluish, red,
brown of difierent shades, yellow, white,
and cream colored. Phosphate runs
from twelve feet squai-e to sixteen feet
square to the ton, according to its com-
pactness.

The old style of mining surface de-
posits has now been superseded by men
of capital and powerful companies.
These have introduced steam power and
improved machinery, and by this means
a higher grade of the mineral has been
taken out at a less cost. This has
placed mining operations on a more
permanent basis. The actual cost of a
ton of phosphates delivered in Liver-
pool is about five dollars, after paying
all expenses for mining and freight.
The price obtained in Liverpool ranges
fi'om twenty-sLx; to twenty-eight dollars
per ton, so that thei'e is a large margin
for profit. It is, however, only by a
large outlay of capital that the above
results are obtained. The first year's
opei'ations seldom leave a margin,
owing to the heavy expense for plant

70

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTDB18T.

and buildings ; but after the first year
it is known that in the case of two com-
panies now working a dividend of thirty
per cent, was cleared and paid to the
shareholders. One of the most success-
ful mines is owned by a company having
its headquarters in London, England.
The property covers 1,200 acres. The
profits for three years, 1882, 3 and 4,
after defraying all expenses, paid a
dividend of 25 per cent., leaving a bal-
ance of $10,000 as a i-eserve. Large
foi'ces of men are being employed in
this industry, which is rapidly assuming
considerable proportions. The out put
for the past six years furnishes the fol-
lowing: figures : —

1880..

. . 7,500 tons.

1883..

..17,160 tons

1881 .

..10,307 "

1884. .

..20,461 "

1882 . .

..15,556 "

1885..

..24,876 "

Unfortunately pyrites, out of which
sulphuric acid is made, is not at hand in
sufficient quantities to supply works for
treating the phosphates, and as most of
the product of the mines is used in
Britain, where acid is inexpensive, it
pays better to ship the crude material.
A wealthy American company has
established a mill for grinding and pul-
verising phosphates, either for acid
treatment, or for use in its pure state.
These works are situated at the con-
fluence of the Lievres with the Ottawa
rivers. This mill has a capacity of fifty
tons per day. The powder obtained is
so fine that it is passed by means of
fans through an 80 mesh bolt, thereby
separating every particle of mica, which
is the most troublesome material the
refiners have to contend with. This
flour of phosphate is shipped west to
cities situated along Lake Erie. Very
little of this material has hitherto been
used in Canadian agriculture or horti-
culture, but as our soils become ex-
hausted by the shipment of grains and
cattle, the time cannot be far distant
when this powerful fertilizer will be
largely sought for, and these deposits

which nature has bestowed with such a
bountiful hand, will be thoroughly ap-
preciated by the Canadian farmer and
gardener.

Apples for Stock. — C.L. Underwood says
in Farvi and Home that he has been
feeding apples for ten yeai-s past. He
uses a peck of apples to two quarts of
bran for his cows and finds it to increase
the flow of milk and improve the quality
of the butter.

Apple Butter. — Making Apple butter
is almost one of the lost arts, but I
have gathered the process from old ex-
perienced folks, and New York State
farmers say that it is apples pared,
cored, cut and boiled in sweet cider till
the whole is a dark, rich pulp, and the
cider is reduced one-half. No sugar is
needed, for the fruit furnishes its own
sweetness. Half the apples may be
sour and half sweet, or all sweet, as one
likes. It takes nearly two gallons of
cider to make one of Apple butter, and
spices are added, or not, to taste. I
should spice it, the rale being one table-
spoonful of cinnamon and one-third of
a teaspoonful of ground cloves to each
gallon of Apple butter, added when it
is taken up, boiling hot. It may be
kept in barrels, stone pots, or butter
firkins and boxes. A clean second-hand
butter firkin is a very good thing to
keep many kinds of preserves or pickles
in. — Vick's Magazine /or January.

Baked Apples. — Are " a dainty dish to
set before a king " if you bake them the
right way. Take sour, sound apples
and core but do not peel them. Fill the
cavities with sugar and stick into each
a clove, a bit of cinnamon or lemon peel
as preferred. Put the apples into the
oven with a little water in the bottom
of the baking pan, and bake until a
straw will pierce them. Eat cold with

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTDRI8T.

71

cream. Pears served in the same way
are even better than apples.

How to Cook Cranberries. — Wash one
quart of cranberries and put them in a
covered saucepan with one pint of water.
Let them simmer until each cranberry
bursts open ; remove the cover and add
one pound of sugar, and let them all
boil for twenty minutes without the
cover. The cranberries must never be
stirred from the time they are placed on
the fire. Follow this recipe exactly,
and you will have a most delicious pre-
paration of cranberries. — Toronto Globe.

We itrill gladly give our candid opinion of any books,
magaziiies or catalog^ies received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but vnll not insert cut and dried reading
notices in favK,r of any publication whatever.

Queen's College and University, Kingston,
Canada, 1886-7. Containing full in-
formation concerning the course of this
well-established seat of learning, and
the series of examination papers of
1885-86.

The American Garden, 46 Dey St., New
York City.

This well-known magazine has incor-
porated in itself the Floral Cabinet, and
yet notwithstanding its increased excel-
lence, is now reduced from $2 per an-
num to $1.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Sche-
dule of Prizes for year 1887. Robert
Manning, Boston, Secretary.

An attractive feature of the weekly
meetings of this Society. Besides the
special exhibitions, as that of spring
flowering bulbs, in March, and of au-
tumn fruits, in October, the Chrys-
anthemum show in November, there is
a series of weekly exhibitions of flowers,
and fruits in season, every Saturday,
from July 2nd to Sept. 3rd.

The Fruit Grower, an eight page monthly
containing much valuaVjle information,
published by The D. W. Beadle Nur-
sery Co., St. Catharines, in the inter-
ests of their business. Edited by D.
W. Beadle, so long and so favourably
known as the editor of this journal.

The American Agriculturist published at 751
Broadway, New York City, bids fair to
be as attractive for 1887 as ever. Its
profuse illustrations render it a favorite
with every member of the farmers
household, from the oldest to the young-
est.

The Horticultural Art Journal, published
by Mensing & Stecher, Bochester, N. Y.
is a gem in its line. It is got up in ex-
cellent taste and contains four colored
plates in each number. The terms are
83.00 per year.

CATALOGUES.

J, A. Simmers' Illustrated and Descrip-
tive Seed Catalogue and Cultivator's
Guide for 1887. Toronto, 147 King

Street East.

This is one of the most attractive o^
Canadian Seed Catalogues. It contains
a colored plate of vegetables, and a com-
plete set of illustrations, both of vege-
tables and flowers ; and altogether is an
evidence of the enterprising spirit of the
firm. The business is now in the hands
of Messi's. Anton & Hermann Simmers,
the latter of whom is kindly contrib-
uting such valuable articles to these
columns.

John A. Bruce & Co.'s Annual Catalogue
of Seeds for year 1887. Hamilton, Ont.

This is the Thirty-sixth Annual Edi-
tion, and is a familiar visitor to many
a Canadian home. Bruce's seeds are
well known to be thoi'oughly reliable.

Gregory's Annual Illustrated Retail
Catalogue of Warranted Seeds, Vege-
table, Flower, and Grain, grown and
sold by Jas. J. N. Gregory, Marble-
head, Mass., 1887.

72

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Herein are described and illustrated
a remarkably full list of novelties as
well as standard varieties of vegetables,
of which Mr. Gregory evidently makes
a specialty. We commend his cata-
logue to the special notice of market
gai-deners and florists who want the
newest introductions.

A. G. Hull's Descriptive Catalogue of
Grape Vines and Small Fruit Plants,
St. Catharines, Ont., 1887.

Certainly a very tidy pamphlet, and
contains a list of the most approved
and best tested varieties.

A. M. Smith's Catalogue and Price List
of Fruit Trees, Grape Vines and Small
Fruits, St. Catharines, Ont., 1887.

Mr. Smith is well known as a
thoroughly reliable Nurseryman, and
any one sending him an order will not
be disappointed.

Steele Bros. Seed Annual, Toronto,
1887, Corner Front and Jarvis Streets.

An excellent Catalogue of eighty
pages.

A. C. Nelles &. Co.'s Descriptive Cata-
logue of Mohawk Valley Seeds. 1887.
64 Cortlandt St., New York City.

Joseph Harris Seed Co.'s Illustrated Cat-
alogue. 1887. Moreton Farm, Roch-
ester, N.Y.

Joseph Harris is well known every-
where through his " Walks and Talks "
in the American Agriculturist. His cat-
alogue of vegetable and flower seeds
overflows with the most viseful and
practical information, and is a valuable
handbook for that reason alone.

The Folding Sawing Machine Co. send us
an illustrated Catalogue and Price List
of their useful machine. Their Canadian
factory is at Essex Centre, Ont.

The Waters Stock Farm send us Catalogue
of thorough bred trotting horses, each
with complete pedigree, and careful

description. The address is Genoa
Junction, Wis.

CIRCULARS.

John B. Moore & Son, Concord, Mass.,
sends us a Cii'cular concerning his new
seedling Vjlack grape, the " Eaton," with
a large cut of the same, showing a clus-
ter measuring 4x8 inches. They claim
that it is larger and earlier than its pa-
rent, the Concord.

Alex. Begg sends a Cii-cular concerning
a Canadian Exchange in London, Eng.,
which he establishing. This will be of
great service to Canadians visiting Eng-
land, who will thus And a common cen-
are to meet business friends and acquaint-
ances, and for obtaining all needed
information. Canadian oflice. Room 19,
Corn Exchange, St. Sacrament Street,
Montreal.

y)itm0r0itB.

Two Students ring a hated professor's
bell at midnight. He ])uts his head
out of the window and wants to know
what's up. " One of your windows is
wide open." " Where f exclaims the
startled professor. '* The one you are
looking out of." — Fliegende Blatter.

A Swiss Law compels every newly-mar-
ried couple to plant trees shortly after
the ceremony of marriage. The pine
and the weeping willow are prescribed,
but the birch is allowed as being pros-
pectively useful.

Mrs. Greene: "Timothy, what have
you done with the letter that was lying
on the bureau V Timothy : "I put
it into the letter-box, ma'm." Mrs. G, :
" Oh ! provoking ! Didn't you see
there was no address on the envelope 1"
Timothy : " Yes, ma'm ; but I thought
you didn't want nobody to know who
you was writin' to." — Life.

PRINTED AT THK 8TEA.M PRESS BSTABLISHMENT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

LB hardy aa the hardiest, large as the largest,
surpassed in productiveness, a strong grower,
good quality and very early.

(Tanabian

l3orticulturiet

Published at Toronto and Grimsby, Ont.
OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

APRIL, 1887.

[No. 4.

i).

BLACKBERRIES, NEW AND OLD.

The Blackberry has been for many
years a favorite fruit for market pur-
poses, "with us at Grimsby ; and, in sea-
sons when the peach fails, it fills a most
important place in the home fruit gar-
den. But within the last few years,
through the introduction of many
hardy kinds, its culture has been so
much extended that the profits have
much diminished.

Previous to the year 1850, no cul-
tivated varieties of the blackberry were
known, but about this time the

DORCHESTKR

was introduced by Captain Lovett, of
Beverly, Mass. This variety was cul-
tivated very successfully by Mr. C. M.
Hovey of Boston, who cjaims to have
grown the berries so lar^e that 37 would

fill a quai't box. It is still considered
a standard variety, Mr. Gofi'of Geneva
placing it even before the Kittatinny.
About the year 1854 the

LAWTOX

was discovered near New Rochelle,
N. Y., after which place it is sometimes
called " The New Rochelle."

Our first experience in blackberry
growing was with this variety, which
had been brought into Canada by our
old friend, Mr. A. M. Smith. It was
a good grower, and bore good crops,
but our great objection to it was its
manner of rijiening. It would color
nicely, and yet conceal within a green,
hard, sour core, which would cause a
wry face upon any one who was goose
enough to try to eat it ; and if left till
dead ripe, it was too soft to ship any
distance. No wonder that the market
for blackberries opened up for us very
slowlv, or that the brambles were soon

74

THE CANADIAN H0RTICDLTDRI8T.

THE KITTATIKNV,

banished from even the home garden,
until the justly famed

KITTATINNY

appeared. We planted this variety
near the south shore of Lake Ontario
some twelve yeai-s ago, and notwith-
standing the many introductions since,
it remains so far our favorite. Hardier
than the Lawton, ripening more evenly
and thoroughly, of large and sometimes
.monstrous size, it is greedily bought up
in the max-kets at an advanced pi'ice

over such smaller kinds as Taylor or
Snyder ; while for home use, from the
middle of August to the middle of
September, we find it indispensable in
the fruit garden.

From the South and West we read
reports to the effect that this variety is
there attacked by the blackberry fungus,
or " rust," to such an extent as to
render it worthless. So far, however,
it has escaped this disease with \is.
North of the G. W. Division of the

THE CANADIAN HOETICCLTDKIST.

75

THE EARLY HARVEST.

Grand Trunk Railway, however, the
Kittatinny is too tender, and for our
northern sections we recommend the

as one of the hardiest and most prolific
of all. It is a native of Northern In-
diana, and was introduced into general
notice some ten years ago. Its extreme
hardiness is plainly evident from its
dark-green foliage and the vigorous
gi'owth of its stout canes.

Last summer, our bushes of this va-
riety were a marvel to every visitor.
he branches were literally loaded to

the ground with their enormous weight
of fruit, but alas ! the size — there was
the rub, and there the disappointment.
Another small-sized blackberry, but
a very desirable one, where it can be
grown successfully, is the

EARLY HARVEST,

which is the very opposite in habit of
growth to the Snyder. It is of a
weakly habit, and as about as tender as
the Kittatinny ; but it is the earliest
of all blackberries, and on this account
it is valuable for the market gai'den in
favored localities.

76

THE CANADIAN HORTICCLTCEIST.

THE MINXEWASKI.

And now that we have mentioned
the more prominent of the well-tested
varieties, we will refer to two or thi'ee
new claimants for popular favor. The

ERIE.*

comes before our notice with the most
extravagant claims. It is said to be as
large as the Kittatinny ; almost as
early as the Early Harvest ; as vigor-
ous and hardy as the Snyder ; free from
rust, and of the very best quality.

This blackberry is a chance seedling,
found some ten years ago in Northern

* See Frontispiece.

Ohio, near the south shore of Lake
Erie. It was first named "Uncle Tom,"
but at the suggestion of Pres. Wilder,
the name was changed to "Erie."

If any one in Canada has given this
berry a trial, we shall be glad to be
favored with his expei'ience.

Another new blackberry is the

MINNEWASKI.

It originated at Marlboro', N.Y., the
home of the " Marlboro" raspberry, and
Ls now offered for sale for the first time.
It, too, is claimed to be perfectly hardy,
a most abundant bearer, very early in

THE CANADIAN HCBTICULTURIST.

77

the season, excellent in quality, and
large enough to rank with the Kitta-
tinny.

THE GAINOR

is a Canadian seedling, first ofiered to
the public in 1883. We have not
fruited it, but is claimed to be larger
than the Kittatinny, tender and sweet
in quality, and perfectly hardy.

Of other varieties, such as "Wilson,
Brenton, Stayman, Stone, (fee., we have
not room to speak at present, except to
say that we do not commend them as
the best for our Canadian climat-e. And
we have in this article mentioned old
and new together, so that even the
novice may not suppose that in intro-
ducing new friends, we in any way
advise the hasty discarding of old and
tried favorites.

RAMBLES AMONG FRUIT GROWERS.

THE WESTERN SEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Conchtded.)

Mr. Snow, of Yates County, N.Y.,
thought that

GRAPES

were the most profitable of fruits. From
Cayuga Co. 800,000 baskets of grapes
had been shipped this last season. The
Concord had held its price better than
the Catawba. Some one inquired about
the benefit of ringing the grape. Mr.
Barry said : " This is an old story, and
a bad practice. The Massachusetts
Horticultural Society has a rule that
no grapes be allowed to compete on
exhibitions that have been grown on
girdled vines. The practice is con-
demned."

Prof Goff, of the Geneva Experiment
Station, read a paper on

POTATO CULTURE.

The result of careful experiment showed
(1) that tubers from the most produc-
tive hills were the best for planting.
The smallest tubers from the most pro-
ductive hills produced more than the
the largest tubers from the least pro-

ductive hills, though, generally speak-
ing, the large tubers produce better
results than the smaller ones. (2) That
large cuttings yield better than small
ones, and whole tubers yield better than
cuttings. (3) That dried cuttings yield
better than fresh ones.

Mr. Willard, of Geneva, said the
value of the

CHERRY

as a market crop was under-estimated.
The Montmorency was one of the best
varieties. " It will hang on the trees
two weeks after it is ripe, and allow us
plenty of time to gather it. My Montmo-
rencys pay me as much as $10 per tree."

Mr. W. C. Barry said : "There is no
cherry so valuable as the Montmorency.
Wherever it has been planted, it has
succeeded. According to Prof. Budd,
it is as hardy as the Early Richmond.
The crop, too, is uniform over the tree;
and, when loaded with fruit, the tree is
about as handsome as anything you
could wish to look at. The fruit is
also of a beautiful color, which it retains
when it is canned. It is a little later
than the Early Richmond in time of
ripening."

Mr. D. M. Dunning, of Auburn,
N. Y., read a very interesting paper on

ROSES.

He emphasized the need of vnnter
protection even for the hardy varieties.
They should be bent down and cov-
ered with evergreen boughs, or with
something loose that would afford pro-
tection and yet allow free circulation
of the air. This covering should not
be removed until the frost is all out of
the ground.

Roses need thorough pruning in the
fall, by cutting out the old wood ; and
in the spring the young wood should
be well cut back.

Cutting roses with long stems is a
good practice, causing new growth to
be formed, and on this new rose buds.

The best place for roses is in beds on

78

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the lawn. They should receive a heavy-
coat of well rotted manure in the fall ;
and in the summer from the middle of
May till the middle of June, liquid
manure should be applied. This can
easily be prepared by placing half a
bushel of cow manure in a barrel of
water. The liquid should be applied
each evening.

Among other excellent varieties he
mentioned the M. P. Wilder first. It
has more points of excellence than any
other, being beautiful in all stages of
bloom and quite continuous. The New
England Hope is a fine dark rose.
Baron Bonstetten is rugged in consti-
tution. Among light colored roses he
would place Victor Verdier first, and
of white roses he would class Mabel
Morrison as the best. Of the Teas he
thought the two most satisfactory were
the La France and the Capt. Christie.

The next question considered was :
"Is it true that

APPLES AND PEARS

a^re smaller and less perfect now than
in early days'?" Mr. Green thought
they were, and the reason was because
the native fertility had passed away,
and insects and diseases had multiplied.

Mr. S. D. Willard thought that such
specimens of apples, and particularly,
such magnificent pears as President
Barry had placed on the table, went to
prove that those fruits were not degen-
erating. Never had such fine Beurre
il'Anjou pears been exhibited there be-
fore.

President Barry said : " I think that
what Mr. Green has stated is quite
true. We are sufieiing from exhaus-
tion of the soil, but it is also certainly
true that we can grow as fine fruits
now as ever we did, only the soil may
require a little more manure now than
formerly.

The cultivation which those pears
received was not unusual. When my
trees show the need of fertilizers they

get it ; perhaps once in two years. I
don't think there ever was a time when
pears could be cultivated with more
ease than at present. There never was
a time when we were so little troubled
with pe^ir blight as now. About thirty
years ago we thought of giving up pear
culture, owing to the blight ; but, gen-
tlemen, I think there is every encour-
agement now for fruit growers to extend
the cultivation of the pear."

THE KIEFFER PEAR

was commended in the report from
Ontario County as being an exception
to the genei^al failure of the pear crop
the last season. Its fruit was perfect,
and sold this season better than any
other variety.

Mr. Green said the Kieffer j>ear had
this year developed a better quality
than was usual with it. It could really
be eaten this season with some comfort.

Mr. J. J. Thomas read a very inter-
esting paper on " The Past,^ Present,
and Future of Fruit Culture" which
he concluded by showing that every
farmer ought to have at least five acres
of a

HOME FRUIT GARDEN

to supply his own family, leaving out
altogether the question of the planting
of an orchard for market pui'poses.
And one department of our work for
our pomological societies in the future
was to difiuse a correct knowledge of
fine varieties of fruit among our people
generally, together with the best modes
of cultivating and using it.

We were sorry to have come away
before all the questions were discussed,
but glad of the privilege of meeting so
many experienced horticulturists, and
of bringing away these scraps of infor-
mation for the benefit of our readers.

THE CANADIAN TROPHY.

Having been favored with an excel-
lent cut of the Canadian trophy, by
Canada's High Commissioner in Eng-

THE CVNADIAN TROPIIV.

80

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

land, we take the first opportunity to
give it room in these pages.

It will be observed tliat the view is
from the opposite side to that which
was shown on p. 4 of this volume.

In connection with this fine illustra-
tion the article by our worthy Presi-
dent on the benefits to be derived from
the Colonial Exhibition, will be read
with great interest.

THE PROSPECTIVE BENEFITS OF THE
COLINDERIES.

BT ALEX. M'D. ALLAN, GODERICH, ONT.

If SUBSTANTIAL permanent benefit is
to be derived from the Canadian ex-
hibit at the Colinderies, we should not
not cease to perfect plans for success-
fully carrying out all that may be nec-
essary in order to hold a market or
establish more permanently, markets
recently opened out to us. It has been
clearly proven that by cold stoi'age our
early and soft fruits, especially a])ples,
can be successfully shipped to the Bri-
tish markets. Is the matter going to
drop at this 1 If not, what steps are
to be taken to have a permanent line
of cold storage established in one or
more of our steamship lines 1 Now is
the time to make preparation. I be-
lieve our Government should deal with
the matter in negotiating ; and intend-
ing shippers could give an idea early in
the season as to the space each could
occupy, and the length of time such
space would be needed. All our early
apples could be shipped successfully,
and good prices realised, so long as a
good, sample article only is shipped.

Then there other articles that can
be profitably shipped. Table sweet
corn in the cob, I feel sui-e, can
be disposed of in large quantities ;
and it will carry admix-ably in cold
storage. I would not advise the ship-
ping of early pears and plums, as a rule.
But if the markets in Britain are hold-
ing out a suflicient demand, owing to a

generally short home and European
crop, then these fruits can be shipped
at remunerative prices. Our green
flesh nutmeg melons would realize enor-
mous prices in London and Liverpool.
Grapes, if packed in convenient bas-
kets, could be shipped so as to sell at
prices that would pay the vineyardist.
But the demand would be small at first,
as our out-door grapes are not known
on the British markets, and the people
would not purchase them largely, until
a taste were fairly established for them.
In that country it is only the compara-
tively wealthy who can afford to eat
grapes, the prices being beyond what
any other class can afford. But as they
can only grow grapes under glass, it will
be readily seen that our open-air kinds
can be grown and sent into these mar-
kets at a much lower price, so that a
very large class of consumers who can-
not afford to purchase such a luxury at
the high prices charged for British hot-
house grown grapes, would be glad to
obtain ours at such prices as would
amply pay both grower and shipper in
Canada. But such a trade can only be
established gradually, as the tastes of
consumers are educated into a relish
for our grapes.

As I will have regular advices by
cable next season, of the pi'ospects
and state of the British fruit mar-
kets, it will give me pleasui-e to ad-
vise with intending shippers as to
what to ship, and where, when, and to
whom, as well as any other advice they
may require ; and I hope to hear often
from many such through your columns.
I would suggest that all intending
shippers who can possibly do so, should
attend our Fruit Growers' Association
summer meeting for a conference upon
points connected with the trade. I
find that good results of the Colonial
are showing themselves continually.
By every mail I receive letters from
British agi-icultarists who desire to

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

81

come to Canada and share in our ad-
vantages. Most of them have a few-
thousand dollars to invest, and gener-
ally give a preference to mixed farming
and fruit growing. By last mail I have
a letter from a gentleman in Brazil,
who has a good capital, and will be in
Toronto in July next, when I am to
have ready for him a list of such farms
as I suppose may suit his purpose for
general farm crops, fruits and stock-
raising.

Returning to the Colonial fruits. In
future, should our Government desire
to have Canadian fruits exhibited in
British exhibitions — and I sincerely
hope they will, — I would be in favor
of exhibiting only fresh fruits in season.
I found a very general feeling of un-
belief as to the genuineness of our bot-
tled specimens existed. I have often
heard it remarked, that so far as the
public was concerned, these specimen
might as well be in wax, for very many
believed them to be such, and many
more doubted their genuineness. But
when we placed the fresh specimens in
plates upon the tables, all doubting was
at an end. It paid Canada well to ad-
vertise in this way, and it would pay
to keep up such an advertisement every
season.

CANADIAN FRUITS AT THE COLONIAL.

SELECTED FROM THE REPORT OF THE FRUIT COMMITTEE

OF THE ROYAL HORTICI'LTURAL SOCIETT,

LORD RIVERS, CHAIRMAN.

The collection of hardy fruits exhibi-
ted by the Canadian Commission com-
pi-ised an extensive collection of apples,
pears, grapes, &c., from the provinces
of Ontario, Columbia, Quebec, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, &c.

Apples constituted the most promi-
nent and important feature, and proved
of much interest to the Committee,
many of the samples shown being of
large size, and extremely handsome in
appeai-ance, — the high coloration of
many being especially remarkable and

noteworthy, — greatly excelling, in this
respect, the same varieties grown in
this country.

The collection of pears did not pre-
sent such an attractive appearance.
Some very fine samples were, however,
shown of Beurre Clairgeau, Beurre
Hardy, Beun-e D ' Anjou, Duchess,
Flemish Beauty, Louise, Onondaga, &c.

Grapes made a conspicuous display ;:
but of these, as dessert fruit, no opinion
could be expressed — the peculiar foxy
taste and gelatinous flesh belonging to
the grapes of America, requii'ing some
experience to discriminate. Some of
Rogers' seedlings were remarked as
both large and handsome.

FRUIT EXHIBITS AT THE COLINDERIES.

The Annual Meeting of the Nova
Scotia Fruit Growers' Association was
held at Wolfville, N. S., on the 19th
and 20th of Januaiy. The principal
feature of the morning session of the
second day was the Secretary's Report
on Fruit Exhibits at the Colonial Ex-
hibition. Mr. Starr clearly pointed
out how not only Nova Scotia but the
whole of the provinces of the Dominion
had been benefited by the grand dis-
play which had been made, how a greatly
increased demand had been created for
our fruits, and the way prepared by
w^hich new markets might be opened
up for Canadian pi'oducts in other
European countries. Mr. Starr was
followed by Professor Saunders, who
explained the manner in which the
multitude of varieties of fruits had been
preserved for this exhibition, the many
devices resorted to, and the great suc-
cess which had attended the effoi-t. By
convincing evidence, he showed that
the fruit display had done more towards
removing tlie ill-founded prejudices ex-
isting in Europe against the climate of
Canada than any measure ever before
undertaken by this country, and ex-
pressed his strong convictions that

«2

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

prominent among the many good re-
sults which would follow this effort,
would be increased emigration of a
most desirable character.

An Enormous Emigration of young
men and tenant farmers to Canada is
predicted for next year. A bi'ight
prospect is, to all appearances, opening
up for the North-west. The Colonial
Exhibition has been of incalculable
benefit in making the country and its
resources known to the English public.
— The Natwiwd.

HORTICULTURAL.

The Leconte Pear promises to be the
_great pear of the South, and is said to
by the leading fruit interest in Georgia.
It is a tremendous bearer and has to
be well thinned out, under which treat-
ment the average weight is about four-
teen ounces.

It is easily grown from cuttings and
may therefore be readily propagated by
any one.

Success with Cherries. — A writer in the
Farm and Home claims to have had
great success with cherries, by giving
the ground a good top dressing of salt,
and then when the trees were in bloom,
dusting them with slacked lime every
four or five days till the fruit was set.
He had no worms, or rotten fruit.

The Transparent Apple. — I got the Yel-
low Transparent among my premiums
from the Association last spring. It
has already grown about two feet. It
is in clay loam. I think it will do
well in this climate.

I find The Horticulturist a grand
book, it contains so much that is use-
ful, even if one does not go into horti-
culture. Besides, a person gets nearly
the value of his money in presents ;
and the Report is worth a gi-eat deal.
H. Atkin', Middlesex Co.

The Ontario Apple. — My Ontario apple
which was sent out by the Asso-

ciation, bore immensely last season.
From the original tree and some grafts
I had over a bushel of splendid apples.
The Horticulturist is improving very
fast, and I would not like to be with-
out it. Samuel Carr, Sarnia.

ON RAISING PLUM TREES FROM SEEDS AND
MAKING SELECTIONS.

BY 8IM0.V ROT, BERLIN.

In growing plum trees from seeds in
order to obtain good varieties, it will
be necessary to obtain pits from the
best sorts that you can obtain.

Allow the plums to be thoroughly
ripe before separation from the pulp,
and prevent them from drying by
covering with moist earth, until planted
in the fall. After the ground is pre-
pared, plant in a row, about one and one-
half inches deep, and about three inches
apart. If the soil is rather heavy it
may be mixed with either coarse sand,
swamp muck, or well decomposed
manure, so as to allow the germs to
break through the covering.

After about two years growth you
will be able to make your selection,
preferring those which have a tame
look about them, a fine large leaf, and
the stems and branches clean and
devoid of thorns. Nature will strive
to hold her own, many will revert to
original conditions and will produce
fruit not larger than the ordinary
damson. Seedlings usually require
some eight or ten years before bearing
fruit, but fruit may be obtained sooner,
if scions or buds are worked on our
native wild plum.

In accordance with what I have
stated, I have succeeded in growing a
number of fair specimens of fruit, equal
to any in general cultivation, but do
not claim any supei'iority for them.
They have hitherto resisted the black-
knot epidemic and are apparently
healthier and hardier.

Perhaps it may be of some import-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

S3

ance to know that the two oldest varie-
ties of plums on my grounds which I
planted some thirty years ago, which
bore fruit last year, and look as if they
will hold out some time yet, are of
American origin, namely the Bolman's
"Washington, a native of New York
City, and the Piince's Yellow Gage, a
native of Long Island N. Y.

VITICULTURAL.

Grape Experience. — Sir, — With me last
fall the Prentiss, Worden and Pockling-
ton were worthless. The Worden
ripened all its fruit, and some of the
bunches were large. I took out my
knife and cut off a fine bunch to carry
it into the house, but by the time I
had it cut off I had just four grapes
left on the stem ; they dropped so
badly. I packed some to try the keep-
ing qualities, and they all failed to be
good for anything.

I have had good satisfaction with
Brighton. I have them in good condi-
tion yet (Feb. I) and expect to hive
them up to April. They are as fine
yet as in November.

Has any reader of The Horticulturist
experience with reference to the keep-
ing qualities of the Niagara and Empire
State ?

My Jessica proved a very poor
keeper. The Je^fferson and Lady Wash-
ington were worthless with me. I
made a frame over my vines, which
were full of very fine bunches of
grapes, and covered them over with
glass ; but all to no purpose. I will
either cut them down, or gi-aft them.
J. B. Williams, Bloomfield.

Pruning the Grapevine. — A writer in
Popular Gardening says that the
pruner invariably finds that upon a
thrifty, strong growing vine, the buds
upon the medium-sized canes are
swelled larger and stand out from the
cane more prominently, than the buds
upon the largest canes.

He has tried the experiment over
and over, and this is the sum of his
observation, that the medium canes are
the ones that develop the best fruit
buds, whenever the vines are strong.

Lady Grape. — President Lyon, of
Michigan, said at Chatham that this
grape should be introduced into every
list of grapes for home use. It stands
head and shoulders above anything
else. Better have a medium crop and
first quality than an enormous yield of
inferior fruit.

Manuring the Grape. — The Government
Committee in France, after several
years' investigation of the manuring of
the grape and the results of a series of
experiments with potash manures, re-
port sti-ongly against nitrogenous man-
ures, including stable manure, as being
" more hurtful than useful," which ac-
cords with common practice, also that
feeble grape-vines consume as much
manure as vigorous vines.

Potash should enter into the com-
position of manures for gi-ape- vines, the
elements in the soil being generally in
bad condition for assimilation ; potash
carries forward in some way with it
the other fertilizing principles.

Potash from the root passes to the
vine, to the leaves, then to the twigs,
to arrive at last at the fruit, of which
it favors the development. Its migra-
tion is comparable to those of the nitro-
genized elements and phosphates.

The potash introduced through the
root in the coui-se of a season is not
entirely consumed, since it is found
after fructification, reserved in suflicient
quantity, in the wood and in the twigs.
— Wine and Fruit Grower.

Pruning Grapes. — Sir: — I see on page
7, Januaiy No., a correspondent ad-
vises pruning gi'apes in the spring
and leads new beginners astray. It is
too late to prune grapes when you un-

84r

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTrRISI ,

cover in the spring, as they will bleed.
Prune in the fall before laying down
(advice to new beginners ; older ones
can do as they please).

I also see a good deal of talk about
aphis, green and black, on cherries and
plums. I may say, all we ever did
was to give them plenty of lime water
with a garden engine, and it was effec-
tual. We went over the trees once or
twice while the growth was young.
D. Campbkll, London West, Ont.

Grapes near Guelph. — Professor Pan-
ton says in Bulletin VIII. that some
ninety-six varieties have been tested on
the grounds of the Agricultural College.
The latitude is 43° 38' ; height above
level of lake Ontario, 858 feet ; soil,
clay loam. As a result of five years'
experience he draws the following,
among other conclusions : —

(a) Grape vines in this locality must
be well sheltered with warm exposure,
and grown in a warm well-drained soil,
or little fruit will be secured.

(b) The Concord, known as the grape
for the million, scarcely ripens with us
before well into October, and then ir-
regularly.

(c) A grape which does not ripen
earlier than the Concord is of little use
here.

(d) Our eai'liest seems to be Moore's
Early, Champion, Lady and Massasoit.

(e For flavor, hardiness and yield
the following are to be commended :
Black — Wilder, Worden, Moore, Con-
cord, Barry, Eecl — Delawai'e, Brigh-
ton, Lindley, Agawam. White — Ni-
agai-a. Lady, Martha.

OPEN LETTERS.
Appreciative. Sir : — A few years ago
I knew really nothing of gardening ;
but I became a subscriber to your able
little journal, and to it I am indebted
for the little I know of small fruit rais-

ing in a small garden of a working
man.

I drained my lot well, which is a
heavy, stiff, blue clay. I supplied the
land with a liberal supply of stable
manure, also coal ashes to loosen up. I
dissolved bones in two large barrels of
wood ashes, spread the same among my
currants and grapes ; and on a hint re-
ceived from your little journal, cut all
the old wood out of my currants. The
result is berries, the superior of which
were not found in this county.

I would like to know the best and
cheapest way to preserve gi-apes till
Christmas.

D. Neilson, St. Thomas.

[Note. — An excellent mode of keep-
ing grapes in a nice, plump condition
until Christmas, is to pack them be-
tween layers of cotton batten. — Ed. J

Johnston's Sweet Raspberry. Sir : — In
your remarks about Johnston's Sweet
Raspberiy, you say you are not ac-
quainted with any one who has fruited
it. For your information and others
who, no doubt, when it is offered for
sale, will be willing to test it, I may
say that I have fruited it in a small
way for two years. Both plants and
fruits were all the introducer claims for
it, with this addition ; there are but few
spines on the plants, which makes it
easier for the pickers to get along
among them.

John Little, Granton, Ont.

The Onion Maggot. Sir : — A friend
showed me a copy of the Canadian
Horticulturist, and I am so pleased
with it that I wish to become a sub-
scriber. I am particularly anxioiis to
get some remedy for the maggot that
destroys the onion.

A. B. Ferrier, Cheltenham.

[Note. — Experiment by soaking the
seed in copperas, and by sowing salt,
soda, ashes or coal-dust over the ground.]

THE CANADIAN HORTICDLTUEI8T.

85

J^lotD^rs.

THE CULTIVATION OF THE DAHLIA.

BT HKRMAKN SIMMERS, TORONTO, GST.

Many readers of The Horticulturist
taay not be aware that this is the pro-
per month to look after the pre-
paring of their Dahlia roots, in
■order to secure their early bloom,
and its continuance until frost has
spoilt its splendour. We will pre-
sume that amateurs have placed
their roots away in the fall to be
ready for their proper attention in
the spring ; and, on looking for
them, will have found a very large
number of tubers attached to the
stem, which in some cases are
hanging loosely. If any art? found
to be in such a condition, they
may be cut off, as they are in no
way beneficial to the plant.

If the roots then have been
carefully wintered, they may be
cut apart, into four or five divi-
sions of one or two tubers each,
care being taken that a certain
portion of the stem, with an eye,
is attached ; after which they may
be planted in a box, or better still,
in a hot-bed, until the new stem
grows 3 or 4 inches in length. This
may probably take until the 1st of
June, at which time they may safely
be planted in the open ground. A
word here before going into fui'ther de-
tails ; many amateurs suppose that the
larger the number of tubers that are
attached to the root, the better they
will grow ; but not altogether so, as
invariably the gardener cuts a large
root into as many as a dozen parts.
But I would not advise the amateur to
do so, as sometimes he would not be
able to manage them as well, and when
the roots are small it would be better
for him to take the instructions given
above. If the roots that have been
placed in a hot-bed or box have sent

out two or three stems, they may be
cut off and grown the same as any
other cuttings are grown ; and these
cuttings when planted at their proper
time will flower the same season.

In planting Dahlias in the open
ground it should be done so that the

BUNCH OF DAHLIAS.

top of the tubers are covered at least
two inches, in a well manured soil ;
and when the stem has reached the
lieight of about two feet, any side shoots
sliould be cut off, allowing the root to
have but one stem, and cultivating
further somewhat in the form of a dwarf
apple tree, which they resemble when
in full growth. It is also a wise precau-
tion to place a good sti'ong stake beside
the root when planting, to which they
may be tied from time to time, as they
develop. To further the development
of the Dahlia a liberal supply of water
continuously through the season is
necessary.

86

THE OA.NA.DIA.N HORTI0DLTURI8T.

Under such treatment the Dahlia
will thrive in such a manner as to give
the greatest pride to the amateur.

DAFFY DIL AND JONNY QUIL.

Said Jonny Quil to Daify Dil,

His pretty country cousin,
" Now is your chance to have a dance ;

Your sisters, full a dozen.
Are here in golden cup and frill ;
What say you, Cousin Daffy Dd ?"

Said Daffy Dill to Jonny Qud :

" To dance would give me pleasure ;
But then, you know, the wind must blow

To beat our time and measure.
Then April wind wdl be here soon,
And he will whistle us a tune."
Vick's Monthly.

The daffodil is the flower of fashion
in London just now. Huge masses of
the reigning yellow favorite fill the win-
dows of the florists.

crimson ; Le Niger, deep maroon ;
Elaine, pure white.

Chinese.— Fr&nk Wilcox, golden
amber ; Sam Sloane, pale blush ; John
Salter, bronze red.

THE CULTURE OF THE CHRYSANTHEMUM.

The Culture of the Chrysanthemum
is very simple. Small plants can be
procured from any florist, and should
be planted as early in April as possible.
The Chrysanthemum is a gross feeder,
and requii-es a rich soil. Tlie plants
should have the centers pinched out as
soon as they are thoroughly established
and have made a few inches growth ;
this causes them to branch freely. ^ The
pinching opex-ations should be continued
as required until the fii-st week in
August, after which the flower buds
commence to form. An occasional dose
of liquid manure will be very beneficial.
By October 1st the plants can be taken
up and potted, being careful to shade
and water them for a few days, after
which they can be removed to the sit-
ting room or conservatory for blooming.

The improvements in Chrysanthe-
mums the last few years has been
wonderful. The following varieties are
among the best of their color and class,
all being good growers, and free flower-
ing :—

Japanese. — Mr. Wm. Barr, bright

^LW«-PH'l-*-

THE POMPON.

Pom/)on.— Black Douglas, crimson;
Snowdrop, white ; Model of Perfection,
pink.

ANEMOKE-FLOWKRED.

[ATiemone-Flowered. — Antonius, can-
ary yellow ; Contrast, rich crimson.] —
Vick's Monthly.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

87

THE

CanaMmi gorticnlturist.

^N Illus-
trated
Monthly Journal, de-
\ oted to the interests
' of Fruit Growers,
Gardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burban homes.

Subscription price SI. 00
per year, entitling the subscri-
ber to membership of the Fruit (xrow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Report, and a share in its
annual distribution of plants and trees.

This Journal is not published in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniary advantage of
any one, but its pages are devoted wholly to
the progress of Horticultural Science and
Art in Canada. We aim at the development
of the fruit growing industry in our Province ;
at the general distribution of knowledge con-
cerning all the newest and best varieties of
fruits ; and at the education of a refined
taste in the art of decorative gardening
around the h( mej of our Canadian people.

With such ends in view we invite the co-
operation of the lovers of Horticulture both
in extending the membership of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario, and in con-
tributing to these pages such items as may
be of general interest and profit.

Please pay in your subscription for '87
on receipt of this number, if you have
not already done so. There are still a
limited number of back numbers of

this year on hand for new subscribers
who wish them ; but subscriptions may
begin with any month in the year.

The Plants, including the Cherry and
the Grape, will soon be distributed
through the mail. Of course, members
of the Association must not expect
large-sized plants, as the size is limited
by the P. O. authorities to two feet in
length. The Russian Cherry is at best
more of a bush than a tree, even in its
Russian home. The Vladimir Cherry
having run short, the Executive Com-
mittee has succeeded in securing a few
other Russian cherries of equal value,
viz., the Litham and the Ostheim, by
means of which we hope to suit the
wishes of all the members preferring
this selection.

The packages of flower seeds will be
mailed in a few days to those who have
chosen them. The names of the seeds
to be sent are (1) Aster, Victoria ; (2)
Morning Glory, Variegated ; (.3) Even-
ing Primroses and (-i) Nasturtium, Em-
press We send four instead of three,
because we have been disappointed
about getting the P. Cashmeriana, and
we hope thus to more than make up for
the failure.

Summer Meeting. — The Horticultural
Society of Ontario, of Collingwood, has
given the Fruit Growers' Association
of Ontario a very hearty invitation to
hold the summer meeting there.

Invitations may be addressed to the
Secretary, Grimsby, who will lay them
before the Executive Committee.

The Hatch Bill. — There has been a great
deal of agitation of late, in the United
States, in favor of the passing of this
bill, and finally the friends of progress
in agricultural and horticultural science
bid fair to win the object of their am-
bition.

This bill provides for the establish-
ment of an experiment station in each
state, under the direction of the State

S8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Agricultural College ; and the object so
far as horticulture is concerned, is "to
conduct original researches or verify
experiments on the physiology of j)lants
And animals ; the diseases to which they
are severally subject, with the remedies
for the same ; the chemical composition
of useful plants at their different stages
of growth; the comparative advantages
of rotative cropping as pursued under
a varying series of crops ; the capacity
of new plants or trees for acclimation ;
the analysis of soils and water ; the
chemical composition of manures, natu-
ral or artificial, with experiments de-
signed to test their comparative effects
on crops of different kinds."

It is a satisfaction to know that Canada
is not behind her enterprising Ameri-
can Cousins in the matter of experi-
mental farm stations. Already, in
Accordance with an act passed in 1886,
respecting "Experimental Farm Sta-
tions," which provided for one in each
province, the Central Farm has been
located within three miles of the Par-
liament Buildings at Ottawa ; and
plans are matured for active operations
early this spring.

The firstBulletin has just been issued,
and may be had by any one who will
write for it, addressing the " Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa."

Premiums. — The A merican Garden does
not believe in premi>ims. It is too
much like hiring a person to subscribe.

We hope none of the i-eaders of the
Canadian Horticulturist have been
thus " hired."

The distribution of trees and plants
which we make every spring, is apart
of the regular work of our Association,
and come to the subscribers of the Hor-
ticulturist because they are members
of that Association.

The object of this distribution is to
test new fruits in Canada, by thus
makino; the gardens of our members

experimental, so that we may be the
sooner prepared to report with confi-
dence as to their real value.

Seed Testing. — With the object of sav-
ing our farmers from the losses to which
they are annually subject through using
old or inferior seeds, a glass structure
has just been completed at the Experi-
menal Farm, for the express purpose of
testing their germinating power. Sam-
ples of seeds, duly labeled, may be sent,
postage free, to the above address ; and
returns concerning their value will be
made free of charge, as quickly as pos-
sible.

This department is intended as an open one to every
reader of the "Horticulturist" to send in either
questions or ansivers. Often a reader will be able to
answer a question which has been left tmanswered,
or only partially answered by us. For convenience
of reference the questions are numbered, and any
one replying or referring to any question will
please mention the number of it.

24. Ashes. — What quantity or un-
leached ashes would be about right to
put around ten-year-ol<l apple trees, and
would spring or /all be the best time to
apply them ? [A. Armstrong, Barrie.]

Prof. Panto.v, of the Agricultural
College, Guelph, replies : — ■" Put on an
application of about three-fifths of an
inch in depth. I think the spring is
about the best time, owing to the ten-
dency of the potash to dissolve, and
pass beyond the reach of the roots when
needed."

25. Bones. — / can get a great many
bones within a short distance of my
place. How can I manufacture them
into shape for use on the land ? [A. A.]

Prof. Paxton says: "Compost them
with about twice their bulk of good
ashes, slightly moistened ; turn the pile
over once a month for about three
months. The bones will then be easily
broken and beaten to a soft mass, which
will be fit for use at once.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST.

89

If the bones can be readily ground,
yon have an excellent fertiliser without
further trouble.

26. Paris Green. Will the sprinkling of
the trees with Paris Green make the
grass under the trees useless ?

[J. DiBB, Clarksburg.]

It is unsafe to use the gi-ass for pas-
ture for two or three weeks after the
spraying, but a good heavy rain will
wash off the poison from both trees and
grass. Has any reader any caution to
give us under this head ?

27. Aphides. — -Innumerable quantities
destroy leaves and fruit of my white
Ox-heart Cherries. Can you suggest a
remedy ? [W. F. Burtox, Hamilton.]

These black plant-lice are not easily
destroyed. The lady birds and the
ichneumon flies destroy them whole-
sale ; but, when these fail, try a strong
solution of pyrethruvi powder, say two
ounces to a gallon of water, and spray
the trees well with it. This substance
owes its effectiveness* to its volatile
properties, and thei'eby effects the de-
struction of the aphides where ordinary
poisons would fail.

Spraying with a kerosene emulsion is
also recommended. This is made by
boiling half a pound of strong soap in
a gallon of water, and then adding two
gallons of kerosene. Churn this to a
cream, and then add nine times the
quantity of water.

28. Plum for the North. — Is there any
plum better tliau the common red (blue ?)
plum that will succeed in the Ottaioa
valley ?

[R. Williams, Hintonburg, Carlton Co.]

Mr. A. A. Wright, Renfrew, replies :
— "I know of none as yet that 1 can
recommend as very ' sure to grow.' I
have several that promise well, and
among them some Russians that came
to me without a name. Try Lombard,
Glass Seedling, and McLaughlin. They
2

are almost hardy here. The latter has
not failed yet, but it may."

29. The Russet in the North. — Wdlit suc-
ceed in Carlton County ? [k. w i

" In favored localities, but not gen-
erally. . If the subscriber lives on the
banks of the Ottawa he should succeed
with it, as also with the plums above
mentioned. [a. A. W.]

30. To Grow Spruce and Linden from Seed. —
Please tell me the best method, as I loant
to experiment.

[Andrew Johnson, Stratford.]
A. Gilchrist, Guelph. — All tree
seeds should bp covered very lightly ;
enough to hide them from view. A
sandy loam is preferable. European
Linden will not germinate until the
second year. Norway Spruce will grow
the first ; both require to be shaded.

31. The Cut-leaf Weeping Birch. — How is
it propagated ? [a. J.]

A. Gilchrist. — By grafting upon the
White or Yellow Birch Seedling.

GENERAL TREATMENT OF FOREST
TREE SEEDS.

32. Catalpa Speciosa. — Should the seeds
be planted in the spring ?

[Wm. McIntosh, Newcastle.]

For the benefit of the inquirer and
others interested in planting seeds of
forest trees, we select the following
from Bulletin No. 1 of the new Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa : —

''Many of the tree seeds which
mature eai'ly are better sown soon after
they are gathered. This applies
especially to the several varieties of
elm and to the soft maple. The hard
maple, box elder and ash seeds keep
well over winter, provided they are
stored in a cool place and are not allowed
to get too dry. Acorns, nuts and stone
fruits are most successfully planted in
the autumn, but if kept over winter

90

THE CANADIAN H0RTICDL.TDRI8T.

should be mixed with moist sand and
exposed to frost and planted as early as
possible in the spring, taking care that
they are at no time left in masses under
conditions so as to heat. Many failures
with seed arise from not sowing it in
partial shade. If seeds are exposed
alternately to hot sunshine and cold,
while they are swelling, they will
frequently rot before they appear above
the surface. The I'equisite shade may
be obtained by the use of brush wood,
or a light layer of corn stalks or straw,
removing this as soon as the seedlings
are up and fairly established. Many
nurserymen enclose their seedbeds with
wooden frames, on which are laid light
frames m;ule of one-inch strips and
covered with cotton or muslin. These
are convenient and can be provided at
small cost. Seedlings of evergreen trees
grow slowly and require to be shaded
and kept moist during hot weather all
through the first year of their growth
and sometimes longer. Seeds take
some time to swell their coats after
being placed in the ground, hence, if
planted dry, tliey should be sown as
soon as soil can be had to cover them.
Germination may be hastened, especially
with seeds of a hard texture, by pour-
ing hot water on them and allowing
them to soak for twenty-four hours
before sowing.

Seeds sometimes fail to grow from
being planted too deep. The larger
nuts and acorns should be covered with
soil about as deep as the seed is thick ;
other smaller seeds should not be
covered with more than half an inch
of mellow soil, pressed gently with the
back of a spade so as to make the earth
firm around them, and when the young
seedlings appear they should be care-
fully weeded. Occasionally seeds will
remain in the ground until the following
season without germinating. Should
any fail to grow by the time spring is
ovei", and on examination the kernels

are found sound, the seedbeds should
be kept weeded and shaded until the
next season."

THE DKECIOUS CHARACrER OF THE
MULBERRY.

33. My Mulberry Tree was full of blos-
soms, but they all dropped off. This
itxts the first year it blossomed. I was
reading in the Horticidturist. p. 2B7,
Vol. IX., that the Russian Mtdberry was
dioscious, requiring two or more trees to
grow together. On my tree the leaves
are of different shapes, some being ser-
rated, while the most of them are lobed,
like an oak leaf. Will I have to get
another tree before I may hope to eat
the fruit of the -mulberry ?

[J. B. BuRK, Brougham.]

REPLY BY SIMON ROY, BERLIN, ONT.

Referring to Mr. J. B. Burk's in-
quiry I have to say that his Russian
Mulberry tree is a male ( Staminate),
and only a flowering specimen, con-
sequently he can never expect to have
fruit on it.

The sexuality of })lants was fii'st dis-
covered by Linnaeus, the Swedish
Botanist, and is now generally under-
stood. Various varieties of trees and
plants are of a dioecious character, i.e.,
one being a male and the other a
female, as is the case with birches,
poplars and larches; also in grape vines
(Vites): example, the Sultana Raisins
of commerce are the product of a
female or pistillate flowering vine and
are devoid of seeds, and ''our native
mignonette, scented variety, is a male
or staminate plant, beai-ing no fruit.
Since the propagation of the mulberry
is so simple, by growing it from cuttings,
it is only necessary for him to get a few
from a neighbor who has a fruit-bearing
tree, or to obtain scions and top- work
his tree by either budding or grafting.

The female tree bears fruit but not
seeds, and it has serrated leaves only.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

91

'^imelg ^inta.

GRAFTING.

April and May are the months for
top-grafting. This operation is so simple
and so iiseful that every orchardipt
should practice it. Our countiy is full
of orchards that are unprofitable, owing
to inferior kinds, or because of the
ajjple spot. The best remedy in cases
of old and feeble trees would be to cut
them down and burn them; but, if still
thrifty in growth, they should be top-
grafted to n^ore desirable kinds. Scions
of the best varieties can easily be pur-
chased from any of our leading nursery-
men at a small expense.

The important point in grafting is to
secure a perfect union Vjetween the
cambum layer of the stock and that of
the scion. It is through this delicate
tissue, lying between the wood and the
bark, that the circulation of the mucil-
aginous liquid continues which de-
velops the new growth of each. If this
union is well adjusted the operation is
pretty sure of success, other things
being equal.

The Rural New-Yorker commends
the following as a simple and easy
method of grafting : —

" Cut off the stock at a right anofle
to itself. Cut a slit down the bark an
inch or more fi'om the top, as in bud-
ding. Cut the scion four or more
inches long and, beveling one side of
the larger end, insert it after loosening
the bark on either side of the cut, the
same as a bud is pushed into its place.
One or a dozen scions may thus be in-
serted in the stock according to its
size."

FERTILIZERS.
Professor Panton, of the Agricultural
College, Guelph, gave some valuable
information on this subject at the Chat-
ham meeting. Speaking of the value

of nitrogenous manures for the straw-
berry, he said that dried blood, was very
rich in nitrogen and was especially use-
ful for the strawberry. It contains 14
per cent, of ammonia (a compound of
nitrogen and hydrogen) and 7 per cent,
of phosphoric acid.

He advised the application of 300
lbs. per acre, between the rows. A
home-made

SUPERPHOSPHATE FOR THE ORCHARD

can be manufactured as follows : — By
bulk, one part bone dust, two parts
ashes, to which add one-third bulk of
water and one-sixth bulk of plaster.
This lacks nitrogen, for the supply of
which barn-yard manure can be added.
Another formula which he gave was
as follows : — By weight, one part bone-
dust, one part ashes, oue-quarter part
slacked lime, one-eighth part crude car-
bonate of soda. Mix this and let it
stand ; then add, s:iy about one-half
bulk of good soil.

Fertilizers for the Strawberrry. — The Edi-
tor of the Rural New-Yorker has tried
successfully the following fertilizer for
the strawberry and recommends it to
others. The proportions for an aci'e
are 500 lbs. wood ashes, 400 lbs. bone
flour, 200 lbs. nitrate of soda and 200
lbs. of kainit.

Nitrate of Soda. — Mr. Joseph Harris
says it is surprising that we have not
yet learned what a cheap and valuable
fertilizer we have in nitrate of soda. It
is derived from the leaching of sea-weed
and other vegetable matter, and is the
very essence of manure.

It looks like common salt, and may
be sown hand-cast over the ground at
the rate of 500 or 600 lbs. per acre. It
is a ca])ital fertilizer for the lawn, gar-
den and orchard.

Trees Girdled by the mice in winter
may, according to the Orchard and
Garden, be saved by immediately cover-
ing the wound with grafting-wax, or

92

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTDRIST

with tough paper saturated witli linseed
oil, and then wrapped with old cloths,
and so left until the 20th of August,
when a new bark will be formed over
the wound.

This bai'k is formed by the exudation
of cellular material from the sap-wood,
the same way that a callous is formed
over a cut I'oot or scion when packed in
damp sand or saw-dust.

We have often tried banking a
gnawed tree with earth, where the
wound was still quite fresh and not too
large. The degree of success was suf-
ficient to lead us to
endorse the plan
described above as
worth trying.

The plan, so of-
ten commended, of
trying to bridge
over the wounded
idwPWK' V immsxnBKxxn surface with scions
'^^^^^Wl^^^a^m ^^ yo^^i^o wood, as
shown in the ac-
companying illustration, is good, but is
almost sure to fail with inexperienced
hands. And failure means the loss of
a year's time before the tree is replaced.

Hotbeds need air, water, sunshine, and
a constant vigilance ; for cold frames
the same rules are equally necessary. I
do not think a single advantage can be
claimed for hotbed sash of any other
size than 3x6 feet. These need to be
made of the best pine, 2 inches thick,
with horns at each end to move them
by. They should be set with 6x8
double thick glass, bedded, tacked and
puttied and well painted with white
lead. Such sash, with good care, and
well housed in the time when not in use,
will last a life-time. — Farm and Home.

THE SUBSOIL PLOW AS A DRAINING
MACHINE.

BY J. TWEDliLE, STOXRY CREEK.

The time has come in our experience
in fruit growing, when we ax'e convinced

that it is useless to plant out orchards,
vineyai'ds, and small fruits in cold or
wet lands, without first draining and
subsoil ploughing. Underdraining is
made doubly effective by subsoiling
crosswise of the drains, thus opening
uj) the soil to a depth of 12 to 15 in.,
and thereby leading the sur2:)lus water
quickly to the drains, and thence to
their outlet.

For the purpose of underdraining, I
have found no implement so useful in
all kinds of land, as the subsoil plough.
The hardest clay can be cut with com-
parative ease ; and stones are scarcely
an objection to its use. If the stones
are small, they are generally moved the
first time they ai*e struck ; if large, it
is best to pass over them until the plow-
})oint can be got under them, when they
are easily removed. In case of a very
large stone, it is best to cut around one
side, as the plough is easily swung to
one side for such a purpose. Any depth
can be cut, down to 4 feet, with no
greater width than is necessary in dig-
ging with the ordinary draining spade
and hoe; also, any greater or less length
of drain may be opened and finished up
in one day in case of danger from cav-
ing or other source. I woukl say it
is best to use a steady, quiot team and
a wrought share, for fear of striking
large, solid stones. Drains may be cut
almost any width at either to}) or bot-
tom, in this way. I cut one outlet drain
4 feet deep, 20 inches wide at the sur-
face, and 4 inches at bottom, in a very
hard and stony subsoil.

My mode is first to cut a deep and
wide furrow with a large pointer-plough
that will throw the furrow well out, so
as not to fall back when using the sub-
soil plough afterward. Then I come
back in the same furrow and throw out
as much more as we can on the other
side, without making the drain more
than 15 to 18 inches in width at the
surface. In this way it will be seen

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

93

that T can get from 6 to 10 inches of
depth to start on, without any liand
labor of any account. I next hitch the
team to the subsoil plough, connected
with it by means of a long logging chain,
and a long double tree, say 4^ to 5 feet.
Driving a horse on each side of the
drain, I commence to loosen the sub-
soil, first hitching close to the plough,
as usual, while the drain is shallow, and
lengthening the chain as the drain
deepens. I plough one, two or three
rounds as the condition of the subsoil
Diay require, until we have stirred up
6 or 8 inches of earth ; then I com-
mence shoveling out by means of long-
handled, round-pointed shovels. When
all the loose earth is thrown out, I
proceed to plough again, and so on un-
til about the required depth is gained.
Care should then be taken to get an
even grade, and this is best done by use
of the pickaxe and draining hoe. A
narrow shovel for the nai-row pai't can
best be made by taking one of the com-
mon shovels to the village blacksmith
and having the sides turned up, so as
only to leave a width of four inches on
the bottom.

I believe this plan will institute a
new era in undei-draining ; making the
cost less by one-half than the old way
of digging with spade and pick axe ;
and it is far more economical of capital
than buying an expensive ditching ma-
chine, and all the expensive repaiivs,
etc., attendant upon its use, with the
various vexations of its use if in stony
or wet land.

BEST MARKET VARIETIES.

BY E. MORDEX, NIAGARA FALLS SOUTH.

The new and wonderfully promising
varieties which blossom each year while
the snow yet remains will not be no-
ticed here. He who has plenty of

money and an abiding faith in lotteries
will, as usual, invest in them. Con-
trary to the general rule, the best varie-
ties are the cheapest ones in most cases.

In strawberries, the Crescent now
leads. Wilson is valuable of itself and as
a fertilizer. Manchester has, I think,
come to stay. Sharpless is very large
and good, and sometimes productive.

In red raspberries, the Cuthbert dis-
places every other variety. The Turner
and Philadel|)hia are hardier at the
north.

In black caps, Souhegan early, Mam-
moth Cluster medium, and Gregg for
late. The Gregg does wonders here,
but fails in some localities.

With me the Taylor is the best
blackberry.

In currants, the Raby Castle leads
by several lengths. On soils of clay it
is said the Cherry Currant is productive.

The Houghton Gooseberry succeeds
famously on our soil, but the fruit does
not compete with the larger kinds in
the case of a glut. The Downing is
productive and salable. Smith's Im-
proved fails hei'e.

The Concord is still the leading
grape. Worden seems to be a distinct
improvement in most respects. The
Rogers and many other varieties of
grapes ai'e defective as regards gi'owth,
productiveness, liability to mildew, or
in some other respect. Their merits
and demerits cannot be discussed in a
brief article.

MR. AYLEWORTH'S BIG STRAWBERRY YIELD.

In reply to inquiry. Mr. Ayleworth
writes: — Sir, The strawberry plot men-
tioned by me in your February No.
consists of sandy loam, liberally treated
in 1883 and 1884 with a compost of
muck, well rotted horse manure, hen
manui'e, and unleached hard wood
ashes. It is underdrained on thi-ee
sides. It was used for raising roots in
1884, and deeply ploughed in the fall

94

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

of that year. Early in April, 1885,
it was raked over and given a light
dressing of hard wood unleached ashes,
and planted with thrifty Wilson plants,
in rows fi'om two feet to two feet and
a half apart ; the plants from nine to
twelve inches apart. Between the
rows of sti-awberries were sown Globe
Mangolds and Big White Carrots (about
half of each), midway between the
rows of berries. The gi-ound was kept
thoroughly free from weeds and grass
through 1885, with the hoe and hand.
No ruiniers were disturbed, unless by
guiding them so that they would be
properly spread over the plot, or helped
a little with earth to take root. Sixty
Vjaskets or quarts of sti-awberries were
t:iken from the vines in June and July,
1885. Also, in October, 1886, sixty
bushels of mangolds and carrots were
taken from the same plot. The picking
began on the 19tli of June, and closed
on the 20th of July. Rain, in abund-
ance and at right times, greatly helped.
I have tried to secure a second large
crop from the same plot, but have not
succeeded. The vines seemed to have
exhausted either themselves or the soil,
and weeds and grass, and especially the
white clover — about the worst of weeds
among strawberries — seeni to spring up
spontaneously, as if for spite. So that
I strongly incline to be satisfied with
the one big crop, and the few produced
the year of planting, and tui-n all under
after the second year.

J. B. Ayleworth, CoUiiigwood.

SMALL FRUIT NOTES,

Berry Boxes. — The Fruit Exchange,
Benton Harbor, Michigan, has adopted
the following sizes for their berry boxes
for 1887.

Quart Boxes ; 5 inches square and
2}^ inches deep, containing 67 cubic
inches, or a full quart.

Pint Boxes ; same size square as the
quart, and half as deep, to hold a full
])int.

We would suggest the wisdom of the
menibei's of our Association agreeing
together to accei)t some uniform size in
berry boxes, and certainly quarts and
half quarts are the most sensible sizes.

Marketing. — A writer in Tennessee
Messenger says the best way of selling
our fi'uits is to induce the fruit buytsrs
who speculate in fruit to come to our
shipping points and there purchase
direct from the growers, instead of from
commission men in the towns. This
method is practised in the peach busi-
ness in New Jersey and Maryland.

Fay's Currant. — Mr. Geo. Josselyn,
Fredonia, N. Y., states in his spring
circular, that he has already paid the
estate of Lincoln Fay over $22,000 in
cash, as their share from his sales of
Fay's Prolific, which he considers worth
noticing, as the first instance in which
the originator has received anything
like a decent compensation for a good
new fruit.

Overdone. — R. F. Schumacher says
in Ohio Farmer, that small-fruit grow-
ing is overdone ; and that wheat and
potato growing is the more profitable
of the two. He had to sell his straw-
berries at 3 cents a quart in Cleveland,
and his grapes at 1| cents a pound. No
wonder he is sick of the business.

The Jewell Strawberry has so many ])oints
of excellence that one reads with regret
the statement in the Orchard and Gar-
den that it is a poor grower. Who has
tested it thoroughly in Canada?

Minnewaski Blackberry. — W. A. Brown,
Benton Harbor, Mich., considei's this
a very promising blackberry. He says
he has not yet tested its general hardi-
ness, but has faith in its success.

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTUBI8T.

95

USES OF FRUITS.

. Fruit Eaters and Doctors. — We were
struck recently by the remarks of a
doctor friend of ours, who said no one
thing will do so much to make ]>eople
independent of the medical profession
as the daily free use of fruit. He had-
noticed that those farmers in whose
families fruit was regularly and hirgely
consumed seldom needed his services.
We thought what a pity that every
farmer in the land could not be con-
vinced of these truths. It is a deplor-
able fact that farmers' families do not
enjoy that robust health that country
air and out- door life, with i)lenty of
exercise, should give. — Rural New
Yorker.

ickntific.

Useful Fungi. — Among the numerous
forms of fungus which live upon higher
plants (many of which are so detrimen-
tal to their hosts) are some, it is now
believed, which live with these on
terms of mutual assistance. Frank
found that the young root-points of
some English forest trees, as the beech
and the oak, are covered with a coating
of fungus (probably belonging to the
truffle or allied family), which seems
to help in the nutrition of those trees.
Another interesting case is that of
fungi which live with orchids, and
whose mode of propagation has lately
been established by Herr Wahrlich.

To Escape Yellows. — Mr. Hiller, in the
Gardener's Monthly, advises planting
peach trees that are budded on plum
roots, as a means of escaping the Yel-
low. He thinks that the roots of old
peach trees, that have died of this dis-
ease, retain it a long time in the soil,
and from them it attacks the newly-
planted peach trees. The editor fur-
ther contends in favor of the view that
the Yellows comes primarily from the

attack of a fungus — the myceliumi of a
species of Agaric — upon the roots of
the ))each. If this is the case, plum
budded peach trees should escape the
disease.

Sebtcl\3

We will (jladly give our candid opinion of any books,
maoaziiies or catalogues received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but will not insert cut and dried reading
notices in fav^r of any publication whatever.

High Class Fertilizers, manufactured by
the Standard Fertilizer and Chemical
Co., Smiths Falls, Ont.

One of the most important questions
at present before us as fruit gi'owers. is
an abundant supply of suitable fertil-
izers for our orchards and gardens. The
discovery of those exhaustless phos-
phate mines, of which Mr. Buck's arti-
cle in the February No. treats, and of
extensive stores of kainit (containing
potash) in France, all help to encoui'-
age our hopes of a plentiful and cheap
supply of these essential manures.

Messrs. Brodie and Harvie offer in
their pamphlet a special fruil tree fertil-
izer, of which they say about 600 lbs.
per acre should be used ; and for a
peach orchard about five or six pounds
per tree. The guaranteed analysis of
this is claimed to be : Ammonia, 2 to 3
per cent. ; Phosphoric Acid (soluble and
precipitated), 8 to 10 pei- cent. ; Pot-
ash (actual), 8 to 10 per cent. ; Mag-
nesia, Lime, Soda, &c. The Company
claim that their fertilizers are no mys-
terious mixtures of nondescript ma-
terials, but are manufactured on scien-
tific i)riuciples from materials which
ai-e open to inspection.

KEPOtlTS.

Studies in Practical Agriculture, i)ublishod

by Cornell University, and for sale by
Andrus and Church, Ithaca, N. Y.
Price 50 cents.

96

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Report on the Fungus Diseases of the Grape
Vine, by F. Lawson Scribner, B.Sc.

This is a most excellent work issued
by tlie United States Department of
Agriculture. It treats of the l,)owny
Mildew, the Powdery Mildew, the
Black Rot, Anthracnose, Grape-leaf
Blight, and Grape-leaf Spot. It is il-
lustrated with seven colored plates, and
conipi-eliends a thorough investigation
of these fungi, with best known reme-
dies. Later in the season we shall give
our readers the benefit of the infoi-ma-
tion it contains, so far as it applies to
Canada.

Report of the Summit Co. (Ohio) Agricultu-
ral Society, 1886, Mr. Crawford, Cuya-
hoga Falls, Secretary.

Columbus (Ohio) Horticultural Society. Re-
port for 188G. W. S. Devol, Sec.

Industrial Exhibition Society of Toronto.
Reports for 188(5; Directors and Com-
mittees for 1887. H. J. Hill, Toronto,
Secretary.

Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ca-
nada. Prof. Wui. Saunders, Director.
Bulletin No. 1.

This is of general interest, and may
be had on ap})lication, free.

CATALOGUES.

Lovett's Guide to Fruit Culture, Spring,
1887. Published by J. T. Lovett,
Little Silver, N. J.

This is not only packed full of cuts
and descriptions of fruits, new and old,
but contains also eight colored plates.

Seed Catalogue, 1887. Wm. Rennie,
Toronto.

A splendid catalogue of 72 pages ;
free on application. Mr. Rennie evi-
dently makes a specialty of select vege-
table seeds.

Choice Seeds and Plants offered by Dob-
bie & Co., Seed Gi'owers, Seed Mer-

chants, and Florists, Rothesay, Scot.,
1887. Ninety pages, too full of solid
matter to allow room for many illus-
trations.

Small Fruit Plants and Grape Vines,
1887. T. C. Robinson, Owen Sound,
Ont.

Seed Catalogue, comprising Garden,
Field, and Flower Seeds,- Fruit Trees,
<fec,, 1887. J. D. Roberts, Cobourg,
Ont.

J. S. Pearce &. Co., successors to Pearce,
Weld &, Co. Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, 1887.

PRICE LISTS.

Price List Niagara Falls Nurseries. E.
Morden, Niagara Falls South, Ont.

Mr. Morden is a practical grower of
small fruits for market, and therefore
naturally offers for sale those varieties
which he himself finds most profitable.
His pi'ices are very reasonable.

Price List of Evergreens, Roses, Cle-
matis, Sic, for sale by A. Gilchrist,
Flora Road, Guelph, Ont.

Mr. Gilchrist makes a specialty of
growing evei'greens from seed.

^)xim0r0U0.

A little Danbury girl, when asked by her
mother about conspicuous little bites
in the side of a dozen choice apples,
answered : " Perhaps, mamma, they
may have been frost bitten, it was so
cold last night." — Danhury News.

A Gentleman was agreeably surprised to
find a plump turkey served up for his
dinner, and inquired of his servants
how it was obtained. " Why, sah,"
replied Sambo, "dat turkey war roostiu'
on our fence frea nights, so dis mawnin'
I seize him for de rent ob de fence." —
National Standard.

PRINTED AT THK STFAM PRESS K.STABLISHMKNT OK THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TOaONTO.

N

i

Jmmmm iiiniii'iinicouiiiiiiiuiiyiji iijmnyi Hjjii ^

iE(»HOI(;ENEWEAIU.Y
WHITE GRAPE.

OORE'S DIAMOND

From seed of Concord, fertilized wWi
[ona, by JACOB MOORE, Esq.,ofBngn-
•on, N. Y. (the well-known originator ot
•he "Brighton" Grape and other new
Iruits), who considers this the most valu-
i)le variety he has ever produced, in
vigor of growth, color and texture, foli-
age and hardiness of vine, it partakes oi
t£e nature of its parent, Concord ; whW
in quality the fruit is equal to many of tM
best tender sorts, and ripens from twou>
four weeks earlier than Concord.

Zhe

CanaMan

Iborticulturiet

Published at yoi\ONTo and Gi^imsby, Ont.
OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

MAY,. 1 88 ;

[No.

Jfrmts.

LEADING VARIETIES OF WHITE GRAPES.

It is with pleasure that we chronicle
any successful effort towards the im-
provement of tho.se classes of grapes
which can be grown in Canada ; for if
we can succeed in producing a grape of
sufficient excellence in quality, we shall
find an unlimited foreign market. The
English people have a strong prejudice
against the foxy flavor of the Labrusca
family to which our leading grapes
belong, and if we can succeed in obtain-
ing a productive variety from which
this is more or less eliminated, we shall
find grape culture suddenly advancing
toward the front rank among our most
profitable industries.

Only a few years ago, and the He-
becca was about the only white grape
of any importance. It is a delicious
grape and still deserves a place in the

amateur's garden, but it is not popular
for market culture.

The Niagara has distanced all its
competitors in general popularity.
The vine is a strong grower and veiy
productive, the fruit is large and showy,
all qualities most desired in a market
grape : but, nevertheless connoisseurs
would pay a higher price for a grape
lacking its foxiness, should we ever be
favored with one anywhere nearly its
equal in other respects.

The PockliiKjton is a little hardier
than the Niagara, a shade better in
quality, and, when well ripened, is as
attractive in appearance ; but it is later,
and consequently fiiils to ripen in Can-
ada except in the most favored sections.

The Lady is a very nice early white
grape, the vine is hardy and vigorous,
and is worthy of limited cultivation in
Canada. It is especially desirable for
the home garden. This should not be

98

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

confounded Avith the Lady "Washington,
a noble grape where it succeeds, but
not early enough to ripen well in this
climate.
Of the

NEWER WHITE GRAPES

The Errfpire State has already at-
tained considerable prominence. It is
a cross between the Hartford and the
Clinton, and ripens about with the
former. The berries ai-e a little smaller
than those of the Niagai-a,but pleasanter
to the taste being less foxy, just as juicy,
and of a rich, sweet and sprightly
flavor.

Jessica is a Canadian seedling, and
is highly commended. It is claimed to
be excellent in quality, hardy, and as
early as the Champion.

And now we have before us a new
claimant for popular favor, and one
which boldly aspires to a leading place
among our best white grapes viz : —

Moore's Diamond, which is re-
presented in the colored plate. It is
one of a lot of 2500 seedlings raised by
Jacob Moore, of Brighton, N. Y., and
is a cross between the Concord and the
lona. Its introducers speak of it as
follows :

"It is a prolific bearer, producing
large, handsome, compact bunches,
slightly shouldered. The color is a
delicate greenish white, with a rich yel-
.low tinge when fully ripe ; skin smooth
and entirely fi-ee from the brown specks
or dots which characterize many of the
new white varieties ; very few seeds,
juicy and almost entirely free from
pulp, which makes it almost transparent
when held up to the light. Berry about
the size of the Concord, and adheres
firmly to the stem.

In quality, no other white grape in
the market can compare with it. It is
as much superior to the other leading
white grapes as the Brighton is superior
to Concord. In fact we believe that

nurserymen and fruit growers will find
in this grape what they have been so
long looking for, a hardy early and pro-
lific white grape of fine quality."

All this however must be taken cum
grano salis, until we have ourselves
tested it in Canada, and are in a posi-
tion either to deny or confirm it.
Should it prove of excellent quality,
and two or three weeks earlier than
the Concord, and hardy withal, we
shall certainly welcome it into our
Canadian Vineyards.

TOP-GRAFTING OLD TREES.

Mr. John Croil, of Aultsville, writes
lis the following letter on this subject :

" Sir : — I enclose an article from the
pen of Mr. James Dougall, which ajj-
peared in the Montreal Witness some
years ago. While I agree on the main
with some opinions expressed in the
the January number of the Horticul-
turist, that the Snow Apple and other
pestilence breeding kinds should be cut
down and burned, when there is a large
proportion of such trees in an orchard,
Mr. Dougall's plan, I think, might
restore the trees to healthy productive-
ness without disfiguring the orchard.
He claims for it the advantage that it
removes the risk of moisture getting in
at the cleft, when the grafting wax
comes off, which it generally does, caus-
ing often decay, and the death if not of
the tree, at least of the grafted branch."

The article referred to advises the
following plan : —

" Very late in winter or very early
in spring before vegetation has com-
menced in the least, saw off the main
branches of the tree all over so as to
form a symmetrical head, cutting clean
out all small or badly placed branches.
A very fine pruning saw should be
used and the cut should be made slant-
ing so as to throw the water off. The
wounds could be painted over with gum

THE CAXADIAN HCATICULTCRIST.

99

shellac dissolved iu alcohol or white
paint, but if a fine saw is used it will
not require painting. Shoots will spring
up in abundance from the stub of the
branch left, which should be about fif-
teen or eighteen inches long, and these
may be budded at the proper season.

This is a good plan, and quite practi-
cable by any one who understands the
simple art of budding ; but a still bet-
ter method of renewing old trees has
been suggested by the Rural Xew Yorker
and by favour of the Editor we are
enabled to give our readers the follow-
ing description of it with an excellent
illustration.

KAFriNG.

" The following is an easy and effective
method of grafting old trees. By it the
percentage of failui-e is reduced to a
minimum, and branches at least six
inches in diameter, and, in the case of

pear trees 75 years old, may be worked
with assured success. Last year we
mentioned the case of such a pear hav-
ing been grafted two years before with
the Kieffer, that gave a full crop last
fall. Saw off the branch at right angles
to the stem to be grafted, as at Fig. 162

a. Then cut a clean slit in the bark
through to the wood, as shown — a slit
the same as in budding. Separate the
bark from the wood and insert the cion

b, one for each slit. The number of slits
for each stock will be determined by its
size. We will suppose the stock illus-
trated to be six inches in diameter, and
that six cions are to be inserted. The
stock after x-eceiving the six cions is
shown at c. Gi-afting wax is not needed.
A thick paper may be wound about the
top of the stock extending about one
inch above it and securely tied with
strong twine, as shown at d. The space
above the stock encircled by the inch
uf paper may then be filled to the top
of the paper with a puddle of soil and
water, made so thin that it can be
readily poured from any suitable vessel.
This mud protects the surface of the
wood of the stock, and excludes the aii"
from the insertions. It gives every ad-
vantage of v/ax without its objections.
Of course, stocks of any size may be
worked in this way. One, two, or any
number of cions may be inserted ac-
cordino; to the size of the stock."

EXPERIENCE WITH GRAPES.

W. M. ROBaOS, LINDSAY.

Sir, — I was much pleased with Mr.
J. H. Wismer's description of the Chi-
nese Pceony in February Number. It
was short, captivating, and con\'incing.
Its special merits seem great enough to
create a desire to become a possessor of
this beautiful perennial. But I was
soi-ry to hear the unfavorable report of
the Prentiss Grape received from the
Association ; for with me in Lindsay,
among my different kinds, which num-
ber in the teens, it has been my special

100

THK CANADIAN H0RriCULTCKI8T.

pride and pleasure to show friends and
visitors this grape. About four years
ago I planted this and a few others,
then new kinds, including Lady Wash-
ington, Duchess, Jeflferson, Brighton,
Moore's Early, and lona. They have
all grown luxuriantly and fruited very
well the last two seasons. But of
white grapes the Prentiss has been
my favorite — the bunches are so at-
tractive, uniform and compact. The
quality, I think, may be classed
among the best, and just early enough
to ripen its fruit here. In my opinion
the famed Niagara has in this no mean
competitor for first place among white
o-rapes. Right alongside of this vine I
have a rampant growing vine with
heavy foliage and beautiful name, Lady
Washington. Visitors are surprised ;
we are all surprised at the large double
shouldered bunches. They look magni-
ficent, if they would only ripen ; but
they have not for the past two seasons,
and I am afraid they will not be a suc-
cess in Lindsay. One more notice, only
a black grape, and last but not least, in
berry or reputation. I refer to Moore's
Earlv. I think it one of the best
black grapes for our section, being
early, large, and good in quality, which
are very desirable points ; and I ven-
ture to predict extensive planting of
this vine in localities where early
ripening is a necessity.

The preceding is one moi-e addition
to the diversified experience of grape
crrowino', I hope tending to give zest
to the work, and a stimulus for emu-
lation in this our labour of love.

FERTILIZERS.

Nitrate of Soda. — Orchard and
Garden says : — We have found nitrate
of soda to be a most excellent thing in
its place. In combination with com-
plete fertilizers it has given astonishing
results, even on poor, sandy soil. Its
efiect on certain garden crops is often

magical. But our friends should not
be deceived to suppose that it answers
all the purposes of a complete fertilizer.
Its proper place is on already rich gar-
den soils, and for early vegetables,
especially such as are grown for their
leaves or their stalks, like lettuce, cab-
bages, aspai-agus, or for their succulent
bulbs, like radishes, beets, onions, etc.
Nitrate of soda, however, seems to have
but little efiect on potatoes (except,
perhaps, to help in pushing them for
earliness), on peas and beans. Nitrate
of soda may be purchased from almost
any dealer in fertilizers, at perhaps less
than $50 per ton, and at this rate it
is one of the cheapest fertilizing mate-
rials obtainable for the ])urposes men-
tioned. JNIarket gardeners should not
fail test its virtues.

Fertilizers for the Peach. — At
the February meeting of the Missis-
sippi Horticultural Society, at Crystal
Springs, Mr. J. M. McNeill read an
interesting paper on The Peach. Speak-
ing of the best fertilizers, he said : —
The analysis of the peach shows that
the wood contains from 56 to 62 per
cent, of potash, lime and phosphate of
lime, the constituent portions being
about two thirds lime and phosphate of
lime, to one-third of potash. Guided
by this analysis, some experienced fruit
growers have advised the use of kainit
at the rate of 500 or 600 pounds to the
acre, sown broadcast during the win-
ter. Afterward, lime and bone dust,
or ground bone. Now, to supply the
soil for peach trees with a siifiiciency
of humus, which is very much needed
in most of our orchards, there is nothing
better than to sow field peas broadcast,
and after maturity of the peas to place
the vines under. If such orchards could
have a good supply of unleached ashes
once a year, even without the kainit,
we believe it would be attended with
the best results as to the growth and
the life of the tree, and crops of fruit.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

101

This is our experience with those trees
upon which we have tried it.

The President, Mr. H. E. McKay,
said : —

x^SHES AND BONE DUST, wet and left
in a pile a few weeks before planting,
was shown to be an excellent fertilizer
for corn or any other crop. In throwing
it in a pile on the ground it may be cov-
ered with earth to fix any ammonia that
may be released by the action of the
ashes.

Lime and salt mixed in a pile in the
same way and left two months makes a
fine fertilize)'.

HORTICULTURAL.
HARDY APPLES.

Dr. Hoskins a famous orebardist in
Vei'niont, says in Tlte American Gar-
den, that there is a class of apples
between the more tender sorts, and
the two iron-clads, which ai'e worthy
of attention by those who live on the
Vjorder between the Baldwin zone, and
the cold north. This region crosses
ISTew England and the maritime pro-
vinces, touching as far north as Mon-
treal.

The kinds are Pted Asti-acan, Yellow
Transpai'ent, Oldenburgh, St Lawrence,
Fameuse, or where this spots, the Shia-
wassee Beauty, known also as Fall
Queen, a large brilliant red fall apple,
Nodhead, Tinmouth, Northern Spy,
McLellan, and Westfield Seek-no-
farther.

The Westfield Seek-no-farther, with
us, has proved rather a poor grower,
and we would venture to substitute
the American Golden Busset as more
desirable as an all-winter apple. And
among the fall apples we would sub-
stitiite the Alexander for the St Law-
rence. We have not tried the Nod-
head or the Tinmouth.

PEACH YELLOWS.

Now that peach growers in Canada
have some reasonable expectation of

crops of this fruit, they will be pleased
to know of any means to help the
thrift of their trees. The failure of the
last few years has led to such general
neglect of the peach orchards, that no
more unsightly trees can be found, and
they are, in many cases, but an eyesore
to their owners.

The Yellows, which has been so long
known in New Jersey has in latter
years invaded Canada, and in some
cases cleai'ed out whole orchards. So
far, the only cure has been " Cut down
and bui-n," but now we hear that pot-
ash fertilizers are an antidote. Well,
if so, we in Canada may easily keep
clear of this disease, for wood ashes are
abundant, and are easily applied.

(Small ^xnxts.

TRAINING THE RASPBERRY.

BY SIMON" ROY, BERLIN', ON'T.

The usual practice in training the
raspberry in the well kept gardens of
the wealthy classes in Scotland, which
are under the management of compe-
tent superintendents, is what may be
termed the pillar-and-arch system.

The rows are planted at about 6 ft.
apart, and at about 3 ft. apart in the
rows, and the plants in the two rows
opposite to each other. A portion of
the canes (not more than thx-ee) are
selected to form the pillar on the out-
side of the rows, and cut back to a
uniform and desired height. The re-
maining canes are bent from each side
and tied together in the centre, thus to
form the arch or tunnel as you may
call it, and the whole when finished
will present an unique and artistic
appearance.

The advantages of the above mode
of culture are apparent, a large and
economic surface to sun light and heat,
thereby pi-oducing finer fruit and in
greater abundance than can be effected

102

THE CANADIAN HOKTICDLTDRI8T.

by any other system ; a better chance
for the management of the young canes,
as being more easily separated, and for
cutting out the old wood, which should
be done immediately after the fruiting
season is over.

The ground may be cultivated at
any time prev-ious to getting the canes
again into position.

The slip-shod style of growing rasp-
berries on the hedgerow system as
practised in this country I fail to see
the philosophy of. The fruit is cer-
tainly not as good as it might be from
the fact that the canes are too much
crowded together, and to keep the rows
clear of thistles, quick grass, weeds, and
other obnoxious seeds must be rather
a tedious operation.

In either systems I fail to see any
difference in so far as the cultivation
and the gathering of the crop concerned.

The varieties usually in cultivation
in Western Europe are the Red and
White Antwerp, which are well adapted
for training on the pillar-and-arch sys-
tems ; but I find that our native cul-
tivated varieties, both red and black of
robust growth, are equally as well adapt-
ed for training on the same system.

SMALL FRUIT NOTES.

Jewell Strawberry. Sir : — In re-
ply to your note in Horticultvrist, re-
garding Jewell Strawberry, I would say
that with me it is a very strong grower.
I have no variety on my place that
makes such large, strong plants, but it
makes very few of them, hence it will
be little trouble to keep it within
bounds. W. W. Hilbokn, Arkona, Ont.

Sir : — I cannot let the assertion go
foi'tli that the Jewell is a poor grower.
I had it before it was offered for sale.
It is a healthy plant, vigorous grower,
more so than Sharpless ; berries are of
the largest size ; very productive ; the

only fault (and is a good plant that has
none) it makes but few runnei-s.

JoH!f Little, Granton, Ont.

The Logan is a new seedling straw-
beny of Mr. J. H. Haynes, Delphi,
Indiana. He writes that indications
are that it will prove the best yet of-
fered.

The Erie Blackberry. Sir : — I
notice on page 76 of the Horticulturist
for this month, a request for the ex-
perience of any one who has given the
Erie Blackberry a trial. I had the first
plant in Canada, from the person who
sold the stock to the person who now
offers it for sale. I got the plant in the
spring of '84. It is a good grower, but
it has been killed every year to the snow
line. I have not seen a berry yet, and
don't expect to here. It may do bet-
ter in more favoured localities. At the
same time I bought two dozen of the
Early Cluster at $6, and one dozen of
Stayman's Early, $6. They are just as
worthless as the former, notwithstand-
ing all the extravagant recommenda-
tions they have had.

John Little, Granton, Ont.

A Quart Box. Sir : — On page 94
(March number), I find it stated that
67 cubic inches is a full quart. This is
not quite correct. The Imperial quai-t
contains 69 "3 18 . . cubic inches.

Thos. Beall, Lindsay.

Big Strawberries and lots of them.
— Whether we are growing them for
family use or for market, the question is,
how can we have them, and from years of
experience, while we know that often-
times satisfactory and paying crops can
be grown under almost any system of
culture aiid on any soil, yet to have
" big berries and lots of them," we must
give up our old and slipshod methods
of culture, and give only the best and
most thorough care from beginning to
end. This does not necessarilv mean
being at any great expense either in

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

103

cash or extra labor ; it simply means
doing thv very best we can with the means
at our disposal

Good corn or wheat land (which can
be found on any farm), plowed deep
and followed by a sub-soil plow, if pos-
sible, is the first essential. Give the
land a liberal manuring on the sur-
face after plowing, with raw ground
bone and wood-ashes, if they are
to be had, if not, muriate of potash ;
from 400 to 600 pounds of the pot-
ash, and from 1,200 to 2,000 pounds of
bone per acre, the quantity depend-
ing somewhat upon the natural fertility
of the soil. "Whatever manure is used
it should be thoroughly harrowed in,
to prepare the ground for planting,
which should be done in early Fall or
very early Spring. Plant only the
most approved varieties, young, thrifty,
well-rooted plants, propagated with care
fi'om Pedigree Stock (never using plants
from old and wornout fruiting beds) ;
and give good, clean culture at all times,
remembering that it is much cheaper
and easier to hoe a field three iirnes a
month than it is once.

Use a mulch of some sort, to give win-
ter protection and to keep ground moist
and fruit clean in Summer, and irri-
gation, if possible. The foregoing
general rules, only fairly well carried
out, will in most eases, give "big berries
and lots of them," at a less cost than a
small amount of inferior fruit can be
grown for under a less thorough system
of culture. — J. H. Hale in Wine and
Fruit Grower.

^rkntific.

THE APPLE SCAB.

(Fu-gicladium dendrificuni.)

It is high time that we in Canada
were awake to the impoi-tance of com-
batting this dangerous scourge of our
apple orchards. Every year this fungus

is gaining ground upon us, and threatens
the total ruin of the apple crop, which
has been the pride of Western Ontario.
^N'ew York State, Michigan and Wis-
consin are equally affected, and a Prof.
Arthur in New York, and a Prof.
Trelease in Wisconsin, is earnestly
studying out its nature, and the best
possible remedies ; who in Canada will
befriend our Horticulturists by careful
experiment.

One of the most interesting reports
we have received is one kindly sent us
by Mr. Frazer S. Crawford, of Adelaide,
South Australia, on the opportune sub-
ject of the Fusicladia. The name Fusi-
cladium is applied by scientists to that
genus of the family of Black Moulds,
known generally in Canada as the apple
scab, pear scab, and apple leaf blight.
We have known it in Canada since
about the year 1865, but we then paid
little attention to it, supposing that it
was only a temporary evil.

KINDS AFFECTED.

It began with the Fall Pijypin, our
very best fall apple, and in a few years
so ruined the fruit that it was utterly
worthless for shipping. Not only that,
but the trees themselves seem injured
by it, and have ceased to bear their
usual crops of fruit.

Since that time the Fameuse, Early
Harvest, Rambo, and Newtown Pijypin,
have shared the same fate. Even in
the northern sections, as appears from
Mr. Croil's paper read at the Chatham
meeting, where the Fameuse has been
so fair and clean, the same sad story
reaches us.

The Spitzenburg and Baldwin, thow^
less disfigured by the spot, have borne
very scant crops for three or four years
past, and what little they have yielded
has been small and misshapen.

Some four or five years ago we found
some Greenings slightly affected. Now,
the fruit on those trees is almost as bad
as that of the Fall Pippin.

104

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

According to Prof. Penhallow, of
Quebec, 90 per cent, of the fruit of the
Walbridge apple was worthless from the
scab last year in that province. And
now, with great dismay, we notice that
it is attacking our favorite apple, the
beautiful Northern Spy.

THE FUSICLADIUM

is a parasitic fungus — that is, it belongs
to that class which preys upon living
substances, and not upon dead matter,
like the mushroom ; and in order that
no confusion of terms may arise, Mr.
Crawford advises horticulturists the
world over to call it, not spot, rust,
scab, or mildew, but Fusicladium.

The plant, for such it really is, is so
minute, that it can only be examined
by a good lens, and the seed spores are
so very tiny that Prof. Crawford tells
us it would take 3,200, side by side, to
reach one inch. How these seed spores
are preserved through the winter, is
still an open question, but such minute
bodies would easily be carried about in
the air in early spring, and settling upon
a leaf or young apple begin quickly to
germinate in favorable weather. The
spore sends out a slender tube, which,
according to Prof. Trelease, of Wiscon-
sin, is probably able to pierce the skin
of the leaf. In case of the apple itself,
he thinks it might find entrance through
one of the little dots, for over it the
outer skin is often s|)lit. As soon as
it sTfiins entrance, this tube begins to
l>ranch out, and tlnis form the myce-
lium, or that part which corresponds to
roots, and this, as it grows, burst open
the epidermis, or outer skin, and throws
up little brown threads, or stems. These
grow up to a certain height, and each
produces a single spore.

We copy from the plates in Mr.
Crawford's Report the illustrations
shown below, which may help our
readers to undei'stand the growth of this
fundus.

Fig. 1 represents a section of the
apple scab magnified 200 diameters ;

— Section of an apple scab.

a section of an apple leaf

Fio. 1

and Fig. 2

through a very small spot, also magnified

200 diameters. The spots upon the apple

Fig. 2.— Very small leaf spot.

leaf appear on the surface, somewhat as
is shown in Fig. 3, and soon the part
tui-ns black, or, if badly affected, the leaf

Fig. 3.— Leaf affected bj- Fusicladium.

drops off. Last summer the apple tree
leaves blighted so seriously in the Nia-
gara District as to almost strip the trees,
and much of the fruit fell with them.
Many attributed this to the use of Paris
Green, but it was particularly observed
by the wr-iter that the leaves shrivelled
and fell just as badly in orchards that
had not been treated with the poison,
so that it could not have been due to
its use. This occurred in the month of
June, when the apples were about as
large as marbles. Further investigation
will determine whether it is entirely
owing to the spread of Fusicladium.

REMEDIES PROPOSED.

All remedies so far tried in Australia

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

105

seem to have failed, such as spraying
with sohitions of caustic soda, carbolic
acid, or sulphur in water. Some of us
in Canada faithfully tried the sulphur
several years ago, at the suggestion of
Prof. Saunders, without the least effect ;
but' we neglected, at least the writer
did, to try anotlier remedy which he
proposed, and which has since been
tried with some success at the experi-
ment station at Geneva, N. Y., viz. :
spraying the trees w^ith a solution of
hyposulphite of soda in water, in the
proportion of one pound to ten gallons
of water.

It was ap[)lied on the 5th, 9th and 15th
of May, with good i-esults. It was found
that the percentage of uninjured fruits
on the syringed portions of the trees
was much greater than that upon the
unsyringed portion ; and also that the
fruit was of a larger size. The hypo-
sulphite of soda might perhaps be
thrown into the barrel of Paris Green
water as used for spraying the Codlin
Moth, and thus a saving of time and
labor be effected.

We have occupied more space with
this subject than we intended, but we
hope for pardon because of its import-
ance just at this season ; trusting that
it may lead our horticulturists generally
to experiment carefully with the remedy
pi'oposed, and report to us their success
or failure, in the interests of one of the
most important industries of our Pro-
vince.

SOME INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES.

For convenience of reference, we
mention here a few insecticides, which
may be of great service to our readei-s
during the coming summer.

(1) Codlin Moth. — Spray trees with
Paris green and water. Mr. James
Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, ad-
vises the proportion of one tablespoon-
ful to 40 ixals. of water. Paris green

is a combination of arsenic and copper,
and if too strong burns the foliage.

London purple, which is preferred
by some, is an arseniate of lime, is moi-e
soluble in water and less poisonous.
Prof. Riley prescribes London purple,
^ lb. ; cheap flour, 3 qts. ; water, 40
gallons. The flour, and then the pur-
ple, are to be washed through a fine
sieve, at bottom of an iron funnel.
Then add the water.

Apply just after the flowers have
fallen.

(2) CuECULio. — Spray trees with
either of above mixtures. A kerosene
emulsion is also commended by Prof.
Piley, using kerosene, 2 gals. ; water, 1
gal. ; strong soap, -| lb. ' Mix hot and
and churn five minutes, then add nine
times the quantity of water.

(3) Caterpillar on Cabbage. — Py-
rethrum, or Persian insect powder, ^
oz. to pail of water. This powder is
harmless to vegetation, and compara-
tively so to human beings.

(4) Aphis on Cherry, etc. — Pyre-
thrum powder, 2 oz. to gal. of water.

Or kerosene emulsion, as in No. 2.

(5) Downy Mildew on Grapes. —
The following is recommended as the
most effective prepai-ation in use, viz.,
18 lbs. sulphate of copper dissolved in
22 gals, of water, mixed with 31: lbs.
of lime, dissolved in 6J gals, of water.
Apply with a whisk.

Another and simpler remedy, used
with great success in France, is the
following : Dissolve 2| lbs. of sulphuret
of potassium in 4 gals, of boiling water ;
dilute with 40 gals, of cold water and
strain. Spray the vines by means of a
hand pump before blossoming time.

(6) Powdery Mildew. — Dust with
flour of sulphur on first appearance.

(7) Grape Rot. — Prof. Scribner, of
Washington, advises, as follows : —
" Promptly remove, burn or bury all
affected berries or leaves. Do this
year after year, and the disease may at

106

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTURI8T.

last be wiped out. Protection from
rain and dew is also a preventive. The
rot spores do not germinate in dry
weather. Bagging, if done early, al-
most always protects the berries from
rot."

M. Crawford writes, in Wine dc Fruit
Grower, I have reason to believe that
copperas is a preventive of the grape
rot. In a small vineyard in Massillon,
Ohio, where a quart to the square rod
has been sown in July for three years,
there has been no rot, while other
grapes in the same neighborhood have
rotted more or less every year. They
formerly rotted in this vineyard.

(8) Destroying Thrips. — A corre-
spondent of the Gardener' s Monthly
describes his mode of destroying the
thrips on his vines. After using helle-
boi-e with partial success, he employed
burning kerosene, using a wire cup
with a long ii-on handle, placing in it
paper saturated with kerosene, which
was ignited and passed rapidly and
carefully over the foliage, avoiding the
fruit. This was found the most effici-
ent way of destroying the thrips.

(9) Rose Mildew. — Jean Sisley, of
Lyons, France, the celebrated rosarian,
says that about six pounds of salt to
one hundred quarts of water has been
found a complete cure for mildew and
other low cryptogamic forms of plant
life.

A Commendation. Sir: — Your publica-
tion is becoming inci'easingly interest-
ing, each succeeding issue apparently
outdoing its predecessor in interest and
value to the orchax'dist, the landscape
gardener, and the florist.
Wishing you every success,

I remain, very truly yours,

Robert Harrison.

Belfast P.O., Huron Co., Out.,
April, 1887.

Jflctoers.

PANSIES.
Fit emblem of a kingly race,
You bear your heads with regal grace,
Yet show withal a modest face,

0, royal purple pansies !

You turn my thoughts to childhood's hours ;
We had a garden then of flowers.
Gay and bright with rosy bowers,

And beds of golden pansies.

0, we were happy children then
Roaming wild through wood and glen,
Baby-faces we called them then,

These blue and yellow pansies.

They were our mother's favourites too,
Royal purple, and brown and blue.
Velvety black and yellow too,

And dainty pure white pansies.

We have left the homestead many a year.
That garden's but a memory dear,
That comes before me bright and clear.
Whenever I see pansies.
Hilda B. Monty, in Jlie Mayflower.

THE GLADIOLUS.

BT HERMANN SIMMERS, TORONTO, ONT.

I WOULD again remind the readers of
The Horticulturist of the necessity of
planting this beautiful variety of bulbs
during the present month, the proper
date being from middle to the end of
May. Plant the bulbs two inches be-
low the surface of the ground, in thor-
oughly well manured soil ; if inclined
to be sandy, it is all the better suited

THE CANADIAN HORT10DLTUR16T.

lOT

to them, as they are not inclined to rot
so much as if planted in heavy soil.
The bulbs sometimes are started or
sprouted in a hot-bed, and then planted
in the open ground to insure earlier
bloom ; but my experience leads me to
think they are just as well if planted
directly in the open ground.

I have tried several experiments in
order to secure larger bloom, and the
best article for that purpose, and the
one that causes the least ti-ouble, is
" Bowker's Ammoniated Food for
Flowers," a preparation which is di-
luted in water — one teaspoonful of the
powder to a gallon of water. As a rule
many people select the largest bulbs,
but generally speaking they turn out
to be the ordinary Red Gladioli, while
some of the smaller bulbs produce va-
ried colours and are by far the hand-
somer. Do not be misled into thinking
this is the case in every variety, for
several of them have extremely lai-ge
bulbs and very handsome spikes of
bloom. Gladioli are best suited for
centres of flower beds, or for back-
grounds, as they grow to a height of
from two to two and a-half feet, tower-
ing above the other plants. When
flowering, nothing is more satisfactory
than the Gladiolus ; the beautiful exact
markings of the flower, streaks, and
blotches, place it amongst the leading
bulbs for any flower garden. A word
here for the amateur who wishes to
lengthen the duration of its bloom :
When the Gladiolus approaches bloom-
ing, as soon as the bottom flower opens
out, cut the stem oS" and place it in
water, where it will open the balance
of the buds and continue much longer
in flower than it would were it allowed
to remain on the plant. I have tested
this, and can vouch for its being satis-
factoiy, as I handle probably the largest
quantity in Canada, and thei'efore re-
quire some means of extending the
duration of its bloom.

THE GL.VDIOLUS.

108

THE CANADIAN HUKTICDLTURTST.

HINTS ON THE FORMATION AND IMPROVE-
MENT OF GARDEN LAWNS, CROQUET
GROUNDS, CRICKET GROUNDS, TENNIS
LAWNS, ETC.

BT JOHN A. BRIX'K, HAMILTON.

In the tii-st place, careful preparation
of the ground proposed to be laid down
to turf is necessary. This should be
commenced in the autumn by draining,
if found requisite, and digging to the
depth of six to twelve inches, according
to the nature of the soil. When this
has been done, the land should be
levelled and made firm with the spade
and subsequently raked, to remove
stones, etc. Should the natural soil be
too stony, it will be advisable to pro-
cui*e a supply of good mould, and spread
this over the land to the depth of two
or three inches. If the soil is poor,
some well-rotted stable dung will be
very beneficial. Where this cannot be
obtained, we woiild advise, as the best
dressing of artificial manure, 200 lbs.
of superphosphate of lime and 100
lbs. of Peruvian Guano per acre. In
April, after the ground has been made
thoroughly fine and clean, a heavy ii'on
roller should be used to make it per-
fectly level, and as the subsequent
appearance of the lawn depends in a
great measure on this part of the pre-
paration, we cannot too sti'ongly urge
the importance of its being well done.
The ground should then be evenly raked
and the seed sown. April or May, and
September, ai'e the best months for
sov/ing. As to the .sorts of seeds suita-
ble for garden lawns, etc., we can,
after a long course of personal obser-
vation of the numerous kinds which
have come under our notice, confidently
recommend the mixture described be-
low as most certain to produce a close
velvety turf.

After the sowing has been accom-
plished the ground should be again
rolled, and as soon as the young plants
have attained the lieii{ht of two or three

inches, the whole crop should be care-
fully gone over with a sharp scythe.
Frequent mowings and rollings are in-
dispensable to maintain the turf in good
order. By adopting these means a
close, green sward will be obtained in
nearly as short a time as a lawn pro-
duced by sodding, while it will be far
more permanent and at much less ex-
pense.

It will sometimes happen that annual
weeds, indigenous to the soil, come up;
these can easily be checked, if not des-
troyed, by mowing them off as soon as
tJiey make their appearance. Plantain,
dandelions, and sometimes thistles, too,
will often appear, and these must be
cut up, each one singly, about one inch
below the surface (not deeper), and
about a teaspoonfui of salt dropped o^er
the cut part. Birds are very fond of
grass seeds, and care should be taken
to keep them off until the seeds are
well up.

For lawns requiring improvement it
is only necessaiy to sow fresh seed,
either in the spring or autumn, using a
small tooth rake, and rolling afterwards.
Moss in lawns is generally a sign of
poorness in the soil or want of drainage.
To effect its removal we advise after
raking off as much as possible, a top
dressing of quicklime, mixed with rich
compost, applied late in the autumn
and a sowing of more seed in the spi'ing,
or a top sowing of soot will, by en-
couraging the growth of the grass,
destroy the moss. This should be ap-
plied in the spring at the rate of about
sixteen bushels per aci'e.

On croquet or cricket grounds, where
the turf has become bare through con-
stant use, we advise a thick sowing of
seeds on the bare spots in September or
early in April, rolling subsequently and
mowing as soon after as practicable. A
light di-essing of manure over the whole,
laying square during the winter, will
often be found beneficial in encouraging

THE Canadian horticulturist.

109

iliii ill

iji

110

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

the growth of finer kinds of grasses,
and to help to produce a close-growing
turf. We should not omit to mention
that here, as in line garden lawns, mow-
ing alone will not ensure a good bottom
without that compression which a roller
alone can give.

During the past thirty-five years we
have conducted a series of experiments
with the various grasses recommended
for lawns, and find the following varie-
ties best adapted for the Canadian
climate, viz. : —

Blue Grass {Poa Pratensis).

Creeping Bent Grass (Agrostis Sto-
Imifera).

Crested Dogstail {Cynosurus Cris-
tatus).

Slender Fescue (Festuca Tenuifolia).

Not less than 40 lbs. per acre should
be sown, and in many instances we have
known 60 lbs. to be sown on an acre
with excellent results. We would in-
clude with the above grasses two to
thi-ee pounds of white Dutch clover,
which we think improves the appear-
ance of the sward.

ORNAMENTAL PLANTING.

Every one who owns a homestead
■or farm ought to have a good plan of
it, showing the position of woodlands,
pasture, tillage, unproductive land,
buildings, roads, ornamental grounds
and kitchen gardens. The watercourses
and difierences of level should also be
shown. The I'oads and buildings
should be located for convenience, but
■when the conformation of the grounds
or a grove or group of trees makes it
best to have the roads and paths devi-
ate from the straight line, picturesque-
ness is gained and no convenience
sacrified. It is often possible to turn
a road or path by planting an artificial
reason for doing so, and gain the pleas-
ing effect without any great inconveni-
ence resulting.

Ornamental planting must be ad-

apted to the conformation of the land
and the uses to which it is to be put,
so as to increase its natural beauty,
forming vistas which shall add to the
landscape effect, and scenes which no
human artist can reproduce.

Trees should be planted so as to give
protection to both bipeds and quadru-
peds ; the north and north-west side of
the buildings should be defended and
kept warm by evei'green groves, which,
as a precaution against woodland fires,
should not be nearer than thirty or
forty feet. A gravel walk or road
around all buildings is an additional
protection. The beneficial influence
that the rays of sunlight contain should
be allowed to reach the dwelling apart-
ments of all living creatures in house
or bai-n, in summer as well as in win-
ter; and trees should not be so placed
as to prevent this as they become lai'ge.
The evergreens seem best to deserve
the name of protective trees against
cold and wind, while the deciduous
trees defend us from heat ; but both
join to produce the best ornamental
effect. — Report Mass. Uort. Soc, '87.

FLOWERING BEGONIAS.

BT J. P. COCKBIRX, ORAVEXHURST, ONT.

The most beautiful of the flowering
family of Begonias is Rubra. The great
beauty of its bright green waxy leaves,
and almost perpetual free flowering
haVnt, makes it one of the most desira-
ble window plants. The Begonia Ru-
bra is a soft wooded plant, but not so
succulent as most other sorts. Its
growth is very rapid during the spring
and summer months. They succeed
best in a soil in which there is plenty
of fibre, enriched with well decayed cow
manui'e, made light with clean sand ;
watered and cared for generally as an
ordinary geranium. Young plants
started in three or four inch pots, will
flower freely all summer and throw up
a strong spike or shoot from the root of

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Ill

the plant, which, under fair cultivation,
will be strong enough to make a live
stake two feet high to tie the parent
plant to. At this stage the plant
■should be shifted to a larger pot, when
the natural stake will send out bi'anches
and prepai'e to flower. In the mean-
time the old wood has been in bloom.
In August or September the plant will
make a special effort and come out in
"great glory." As this season ap-
proaches, a little weak liquid manure,
given once or twice a week will greatly
add to the beauty of the flowers and
foliage.

As the plant increases in age, the
annual shoots increase in size till at 5
or 6 years, the plant forms a grand
clump or specimen plant 5 to 10 feet
high, loaded with great trusses of bloom.
Most Begonias require much shade,
heat and moisture, but the Rubra is
happy in sunshine, and does not mur-
mur if the thermometer occasionally
drops to 35^ in winter, or goes up to
110° in. summei-. It positively refuses
to harbour any vermin, and has no
home on its shiny leaves for dust.

Strange you seldom see this grand
plant decorating the verandah, or, as it
should do, standing majestically among
our noblest window plants. If any of
the members of our society have not
yet grown this plant, I advise them to
commence at once.

21st March, 1887.

A Marvellous Hyacinth. — Sir:
— Talking about success and failure in
Hyacinth growing, many will be sur-
prised to learn that in Toronto a lady
has grown four distinct stems of Hya-
cinth from one bulb, all in bloom at
one time and a perfect marvel of splen-
did growth. The flower stems were all
of a size and beautiful pink ; variety,
Lord Wellington. This beats anything
ever seen in Hyacinth growing so far.

Can any one of your readers say to the
contrary ] Yours truly,

Antox Simmers.
Toronto, Feb. 21st, '87.

The light from an electric lamp
tower at Davenport, falls full upon a
flower garden about 100 feet away, and
during last Summer the owner observed
that lilies which usually bloom only in
the day opened in the night, and that
morning-glories unclosed their blossoms
as soon as the electric light fell on them.
It has frequently been observed that
trees were most exuberant in their
foliage on the side nearest the electric
lisht.

^iograyhiml

CHARLES DOWNING, THE MAN OF LETTERS,

THE SUCCESSFUL FRUIT GROWER AND

THE VENERABLE HISTORIAN.

WRITTES FOR THE CANADIAN" IIORTICTLTURIST BT B.
GOTT, ARKOXA, OST.

As the well ti'ied leaders of society
and public thought one by one pass
away from our midst, and the tired
veterans are quietly laid away to their
rest, it plainly becomes our privilege
and duty to take note for future refer-
ence or reminder. In some cases the
material for note-taking is very plenti-
ful, but in other cases, like the present,

112

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

it is very scant. When great men fall
society deeply feels and laments the
wide-spread loss. The great man is
very often quite I'eticent concerning
himself, and although widely valuable
work is done, is not always known as
the author of it. Were it not for the
stupendous work of labour left to bene-
fit the present generation and those in
the future, we should not cease to
lament the demise of the subject of the
present notice. Even with this legacy
his presence in the world of action will
be greatly missed. On

THE BEAUTIFUL BANKS OF THE HUDSON,

the most noted and the most beautiful
of all American rivers, Charles Down-
ing was born, of humble parentage,
July 9th, 1802; and thirteen years
afterwards on the same romantic site
was added to the family circle his gifted
and famous brother, A. J. Downing,
the early author of many popular works
on economic horticulture. Their father
was a nurseryman of some considerable
experience and culture, and owned a
good property near his horhe in New-
burgh, IST.Y., where he did a large busi-
ness. But before the subject of our
notes had attained his majority his
father died leaving the whole control of
the business to devolve upon Charles.
But later, as the younger brother had
completed his school trafning, necessary
for business, they together carried on
the work of their father under the joint
firm name of C. & A. J. Downing, and
later of A. J. Downing & Co. After a
few years, however, Charles purchas-
ing a property a shoz^t distance from
their old home, establishing his well
known

'•NURSERY AND EXPERIMENTAL GARDEN."

At a very early date the Downings
became very widely known for their
deep and broad intelligence in matters
pei-taining to general horticulture and
fruit growing. The development of

fruits, their nomenclature and classifi-
cation were specialties with them, and
they speedily became very popular as
advisers and corresponding members of
many local and foreign horticultui-al
societies. In the language of a fair
correspondent, '• During the 21 years
Charles is but little heard of, while his
young and talented brother astonished
the conservatives of the whole world
with his ' Landscape Gardening ' at the
early age of 2G years. Then came his
' Cottage Residences.' Then the volumes
of ' Downing's Horticulturist,' and in
1845, when but 30 years of age, ap-
peared ' The Fruits and Fruit Trees
of America.' The coi-respondents of
Charles Downing of the past half cen-
tury need not be told that he was the
great laborer of his age in the field of
untangling the confusing nomenclature
of the fruits of temperate zones." My
venerable and esteemed veteran friend

J. J. THOMAS, OF NEW YORK,

contributes the following notes of infor-
mation bearing on the subject : — " I
first met the two brothers at the state
fair at Albany, 1842, where they had
a fine exhibition of fruit — at that time
one of the finest I had seen. Charles
Downing then showed his simple,
straightforward character. I had chai'ge
of the exhibition of fruit, and was to
meet them early the next morning be-
fore the ariival of the great crowd to
examine their exhibition. I found
Charles there at the minute appointed.
I asked him where A. J. D. was ?
' Oh, he was down at the city among
the big folk.' This simple, unpretend-
ing character was always the same
through his long life. He greatly dis-
liked any kind of pretention and strongly
expi-essed his disapproval on one occa-
sion of the word 'Esq.' attached to his
name. Three years later I visited him
at

HIS RESIDENCE AT NEWBURGH.

Partaking of an early meal, I went to

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

113

bis house and found him and his wife
at breakfast. His wife told me after-
wards that she felt greatly embarrassed,
when I entered, because (supposing I
had had no breakfast) they had neither
tea nor coffee on the table, having
adopted the simple beverage of cold
water. She was, however, entirely re-
lieved when I informed her that for
many years I had drunk nothing else.
I mention this incident to show their
simple manner and mode of living, al-
though owning and living in one of the
finest residences on the banks of the
Hudson. Charles Downing

GAVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO FRUITS,

and to securing accui-ately the many
vai'ieties in cultivation, more so than
his brother, and to him mainly was to
be attributed the reliability of every-
thing they raised. I procured of him
on one occasion a number of valuable
ai'ticles and asked him for his bill. " I
have no bill," he rej)lied, " and if that
is not satisfactory, you may do as mucli
for somebody else when opj)ortunity
offers." The same pleasant and gener-
ous course was often pursued by him.
He made it a point to procure every
variety of fruit he could hear of tliat
was deemed worthy of cultivation ; and
his correspondence was extensive to all
parts of the Union for grapes and speci-
mens of fruits. Although he had pro-
cured these he seemed glad to dissem-
inate at any time to all who desired.
He retired from the nursery business
some tliirty years ago, and then gave
his attention more exclusively to pom-
ology.

Charles Downing, giving up his
business in the winter of 1857 and 8,
and for the next ten years used his
place as an experimental garden, where
he tested and fruited

MANY THOUSANDS OF VARIETIES

in theii' greatest possible range. He
being very quiet and reticent in his

daily habits, his life was an unobstruc-
tive and uneventfiil one, he scarcely
ever making himself public through
the papers, and not very frequently
attending the horticultural or other
meetings, and when he did so had sel-
dom much to say.

WORK ! HARD, PESISTENT WORK !

seemed to be his motto, and in that he
was eminently successful. After his ac-
tive outside activity he spent very much
of his later years of life in rewriting,
revising and adding to the popular
national work of his younger, brilliant
but deceased brother. The

FRUITS AND FRUIT TREES OF AMERICA

is now the only monument of the bril-
liant A. J. D., but it also owes much
to the careful work and deeper experi-
ence of the elder Charles. It is a pil-
lar of renown, and will stand a monu-
mental remembrance of the Downings.
Charles several times added to it much
valuable new matter, being all the re-
sult of his own deep observation and
extensive experiments, and finally had
the great satisfaction of living to see
his great work carried successfully
through the press,

OCTOBER 22nd, 1882.
Mr. Downing suflered severely from
the injuries caused by an accident in
the city of New York, which laid him
up for many weeks in helplessness.
During .his time many very valuable
notices of worth and respect were
issued from the various sections of the
press, all of which were very pleasing
to the many friends of the injured gen-
tleman. To quote again from a lady
friend, " Not a garden in the land or a
home worthy of the name that is not
the better for his steadfast watchful
devotion to the progress of our horticul-
ture." Mr. Downing kept at his work
of testing fi-uits and making notes up to
within a few weeks of his death. He
died January 1 8th, 1885, in his 83rd

114

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKI8T

year. He leaves a vacancy wliicli will
not be filled. Neither he nor his
brother left any children to perpetuate
their memory. Many of the agricultu-
i-al and horticultural papers contained
notices of obituary, and many societies
passed resolutions of regret.

Thus we have very briefly and im-
perfectly, but as fully as our informa-
tion would allow, attempted to fulfill
your desire to give you a notice of
Charles Downing. The industrious in
praiseworthy work, as well as the
righteous " Shall be held in everlasting
I'emembrance."

THE

Caimbiaii gorticiiltuiist.

(X)N Illus-
trated
I Monthly Journal, de-
voted to the interests
of Fruit Growers,
Gardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burban homes.

Subscription price $1.00
per year, entitling the subscri-
ber to membership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Eepox't, and a sbai-e in its
annual distribution of plants and trees.

This Journal is not published in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniary advantage of
any one, but its pages are devoted wholly to
the progress of Horticultural Science and
Art in Canada. We aim at the development
of the fruit growing industry in our Province ;
at the general distribution of knowledge con-

cerning all the newest and best varieties of
fruits ; and at the education of a refined
taste in the art of decorative gardening
around the homes of our Canadian people.

With such ends in view we invite the co-
operation of the lovers of Horticulture both
in extending the membeiship of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario, and in con-
tributing to these pages such items as may
be of general interest and profit.

Report for 1886. — I am sorry to notice
in the Horticulturist, that '86 report is
under the usual size. By the way, I
would like to see those reports bound
by the Ontario Government. I have
to pay 70 cents a copy to get them
bound. D. E. BLOOMriELD, Scotland.

It is a matter of general regret that
the Report for 1886 should be so unu-
sually suiall. The Report for the win-
ter meeting at Stratford, in Februaiy,
'86, was taken down by an incompetent
stenographer, and therefore fully one-
half the matter was lost. We can
safely promise the members of our
Association a large enough Report of
this year's papers and discussions to
make up for that of '86.

The Secretary is now mailing the
Report of 1886, having waited vainly
for that of The Entomological Society.
The latter will be sent separately when
ready.

It would indeed be highly apprecia-
ted by us if the Ontario Government
would contimie binding the Reports,
and we hope yet to obtain such a favor.

Firming the Soil. — In planting trees,
vines, plants, or cuttings, es[)ecially in
dry weather, it is all important to press
down the earth firmly about them.
Probably a good many of the com-
plaints of failure with plants received
from the Association have resulted
from neglect of this important item.
The planting of a tree seems to be a
very simj)le operation, and yet the in-
ex2:)erienced planter will often make
most egregious blunders. The hole

THE CANADIAN H0RTICDLTUKI8T.

115

should always be dug much larger than
the roots require, the earth should be
made fine, and sif'ted in carefully
among the roots, and then, when cov-
ered, should be well pressed down
about the little fibres. This will help
to protect them from the drouth by ex-
cluding the dry air, and at the same
time impart to the soil increased con-
(luctibility of nocturnal dews.

The Niagara Grape Vine, which has been
so largely cliosfu Vjy tlie members of
our association, should be planted
deeply in well-drained soil, and in
the autumn it should be laid down
and covered. It is claimed to be
fairly hai'dy, but the wiser plan is
the safest. It is certainly a mag-
nificent grape ; holding the place
among white grapes which the Concord
does among the black. We shall hope
soon to have certain knowledge respect-
ing its hardiness, as the result of this
spring's disti'ibution of the vine to all
parts of Ontario.

The Farmers' institutes. — The Rural
Canadian appeal's to think that the
farmers are competent to make these
meetings successful without the atten-
dance of the professors from the Agri-
cultui'al College. We an^ inclined to
cpiestion this, because the time has
come when theory and practice need to
keep close company. And one great
secret of the success that has attended
these meetings thus far has been the
presence of such men as Prof. Mills
and Prof. Panton, who could give the
reasons of things. This our farmers do
not profess to do. They give us most
valuable lessons from their experience,
which either establish or anihilate the
theories of the scientific student. But
we shall fall into many errors if we
attempt to deduct theories and lay
down rules in eitlier Agriculture or
Horticulture, without consulting the
Botanist, the Chemist, and the Physi-
oloaist.

Miss Rye writes us from Niagara that
she has i-eceived a medal and certificate
from the " Colinderies," for quinces
grown on the grounds of the " Home."
These medals, having on the face so ex-
cellent a likeness of His Royal High-
ness, tlie Prince of Wales, and dis-
tiibuted so freely to exhibitors at the
Colonial and Indian Exhibition, will be
very highly prized by the recipients.

Selfish Aims. — The American Garden,
which by the wiiy is im])roving with
each issue, fears that financial gain or
literary re]>utation is too much the aim
among horticultuiistsof the present day.
The work of originating new varieties,
either from seed or by hyljridization, is
slow, and needs much patient endeavor.
Who among us will be the disciples of
such men as Wilder, Warder, Downing
or Thomas %

Too Many Irons, — This is a significant
term for a very common fault among
fiirmers and fruit growers as well as
among students. In these days of pi-o-
gress and of keen competition, it has
become necessary for the best success
in ])ractical horticulture, as well as in
professional life, to devote one's atten-
tion chiefly to one line and become
master of it. Division of labor is a
mai'k of progressive civilization, and
the man who attempts to combine too
many occupations will but prove the
truth of the old adage, " Grasp all, lose
all."

THE SUMMER MEETING.

The next meeting of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario will
be held in the town hall, Collingwood,
Out., on the 28th and 29th of June
next, in response to the very kind in-
vitation of the Horticultural Society of
that place, and of the fruit growers of
that section.

The meeting will continue two days,
and vvill be devoted to the discussion of

116

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

such subjects in connection with Fruits,
Flowers, Vegetables, or Forestry, as
shall be proposed in the meantime to
the Secretary.

The subjects thus far suggestetl are —

(1) The Apple.

(a) Varieties adapted to Co. Simcoe
(/>) " forjhreic/ii markets.
(c) Best modes q/' (fathering.

(f/) '* " packing,

(e) " " storing.

(/) Cultivation of the Orchard.
{(/) Fertilizers for the "

(h) Summer Pruning of the "

(2) Injurious Fungi, with special refer-

ence to the Black Knot and Appile
Scab, to be introd^iced by Prof.
Panton, of Gueljih Agricultural
College.

(3) The Plum.

(rt) Care of a Plum Orchard.

(b) Packing for Market.

(c) Yield per acre.

( d ) Kinds grown about Collingw^od

(4) The Foreign Markets.

( a) What fruits and vegetables can

be jyt'ofitablij shipped.

{b) How to pack for foreign mar-
kets.

(c) How to ship.

(5) The Strawberry.

(«) Best early variety.

(b) Best variety for main crop.

(c) " " " table.

(cZ) Cultivation and Fertilizers.

(e) Gathering.

(f) Packages.

(g) Newer varieties.

(h) Extent of Straioberry Planta-
tions in the County of Grey.

A fuller programme will be given in
the June number, and in the mean-
time any questions or suggestions for
the meeting will be gladly attended to,
if addressed to the Secretary.

A. Question Box will also be upon
the table and opened at the beginning
of each session.

Eight months for 50c. — In order to
enlarge the sphere of usefulness for the
Canadian Horticulturist, we offer to
send it to new subscribers for the rest
of this year for fifty cents. Will our
friends please help us by this means to
introduce it into many homes where it
is at present unknown.

LETTER FROM S. JACKMAN & SON,

FRUIT AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS, TORONTO, ONT.

The Editar Canadian HnrticuUurist.

Sir : — In the February numVjer of
your paper a letter appears from Jos.
Bourne, of Niagara Falls South, hint-
ing that we had received his grapes
and never let him know the prices the}'^
were sold at till the season was over ;
and inferring that we had not treated
him fairly.

We have placed the matter in the
hands of our solicitor to compel Mr.
Bourne to withdraw his untruthful
statements and apologize for publishing
them ; but as he is in England, we write
to say that we only received twenty-five
baskets of grapes from Mr. Bourne last
season, and these, upon two days in the
same week, that we made up his ac-
count of sales on the following Monday
and sent the money to him ; and we
don't believe any other person or firm
could or would send it more )>romjjtly.
We ask you to publish this letter, as
your editorial remarks on the letter
imply tliat you believe his statements
and infer we are unreliable. Mr. Boui'iie
never complained to us as to any of our
dealings with him, and it is in bad taste
for him to write you, for publication, a
letter comjjlaining about us, when he
never hinted we had been negligent or
careless in our business dealings with
him. S. Jackmax & Son.

[Note. — We much regret if any in-
justice has been done this firm through
anything in our columns. We sup-
posed Mr. Bourne was simply stating
facts for the benefit of his fellow fruit-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

117

growei"s. With the exception of what
Mr. Bourne has said, we have never
heard anything unfavourable concern-
ing the firm ; and it will be observed
that he only blames them for not giv-
ing him more prompt reports of the
mai'ket, a matter over which shi])pers
in fruit season are veryimpatient.— Ed.]

USE OF PARIS GREEN.

Sir : — I have great pleasure in second-
ing Mi\ Beadle's motion on page 279
of 188G, that all funny articles should
be put in the facetious column ; and
there ought also to be a column for all
doubtful or dangerous articles — such as
Paris green, for it seems to kill as
often as cure. See page 125 for F. W.
Ross's experience, also page 156 for J.
L. Thompson's, with a teas))Oonful of
Paris gi-een to a patent jxiil of water
and his killing the bugs and leaves at
the same time. On page 176, W.
Dixon fared better. On page 108,
Senator Plumb uses a dessert-spoonful
to a pail of water for his plum and
other trees. Surely his name cannot
have anything to do with his using
such a large quantity so successfully.

In the summer of '84 I saw in the
IForticulturist a recommendation to put
a teaspoonful of Paris green in a patent
pailful of water to kill the curculio on
plum trees. Accordingly I put a tea-
spoonful of Paris green in a pail of
water and sprayed my plum trees and
killed the curculio and the leaves at
the same time, and was minus my
plums for that year. In 1885 I let
nature have a chance and had half a
crop of plums. Last year, after seeing
so many favorable reports of S})raying,
I thought I would try it again, and
this time with half a teaspoonful to a
pail of water for six plum ti-ees, with
the same result as in 1884, and I caine
very near saying a bad word against
Paris green and all who recommenil it,
but I restrained myself when I came

to think that I had no patent on my pail
as recommended. But I see, on page
156, that Bro. Thom|)Son, with his
jjatent pail, fared equally as bad ; and,
on page 39 of 1887, Mr. Beall says the
foliage is injured b}' using too much
Paris gi-een.

Now it is just [)ossible that there
are other conditions of danger in the
use of Paris green, such as drought or
sun heat. It was after the sun had
been shining strong all day that I
noticed small brown spots appearing
on the leaves, and in a day or two
more they begun to curl and drop off
and the fruit dry up.

I am of the oi)inion that there is
much to learn as to the quantity, time
and mode of apjjlying insecticides (suc-
cessfully). Could not some of our ex-
perimental farms be induced to try
experiments with insecticides and report
the best mode for success ?

Alex. Grey, Niagara Falls, Feb. 12.

[Note. — While it is well known
that too much Pai'is green will destroy
the leaves of the trees and cause the
fruit to fall, we do not think half a
teaspoonful, or a whole teaspoonful to
three gallons of water could have any
such effect. Some other cause seems
to have contributed to the fall of the
leaf last season.]

^iiC5tioit ipniU)er.

ThU department U intended as an open one to every
reader of the "HorticiUtiiri.it" to send in either
ijitcstion.1 or anxuvr.t. Often a reader will tie able to
anstver a q^wstion irhicli htix been left unanxwcred,
or only paHiaUy answered by us. For conrenience
of reference the qiwstions are numbered, ami any
one replyinff or referring to any question u'ill
please mentum the number of it.

THE CURRANT SPAN \Y01;M.

34. Worms on the Black Currant. — We
are troubled with a loorm on our black
currant bushes. They nearly destroyed
the bushes last season. They are a
little larger than the common currant

118

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

worm, and of lighter colour ; white helle-
bore does not affect them. Can you
give us a remedy ']

[C. Curtis, Leamington, Ont.]

The worm is probably the Currant
Span Worm, known to entomologists
as Eiifitchia ribearia. It is of a lighter
colour than the common currant worm
or Sawfly, being Avhitish, with wide
yellow stripes ; and it is about an inch
or more in length. But it is chiefly dis-
tinguishable by its mode of travelling,
from which it is called a Geometer, or
Span WoiTii ; for at every step it gathers
its body into a loop, as if measuring.
When disturbed it hangs down by a
silken thread, which affords one means
of destroying it; for by means of a
stick the threads with the suspended
caterpillars may be gathered to one
place and stamped upon.

As our correspondent says, it is not
easy to destroy them with hellebore ;
but if he would try a stronger solution,
say three ounces of hellebore to ten
quarts of water, he would no doubt
succeed.

Another effective mode of application
is to dust the bushes freely with helle-
bore, when they are wet with dew.
As hellebore is volatile it must be kept
carefully from exposure to the air until
used, or it will lose its strength.

Paris green would be a more certain
remedy, but would need to be used
some weeks before the fruit is ripe, so
as to be completely washed off by
successive rains.

35. Trees in Rocky Soil. — I have apiece
oj ground about two acres, too stony
to break and clean up. Would an apple
orchard do well on it by keeping the
ground well dug and free from weeds
for two or three feet around the trees
for a few years ? Soil, loam of average
quality ; situation, high and dry.

[R., Penetangiiishene.]

Yes, you can make an apple orchard
do well on such a place, only it will

entail more labour. The wiiter has
some two or three hundred apple trees
on the north side of the Niagara Es-
carpment in rough, rocky, clay soil,
and they are growing well.

We would advise you to dig the
holes much larger every way than the
roots require, and to fill in with fine,
rich, sandy loam. Then under the
treatment you propose, you should
succeed.

EVAPORATORS.

ANSWERS BY R. .TOHNSOX, SII0RT8VILLE, X. V.

36. Are evaporators much used ?

[Geo. McKee, Orillia.]
The business of evajjorating fruit has
assumed such lai'ge importance that
the highest skill has been exercised to
produce the best machines and modes
of doing the work.

37. What is the cost of an evaporator?

[G. McK.]

We use a Trescott machine, made at
Fairport, N. Y., that is very compact,
easily worked, and very [)owerful ; also
safe as to fire. The four-feet-square
machines will do 50 to 60 bushels of
black raspberries in 24 lioui's. Machine
costs $275.

38. What fruits are profitably evap-
orated ? [G. McK.]

Raspberries, black and red, black-
berries, apples and peaches.

39. Canning Factory. — Would a canning
factory pay near Orillia, abundance of
fruit being grown about the place ?

[G. McK.]

The business requires experience —
many fail ; is sometimes difficult bo dis-
pose of stock ; must have local or spe-
cial markets. [R. .J.]

Commission. — What is the usual com-
mission allowed for sale of fruits ?

[G. McK.]

IVIr. Johnston vrites that in New
York State, where wholesaled to deal-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

119

ers, the commission is usually 5 per ct.
If retailed, 10 per ct. • In Canada, most
commission houses charge 10 per ct.
for wholesaling fruit, and 15 per ct. for
retail sales. Perhaps, as the quantity
increases, our Canadian houses may be
able to lessen their charges.

40. Berry Picker. — Where can it he
purcliased ?

Address Mr. J. Benedict, Dundee,
N. Y.

The machine will only be useful for
gathering fruit for the evaporator. Its
work is too I'ough to be used where
the fruit is intended for market.

41. Sea-Kale. — / should like to grow
some Sect-Kale in my garden, knowing
the vegetable well in England. Can the
plants be got in Canada, and would you
give me some hints for its cultiration f

[Mrs. W. Townsexd, Toronto.]
Mr. John A. Bruce, Hamilton, says :
" Sea-Kale is a delicious vegetable,
much superior to Asparagus, and ought
to be better known. We used to grow
plants for sale, but the demand was so
uncertain and limited that we ceased,
but we still keep the seed. It should
be sowed in hills one foot apart, and
thinned to four inches. When one year
old the plants should be transplanted
into hills eighteen inches apart, and
three plants to a hill. On approach of
frost, cover about two feet thick with
dried leaves. It is fit for use when the
stidks are about four inches long and
thoroughly blanched."

42. London Purple.— /s this as danger-
ous to use as Paris Green ?

[G. E. L., Centerville, N. S.]
No, it is not quite as dangerous a
poison, and it is easier of application
because soluble in water, while Paris
Green is not, the particles of which can
only be kept in suspension by frequent
stirring. But it is difficult to procure
an even grade of London Purple.

43. Ants. — Should they he destroyed in
the orchard. a. C. McD., Dunlop.

These industrious little workers are
are quite harmless. Some people ac-
cuse them of bringing the aphides to the
cheri-y trees, but, instead, it is the ap-
hides which attract the ants, by reason
the sweet juice they exude. Entomolo-
gists tells us that the ants actually milk
the aphides for this sweet juice, for
which reason, they are called the ant's
cows.

44. t hosphates. — Hoio coidd ravj
ground phosphates be obtained in Ham-
iltmi, at what rate, and what would be
considered a fair dressing per acre for
grass, grain, or small fruits ?

J. P. Mdir, Hamilton.

As far as we know, the raw phos-
phates are not offered for sale in Can-
ada. In Chicago they are offered at
.$25 to S35 per ton. The phosphates
of commercial fertiliezrs have one ad-
vantage over the rock, viz., they are
more easily dissolved in the soil water,
by reason of the sulphuric acid with
which they have been treated.

45. Quart Boxes. — Canyou tell meif there
are any berry boxes made in Ontario that
will hold a quart ? Why do not Can-
adian manufacturers advertise in the
Canadian Horticulturist. w. E.

There is a basket factory at Oakville,
one at Grimsby and one at Jordan, but
do not know that any one of them
make the quart size. Perhaps one of
the firms will take the hint, and adver-
tize, that we may know what they are
doing.

46. Plums. — What is the average yield
per tree ? [G. W. Cline, Winona, Ont.]

There are many diffei'ent kinds of
plums and each are diffei'ent in growth
and bearing. Lombard and Victoria
avei'age about 5 baskets, ti-ees 10 years
old ; Columbian, 6 to ^8 ; Gen. Hand,
6 to 8 ; Yellow Egg, about the same ;
Washington. 5 ; Golden Gage, 5 ; Bo-
hemian Prune, 6 to 8 ; Duanes Pur-
ple, 5 ; Smith's Orleans, 4 or 5 ; Brad-

120

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0DLTDRI8T.

shaw, same, or sometimes will run 8 ;
Imperial Gage, 4 to 5. There are about

y)umorous.

30 or 40 different varieties good to plant,
and a good few of no use whatever, ex-
cept to fill the nurseryman's pocket.

De])arting, I had clipped a curl,
That o'er her lirow did hang ;

She, smiling said : "You're like a gun,
"You go off with a 'bang.' "

At which I pressed her lips and cried :
"For punning you've a knack ;

^ebkto.

We tmll gladly gine our candid oinnion of any hooks,
magazines or catalogues received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but will not insert cut and dried reading
notices in fav^r c^f any publication whatever.

But now I'm like a fisherman,
I go off with a 'smack.' "

— Wilmington Star.

NOT EVEN A FIG LEAF ON THE TREES.

The Report of The Michigan Horticultural
Society 1886. A magnicent work of 572
pages, compiled by Mr. C. W. Garfield,
the indefatigable and energetic Secre-
tary. It is nicely bound in cloth, and
contains not only the Society report,
but also much of the cream of the dis-
cussions at auxiliary as well as National
sister societies. The Secretary's Port-
folio too is invaluable.

Descriptive List of Greenhouse, Window
and Bedding Plants grown and for sale
by J. P. Cockburn, Gravenhurst, Ont.

Seed Annual, D. M. Ferry & Co., Wind-
sor, Ont., 18S7. A most complete
catalogue of both vegetables and flowers.

George Leslie & Son's Illustrated Descrip-
tive Catalogue of Fruit Trees, Ornamen-
tal Trees, Shrubs, Roses &c. Leslie
P. O. Ont.

Prize Offer. A circular from Fonthill
Nurseries offering a first prize of $50
at Industrial Exliibition Toronto, in
ftill of 18'JU for best three clusters of
Moore's Diamond Grape.

On Emperor William's birthday,
it is said that one poor woman left at
the door of the palace a small bunch of
flowers with a petition praying for the
pardon of her husband who was in
prison. The flowei-s and the petition
were placed in a position where they
could attract the Emperor's attention.
The petition was granted.

Mrs. Tootoo — " Now, Charlie, you're
really not going to bring Mr. Early
home with you at this season of the
year 1 "

Mr. Tootoo — " Why, of course, dear.
Why not ] "

" Because evei-y thing looks so bare !
Why, even the limbs of the trees have
nothing on them ! "

" That's so ; 1 never thought of that.
But I'll send up some garden hose I saw
advertised, and I guess you can make
them presentable."

The wind is always blowing about
something, but there is nothing in it.

Brown : " Hello, Jones ! How's
your wife]" Jones (a little deaf):
'• Very blustering and disagi'eable this
morning." — E. S. Agriculturist.

Old Mr. Bently (reading the paper)
— " I see that in a I'ecent storm at sea
a ship loaded with passengers went
ashore." Old Mi-s. Bently (placidly)
— " How fortunate ! I can imagine just
how glad those passengers must have
been to get on dry land. "

" The car is full of alumni," whispered
Miss Beaconstreet to her friend fi-om
the West, as they both journeyed Cam-
bridgeward in the horsecar. " Yes,"
said the Chicago girl, '-and how it
chokes one up, don't it? I wonder
they do not open the ventilators."

PRINTED AT THK STEAM PRESS KSTABLISHMKNT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

^

H-

^be

Canabian

Dorticultudet

Published at Toi^onto and Ge\i_msby, Ont.
OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.

JUNE, 1887.

[No. 6.

J^Iclners.

LILIES.
The Lily fair, so richly drest

In jewelled robes bedecked with gold,
Still teaches in its royal vest

The same sweet lesson as of old.

Where Western streams like coursers run,
And Eastern vales in verdure lie,

It spreads its glories to the sun.
And lifts its chalice to the sky.

And gathered in from every land,
From vaUey, hill and mountain glen.

Its ranks in regal splendor stand,
.cVnd glorify the homes of men.

Its fragrance still from age to age,
Shall breathe to all the blessed line,

That stands on inspiration's page.

And bids us trust the power divixk.

Mj's. Perkins in The Mayflower.

Perhaps no family of flowers has
attracted so much admiration, from old
and young in all ages as the Liliaceae.
No wonder that !Mrs. Lincoln in her

introductory lectures to the Linnean
system of Botany chose the Lily as her
model flower ; the parts are all so per-
fect and so easily distinguished. No
wonder either that the inspired writers
of old selected the white lily as a type
of purity and excellence ; or that the
Great Teacher himself called the atten-
tion of over anxious humanity to the
beauty of this flower, which, without
toiling or spinning, was clothed by its
Creator in array so beautiful that even
a Solomon in his magnificent regal robes
could not compare with it ; an object
lesson, teaching his hearers more im-
plicit confidence in Divine Providence.

To this family belongs the Adder's-
tongue of our woods so often miscalled
Violet, the stately Yucca, the humble
Lily-of-the-Valley, the Star-of-Bethle-
hem, and the Day-Lily : and beside,
such natives, it also includes the Tulips
the Crown Imperial, the Hyacinth and

122

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTUBI8T.

the Tuberose. The Calla, though beau-
tiful enough to be a member of this
family is totally distinct, being a mem-
ber of the Arum family, of which the
Indian Turnip and the Skunk Cabbage
are familiar examples.

Of the genus Lilium, we have two or
three native species all valuable for our
flower gardens and offered for sale by
our Florists, but procurable in their
native haunts by any lover of wild
flowers, viz ; — the Wild Orange Red
Lily ( L. Philadelphicum), the Wild
Yellow Lily ( L. Canadense), and the
Turk's Cap Lily {L. Superhum).

Besides these, most florists offer for
sale some forty or fifty varieties of cul-
tivated species, and also numerous sub-
varieties, all of great beauty and excel-
lence. Among the Japan Lilies, the
Gold-Banded, [Lilium auratum) shown
to the left in our coloured plate,* has
become exceedingly popular. H. T.
Williams, editor of the Horticulturist
(New York), 1869, p. 240, said of it :
— " This species of Lily cannot fail to
become one of our most popular flowers.
Its magnificent size, great beauty, and,
above all, its peerless fragrance, surpass
all of the same species we have yet met^
When the price can be brought down
to 50c. instead of $L50 or $2 — -the sales
must be counted by hundreds of thou-
sands, instead of, as now, by thousands
only."

But, now that this has come to pass,
and a dozen can be purchased at the
former price of a single bxilb, we fear
that this variety is less sought than it
should be, simply because it is no longer

a novelty. When will the day come
in which we shall have learned to value
both flowers and fruits, not upon the
score of novelty, but wholly upon the
ground of their absolute and intrinsic
merits ?

We leave the subject of the care and
cultivation of the Lily to be treated in
a future number by our esteemed con-
tributor, Mr. Hermann Simmers.

POND LILIES DOMESTICATED.

At the New York State Experimen-
tal Station, says the Xew England
Farmer, there is a barrel cut down to
convenient size, and then set in a hole
dug in the earth upon a corner of the
lawn. The top of the barrel is just
level with the surface of the lawn. It
has about four inches of river mud in
the bottom, in which were planted a few
roots of the common white pond lily.
The barrel was then filled with water
and is kept full from a faucet in the
aqueduct pipe, the water being turned on
as often as necessary. The barrel has
been a beautiful miniature pond of
white lilies all through the season.

In the fall, after the weather gets
cold, the barrel or tub is removed to the
cellar, where it is protected from freez-
ing, and where the roots of the lilies
will be kept in conditions similar to
what they would be surrounded with,
in their natural state. There can be
nothing more charming in the way of
fl.owers on a lawn than a small pond of
water lilies, blooming daily the whole
summer through. Of course, the bai*-
rel must be set where teams and persons
would not walk into it by day or night.
If the tub is tight, the trouble of keep-
ing it supplied with water will not be
great on any lawn. — Floral Instructor.

* Note.— The other lilies represented in the frontispiece are i. Lancifolium rubmn 3.nd L. Lanci/olium album.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

123

NEW ROSES.

BT FREDERICK MITCHRLL, INNERKIP, OST.

As YOU invited me to give my
opinions on the latest novelties in roses
before the meeting of the Fruit Grow-
ers, held in Fe"' ruary last in Chatham ;
and as I failed to attend that meeting,
])erhaps a few notes i n the subject
would not be out of place in the
columns of our magazine.

This season has not been as prolific
as usual ia the production of much-
lauded varieties. The rose that has
created the gieAtest /uro7-e in the rose
world, is a Tea, and is called

" THE BRIDE."

Mine has not yet bloomed, but I have
seen it in bloom elsewhere. I do not
like to say very much in favor of a
rose of which I have had so short an
acquaintance, but I certainly think that
this rose has come to stay. It is white,
and in the style of Catharine Mermet.
I do not consider the buds or blooms
to be quite rqual in value to that fine
old white Tea rose Niphetos, but is
apjjai'ently far ahead of it in growth
and vigour of jilant. I will write
again of this rose as soon as I have had
more acquaintance with it, but from
what I have already seen of it T have
the best of hopes for its future.

SOUVENIR DE VICTOR HUGO

is another new Tea that some of nur-
serymen are trying to boom this spring.
I have it in bloom at the present time.
I have not yet seen anything about it
to specially commend it. In colour it
is a blending of cream and pink, nearly
of the same shade as that best of all
roses for the amateur, Marie Yan
Houtte. Although it may turn out to
be a good rose, I do not see anything
sutficiently marked about it to make it
an acquisition, or even to save it from
the genei'al oblivion into which so
many new roses sink after the first
year or two of their existence.

PERLE D OR

is a new Polyantha for which great
things are claimed. I have it in bloom.
It is not nearly such a rich unique
colour as it is claimed to be. It is
nearly of a salmon colour when first
opening, but fades very quickly to a
shabby-looking dead white. It is much
too large for a Polyantha, and has none
of the beautiful irregularity in shape
found in Paguerette and others of this
class. The best thing about it is its
rich Tea j^erfume.

Since I wrote in the September num-
ber of The Horticulturist there has
been but little opportunity to study
the merits of out-door roses. As to
the Hybrid Tea,

WILLIAM FRANCIS BENNETT,

of which I wrote somewhat disparg-
ingly, I have nothing to take back, buc
still hold that for the amateur at least
it is not even a third-rate ix)se. I
notice that some of the leading Ameri-
can nurserymen who last year boomed
it as perhaps rose was never boomed
before, have this year dropped it from
their catalogue altogether. I have
nothing to add to my remarks on other
new roses mentioned in the article re-
ferred to, but will take them up again
as soon as they again commence to
bloom.

WATER AND BOG PLANTS.

Mr. W. a. Manda, of Cambridge
Botanic Gardens, is writing a series of
articles to the American Garden, on
" Our Native Plants." He gives a list
of bog plants which may be made very
useful to the cultivator for beautifying
streams, or unsightly marshy places, or
for which an artificial place might be
l)repared in the lowest part of the gar-
den.

These plants may be propagated from
the seed or by root division. A good
\\'ay to sow the seed of

124

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

WATER-LILIES

in a pond, is to put the seeds in a small
ball of clay, and then drop them into
the water. One and a-half feet of water
in summer, or less, is sufficient to ])ro-
duce the best results, while deeper
water is an excellent protection from
frost in winter.

The beautiful large Water Lily
(Nymphfea Odorata), so common in
ponds and inlets of Lake Ontario, is
certainly the most charming of our na-
tive water plants. It grows in gi-eat
abundance near the Gi-imsby Park, and
many a boating excursion is made by
parties of young men and maidens to
the pond where these lovely water
nymphs abound. The rosea, or rose-
coloui-ed variety, we have not noticed
in Canada, nor the species JV. tuberosa
which Mr. Manda describes as having
" very large leaves, usually standing
straight above the water, while the
flowers, which often measure nine inches
in diameter, are snow white." Perhaps
some of our readers may have been more
observant.

The Yellow Water Lily is quite com-
mon, especially Nupliar advena, but is
not so captivating. Mr. Manda speaks
of several other varieties of the Yellow
Water Lily, viz. : N. lutPAim, which
has floating leaves and yellow flowers :
N. sag'ittifolium,vf\\\ch hasarrow-shaped
leaves and flowers of bright yellow^;

and the western N. polysepalum, which
has the largest flowers of this genus.
We should be pleased to hear wliether
any of these, except the tirst, are known
in Canada.

The Caltha palustris, or Marsh Mari-
gold, which Mr. Manda commends as
ornamental with its large, numerous
golden flowers is quite common here.
Just now, on the 1 2th of May, it is in
its full glory in our swamps. The
other day, when out for a ramble in the
woods, we came suddenly upon a little
stream dotted with these bold, showy
plants. The children scieamed with
delight at the discovery, and as a me-
morial of the trip, one of them now
decorates a shady spot in the garden,
with its bright yellow goblets.

MONEY IN FLOWERS.

The following from the pen of an
intimate friend (Mr. Goldie), himself a
gi'eat florist, goes to prove that there is
in money in flowers. Writing on the
6th April, he says :— " I returned last
week from a visit to New York and
Boston, and had a good time amongst
some of my old gardening friends, and
oh ! such fine flowers as I saw. Or-
chids of almost unearthly beauty.
Roses — and such roses ! — as large as
coflTee cups ; and many other flowers
too numerous to mention. It would
astonish any one not used to such
things, to hear of the amount paid for
flowers. In New York, when any
grand pai'ty takes place, the flower
decoration often costs them from $500
to $5,000. In fact I heard of one
wedding party that cost $7,000 for
flowers alone. What would Canadians
think of that ?"

I need not say that people there make
their money more easily than we do.
Marriage in New York seems to be an
expensive thing. If I thought the peo-
ple of Moi-risburg would ever be affect-
ed with the flower fever, even to half

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

125

the extent of the above, I would hesi-
tate to give up Sunny&ide. — J. C . in an
exchange.

CULTIVATION OF THE P/EONY.

BY HERMANN SIMMERS, TORONTO.

P.EONY Chinensis, oi* Chinese Pje-
ony is another valuable permanent ad-
dition to the flower garden, and one
might say indispensable, as there is no
plant flowering during this month that
I'equires so little attention. The ama-
teur may not notice, under the above
heading, that this is the ordinary plant
very often termed Red Piny, but the
above is the correct botanical name.
The amateur also may not be awai-e
that the Pseonies have almost as great
a variety of colours as the Rose, with
a somewhat similar fragrance ; I have
had many people mistake them for
very large Roses, when a bouquet
has been made up of partially opened
flowers. The Ptieonies of late years
have been very much improved in va-
riety of colours, and now the colours
vary from }Hire white to light and dark
pink, pink and white variegated, etc.,
all exquisitely fragrant, which is not the
case with the ordinary dark red variety.
The best season of the year for plant-
ing, in my experience, has been from
the middle of October imtil frost comes.
Almost any soil will grow them suc-
cessfully. The great disadvantage in
planting in the spring is that the warm
weather comes on us so very rapidly
that the stems ap})ear above ground
before the amateur thinks of planting.
By planting in the fall, they flower
easily the following summer. Pro])a-
gation is by division of roots, which
may easily be done by cutting the heart
of the root, together with an eye or bud
and as much of the roots as can bo con-
veniently spared. In my estimation
there is no more easily grown, and more
satisfactory plant than the Poeony. I
would suggest not to always grow the

common dark red variety, but to choose
the lighter coloui-s, which are oftener
the newer varieties. Another advan-
tage is that, as yet, this plant has not
been attacked by insects of any kind, the
stems and leaves being of a harder sub-
stance, does not suit the palate of the
insects.

Chrysaxthemum Culture. — "Ama-
teur," in Popular Gardening, gives the
following rules for Summer Care of
these i^opular plants, viz. : —

(1) Never keep them in doors when
they can possibly be in the open air.

(2) Never let them became pot bound
until they have budded to bloom.

(3) Never shift immediately after
nijiping

(4) Never let them stay dry.

(5) Never let them want food.

(6) Give them plenty of sun and not
too much wind.

(7) Pinch freely.

(8) For fine flowers, rub ofi" three out
of five, and toward fall all that may ap-
pear.

Jfiitits.

FRUIT PACKAGES.

In growing FRUITS for shipping to
city markets, it is a great mistake to
postpone the pui-chase of barrels, crates
and baskets, until the time approaches
when they are positively needed. It
is already high time to secure crates
and baskets for the strawberry crop, for
before the end of the present month,
there will be business enough in gather-
ing and marketing the fruit, without
any solicitude concerning a sufficient
supply of baskets. Indeed, we who
live on the south shore of Lake Onta-
rio, usually begin shipping strawberries
about the 20th of June.

For many j'ears fruit growers in Ca-
nada used the wooden crate holding 54

126

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

quarts, for packing their small fruits
for shipping. It served an excellent

54-QUART BERRY CRATE.

purpose, and was very popular. Bat
there was a difficulty in getting them
promptly returned, and often many of
them would go astray. It was also a
great deal of trouble to the fruit mer-
chant to collect from his customers the
quart baskets, so as to retui-n them
safely to the shipper, as he was in duty
bound to do. The careful packer, too,
found that after two or three trips the
wooden crate became much racked, and
the baskets inside so soiled as to de-
ti-act veiy much from the appearance
of the fruit.

The plan of using

GIFT PACKAGES,

made possible during the past two or
three years by the introduction of new
machinery into our basket factories,
has grown more and more popular in
Canada.

First the little baskets were offered
cheap enough to be given away with
the fruit, and now the crate itself is
offered in the same way.

To a Grimsby fruit-grower belongs
the honor of devising a basket-crate,
which is rapidly superceding
every other package for small
fruits, and which is now being
manufactui-ed by Mr. W. B.
Chisholm, of Oakville, as well as
at Grimsby.

This basket-crat ^ holds twenty-
f^ur quart baskets, and is now
offered for sale at so reasonable
a price that it may be given
away with the fruit. This greatly
facilitates trade, and the distri-
bution of small fruits to distant
points all over our Province.

Another advantage of this
crate is its handle. Express mes-
sengers are not always careful,
and a heavy box gets many a
toss, or fall, which a lighter
crate would naturally escape,
espe^^ially if it is provided with a
handle. The cover of the basket-crate

24-QUART SHIPPPIKG BERRY BASKET.

is usually fastened on with a piece of
wire or tin drawn over it near each
end ; but if a more secure way could be
planned of fastening the cover to hold
the fruit more snugly, so that it could

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

127

not move in the least, it would be still
more satisfactory.

The addi'ess may be put on with a
tag, or by means of a stencil. Our
habit is to use a stencil for the names
of both consignor and consignee ; as
when so marked the address cannot be
lost or obscured, and is seen at a glance.
A stencil, with name and address, can
be cut in tin by almost any tinsmith,
if it is not convenient to order one
from those who make a business of
their manufacture ; and all that is
needed in using it is a box of blacking
and blacking-brush.

FIELD BASKET.

The carrier, or field-basket, is also a
very useful article in berxy-picking
season. Each picker is provided with
one of these, by means of which he can
carry safely six quai'ts of fruit at one
time to the packing house, without
danger of tipping or spilling.

In another number we may speak of
packages which are suitable for our
other fruits. In the meantime we shall
be pleased to hear the experience of
the i-eaders of this Journal in the use
of packages for fruits.

Packing Pears. — The French, who
export more peai-s than any other na-
tion, cover the inside of the boxes with
spongy paper or dry moss, which ab-
sorbs the moisture. Each pear is then
wrapped in soft paper, and placed in
layers in the boxes, the largest and
least mature in the bottom, filling all
interstices with the dry moss. Thus
they will keep a monih or more. They
are so packed that they canno: touch

each other, and all motion is prevented.
If one decays the others are not harmed.
— Gardners^ Chronicle.

BLACK GRAPES AT CLARENCEVILLE, QUE.

Br WM. MEAD PATTISO.V, CLARENCEVILLE, QUE.

As my contribution in May number
of last year was confined to the newest
white grapes, I will now take up re-
cently introduced black, as far as tested
at this place. From an acquaintance
with most of the grape propagators in
the United States, I am enabled to ob-
tain for trial any new variety likely to
be adapted to this Province somewhat
in advance of their inti-oduction for sale
to the public. Consequently, the vari-
eties touched on here will mostly be
new to readers of The Horticulturist,
but will give them a knowledge of some
perhaps destined to come into general
cultivation in Canada in a few years.

On black grapes in years past, found
of more or less value to us in the north,
we are indebted to Bull, Rogers, Rick-
etts, Worden, Moore, Dr. Grant, Mil-
ler, Rommel, Ives, Steel, Underhill and
Garber of the States ; Arnold and Demp-
sey of Canada, most of whom obtained
their successes by artificial hybridizing.
But John Burr, of Kansas, U. S., has
experimented in a new direction by
grouping the vaiieties intended to be
crossed, relying on natural fertilization,
and selecting for propagation the lai-gest
and best matured seed from the best
fruit in the " group."

A very important point has been
gained by Mr. Burr's long study and
pei-sistent labours in producing foliage
resisting our trying climatic changes
and frost, obtaining at the same time
grapes of a superior flavor and earliness.
Of his varieties worthy of our trial as
soon as they ai-e offered to the public,
I have found three of great promise, viz.:

" Standard," a black grape of me-
dium bunch and berry, not comparable
in size to the showy fruit of Roger's

128

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

well-known blacks, but far superior to
them in quality, more of the character
of the Delaware.

"Ideal," of same description, is
judged by some as superior to the Dela-
ware, the standard for high flavour.

" Jewel " surpasses his Early Victor
in earliness, quality and size. In view
of the encomiums passed on these new
grapes by such authority as Coleman's
Rural World, their trial here is watched
with a great deal of interest.

" jS'orwood " originated at a place of
that name in Mass., U. S. ; bore here
last summer clusters of great size and
beauty, ripening a few days earlier than
Concord, and superior to it in size and
quality. The fruit at time of writing,
February 12, is well preserved, a point
of great consideration in its favoui".

" KocKLAND Favorite " (from Ell-
want; er and Bai-ry), a new Concord
seedling, till last year was viewed with
some misgivings. It has proved, how-
ever, to be an enormous bearer, carrying
the heaviest bunches in my vinery.
Some earlier and a trifle better than its
parent. Early in the season fully one-
third the clusters were removed ; even
then it showed a slight tendency to
drop its berry when fully ripe, which
was attributable to overtaskingthe vine.

"Peabody" (Ricketts') came fully
up to its oi'iginator's description, viz. :
" Hai dy ; bunch, medium to large ;
berry, size of ' lona ' ; black, with blue
bloom ; flesh tender, juicy, red and
sprightly." Ripened with Concord.

" Belvidere " has for some years
proved early and very productive here ;
quality only fair. From the size of the
bunch it takes readily in market, though
it needs to be picked just as soon as
ripe, or it drops its berry.

" Early Victor " (Burr) cannot be
classed as an early, but a medium early
variety. Its maturity in a gi-eat mea-
sure depends on I'emoval of a good pro-
portion of its clusters soon after formed.

It is yet a good grape for home use, for
table or wine.

"Waverly" (Rickett's) is one of
the most delicious gi'apes when propei-ly
cared for. Its foliage being weak, it
only matures a small quantity of fruit
for home use.

" Early Dawn " though earlier
than the last, has the same trait, qual-
ity good, but a poor bearer ; scarcely
pays for cultivation.

" Burnett " (Dempsey) did not
i-ipen well this year on account of the
very unfavorable season. On ordinary
years at this place it proves valuable
as a veiy delicious table grape.

" Rommel's Black Delaware Seed-
ling " bore for the first this year before
Delaware, with which it compai-es
favorably in size and qiiality.

" Florence," comes next to Cham-
pion in earliness, is superior in quality,
though small, and holds good a very
short time.

Of the older varieties

" Linden " (Miner) is of no value

here, as the fruit when ripe is too acid,

" Othello " is often subject to

mildew, and its fruit at best is indi ffer

ent in quality.

" Canada " the birds appropriate,
and with the two above are to be dis-
carded.

" Moore's Early " though good in
quality, proves with us an unproductive
and slow growing variety.

" Worden" is growing in popularity
yearly and must take the place of Con-
cord in this Province ; it is quite as
vigorous and pi'oductive, and more ap-
preciated for home use and market.

" Eumelan " is becoming a favoi'-
ite for home use. It is now twenty
years since it was first introduced from
the Hudson. Wherever it has given
dissatisfaction it may be traced to set-
ting out poor and enfeebled plants at
the start.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

129

Aminia, Wilder, Essex, Barry and
Herbert, Rogers' f\\mous blacks, are
our most valuable varieties, when we
consider their fine appearance and good
keeping qualities. These hybrids should
have made E. S. Rogers, of Roxbury,
Mass., a wealthy man, if he had shown
the acuteness of the introducers of the
Niagara.

For commercial purposes grape grow-
ing is not entered into in this Province
to any great extent.

SEEDLINGS FROM THE NIAGARA GRAPE.

BY D. W. BKADLE, ST. CATHARLNES, OXT.

Mr. Geo. W. Campbell, of Ohio, has
been raising some seedlings from the
Niagara grape, and thinks that many
of them will prove to be more valuable
than the parent. It is most remarkable
that while the Niagai'a has a very
decided foxy smell and taste, several of
the seedlings have been entirely free
from this fault, and seem to him to be
better in flavor than the parent. The
one that he considers to be thus far the
most promising bears a large handsome,
oval berry, of a light lemon color, and
ripens its entire crop while the Niagara
is yet hard and green.

A grape of such earliness, if it
possessed the requisite hardiness of vine
and good qualities of fruit, woiild be
nmch prized in many parts of Canada.
We are yet in the infancy of grape
culture. Wondeiful strides have
already been made in a comparatively
short pei'iod of time, but the coming
ten years will probably give us grapes,
of higher quality which will ripen in
our noi'thern climate, than is possessed
by any we ai'e now cultivating.

What are our producers of new fruits
doing I We had our Arnold and Saun-
ders and Dempsey, and othei'S. The
first named of these is living on the
banks of the river that flows amid the
groves of tiiat tree which yields its fruit
every month ; but what of the others I

Mr. Bucke, of Ottawa, is in just the
climate where by careful hybridizing he
should raise a grape as hardy as the
northern pine, and as luscious as any
we are now growing.

I have two vines of a native Russian
grape. They ai-e as hardy as any iron-
clad, but the fruit is small and not of
as fine a flavour as many of the grapes
we already are growing. But it seems
to me that this Russian grape vine,
which ripens up its wood so very early,
should be the mother of a race of very
hardy grape vines, yielding fruit of
superior quality, and which would ripen
in our coldest latitudes. This can be
soonest accomplished by hybridization.
I will cheerfully supply cuttings from
these Russian vines to any one who
would plant them, and try the eftect of
crossing with some of our best early
ripening grapes, such as the Delaware,
Jessica, etc.

^er(dable0.

SWEET CORN TESTED.

T. C. ROBISSOX, OWEN" SOVSD.

Our lake climate, with its chilly
spring winds and sudden extreme
changes of temperature until July, is
peculiarly unfavourable for that class
of vegetables which requires the whole
season and a high degree of heat in the
soil as well as in the atmosphere.
Hence, Sugar-Corn is a risky crop with
most people, except skilled market
gardeners, and early varieties are ex-
tremely desirable.

With a view of finding out the earli-
est and best, I experimented last sum-
mer with the following kinds : — Cory,
Squantum, Marblehead Early, New
Self Husking, Perry's Hybrid, Shaker's
Early (long grain, from Henderson),
Shaker's Early (broad grain, fromVick),
Henderson's Sugar, Old Colony, Boston
Market, Amber Cream, Asylum, Mam-

130

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTURI8T.

moth Early, Triumph, Potter's Excel-
sior, Livingston's Evergreen, Pee and
Kay, Early Minnesota, Moore's Early
Concord,

All of these nineteen kinds were
planted from 6th to loth June — most
of them on the 10th — except Cory and
Marblehead Eai-ly, which were planted
mainly on May 20th for early mai'ket
purposes, but some rows of these were
also put in at the same time as the
other varieties, for purposes of com-
parison.

The soil was a rather poor, sandy
loam, and very little manui-e was ap-
plied ; but the cultivation was fair to
good, with all except the " Self Husk-
ing," Henderson's Sugar," and, I think,
" Amber Cream." These got put on
new land which grew up so fast with
weeds that they had to be left out of
the race.

Of the remaining sixteen varieties I
got such a good test that I consider I
learned all I want to know about all of
them except three or four of the earli-
est.

First of all, to mature for boiling,
was the Cory. Planted May 20th, it
was ready to market early in August,
which, for this lake climate, we con-
sider remarkably quick growth. A few
days after, the Marblehead Early came
in. It seems to be nearly or quite as
large as the Cory. They both have the
same fault of redness of cob and fre-
quent redness of grain ; and for all
practical purposes these two sorts are
almost identical, with the exception of
the extra earliness of the Cory, whicli
is a most important difference ! Soon
after the Marblehead, came, of course,
the Early Minnesota with its pretty
little white cob. This point is a de-
cided merit, but it fails to make up for
the advantage over it gained by the
Cory, or even the Marblehead, by being
in the market a week or two sooner.
People will grumble at the Cory's red

cob, but they are not willing to wait
for the white, and so they buy the Cory
and grumble, and buy again — at a good
round price too : and when the pretty
little Minnesota does come fairly in the
price is down. For a limited quantity,
the Cory probably pays the best of any
corn that grows.

About the time the Minnesota is
faii-ly under way, we come chuckling
along with the crop of Perry's Hybird.
The appeai'ance of this sort is not to be
mistaken. Stalk and leaf and ear-cover-
ings are a dull, greenish-red, which
seems rather uninviting. I know of no
other variety that looks like it. But
the proof of the corn is in the ear, and
the ear of the Perry's Hybrid with me
was almost fully up to the size of the
Mammoth varieties. If both had been
gi'own on rich soil, no doubt the Mar-
blehead Mammoth, Livingstone's Ever-
green, &c., would have been consider-
ably larger ; bnt on the poorish, sandy
soil mentioned the Perry seemed about
equal. The cob of this vai'iety is rather
red also ; but it has not the deep red
which stains the water in cooking and
blackens the grain. Particular in-
quiries of my men who did the peddling,
fail to show a single case of customei'S
grumbling at the red cob of the Perry's
Hybrid.

Shaker's Early, Boston Mai'ket and
Moore's Early Concord came in close
behind the Perr3^ The only one that
I found to compare at all with Perry
was the Shaker's Early — the broad-
grained variety, I think. The ear was
almost as large, so near it in fact that
we could scarcely see the difference, and
the cob is white. But the slight differ-
ence in earliness tips the balance, in my
estimation, in favour of Perry's Hybrid.
I only grew a couple of short rows of
Shaker's. I grew the Perry in quantity
for market • hence, I have confidence
in the Perry which I fail to have in the
other, and this is intensified from the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

131

fact that Shaker's Early was on first-
class soil, while I grew the Perry on
both good and bad land. Planted June
lOch, Perry's Hybrid matured in quan-
tity for market early in September. I
consider it the best early corn tested to
follow the Cory, and the only main
crop variety worth growing in a climate
such as that of the Owen Souud Dis-
trict. Early Pee and Kay was about
two weeks later, and smaller.

By special favour of the Clerk of the
weather, or otherwise, I got a test of
Mai'blehead Mammoth, Triumph, Squan-
tum Sugar, Livingston's Evergreen (an
improvement on Stowell's Evergreen),
and others. Late in September they
made a spurt, and early in October the
, ears were marketable, and we furnished
them to customers until the latter pai't
of October, when patient Winter fore-
closed his mortgage and stopped the
fun. Of coui'se we had slight fi-osts
before, but a protecting orchard and
fences moderated it, so that the corn
could grow until, I think, about the
23rd. Generally we get too much
frost for corn late in September. Had
such occurred last fall my corn experi-
ence would have been materially cur-
tailed.

Hence these late sorts will not do
for us.

Shaker's Early, Perry, Cory, Marble-
head, Early Minnesota, Moore's Early
Concord and Boston Market we man-
aged to select ears of on one day that
were tit to cook and compare. I tested
them cai-efully when cooked, and found
so little difference that my prejudice in
favour of Cory and Perry, caused by
their remarkably good behaviour as to
earliness, size and crop, proved strong
enough to make me think Cory and
Perry tasted a little better than the
others. Probably most people would
be unable to distinguish any difference
in the quality of these varieties.

I conclude that whoever will develop

a white-cobbed variety of Cory — call it
what name he pleases — and the same
of Perry, will do the public and him-
self a benefit. Were this once done, I
know of no other vai'ieties worth grow-
ing in comparison.

Cucumbers for garden use do much
better when on stakes made of portions
of trees that afford six inches or so of
side branches. They climb small
stakes by tendrils, which cannot attach
themselves to thick stakes. For cu-
cumbers, therefore, a lot of twiggy
brush-wood should be tied around the
heavy stake. The cucumber will then
climb up easily. — Gardener's Monthly.

Celery, — Henderson's White Plume
celery is having the effect to make
every man a celery gi-ower. Farm
hands and day laborers now find ways
to have a row of this appetizer in their
gardens. How easy the cultivation
when good plants can be had. A lib-
eral quantity of old manure is spread
on the top of the ground and well
spaded in ; some necessary hoeing and
stirring of the soil after setting ; some
banking or tying up of the plants —
sometimes neither, and last of all the
plants are dug up and stood away close-
ly in a box in a cool cellar, and where
rats do not molest, and the celery keeps
till wanted, sometimes into Mai'ch. —
The American Garden.

CELERY LEAF BLIGHT.

A writer in the Botanical Gazette
writes from Missouri : —

This disease (Cercospora apii) annu-
ally destroys about one-half the celery
planted in this section ; last year (1886)
the loss occasioned by the parasite
was not so great as in former years,
owing no doubt, to the dry weather
which prevailed in this section. Fi-e-
quent showers, and heavy dews fol-
lowed by hot sunshine favors the

132

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

growth of the fungus. The fungus
usually appears in this section about
the first of July, and at the approach
of cool weather, which usually comes
on in September, the fungus gradually
disappears. ^Yhen fresh the conidia
germinate I'eadily in three hours, by
sending out a delicate, colorless thread
from each cell. So long as the celery
leaves ai-e kept dry, but few of the con-
idia germinate, but if the leaves are
frequently moistened, the fungus quick-
ly destroys them.

Celeiy protected from the direct rays
of the sun, either by natural means, as
planting under trees, or by screens made
for the purpose, is rarely attacked by
the parasite.

In preparing celery for the table, we
save the outer stalks not sufficiently
blanched to be eaten raw. Clean them
and cut them into pieces half an inch
long. Stew them in water until ten-
der ; di'ain off the water, add butter, a
little floui", and sufficient milk to make
a sauce to cover the celery ; season
with salt and pepper, heat to boiling
and serve.

HOW TO GROW ONIONS.

On my farm I keep a heavy stock of
pigs and sheep, and make a large quan-
tity of rich manure. By this I mean,
that the pigs and sheep are fed on malt
sprouts and other food, particulai'ly rich
in nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash.
Notwithstandins: this fact, I find great
advaiitage from using, in addition to
the farm manure, a liberal dressing of
sui)erphosphate and nitrate of soda. I
am not a business man, or I should
probably keep these facts to myself,
and let some men, whom I have in my
mind, go floundering in their ignorance
and prejudice. It would serve them
right. They think they know all about
manures, when in fact they know no-
thing. They put on some commercial

manures costing one hundred dollars
per acre, when they could get the same
eflfect for less than half the money.
Market gardeners sow from one to two
tons of commercial manure per acre,
costing fifty dollars per ton. They
think that it pays. I do not deny it.
I only claim that they ai'e working in
the dark. It might have paid the
Chinaman to set fire to the sty, when
he wanted roasted pig. But we have
discovei'ed cheaper and better methods
of preparing food for the table. And
w^e have discovered cheaper methods of
manuring our land, than applying one
hundred dollars worth of commercial
manure per acre. Try this experiment
the coming spring. Get two tons of
" blood and bone fertilizer," costing one
hundred dollars. Sow it broadcast on
an aci'e of land prepared for onions.
On an adjoining acre, sow at the same
time :

500 lbs. superphosphate, at li cent per lb. §7 50
60L- lbs. nitrate of soda, at 2^ cents per lb. 15 00

8-22 50

If it does not produce as great a growth
of onions as the two tons of raw bone
manure, I am greatly mistaken. On
my own farm we sow the nitrate two or
three times during the growth of the
onions. I never saw a finer growth of
onions than we had last year and pro-
duced in the above way. There was not
a scallion in a hundred thousand. —
Joseph Harris, in American Agricul-
turist/or Jan.

Apples. — Those who are fortunate
enough to hold choice long keepers can
make long prices, sales having taken
place during the week of russets and
spies at $5.00 to $6.00 per bbl. Less
desirable kinds ranging all the way
from $2.50 to $4.00 per bbl. Stocks
of finest assortment are small and in
few hands, and prices are bound to be
well maintained. — Montreal Produce
Bulletin, May 19th.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

133

rScientific.

THE OYSTER-SHELL BARK LOUSE.

(Mi/tilaspis pomorutn.)

Very few have any idea how common
a pest this is in our Canadian orchards.
Many people are wondering why their
orchards are so unfruitful, and why they
are so stunted in gi'owth, and look so
sickly, when the whole trouble is due
to this pernicious little louse, which,
unnoticed by them, is pi'eying upon the
bark of their apple trees in immense
numbers, sucking out their strength
and life.

Last summer toward the end of May
a neighbor brought in to the writer a
branch of a young tree from his orchard
asking, " What is the matter with this
tree?" The tree would not grow, and
he had discovered that the bark was
curiously rough with numerous tiny
scales about one-sixth of an inch in
length, as shewn in hg. 1. Upon lift-

FiG. 1. — Oyster-Shell Bark Lolse.

ing one of these scales and using a hand
glass the question was soon solved. To
his astonishment, there were revealed
nearly one hundred wee little lice, too
small to be readily seen by the naked
eye, and which ran about with the
greatest speed over the bai-k as if de-
lighted at their liberation from the con-
finement of the maternal shell. No
wonder the tree was stunted !

This louse belongs to the genus Coc-
cidae, and is allied to the aphis, bed-
bug, and body-louse. Tt was introduced
into this country some eighty years ago
from Europe, and although the female
cannot fly, and hence migi-ates slowly,
it has now become more or less dis-
tributed throughout our whole country.

The time to destroy these bark lice
is early in the month of June, because
at that time the young brood escape
from under the scales where they hyber-
nate, and which are actually the dead
bodies of the mother lice. The loose
bark should fii-st be scraped off with a
hoe, because the cunning youngsters
hide away carefully beneath it, as if
they were trying to escape discovery.

Then the ti-unks and large limbs must
be washed with a strong solution of soft
soap and washing soda, with enough
water to enable one to apply it with a
paint brush, or scrubbing brush. If
the lice have spread over the limbs, the
whole ti-ee must be syringed with a
solution of washing soda and water in
the proportion of half a pound to a pail-
ful, or potash and water, two pounds to
seven quarts. Caustic soda and water
is recommended as still more effective.

There are several insects which prey
upon the bark louse, as also some insec-
ti\orous birds, but unfortunately this
hateful insect increases out of all pro-
portion to the number of its destroyers,
and unless vigoi'ous remedial measures
are employed, some of our best orchards
will die of premature old age.

PARIS GREEN AND THE CODLING MOTH.

This month is the time to destroy
the Codling Moth, and therefoi-e we
may perhaps be pardoned for writing
a few lines upon so trite a subject as
the use of Paris Gveen.

That it pays the oi-chardist to use it
has been established by repeated ex-
pei'iment. Prof. Forbes, State Ento-
mologist of Illinois, has proved to his
satisfaction that its application will
save about three quarters of the fruit
usually lost by the work of this insect,
and many of us in Canada have be-
come convinced of this statement.

The writer has now used it for two
years quite extensively and with ex-
cellent results. Last year he applied

134

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T

it quite early in June, using a Cana-
dian-made force pump, which was found
fully as good as Fields force pump, and
less expensive. By favor of Mr. Wm.
Kobertson we here show a cut of this
pump.

ROBEKTSON S FORCE PUMP.

The instrument was firmly screwed
fast in the end of a kerosene barrel,
and the whole arrangement firmly tied
fast in an express waggon, by means of
four ropes, one attached to each corner
of the box. This precaution was most
important, for horses are often very
timid over the spray, and the noise of
the pumping, and most serious acci-
dents might result from carelessness in
this respect.

As to quantity, three ounces to forty
gallons of water were found to be quite
suflttcient. It was first mixed with a
small quantity of water and then pail
after jiail poured in until the ban-el
was full.

Prof Forbes advises the use of a
pole long enough to reach the tops of
the highest trees, but surely this would
be exceedingly awkward to handle.
We question whether the professor ever
tried a day's work handling such a

pole, say 20 feet long with 20 feet of
hose attached to the end. With eight
feet of hose and no pole at all, we
could force a fine spray over trees 20
feet in height, and surely a pole 10 feet
in length would answer for the highest
apple trees.

The time of application last year
with us was the second week in June,
but the time of greatest benefit will of
course vary with the season. Repeated
applications every two or three weeks
as advised by some writers is wholly
unnecessary. Once is trouble enough,
and fortunately effective if applied
when the calyx end of the apple still
stands upward ; but later, when the
apple turns down by reason of its
weight, it is of little use. The reason
is that the egg of the Codling Moth is
deposited in this end, and the tiniest
drop of poison lodging here will kill
the young larva before it has found its
way coreward. Besides, if the poison
is lodged in the stem end of the .apple
it might possibly remain there long
enough to destroy lives more precious
than that of the hated apple worm.

HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA FOR
FUSICLADIUM.

The following letter is in reply to an
inquiiy concerning the best time and
mode of applying the above remedy for
the apple scab : —

Sir, — I should think that a fully
satisfactory ti-ial of hyposulphite of
soda for fusicladium would i-equire that
it be used first just as the leaves are
coming out, and several times after-
ward during the early i)art of the sea-
son. The theory of its action is, that
it prevents the germination of the
spores and establishment of the fungus.
The fungus winters over on the bud
scales, and is ready to start into active
growth as soon as the young leaves are
formed. Of com'se a heavy rain washes
it from the tree, and the application

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTURI8T.

135

should therefore be renewed as soon
after a heavy shower as the tree has
become dry or nearly so, if the highest
efficiency is to be secured.

It is also a very good plan to spray
but half of the tree, in order to have
the other half to compare with. If a
sufficient number of trees are used,
some of them might be totally sprayed,
however. It does not seem to me that
the results so far obtained are suffi-
ciently positive to warrant one in spray-
ing more of the orchai'd than is neces-
sary for an ample experiment.

Yours truly,

J. C. Arthur.
N. Y. Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y.

DRAINAGE WATER.

BY C. C. JAMES, M.A., PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY.

In estimating the worth of a fertili-
zer, commercial values are set only upon
the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and pot-
ash ; sometimes the lime is considered.
The three first mentioned are of most
importance, since nearly all soils con-
tain sufficient of the other plant foods
to sustain ordinary crops. To grow
crops it is necessaiy, therefore, to sup-
ply nitrogen, otherwise the land will
become exhausted. The ordinary crops
annually remove from the soil the fol-
lowing quantities of nitrogen per acre :

Lbs.

Wheat (30 bush.) Grain 33

Barley (40 " jGrain 35

oats (45 " Grain 38

Hay (li tons.)

Red Clover (2 "

Turnips (17 " Roots 63

Mangels.... (22 " I Roots 85

Potatoes... (6 " I Roots 42

Lbs.

Straw ,
Straw-
Straw ,

12
12
14
45
70
Tops .... 45
Tops 46.5

45

47

52

45

70

108

131.5

Tops, etc. IS I 60

Total
Lbs.

The rain carries into the soil from
the atmosphere every year from five to
ten pounds ; other sources of supply
besides that of direct applications of a
nitrogenous fertilizer are, as yet, some-
what uncertain.

The nitrogen, however, before it is
in form available for the plant must be

converted into a nitrate, a compound
resulting from the union of nitric acid
with some such substance as lime. This
formation of nitrates in the soil is called
nitrijication, and producing the various
fermentations. It is found in all fer-
tile soils, and for its development and
work demands a supply of air and
water. Tillage therefore assists in the
process. The presence of too much
water excludes the air and hinders the
work, even undoing it. Drainage
therefoi-e increases the range of nitrifi-
cation and deepens the fertility. A
proper degree of heat is also most im-
poi'tant. Nitrification ceases below
and near the freezing point. As the
temperature rises to 98° Fahrenheit
activity increases. From that point it
again diminishes to about 131° when
it ceases. Under these conditions ni-
trification proceeds most actively dur-
ing the summer, and continues even
into the autumn. The nitric acid thus
formed unites with lime principally,
forming nitrate of lime, or calciym
nitrate.

In the spring there ai'e few, if any,
nitrates to be washed out of the soil ;
in the summer there is but little, if any,
drainage to wash out the nitrates ; in
the autumn, therefore, when nitrates
have accumulated and drainage is also
abundant, we may expect the greatest
loss.

The following may be practised either
to clean dirty land or to rest exhausted
land : In the former case, to avoid
excessive loss by drainage, recourse may
be had to roots thoroughUj cultivated.
To improve an exhausted land, instead
of allowing the land to lie fallow a
whole year, a gi'een crop might be
plowed under, thus keeping all the
nourishment in the soil, increasing it by
drawing on the air and subsoil, and by
decreasing the drainage. For green
manuring, red clover, rye and buck-
wheat arespeciall}' recommended ; other

136

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

crops such as rape, white mustard, scar-
let clover, etc., are also used. These
should be plowed under just before full
blossom.

On the whole most soils will improve
best under a combined treatment of
green manui'ing and fallowing, where
resort is necessary to such treatment.
— From Bulletin IX., Ayricultural Col-
lege, Gitelph.

LIQUID MANURE.

There are quite a number of farmers
within our acquaintance who save all
the urine of their stock, and find a pro-
fitable use for it by applying it from a
sprinkling cart to their grass fields.
But they have found that some precau-
tions are needed. The best time to
apply it is when the young grass is
starting vigorously, and there are fre-
quent showers — or, say, about this
season of tbe year. Four or five hun-,
dred gallons to the acre, applied in this
way, will give a very heavy growth,
without other manuring. The rank-
ness of leafage and the dark color which
the grass almost at once takes on, indi-
cate an over-supply of available nitro-
gen in this urine, and a continuously
urine-dressed grass plot tends to run
into a rank, weedy growth. The ti-ou-
ble here arises, as we have shown in
previous articles, from the excess of
nitrogen over phosphoric acid in lU'ine.
A field laid down to grass, with the
view of applying liquid manure as a
top-dressing, should have about 400
pounds of finely ground steamed bone
per acre harrowed in on the furrow

before seeding.

* * *

In beginning to use a new fertilizer,
we must be sure we are using it cor-
rectly, before we hasten to condemn it.
There is abundant evidence of the ferti-
lizing properties of liquid manure.
Many gardeners depend upon it almost
wholly to force forward their crops. If

at first an experimenting farmer does
not succeed, we advise him to look the
matter over, and " try, tiy again."
There is a great deal to be learned
about farming yet, even by the oldest
of us, and both brains and knowledge
are necessary to enable any of us to
keep near the head of the procession. —
Br. Iloskins in Rural Vermonter.

Paris Green, says the Chicago Inter-
Ocean, should be used with the utmost
care, when applied to the potato vine,
as it does sometimes poison the tubers.
The eflect upon persons eating a potato
so poisoned is to produce dryness of
the throat, intense thirst, and violent
pains in the stomach.

We doubt whether such danger need
be feai-ed except in cases where the tu-
bers are above ground, as the arsenic is
neutralized by the soil as soon as it
is mixed with it. Have our Canadian
growers any caution to give us 1

®pen fetters.

Encouraging. — Sir, It would give
me much pleasure to see the circulation
of the Horticulturist very lai'gely in-
creased. I have seldom let an oppor-
tunity slip of saying an earnest word
in its favour, having found it exceed-
ingly interesting, and quite practi-al
throughout. Yours,

Leonard H. Wilder.

Cooksville, Ont.

Wylie's Seedling Plum. — Sir, I
send two or three of my young red
plum trees that I wrote you about last
fall. If you will plant them you will
find them grow very fast and be very
productive, and the fruit is large, juicy,
and pleasant. It does well here in clay
loam, and bears early. Fruit ripe in
August. I will send you some fruit as
a sample this year.

THE CANADIAN HCilTICDLTURIST.

137

The tips, at least, of my Lombard
and Moore's Arctic plums are gone
this spring. The winter was very se-
vere. Yours, fee, W. H. Wtlie.

Carleton Place, Ont.

Use for Old Strawberry Baskets.
— Sir : Last year I planted out 1000
cabbage plants. " He that observeth
the wind shall not sow," so I set them
out when they were ready. The day
was bright, and before night they were
a long way off the perpendicvilar. I
had as many old strawberry baskets at
hand with which I covered them. My
plants in a few hours were started for
life, the baskets none the worse. Un-
less your readers fancy working in the
rain, they will find the plan a good one.

J. C.
Aultsvile, April, 1887.

Improving. — A Seaforth subscriber
writes : — Sir : I had little notion of be-
coming a subsci'iber this year, but I
have received five numbers, and I
think they are an improvement on last
year's. I get some useful hints in them
which makes them interesting.

[This is a sample of many letters
which have been received. It is cer-
tainly the wish of the Directors to
make each volume of our Journal better
than its predecessor, until no Canadian
farmer or fruit grower can afibrd to do
without it.]

FARMERS' INSTITUTES.

The Editor Canadian Horticulturist.

I was interested in a note on Farm-
ers^ Institutes in the May number, and
as it corresponds to views too often
expressed in essays and in print, I may
be excused for briefly referring to it.
The " notion " referred to is as follows,
that the so-called iineducated man is
practical, while the college professor is
theoretical. In this case the term theory
is often applied in the sense of reason,
words of a very different signification.

No doubt some college professors deal
too much in theories, and some of the
other class are truly practical. I have
attended a very large number of gather-
ings where both of the classes above
named took an active part, and in my
judgment the college man is beaten out
of sight in the nvimber of theories offered
by the so-called practical man.

W. J. BEAL.
Michigan Agricultural College,
lOth May, 1887.

HARDY APPLES -A CORRECTION.

The Editor Canadian Horticulturist.

Dear Sir : My article from the Am.
Garden was quite incorrectly quoted
in the May Canadian Horticulturist.
In the fifth line " two " should be true.
Yellow Transparent and Oldenbui'gh
are true ironclads : while Shiawassee
Beauty is entirely distinct from the
Fall Queen — hai'dly any two apples
more so in all points. If Westfield
Seek-no-Further does not suit your
locality, I would strongly advise trial
of McClellan ; and also of Salome, a
newly introduced Illinois apple, hardy,
but not ironclad, and a very productive
and salable market fruit, which I
should prefer to the American Golden
Russet. Tinmouth is well worth plant-
ing as a choice family apple, and Nod-
head (Jewett's Fine Red) has few
superioi'S in its class of early winter

apples. Yours truly,

T. H. HOSKINS.

Newport, Vt., May 11, 1887.

[Note. — We regret the omission of
the word Haas after Shiawassee Beauty
on p. 101, which in the article referred
to is correctly given by Dr. Hoskins as
another name of the Fall Queen. The
apple has been largely sold in Canada
under the name of Haas. It is also
known as Gros Pommier, — Ed.]

138

THE CANADIAN H0BTICDLTUBI8T.

Question gratoer.

This department is intended as an open one to every
reader of the "Horticulturist" to send in either
qtoestio^u or ansivers. Often a reader mil be able to
ansicer a question ichich has been left unannvered,
or only partially answered by us. For convenience
of reference the questions are numbered, and any
one replying or referring to any question will
please mention the number of it.

47. Salt as a Fertilizer. — Please let me
know through your iKti^er whether salt
is good for strawberry plants set on
heavy land.

[W. A. Smith, Coverdale, N.B.]

Prof. Panton, of Guelph, would not
advise the use of salt for strawberry
plants on such soil. He recommends a
liberal application of wood ashes as
being an excellent fertilizer for the
strawberry bed.

A writer in the Country Gentleman
says :

" Salt should not be used on cold,
heavy or moist soils, and if any one
does, he will be disappointed in the re-
sult, as its tendency is to keep the
ground cool and moist. It will do such
soil more harm than good.

" T do not think salt is much of a
fertilizer in itself, though plants take it
up, as you can tell by tasting and by
the stiffening and glazing of straw of a
plant grown in salted ground. I think
it acts upon and assimilates the gross
matter in the soil so as to make it
available food."

48. Red Spider. — Does it destroy the
bark louse.

It is thought to hybernate under the
scale of the bark louse, but not to be
parasitic upon it.

49. M. p. Wilder Rose. — -Do you know
if the Marshall Pinkney Wilder Rose
can be bought in Canada ?

[L. H. Wilder, Cooksville.]

Mr. Fi-ederick Mitchell, Innerkip,

writes that he is propagating a limited

number. He says it is a thoroughly

good rose, no other possesses more good

points, but its similarity to Alfred
Colomb detracts from its value as a
novelty.

50. Aphis on Roses. — What do you find
most effedive in the destruction of the
rose aphis ? [W. F. Burton, Hamilton.]

Eeply by D. W. Beadle. — I have
found tobacco water, made by soaking
stems of tobacco in a pail of water,
applied with a garden syringe an effec-
tual cure, killing the aphides. It may
be necessary to go over the rose trees
two or three times before the insects
will be all destroyed.

Some care must be taken lest the in-
fusion be so strong as to injure the
foliage of the roses. The addition of
whale oil soap is recommended by
many, but I have found the tobacco
water quite sufficient.

[Note.- — A writer in the Horticnl-
tiiral Times (Eng.) says he has used
hot water (1.tO°) upon his chrysanthe-
mums for the destruction of the black
aphis with excellent success ; and that
the plants, instead of being injured,
were induced to a more healthy growth.
—Ed.]

51. Effect of Cold Water on Plants. Sir :
I have the city loater in my garden, and
last summer being icnusually dry, I was
compelled to use the water freely, but the
results were so unsatisfactory that I am
now of opinion that the water was too
cold, and therefore checked growth and,
consequently, productiveness. 4^° is the
present temperatitre of the lake water
taken at the hydrant, but I fear to use
it, although the soil is light and needs
water badly. Will you please give me
the temjyerature beloio which it would not
be prudent to apply the lake water to
vegetation ? [J. L. Thompson, Toronto.]

Reply by D. W. Beadle. — It is
thought desirable to have the tempera-
ture of the water raised by allowing it
to stand in an open tank, where it will
have the full benefit of the sun all day,
and apply it at evening. I have never

i

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

189

tested the water used in watering my
plants with the thermometer, and can-
not give the proper temperature in de-
grees. My own impression is that it
is of less consequence to raise the tem-
perature of the water than is generally
suj)posed. I have used the city water
here (St. Catharines), direct from the
hydi'ant, without perceiving any inju-
rious effects. But I apply it early in
the morning — about sun-rise -and al-
low the sun to warm it as it ascends
towards the zenith. Nor has enough
been used to keep the temperatui-e of
the soil abnormally cold. Perhaps a
liberal application of stable manure
would render the soil less thirsty.

REPLIES TO PREVIOUS INQUIRIES.

45.— Quart Boxes.— Mr. W. B. Chis-
holm, Oakville, who advertises in this
number, says : "Re M. E's query in
May No. I would say that we can
make quart baskets, or any other size
to order, providing a little time is
given us.

Messrs. A. C. Rice & Co., Sarnia,
also write : " We make the full quart,
the same as are used in the States. We
ship them either flat or made up."

€anabian ^ortictilturist.

Privet makes a very good ornamental
hedge, where ornament only is the
object. The chief objection we have to
it is its rapid growth, requiring rather
frequent clipping during the busy sea-
son of the year ; but if trained in a
conical shape the work is much less
than if trained with a square top. A
writer to the American Garden recom-
mends the California privet {Ligustrum
ovalifolium), and the common kind [L.
vulgare), to be planted thickly together.
He says they make a perfect thick green
wall of a hedge.

Another pretty plant for an ornamen-
tal hedge is Spiraea Van Houtti, one
of the prettiest, as well as the hardiest
of the Spiraeas.

^N lUus-
tratecl
j Monthly Journal, de-
voted to the interests
of Fruit Growers,
Gardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burban homes,

Subscription price §1.00
per j'ear, entitling th subscri-
ber to membership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Aimual Report, and a share in its
annual distribution of plants and trees.

This Journal is not pubUshed in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniary advantage of
any one, but its pages are devoted wholly to
the progress of Horticultural Science and
Art in Canada. We aim at the development
of the fruit growing industry in our Provdnce ;
at the general distribution of knowdge con-
cerning all the newest and best varieties of
fruits ; and at the education of a refined
taste in the art of decorative gardening
around the homes of our Canadian people.

With such ends in view we invite the co-
operation of the lovers of Horticulture both
in extending the membership of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario, and in con-
tributing to these pages such items as may
be of general interest and profit.

Paid 86 on your label shows you have
not paid for year 1887 ; but unless the
remittance comes to hand by the 20th
of one mouth, the label cannot be
changed until the second issue follow-
ing.

140

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

50 cents for 8 months. — This Journal is
offered for eight months, beginning
with May No., to new subscribers, for
50 cents. We hope all friends of the
Association will take this opportunity
to increase its usefulness by largely ex-
tending the circulation of the Horticul-
turist.

Bound Volumes of this journal may be
had in clotli at $1 each from this office.
Vols. VII., VIII. and IX. have colored
plates ; Vols. I. and II., and Vols. III.
and IV., not having colored plates, are
bound together and sold as one volume.

Shorthand Wreckers, is the caption of an
article in the G osmojwlitan Shorthander
which rather interests us. In it the
Fruit Growers' Association is compared
to a noble ship, and the reporter of
our Winter Meeting at Stratford to a
wrecker who, under the guise of a skil-
ful mariner, undertook to navigate into
the fair port of Brevier the stately
vessel. It gives examples of a few of
the pieces of wreckage, only too fa-
miliar to the Secretary, and which
may interest some others as literary
curiosities. Here are some specimens :

" 'Mr. C. — What do you find hardy here
and make nice plants ?

Mr. A.— What Mr. B. said. I think the
Norway Spruce is a very good tree, it makes
a good protection. The EngHsh Thome the
insects seems to destroy the leaves, and it
doesn't seem to stand the spring frost.

Mr. C. — Have you tried Veitchii ? Lilacs
are all hardy.

Mr. F. — How is Japanese Snow Balls ?

Mr. E. — Can you grow Sponkers ?

Mr. A. — They grow very little.

Mr. C. — I think with Red Cedar or Arbor
Vitse.

Mr. B.— I like Red Cedar.

Mr. D. — The question by the Secretary to
that unpronounceable word Veitchii, that is
not hardy. I was a little erratical about
that. It killed within four or five inches.

Mr. B. * * * I was very much amused
when in the west on passing a large wheat
field to see some two or three hundred head
of cattle having the peculiarity of our cows.
There was no dash, nothing of the sort, they
were in a good pasture field. There was no

trouble of them getting across the Une, and
seeing that these cattle were not scattering
through this large wheat field ; looking for
a little distance I saw some of the native
ponies with little boys on them, they were a
short distance away, if the cows moved
oway from the rest they would give a pe-
culiar whistle that made the cow turn tail
back. There is wire fences there.'

These extracts may serve to still
further explain the reason why our Re-
port for 1886 is so much smaller than
usual. We could not avoid crossing
out page after page of such nonsense,
and then we made the best sense pos-
sible of the rest.

We are glad to be able to announce
that the services of Mr. Thos. Ben-
gough, official reporter, Toronto, have
been engaged for our summer meeting
at Collingwood. It is only neccessary
to mention this gentleman's name to
assure our readers of a faithful report
of the meeting.

The next Biennial Meeting of the Amer-
ican Pomological Society will be held
at Boston, commencing on Wednesday,
September 14, 1887, at 10 a.m., and
continue for three days.

The venerable President, M. P.
Wilder, had hoped to live to meet his
friends once more so near home, but
his life was not spai-ed to realize this
ambition, to the great regret of all
concerned. In the meantime, Mr. P.
Barry, of Rochester, the First Vice-
President, is called upon to fill the
President's office.

All horticultural, pomological, agri-
cultural and other kindred associations
in the United States and British Pro-
vinces are invited to send delegates.

The Massachusetts Horticultural
Society has appropriated the sum of
$500 to be offered in special prizes for
fruits to be exhibited during the meet-
ing.

The Balsam Fir and the Norway Spruce are
both severely condemned by the Rural
New Yorker for ornamental planting.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

141

We have long ago discarded the Bal-
sam Fir as being one of the most un-
satisfactory of evergreens. When it
reaches the age of fifteen or twenty
years it is easily blown over by the
wind, especially if grown in light soil ;
and it has an ugly habit of thinning out
at the base, which makes it most un-
sightly. We would not plant it again
even in the most remote corner.

Possibly the Rural is right also in
condemning the Norway Spruce, but
we are not prepared to join in so doing.
All over Ontario it is the leading ever-
green for shelter and ornament, and
still very popular. We have a hundred
or more about our grounds, many of
them twenty-five or thirty yearsplanted,
and towering up about thirty feet in
height. Except that we have too many
of one kind for good taste, we have as
yet no cause for regret concerning them.
Their colour is good, they spread out
their long limbs some ten or twelve
feet in every direction, from which
hang the most gracefully drooping
branches, and there is no thinning out
at the bottom.

Perhaps when they reach the age of
fifty years or more, we may have occa-
sion to change our opinion, but, if so,
it will be with great disappointment
when we consider that, not only the
writer, but farmers and fruit growei'S
generally throughout our Province,
have been planting the Norway Spruce
most extensively for windbreak and for
ornament, and that, too, acting upon
the unqualified commendations of all
our leading horticultural and agricul-
tural journals.

Possibly this evergreen is better
adapted to our Canadian soil and climate
than it is to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Long
Island and Illinois, from which States
the loudest condemnations arise.

As substitutes for the Norway Spruce,
Josiah Hoopes recommends the varie-
ties of spruces technically known as

Picea pungens, P. alba, P. orientalis,
P. polita and P. alcoquiana.

Arbor Day. The -Educational Journal
for May 1st is largely occupied with
plans for the successful conduct of
Arbor Day. The setting aside of one
day in the year for the decoration of
school grounds is certainly most com-
mendable ; but the most difiicult part
still remains, viz., to so direct the army
of little workers as to make it a time
of real profit.

That it may become an educative
power, it will be necessary to have the
teachers themselves regarding the
grouping and planting of ornamental
trees and shrubs, the proper method of
making a good lawn, both by seeding
and lr>y sodding, and the tasteful laying
out and planting of flower beds.

People generally are lamentably ig-
norant, too, of even our most common
native trees and shrubs, and a named
collection of these in our public and
high school yards, would be of great
educational value, especially if the
teacher were qualified to instruct his
scholars concerning their habits and
uses on each returning Ai'bor Day.

The delay in the distribution of plants
this spring has caused us no less anxiety
than it has our readers who have been
flooding our office with impatient in-
quiries. We beg to reply to one and
all by saying that the orders were
placed in the hands of our most i-eliable
Canadian nurserymen about the middle
of April, and we had hoped for imme-
diate attention ; but to wrap these pre-
miums one by one for two or three
thousand members of our Association
is no small undertaking. We must
tiierefore "bear and forbear."

Messrs. Smith «fe Kerman, of St.
Catharines, who mailed the Niagai*a
Grape, write as follows : " Sir, — We
are sorrv that we could not have got

142

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the vines off before ; but they are
nearly all gone now. We suppose most
people don't know that gi-ape vines
may be planted later than anything
else. We shall have 100,000 to plant
after we get through mailing, so you
can see we have not served ourselves
fii'st. Should any fail to gi'ow we will
replace them next fall or spring, gratis.

THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

A subscriber in St Thomas sends u^
a plea for the spai-row, cut from the
St Thomas Times. The writer pleads
in their favour first that they make
delicious pies, and second that they
kill May bugs, and peel off the wing
covers to prepare them as food for their
young. He also pleads that they de-
stroy the plum cui-culio.

Such pleas in its favour are very
scarce. The general testimony of fruit
growers and farmers both in the United
States and Canada, is that they are
perfect nuisances, and one of the
greatest enemies we have to contend
with.

Only the other day we discovered
these scoundrels in a fresh sort of
mischief. The plum and cherry blos-
soms were coming down like snow.
It was too soon after opening for them
to fall naturally, so we stopped to ex-
amine, when lo ! two sparrows, as busy
as busy could be, picking out the young
plums and scattering the waste part of
the flower to the ground.

Others may need to try the miserable
foreigner a little longer, before they are
convinced of his mean spirit, but the
writer has determined to show him no
mercy.

A LETTER FROM J. J. BOURNE.

Sir : — In the February number of
your paper, a letter appeared from me
in reference to Messrs. Jackman &
Lindsay, of Toronto. I have been in
England since, and I am informed that

Jackman & Lindsay complain that my
letter may in some way injure them in
their dealings with fruit men, and bears
the construction that I think they are
unreliable and do not act honestly.
I never intended what I wrote you
to be published in the Horticulturist,
and much less did I wish to hint
that I thought the said firm dis-
honest. All I had to complain about
was that I thought each day after fruit
was sold, the commission merchant
should send word to the shipper, by
post card or otherwise, of the result of
the fruit sold, so that the shipper could
judge for himself where was his best
place to sell. Some other commission
houses do this, and I think all should
do so. This firm did not do so to me,
but they have honestly accounted for
all fruit I sent them, and I have no
complaint to make except in the one
direction I have alone referred to. That
is, perhaps, a matter for their own busi-
ness ; but I mei'ely intended that I
thought all commission men should
adopt this good plan. If I have injured
them, I did not wish to do so, and still
hope they may do a good business.
May 25, 1887. Jos, Bourne.

PROGRAMME OF THE SUMMER MEETING

Of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario,

Town Hall, Collingwood, June 28 & 29,

1887.— Open to the Public.

WEDNESDAY MORNING.

10 A.M. — Fraternal Greetings.

Appointment of Commit-
tees.

11 A.M. — The Apple.

(a) Varieties wiapted to Simcoe and
Grey.

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON.
QUESTION DRAWER.

2 P.M. — The Apple. — (Continued.)
(h) Varieties for foreign markets.
(c) Best modes of gatheriug.
{il) " " packing.

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTUKIBT.

143

(e) Best modes of storing.
(/) Cultivation of the Orchard,
{g) Fertilizers for the Orchard'
yPaper hy Dr. HoskitLS, New-
port, Vt.'\
(h) Summer pruning of "
{%) Drainage of the "

Injurious Fungi, with special reference
to the Black Knot and Apple Scab.
\Paper by Prof. Panton, of Guelph
Agricultural College.^

WEDNESDAY EVENING.
QUESTIOIC DRAWER.

8 P.M. — The Foreign Markets.
[Subject introduced by the President].

(a) What fruits and vegetables can be

profitably shi2Jped.

(b) How to pack for foreign ynarkets.

(c) How to ship.

THURSDAY MORNING.
QUESTION DRAWER.

10 A.M.— The Plum.

(a) Kinds which succeed in Counties

of Simcoe and Grey.
(6) Care of a Plum Orchard. \^R.

J. Doyle, Esq., Owen Sound.^

(c) Packing for the Market.

(d) Yield per acre.

The Strawberry.

(a) Extent of Strawberry Plantations

in the Counties of Grey and
Simcoe.

(b) Best early variety.

(c) Best variety for main crop.

(d) " " " table. [T. C.

Robinson, Owen Soicnd].

(e) Cultivation and Fertilizers.

(f) Gathering.

(g) Packages.

(h) Newer Varieties.

THURSDAY AFTERNOON.
THE QUESTION DRAWER.

2 P.M. — Lawns and Lawn Decora-
tions.
Groups of Shrubbery — suitable for
this latitude.
Ornamental Trees.
(a) Shade.

(b) Shelter.

(c) Ornament.

THURSDAY E\T;NING.

Public Meeting, 8 P.M. Free to all.
Ten-minute addresses will be given by
various speakers. The President will
speak on " The Colonial and its Ben-
efits to Fruit Growers." Music will
be furnished by local talent.

Papers and addresses are expected
from other gentlemen whose names we
are not yet prepared to give.

A committee will be appointed to
examine all fruits or flowers which may
be placed upon exhibition during the
meetings, and to report thereon. Pack-
ages of fruit for exhibition may be sent
by express to the care of the Secretary
of the Fruit Growers' Association, Col-
lingwood. Ont.

First-class accommodation may be
had for all in attendance, at the Cent-
ral Hotel, or at the Globe Hotel, at the
reasonable rate of 81.00 per day.

We will gladly give our candid opinion of any books,
magaziiies or catalogues received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian' fruit
growers, but will not insert cut and dried reading
notices in favor of any publication whatever.

Transactions of the State Agricultural,
Horticultural, Dairymaids Associa-
tion, and Department of Agriculttire
of the University, Wisconsin, 1881-2,
1883, 1884, 1885, and 1886. Clin-
ton Babbit, Beloit, Secretary.
These five volumes are neatly bound
in cloth at the expense of the State,
and are full of interesting matter. In
the Agi'icultural Report we notice a
valuable paper by F. H. King on the
Economic Relations of Wisconsin Birds,
which deals largely with the food upon
which they subsist, showing con-
clusively what birds are positively
beneficial to the farmer and to the

144

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

fruit grower. In the Horticultural
Report are papers on such subjects as
" Horticulture as an Educator," " First
Principles of Flower Culture," " Small
Fruits," " Our Russian Fruits," " Home
Adornment," " Farmers' Garden," "Me-
chanical Injuries to Trees by Cold,"
" Raising Seedling Strawberries," etc.

Transactioms of the ' American Horti-
cultural Society for the year 1886.
Parker Earle, Cobden, 111., President ;
W. H. Ragan, Greencastle, Indiana,
Secretary.

The following are the titles of some
papei's included, viz., " Nut Culture
for Pleasure and Profit " (Lovett),
" Small Fruits in New England "
(Hale), " Better Culture of Grape
Vines " (Campbell), " Selling Fruits by
Auction " (Corsa), " Orchard Rusts "
(Seymour).

Twelfth Annual Report of the Ontario
Agricultural College and Experimen-
tal Farm, 1886. James Mills,
Guelph, President.
The report of the Professor of Natu-
ral History, contains much that is in-
teresting to horticulturists, as for in-
stance the results of six years testing
of some four hundred trees and shrubs
planted on the College grounds, and of
rive years testing of some ninety-six
varieties of grapes.

Bulletin of the lovia Agricultural Col-
lege Experiments. Ames, Iowa,
1886.

Contains some valuable notes on the
habits and uses of various gi'asses.
Journal of the Columbus Horticultural
Society, published monthly. W. S.
Devol, Columbus, O., Secretary.
This interesting little monthly is
published at 50c. per annum by the
Society.

Agricultural Science. May, 1887. Pub-
lished at Geneva, N.Y., at $2 per
annum.

A high-class journal, edited by
Charles S. Plumb.

Practical Turkey Raising, Chicago,

1881.

A pamphlet compiled by R. B. Mit-
chell, 69 Dearborn street, Chicago.
Price, 25 c.

List of Premiums of the Montreal Hor-
ticultural Society. E. J. Maxwell,
Secretary.

The Exhibition will be held in Mon-
treal, in July, September, November,
1887.

I)iimoroxt0.

cr-

i' ir'"^-' ;■., ->■- - ■ ' • ■■■•■-iV.' -■^-.^^>*A***>?»■'^'^=-
;ti< r,?-^ Ji^i>. '«,,,; s'_- ^ t. W^'S^^ "^

THINGS ONE WOULD RATHER HAVE LEFT
UNSAID.

Herr Professor — " Yat a vonderfoll
Dree ! " f

Lady Godiva— " Yes ; isn't it. I
love it better than any tree in the place.
It's full of sweet and tender associations
for me !"

" Herr Professor — " Ach ! Zoh !
Your Latyship has perhaps blanted it
yourzellff ! Yes ?" — Punch.

PRINTED AT THK STFAM PRESS KSTABLISHMRKT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

Zhc

(EanaMan

Iborticulturiet

Published at Jof\onto and Gf^msby, Ont.
OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

JULY, 1887.

[No. 7.

Jflotoers.

THE CLEMATIS.

fHIS beautiful climber has already
received considerable attention in
this journal. In volume VI. our
readers have seen a plate of that beau-
tiful native of Texas, the Clematis
Coccinea, shewn also in our engraving
as No. I. Its flowers are orange scar-
let, and though not lai-ge, the peculiar
shape and profusion of bloom make it
a verj' decided acquisition.

In volume VII. a fine colored plate
of Clematis Jackmani was given, so
called from Mr. Jackman, an English
nurseryman who claims it as his hy-
brid, a cross between the Spanish Viti-
cella and the Chinese lanuginosa. It
is this Clematis that we again brinfj
brifore our readers, shewing Avhat a
chai-ming effect may be produced by

training it about on upright trellis on
the lawn.

The Clematis belongs to the Crow-
foot family — a family which includes
also the Columbine, the Larkspur, the
Pseony, &c. — and about one hundred
varieties have been found growing wild
in various parts of the world, while
hybridization and cultivation has more
than doubled this number. It first
attracted general attention in the year
1859, when Clematis Viticella was
introduced into England from Spain,
and soon became a general favorite ;
and out of compliment to the then
reigning monarch who delighted in the
title of " Virgin Queen," it was named
the Virgin's Bower. About the same
time a native of England, the C.
Vitalba, was brought into cultivation.
It had sevei-al common names, as, for
instance, " The Traveller's Joy," from
its being frequently found by travellers,

146

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTUKI8T.

climbing upon the hedges ; and " Old
Man's Beard," or " Cigar Plant," from
its feathery styles, which were so curi-
ous after the flowering season was over.
Clematis Jiammula, commonly known
as the " Sweet-scented Clematis," was
next introduced from France, and is
still popular, on account of its frag.

CLEMATISES.

(1) C. Cocdnea, (2) C. Crispa, (3) C lonugi7iosa,
(i) C Jackmani.

ranee. C Virginiana, an American
species, is also still i)ropagated by
florists, being esteemed as one of the
best of our native white sorts : but
its size and beauty is far eclipsed by C.
Lanuginosa, (No. 3) a Chinese variety,
with flowers of a pale lavender color, and
measuring from 6 to 8 inches across.

In 1863 a fine double: white sort was
sent over from Japan by Mr. Robert
Fortunei, and named C. Foi tunei after
this gentleman. Though somewhat
fragi'ant, it is surpassed in this respect
by the Duchess of EdiubirgJo, which is
now counted the best double white
variety, and is deliciously scented.

Of all these vai'ieties, however, none
is so deservedly popular, whether for
covering lattices, climbing over porches,
or poles, twining about a rockery, or
trained as a bedding plant, as Clematis
Jackmani, and since its introduction
in 1868, lias been a means of stirring
up a great rage for the Clematis as an
ornamental climber.

Mr. W. K. Wellington says of this
variety : " The plant is free in its form
of growth, and is an abundant and
suceessional bloomer, producing flowers
until frozen up. The flowers are large,
of an intense violet-purple, remarkable
for its velvety richness ; " and speaking
of culture he says : " It will grow in
almost any soil, but prefers a rich
loam. As with all free-blooming
plants, if you would obtain good
results, you must give it plenty of food
to live upon. For that reason I would
always mulch freely in the spring and
autumn. Keither is it amiss to feed it
with liquid manure during the summer.
In regard to keeping in the winter, in
order to get its best results, I would
leave from two to three feet of old
wood. This I would lay down and
cover with a board, and throw a little
soil over it. By this treatment moi-e
profusion of bloom will be obtained."

Clematis Crispa (No. 2) is a most
beautiful and distinct species, the
flowers resembling in shape some of the
elegant bell-shaped lilies. The coloring
is of the most beautiful lavender blue
tint on the surface and margins of
petals. The centre of the petals is an
opaque white. The flowei'S are of a
thick leathery texture, perfumed with.

1

THE CANADIAN nORTICULTURIST.

147

a delicious bergamot flavor. Hardy
and very free flowering, continuing
from Jane until frost.

CLEMATIS LA FRANCE.

This is the name of a new variety
of Clematis that is the produce of a
cross between C. lanuginosa and C.
Jackmani, and which has been des-
cribed in a late number of the Revue
irorticole. It was originated by
M. Gegn, horticulturist, of Angers,
France. The journal above mentioned
says that it is truly a plant of unusual
merits, and which once more puts be-
yond doubt the influence of artificial
pollenizing, and shews what can be
(lone in this manner. In efiect, Cle-
matis La France, hybrid of C. lanugi-
nosa and C. Jackmani, possesses the
general characters of both these plants.
It has the habit of growth of C. lan-
uginosa, that is to say, that it blooms
continually, like the last, aud that it
has its vitality and its general appear-
ance ; as for the flowers, by their
dimensions, their form, their nature,
they recall those of C. lanuginosa, are
more abundant and have taken the
beautiful deep violet color of C. Jack-
mani.— Vick's Magazine for Noveviher.

CARE AND CULTIVATION OF LILIES.

BT n. SIMMERS, TOROXTO, OXT.

Among all the varieties of bulbs the
lily is probably the one most diflicult
for the amateur to rear. The bulb
itself being of a soft, spongy material it
does not stand the ordinary handling
that other bulbs can stand ; therefore
the more beautiful varieties, such as
appeared in the colored plate of the
June issue, are not usually tried by the
amateurs, but with the few suggestions
that 1 will give they will find it compara-
tively easy. Another reason also is
that the more beautiful varieties do not
})ropagate so easily, and for this reason
iire, as a rule, sold at much higher

prices. With, however, some of the
commoner varieties, such as the Lilium
candidum, there is very little diflference
in propagation, as they increase almost
as quickly as ordinary bulbs.

As the colored plate of June issue
showed us three beautiful varieties, I
will confine myself to these in this
issue, and will speak of other varieties
in another issue. The variety which
will at all times attract the amateur
most is the Lilium Auratum, called

LILIUM AURATUM, AS GROWN ON THE LAWN.

Golden-rayed Japan, also " The Queen
of Lilie.s." This variety has been so
very often tried without success that
the amateur has given up in despair,
mainly I believe on account of not
handling them proj)erly. The proper
mode of ])lanting these in the open air
is to select a sandy-loam soil in a per-
fectly open aspect, planting the bulb
six inches below the surface, then, if
you have a good sound bulb, it is sure
to bloom. The reason for planting in
a sandy soil is that they are not so

14S

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

liable to rot as if planted in heavy soil,
the tender shoot thrown from the bulb
not being able to ])enetrate the coarse,
heavy soil as well as the sandy soil.
Again, the reason for planting the bulb
six inches below the surface, is that it
will remain in the ground all winter
without being covered, whereas many
amateurs plant them about two inches
below the surface, and cover with straw
during winter, but in my experience,
and 1 have tried both ways, I find the
deep planting is preferable. Another
very good plan to raise Lilium Aura-
tum, and one that the amateur would
probahly prefer, is to plant the bulb in
a pot, in months of January, February
or March, keep in the cellar and treat
similar to the Easter Lily, as previously
explained in one of the back issues of
the Horticulturist, with the exception
that not so much water is used, only-
keeping it constantly moist. L. Lanci-
folium roseum and Lancifolium album
are treated in a similar manner to the
L. Auratum, but are not so easily
grown in pots. In Holland, where
acres of lily bulbs are grown, the soil
is exceedingly sandy, being however
well enriched with manure.

THE ROSE OF ENGLAND.

Sir, — The enclosed lines were written in
my manuscript book now over thirty years
ago, by one of my lady friends ; and as it
has never, I think, seen printers ink, I
thought it might not be unacceptable to
some of my fellow English colonists who
are readers of the Canadian Horticulturist.
This is my apology for sending them.

Yours tfec. , J. BissfL.

Meaford, Ont.

Hail beautiful rosebud 1 Queen of the flowers,
The iflory of England, the pride of her bowers,
The brightest and fairest of Flora's gay host.
The cotters delight, his glory and boast
To plant it with c ire round his happy home.
There to blossom and die, with no wish to roam
From the peaceful haunts where his children play,
Breathing its perfumes the livelong day.

It blooms in the bowers of the lady fair,
Scenting with odorous sweetness the air,
Tis dear to her heart, and she owns with a smile,
Tis the favourite flower of this favoured Isle.

How varied its dyes from the rich red glow
To the spotless rosebud as white as snow.
Which young maidens gather in girlish pride
To garland the brow of their sister bride.

***** *

In childhood I loved it, and tended with ca-e
The flower of old England, the rosebud so fair.

Then say 1 are the flowers of England more fair
Than all the gaj- flowerets that perfume the air,
Unfolding their leaflets in gorgeous array,
Neath the tropical skies of a summer's day?
Oh no ! for the same Great Being made all —
The scentless, the scented, the great and the small.
And fixed the abode where each gem may shine ;
So we all love the flowers of our own native clime.

Then, of all the dear homes of this beautiful earth,
Happy England for me, the land of my birth ;
Then Brittania's bright roseliud I hail with a smile.
The Flower of my country, the pride of our Isle I

Mildew on Roses. — An exchange
recommends sulphate of potassium as
effectual ; half-au-ounce to a gallon of
water.

The Rose is the most highly prized,
and, next to the Geranium, the most
generally cultivated flowering plant.
These remarks apply to amateur culti-
vation. Professional florists make
rose-growing a very prominent part of
their business, and immense quantities
of flowers are raised during the winter
season for cutting. The statement is
made by a competent authority that in
I'^So " the trade .sold twenty-four mil-
lion cut Roses." This indicates, to
some extent, the popularity of this
particular flower. — Vick's Magazhxe for
J ane.

THE JARDIN ANGLAIS, GENEVA.

BY JAS. CROIL, EDITOR PRESBYTERIAN RECORD, MON-
TREAL.

This is, to Geneva, what the Thames
Embankment is to London — a large
emplacement reclaimed from the water,
and converted into a beautiful garden.
As nearly as I can learn, this was done
some thirty -five years ago ; a time at
which a large sum of money, levied on
the municipality, was expended in im-
proving the city : and it was certainly
done in good taste. I am sorry I can-
not give such a description of the gar-
den as I could wish, for I am not a

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTDRI6T.

U9

botanist, nor a florist, and, besides, you
must remember it is winter, and winter
in Geneva means death to flowers. The
Jardin Ancrlais is so called because it is
laid out after the manner of English
landscape gardening, which, as you
know, is much more free and easy than
the French style, with its stiff" and
painfully regular mathematical lines.
It is 1,200 Yeet long, and about 325
feet wide. It lies at the foot of Lake
Leraan, on the south side, just where
the " arrowy Rhine " leaves it on its
journey to the sea and the sunny
south. On the oi e side it is bounded
by the waters of the lake, as blue as
indigo ; on the other by a wide and
handsome street of very lofty houses.
It is well stocked with trees and
shrubs, and further adorned with broad
winding gravel walks and elaborate
flower borders. The first thing that at-
tracts attention upon entering it is the

NATIONAL MOXUMENT,

erected by the citizens of Geneva,
to commemorate the reunion of the
Canton of Geneva with Swiss
Confederation, effected on the 12th
of September, 1814. This consists
of two colossal female figures in
bronze, clasping each other around the
waist in a most frii ndly fashion. Both
are draped in flowing robes. Geneva
has a c;)stle for her crown, wears a
corslet of chain armotir, and holds in
her right hand a drawn sword. Hel-
\"etia, representing the Confederacy,
has her brow adorned with a laurel
wreath, her bosom is bared and her
sword is sheathed. Each has buckled
on to her right and left arm a shield,
emblazoned with the arms of the city
and the canton respectively. The city
arms have a large key and a crowned
eagle, above which are spreading rays, as
of the rising sun, in the centre of
which are the mystic letters I.H.S.,
and the motto of the city, " Post tene-
bra.t lux. The other has the Maltese

cross, with this motto : " Un pom-
tous ei tousjwur un." Near the centre
of the gard- n there is a beautiful foun-
tain in bronze. On either side of it
bronze busts t.n marble pedestals to F.
Diday, 1802-1879, and Alexandre
Calaine, 1810-1864. That is all that
is said about these gentlemen, who,
doubtless, were notable men in their
day. Besides the covered band-stand,
where sweet music is discoursed in
summer, thei-e are a number of " Ki-
osques,"* useful and ornamental, re-
freshment rooms, (fee. In one of these
there is a very interesting relief of

MoxT Blanc
in wood, twenty-six feet long. This
monai'ch of mountains is not visi-
ble from the garden, but from the
opposite side of the lake, of a clear
evening, about the set of sun, Mont
Blanc is seen to advantage, though 60
miles ofi^. Indeed, it is the grandest
" sight " in Geneva. From the garden,
however, you have a fine view of the
long Jui'a range — at this time of the
year covered with snow — also of the
lovely lake, which stretches away to the
north-east upwards of fiity miles. The
bay immediately in front of the garden
is protected by substantial stone break-
waters, and px'esents a veiy lively ap-
pearance with steamers, lateen-rigged
schooners, yachts and row-boats in
great variety flitting about. Along
with this I am sending you rude
sketches of

THREE TREES

in the garden, which at ti-acted my
attention especially. No. 1 is a
very fine specimen of the Welliny-
tonia gigantica — the best I have ever
seen. It is in perfect health, and .he
foliage, even at this inclement season, is
luxuriant. Not trusting my unaided
eye, I had the gai-dener to help me
measure it. It stands fifty feet in its

150

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

stockings, and its lower branches cover
an area of seventy-eight feet in cir-
cumference. By actual measurement,
its girth at the base of the trunk is
thii-teen feet four inches. My informant
assured me it was planted here, by
himself, in 1862, when it was a sapling
of three feet. Its growth must have
been not far short of two feet per
annum. No. 2, the Cedar of Lebanon,
is much younger. Its height may be
about twenty-five feet. It has evident-
ly outgrown itself in this rich nursery
of made ground, and seems to have
difficulty in preserving the centre of
gravity. It has a profusion of light
gi'oen foliage hanging in long tresses
down to the very ground. Havingan eye
to the practical, I judge that No. 1
would certainly make the best stick of
timber ; but No. 2 commands our res-
pect and admiration as the lineal des-
cendant and representative of a very
old and aristocratic family. As for
No. 3, he — or she, perhaps — is quite a
stranger to me ; though doubtless you
who are supposed to be well up in the
business would i-ecognize it at a
glance. It is a flowering tree, about
twenty-five feet high ; an evergreen
leaf, not unlike the walnut, but hard
and glistening. Descending from the
up])er bi-anches are chunkey cones like
small pine-apples ; these, the gardener
tells me, ai-e the flower germs which,
when they open in spring, cover the
tree with blossoms " tres magnifiques,,^
and fill the air with sweet perfume. It
is a very handsome to look at even
now. The Spruce family are well re-
presented, single and double ; also larch
of various kinds, in fine feather. You
can meditate sub teg mine fayi red and
green. Birch, pine, lime and plane
tree have also a place in the garden.
The last named is of a kind very com-
mon on the continent, which has the
habit of casting its bark frequently,
giving the trunk and branches a very

SINGULAR MOTTLED APPEARANCE.

It grows very rapidly, and is said to
stand the London fog and smoke better
than any other of the park trees. Here
they prune it severely, by which it as-
sumes the shape of an umbrella, afibrd-
ing excellent shade, without unduly
obstructing the view. We have avenues
of them here, miles long, which must
be beautiful in the hot summer weather.
The linden, or lime, is also a great
favorite all through the Continent.
The principal street in Berlin is the
" Unter den Linden " — the promenade
under the limes. We had three notable
trees of this kind at Lucerne called the
" Brei Li7iden," upon the summit of
one of the lively green hills from which
there is one of the finest views of
Alpine scenery imaginable. Among
the shrubs in the Jardin Anglais are the
Arbor Vitse of different kinds. The
holly, plain and variegated, covered
just now with crimson berries of sombre
hue ; the Portugal Laurel, Bay and
Box ; and the Laurier Thun, a beauti-
ful dark-leaved bush resembling Pyrus
japonica, which flowers all winter, and
is now at its best. There is not a
rhododendron in the garden, though it
is a native of this country, and abounds
in the mountains in a wild state. The
aracaria, so common nowadays in Scot-
land, is not to be found here. Doubt-
less they have beautiful roses and
dahlias, fuschias and heather in their
season, for these seem to be favoi-ites all
over Switzerland, as are also Chrysan-
themums, in many colors. Gladioli,
China Asters and Carnations, with
many others that I cannot name.

LAWNS.

In lawns that have been raised from
grass seed sown the past spring, many
weeds will appear. The perennial ones
should be weeded by hand. The holes
made by removal of roots can have a
little earth put in. The creeping

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

151

grasses will soon cover the surface.
Lawns that have been cut very close
for several years, will suffer much from
creeping weeds, which get all the sun-
light on their foliage they require to
keep them healthy. Unfortunately
there is no way to get rid of these but
by letting the grass grow for a season,
which smothers out the weeds. A good
help, however, is to sow in the fall,
seeds of some low growing tufty grass,
which mowing does not weaken much.
The Sheep Fescue is a good one for this
purpose. We ai-e inclined to think
that even for the main grass in lawn
making it has some good points. So
far the Kentucky blue grass has had
no competitor. The good point in a
first-class lawn grass is that it shall
grow so stocky as to crowd out all com-
petitors.— The Gardener's Monthly.

WEEDS.

J. nOYeS PANTON, M.A., F.O.S., PROFESSO'H OF NATURAL
HISTORY AND GEOLOGY.

Any plant out of place is really a
weed, even if it does possess consider-
able beauty. Some plants are so fi'e-
quently out of place that they have
been always known as weeds, such as
the thistle, chickweed, bindweed, etc.

In Ontario we have somewhere 150
species of plants commonly known as
weeds, and of these nearly 100 have
been introduced from Europe. Every
year adds a few more foreigners, and if
farmers are not more vigilant in watch-
ing against these unpleasant invaders
our Province will soon be overrun.

There is no doubt that weeds are on
the inci'ease in Ontario, both in number
and species. This may be accounted
for by the comparative indifference of
many farmers to the growth of weeds
on the roadside, as well as to the prac-
tice which now prevails of procuring a
change of seed from other districts.
The productive power of these perni-
cious plants will be better understood
when the reader examines the results

of observations on their seed-bearing
capabilities.

In each case following the seeds are
from a single plant : purslane, 500,000 ;
burdock, 400,328 : cockle, 3,200 ; mus-
tard, 31,000 ; Canadian thistle, 42,000 ;
ox-eye daisy, 9,600 ; chess, 3,500 ; mal-
low 16,500. When we consider this
productive power and the vitality some
possess, together with the peculiar mode
by which many are distributed, the
surprise is that we are not more over-
run than we are, especially when un-
fortunately located near careless or
indifferent farmers.

Weeds are largely distributed by the
following means : —

1. Along with grain obtained from
other districts.

2. Animals carrying seeds attached
to their bodies.

3. By the wind, where seeds are
supplied with structures which enable
them to be blown about.

4. Threshing machines carrying seeds
from farm to farm.

5. Renting farm for a short time to
men who ai'e indifferent to the condi-
tion in which they leave the place, bet-
ter or worse, and usually worse than
they found it.

6. Manure from city stables.

With such odds against him a farmer
who desires to keep his fields clean
must be vigilant, industrious and pains-
taking. However, if he observes the
following hints he will succeed in de-
stroying weeds : —

1. Cultivate the land thoroughly.

2. Watch the roadsides and fence-
corners.

3. Never allow the weeds to seed.

4. If possible, never allow weeds to
have the benefit of sunlight ; this can
be effected by constant and thorough
cultivation, and will* soon result in a
clean farm.

5. Secure the co-operation of fellow-
farmers.

152

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

A knowledjre of the nature of weeds
becomes of iuiportance in destroying
them. Annuals live but a year, bear
many seeds, and when young are weak
and tender, such as shepherd's purse,
mustard, cockle, pennycress, wild oats,
chess, ragweed, chickweed, sow thistle.

Biennials continue two years and
usually have a tap-root. Unless these
plants are cut below the surface, cutting
increases their vigour. Wild carrot,
blueweed, burdock and mullein are
pereniiials.

Simple perennials continue from year
and will reappear til the root is utterly
destroyed, of which are the ox-eye
daisy, mallow, chicory, bind-weed, sor-
rel and campion.

Creeping perennials are more or less
jointed in the roots, each joint capable
of growing if separated. Continued
cultivation and smothering from light
are necessary to kill these, among which
are Canadian thistle, couch grass, toad-
flax, milkweed and sow thistle (peren-
nial).— Bulletin X, Agricultural College,
Guelph.

Jfrutts.

FRUIT PACKAGES.

It is stated that thirty-five of the
fruit growers of Berrien Co., Michigan,
have signed an agreement to use the
full quart box for all fruits, except red
raspberries, and to pack in twenty-four
quart cases. We have also some
enquiries from Canadian growers, who
seem to favor its adoption here.

We question whether it would pay
to make the change, now that a basket
holding less than a quart has been so
long in use in Canada. It is thorougly
understood among buyers and con-
sumers that the. basket does not hold a
quart, and probably a larger size would
not sell at a proportionate advance in
price.

What we do want is a

STANDARD SIZE,

and an agreement among fruit growei's
upon this should be made as soon as
possible, looking to our legislature for
confirmation of the same ; for as things
are now there is a constant teoiptation
to cheat the buyer, by using a basket a
shade smaller than the customary one, so
that the difference may escape his
notice and bring the same price. This
trick is allied to that of concealing all
the small, mean berries in the middle
of the basket and topping out with the
biggest ones. It may succeed for a few
shipments, but as soon the name of such
a shipper becomes known in the
market, his packages are viewed with
suspicion.

For i-aspberries and blackcaps the
same package i-> si*table which has
been advised for the strawberry, but
with closer corners. The pint size is
recommended for them by some, but
we have never received any advantages
from their use. The expense is greater,
and buyers at wholesale are seldom
willing to pay more for a crate of
berries, containing 48 half baskets,
than for the same crate containing 24
of the usual size.

The most generally

USEFUL BASKET

we have in Canada is th " tuelvc-quart
peach basket. It costs so little, and is

12-QT. PEACH BASKET.

SO convenient to handle, that it is
being adopted for carrying almost
every kind of fruit that is at all firm
in texture. How beautiful is one of
these baskets filled with Early Crawford
peaches, and neatly covered with car-

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

153

dinal leno I No wonder the dealers
■write, " They sell like hot cakes."

This basket, the cut of which has
been kindly loaned us by Mr. W. B.
Chisholm, of Oakville, is now largely
used for cherries, currants, gooseberries,
apples, pears, and plums, as well as for
peaches. Of course, if cherries are
very soft, they had better be turned
out into strawberry baskets and so
packed ; but if firm, they will be most
marketable in the twelve-quart basket.

The conditionof cherries depend veiy
much upon the picker. The first im-
pulse with many {jickers is to grab the
fruit it.self by handfuls, with the idea
that it would take too long to handle
them by the stems. But really it does
not take any longer for a skilful hand.
A trained picker, with a good ladder,
basket and hook, will gather from 60
to 100 quarts a day, and never handle
the cherries except by the stems.
Thus gathered they will present a clean,
fresh appearance, when [daced upon the
market.

The tidiest way of addressing these
baskets is with a slip of paper, on which
is printed boldly the name of the con-
signor, and of the consignee, placed
under the leno covering ; but where they
go to many different consignees, a tag
tied on the handle is the simplest
method.

For pears, apples, and tomatoes, a
handy box is manufactured by A. C.

BUSHEL BOX FOR APPLES, PEAP^, TOMA-
TOES, ETC.

Rice ik Co., Sarnia, in either one-third,
one-half- or one bushel size, which is

very servicable, especially for choice
fruit which is going to distant markets.
Tomatoes come up in this kind of a box
from Illinois into Toronto market, and
some seem to think that very choice
apples for foreign shipments might be
put up in it.
For

MARKETING GRAPES

various shapes and sizes of baskets and
boxes have been made, each claiming
the precedency, but now that this fruit
is grown so extensively and the market
price is so low, it scarcely pays to pack
them in small baskets or boxes. For
very choice assorted lots for table use,
it does perhaps
pay the grower to
use the ten pound
grape basket, but
tor the bulk of
the crop nothing
lo-LB. GRAPE BASKET. Can supcrcede the
the sixteen-quart grape basket, which

16-QT. GRAPE BASKET.

holds about twenty pounds of grapes.
Covered with blue leno, it shows off" the
fruit to the veiy best advantage.

All these baskets are sold with the
fiuit, and are seldom returned to the
shipper. We notice that the Delaware
and Maryland peach growers still use
an expensive basket, and are insisting
upon their return. They have even
resolved in convention to ship only to
such commission merchants as will
agree either to return the baskets, or
to forfeit five cents for each one tha
is missing. All this brings endless
trouble on the wholesaler and retailer.

154

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

We believe our cus'om in Canada of
using cheap baskets, which may be sold
with the fruit, to be the one most
likely to facilitate trade, and the wide
distributions of our fruits into numer-
ous and distant markets.
The question of

FRUIT TRANSPORTATION

will occupy the attention of Canadian
fruit growers in the near future. We are
pleased to learn that the express com-
panies are preparing new and more
convenient shelved cars for the more
careful carriage of our tender fruits, and
so long as they are able to carry our
fruit at a low rate, and handle it with
care, all right ; but the trouble is that
their time for handling it at many points
is limited, and the fruit products of our
country are so rapidly increasing in
quantity, that the agents are over-
crowded with work and handle our
fruits in a very rough mann r, by no
means commensurate with the high
rate of their charges. It is a question
whether it would not be wise to petition
the railway companies and provide
special fruit cars for the height of the
fruit season, which could be left at
diffei'ent points along the line for filling,
and Vje gathered up by some special
evening freight train, and delivered in
the cities to which they are consigned
in time for early morning mai'kets at
freight rates.

We highly appreciate the great ser-
vice rendered us by the express com-
panies for ordinary occasions, but
extraordinary occasions require also
some extraordinary provisions.

FRUITS ON COMMISSION.

With the amateur fruit grower and
gardener the question of how to dis-
pose of his fruit is not very important.
He gi'ows just what he can use or sell
in a near town or village. But when
one enters upon the business of fruit

gx'owing on a lai-ge scale, as many are
doing, the question of how to sell the
crop quickly, safely, and with profit,
becomes most important.

No doubt it is well, as far as possible,
to be one's own salesman, and make con-
tracts in advance in various towns with
reliable men, but many of us find that-
our time is too much taken up with
gathering and shipping to leave us any
time for making sales and collecting
payments. We must then engage others,
to do this work for us.

Out of this necessity have arisen
many commission houses, notably in
Toronto and Montreal, and as several
of them are beginning to advertise in
our columns, we take this opportunity
of referring to them and their work.
As very little capital is necessary to
the commission agent, many take it up
who are not responsible, and frequently
the over-confident shipper finds himself
minus both fruit and money. We shall
endeavour to guacd against such in
our advertisement columns. The best
houses now make returns each week,.
or every fortnight at the longest.

The usual commission charged for
making sales and collecting the money
is 10 per cent, on small fruits, and .5
per cent on larger fruits when shipped
by the car load. When the agent
secures us good prices we do not grudge
the 10 per cent on small lots, but when
prices are low the commission and
express charges seem to swallow up our
ali-eady too small margin of profit.

The Delaware peach growers have
formed a very sensible organization
from which possibly Canadian fruit
growers might take a hint. It is a
fruit growers'

BUREAU OF INFORMATION

and distribution, for the disposal of
peaches and other fruits, for the pur-
pose of avoiding gluts in particular
markets. The following, according to

THE CANADIAN HC^TICULTUKIST.

155-

the Weekly Press (Phil.), is the mode
of operation : —

" An Executive Committee was
selected and authorized to appoint a
chief distributor, who may be an officer
of the Pennsylvania Railroad, stationed
at Clayton, Del., or other headquarters
of the Delaware Division. The duties
of this officer, as scheduled, is to over-
see the loading of cars all along the
Delawai'e Division so that 300 baskets
are packed in each car, to notify ship-
pers all along the line when the quota
of each city is filled, and then immedia-
tely stop shipments to that market.

The chairmen of the different pro-
duce exchanges and a selected number
of commission houses in each city are
to be the guagers, and are to guarantee
early in each day the sale of a certain
number of carloads of fiuit. Growers
are to be admitted to the privilege of
this bureau by paying a certain sched-
uling fee, according to the number of
trees they own.

" Owners of 3,000 trees are to pay
annually $5, 5,000 trees S8, and all
over that mimber of trees $10. Grow--
ers and buyei-s alike say that the
bureau, properly managed, will prevent
the dreaded glut."

Some such organization would be of
great service to us in Canada, even
when we make a business of shipping
on commission.

PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUIT.

Sir, — Regarding the packing and
shipping of fruit we will cheerfully
furnish any information in our power,
that will in any way benefit or instruct
the fruit growers, as to the best and
most profitable method of mai'keting
their fruit. In the first place we will
take strawberries, I'aspberries, etc. We
would strongly recommend the use of
the

24-QUART BASKET CRATE

in marketing these fruits. This pack-

age is well liked by the trade, as it is
much more convenient to handle than
the large wooden crates, and is also
gi-eatly in demand for the requirements
of the retailer, who, as a rule, prefers it
to any other package. The best made
basket crate, we have yet seen, has a
wooden partition across the centre, and
the ends are also of wood. This makes
a much stronger and better crate than
the one previously in use, and is better
adapted for shipping and reshipping,
and we believe it does not cost any
more money. As this crate is not
returnable it does away with all the
trouble of returning empties, which
everyone will admit has been a source
of great annoyance in past seasons ; to
the commission men on account of the
difficulty in collecting them in, and
getting them returned from outside
points ; and to the grower on account
of the trouble experienced with the
express company in having them re-
tui-ned to them promptly and correctly.
We believe this crate is made in
Thorold, but we do not know by whom.
In

PACKING

the fruit pick the berries nice and
clean, and fill the baskets well — we
would request you to pay particular
attention to the filling of the baskets, as
this is about the most important point
to be considered in the shipping of
berries. Fruit frequently reaches mar-
ket and, when oi)ened up for sale, the
baskets show up very slackly tilled.
This is owing to their settling down
while on the train, and can be avoided
by shaking them well down when
filling the baskets. We often receive
packages of mixed fruit — for instance
— .so many boxes red currants, so many
boxes black currants, and perhaps two
or three other kinds cf fruit. We do
noo know the grower's object in putting
their fruit up in this way, but we are
satisfied that it is of no benefit to them^

156

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

inasmuch as a package containing one
straight kind of fruit will, nine times
out of ten, sell quicker, and to better
advantage, than if it contained two or
three different kinds.

Gooseberries, cherries, red and Vjlack
currants, plums, peaches, etc., should
always be shipped in 12-quart baskets.
Fill the baskets well and shake them
down to prevent settling after, and
make the fruit a fair sample through-
out. We hear of numerous

COMPLAINTS

every season from buyers, stating that
fruit that they bought was nicely
topped up with fine fruit on top and
nothing but trash underneath ; and
they frequently refuse to pay for it on
that account, and thus the commission
men have to stand the bi-unt. A gi'ower
in doing this may receive benefit in a
few instances, but in the long run it
will operate against him, because buy-
ers are now getting too keen to be bit-
ten twice on the same brand of fruit,
so that we would strongly urge all
growers in marketing their ft-uit to
make it a good fair sample throughout,
which would decidedly be in the best
interests of all concerned. Cover your
baskets nicely with cardinal or blue
Jeno. Use whichever color is best
adapted to make the fruit you are ship-
ping look attractive ; and always keep
a supply of both kinds on hand. Early
apples and pears may be shipped in
baskets when fii'st coming in, but as
•soon as they commence to move freely,
we think it would be best to pack in
barrels and ship by freight, and save
the expense of baskets, and covering,
and express charges.

Always write your full name and
post oflfice address plainly and distinctly
on every shipping tag or label, and
then see that they are securely fastened
to each package, so as to avoid loss and
<;onfusion when they reach markets.

We believe a great many growers think
that

HOLIDAYS

are good days to ship on. This is a
mistake, and whenever possible avoid
shipping on such days ; also on late
trains, as fruit thus shipped, as a rule,
has to be cleared out to pedlers or
held over until the following day, when
it never looks as nice and will not sell
to as good advantage as if fresh re-
ceived.

We omitted to state above that gi-apes
should be in 1 6-quart baskt-ts. Fill bas-
kets well and mark the weight plainly
on the handles. Yours respectfully,

McWiLLIAMS & EVERIST.

"DROPPING" OF THE WEALTHY APPLE.

T. H. HOSKIXS, M. D.

In the March number of the Cana-
dian Horticulturist a correspondent
asks if the Wealthy Apple has the de-
fect of dropping ofi" the tree befoi-e it is
ripe, and it is easily shaken off" by
winds'? To these questions Mr. A. A.
Wright, of Renfrew, Ont., replies that
he has never been troubled with the
Wealthy dropping its fruit premature-
ly, as the Tetofsky does ; neither is it
easily shaken off" by the wind. Mr.
Wright adds : " We find it, so far, one
of the very best apples we have for our
cold, northern climate ; " and he says
that he sent several boxes of the
Wealthy to the Intercolonial Exposi-
tion in London. Notwithstanding this
entirely correct statement of Mr.
Wright, I have had quite a number of
complaints in regard to the Wealthy
dropping its fruit, and always from the
same parties a complaint that it is a
poor keeper. As both of these accusa-
tions run counter to my own experience,
and as my Wealthy orchard is, I feel
sure, the oldest and largest of that va-
riety in New England, I desire to give
the result of a careful investigation of
the matter.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

157

The Wealthy, in northeastern Ver-
mont, is fully colored, in skin and seed,
usually by or before the 20th Sejjtem-
ber. Up to the 1st October it is one
of the very best apples to hang on in a
high wind that I have ever seen. It
never drops its fruit for the reason
which causes the Tetofsky to fall, which
is that the latter grows in close clustere
and has a very short stem, so that, as
the fruit enlarges, the growth causes
them to ci'owd one another off. The
Wealthy, although a more productive
tiee than Tetofsky, has its fruit dis-
tributed along the branches instead of
being clustered on spurs, and its long
and strongly attached stem (both to
fruit and limb), holds very firmly until
the fruit begins to be over-ripe. If
gathering is delayed until this period
has arrived, the apples begin to lose
their fii-m adhesion to the tree and to
fall to the ground — the wormy ones
first, but soon also those which are per-
fect.

Experienced orchardists never allow
apples to become over-ripe before har-
vesting. Early fruit, so left, will not
endure transportation, while winter ap-
ples will be much impaired in their
keeping qualities. But a large num-
ber of ordinary farmers and ama-
teur growers are ignorant of this fact,
and it is for their benefit that I make
this statement. As regards any apple
which it is desirable to keep into the
winter, it should be gathered as soon
as it is fairly colored up and the seeds
are brown — two signs which in most
cases come nearly together. North of
45° in New England and Canada, if
gathered ])romptly at this period, care-
fully handled and stored at once in a
cool, properly ventilated fruit cellar, it
is a true winter apple, keeping well un-
til the first of March or later. I still
have them to-day (March 23) in full
flavor and firmness of flesh, although
we had an unusually long and warm

autumn. If, however, I had let this
fruit remain upon the trees until it had
begun to drop badly from over-ripeness
and had then left it exposed to the al-
ternations of temperature, unavoidable
in above-grouud storage until hard
freezing weather, as is often the cus-
tom, it would have been necessary to
market the whole crop before Christ-
mas. But stored in a deep cellar with,
the windows all open every day, cool
night, and closed at all other times,
they have kept with liardly any loss as
above stated. — Rural New Yorker.

THE BAGGING OF GRAPES.

That the process of enveloping grow-
ing clusters of grapes with proper bags
for protection against insects, mildew,
rot, etc., is one of value, has been
proven to the satisfaction of many cul-
tivators. Comparatively a new idea,
the season of 1887 will see it applied
far and wide, more extensively than
ever before. It is one of those simple
processes that every amateur, even
though he have but a single vine, may
readily adopt with advantage. One
grower who experimented in bagging
bis gi'apes last year, reports that in his
case it made j ust the difference between
success and failui-e.

The course is a most simple one.
Common light manilla bags, the size
known as two pound bags, are usually
emj)loyed. These are slipj^ed on over
each cluster of the fruit, and secured
somewhat loosely by pins or stitches of
thread. If the stem of the cluster is
brought against one end of the opening
a single j)in to a bag will answer, if in
the middle, to have the paper bear
evenly on all sides, then several pins or
stitches are needed. A small slit
should also be made in the bottom of
each bag, to allow escape for any water
that may enter into it along the stem.
From 500 to 1,000 bags can be put on

158

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

In a day by one person, and costing
from I to 1 cent per pound of fruit.

The advantiges of bagging grapes
may be summed up as follows : Free-
dom from the aUacks of beetles, grass-
hoppers, fowls, birds, etc. ; prevention
of mildew and I'ot ; protection against
frosts ; improved appearance and de-
velopment, the bloom more perfect, the
beri'ies larger and uniformly line, and
the general appearance more attractive.
While the color of red and white gi-apes
may be somewhat lighter for the bag-
ging, black grapes are said to be fully
as black and covered with a heavy
bloom. There is said to be no material
difference in the ripening of bagged or
unbagged clusters.

The time to bag the fruit is early in
the summer, as soon in fact as it is well
set. If it be done before the berries
are as large as peas, they will be saved
the depredations from the little beetles
which some years begin very early
their attacks on the fruit.

For family use especially, the satis-
faction of having the fruit turn out so
much better in general should lead to
this course being adopted by all who
have vines. Thei'e will be ample com-
pensation for the small trouble and
expense involved. To what extent
bagging will come into use with market
growers remains to be seen ; perhaps in
the more favorable localities for the
graj^e it would be looked upon as a
needless outlay, but without question
in many ethers the improvement in the
fruit would easily outweigh the cost
and trouble of the bagging. — Ex.

back to within five or six feet of the
ground.

Hardiness of the Champion. — Rev. Francis
Coleman, of Hamilton, says his Cham-
pion gi-ape vine, the fruit of which he
values for the manufacture of home
made wine, has not proved as hardy
with him as some other kinds. It had
grown up twenty-five feet over a large
-trellis, and this spring he finds it killed

A NEW HAND CULTIVATOR.

We are always glad to notice any new
Canadian invention, especially when it
is designed for the use of the gardener,
or the fruit grower. And now when
many of our readers are very busily
engaged in keeping down the weeds in
their patches of onions, carrots ifec, in
th 'ir garden, we give place for a cut of
a new combined weeder and cultivator
invented by Mr. S. H. Mitchell, of St.
Mary's, Ont.

The inventor describes his instru-
ment thus : —

" It has double-edged knife with sides
bent inward so as to let the knife yjass
close to large plants without injuring
leaves or stems.

" The double-edged kni.e will cut
backwards as well as forward, so that
by successive strokes backward and
forwai'd the soil can be moved two or
three inches deep if required ; or should
there be any obstruction in the ground,
causing the knife to jump out, the
operator can in a moment draw a
stroke backward, and cut every weed
clean.

"It has cultivator teeth that can be
set to cultivate between two rows that
ai-e from eight to fifteen inches apart,
and by running twice between rows
two feet can be cultivated. They are
designed for deep cultivation, where
soil has become hard or crusted. The
teeth are curved, and have sharp chisel
points that cut eveiy thing that they
pass, the shanks being brought to a
knife elge, so that while all the soil is
moved, none of it is thrown on the
plants or misplaced.

" Teeth can be used with or without
knife, or knife and ])art of teeth can
be used, as seen in cut.

" Knife and teeth are all solid steel,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST.

159

MITCHELL S HAND-CfLTIVATOR.

and frame wrought iron, being both
cheap, light and durable.

" The wheel can be adjusted for deep
or shallow cultivation.

" The knife or weeder running square
across between the rows, it never jumps
either to the right or left, so there is
no danger of cutting up plants although
the knife is passing close by them.

'■ The knife can be adjust 'd so as to
■cut all weeds perfectly clean, :md yet
very shallow, clipping the weeds just
below the surface, leaving the weeds
on surface without any roots, thus ])i-e-
venting the possibility of their growing
again.

" This hand cultivator has been in-
vented by me after having over twenty
years' extensive experience in the mar-

ket gardening, and after trying many
kinds made both in Canada and the
United States."

Not having as yet given this Culti-
vator a trial, we cannot give any opinion
as to its merits and compared with
other hand cultivators. It certainly
gives us a favorable impression

INSECTICIDES.

PvRETHRUM, also kno^'n as Persian
insect powder or Dalmatian insect
powder, is a Persian ])]ant. \Yithin
the past few years, however, a large
amount of it has been grown in Cali-
fornia where it flourishes well. The
powder is made by drying and pulver-
izing the flowers. Californians have

160

THE C1.NADIAN H0KTICDLTUBI8T.

adopted the name of Bubach for this
product.

This powder is very peculiar in its
action. It is not poisonous to verte-
brate animals and may be even eaten
with impunity, but a little of the dust
blown upon an insect of almost any
kind is sure and speedy death. This
fact of being non-poisonous to man
renders its free use possible in the
house or on any plant or vegetable out
of doors.

In using it as an insecticide the
general mode of application is by a
small bellows. So deadly is it that
thus thrown into the air of a closed
room tilled with flies a half hour or so
will find about every fly dead. The
operator can force the powder through
the air in a minute or two, step out
into the pure air, closing the door, and
in a short time return to find the room
well rid of the pests. The only trouble
thus using it in the house is that the
dust will settle upon everything in the
room. It it be placed on papers or
plates and placed about the room the
flies will get at it the same as other
preparations for the purpose and be de-
stroyed, but this is rather a slow process.

Pyrethrum will destroy bees, wasps,
ants, most of the beetles and some of
the true bugs (hemiptera) plant lice,
mosquitoes, etc., but some of the bugs
and beetles withstand its influence.

Pyrethrum may also be used with
water. Prof Cook finds that a table-
spoonful in two g.illons of water will
destroy insects when sprayed on plants
infested by them. He also recom-
mends it for use on horses in fly time.
For this purpose put a small spoonful
into a bottle of warm water and take it
to the field with the team, or in the
wagon, if driving, and once in two or
three hours apply it by a sponge on the
legs, under the lower jaw, about the
loin and sides or whei'ever the flies are
troublesome. We have tried it on

potato bugs, striped cucumber bugs,
etc., but without any very good results.
Paris green is certainly preferable for
potato bugs. But taken all in all we
are satisfied that pyrethrum is the
safest and most useful insecticide that
we have for general insect destruction.
For the spx-aying of large trees to get
rid of web worms, etc., however, Lon-
don purple or some other of the arseni-
cal preparations are most useful. Soft
soap, a pint to the pailful of soft water,
will also kill aphis on fruit trees,
cherry and pear slugs, etc. Shower it
with a force pump and hose. — The
Farmer. .

Striped Beetle on Cucumbers,
Squashes and Melons [Dlabrotica vit-
tata). — This is a well-known, small, de-
structive insect which makes its appear-
ance as as soon as the leaves begin to
expand, and a number of broods are
produced during the course of the sea-
son. It is to the young plants that the
insect is most injurious, and the great
secret in dealing with it is to begin the
treatment positively in advance of the
insect's appearance.

Remedy. — To two quarts of plaster,
wood ashes, or flour of bone, add one
tablespoonful of kerosene, rubbing the
mixture between the hand until the
oil is well distributed. Sift or hand
sprinkle this over the plants as soon as.
the first leaves appear, repeating it a
few times until all are through the
ground, and also later if this be
required.

Black Squash Bug {Anasa iristis
De Geer). — About the last of June,
throughout the north, these trouble-
some bugs appear on squash-vines, and
lay their patches of eggs, which soon
develop into troublesome broods. A.
most striking characteristic of the in-
sect is its otfensive odor when handled
or crushed. As the eggs ai-e not all

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

161

laid at the one time, the young appear
in successive broods.

Remedies. — (1) Use plaster and
kerosene same as above. (2) Trap
by laying shingles about the hills,
the bugs, after feeding in the night,
may be found collected on the under
side of such. Proceeding to the
patch early in the morning with a pail
containing some kerosene, the shingle
should be gently raised and the insects
jarred or brushed into the kerosene, re-
turning the shingles again for succes-
sive catches later. — Popular Gardening.

FERTILIZERS.

Use of Gypsum. — Gypsum should
never be used on wet land, especially
when it contains stagnant water. Its
tendency is to make such land wetter
and colder than before. Phosphate
treated with sulphuric acid is warmth
giving. It helps to decompose the
soil with which it comes in contact,
and thus increases the supply of plant
food even beyond what itself furnishes.
Gypsum also does the same, though in
a different way. It is quite likely that
the tendency of gypsum to absorb mois-
ture from the air in the form of a dew
takes considerable ammonia from the
air, and that some of this is retained
by the soil for plant food. In many
kinds of farm work, especially plowing
and cultivating, there is great advantage
from getting out eai-ly and working
while the dew is on the grass or soil.
As soon as it is covered it is safe from
loss, but if left till midday most of the
dew will be dried off, and whatever
ammonia it contains will be restored to
the air. There is this sound reason for
the old saying that the best time to hoe
cabbages is very early in the morning,
while the dew is on them and on the
loosened soil. Frequent applications
of gypsum to inci-ease the dewfall will
add to the benefit. — New York Herald.

Barn manure contains six pounds of
2

phosphoric acid to the ton ; ten pounds
of potash and eleven pounds of nitrogen.
A ton of hen house manure will con-
tain forty-eight pounds of phosphoric
acid, forty one pounds of potash and
sixty -seven pounds of nitrogen.

Nitrate of soda is found in large
depo.sits in Peru, Chili, and a few other
warm countries. It is mined and
shipped to this country and England in
large quantities. When crystalized it
contains 14 to 16 percent, of nitrogen.
It comes more or less mixed with com-
mon salt {chloride of sodium) like the
German potash salts. It acts quicker
than any other nitrogenous manui-e.
and is specially valuable on clay lands.
The value of any of these commercial
fertilizers to the farmer must be deter-
mined by himself by actual experiment.
On some soils, potash manures are
greatly needed, and are therefore valu-
able J on others, though apparently
needed, they make no return, while
perhaps nitrogenous manures might be
specially useful on these. In try in','
anything of the sort, get it in small
quantity at first, always of a reliable
dealer, and you can soon tell whether
it will be profitable to you to use it. —
Ohio Farmer.

©pen fetters.

The Cherry. — Sir : I received the
Russian cherry O. K. I waited to see
it in leaf before sending receipt of same.
It is doing well, and many thanks to
the Association for the present. Wish-
ing you every success,

I remain, yours truly,

P. B. C.
Midnapore, N. W. T.

Water-Lily. — Sir : A lily quite as
large a N. tuberosa, but of a rich cream
colour, is offered for sale in great abund-
ance at the various stations on the

162

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Yarmouth and Digby Railway, Nova
Scotia.

T, H. RAND, Woodstock College.

Pink Water Lily. — Sir: In the
June number of the Horticulturist
there is a request to those who know
where the Pink Water Lily may be
found in Canada. We can boast of
this beauty here, and, on reference to
Mrs. Traill's charming work, " Studies
in Plant Life of Canada," find its
habitat is at Lakefield. Perhaps I
may be pardoned a quotation from the
above work when describing it. " It
is of such an exquisite color that it can
only be compared with the

" Hues of the rich unfolding morn
That ere the glorious sun be born,
By some soft touch invisible,
Around his path are taught to swell."
—Kehle.

This is called Nymphea odorata var.
rosea and is found abundantly in many
of the small lakes in the northern coun-
ties of Ontario, j)articularly in the
Muskoka District. An Amateur.

London, Ont.

A STRAWBERRY WEEVIL.

The Editor Canadian Horticulturist.

Sir : I enclose a number of little
beetles, or weevils, that are destroying
my strawberry blossoms.

I take several horticultural journals,
&c., but have never seen anything
about such an insect. I see slight
traces of them in all the strawberry
patches in this neighbourhood, but not
to amount to anything.

They have destroyed fully two-thirds
of my crop. They shew a particular
liking for the Sharpless ; in fact, the
Chas. Downing are comparatively un-
injui-ed. In some instances, eveiy fruit
stalk is stripped, and not more than six
berries on an average are left on a stem.

They always destroy them before
blooming : any bud that manages to
open is out of danger. They cut them
off from one-eighth to one-sixteenth of

an inch from the bud. I have tried
Helleljore and Pyrethrum powder, putt-
ing V>oth on very thickly in a dry
state, but they do not seem to notice
it ; in fact t have found them snugly
nested among the stems entirely covered
with the dust, and apjj^'rently not affect-
ed by it. If I can find no remedy, I
must give up trying to grow strawVjer-
ries. It is certainly a local pest at
present, but it may spread if nothing is
found to check it. I will further add
that I have found occasionally a wild
strawberry plant attacked by it, but
very seldom. I shall be greatly obliged
if you can do anything to help me in
this matter, and if you can find out
what the enclosed beetles are ; also if
any remedy is known for destroying
them. Very truly yours,

Landon Hall,
Cowans ville, Prov. Que., June 6, 1887.
[The insect evidently belongs to the
Curculionidfe, but is quite a new s]jecies
to us. We have sent samples to an
eminent entomologist and will give his
reply as soon as received. — Ed.]

FRUIT PROSPECTS.

The Editor Canadian Horticultural.

Sir : The prospects for a crop of
fruit in this country at the present
time is first-class, especially of small
fruits and peaches. Cherries will be
about half a crop. All other fruits
promise fair at present. The curl
seems to have mostly left the peach
leaves, but the leaves seem to be
dropping badly. Perhaps some one
could give a reason. The Marlborough
raspberries I got last year seem to grow
well this year, and I am expecting
good results from them.

Forest, Ont. J. M. Remington.

Pinch off the canes of your grapevines, leaving
three or four leaves bej'ond the last cluster. The
plant will not expend its energies in running out a
long cane to be cut back next winter, but will make
large fruit and strong buds for next year's growth.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

163

^BtB of JfrititB.

Next in importance to the best modes of cultivation
and the xelection of the choicest varieties, comes the
most appromd m-ethod.s of prepaiintr fruits fomse.
We, would he <jlad therefore if the ladies, who read
this Journal, would make free use of this column
for an interchanr/e of ideas on this subject.

STRAWBERRY SHORT CAKE-A HYGIENIC
RECIPE.

BY SUSANNA W. DODDS, M. D.

Singularly enough, some of those
dishes that are most highly esteemed
as " delightful deserts," judging after
the manner of the ordinary palate, are
just the ones that have given the best
results under hygienic treatment.
Among these is strawberiy shortcake.
Made according to the hygienic recipe
given below and pi'operly managed in
all the little details, it never fails to
give good satisfaction.

Fruits — and especially the small
fruits — are such delicate j^roducts of
the soil that, whether served as such or
in combination with some cereal pro-
duct, they require exceedingly careful
management at every stage, else a part
of their exquisite flavor is lost. This
is too often done by over-sweetening,
or (in the cooking) by making inju-
dicious combinations, as with butter,
spices, etc.

To the unperverted palate no im-
provement can be made on the tho-
roughly ripe raw strawberries. If
slightly under-ripe, a trifle of sugar
may be tolerated ; but do not add
thereto either milk or cream. If you
do, my word for it, you will in less
time than it takes to tell it, have a
curdled unsightly mass, fit only for the
slop pail.

But was it not the " cake " we were
talking aV)Out '? Well, ''our" straw-
berry cake has no butter in it, neithei-
in the mixing nor after it is baked.
" Is it good 1" Sujjpose you try the
experiment. One thing, it will not
cause a headache, even if you eat two

large pieces — provided you have not
already dined too sumptuously before
it is served. Now for the making of it.

Strawberry Shortcake. — Three
cups sifted Graham flour, three cups
sifted white flour, two cups sweet
cream, one teaspoonful soda, finely pul-
verized ; two teaspoonfuls cream of
tartar, four quarts of fine strawberries,
or six ordinary.

If the fruit has been properly gath-
ered and not carted in open trays
through a dusty thoroughfare, no wash-
ing will be needed ; when this has to be
done much of the juice is necessarily
wasted. When the berries are a little
firm, a good plan is to sprinkle lightly
with ice water and then with sugar, in
order to start the juice. Do this at
least an hour before they are wanted ;
and unless very ripe and soft, it is best
to chop them with a knife — a silver one
if you have it.

Mix the cake as for "cream biscuits,"
sifting the soda and cream of tartar
several times thi-ough the flour. Roll
to the thickness of half an inch, prick
well with a fork and bake in a mode-
rate oven from thirty to forty minutes ;
it must be nicely browned, top and
bottom. When done, remove from the
oven and lean edgewise to cool till you
can handle comfortably. Split care-
fully in halves by first dividing the
crust (at its edge) with a knife, and
then taking a fork and separating the
cake as nearly through the middle as
possible. Lay these each on a plate,
crust downward, and put on the pre-
pared fruit ; then lay one half upon the
other, the crusts still downward, and
alter half an hour serve.

The above quantity of flour will make
three cakes the size of a tea-plate. It
is best in spreading the fi-uit not to
drench the cake with it, but to leave
out a bowlful of berries and pass as you
serve ; no other sauce is needed. Should
you have the ordinary Graham flour

164

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTDRI8T.

made from red wheat, take less of it by
half a cup, and so much more of the
white flour. If baking powder is used
it will require three teaspoonfuls heap-
ing.— Philidelphia Weekly Press.

CIDER IN VARIETY.

Sir : I send you an article from
Vick's ilfonthli/ which you might re-
print in the Horticulturist, if you think
it of sufficient interest to your readers.
Query. — Is it possible to make non-
alcoholic cider either from grapes or
any other kind of fruit I

" Every fruit known will make cider.
That from pears is of ancient renown
;is perry, but pear juice is worth more
for syrup or fruit honey, as it is rich
in sugar. Plum cider is very nice, and
"rape cider will yet be the American
beverage, having the strengthening
quality of wine without its alcoholic
spirit, and tasting better than anything
known in the shape of drinks. There
would not be a grape too many in the
United Statesif the juice, freshly drawn
from the clusters, undiluted, could be
put on sale in our cities. Its delicious,
pure refreshment justifies all that poets
have sung and writers have raved about
the blood of the grape, while for bene-
fit to feeble, consumptive or bilious
people its eflects outdo hypophosphites
or a trip to Italy, or Saratoga waters.
In the Erie wine regions and other
vineyard belts, when the grapes ripen,
salloV, liver-congested people fi-om cities
take board where they can drink the
' must ' of new wine as it comes from
the press, and return built up for the
winter's dissipation. Consumptives,
especially, can not do better than to try
the grape-cure in this form, and the
' vineyard season ' may yet be as fashi-
onable as the sea-side in July."
Yours truly,

GRAPE GROWER.
Niagara Falls South.

THE

Canadian lorticulturisl.

)N Illus-
trated
Monthly Journal, de-
voted to the interests
' of Fruit Growers,
Gardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burl>an homes,

Subscription price Sl.OO
per year, entitling th subscri-
to membership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Report, and a share in its
annual distribution of plants and trees.

This Journal is ^^^ published in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniary advantage of
any one, but its pages are devoted wholly to
the progress of Horticultural Science and
Art in Canada. We aim at the development
of the fruit growing industry in our Province ;
at the general distribution of knowdge con-
cerning all the newest and best varieties of
fruits ; and at the education of a refined
taste in the art of decorative gardening
around the homes of our Canadian people.

With such ends in view we invite the co-
operation of the lovers of Horticulture both
in extending the membership of the Fruit
Growers' Association of Ontario, and in con-
tributing to these pages such items as may
be of general interest and profit.

Errata. — In the announcement of
our Summer Meeting at Gollingwood,
p. 142, for
and 30th.

28tli and 29th read 29th '

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

165

The Annual Strawberry Meeting of the
Columbus Horticultural Society was
announced for the 7th of June, at the
Horticultural Hall, of the Ohio State
University, at 2.30 p.m. A basket
dinner was to be served at 5 p.m.
The ])rogramme included pa])ers on such
subjects as the following : — The Straw-
berry, from a Botanical Standpoint, by
Prof. W. R. Lazeuby ; from an Origin-
ators Standpoint, by M. Crawford ;
from an Entomologist's Stand|)oint, by
W. R. Alwood ; from an Editor's
Standpoint, by J. J. Jaiiney; from a
Chemical Standpoint, by Prof. H. A.
Weber ; from an Experimentor's Stand-
point, by W. J. Green, etc., etc. This is
surely a pretty full programme for one
afternoon and evening.

It is certainly gratifying to notice in
so many instances professors in the
departments of science interesting
themselves in our horticultural so-
cieties. Horticultui-e is a science, and
for its successful development requires
the services of the botanist, the ento-
mologist, the chemist, the meteorologist
and others. The meetings of our
Association, in various parts of Canada,
afford a fine opportunity for the ])ro-
fessional and the practical man to
meet, a sort of field day for both to
engage in the stimulating exercise of a
mutual interchange of thought, study
and experience.

THE BUG THAT CAUSES THE BLACK-KNOT I

" Live and Learn " is an old proverb !
and therefore we call the careful atten-
tion of our veteran horticulturists, and
of our students of science to the follow-
ing important (?) paragraph which is
just now going tlie rounds of our
Canadian ])apers without question.

"Cure for Black Knot. —Hon. Allen
Francis, U. S. Consul at St. Thomas,
favors the Tinus of that city with a sure
cure for black-knot — a remedy he has
tried with tlie most beneficial results
His plan is to dig down to the roots of the

affected tree four or five inches, bore an
auger hole in the trunk, and fill the hole
with flour of sulphur. The sulphur finds
its Wdy through the tree and effectually
kills the bug which is responsible for the
black-knot."

Now we have been of late years
under the impression that the black-knot
is a fungus — a very low form of vege-
table life. Dr. Farlow, Prof, of Cryp-
togamic Botany at Harvaid University,
has ))ublished a i'ull account of this
minute plant, showing that small seeds
or spores are produced by it, too small
to be seen by the naked eye, and that
these carry the i)arasitic growth from
tree to tree. Prof. Panton, at Guelph,
too, is teaching the boys in the same
line concerning the black-knot. But,
gentlemen ! we ai'e all wrong it ap-
pears, for the Hon. Allen Francis tells
us that a bug is responsible for the
black-knot. He ought to go further
and say what bug. Is it anything like
a bed bug, or a squash bug ; or does he
mean a beetle \

Then about the sure cure, viz., flour
of sulphur, which finds its way through
the tree and kills the bug ! It is
rather a puzzle why he should dig down
four or five inches into the roots of a
tree in order to bore an auger hole into
the trunk. We always supp.sed the
trunk of a tree was above ground, but
we are learning something new every
day. The auger hole is to be filled
with sulphur, but how is it to find its
way to the black-knot 1 Botanists tell
us that plants can only take up sub-
stance in either a liquid or a gaseous
form, and that chiefly through the
delicate rootlets. The chemist tells us
that sul[)hur is insoluble in the state
above mentioned. How then does it
proceed from cell to cell through the
plum tree from this auger hole ] We
wait for fui'ther particulai'S.

A New Strawberry Pest. — Reading in the
Fruit Growers Journal, of the proval-

166

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

ence in Illinois of a small insect of the
thrip family in the strawberry blos-
soms, we have been looking to see if it
was also in Canada. Sure enough such
an insect is with us. On pressing the
blossoms of some Sharpless and Man-
chester plants, the tiny creatures i-an
out and in among the pistils in great
abundance. Time will tell us how-
much injury they are capable of inflict-
ing upon the long-suffering fruit grower.

Secretary Garfield at Cornell. — Chas. W.
Garfield, Secretary of Michigan Hor-
ticultural Society and of the Ameri-
can Proraological Society, has con-
sented to give, some time in May,
six lectures to the students in agricul-
ture in Cornell Univei-sity, on the
following topics : 1. Some measure-
ments in the field of horticulture. 2.
Methods of tuition and ways of secur-
ing the most available information.
3. Problems in promology. i. Tree
Lessons. 5. Commercial methods.
6. Relations of horticulture to an
advanced system of agriculture.

uestiott gratoer.

This department is intended as an open one to every
reader of the ^* Horticulturist" to send in either
questions or answers. Often a reader will be able to
ans^ver a question which has been left unanswered,
or only partially answered by iis. For convenience
of reference the questions are numbered, and any
one replyinu or referring to any question will
please mention the number of it.

Grafting Wax. — What causes (/rafting
wax to lone its characteristic towjhness,
and become yrauidar, or like putty and
worthless 1 Is it age, or frost ?
[C. E. B., Yarmouth, N.S.]

Reply fkom Prof. James, Chemist,
Agricultural College. — The grafting
wax used here is beeswax, resin and
tallow in about equal parts, tallow a
little in excess. The use of too much
resin in the mixture might produce
the result you refer to ; or if too little
tallow — if oil be added, evaporation, or

exposure to heat, might cause granula-
tion. Here the wax is mixed as re-
quired. Not knowing the exact mixture
used I cannot say more definitely ; but
I think that age rather than yVos^ would
produce the effect.

Rose-leaf Hopper. — Please say what is
the best cure for white flies on Prairie
Roses. [R., Toronto ]

The fly is a species of leaf-hopper
known as Tettigonia rosce, and of the
same genus as that which is so trouble-
some to the leaves of the Delaware and
other thin-leaved grape vines. You
will find an excellent description of it
with remedies in the Canadian Horti-
culturist for 1886, p. 170. The
remedies there suggested are whale-oil
soap and tobacco water. We have
tried putfing pyrethrum powder up-
wards among the leaves with good
success. Another effectual way which
we have used, is to set fire to a swab
moistened with coal oil on the end of a
stick, and pass the flame rapidly over
the leaves. This is of course at the
risk of singling the leaves, but it
thoroughly routs the leaf-hoppers.

Peach Trees. — Will peach trees ripen
their fruit well in a cold (irapery here ?
[R., Toronto.]

Perhaps some one experienced in
indoor peach culture will reply. Mr.
P. Barry, of Rochester, has grown the
peach in wooden boxes with success.
The trees are trained more like bushes
than trees, and ai-e moved into a co )1
dry shed each autumn on the approach
of frost, where they are plunged to the
rim of the tub or box in the earth.
Early in spring abundance of air is
admitted, and about the 1st day of
May they are placed under glass until
about the 15th of June, when they are
plunged in an open but sheltered bor-
der. By this method Mr. Barry has
succeeded in obtaining fruit a little
earlier than in the orchard, without

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

167

any of the risks from unfavorable
chances of the weather.

REPLIES TO PREVIOUS INQUIRIES.

Ants. — The Popular Gardening gives
the following methods of destroying
them : " Trapping with sptonge. Ob-
tain pieces of large coarse sponge. Dip
them in sweetened water and place on
old black dishes where the ants abound.
When they are black with ants throw
them into boiling water, afterwards
washing them out and i-enewing the
process till the colony is destroyed.

Poisoning. Place a dish containing a
mixture of molasses and Paris green or
London purple where the ants have
access to it."

Sea-Kale. — I gi-ow it and have lots of
it in winter, and I can assure you it is
a capita] vegetable. I i-aise it from
seed sown in spring, or from pieces of
the root, and planted in the same
way as horse-radish. In November I
dig up the roots and winter them in a
cool cellar. And as I want some Kale,
fill a box with roots — tops up — and
set another box on top to blanch the
young growth which are the parts to
be used, and bring them into warm
quarters anywhere. They are very
sensitive to heat, and start into growth
quickly. — Wm. Falconer in P.G.

Sea-Kale. — Sir : In a recent number
of the Canadian Horticulturist, I saw
an enquiry if sea-kale could be grown
in Canada. Yes, it does grow here
most luxuriantly, is of easy culture, and
quite repays the slight tax on time and
patience. The plan adopted to raise
plants was as follows : The seeds were
sown early in autumn (about Septem-
bex'), when the young plants appear in
spring put them out into their perman-
ent places, three plants in a hill, the
hills not less than three feet each way.
When the plants are a year old (from
the seed sowing) prepare them for

winter in the following manner : cut
the large leaves, not too close to the
centre, then enrich the surrounding
earth with good strawy stable manure
(not too close to the stalks), with a
liberal portion of salt, sift fine coal
ashes or sand over the plants, let them
remain undisturbed till spring, when
the breaking of the top of the cones of
sand or coal, will show the plants are
ready to be cut for the table. The
kale can be forced by placing barrels
over them, the manure outside and the
sand inside. When the crop has been
used, spread the ashes manure with a
liberal supply of salt around the hills,
mix well with the surrounding earth,
keep free fi-om weeds, this constitutes
the summer treatment. By this
method you have a most acceptable
vegetable which, with asparagus, gives
a variety until others are ready.

An Amateu^r.

We tvill gladly give our candid opinion of any books,
magazines or catalogues received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but iirill not insert cut and dried reading
notices in fav\,r of any publication lohatever.

The Dominion Exhibition. — We have
received a copy of the Prize List, just
issued, for the Dominion Exhibition,
which is this year to be held at Toronto
in conjunction with the Annual In-
dustrial Fair, from the fifth to the 1 7th
September next. Any of our readers
who may desire a copy can obtain one
by dropping a post card to Mr. H. J.
Hill, the Secretary, Toronto.

Arborictdture and Agriculture, or Fore.st
ry and Farming in Ontario, Toronto,
1886.

A pamphlet written by T. B. White,
of Clarksburg, Ont. It is the substance
of a paper read at the Centre Grey
Farmers' Institute at Thornbury, and
boldly calls into question the position

168

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

SO sti-ongly advocated by Mr. R. W.
Phipjis and others concerning the bene-
ficial effects of forests, in producing
rainfall, on the drainage of land, and
on the crops of the farmer.

Circular Jrom W. H. Smith, Commis-
sion Merchant, 1 86 King street East,
Toronto.

Mr. Smith states he has been in the
business since 1874, and is now doing
one of the largest Canadian fruit com-
mission businesses in the city. He
refers shippers to the Dominion Bank,
Toronto.

Circular from McWilliam & Everist,
Fruit Commission Merchants, To-
ronto, 1887.

This firm herein promises daily ad-
vice concerning sales, and account sales
weekly, with proceeds. This is the
only right method, and if it can only
be carried out through the season will
save much complaint. But when mar-
kets are full, and fruit coming in. on
every side, this engagement is pretty
hard to fulfil.

Circular from the Botanical Divisicm of

the U.S. Department of Agriculture,

No. 3.

This circular, signed by Norman J.
Colman, the Commissioner of Agricul-
ture, Washington, is an evidence of
the careful experiments being con-
ducted by the U.S. Government in the
interests of fruit growers. It is devoted
to the treatment of Downy Mildew
and the Black Rot in the grape.

It appears that sulphate of copjjer
has been shewn to be more advantageous
than any other remedy, and the only
precaution is not to apply it within
fifteen days of vintage. The applica-
tion should be made some time in or
about the end of June.

Among the liquid remedies advised
are; (1) 1 lb. sulphate of copper dis-

solved in 25 gals, of water ; spray the
vines with the liquid. (2) 1 lb. sul-
phate copper dissolved in three or four
gals, of warm water ; when cold add
one pint commercial ammonia • then
dilute to 22 gals, when required for
use. Apply in the same way. The
effect of this preparation, called " Blue
"Water," is said to be equal to that
resulting from the copper mixture of
Gironde (seereport of F.G.A. 86, p. 23).
The price of pure sulphate of copper
when bought by the barrel is only
about six cents per lb.

No. 2 and also the copper mixture
of Gironde is recommended for experi-
ment in destroying the fusicladium
(apple scab).

^)itmoroxt0.

A Dangerous Season. — Why is it
dangerous to go out in spring time ?
Because every flower carries a pistil,
the grass has blades, the trees shoot,
and the bulrush is out. — Vox Populi.

When Gladstone is among the trees
on his Hawarden farm, they say he is
a first-rate feller.

The Milk Weed. — City Belle —
(Pointing to a wild plant by the way-
side). " What's that ?"

Country Cousin — " That's milk
weed."

City Belle — " Oh, yes ! what you
feed the cows on, I suppose 1 "

India-rubber Plant. — The Honor-
able Tom — " Haw ! this is, I suppose
— er — the new tobacco that everybody
is growing 1 "

EJfrida de Smyth — " Oh ! dear, no.
That's an India-rubber plant ! "

Tlie Honorable Tom — " India-inibber !
how I'd have bet my money it was
real. What — er — wonderful imita-
tions there are now-a-days."

PRINTED AT THR STFAM PRESS KSTABMSHMF.NT OF TTIE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

DELAWARE RED WINTER

Canabian

Iborticulturiet

f^UBLISHED AT yOP^NTO AND Gl\I.MSBY, OnT-

OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

AUGUST, 1887.

[No. 8.

UP WITH THE BREEZE.

" Up with the breeze, the birds and the bees,"

I heard a boy sing in the morn ;
And his hoe kept time with the merry rhyme,

As he cheerfully hoed the corn.

Down went the weeds and the noxious seeds.

And up went the emerald corn ;
And I looked with deliirht at the gladsome sight,

The work of the early morn.

The broad green leaves turned to golden sheaves,

And the field of beautiful corn
Was gathered and sold, thus turned into gold —

The work of the early morn.

Then up ■\\'ith the breeze, the birds and the bees,
If }0U wish to grow wealthy and wise.

And merrily sing like birds in spring,
AVTiile your work as merrily flies.

The poor sleepy head, who lingers in bed.

Will have more sorrows than joys ;
And when he grows old will be hungry and cold,

So keep " wide-awake," my hoys.

— Uiiknoicn Exchange.

J^nitts.

fANADIAN" APPLES promise to
be iinusiially fine in quality this
year. The dreaded apple spot,
which had almost driven us into des-
pair, has suddenly vanished, and every
variety, not excepting the Fameuse and
the Early Harvest, is thus far perfectly

clean. Nor is this merely local. Mr.
John Croil, of Aultsville, who was
about to cut down or ehse top-graft his
large orchard of Fameuse, says his
apples are, so far this season, perfectly
clean. Reports from Michigan, where
the spot had been equally devastating,
show the same encouraging state of
things We can well afford to have
experimented in vain with hyposul-
phite of soda, in view of the absence
of the disease which needs the remedy.
In quality, the apple crop promises
to be light, ^except in Michigan, New
York and Ontario ; and in these great
apple regions, only a moderate ci'op is
expected. The Baldwin, which is so
widely planted, still continues to be
barren, or neai'ly so ; and the Roxbury
Russet has a light crop ; but the
Greening, King, Spy, and some other
good sorts, are fairly well ladeu with
an extra good quality of fruit.

170

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

It seems that our orchai'ds are just
recovering from a condition of barren-
ness and impoverishment to which for
several years they have been subject,
and which has been accompanied by the
destructive effects of insects and diseases
to an unprecedented extent. But now,
either as the result of better cultivation
and the more liberal application of fer-
tilizers, or from other causes beyond
the control of the fruit grower, our
orchards are showing this year a thrifty
growth, and a dark green healthy foliage
which gives us the greatest reassurance.

All this combined with the splendid
foreign markets opening up for our
apples in England, Scotland, Norway
and Sweden, and even by the Pacific
route to the vast empire of India, can-
not fail to I'emove all fears that apple
growing will pi-ove an unprofitable in-
dustry in Canada.

The privilege of wisely impi-oving the

GOLDEN OPPORTUNITIES

now opening up, is ours. If we dis-
appoint the expectations of our foreign
friends whose opinions of our fruits
have been so highly exalted by the dis-
play at the Colonial, we shall fall into
a worse position than was our previous
obscurity.

Our worthy President, Alex. McD.
Allan, gave us many excellent hints on
packing fruits for foreign shipments at
the Collingwood meeting. One impor-
tant point was the careful grading of
our apples, the large size, the small
but highly colored, and the uncolored,
all to be put up in separate packages ;
and only one grade to go in each
barrel. Indeed every package should
prove through and through alike in
quality, so that a buyer opening up
could scarcely say which end was in-
tended to be opened. For extra choice
apples he recommended the use of half-
barrels, as being more easily handled,
and more salable for high-priced fruit.

It is proposed to have a

CO-VVENTION OF APPLE (JROWEKS

at our next annual meeting which will
be held at either Hamilton or Grimsby
in September next, in ordei- that this
question of our foreign markets may
be fully ventilated, and thus this im-
portant Canadian industry be further
promoted. Mr. A. McD. Allan has
been solicited to take up this subject
more or less in his annual address, by
some of our pi-ominent growers, and
certainly no man in Canada is so well
qualified to direct our enterprise to-
wards a successful issue as Canada's
Apple King.

As this meeting will be in the very
heart of one of the foremost fruit pro-
ducing regions of Canada, where are to
be found some of the the most extensive
and expeiienced of our fruit growers, a
very large and enthusiastic gathering
may be confidently expected, in spite
even of the very busy season of the
year.

THE DELAWARE RED WINTER.

Among the new apples whose merits
are to be tested within the next few
years is the Delaware, of which our
coloured plate is claimed to be a faith-
ful representation. It is a seedling,
which originated on the farm of \Ym.
P. Corsa, and gets its name from the
State of Delawai-e in which it was
found.

It is described thus : — '' Fruit medi-
um to large, round, bright red, highly
coloured ; flesh fine grained, crisp,
juicy, excellent, sub-acid; tree a vigor-
ous grower, an abundant an eaidy
bearer." As a market apple it is com-
pared with the Baldwin, and the
Northern Spy ; and it is thought to be
adapted for a more southern belt of
country than that in which these
varieties flourish. We do not know
that it has been as yet tested farther
north than the State of New Jersey.

TITK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

171

If adapted to our clim-tte, its won-
derful long keeping quality would
certainly commend, it to our Canadian
growei'S ; for if when grown in Dela-
ware, it will, as claimed, keep in
excellent condition until July or
August, what might be expected of it
when grown in the Province of
Ontario i

THE LUCRETIA DEWBERRY.

A mistaken notion seems to have
gone abroad concerning the object of

THE LUCRETIA DEWBERRY.

the plant distribution by our Associa-
tion, viz., tliat it is merely an ordinary
premium with the Canadian Ilortictd-
turi^t. The object, on the other hand,
is the speedy and faithful testing of
new or highly commended fruits in
various st'ctions of Canada, in order
that the [niblic may be thoroughly
posted concerning the most reliable
fruits adapted to the various localities
of our Province, and not be left to the
mercy of every travelling agent in
deciding upon his purchases.

For the attaining of this end, we
shall call, from time to time, upon our

readers for reports concerning fruits
sent out, and the replies may be sent
in on post cards.

In the spring of 1886, the Lucretia
B' wherry was sent out, and as it may
in some cases be bearing its first fruit
this month, or earlier if under favor-
able conditions, we would ask for
reports concerning its growth, fruitful-
ness, hardiness, (tc. Mr. J. H. Hale
says, in the Nebraska Horticulturist,
that he has visited the original planta-
tions in Ohio, and found tliere large
fields in fruiting. They are placed in
rows eight or ten feet apart, with plants
four or five feet apart in the row,
formi ig a thick matted row or bed
four or five feet wide. They throw up
fruit spurs a foot or more high, which
are laden with fruit as large as the
Lawton blackberiy, without its hard,
ugly core, and of a most delicious
si)icy flavour. It ripens with the
Gregg raspberry, a most favourable
time for marketing it. He considers
it as hardy as the Taylor, and as pro-
ductive as the Snyder. Perhajis the
question is premature, but we shall be
glad to hear what our readers have to
say of it.

OUR MEETING AT COLLINGWOOD.

The officers and other members of
our Association who attended the sum-
mer meeting were most kindly received
by the Collingwood Horticultural
Society, of which Dr. Stevens is the
President and Mr. Jas. Gilfoyle the
Secretary. This Society is amalga-
mated with the Township Agricultural
Society, and together they hold a large
annual Show, known as the Great
Northern Exhibition. The quality and
size of the api)]es, plums and pears
shown at this Fair have already been
noticed in this Journal ; suflice it to
say they surprise visitors tVom the
more southern portions of Ontario who
think that they alone know how to

172

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTDKI8T.

grow fine fruit. Tlie fact is, tliat the
country about Collingwood and well

siF55?.\i#cr=r

EXHIBITION BUILDING, COLLINGWOOD.

up the mountain, extending also to
Meaford and points similarly situated
along the Bay, is well adapted to the
production of all the leading varieties
of ap))les. The Spy, Baldwin, Green-
ing, Russet, cfec, all grow to perfection,
and some orchardists there claim they
can even grow the Early Harvest and
the Fameuse, without spots.

The discussions at the day meetings
were very valuable, but as they have
been carefully taken down by an able
stenographer for our next Annual Re-
port we need not repeat them here.

A. fine

PUBLIC MEETING

was held in the Town Hall, on Wed-
nesday evening, the 29th inst. The
place was literally full of ladies and
gentlemen, who, notwithstanding the
intense heat, listened with much evi-
dent interest to the addresses and music
which made up the programme. His
Worship the Mayor gave an address
welcoming our Association to Colling-
wood, and expressing his belief that
our coming would aid in advancing the
interests of the town.

Our President gave a very valuable
address, indicating the improved pros-
pects now before Canadian fruit gi'ow-

lent

ers fur foreign shipments, largely as
the result of the Colonial Exhibition.

It was certainly encouraging to
those of us who have invested
our money largely in apple or-

^ chards, and were beginning to fear
that the fruit would be a drug, to
hear of the enquiries for Canadian
apples not only in the British mar-
ket but also on the Continent, and
that almost every steamer i.s
bringing over representatives of
English houses desirous of procur-
ing shipments from us. Mr. D.
W. Beadle, Colonel MaGill and
others also addressed the meeting,
and the intervals between the ad-
dresses were enlivened with excel-
music by some first-class local

talent.

On Thursday afternoon about four

o'clock when the discussions wei'e

ended, the Horticultural Society gave

us all a

DRIVE INTO THE COUNTRY.

The procession of carriages formed at
the Grand Central Hotel, and the
whole party was conveyed out some
eight or nine miles through Notta-
wasaga township to Duntroon. The
scenery shown us was very beautiful,
both going out with the mountain as a
backgi'ound to the picture, and return-
ing along the "tenth line" where, at
many points, we were high up the
mountain with one of the most pictur-
esque views possible opening up at in-
tervals. Yonder, the stin-ing little
town of Stayner nestled among the
trees, and there, on the shore of the
Georgian Bay which curves away to-
ward Penetang and Parry Sound, lay
the thriving town of Collingwood, with
its five thousand inhabitants and its
busy wharves.

Nottawasaga is pronounced to be one
of the finest wheat-pi'oducing townships
of Ontai'io, and we would infer as much
from appeai'ancesy for almost every

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

173

available plot of ground, not except-
ing even the front yards of the farm
houses, is occupied with this cereal.
But although the capabilities of the
soil are so good in this direction at
present, the continual cropping of the
soil, without fertilizers, will slowly but
surely bring about a time when wheat
can no longer be grown with profit.
No doubt our visit would be a fortu-
nate one for many of these farmers,
should their attention be thereby di-
rected, more or less, into the cultivation
of such staple fruits as will succeed.
The section is especially adapted to

PLUM CULTURE,

and it was shown by the discussions
that all the best and most profitable
varieties, such as Lombard, Imperial
Gage, Pond's Seedling, Washington,
tfec, gi'ow finely and produce fruit in
great abundance. The Curculio and
the Black-Knot are comparacively un-
known to many plum growers in this
favoured district. Samples of plums
were laid upon the table at the meeting
in such immense clusters as to call
forth many exclamations of surprise.
The writer counted upon one branch of
the Lombard, about six inches long, no
less than fifty fine, healthy plums ; nor
was this an exceptional branch but a
fair sample of the crop in general. No
wonder, under such conditions, that
Mr. Brown's experience with Lom-
bards was, that the trees had literally
borne themselves to death. Thinning
was advised, but many seemed to think
it would be too much trouble. What a
long time it takes to educate our farm-
ers and fruit-growers to the importance
of giving more attention to just such
particulars in order to attain success in
fruit culture.

The experiment of shipping plums
from Collingwood to Winni[)eg by
water has been successfully tiied by
Dr. Aylesworth, jun., who has a fine
large plum orchard, and it appears that

there is a particularly good market for
Collingwood plum growers in this di-
rection.

We have already said that most of
the standard varieties of apples succeed
well in the neighbourhood of Colling-
wood, and along the shores of the Bay;
and farther back in the countiy where
these fail, the Duchess, Tetofsky,
Wealthy, Alexander, Haas, Brockville
Beauty and Red Pound have been
found hardy and profitable. In addi-
tion, we would suggest a trial of the
Shiawassee Beauty, the Salome, the
Cellini, and the McLellan of Vermont.
Small fruits are especially adapted
to this district. Samples of as fine
Crescent, Sharpless and other sti-aw-
berries were shown at the meeting,
by local growers, as could be shown
in -Awj other part of Canada, showing
that Collingwood has no need to de-
pend upon Toronto fruit dealers for her
supply of this fruit, for if her gar-
deners but awake to their pi-ivileges,
they will be fully able to furnish their
own markets.

The streets of Collingwood have been
largely planted with the Willow and
the Lombardy Poplar, because it was
supposed that other street trees would
not succeed well, and, indeed, the few
Maples we saw lacked that thrifty
growth and dark-green foliage vrhich
they exhibit elsewhere. But we no-
ticed the native Elm springing up frde-
ly along the road-sides everywhere, and
surely its value must be underestimat-
ed. No tree is better adapted to street-
planting. The close habit of growth
and the dense foliage of the Maple so
shut in a sti'eet that, not only the view,
but even the light, is half excluded ;
while the beautiful curving branches of
the Elm form a magnificent archway
over a i-oad, without too much obscur-
ing the view.

Dr. Stevens showed us a curiosity
on his lawn. It was a varie/ated

174

THE CANADIAN HOKTIOULTUKISI ,

Horsechestnut, or at least one part of
the tree has now for two years per-
sisted in producing leaves beautifully
variegated with white and green. If
this curious growth could be propagat-
ed by budding or grafting, it would in-
deed be a desirable object upon a lawn.
Our Association carries away from
the Collingwood friends their hearty
good wishes, and an earnest invitation
to revisit that towu at as early a date
as jjossible.

KEEPING QUALITIES OF THE WEALTHY
APPLE.

A. nOOD, BARRIB.

My attention has been called to
the keeping and other qualities of the
"Wealthy Apple, by reading an article
in your July issue from the pen of T.
H. Hoskins, of Vermont.

Although this variety has been
steadily gaining in favour since its first
inti-oduction, I feel sure that it is not
even yet appreciated at its proper value ;
for when we take into consideration the
hardiness of the tree ; the early age at
which it comes into bearing ; its regu-
lar annual productiveness; fine size,
beauty, and regulai'ity of the fruits ;
and its high standing as a dessert as
well as a cooking apple ; where, oh
■where ! particularly in the north shall
"we turn to find its equal 1

The distribution of fruit all over the
Ift-anches instead of being clustered on
spurs is, as remai-ked by Mr. Hoskins,
one great point in its favour; and an-
other, on which he is silent, but on
which I c:jn scarcely set too high a
value is that when the apples do fall off
the trees, which they are as little likely
to do as any other kinds ; they will nob
show a bruise, and can be sent to mar-
ket along with the hand-picked without
fear of complaints ; and as regards
keeping qualities I am a little afraid to
tell the truth for fear I may not be
believed.

On reading Mr. Hoskin's article,
which was of course after 1st July,
where he speaks of having them in
good condition till 23rd March, I re-
member that my wife bi'ought a plate
of Wealthys out of the cellar about the
1st June, and they were then in good
eating condition, so, thinking it pos-
sible there might be some left, I
bi'ought up a crock in which the
remains of my stock of one kind or
other had been left to get rotten,
emptied out the contents, and found
amongst them four or five sound
Wealthys, and a number half rotten ;
the sound ones were plump as when
first picked, the juice of the half rotten
ones having swelled the flesh, and in
good eatable condition.

Now will your readers be able to
believe that I have sound Wealthy
apples on 3rd July, in this jubilee
year, that were grown in 1886 ] Per-
haps not, but it is a fact nevertheless,
for they were picked on the first week
in October ; were kept in a cellar that
was not frost proof, and were conse-
quently frozen ; they remained in that
condition a cou]ile of rnonths or so,
came out of tlie frozen state uninjured,
and have kept as above stated.

JUDGING FRUITS.

Pkesident Lyon writes a very sen-
sible article in the /?wnt^ about judging
fruits, showing that the work of the
judges may be very materially lessened
and their investigations directed by
care in framing premiiim lists, and by
certain judicious rules. Speaking of
the Michigan State Horticultural
Society he writes as follows : —

"The fruits grown in the State,
whether valuable or otherwise, are
alphabetically arranged in the society's
catalogue, and the comparative values
of the varieties are given by means of a
scale, varying from 1 to 10; the values
for cookiiig, market and dessert being

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

175

placed in separate columns. The sum
of the values of the varieties found in
a given collection, taken fi'om the
column devoted ta the purpose for
which they were entered, will properly
express the aggregate value of such col-
lection for such purpose, and a compari-
son of the aggregates of competing col-
lections will determine the award,
suhject, however, to modifications for
superiority of size, freedom from
blemishes, careful handling and taste in
the arrangement and ornamentation.
This society instructs its judges of fruits
to exclude from competition all un-
labeled and incorrectly labeled speci-
mens, and to consider, 1st, the values
of the vai-ieties for the required pui*-
pose ; 2nd, the color, size and evenness
of the specimens ; 3rd, their freedom
from blemishes, the apparent care in
handling and the taste displayed in
their arrangement for exhibition. Dup-
licates are excluded from the competi-
tion, and large, showy, but indifferent
vai'ieties are held to discredit a collec-
tion.

Instead of the usual, " Best collec-
tion," the society stipulates, in each
offer of a premium : For dessert and
family purposes, for the most useful
and best grown collection, giving a suc-
cession of varieties, superior quality,
delicacy of texture and beauty (in order
named), to take pi-ecedence of px'ofitable-
ness and size. For market varieties
the requirements are : For the most
valuable and best grown collection,
selected strictly for market purposes ;
productiveness, suitable, even size,
handling qualities ; color and succession
being the leading considerations.

As will be seen, these offers bring
together the conditions required, just
where both the exhibitor and the judges
can scarcely fail to become familiar
with them ; while the idea is definitely
conveyed that the value to be attached
to a given variety depends not upon its

general merits, but strictly upon its
merits for the purpose for which it is
placed in competition.

This process brings out the opinion
of the exhibitor as to the relative
merits of the varieties which he may
enter, for the required purpose ; while
the awards, if fully reported, with the
reasons therefor, also afford a clew
to the estimate of their comparative
values for such purpose, by the judges."

The society's catalogue referred to by
Mr. Lyon, classes all fruits under three
heads, viz. dessert, cooking and market,
and grades the value of a perfect apple
under each on a scale of one to ten.
Competing collections are placed to-
together, and a committee on correct
nomenclature precedes the judges, and
corrects erroneous names, and excludes
such fruits from competition.

Under the head of market, the ques-
tion of profit is a leading one, but it is
not considered under either of the
others.

The report of the Fruit Grower's
Association for 1884 contains a very
full catalogue of Canadian fruits, valued
on a scale of 1-5, under six heads, with
many additional remarks. This should
be of great value to all local societies,
and a copy should be in the hands of
the Directors of every Agricultural and
Horticultural societv in the Province.

HORTICULTURAL NOTES.

Ringing Vines. — E. A. Carriere, in
the Revue Ilorticole, favors i-inging the
vine, even in large vineyards. He
says it advances the ripening of the
fruit at least eight days, and in no way
injures the quality of the wine.

Most American authorities, however,
condemn the })ractice, especially in
growing fruit for dessert, claiming that
the increased size is gained at the ex-
pense of flavor. It may be done at any
time during the growing season, but to
have much effect sliould be done several

176

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

weeks before ripening of the fruit. It
is done by removing a ring of the bark
about half an inch wide, from such
fruiting branches as are to be removed
at the next pruning.

Summer Pruning Grape Vines. — There is
no art in summer pruning grape vines.
Simply do not allow any shoots to grow
that you do not want to retain next
year. Go over the plants occasionally
and rub out with the finger and thumb
the sprouts you do not want. This is
particularly desirable in young vines.
— Gardener's Monthly.

No Cultivation. — Col. Curtis writes in
the American Ganhn that he considers
the plow an enemy to orchards. The
trees are bruised and barked, and the
roots are torn, thereby checking the
growth and reducing the feeding capa-
city of the ti-ees. The orchards are
also made prematurely old. His plan
is to build a secure fence about his or-
chard, and make it a pasture for hogs.
It makes a perfect pig paradise. He
feeds them in movable long wooden
troughs, in which he scatters grain or
meal when required.

The Concord Grape. — Mr. S. S. Crissy
writes in the same journal, that the ex-
pei'ience of Chautauqua County, N.Y.,
growers is that no giape is so uniformly
and certainly sure to yield a good crop
as the Concord ; and no grape is more
free from mildew and black-rot.

Six tons per acre has not been an
unusual yield, as the result of the best
modes of tillage. Frequent shallow
cultivation is given from May 1st to
Sept. 1st, and phosphate and potash are
applied.

The Concord needs special care in
handling. Easily injured when first
picked, it can be handled much better
after standing from 24 to 28 hours.

Apples kept till July. — The Prairie
Farmer, of the 18th June, says that
at that date there were ten or more

varieties of winter apples still offered
for sale at from .§4 to .$6 a bushel.
The apples are kept in good con-
dition by cold storage until tlie 4th
July. Some of the most valued kinds
for keeping in this way are Golden and
Roxbury Russett, Ben Davis, Willow
Twig, and Baldwin ; the two last-men-
tioned not keeping as long as the
others.

The Yellow Transparent Family. — Dr.
Hoskins has an article in the July
number of the American Ga.rden, in
which he says that his experience leads
him to believe that • the Charlotten-
thaler. Sweet Pear, and Grand Sultan
are one variety, and that the Yellow
Transparent, Green Transparent, and
White Transparent are another variety.
The apparent differences between the
latter seem to be occasioned by poorer
or richer soil, or by earlier or later
picking.

The clipping of th'^- gi-owing ends of
Raspberry and Blackberry bushes, if
not already done, should be attended
to at once. We do not want great
long straggling fruitless canes, wasting
their energies in trying to occupy as
much ground as possible, and in block-
ing up all accession to their fruit. We
want the canes to branch, and to be
kept well under control. The writer
has found a pair of hedge shears most
useful in cutting back the canes.

The Parry Strawberry, says Mr. Upson
in Prairie Farmer, is very fine in
shajje, large and jiroductive. But in
Indiana it ripens very little earlier
than the Sharpless.

The Crescent. — Whatever objections
may be made to the Crescent as a mar-
ket strawberry, it still holds its own as
the favourite berry for profit. The
coming berry does not come, and until
it puts in an appearance the Crescent
will Vje the leading market berry. From
reports received from many sections, it

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

177

•■appears that the Sucker State has given
the largest general satisfaction as a fer-
tilizer of the Crescent. The Sharpless,
that at one time Was considered the
best for the purpose, has lost its repu-
tation as a fertilizer. — F. G. Journal.

)txtxiixixi.

THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL.

BY JAMES FLETCHBR, EXTOMOLOGIST TO THE DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICCLTURB.

I am in receipt of your letter enclos-
ing insects for identification. Although
the specimens were much crushed in
the mail they are easily recognizable as
Aiithononius Muscidus, a small weevil
wliich has for the last year or two been
very troublesome in the United States,
attacking strawberries in the same way
as you describe. They are reported to
be particulai'ly partial to the " Sharp-
less." I had not, before the receipt of
your letter, heard of the injuries of
this insect to strawberries in Canada,
although it is a common species upon
bushes and low herbage in spring.
Another species of the same genus —
A. rubidus — I have found very in-
jurious to white currants in my gar-
den, and it occasionally attacks black
■currants also. This attack, however,
differs from the strawberry attack
which you have described. When the
white currants are injured they tnvn
yellow prematurely, and drop from the
bunch. The beetle passes all its stages
inside the fallen fruit, and emerges in
■the perfect form during the autumn.
At least, this was the case with many
specimens which I confined for exam-
ination last season.

The only treatment which occurs to
■me as likely to succeed is the use of
(preventive remedies, to deter the
'insects coming to the strawberrj^ beds
■to oviposit, for I anticipate that each
•of the buds, which are bitten off,
will be found upon examination to con-

tain an egg of the insect. As a pre-
ventive remedy to protect my currant
bushes against A. rubidus, I puffed
pyrethrum powder over the bushes
twice a week, from the time the flowers
opened until they were fully formed.
I also sprayed them once with a
carbolic wash, and now find the fruit
quite sound.

For strawberry beds, tlie following
occur to me as remedies which might
be tried : —

1. A light sprinkling of fresh gas-lime
between the rows directly the insects begin
to appear.

2. Spraying the beds either with an emul-
sion of coal-oil and soap-suds, or with a car-
bolic wash.

The coal-oil emulsion is probably
well-known now to most fruit growers
in Canada, but it may be well to repeat
hei-e Dr. Riley's formula : —

Coal-oil, 2 gallons ; rain water, 1 gallon ;
common soap, i lb. Or in smaller quantity :
Coal-oil, 1 pint ; rain water, J pint; soap,
1 oz.

Dissolve the soap in the water, and add
it boiling hot to the coal-oil. Churn the
mixture for five or ten minutes by means of
a force-pump and spray-nozzle ; or the
smaller quantity by placing it in a large
bottle, and shaking it violently for the same
period. The emulsion, if perfect, forms a
cream, which thickens on cooling, and should
adhere without olliness to the surface of glass.
Dilute before using 1 part of the emulsion
with 9 parts of cold water.

The carbolic wash referred to above
is that used so successfully by Prof.
A. J. Cook, of the Michigan State
Agricultural College, as a preventive
remedy to protect radishes from the
root maggots of Anthomyian flies, and
is as follows : —

Dissolve 2 quarts of soft soap in 2 gallons
of water, to M'hich, when heated to the
boiling point, add 1 pint of crude carbolic
acid. For iise take one part of this mixtui-e
to fifty of water, and spray directly on to
the plants.

One application every week to rad-
dish beds I have found to protect them
very satisfactorily.

178

THP: CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

I shall be obliged if you can procure
me specimens of the injured sti-awberry
bud.

THE DOWNY MILDEW OF THE GRAPE.

BT D. W. BBADLE, ST. CATHARINES, OXT.

It is very probable that many Can-
adian vineyardists have suffered more
or less from the ravages of this para-
site. Possibly they have not known
its proper name, nor Vjeen able to dis-
tinguish it from other forms of mildew ;
bat it is the most common form that
infests our grape vines, and usually the
most destructive in our climate.

We shall endeavor to give our read-
ers such a description of it that they
will have no difficulty in recognizing it,
if it should appear ; and what is better,
give them a remedy that has been
found effectual in Europe, and there-
fore worthy of careful trial here.

Mr. F. Lamson Scribiier, of the
United States Department of Agricul-
tui'e, has made a very full report on the
fungus diseases of the grape vine ; and
having been favored with a copy, we
shall avail ourselves of his labors to
give further publicity to information so
valuable to every grower of grapes.
"We shall for the present confine our-
selves to the Downy Mildew, hoping
at some future time to take up the
other fungi. The downy mildew is
known to botanists by the narne of
ITironospora viticola, and attacks our
wild as well as our cultivated vines.
It preys upon all the growing parts,
leaves, young shoots and berries ; and
when veiy abundant so weakens the
vine as to render it almost or quite
worthless.

The first intimation that the vine-
yardist has of its presence is the
appearance of small, irregular, light
green, or yellowish spots on the upper
side of the leaves. On turning up the
leaves he will find that there is on the
underside, directly beneath the spots

on the surface, white patches, which
have the appearance of mould or mil-
dew. These white patches are com-
posed of the spore bearing filaments,
little threads which have come up
through the pores (stomata) of the leaf,
have branched and fructified. The
spores are borne on the en Is of the
branches. Four to even eight of these
spore bearing filaments issue from each
leaf pore, and it is because they are so
numerous that they become visible to-
the naked eye. What we see, there-
fore, and call mildew, is only the
functifying portion of the plant, the
vegetative portion is concealed from
view in the body of the leaf.

The vegetative portion is called the
"mycelium," and grows between thecells
which compose the ti.?sue of the leaf, or
of the young shoots, or grapes. This
portion has the appearance of minute
thx-eads, on which are formed at fre-
quent intervals small lateral projec-
tions that penetrate the walls of the
cells of the vine, absorbing therefrom
the nourishment which supports the
fungus. It will be seen therefore that
the destructive woi-k is done by the
portion of the fungus that lies con-
cealed from observation in the tissues
of the leaf, or berry, or young shoot.
The contents of the cells that are thus
perforated by these small lateral pro-
jections (called '• suckers ") soon turn
brown, which causes the discoloration
that meets the eye.

We shall now show how, and under
what circumstances or conditions, this
mycelium or vegetative portion of the
fungus gains entrance into the tissue of
the leaf or fruit. It has already been
noted that the downy growth which is
seen on the underside of the leaves is
composed of filaments bearing, on the
ends of their branches, spores. These
spores are called by botanists Conidia.
They are reproductive bodies. When
one of these falls on a leaf wet with.

THK CANADIAN H( )RTIC^LTUK^^T.

179-

dew, or fog, or rain, it begins to swell,
the contents divide, and in an hour
and a quarter the segments resolve
themselves into oval bodies, which soon
rupture the wall of the spore and make
their escape, passing out slowly, usually
one at a time. Shortly after this each
of these oval bodies begins to move,
separates itself from its fellows, and at
length darts ofl" with great rapidity.
They are now called Zoospores, having
for about twenty minutes the power of
locomotion, at the end of that time
they cease to move, and in about
fifteen minutes after, an outgrowth
appears on one side, which de\'elops
into the mycelium of a new plant. The
usual number of zoospores that is pro-
duced from a conidium is five, each of
which becomes a new plant. The num-
ber of conidia that may be pi-oduced
from a single infested vine is to be
reckoned by millions, some computa-
tions going as high as ten millions, but
if we put it at five millions, and each of
these should find the conditions favora-
ble to reproduction, then we have to
multiply that five millions by five, so
that we have the almost incredible
number of twenty five millions as the
product of one infested grapevine.

Fortunately the conditions are not
always present that favor the rejjroduc-
tive pi-ocess. Th<^re must alwa3^s be
the presence of water, else the conidia
cannot produce the zoospores ; and al-
though the process we have described
is not the only method of reproduction
that these wonderful plants possess, yet
in none of their modes of reproduction
can germination take place without the
presence of water. A moist atmos-
phere is not sufiicient. There must be
dro|)s of rain or dew upon the leaves,
or fruit, or growing branch into which
the conidia fall, in order to their further
development. We now understand why
it is that this form of mildew is more
prevalent in wet weather. Mi-. Wil-

liam Saunders, in the United States
Agricultural Report for I 861, describes
his method of availing himself of this
fact in order to prevent the attacks of
this mildew, which was, to place a cov-
ering over the trellis of sufficient width
to prevent the fogs, or dews, or rains,
from wetting the foliage.

We have already shewn that the ve-
getative portion of the fungus, called
the mycelium, grows within the tissues
of its host, hence it is impossible to de-
stroy the plant in that stage without
destroying the leaf also, or the fruit, if
the fungus be growing in the fruit.
Our hope is to find some means of pre-
venting the conidia from performing
their office of producing the zoospores,
from which the new plants ai-e deve-
loped. ]\Ir. Saunders' method may do
in small vineyards, but is difficult of
application to large establishments.

The remedies that have been found
serviceable in Europe will now be enu-
merated, in the hope that they will be
carefully tested during the present sea-
son, and their usefulness in our climate
definitely ascertained. If we shall be
able to combat this pest of our vine-
yards with some measui-e of success, we
shall have gained much toward the so-
lution of profitable grape culture in
Ontario.

Sulphate of Copper, either alone or
in mixture, has been found efficacious
in destroying the germs of this fungus.
The following preparations haye been
recommended for trial bv the United
States Commissioner of Agriculture.

First — Spray the vines with a solu-
tion of 1 pound dissolved in 25 gallons
of water.

Second — Dissolve a pound in 4- gal-
lons of warm water ; when completely
dissolved and the water has cooled, add
1 pint of commercial ammonia, and di-
lute this by adding 18 gallons of water,
and with this spray the vines. The
concentrated solution, that is, the four

180

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

gallons to which the ammonia has been
added, should be kept in a keg or other
wooden vessel, and diluted as used.

Third — Dissolve 16 pounds of the
sulphate in 22 gallons of water. In
another vessel slake 30 pounds of lime
in 6 gallons of water. When the lime
and water have become cold, pour it
slowly into the sulphate solution, stir-
ring constantly, so as to mix thoi'oughly.
It is recommended to prepai-e this com-
pound some days before using. "When
Tised it should be well stirred, and may
be applied by dipping a wisp into the
mixture, and switching it to the right
and left, so as to scatter it over the fo-
liage. In large vineyards it will be
less wasteful to use a pump with nozzle
specially constructed for the purpose of
applying this compound.

As these applications are only pre-
ventive in their operation, and by their
Tise we can only hope to destroy the
spores, either in the conidia state, or at
the latest as zoospores, before the myce-
lium or vegetative portion has made its
way into the tissues of the plant,
it is therefore important that we do net
wait to see the spots on the leaves, or
the discoloration of the fruit before we
apply the sulphate, or some of one of
these mixtures, but rather apply at
once, and repeat as often as the applica-
tion is washed off by the rains.

The sulphate of copper is not expen-
sive, the cost as given by the Commis-
sioner is only six cents a pound by the
barrel, and ten cents at retail, and the
commercial ammonia is the same.

In addition to these applications, the
careful vineyardist will take measures to
destroy all the germs that winter over.
We have not given the life history of
these, it being a matter of interest to,
the botanist more than to the general
reader ; it will be sufficient for the pre-
sent to say that these winter germs, as
they have been called, pass the winter
in the tissues of the dead leaves, or

dried up berries, and possibly upon the
branches. Hence the importance of
gathering all the leaves and fallen fruit
with a fine-toothed rake in the autumn
and burning them. Also after pruning
the vines, to gather the tiimmings and
burn these. In addition to these pre-
cautions, the naked vines should be
washed with a strong solution of sul-
phate of iron.

The .sulphate of iron is also an excel-
lent fungicide, and possesses this advan-
tage over the sulphate of copper, that
it is not so poisonous to human beings,
and is also less costly.

We should be pleased if some of the
readers of the Canadian Horticulturist
would suVjstitute the sulphate of iron
for the sulphate of copper on some of
their vines, where the downy mildew ap-
peared last year, and report the result.

A CAUTION REGARDING THE USE OF PARIS
GREEN,

Notices have appeared from time to
time of the efficacy of Paris green and
London purple in destroying the Col-
orado beetle and its progeny, and more
i-ecently the use of Paris green has been
strongly recommended in dealing with
the Codlin moth.

There is no question as to the value
of these agents as insecticides, but there
are other considerations as regards our-
selves and those who are to come after
us which should make potato growers
and orchardists pause before applying
Paris green, et omne hoc (jenus, in the
liberal way in which it is now proposed
to do. Paris green and London purple
are preparations of arsenic, and arsenic
is a vinilent poison ; so much so that
one grain has been known to cause
death, and jjoisonous symptoms have
been caused by one-half, one fourth,
and even by the one-eighth of a grain.
On some of the lower forms of vegetable
life — ferns and mosses — it does not
seem to exercise any injurious effects,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

181

but it is different with all the higher
plants. Seeds soaked in a solution of
arsenic will not germinate, and buds to
which it has been freely applied will
not expand, while the roots and young
shoots of plants immersed in it perish.
It lias been stated in the pages of the
Horticulturist, I think, that only the
leaves of the potato can be destroyed
or the petals of the apple blossom,
while the tubers in the one case, and
the fruit in the other, remain unscathed.
But this is only partially true, and
what truth there is de{)ends entirely
upon the circumstances of the applica-
tion. The metal arsenic is insoluble in
water, and so long as it remains insol-
uble it very likely would be harmless
to plants. But it is freely soluble in
the alkalies, potash, soda, and ammonia,
lime and other earths, as well as acids
resulting from decomposition of vege-
table matter ; all of which are more or
less abundantly found in every variety
of soil, and so soon as it is reduced to
tlie solvent condition it is then readily
taken up by the roots of plants, especi-
ally by those of the coarser vegetables,
the potato, cai*rot, paranip, etc. Simi-
larly, also, in applying solutions of Paris
green to the apple blossom, it is not
only tliat the petals are destroyed, and
this itself may be no small matter, but
the poison may be absorbed by the
fruit, or find its way into the ovary by
the pistils, and in this way, if no greater
mischief results, those who have a fancy
for chewing the seeds of the apple may
some day find themselves attacked with
S3'mpton)S of arsenical poisoning.

Thei'e are other sources of danger
besides, such as the contamination of
drinking water, in wells, springs,
streams, etc. But I fear that I have
already occupied too mucli of your
limited space, and therefore will not
pui'sue the subject any further at pres-
ent. ■ Yours truly, C.

Durham, June, 1887.

iPloluers.

CARE AND CULTIVATION OF LILIES.

BY HERMANN SIMMERS, TORONTO, OXT.

(?y"i^ the last issue of the Horticultur-
■^X^i ist the subject of the principal
^^ finer varieties of Lilies was
S[)oken of. There are many other
varieties much more beaxitiful than

LILTUM TENUIFOLIUM.

those mentioned which I could write
about, but they would be useless to
the amateur, as I have frequently ex-
perimented with them and have found
them unsuccessful, not only in winter-
ing them, but also in persuading them
to flower, even with the greatest care.
If any amateur would like a description
of any varieties that I may not mention
I would cheerfully answer any such
questions through the columns of the
Horticulturist. By far the most genei-al-

182

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

I3' cultivated of all the lilies is the ever
popular Lilium Candidum or ordinary
sweet-scented White Lily, which thrives
in almost any kind of soil, particularly
however in sandy loam. This variety,
if it is not already in the gardens of
our readers, we would specially recom-
mend for planting, as nothing is more
•satisfactory, not only on account of
its fragrance, but also on account of its
beautiful white wax-like flowers borne
on a long stem, with from five to
fifteen flowers on each stem. To a
great many, any explanation of the
care and treatment of this variety may
seem superfluous, but to some, a few
points may be added in order to en-
courage a larger growth of this justly
popular variety. In planting for open
air, the same cai-e may be observed as
was described in the July issue con-
cerning the Lilium Auratum ; but as
for ordinary forcing for the house I
would not advise any amateur to
attempt it, unless provided with the
facility of a conservatory, when they
may be planted during the month of
September, and treated precisely the
same as the Hyacinth for forcing.
Lilium Candidum, when grown in the
open air, is apt to propagate very freeh'^,
and in order to secure flowers yearly it
is necessary, say once in tliree years,
to lake the main bulbs up, and detach
any extra small bulbs that will cer-
tainly be attached to the parent bulb,
replacing the large bulb and planting
the smaller bulbs in a separate bed,
where after three years growth they
are suflSciently large enough to flower,
and may be planted where it is requir-
ed of them to do so. Another variety
not very often seen in the garden, but,
nevertheless, a very beautiful flower is
the Lilium longiflorum album. This
variety may be grown and pi'opagated
as easily as the Lilium Candidum, but
its habit of growth is very much
smaller, reaching only to the height of

fifteen inches ; the flower is long tube-
shaped, and bears about five to eight
flowers on each stem. Lilium Tigri-
num, or spotted Tiger Lily may also be
classed among the varieties of easy
culture, and is seen in almost every
sarden.

The Fuchsia should have rather a shady
place, unless particular pains be taken
to water it freely, If allowed to wilt,
the leaves are apt to drop, and the plant
then looks much like a pretty young
miss shorn of her tresses. The plants
should be turned out of the pots, except
Speciosa and Mrs. Marshall, which are
the best of winter bloomers, and should
be grown in pots for that purpose alone.
— Orchard and Garden.

The Crystal Palace Gem Nasturtium sent
out last spring is just now in full bloom
in our Experimental Grounds, and
is very pretty. It |)roduces a great
aljundance of pale yellow flowers with
maroon blotches, a very pretty contrast
to the ordinary shades.

Shipping Flowers. — Ladies in Crystal
Springs, Miss., are shipping flowers to
city markets. They receive in Chicago
from $2.50 to $3 per 100 for Cape Jas-
mine buds, and a single rose bush has
yielded $10 worth of bloom in one
season.

Sunflowers. — Seedsmen state that of
late years there has been an unwonted
demand for seeds of sunflowers. It is
a fact that a blaze of sunflowers gives
conspicuous dashes of color to gardens.
Some one has styled the sunflower " the
king of the flower garden," and there
is a kind of regal aspect about it. It
is common to see flowei'S more than a
foot across, and the dark centres stand
out consjncuously when margined with
their broad zones of golden petals.
There are dwarf and tall forms of the
single, and also of the double varieties.
The last named, when of a fine double

THE CANADIAN HCilTICDLTURIHT.

183

cliaractei', are very imposing objects ;
but the current taste certainly runs in
the direction of the single in preference
to the double varieties.

^ii-iis.

WIRE FENCES AND BIRDS.

Sir : — It is certainly pleasing to the
eye to see straight, clean fences, such
as those constructed of barbed wii-e, in
comparison with the old style of snake
fence ; and a considerable saving of land
is made by its adoption. Another ad-
vantage is the prevention of lieavy snow
diifts, and perhaps other good points
might be claimed for the wire fence ;
but there is one dj-awback, and that is
a serious one — one that requires more
than a passing notice — viz. : the banish-
ment of our small insect destroying
birds.

We find, year by year, slowly but
surely, the birds become scarce, particu-
larly in those localities where the wire
fence is most in use. The reason is
plain to be seen. Along the line of the
wire fence rubbish is seldom allowed to
accumulate, the coarse grass is kept cut
and no small bushes are allowed to
grow, consequently there is no harbour
or shelter for the small birds that live
principally on insects. The result is
the decrease of birds and the increase
of insects.

In the old style rail fence all sorts of
rubbish would accumulate ; piles of
stones, rank grass, small bushes, liazel,
wild i-aspberry, wild currant, etc.,
would find a lodgment, affording the
small birds shelter in rough weather,
and protection and security in raisin ij-
their young ; for our common small
bii'ds do not build their nests in tall
trees.

It is not likely we will ever go back
to the old snake fence again ; but if we

want to retain our friends the birds,
we must protect them, extend to them
the blessings of National Policy, as well
as to the manufacturers of barbed wire,
and protect the birds, who are unable
to protect themselves.

The first thing to do is to enforce the
laiv proJiihiting the destruction of insect
destroying birds, and any and every
man or boy found shooting or destroy-
ing the birds to lock him up and teach
him better. Next, as it appears the
wire fence has come to stay, we should
protect the birds by planting trees or
hedges all around the farm, or at least
on the north and west sides, which will
encoui-age the birds to stay. The ti-ees
or hedges will grow, and not only afford
shelter for the birds, but form wind-
breaks, which are becoming so necessary
in some localities. The loss sustained
by the amount of land occupied by the
trees will be repaid by the benefits de-
rived in the shelter of crops from the
bleak and raking winds, and the reten-
tion of the birds, vhich are the true
friends of the farmer and of the fruit

grower.
Mimico .

KUSTIC."

AN ENEMY OF THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

In a recent i-eport from the Depart-
ment of Agriculture Professor Riley
states that the screech owl has proved
useful in destroying the web worms
that defoliate so many trees in autumn,
and adds : " Perhaips the statement
may be of interest that this little owl
is getting much more common in the
vicinity of cities in which the English
sparrow has become numerous, and
that the imported birds will find in
this owl as bold an enemy as the
sparrow-hawk is to them in Europe ;
and even more dangerous, since its
attacks are made towards dusk — at a
time when the sparrow has retired for
the night and is not as wide awake for
ways and means to escape."

184

THE CANADIAN HOBTICULTDBI8T.

CM REED
U valuf

Hses of Jjritits.

Next in impoHance to the best modes of cultivation
and the selection of the choicest varieties, comes the
most approved methods of prepai ing fruits for use.
We ivould be glad therefore if the ladies, who read
this Journal, would make free use of this column
for an interchange of ideas on this subject.

FRUIT JUICES MEDICINAL.

REED of seeds, fruit juices are,
Miss Clarissa Potter, in-
lable in correcting deranged
bowels. Tliey relieve constipation and
check diarrhoea. This seems a contra-
diction, but personal observation justi-
fies the statement. I was not afraid
to give my nine-months old baby bread
softened with these juices, when I
found milk nauseated her, the child
having inherited a strong antipathy
against it, and, though my other chil-
dren have Vjeen " bread and milk
babies," she has always been a bread
and fruit juice baby. A pint of red,
ripe, curi'ant, or raspberr}^ juice tart,
thick as cream, with flavour and sun-
shine, and as fresh as when swelling the
ripe berry on the stem, is just the gift
to send an invalid friend who is
heartily tired of her moulds of insipid,
sweetish jellies. — Hort. Times (Eng.).

Beware of Orange Seeds. — Several cases
have been i-eported of late of death
resulting from the swallowing an
orange seed. The seed, lodging in the
small intestines is productive of fatal
inflam mation.

Pineapple Water (a refreshing summer
beverage). — Take a moderate-sized pine-
apple, pare and slice it, and pound it to
a pulp in a mortar. Put this into a
bowl with the strained juice of a large
fresh lemon, and pour over it a pint of
boiling syrup made in the proportion
of IK), of sugar to a pint of water.
Cover the jug which contains the
liquid, and leave it in a cool place for
two hours or more. Strain through a

napkin. Put two pints of cold spring-
water with it and serve. Sufficient for
three pints of pineapple water. — Hort.
Times.

TO MAKE RASPBERRY VINEGAR.

Wash raspberries in a stone jar.
To every pound of fruit add a pint of
pure cider vinegar, cover, and let it
stand three days ; then press it through
a jelly bag ; to every pint put a half
pound of lump sugar. Set the juice on
the fire to come to a boil. Take off
any scum that may rise. Allow five
minutes gentle boiling. Set it to get
cold, then pour into small bottles, cork
with new corks, and seal. Two or
three table-spoonfuls in a glass of ice
water makes a delicious, refreshing
drink in hot weather. Strawberries or
currants can be prepared in the same
manner. — Horticultural Times.

FRUIT STAINS.

In the season of fruits, the napkin
used at the table, and often the hand-
kerchiefs and other articles, will become
stained. Those who have access to a
good drug store can procure a bottle of
Javelle water. If tlie stains are wet
with this before the articles are put
into wash, they will be completely re-
moved. Those who cannot get Javelle
water can make a solution of chloride
of lime. Four ounces of the chloride
of lime is to be put in a quart of water-
in a bottle, and after thoroughly shaking
allow the dregs to settle. The clean
liquid will remove the stains as I'eadily
as Javelle water, but in using this one
precaution must be observed. Be care-
ful to thoroughly rinse the article to
which this solution has been applied in
clear water before bringing it in contact
with soap. When Javelle water is used,
this precaution is not necessaiy ; but
with the chloride of lime liquid it is, or
the articles will be harsh and stifi". — Ex.

tfiE OANADIAN SORTICULTtRlSl".

1S5

®pm fetters.

3IK. LOUDON.

The Jessie. — Sir : In passing by
the home of the Jessie, at Janesville,
Wisconsin, on my way home from the
North-west, I conkl not resist tlie desire
to see the Jessie, so I hiid over till the
next train and I do not regret it, al-
though I had to walk out about a
mile. A very genial and kindly man
is Mr. Loudon, and after a kind re-
ception from his wife and himself, when
breakfast was over, he took me to the
Jessie field where he has 70 other new
seedlings, some of them larger than the
Jessie. You and others ought for
yourselves to see the sight I saw. After
three pickings they still lay in heaps
around the plants. I could have had
my eyes covered and went on any row
and picked bushels of berries, of which
twenty would fill a quart.

JOHN LITTLE, Grauton.

Sir : I observed in your June num-
ber an article headed "The English
Sparrow," where it is blamed for pick-
ing the heart of the plums and cherries
2

when in bloom. Now I think your
correspondent has made a mistake.
There is a bird that might be mis-
taken for the sparrow — the purple
Finch, ( Frigillia piLvpurea), which I
have often detected in the same opera-
tion, but never the sparrows. They
are a bold bird and beautiful singers.
See Wilson's Ornithology.

JOilX McLEAN.

Niagara Grapevine, Insecticides,
jfec. — Sir : I am glad to inform you
that the Niagara vine you so kindly
sent me is thriving most vigorously.
As it has been planted in an exposed
position on the mountain, I will let
you know how it stands the winter.
As allusion is often made in the jour-
nal as to various insecticides, I would
say that this year I ha\e tried thp
" Slugshot," and have found it in every
way satisfactory. This powder has kept
the currant and gooseberiy bushes en-
tirely free from the caterpillar.

D. BERWICK.

Hamiltou, June 30, 1887.

[Note. — The so-called " Slug-shot "
owes its effectiveness largely to the p:e-
stiuce of arsenic. — Editou. ]

The Black Knot. — Sir : I fear we
sliall all be used up this year with the
black-knot, which is far worse than
than during any previous single year.
It has struck all over the trees, both
cherry and plum, so that I think 1
sljall have to cut down many of them.
1 do not know if its ravages extend
beyond our city, but doubtless it does,
and fear there is no remedy but to
wait until this generation is succeeded
by a new order, for better or for worse.
C. JARVIS, Brautford.

[Note. — Prof. Panton's paper at Col-
liugwood showed cloai-ly that the black
knot is a fungus growth, propagated by
spores, which scatter at maturity ; and
that the only way to check its progress
is to cut off and burn all affected
parts. — Ed.]

186

THE CANADIAN HORTicULTUfeiST.

Catalpa. — Sir : Yon may like to
know that I have tlie Catalpa, in full
bloom, here now. I see by tlie Horti-
cult'itrist that it will not grow in every
part of Canada. The blossom is larpje,
very beautiful, and, if away from the
tree, it would pass for an orchid, i.e.,
for its delicacy of colour and form.

MARIA S. RYE.
Niagara, 2nd July, 1887.

Canabtaii J)orticxilturist.

iN lUus-
trated
Monthly Journal, de-
I voted to the interests
of Fruit Growers,
(hardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burban homes.

Subscription price §1.00
per year, entitling the subscri-
ber to membership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Report, and a share in its
annual distribution of plants and trees.

This Journal is not published in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniary advantage of
any one, but its pages are devoted wholly to
the progress of Horticultural Science and
Art in Canada.

The Evening Primrose. — One of our sub-
scribei'S who complained about receiv-
ing seeds of the Evening Primrose
among our flower seeds sent out last
spring, Vjecause it was a noxious weed,
must KUi-ely l)e ignorant of the great
ditference between the native and the

cultivated varieties. The genus ffino-
thera comprises some of our most showy
summer blooming plants, and are
highly prized in the best gardens.
Some of the finest are natives of Texas,
California, and Missouri.

Summer Pruning of ornamental trees
and shrubs is commended by the Gar-
deners' MonMy. By this is meant a
judicious thinning out, and the pinch-
ing back of growing branches of both
deciduous and evergreen trees. The
Scotch Pine may be made a "most beau-
tiful ornament to the lawn, by cutting
ofi its head when about ten feet high,
and never allowing another to grow.
The side branches are cut away, ex-
ce[jting the upper tier, which then
s[)read and drooj) in such a way as to
jiresent a beautiful arbor-like form.

Many of our deciduous shrubs may
also be much improved by clipping.
At many of the Northern Railway
stations, we noticed the Tartai'ian
Honey-suckle, tlie Weigela, and other
shrubs pruned into roundish or oblong
shapes, with flat toi)S. Thus pruned
they are adapted to small tidy lawns,
where otherwise their natural free
habits of growth would exclude them.

The Marlboro' raspberry is just now
(7th July) ripening its first fruit of this
season on our grounds. It is quite re-
assuring to find such stout canes, so
well laden with large, bright, scarlet
bcnies.

The Cherry Crop has been unusually sa-
tisfactory this year. The horrid aphis
has beea entirely I'outed by the friendly
lady bug, and the rot upon the Bigga-
reau varieties has been less destructive
than usual. For several years past the
Heart and Biggareau varieties have
been such utter failures in tlie Niagara
distiict that we were quite prepared
to condemn them as being wholly
unprofitable But this season it has
been a pleasure to handle them, so fine

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

187

and lai'ge and clean was the fruit ; and
the market so greedy to obtain them.
On tlie 5th July the Nai)oleon Biggar-
eau and the Yellow Spanish, those most
magnificent of white cherries, com-
manded no less than $1.90 per twelve-
quart basket in Toronto market. With-
out doubt these two ai'e the finest of
the Biggareaus, as the Black Tartarian
and the Black Eagle are the leading
Heart varieties.

A New Asparagus. — The Scientific Ameri-
can speaks of a new variety of aspara-
gus which has been discovered on the
steppes of the Akhal-Tekiz. It grows
perfectly wild ; has stalks nearly as
thick as a man's arm, and attaining a
height of five or six feet. One of these
immense stalks is said to be sufficient
for a meal for ten Russian soldiers !

Pears. — The Duchess, Winter Nelis,
and Seckel are regarded by the Country
Gentleman as the pears least liable to
blight. The Claii-geau aTid Urbaniste.
also promise well.

In our experience we may mention
the Osbands Summer and the Flemish
Beauty as among the most subject to
this dread disease.

Tuition in Horticulture was the subject of
of Secretai-y Garfiehl's first lecture at
Cornell. He shows in it the inade-
quacy of books and lectures to teach
this science, unless accompanied by
practical work in the laboratory and in
the field. He also points out the great
value of horticultural periodicals, and
of the meeting of practical men in hoi'-
ticultural societies.

The Corner Stone of the most ricldy
endowed university in the world was
laid on the 18th of last May at Pals
Alto, in Santa Clara County, Cali-
fornia. It is built by Senator Stan-
foi"d. upon his cattle ranch of over
7,000 acres, and is endowed with about
$20,000,000 to heyin loith. The plans
are on a gigantic scale, and the curricu-

lum is to include not only art and science,
but courses in practical agriculture and
horticulture under the most gifted
specialists.

Does it not appear that the most
thoroughly equipped universities of the
future are to be those which are
founded and sustained by private
beneficence.

Prunus Simoni or Apricot Plum. Prof-
Budd of the Iowa State Agricultural
College writes of this plum as follows :
— "It will be the king of fruits — better
than-any apricot. In France it is
placed at the head of the plums. Hardy
even here (42nd parallel). In all
respects it is a botanical curiosity. In
color of bark, and in all points except

r

PRUNUS SIMONI.

the net veining and color of the leaves,
it resembles the peach. In fruit it
comes nearer to a flattish, smooth,
brick-i'ed tomato than to any of our
stone fruits ; yet in smell and flavour
it approaches very near the nectarine."
Unpaid. — We regret to find a good
many on our lists avIio have not yet
])aid for the year 1887, and yet they
have accepted from the post office seven

188

THE CANADIAN H0ETI0ULTUKI8T.

numbers of the Horticulturist for the
year 1887. Those who send in their
subscriptions may have the bulbs men-
tioned below if they so desire.

Fall Distribution of Bulbs. — Any sub-
scriber, new or old, sending in his
subscription of $1.00 to the Canadian
Horticulturist, for either the year 1 887
or 1888, between now and the first of
November, may have a package of
winter flowering bulbs sent him, post
paid, early in November next. The
package will contain 1 Hyacinth, 1
Narcissus and 1 Tulij), all named
varieties. As the contract is with a
reliable Canadian seedsman, we believe
the bulbs will give the best of satisfoc-
tion, and we hope may be the means of
introducing these floral tx'easures into
homes hitherto ungraced by their
beauty.

The Annual Meeting will lie held at
either Hamilton or Grimsby, about the
last week in September. The annual
address of the President will be a
j)rominent feature of the occasion, and
will be of special interest to apple
growers, of wliom we expect to see a
lai'ge repre.sentation.

The Winter Meeting will be held at
some ])oint in tlie eastern part of the
Province, possibly at Ottawa.

THE NEW G. T. R. FRUIT CARS.

On the 21st of June the first of these
new special fruit cars passed through
Grimsby. As fruit growei'S we hail
with gladness any such improvement
marking a step in advance in accom-
modation for the enlargement of our
business.

The car is a fine large one, similar in
size and shape to a j)assenger coach,
with the same excellent running gear
and easy springs, and is therefore far
better than any freight car for the car-
riage of tender fruits, especially for
long distances. The length of the car

is about 40 ft. and the width over 9 ft.
The car is shelved all around, with a
passage lengthwise through the middle
as well as aci'oss, thus affording easy
access to packages of fruit in any part
of the car. The accompanying sketch
of a section of this car will aid us in
giving our readers some idea of its
conveniences :

^

i 3 ft. 4 iji.

1

BASKETS.

BASKETS.

3 ft.

3 ft.

G. T. R. FRUIT CAR — SECTION.

One of these cai"S will pass through
the Niagara District every afternoon
throughout the fruit season, gathering
up fruit for the Montreal market from
between the Suspension Bridge and
Toi'onto. It will reach Montreal
about 9 o'clock the next morning.

BUDDING.

The nurseryman's art of budding
trees is a very simple operation, and
easily learned by any one who is at all
handy with his knife. It is so useful,
too, that every fruit grower should
pi'actice it for himself. Perhaps some
of our readers were trying to top-graft
their apple trees last spring, and in
some instances the scion has failed to
grow ; in its place, however, several
strong shoots have grown up by the
side of the cleft. Now is the time, say
from the 1st to the 15th of August, to
make up for the failui^e of the graft by

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

189

inserting buds in these young thrifty
sprouts.

First cut a fresh shoot, of this sea.

son's growth, from the
kind of tree you desire
to have, with well de-
veloped buds. Trim off'
all the leaves, leaving
^ r about a half inch of

V^ the petioles as a

handle for each bud,
as in Fig. 1. Then
Fio. 1. with a keen-edged bud-

ding knife remove the buds
quired, J taking care to
cut as little of the
wood as possible.
Then make a T sha})ed
cut in the stock quite
through to the wood,
as is shown in Fig. 2,
insert the bud from the
to}) downward, slipping
it neatly into its place
as in Fig. 3. Then tie
snugly with bass bark, Fig. 2. Fio. 3. Kio. 4.
or yarn, as shown in Fig. 4.

Plums and pears (on pear stocks)
should be budded in July, while peaches
ai-e budded during the first half of Sep-
tember. These latter may be workril
with greater ease and success than any
other tree, providing always tlio stalk
is the current season's gi'owth from the
peach pit.

About a fortnight after budding the
bandages should be loosened, and then
left until the following spring, when,
if the bud is alive, the stock should be
cut off about an inch above the bud.

This is the whole secret, and we give
it to our readers hoping the practice of

it may prove both interesting and pro-
fitable to practical horticulturists.

This department is intended as an open 07ie to every
reader of the "Horticulturist" to send in either
questions or answers. Often a reader will be able to
answer a question tvhich has been left unanswered,
or only partially answered by us. For connenicnce
of reference the questions are numbered, and any
one replying or referring to any question will
please mention the number of it.

55. Tomatoes. — As many of my fHends
are contemplating going rather largely
into toTnato growing for the Canning
companies, could you kindly state the
kind of soil suitable ; also the best arti-
ficial mamire and the best variety to
grow. [D. Berwick, Hamilton.]

The best soil for the tomato is a light
sandy loam, which of course should re-
ceive very frequent cultivation. Pro-
bably there is no more ju-ofitable vari-
ety than the Trophy, if true to name.
We are trying this year the Impi-oved
Trophy and the Perfection, the lattev
of which is highly commended by Mr.
John Harris, of Rochester, and will
re))ort later on the result of the com-
paiison. Has any reader tested arti-
ficial manures for the tomato '\

56. Hardiest Apple Trees. — Please state
which are the hardiest apple-trees for this
seition ; which the largest gooseberries'
and currants ; and which plum-trees do
not yet the black knot.

[A. DoiiERER, Hanover, Grey Co.]
(iSummer) Red Astracan and Yellow
Transparent and Duchess of Olden-
burgh ; (Fall) Alexander, Haas, St.
Lawrence, Cellini ; (Winter) Wealthy,
American Golden Russet, Wagner,
Westfield Seek-no-farther.

57. Gooseberries and Currants. — The large
English gooseberries, such as Crown
Bob and Whitesmith, mildew badly in
Canada. The largest kinds that will suc-
ceed are Downing, Smith's Improved,
and Industry. The Cherry is the

190

THB CANADIAN HORTIOULTURI8T.

largest currant, but bears very poorly
on light soil. Fay's Prolific is about
as large ; the bunch is much longer,
and it is a much better bearer.

58. Plum-trees. — We know of no kind
entirely free from black knot. The
Mooi-e's Arctic is claimed to be com-
paratively free.

59. Evaporators. — Which kind is best?
Are other fruits, besides apples, success-
fully dried ? What ahout markets ?

What about a vinegar department ? Are
t''e peelings and cores worth drying for
jelly ? [A. Slaght, Waterford.]

60. Budding. — In cutting the bark of
the stock to insert the bud, should both
the outer and inner barks be cut tJi.rough
to the wood ? [R.]

Yes. Seep. 189.

61. Cold Grapery. — Please inform me if
there is any objection to my leaving the
ventilator of my cold graj}ery open all
night this hot weather. Is it hkely to
induce m,ildew 1 [R,., Toronto.]

Reply by D. W. Beadle. — Mildew
is frequently caused by sudden changes
of teniperatui'e especially if accompanied
by di-aughts of air. If R. can be sure
that the wind will not veer to the north-
west during the night and blow a gale
of chilling air through his vinery, then
he can safely leave the ventilators o])eii.

62. Plow. — In reply to an enquiry of a
subscriber for a plow to throw heavy
sub-soil to the surface, Mr. Wni.
Rennie says : " I do not know of one
manufactured in the County of York.
I do not approve of throwing the sub-
soil on the surface, but would rather
keep the fine mould on top by follow-
ing an ordinary plow by a sub-soil
plow."

63. Gladiolus Lemoinei. — / intend trying
to protect Gladiolus Lemoinei this win-
ter. What do you think of my pros-
pects of success ? [J. A. M., Wingham.]

Mr. A. Simmers answers as follows :
Gladiolus Lemoinei will need to be
well protected with a heavy covering of
straw litter or else I would not give
much for the chances of success in win-
ter of such tender bulbs. T would ad-
vise ]5utting them in a sheltered place
and then you may succeed in wintering
them over.

64. Lilium Longiflorum. — Do you think
Lilium Longiflorum woidd stand re-
maining in the ground all winter; ther-
mometer going down to 30 below zero
sometimes? [J- A. M., Wingham.]

Mr. Anton Simmers says in reply :
Longiflorum will stand without fear
of freezing or failure in the open ground
all winter, where the temperature goes
down to 30 below zero. To ensure it,
however, better cover the Lilium Longi-
florum with manure about half a foot,
and a board over it.

||iel)tdi3

We will f/ladly ijive our candid opinion of any hooks,
mafjdzi.iu's or catalogues received, especialh/ if they
are likely to intercut or benefit Canadiini fnilt
ijrowern, but will nut insert cut and dried reaiUiig
nutices in fav^yr of any publication whatever.

BOOKS.
Elements of Botany. — Including Or-
ganography, Vegetable Histology, Vege-
table Physiology and Vegetable Taxon-
omy and a Glossary of Botanical Terms,
illustrated by nearly five hundred en-
gravings from drawings by the author.
By Edson S. Bastin, A.M., F.R.M.S.,
Professor of Botany, Materia Medioa
and Microscopy in the Chicago College
of Pharmacy. Cloth, Octavo, 300
pages, price, .f2.50. Chicago: G. P.
Engelhard & Company : 1887.

Bastin's Botany is a fairly got up
volume of 300 })ages. The intention
of the writer is to supply a text-book
for our High Schools, Academies and
Medical Colleges, which shall also be
sufficiently clear to be understood by
young beginners, and prove a means of
attraction to them in this most delight-
ful of studies.

IflU CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

1§1

The freshness of the innstrations,
which ai"e largely drawn by the author,
and the constant references by this
means to well-known plants is a very
valuable feature of the work. One is
thus introduced to the study of nature
in the most natural and easy manner.

Pai-t I. is devoted to Organography,
and takes n]) 1st, the organs of vegeta-
tion, and second, those of reproduction.
Practical exercises are appended to
each chapter, a most usetul addition
especially for the student who wishes
to pursue microscopic examination of
j)lant life apart from the class-room.
The subject of Plant Hairs is consider-
ed by the Professor as of sufficient im-
portance to occupy a whole chapter.
Those upon the roots are shown to be
useful in absorbing nourishment from
the soil, while those on the stems and
leaves are active agents in absorbing
nitrogenous compounds from the air.
This is of interest to us just now when
so many are discussing the sources of
nitrogen for the supply of plant growth.

Part IV., which is devoted to Vege-
table Taxonomy, or the classification
and naming of plants, is also a valuable
contribution to Horticultural Science.
Prof. Bastin divides vegetable life into
seven groups, beginning with such low
organisms as jelly-like sea-weeds and
bacteria, and gradually leading the
student on up through the various
kinds of parasitic fungi which jday
such an imjiortant factor in the injury
or destruction of plant life, to those
mosses and ferns and flowering plants
which are commonly ti'eated of in our
botanical text-books.

In our humble opinion, however, the
book has one serious faidt, viz. its ad-
vocacy of the doctrines of Evolution.
Why should a l)0tanical text-book so
step out of its sphere — viz. the study of
nature as it is — as to deal with meta-
physical hypotheses 1 Because there is
a wonderfully planned gradation of

species from the lowest to the highest
forms in botli animal and vegetable life,
why should the botanical student be ex-
pected to swallow such teaching as the
following, found on page 173 ■?

" Plants and animals resemble each other
fundamentally ; the protoplasm which cons-
titutes the physical basis of life of both has in
both the same essential properties. We must
regard plants and animals as two branches
of a common trunk. The first lUnng hehuj
that made its appearance on our r/lohe was
prohaMij neither distinctly j)lant or animal,
bat a hit of undifferentiated protopki'nn (/ /)"

Has Prof. Bastin, or Prof. Huxley,
or Prof. Darwin ever yet discovered
one single instance of one genus of
either plant or animal life, reverting to
an inferior one, or of one new genus
developing from an inferior one ? Is
there any proof on p 22 where we read:

"As now ill tropical regions evergreen
trees are much the more common, while in
our own climate they are rare, there is good
reason to believe that in the warm ages of
the world preceding the ice period, all trees
were evergreens, and that our northern trees
have become deciduousdeaved by gradual
adaption to the vicissitudes of the climate."

Did any one ever find a Norway
Spruce in process of development into
an apple tree, or an apple-tree revertin-.;;
into the direction of a Norway Spruce.

Granting that vegetable growth may
somewhat ada[)t itself in time to its
surroundings, and this is all that has
been proved, we cannot see in this the
slightest ground upon which to base
the theoiy that one genus has ever, or
ever will, pass into another by any
power except that of the Divine Being
who first originatetl it and bestowed
u[)on it its essential characteristics.

Annual Report of the Minnesota
State Horticultural Society. Cloth,
486 pp. Secretary, S. D. Ililman, Min-
neapolis, Minn.

This report is full of valuable in-
formation concerning hardy fruits for
our northern sections. For instance,
on page 151 we notice a black list of

192

THE OA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

apples usually counted hardy, but
proved to be olily half hardy, and con-
sidered dangerous to plant in large
quantities. The kinds mentioned are
-Mann, Bethel, Walbridge, Haas, Pee-
waukee, Alexander, Borsdorf, North-
ern Spy, Salome, Utter, Fameuse, and
Wolf River.

Transactions cf the Indiana Horti-
cultural Society, for the year 1886.
Cloth. CM. Hobbs, Bridgeport, Secretary.

In this report are include I })apers
and discussions on the folio Nving sub-
jects : Village Improvement- Associa-
tions, Ethics of Horticulture, The old
Grape Vine on the Wall, A glance at
Horticultural Interests in England,
Grafting and Budding, The other side
of Fruit Culture, Ornamentation of
School Property, &c.

Transactions of the Massachusetts

Horticultural Society, for the year

1S8G. Part II. Kobt. Mauuiag, Boston,

Secretary.
Fifth Annual Report of the Ohio

Agricultiu;d Experiment Station for 1886.

W. it. Lazenby, Secretary of the Board

of Control, Columbus, Ohio.
Report of the Entomologist, 1885.

Jas. Fletcher, Department of Agriculture,

Ottawa.

(Correspondence, and small packages
containing insects for identification
lujiy be sent by mail, and will receive
prompt attention.)

Report of Sir Charles Tupper,
G.C.M.G., C.B., Executive Cdmmis-
sioner on the Cauathan Section of the
Colonial and Indian Exhibition at South
Kensington, 1886.

The North- West of Canada. A
general Hketch puljlished by authority of
the Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

Calendar of Queen's College and
University, Kingston, Canada, for the
year 1887-88.

Seventeenth Annual Report of the
Entomological Society of Ontario.

Copies of this Report will be sent to
members of the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation in course of time.

im0rou0.

" What do you grow on this land ? " he
inquired of the farmer who was leaning
over a fence inspecting a particularly bar-
ren piece of ground. "Grow lazy," was
the satisfactory reply. — Field and Farm.

A BOOK of rules for playing lawn-tennis
lias been published, but it omits the nidst
important rule of all for beginners, wliich
is : First get your lawn. — SomerviUe Jour-
nal.

What's in a name/ An exhibitor,
writes a correspondent, at the last annual
show of a provincial Society, divided a
sample of peaches, entering one half in his
own name, and the other in the name of a
gentleman of local prominence. His own
half was passed over, but the other sample
took the prize proving that there is some-
thing in a name after all. — Hort. Times.

' ' I hear that your husband is very iU,'
said Mrs. Philpot. " Yea, poor fellow,''
replied Mrs. Snooper, " he leads such a
sedimentary life that Ins health is shat-
tered."

A Healthful Fkuit. — A lazy dyspep-
tic was bewailing his own misfortunes, and
speaking with a friend on the latter's
heiilthy appearance . ' ' What do you do to
make you so strong and healtliy / " in-
quired tlie dyspeptic. " Live on fruit
alone," answered his friend. " What kind
of fruit?" "The fruit of industry; audi
am never troubled with indigestion." —
PeojAe's Henlth Journal.

Made in vane — a weather-cock.

" Epkuji, wliat makes so many cat-tads
grow in this here pon' / " '' VVell, I would
say, doan you know ? Why dey grows up
from kittens that people luvs drowned in
the pon' of course. 'Pears like you wim-
men folks doan know nuffin' 'bimt agi'i-
cultshah. — A7n. Garden.

It is as difficult to catalogue books as it
is to catalogue some other things. A
librarian in a Boston library lately con-
fessed that a work on " Greek Pcjots " was
found entered under agriculture, and a
book entitled "The Fountain of Life"
under water. — Christian Register.

PRINTED AT THK STKAM PBE3S KSTABI.ISHMF.NT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

MARIANNA PLUNI.

(Lanabian

IDorticulturiet

Published at Toe\onto and Grimsby, Ont.
OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

SEPTEMBER, 1887.

[No. 9.

THE PEACH IN CANADA.

OR the first time in three or four
years peach-growers in Ontario
are the happy possessors of a
fair crop of peaches. The early varie-
ties, such as Alexanders, Hale's Early,
Louise and Rivers are overloaded,
while the finer varieties, such as Early
Crawford, Old Mixon, &c., are about a
half-crop.

But peach-growing in Canada is by
no means the important industry that
it was five or six years ago. Then
every choice piece of garden soil was
devoted to peach culture, and every
orchai-dist, along the southern shore of
Ontario and the eastern shore of Lake
Huron, had golden dreams of the profits
to he derived from this delicate fruit.
But, alas ! the mysterious Yellows
awakened us all to the unpleasant
reality of great disappointment, and

our beautiful peach trees had to be
cut off and drawn out of the ground by
hundreds. Our growers are now turn-
ing their attention to the vineyard in
place of the peach orchard ; and very few
are giving the latter even reasonable
cultivation, so wholly disgusted are they
with the unsightly remains of what
was once the pride of their grounds.

But this is a great mistake. The
sagacious orchardist will destroy the
affected trees as soon as they ai-e ob-
served, and in the proper time plant
young healthy ones in their places. He
will not plant more than he can culti-
vate, prune and fertilize in the best
and most approved manner, and thus
he will succeed in reaping eventually a
most satisfactory reward.

As the time for cultivation of the
peach is now over for this season, we

194

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTDKI8T.

"will leave that subject to its proper
time, and give our readers a few hints
concerning the

PACKING FOR MARKET.

The experience of our growers this
year will teach the lesson that it
never pays to gather fruit before it is
fit for use, or is in such a state
that it will be in prime condition when
it reaches the hands of the consumer.
Some varieties of early peaches, as the
Alexander and Hale's Early color
beautifully long before they are fit for
use, and, if shijoped so, will only serve
to disgust the deluded purchaser, and
spoil the demand. A little experience
will teach a picker just when a peach
or a pear has reached full matiirity,
from its very appearance.

The most atti-active package for
peaches is the round basket, shown in
the engraving. This basket is the one
used in New Jersey
and in Delaware
where the peach is
grown in such im-
mense quantities that
special peach trains
are required to carry
them. But it is too valuable a basket
to give away with the fruit, and hence
the present quarrels and difficulties be-
tween shippers and commission houses
in the east, the former demanding the
return of all empties, and the latter
being very remiss in its performance.

As we have already stated on page
152, the twelve-quart gift basket has
proved the most generally satisfactory
of any we have yet tried ; and it solves

all difficulties, both with the commis-
sion house and with the railway com-
pany, concerning the return of empties.
No fruit should be sent away to
market without the most

CAREFUL ASSORTING.

We have tried several methods, as, for
instance, turning out each basket on a
sloping packing table, and culling out
as they roll down ; or setting a full
basket between two empty ones, and
placing the first-class in the right-hand
basket and the second-class in the left-
hand one, and thi-owing away the culls,
thus handling each peach but once.
Both these plans are excellent ones,
but the latter is best in case of ripe
peaches, pears or ])lums.

The most scrupulous care should be
observed in making each package true
to its face appearance. The practice
of some shippers of hiding all the
seconds under a face of first-class fruit
cannot be too severely condemned, not
only because it brings disi-epute upon
the shipper, but also because it is down-
light dishonesty.

A few bunches of peach leaves may
be used to dress up the top of choice
samples, and will serve to set off" the
fruit to good advantage.

THE MARIANNA PLUM.
Our readers will frequently meet
with references to the Chickasaw plums,
particularly to such varieties as the
Miner, Wild Goose, Robinson, Mar-
ianna and others. It may be interest-
ing to know that the general name is
given to a type of American plums found

THE CANADIAN HOBTI0ULTDRI8T.

195

growing wild in the southern parts of
the United States, and is derived from
the Chickasaw Indians. In character
the fruit is small to medium in size,
nearly round, yellow or red, with thorny
bushy branches, and narrow leaves,
somewhat resembling peach leaves.

In quality all these plums are far in-
ferior to the European vaiieties, but
where these latter do not succeed well,
owing to black knot, curculio, etc., these
Chickasaw varieties ai-e worthy of trial.

The Marianna Plum, first noticed in
this Journal in vol. vii. p. 33, is a na-
tive of South-eastern Texas, and has
now been pretty well distributed. It is
is found to be about two weeks earlier
than the Wild Goose, ripening with the
eai-ly peaches, and a better pi'oducer
than that variety. It is claimed to be
quite hardy, and a very ornamental tree
especially when in bloom, on account of
its pure white blossom which is so abun-
dant as to completely hide the foliage.

CULTIVATION OF APPLE
ORCHARDS.

*-^V0 absolute rule can be laid down
ykf with reference to cultivation of
0 the apple orchard, because the
circumstances so frequently differ. That
a well established orchard, in good rich
soil, that is growing thriftily, should be
left undisturbed by the plough and
whiffletrees, is a position that will need
little argiiment to sustain. So long as
the necessary thrift can be kept up with
an annual to|)-dressing of some suitable
fertilizer, it would be a jjositive injury
to tear up the roots with the plough.

Neither' does it require any argument
to prove that all young orchiu-ds should
receive the best of cultivation for the

first ten or fifteen years after planting.
The wretched, stunted specimens of
trees that have been planted and left
uncai'ed for, prove this conclusively.

But what about the many orchards
that are full grown, but show no thrift,
bear little or no fruit, and whose light
or yellowish leaves betray their enfee-
bled condition. Do they need pruning,
manure, cultivation, or all three com-
bined ']

Our experience is that cultivation is
in such cases the most efficient means
of restoration, and will accomplish what
pruning and manure will utterly fail in
doing without it. Cultivation of the
soil so exposes it to the action of the
air as to make available the plant
food which is already there in store, and
besides, has a most important influence
in counteracting the serious drouths to
which our country is of late so very
subject.

One of our orchards which had been
planted some twenty-five years, was in
the condition above described. It had
been left seeded down for about ten
years, and had become unthrifty and
unfruitful. In the summer of 1886 we
broke up thoroughly one-half of it, ap-
plied wood ashes and pruned it care-
fully ; while the other half was pruned
and manured, but not cultivated. The
same treatment was continued durinof
1887, and now the result is plain enough
to the most casual observer. The cul-
tivated portion has resisted the drouth
completely. Its dark green foliage is a
remarkable contrast to the light sickly
green of the other part, and, more im-
portant still, the cultivated trees are.
laden to the very ground with such a
load of fine Baldwins, Greenings, and
Golden Russets, as cannot be equalled
by any other orchard on our fruit farm.

This seems to be clear testimony to
the immense advantage of cultivation,
especially in seasons of such extended
drouth as those of 1886 and 1887. .

196

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTUBIST.

TRANSPLANTING TREES.

Sir : In the Mail account of your
late meeting I noticed a short account of
transplanting trees.

Can you kindly oblige me by inform-
me how I can obtain full information
for tratisplanting trees in this Province
to advantage, its projjer season, method,
and machinery used ?

Can 1 obtain full details of the dis-
cussion of the various topics brought
before your Association? Such would
be of great interest to me.

W. F. GRANT, Gait.

fHE QUESTION of which is the
BEST SEASON

for transplanting trees and shrubs is a
much debated one, some claiming that
fall planting is most successful, and
others advocating the advantages of
spring planting. The nurseryman
would naturally prefer to make as
heavy sales as possible in the fall, that
he might be eased a little of the great
rush of spring orders, and the unscru-
pulous tree agent, at this season, will
assure intending planters that the fall
is the only right time, just as earnestly
as he a little time ago advocated the
season of spring.

The fact is tiiat we in Canada live a
little too far north to succeed in fall
planting without the greatest care.
Farther south, where the winters are
milder, it is much the preferable season.
There is more leisure for the work, a
better selection of trees can be had from
the nursery, the roots will become cal-
lused dulling the winter, and the trees
well established in their places in good
time to make the best of the growing
season. But here, where the winter
often begins iu November and the ther-
mometer often touches 30° or 40° be-
low zero, fall planting is, to say the
least, risky. If a hardy tree or shrub
is moved about the time of the fall of

the leaf, and fine earth packed well
about its fibrous roots, it will probably
do well in Southern Ontario, if planted
in dry soil ; but, even here, the more
tender sorts will cei-tainly sufier badly,
and \ erhaps be killed outi'ight if plant-
ed at that time.

We speak from experience. On one
occasion the wiiter planted at Grimsby,
an orchard of Hale's Early peaches in
the fall in the most favourable situa-
tion ; they did not leaf out at all until
the following July, and then made but
a poor sickly growth. He planted a
hundred Duchess dwarf pear trees once
in the fall, in soil that had fairly good
natural drainage, and only about twenty
survived the winter; though in justice
to the subject we must add that a hun-
dred planted on high and dry sand
came through all right. On another
occasion he planted an orchard of
Northern Spy apple trees early in the
fall in well-prepared soil. The season
was very dry after planting, and though
put in most carefully, being removed
directly fi"om the nursery rows to the
orchard ground, they leafed out very
slowly the following spring, and did
not make as good growth as spring-
planted trees.

As to season, therefore, we advise
the spring as the safest and best, ex-
cept in exceptional cases.

The

MODE OF TRANSPLANTING

is simple, and yet a few points need to
be impressed upon the mind of the
amateur. In the first place the gi-ound
must be thoroughly pulverized and
enriched. This c m be best done by
growing a root crop upon it the year
previous. It must always be borne in
mind that trees are living organisms
that want room for growth under ground
as well as skyward. One of our neigh-
bours planted a pear orchard in a tough
pasture field without any previous
breaking up of the soil. He planted

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

197

THE RED BIETIGHEIMER.

them as a navvy would plant a post, in
a hole just large enough to receive the
roots by ingenious twisting. The stock
was fine, but no doubt the nurseryman
gets the blame for the dry stunted
sticks which now disgrace his field, in
lieu of an orchard.

If it is not convenient to break up
the whole surface of the ground to be
planted, the sod should be first removed
from a space of ground at least three
feet in diameter, and the soil beneath
well spaded over to a depth of eighteen
inches. The tree may be then planted,
taking care to plant it little, if any,
deeper than it stood in the nursery,
and to pack fine earth tightly about
the roots. The hole is to be next filled
up with loose soil, and a good thick
mulch applied to the surface.

As to machinery nothing is needed
except a good sharp spade, unless in
case of very large trees, in which case
special machinery is needed.

Our correspondent may obtain full
verbatim reports of the discussions at
our meetings by becoming a member of
our Association.

POMOLOGICAL.

THE KESWICK CODLIN

is a noted old English cooking apple,
which is well worthy of a place in the
orchard, as an apple for home use. The
writer has two trees of this vai'iety,
about seventy-five years of age, which
bear enormous crops every alternate
year, and the quality for cooking can-
not be surpassed. The skin is a light,
greenish yellow, and the flesh white and
juicy. It is ready for use about the
first week in August.

For market purposes it is now sur-
passed by the Duchess of Oldenburg
and the Red Asti'acan, on account of
their unequalled beauty of appearance,
but for pies for our own home, give us
the Keswick Codlin. Any one who

198

THE CANADIAN H0RTICDLTDKI8T.

takes one help of a pie made from this
apple, will undoubtedly come back for
a second one.

THE RED BIETIGHEIMER

is a new variety of German origin, and
claimed to be so large and beautiful,
and withal of such excellent quality,
that it brings the highest prices every-
where, and it is worthy of the most ex-
tensive cultivation. The engraving
shows this apple drawn at one-quarter
its natural size. Its color is cream-
ground, shaded with purplish crimson ;
its flesh is white, firm, sub-acid, with a
brisk, pleasant flavor. The tree is a
free grower and an abundant bearer.
The time of ripening is in September.

PRUNUS SIMOMI.

This fruit is ripening a full crop
on the Rural grounds and does not re-
ceive any commendation from Mr.
Carman. He says the skin is bitter,
and it is not worthy of cultivation in
the vicinity of New York. It has a
corrugated pit, and a peach flavor.

SMALL FRUIT NOTES.

THE CAROLINE.

This berry has pi'oved on our
grounds a magnificent bearer, better
even than the Cuthbert, or any other
raspberry we have. It lacks, how-
ever, the rich flavor of the Brinckles
Orange, and is inferior in quality and
in size to the Golden Queen.

THE EARLY HARVEST.

According to Mr. Carman, this
blackberry has done exceedingly well
on the Rural grounds this season. The
bushes were half covered with beauti-
ful glossy berries, which were black
and ripe before any other varieties had
even turned i-ed. Our specimens have
not very much prepossessed us in its
favor as a profitable market berry. It
is a weak, slender grower, and yields
only a moderate crop of fruit. But

perhaps the different results are due to
difierent conditions. Ours are planted
on a rather light, sandy knoll.

LUCRETIA DEWBERRY.

Another season has added its testi-
mony to that heretofore accumulated
in proof of the Lucretia's great value.
This berry is beyond all doubt the best
of all dewberries in cultivation. As
early, if not earlier, as the Early Har-
vest ; as large, if not larger, as Erie ;
sweeter and more luscious than either,
extremely prolific and perfectly hardy,
we fail to see why it should not make
hosts of friends. — Orchard and Garden.

THE WEATHER AND CROPS IN
STORMONT.

BY JOHN CROIL, AULT8VILLE, OJTI.

'EDNESDAY morning, 22nd
June, we started in the good
steamer "Cuba,"and on Friday
morning were landed at the house of
our esteemed friend, D. W. Beadle, in

ST. CATHARINES.

The best part of two days we spent
there, dividing our time between him
and Mr. A. M. Smith, and their amiable
families. No man need go to these
parts unless he makes up his mind to
be loaded with kindness.

Just a word about the ])lace. Well
may it be called the garden of Ontario.
Our first impression of it was that it
was all garden. We visited the nur-
sery grounds of Mr. Dunlop, Mr.
Beadle's late partner. He evidently is
up to his business, vegetables of all
kinds were grown in profusion and well
cared for. Last year ofi" 4^ acres toma-
toes he realized 6500, selling the early
ci'op in the market at good prices, the
balance to the canning establishment at
25 cents a bushel. This year he has
seven acres. Upwards of two acres of
onions looked splendidly. I saw him
start for Hamilton with a load of 800

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

199

EARLY CABBAGE,

for which he said he would get $80.
These were planted in the fall and win-
tered in frames. He told me he had
frequently returned with $100 for his
waggon load.

Mr. Smith drove me to his grounds.
More grape vines I saw that day than
I have in my life time, enough it seems
to me to stock Ontario. What friend
Smith doesn't know about grape vine
growing isn't worth knowing. I took
leave of my kind friends in St. Cath-
arines Saturday afternoon for

GRIMSBY,

where I was met by friend Woolverton.
We had just time before night to climb
the hill above the town, from which we
had a magnificent view of that garden
land. We reached his home in time
for tea, to which we did ample justice.
In the evening we went over his well
kept grounds. It surprised us here
and at St. Catharines to see a full crop
of fine cherries. Here at Aultsville,
and to a distance far on each side of
us, we have healthy looking ti-ees, but
have not had a cherry for many years.
The reason why we can't tell. Notable
at Grimsby are its trees. No where
have we ever seen finer specimens of
foi-est and fruit trees. We measured
one apple tree in Mr. Woolverton's
yard, and found its trunk to be seven
feet eight inches in circumference, the
height of the tree about thirty feet,
and the branches to cover a space of
ground fifty feet in diameter ! Beat
that who can. Mr. Woolverton tells us
there had been gathered once from one
tree, 20 bbls. of apples ! Very few of
such trees would be more profitable
than wheat at 50 bush, to the acre.
As our custom is, we drove with our
friends on Sabbath morning to Church
— tlie Presbyterian in the morning, and
the Baptist in the evening, and good,
sound gospel we heard in both places.

Leaving, with regret, our kind friends
in Grimsby on Monday morning, we
visited Hamilton and Toronto, and
started for our Collingwood meeting, of
which there is a good report, not exag-
gerated, in the last number of the
Horticulturist.

On arriving home, 2nd July, we
found hay cutting just commenced, and
the strawberry season half-ovei*. Up
to this time we had weather favorable
to the crops, but soon after, a time of
excessive heat and

DRY WEATHER

set in, which has been very damaging
to the crops. In the last five weeks,
when the thermometer has most of
the time stood about 90, we have only
had rain twice, which, falling on the
ground as dry as ashes, was hardly felt.

Grapes and weeds alone seem to have
thriven, even the late kinds of the
former will be likely to mature. In
spite of the weather, we have had weeds
in abundance, and of purslane especi-
ally, as luxurious a crop as ground ever
grew. A writer in the Montreal Star
says, that twenty years ago the seed
of this weed came to Canada in a
packet of seeds from a celebrated seeds-
man, and adds : It is j ust so with evil
influences ; they are scattered with
careless hand, and no one feels account-
able for the I'esult, but the harvest is
often sad indeed. Peace to the seeds-
man's ashes. We hope he has sowed
better seeds for the world to come. On
him this one has not lost a benefactor.

The strawberry crop — where the
plants were not winter killed, and
many were — was good. Our Wil-
son's Albany was badly rusted and
the fruit worthless ; other kinds grow-
ing side by side were all right. Of
raspberries we can grow here but the
hardiest kinds ; we have mostly the
Reliance, which needs no winter pro-
tection. The Cuthbert and Marlboi'o'
have stood the last two severe winters

200

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTURI8T.

without covering. The latter, a fine
berry, seems to be a shy bearer.

Our tomatoes are all rotting on the
crown as they ripen, although not
touching the ground.

Our apple crop is very light, not one
in ten trees bearing any fruit. Very
little

APPLE SPOT,

but enough to show the disease, is
there. In regard to the hyposulphite
of soda, it was a bad year for experi-
ments, there being so little spot, but
twenty .trees I sprayed with it three
times, at the time recommended, were
as much spotted as those not so treated.
All our apples are badly worm eaten —
a substitute, I suppose, for the Black
Spot — the St. Lawrence most of all ;
the Fameuse seemingly the least. 1
did not spray any of my trees with
Paris Green, and would like to hear
how it fared with those who did.
Aultsville, Aug. 6, 1887.

GRAPES AND MILDEW.

BT G. GOTT, ARKON'A, ONT.

Dovmy Mildew and other Fungi —
their treatment, &c.

Mr. Editor, — I was exceeding well
pleased by the able and almost timely
paper of Mr. Beadle, of St. Catharines,
on the above subject, in your late ex-
cellent August issue of the Canadian
Horticulturist, page 170. With your
kind permission, I would like to add
a little of our practical experience and
observation to what that gentleman
has said, not so much, however, by way
of improvement as by way of enlarge-
ment. As Mr. Beadle has very pithily
remarked in his paper, the path of
jjrevention is alone the path of safety
in dealing with these subtile parasites
of the grape. After they have once
established a foothold, it is almost in
vain to attempt to treat them to effect
a cure. Nor is this an isolated fact,

as it is found to be almost exactly so
in the respect to many personal evils
and evils that affect society. Preven-
tion is better than cure.

OUR PRACTICE IN THE MATTER.

Firstly we commence the season with
the firm belief that trouble in the way
of fungus growth in our grapes will
most surely come, and so we govern
ourselves accordingly. To be fore-
warned is to be forearmed, you know.
As early as we get our grapevines up
on the trellises, and active growth has
commenced in earnest, and the young
canes push out rapidly, we order on
some fifty or one hundred lbs. of

FLOUR OF SULPHUR,

according to the size and quantity of
our vines. As the young bunches
begin to appear, the blossoms open and
the calyx falls, the berry forms and
shows its proportion ; then, at this
stage of proceedings, we take our pul-
verized sulphur and apply it liberally,
at about the rate of twenty-five pounds
per one hundred of large vines. We
do so early in the stillness of the
beautiful dewy summer morning. When
the sun is fully up in brightness, and
shines in his intensity, our sulphur is
slowly but surely converted into

SULPHURIC ACID GAS,

that can be easily detected by our
senses in the vineyard, and is a deadly
antagonist to every form of fungoid
spores fioating in the air, and at that
very moment ready to settle and grow
on the grape leaf and fruit. We apply
by means of the hand, throwing the
sulphur up and in amongst the leaves
and fruit, where it will readily adhei'e
to the still dewy leaves, some fall-
ing to the ground, where it yet does
good service for us. After about two
or three weeks of bright weather, we
make another application, and the work
is done for the season, for our grapes
are sufficiently hardened to be beyond

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

201

the attacks of fungus, and the bunches
ai'e safe. This remedy is of easy ap-
plication, and it is perfectly

SAFE FROM POISONING

either our fruit or ourselves. Although
at one time we had much ti-ouble from
the various forms of fungus on the
leaf and in the fruit, yet since our
present practice they have almost en-
tirely disappeared, to our great satis-
faction.

Now, with respect to

THE SURPLUS LEAVES AND BRANCHES,

and their destruction, I would rather
advise to leave them lying where they
fall. Early in the season, after the
vines are put up on the trellises from
their winter quarters, we start the one
horse orchard plow in the vineyard,
and cover all, both leaves and branches,
securely up, to decompose quietly in
the soil, and help our future crops. We
find great benefit from this practice in
the future quality of our vines and the
future beautiful perfect fruit. This
method is far preferable to the waste-
ful practice of burning the refuse, and
pays us, we think, much better. I
may say, too, as you all know that this
country is a very poor locality to
practice waste of any kind, it rather
efiectually makes us economical and

SAVING OF EVERY MATERIAL

that may be useful to our fai'ms or to
our gardens or orchards or vineyards.
Although these above remarks on this
subject may be now altogether too late
for practical value this season, and I
am very sorry for this, yet they may
possibly be of some service to some
young vineyardist in the seasons which
are to come. I would just say in
closing that our prospects for a large
and handsome showing of the finest
grapes ever seen, were never better,
and could not be desired better in all
sorts and colours.
Arkona, Aug. 10, 1887.

STRAWBERRY NOTES FOR 1887.

BV P. M. AUGUR, CONNECTICUT STATE POMOLOGIST.

The strawberry season has been a
very peculiar one. In this locality the
month of May showed a rainfall of only
.22 inch, which is less than in twenty-
nine years before. Hence the crop was
considerably lighter than was expected,
although better than we feared. Our

LEADING VARIETY

is the Jewell, and each year's experience
adds to our faith in it as the very best
for our market. Weddings, festivals
and all public feasts call for the Jewell.
Our dealers crowds other good varieties
into second grade. Its strong points
ai'e large average size, a perfect lustrous
crimson color, good quality, and un-
equalled productiveness ; but, being
pistillate, every third, forth or fifth row
should be some bi-sexual vai-iety, such
as Sharpless, Ontario or Belmont, etc.
Yet the pistillate varieties, as a rule,
exceed the bi-sexual in productiveness,
and in raising seedlings we choose seed
from pistillate varieties as the mother
plants. As we grow plants for market
we have a long list of varieties, which
we make shorter year by year, and the
list is now twice too long.

The Wilson, the grand old Wilson, is,
by us, believed to be superannuated ;
the fruit runs too small after the first
picking. Charles Downing is still fairly
good when it does not rust, and for a
medium-sized berry answers.

Crescent and Ironclad are early but
too small.

Gipsy is also early and of excellent
quality, but not sutficiently productive
as a market berry.

Miner is good, but displaced by the
Jewell where beauty, size and carrying
qualities are desired.

The Belmont is a choice variety and
attracts considerable attention. It is
later than Jewell, longer in form, is
bi-sexual, slightly better in quality, but
not as attractive in form or color and

202

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTUBI8T.

very much below in productiveness. It
is superior, however, in producing
plants, as the Jewell is rather slow in
multiplying.

The Ontario is a berry of large size,
exceeding the Sharpless in this i"espect,
which it closely resembles. It has the
habit of the green tip, like the Sharp-
less ; pickers and purchasers all prefer
the Jewell, as it always colors all over
at once.

The Ctimberland is with us a beauti-
ful berry always, but it is too light in

color, rather soft, and not sufficiently
productive.

The Buback No. 5 is an acquisition.
It is of good color, fairly productive,
and in color and size can be crated with
the Jewell without much favilt ; it is
pistillate also. We regard the Buback
as one of our most promising new vai*-
ieties.

Htinderson is of superb quality, but
does not take well in market on account
of inferior color and size ; neither is it
productive enough. In regard to cul

THE CANADIAN HCRTICULTUKI8T.

203

ture we consider the narrow the best.
Perhaps what might be called the triple
row would be chosen by many. The
plants a, a, a, a, are set in spring ; b,
b, b, b, are

*b*b*b*b
*a*a*a*a

*b*b*b*b

young plants, two to each old plant,
rooted in midsummer and then all run-
ners cut oif afterwards.

The real yield of Jewell strawberry
plants treated as per diagram, is incred-
ible, and the size and beauty ai-e amaz-
ing' as the yield. Let anyone in doubt
take a piece of land in good culture for
two years and try the experiment him-
self.— The American Garden.

ENGLISH GOOSEBERRIES IN
CANADA.

We have to-day (August 4) received
from Mr. A. Morton, Brampton, a box
of sample gooseberries, together is with
the following letter : —

Sir : I have to-day sent you per parcel
post a small box containing a specimen of
twelve English gooseberries grown by me,
and tlu-ee of a seedling which I have
labelled Morton's seedling. With the
exception of Industry I have never met
with or heard of their being grown in
Canada. Will you please give me your
opinion of these varieties / I am sorry
that absence from home has prevented
mj- sending them sooner, as they are
rather too ripe, andthe best and largest
specimens have dropped.

Yours truly,

A. MORTOX,

Brampton, Aug. 2, 1887.

The following is a list of the varieties
sent us, with measurements of diam-
eters : —

Red.

1. Industry,

2. Lancashire Lad.

3. Dan's Mistake,

size

1}

X

f

inches

((

n

X

1

t(

((

H

X

1

((

Yellow.

4. Shiner, - - size, IJ x 1^ "

5. Champagne, - " l| x 1 "

6. Princess Royal, " i* x 1 "

7. Leveller, - " Ij x 1 "

8. Gipsy Queen, - " 1 x § "

9. Catharina, - " li x 1 "

10. Morton's Seedling, " T x I "

Green.

11. Jolly Angler, - size, 1^ x 1 "

12. Duster, - " 1^ X 1 "

All these samples are free from mil-
dew, and appear to be most desirable
kinds. Certainly in size and quality
we have not seen them surpassed.

Gooseberry culture is carried on
quite extensively in the congenial
climate of England, and hundreds of
varieties are grown ; many of them,
however, having very few points by
which they may be distinguished from
others. But in Canada scarcely any of
these English sorts have been found to
succeed on account of the prevalence of
mildew.

It was a great boon when some
American seedlings were found which
would resist this fungus, and the
Houghton's Seedling, a small red sort,
but very productive, w*as for a time
almost the only kind generally grown.

The Downing, a seedling of the
Houghton, raised by Chas. Downing,
at Newburgh, on the Hudson, is much
finer in size but not so good in quality
as Smith's Seedling, grown from the
same parent, by Dr. Smith, of Ver-
mont.

All things considered, this last is
probably the best green gooseberry for
Canadian market gardens. Of the
varieties mentioned in Mr. Morton's
list we know of none except the
Industry, which is being tested else-
generally in Canada. Probably the lat-
ter is the most desirable red variety
which we can cultivate, and we shall be
pleased if this article brings out from
our correspondents the general opinion

20J:

THE CANADIAN HOBTICDLTURI8T.

of its mei'its. If Nos. 2 and 3 in the
above list are as productive, and as
little subject to mildew as the Industry,
we see little to choose between them
and it, except in point of size.

Morton's Seedling is excellent in
quality, with a smooth, thin skin. It
is small when compared with the
others, but if as a Canadian seedling it
should prove both productive and mil-
dew proof its size will not hinder its
popularity.

The Conn and the Ottawa are also
Canadian seedlings, and we have some
plants, received from Mr. P. E. Bucke,
of Ottawa, which we are testing, upon
which we will report at some future
time.

Fay's Prolific Currant. — -Sir:
You will be glad to learn that I have
been very successful with all the pre-
miums I have received from the So-
ciety. The " Fay's Pi-olific," received
in 1885, has fruited well this year ; it
is just splendid. I intend to discard
all my old stock and ])ropagate from it
only. The " Canada Victor" grape re-
ceived last spring is doing remarkably
well, and will bear fruit next year.
And the " Niagara," received this year,
is all I can wish, and I hope it will
continue to deserve my good opinion of
it. I am yours very truly,

J. L THOMPSON, Toronto.

Bark Louse. — Sir : I have no doubt
that your article on the Bark Louse in
the June number of The Canadian
Horticulturist, very correctly described
the condition of my apple trees, for on
my looking over them to-day I find
matters very different from what I had
anticipated. About one-half of them
are badly infested with these insects,
and, as I suppose, the present will not
be an opportune time for applying the
alkaline solution, I will have to wait
till spring for it.

J. L. T., Toronto.

Printed Recipes in Grape Baskets.
— Sir : I happened to hear from one or
two growers that it is their intention
to put printed recipes in their grape
baskets, to educate people as to their
use. I think it will be wise to do so ;
but I think it will be well to have
them printed in French and English
for Montreal, as it it the French-Cana-
dian population that most require to be
instructed and encouraged to use fruit.
Yours, &c.,

JOSEPH BROWX.

Montreal, Aug. 3, 1887.

Jlppk Reports.

FROM LIVERPOOL.

Sir, — As the season is drawing nigh
for shipping apples, we take this op-
poi'tunity of letting you know the
position of our crop, and the prospects
for American apples during the coming
fall and winter.

More than usual interest attaches to
our fruit crop this season, as both the
winter and summer weather has been
quite unusual for this country. A
long cold winter and bleak stormy
spring, which lasted until the end of
May, brought us most precipitately
into almost a ti'opical summer, and
June, July, and up to time of writing
have been a succession of warm sun-
shiny days, with hardly a drop of rain,
and fears were entertained that the
apple crop might be a total failui'e,
but from very detailed reports from
the forty counties in England we find
the crop as follows : —

Average crop 22 Counties.

Under average crop . . 13 "
Over " " .. 5

40
In many sections the fruit is re-
ported to be dropping fast, so that we
do not consider the American supplies
will suffer from the quantity of apples

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

205

produced in this countiy, which are
always small and inferior, and never
matei-ially interfere with choice fruit
of American growth.

Last season American apples arrived
early in August, and after the first
arrival or two, prices for fall fruit such
as Oi-ange Pippins, Summer Pips, Fall
Pippins, Gravensteins, (fee, fell very
low : this was partly owing to the
enormous crop of damsons, plums, and
other varieties of stone fruit. This
season the crop is considerably below
the average, and that competition will
be avoided.

The prospects for American apples
we thei-efoi-e consider very fair, that is
for bright, sound clear fruit — such as
Kings, Baldwins, Greenings, Spitz,
Spies, Cranberry Pips, Maiden Blush,
Strawberry Pips, Canada Reds, Rom-
anites, kc. ; but we strongly condemn
the shipment of summer apples, which
during the past few years have come
in large quantities at the commence-
ment of the season, and invariably sell
at quite a heavy loss ; such fi-uit can
always be sold to better advantage in
home markets. It will not stand the
voyage, lands here wasty, comes into
the market when the bulk of the home
growth is oflfering, and is always
disastrous to shippers.

Yours truly,

GREEN & WHINERAY.
Liverjiool, Aug. 5, 1887.

FROM LONDON, ENG.

Sir, — From enquiries made in the
principal apple-growing districts in
England, we gather that the crop this
year will be undoubtedly veiy short,
and in some places a total failure.

Fair prices may therefore be expected,
provided shippers take great care that
the fruit is properly selected and well
packed. Only the choicest kinds of
even size and free from spots should be
sent, and they should be pressed tightly

into the barrels so as to pi-event shak-
ing and to secure their sound condition
on arrival. This is very important.

By attending carefully to these de-
tails shippers will realize the benefit of
the top prices of the market.

The kinds we specially recommend
for shipping are — Baldwin, Greening,
Ben Davis, Pearmain, Ribston, Twenty
Ounce Pippin, Rox Russett, Golden
Russett, etc., — and should you have
any early fruit, such as Gravensteins,
we also recommend a shipment of these
as likely to do well.

Youi-s faithfully,

PITT BROS. & CO.
Grocers' Hall Court, London, E.G.

FRUIT IN THE UNITED STATES.
The fruit crop is very poor. There
will be few apples outside of New Eng-
land and New York. There will be a
partial crop in Michigan. In the Ohio
river States the harvest will be nearly
a failure. — Dept. of Agricidture.

Judge Miller, of Missouri, mourns the
loss of his grapes by rot this year. He
was not at home when the gi-apes should
have been sacked, or the copperas
remedy applied, and when he returned
the rot was so far advanced that the
fruit could not be saved. Therefore, he
I'eminds us that these preventive means
must be used in season or it is no use
to attempt a cure. — Michigan Fanner.

Fay's Currant. — Mr. Fowlie, who is one
of our chief horticulturists, has shewn
us some bunches of Fay's Prolific red
currant obtained from the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association, and now bearing for
the first time. They are really mag-
nificent— larger and sweeter than the
much praised cherry, and with longer
bunches. Mr. Fowlie informs us that
berries are earlier this year than usual,
and that he anticipates having some
grapes colouring very soon. — Orillia
Packet.

JjktuaB.

THE COCKSCOMB.

F. MITCHELL, INXERKir, OXT.

C^ HAVE at the present time — this
°^\ very dry summer — a large bed of
^) Cockscombs ( Celosia Cristatd) and
it presents quite an oasis of brilliant,
fresh display, in the midst of my
drought-burned garden. And, as we
naturally esteem highly those friends
who stand by us when friends are the
fewest, I make this my excuse for call-
ing attention to the Cockscomb just
now. I know that I cannot claim a
delicate or a retined beauty for the
Cockscomb, but it is- very showy and
striking in its appearance, whether
planted in beds, or as isolated speci-
mens. One strong point, in favour of
this plant, is its ability to pass scatheless
through such a serious drought as the
one we have been experiencing lately.
Another commendable point is that, as
soon as it has formed its flower-heads,
it will commence, and continue to make
an uninterrupted (though increasing)
display until destroyed by frost. The
heads or " combs " will sometimes mea-
sure sixteen inches across, and are of a
number of different shades of color —
greenish-white, yellow, orange, all
shades of crimson, and many interme-
diate shades between all of these. The
only secret in growing these plants to
perfection is, to keep them as much as
possible in the open air during the early
stages of growth, to promote a stocky
form, and at the same time give [Jenty
of bottom heat to produce a strong,
health}^ growth. After the combs have
commenced to form, they can, if de-
sired, be removed to the conservatory.
August 8th, 18S7.

Styrax Japonica. — Sir : In looking over
the April number, we were very much
interested in an article on page 94, about

Styrax Japonica. Although we have
never flowered it ourselves, it may be
of interest to you to know that there
are others who appreciate its beauty as
well as your correspondent. In a let-
ter to us, a customer of ours says : " I
do not notice it (Styrax Japonica) in
your catalogue ; I want it particularly
if I can get it. I think it the most
aduiired shrub or tree I have." We
have been growing it for several year.s,
but unfortunately it was left off our
catalogue by mistake.

Yerv truly yours,

THOS' MEEHAN & SOX.
Germantowii, Penn.

CULTIVATION OF THE NAR-
CISSUS.

BY H. SIMMERS, TORONTO, OST.

fHE NAME Narcissus originated
from a Greek fable. He was sup-
posed to be the son of the river
god Cephissus, and of the nymph Liri-
ope, of the town of Thespiae, in Bceotia.
He was a youth of extraordinaiy
beauty, of which he was excessively
vain ; and for this he was punished by
Nemesis, by being made to. fall in love
with himself on seeing the reflection of
his own face in a fountain. He died
of this love-sickness ; and on the place
where he died sprung uyi the flower
which bears his name. The foregoing
will give the reader a faint idea of the
origin of the name Narcissus.

Of late years the Narcissi have been
very extensively hybridized, and I will
write about some of the commoner
kinds. Unlike many other genera of
bulbs, they propagate very easily. In a
few j^ears,from one bulb, a dozen or more
bulbs may be separated ; for instance,
in the Narcissus Poeticus, or poet's
Narcissus, propagation is so very rapid
that in the course of perhaps three
years, such a number of bulbs will be

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

207

attached to the main bulb as to cause
anxiety on the part of the amateur as
to why they do r.ot flower. This is al-
together on account of the numerous
bulblets, and may be easily i-emedied by
taking the bulbs up and separating the
larger bulbs, planting them where they
are required to flower, the smaller bulbs
to be planted in another portion of tlie
garden, where they should remain until
large enough to bloom. The Narcissiis
Poeticus is, perhaps, the only vai-iety
tiiat propagates so very rapidly. The
other varieties are not quite so free.
Narcissus Van Sion, or Yellow Daffo-
dil, is also commonly known as the
Dafly-down-dilly. There are two vari-
eties of them, double and single, the
single variety not so much grown as
the flower, though as fragrant, does not
remain in bloom as long, and hence is
not so well adapted for general use ;
the double, on the contrary, possesses
so many greater advantages that it is
always seen in our own gardens, and
the beautiful yellow bloom coming at a
season of the year when flowers in the
open air are so scarce, makes it a flower
to be I'ecognized by all lovers of bul-
bous roots. Of late years the Double
Narcissus Van Sion has been exten-
sively^ grown by florists, tending to
make it suitable for forcing, but I
would not recommend this kind for any
person not having the advantage of
bottom, because as soon as they are
brought to the light, they should be
placed on bottom heat, otherwise it will
take an indefinite period to flower them
in the oixlinary^ way for house culture.
I might add they are ti'eated in the
same way as Hyacinths are, when
required to be grown for the conserva-
tory. Narcissus albus plenus odoratus,
or Double Poeticus, a variety exceed-
ingly handsome, but suitable only for
open air culture, should be treated
similar to that of the other varieties.
Narcissus, Orange Flivsnix, commonly

known as " Butter and Eggs," is a very-
beautiful double variety, suitable only
for open air culture. Other varieties
I will speak about in next issue of the
Horticulturist.

TORONTO FLOWER SHOW.

B. LAWSOX, TORONTO.

Visitors to the Queen city, from the
rural districts, as well as those fjom
cities in the United States, frequently
comment on the absence of floral decora-
tions about the houses of the wealthy^
residents. This need no longer be a
matter for surprise, after witnessing the
poor display made by the Toronto Hor-
ticultui-al society on the 20th and 21st
July. The competitors were few in
number, indeed had three names beeii
left out, there would scarcely have been
a competition. It may^ safely be said
that Sir D. Macpherson, Collier Bros.,
and Mr. Paxton made the exhibition.
This was from no fault of the directoi's,
as far as the prize list was concei-ned.
but must be attributed to the apathy of
the residents of Toronto and neighbor-
hood, who evidently are not great loveis
of flowers, and sadly want a James
Vick. to settle among and educate them
to love the beautiful flowers.

Of foliage plants there decidedly was
the best display, especially in the Be-
gonia classes. Coleuses were fairly well
represented, but we did not notice any-
thing new. Geraniums were good, and
one or two new varieties were exhibited,
but there was nothing very striking.
Of Lilies a good show might have been
expected, especially when we take into
consideration their popularity and num-
ber of varieties. Only two pots of well
grown Lilium Auratum represented the
Lily. A single pot of Amai-yllis stood
forth in all itsglory. The Rose, the Queen
of Flowers, was conspicuous by- its ab-
sence, with the exception of a few cut
blooms, and those were nothing to boast
of. There was a nice display of cut

208

VHK OA.NA.DIAN HORriCULTURIST.

flowers, but not what might have been
expected from a city of the dimensions
of Toronto, with its wealth and luxury.
A fine Palm, raised on a platform,
spread its branches over a considerable
portion of the centre of the pavilion.
The conservatory portion of the build-
ing was empty, if we may except a
few miserable looking plants in pots,
placed around to hide the nakedness of
the place.

The exhibit of fruit would not have
been worthy of a township exhibition,
and this in the height of the fruit sea-
son ; just a few small plates containing
faii'ly good specimens of the different
varieties, sufficient in number to rake
in the prizes.

At the meeting of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Ass'n., recently held in Col-
lingwood, great stress was laid upon the
fact that the show of fruit, at the Inter-
colonial Exhibition, was so grand that
the people of the old country could
scarcely believe Canada was able to pro-
duce such fruits. If any travellers
passing through Toronto witnessed the
meagre display made by the Horticul'
tural society, they would certainly not
receive a very favorable impression.

The Horticultural Society sadly wants
waking up. New blood will have to
be infused into it. There is too much
" old fogyism" connected with it.

A LEAF MINER AT THE BEET
LEAVES.

J. Pettit, Entomologist, says he
has found a leaf miner at work in a
garden near Grimsby upon the beet
leaves. Noticing the peculiar blotched
appearance of the leaves he had observed
them carefully, and discovered a small
fly near the edge of one. Having cap-
tured the fly with the leaf, he observed
that the fly had just deposited a couple

of minute eggs, more of which were
found upon further investigation. In
process of time the larvje of these flies
issued from the eggs and entering the
parenchyma, or substance of the leaf
between the upper and under skin,
began mining away good sized patches
of it.

One peculiai'ity was that instead of
each larva making for himself a new
path, all would enter by the opening
made by the leader, and then they
would diverge.

Mr. Pettit says he fui'ther observed
that a beetle of the genus Carabidae, a
Bembidium, preyed upon the larva of
this fly, and may perhaps so keep it in
check as to prevent any great damage.

According to Mr. D. W. Beadle, of
St. Catharines, the English Sparrow
has also been seen pecking out the larvte
of this leaf miner from the beet leaves.

©pen fetters.

FALL vs. SPRING PLANTING.

Sir : Now that the nui'sery agent is
about, pressing for fall orders, a few
remarks on the purchase of fruit trees
in the fall might not be out of season.
Many reliable nurserymen, with ap-
parent sincerity, strongly recommend
the purchase of fruit trees in the fall
in preference to the spring time. My
experience has led me to advocate the
very opposite practice. For example,
during the past five or six years I have
planted on my half acre lot twenty-six
pear trees. Out of the lot I have but
two fall purchased trees growing, and
have only lost one or two that were pur-
chased in the spring. The fall stock
was " heeled in " up to the branches,
and allowed to remain till the spring
was well opened. They were then
taken out, flushed with sap, with buds
full to bursting, and planted. In a few
days the buds had opened, and, to all

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTDEIST.

209

appeai*ances, were rushing into a vigor-
ous growth ; but in two or three weeks
the growth had stopped, the bark looked
dry and sometimes shrivelled, and no
amount of treatment during the sum-
mer could renew the vigor or encourage
the growth.

Trees purchased in the spring show
very little sign of growing for one or
two weeks after planting, but when
they do start they continue to grow
throughout the season, and establish
themselves sufficiently to bear the frosts
of the following winter.

Now, this is my experience, as briefly
as 1 can state it, with pear trees, and if
any of the z-eaders of your really excel-
lent and highly valued journal, has had
a different experience I would like to
hear it. Respectfully,

T. H. EACE.
Mitchell, July 18, 1887.
Note. — See article on Transplanting Trees, p. 196.

THE LUCRETIA DEWBERRY.

Sir, — I beg to report that my Lucre-
tia Dewbeny has stood the winter well,
having been slightly covered, and bore
some 18 or 20 berries about the size of
my blackberries, but more tart in fla-
vour ; and it has made good shoots for
next year. G. WILGRESS, Cobourg.

Sir : The Lucretia Dewberry came
through last winter all right, this sum-
mer it has made a growth of three feet
or over, but I have had no fruit yet.
Would you please give directions in the
Horticulturi t for planting and caring
for the bulbs you send out this fall ?
S. REESOR, Cedar Grove.

Sir : With me this plant is doing re-
markably well. It has grown seven
feet and it had just a few berries which
were of good size and delicious flavor.

EDWIN C. BARTLEY.
Wahiut HiU, Out.

2

WiBZB 0f Jfntits.

Sext in importance to the best modes of cultivation
and the selection of the choicest varieties, comes the
mo/tt approved methods of prepai ing fruits for use.
We ivould he glad therefore if the ladies, who read
this Journal, would moke free use of this column
for an interchange of ideas on this subject.

FRUIT vs. PILLS.
'HY should the American farmer
live all the year on salt pork
and fried potatoes ? One of the
earliest recollections of my life is the
longing I had to get into a city once in
a while, so that I could get all the
strawberries I could eat. The average
boy lives a great deal in his stomach.
He has a hearty, unquestioning ap-
petite, and in the spring and summer
he eats without hesitation anything
that is green. It is an instinct of his
nature. He needs the fruit for its
juices, and the right way to keep him
from gi-een stufi" is to give him plenty
of good, ripe fruit. In my boyhood on
the farm, as above intimated, I thought
strawberries, raspberries, grapes and
peaches (with cream) were for city
people, while an occasional mess of
stewed currants, a few blackberries
gathered after haying and harvest were
over (no time before), and a small bas-
ket of apples, clubbed ofi" the trees, and
contended for with the j^igs that stood
waiting and watching were for farniei"S.
Who can blame the boy, with a natural,
healthy appetite, if he get tired munch-
ing this same old stuflT — pork, pickles,
biscuits and poattoes — and rebels
affainst the farm 1 — Ohio Farmer.

FRUIT FOR BREAKFAST.

Leigh Hunt, who was a mild epi-
cure in his way, protested against other
food for breakl'ast than toast, ham, tea
or coffee, eggs, and always something
potted In our climate it may be
added, and always, fruit the year round.
For breakfast eat fruit. The earth and
skies share its life. Its flesh, filled with

210

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTUKI8T.

sunshine, needs no human basting.
Its veins are sweet with fragrant dew
formed into life by soft sighing winds.
The ardent kisses of the summer sun
paints the bhishing cheek of the vel-
vety peach, and fills with wine the
purple grapes ensphered in purple
luxuriance that drop through the leafy
roof of trellised arches. Such a break-
fast is patriarchal. It has a flavor of
Arcadian days and the mythological
age of a dead past. — Ex.

FRUITS FOR STOCK.

When some of my pear trees littered

the ground with their ripe mellow

fruit, I fed them to my cows. A peck

of pears with two quarts of meal and

bi-an for a noonday feed, increased the
milk and butter fully one fourth, and
when the apples wei-e ripe and only 50
cents a bushel could be got for them in
the market, the horses, cows, pigs and
fowls had all they wanted and the ripe
fruit did them a good deal of good.
Some farmers give the wind-falls —
wormy, hard, gnarled fruit — to their
animals and complain that they are
unwholesome. And why not? Are
they wholesome for themselves 1 Do
they not suffer the pains and penalties
of eating hard unripe apples'? Why
should they expect their stock to escape
similar consequences ? Give only ripe
sound fruit to the animals, they will
be greatly benefited by it. — H. S. in
Orchard and Garden.

Wm CHanaiiian horticulturist.

^N Illus
trated
Monthly Journal, de-
I voted to the interests
of Fruit Growers,
Gardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burban homes.

Subscription price $1.00
per year, entitling the subscri-
ber to membership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Report, and a share in its
annual distribution of plants and trees.

This Journal is not published in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniary advantage of
any one, but its pages are devoted wholly to
the progress of Horticultural Science and
Art in Canada.

The Annual Report and Premiums were
sent out to all those who had paid their
subscriptions before 1st May, 1887. If
any who paid previous to that date have
failed to receive it, will they please
notify the Secretary by post card. The
Report of the Entomological Society is
now being sent out to all those who
were marked

Paid '87 on the 1st of August last.
Those who have paid since May 1st,
when our Report for 86 was distributed, .
may have a copy of the valuable Report
of 1874 as a substitute by sending the
Secretary a post card to that efiect.

No Premium. — If any member who paid
previous to April 87, failed to receive
the tree or plant chosen, would he please
notify the Secretary.

Immature Peaches. — ^The Toronto Globe
says : " The early peach does not taste
materially different from a raw squash.
But the early peach brings wealth all
the same." This is a comment upon
growers who will insist on picking
Alexanders and Hales' Earlys as soon

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

211

as they color, and long before they are
ripe, or get their proper flavor. Such
work deserves the remark quoted, but
a well ripened Alexander or Early
Purple is certainly a delicious morsel
for dessert, notwithstanding.

The Nova Scotia Apple Crop will be smaller
than last year, though a good crop is
expected in the counties of Annapolis,
Kings, and Hants. Last year King's
County alone produced 70,000 barrels,
of which 20,000 were Gravensteins.
Nearly as many were grown in Hants
County, and double the quantity, or
nearly 150,000, in Annapolis.

Training the Dewberry. — Pojmlar Gar-
dening gives the following directioiis : —
Set the plants in fall or spring eight
feet by six feet. When the vines have
reached a length of thirty inches, the
ends should be nipped out. Late in
autumn or early in winter the vines
are covered lightly with corn-fodder or
straw. This is easily and cheaply done
as the vines lie on the ground. The
following spring all the vines are cut
back to three feet, and thinned to four
or five canes to the hill. The straw
and fodder are now put under the vines
for a mulch, and the berries kept clean.
Treated in this way the improved sorts
will bear every year large crops of
splendid fruit.

The Marlboro. — Pres. T. T. Lyon, of
Michigan, says the Marlboro proves to
be an enormous producer of plants, and
the fruit is large and showy, but indif-
ferent in flavor. We agree with him
with reference to its insipid flavor, a
very serious fault with so attractiye a
berry. With us, it fruits heavily, this,
its second year of bearing, and comes
in between the Highland Hardy and
the Cuthbert.

The Apple Crop in New York State. — Ac-
cording to Vick's Monthly, the Ameri-
can Depart, of Agriculture makes out too
good a report when excepting New York

State from the list of States in which
the apple crop is light. The Western
part of the State is the chief producing
area, and there crop is light, because
only a few kinds ai'e bearing well, and
the Baldwin, which is the leading va-
riety, is producing very little — in most
orchards.

White Blackberries- —On page five of
this voluble there is an enquiry from
Mr. Bucke, of Ottawa, concerning white
blackberries, in reply to which we men-
tioned the Crystal White as one of the
varieties which has been to some extent
cultivated. We now show an engraving

W'^-^'

^

I

^

V

Crystal White Blackberry.

of this vai'iety, at the same time caution-
ing our Canadian readers against plant-
ing it, unless in the most favored
situations, as it is not hardy. The fruit
is sweet, creamy white in color, and of
a good size. The canes are nearly white,
and vigorous in growth, but not very
l)rolitic.

It will be interesting to hear what
success attends Mr. Bucke's endeavor
to propagate the variety which he found
upon the banks of the Ottawa, and
which will surely pi'ove hard}^.

Cold Storage of Apples is strongly re-
commended in the same journal, by Mr.
Samuel L. Boardman, Secretary Maine
State Pomological Society. He says
they are becoming an absolute neces-
sity to our commercial orchardists. He

212

THE CANADIAN HORTICDLTUKI8T.

cites the case of Messrs. Knill & Gi'ant,
of Nova Scotia, who have a great apple
storehouse capable of holding 40,000
barrels of apples. The temperature is
kept all winter at 35°, and here apples
are kept with very little loss until they
can be sold at the top of the market.
P. M. Augur, State Pomologist of Con-
necticut, recommends the co-operative
plan among apple-growers, for the erec-
tion of these storage houses.

The Cortland Seedling. — The Windsor
Record of Friday, Aug. 12, says:
Messrs. Lambert & Son have shown lis
a large sample of their Cortland Seed-
ling grapes, now quite ripe and i-eady
for picking. This is the earliest grape
we know of. It is a fine flavored grape,
and although, owing to the diyness
of the season, the fruit is not so lai-ge
as usual, the yield is prolific. Several
of the bunches were picked from
vines that had been planted only two
years ago. Indeed, Mr. Lambert
assures us that their vines, if properly
cared for, will always bear the second
season after planting. Grape gi-owers
ought to call on Messrs. Lambert &
Son, and see these grapes, or write
them for particulars.

The Jewell Grape is a novelty from
Leavenworth, Kansas, said to be the
earliest of grapes, and as hardy as the
Concord, and excellent quality.

SAMPLES OF FRUIT.

Seedling Plum.— Mr. W. H. Wylie, of
Carleton Place, sends us a sample of
his seedling plum, to which reference
has ah'eady been made. It is i-ather
attractive in appearance, being of a
bright red color. The form is oval, and
the flesh yellowish, juicy, and of a mild
sub acid and rather agreeable flavor,
and would be excellent for preserving.
Like all these natives it is a prodigious
bearei", but is excelled by some of them
in size though not perhaps in quality.

The samples sent measure about three
inches in circumference. Of course
they are all far inferior in both size and
quality to our cultivated European,
plums, but where these latter cannot be
successfully grown, such natives as
Wylie's Seedling should by all means
be given a trial.

We sent a few samples of this plum
to Mr. Beadle and his verdict is as
follows : —

" They are no better than Weaver,
Wild Goose, De Sobo, Marianna, Rol-
ingstone, etc., etc., and others of our
native wild plums. This seedling of
Wylie's is a native plum, the only special
point that I see in its favor is that it
i-ipens early."

Advertising in the columns of this
Journal pays well. Here is what an
advertiser wiites : —

Sir, — Please withdraw my advertise-
ment in your valuable book, and let me
know how much I owe you. Through
it I am getting too many shippers. It
is the finest thing that ever I subscribed
to. I do not intend to give up my
advertisement altogether, but just for
the time being. Yours respectfully,

W. H. S.

It is with the deepest regret we an-
nounce the death of Mr. Robert Notman
Ball, the pioneer fruit gi-ower of the
Niagara district, which took place on
the 26th July, 1887. Mr. Ball was
born in 1823 upon the farm on which
he died, his father and his grandfather
having lived there for 100 years before
him, the latter an officer in the British
army, being one of the U. E. Loyalists
who left America at the time of the
war ot Independence, receiving a large
grant of land as compensation for their

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

213

sufferings and losses in consequence of
their loyalty.

Mr. Robert Ball from a very early
age commenced fruit farming, and was
the fii-st Canadian from the Niagara
district, if not from Canada itself, who
shipped apples to Glasgow, where his
brand, a beaver, is well known and ap-
preciated. " Full measure and running
over," and sound fruit in the centre of
the barrel as well as at the head and
the tail, being the characteristic of his
dealings. Latterly Mr. Ball has more
especially given his attention to peach
orcharding, and at the time of his death
he had some fifty acres of peaches just
coming into full bearing, in addition to
a few hundred trees of many varieties,
upon which he may be said to have
experimented for the last fourteen years.
Mr. Ball was a keen observer, an inde-
fatigable worker, and a good judge of
all matters connected with fruit raising

and horticultural work generally, and
his opinion, always generously and
genially given, was valued far and near
by his neighbors. Besides his peach
orchards, of which he was justly proud,
he owned ten acres of grapes, forty
acres of apples in full bearing, five acres
of raspberries, besides as many aci'es of
pears, quinces, plums and cherries.

This tells of Mr. Ball as the success-
ful orchardist, but he was far, far more
than this, he was a most genial neigh-
bor, an intelligent and upright magis-
trate, an elder in his church —"Pres-
byterian," a faithful Sabbath School
teacher, faithful for forty years to his
Bible Class at Virgil (a village joining
his estate), a wise, kind and valued
friend to " Our "Western Home," Nia-
gara, a constant visitor of the sick and
needy. In short, one upon whose tomb
might very justly be wi-itten, " O man,
greatly beloved." — Contributed.

Question SratDer.

This department i« intended as an open one to every
reader of the "Horticulturist" to send in either
qxtestions or ansivers. Often a reader will be able to
ansiver a question which has been left unantncered,
or only partially answered by us. For convenience
of reference the questions are numbered, and any
one replying or referring to any question ivill
please mention the number of it.

65. Paris Green for Curculio. — Is Paris
Green a 2yroper remedy for the plum Cur-
culio. Having read somewhere of its
use as such, I sprayed my trees three
times within two weeks, beginning as
the blossoms were falling off, a table-
spoonful to a pail of water, and about
one-third of the fruit seemed to shrivel
and drop off, and a number of the
leaves turned yellow. TFaS the mixture
too strong, or is there any danger of
the fruit being poisonous to eat when
ripe. WM. E. BROWN, Blyth, Ont.

The weight of evidence seems to
prove that spraying plum trees with

paris green, if done early enough, that
Ls, about the time of the falling of the
petals, is one of the simplest means of
saving the plums from the ravages of
the little Turk. But you used the
poison altogether too freely, and that
accounts for the dropping of the fruit.
A teaspoonful to a twelve-quart pail of
water is enough of the poison.

66. Ladders. — Where can I get a long
extension ladder, or other apparatus for
picking f'uit f I lost a lot of cherries
for want of a long enough ladder.

W. F. BURTON, Hamilton.

We have cherry trees twenty-five
and thirty feet in height, and have tried
extension laddei-s, such as are used in
putting up lightning rods, and other
apparatus, but have never used any-
tliing moi'e satisfactory than the ordi-

214:

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTURI8T.

nary ladder made of cedar with hickory
rounds. Any carpenter can construct
this ladder of any requii-ed length, and
two persons, one at the foot and one to
raise it, can easily put up such a ladder,
even if made twenty-five or thirty feet
in length. Mr. George Zimmerman,
Jordan, Ont., has a stock of various
lengths.

67. Grape Vine Leaf Hopper. — What is the
latest arid most recommerided means of
destroying the grape leaf hopfer (E. vi-
tis), commonly called "thrijjs," on grape
vines ? I have a Delaware which suf-
fers hadly from the insect.

"AMATEUR."

The Delaware, and varieties of its
class, is far more subject to the leaf
hopper than the Labruscans, as Con-
cord, Niagara, &c. Various remedies
have been tried with more or less suc-
cess, but owing to its habit of feeding
upon the under surface of the leaves, it
is routed with extreme difficulty. Puff"-
ing upwards pyrethrum powder against
the under side of the leaves, with small
bellows for the purpose, is quite effect-
ive, as also the plan of burning them
at night with a burning torch, while
one passes ahead beating the vines with
a whip. The torch may be made with
a basin of sawdust and kerosene, fast-
ened on the end of a pole.

REPLIES TO PREVIOUS QUESTIONS.

Peaches Under Glass.— In reply to
question 54, Mr. S. H. Mitchell, of St.
Marys, Ont., sends us some fine
samples of Foster and Early Crawfoi-d
peaches grown under glass. He
writes : —

In 1884 I ordered of a nurseryman
two peach trees, a Crawford and Foster.
They were to be short and small, fit
for putting in pots to grow as dwarfs
in green-house. They came to hand
late in April, and to my great disap-

pointment were large and about six ft.
high, with only a few small twigs and
buds near their base. I cut them down
to about ten inches and planted them
in eight inch pots, put them in green
house first of May. They grew finely,
and as they grew I pinched them into
shape, so that in fall the heads were
about two feet in diameter. During
the winter I set them in shed adjoin-
ing boiler pit where they were kept dry
and frozen part of the time. I set
them in green house about March 25,
already buds bursting open and some
blossoms — result being fine peaches
ripe July 20th. Next season repotted
them in twelve inch pots, set them in
green house 1st April — result, full of
peaches, fruit smaller, ripe last July.
This season left them in same pots, set
them in green house later, put them in
cooler spot, and fed them with liquid
manure twice^i'esult, trees full of fine
fruit ripe Aug. 20th.

8. Infusorial earth. On page 155, July,
1886, Canadian Horticulturist, Mr.
Bucke says, that boxes holding 30 lbs.
of earth can be procured of Messrs.
Esplin, Montreal, for 45 cents each.

THE ANNUAL MEETING.

In response to an invitation from the
Fruit Growers' Association of Grimsby,
it has been decided to hold the next
annual meeting of the Ontario Associa-
tion at that place.

The meeting will be held in the Town
Hall, at Grimsby, on Wednesday and
Thursday, 28th and 29th of September,
beginning at 10 o'clock A.M., with the
the annual business of the Association,
the election of officers for the new year,
appointment of committees, &c.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

215

At two o'clock P.M. the Grimsby
Association propose taking their visi-
tors out for a ride about this

INTERESTING FRUIT SECTION,

showing them some of the orchards, and
most interesting points of scenery.

On Wednesday evening at 8 o'clock
there will be a public gathering in the
Town Hall to listen to addresses from
Mr. A. McD. Allan, Prof Wm. Brown,
and other gentlemen whom we cannot
yet name.

Thursday, from 10 A.M. to 4.30
P.M., will be given up to the public
discussion of topics connected with
fruits, flowers, or forestry.

Prof. Wm. Brown, of Guelph Agri-
cultural College, will be present and
help in the discussions. He has also
promised brief, crisp papers on (1)
Quality in Vegetable Soils, (2) Grapes
from High Altitudes in Ontario, (3)
Specimens of Walnut and Larch indi-
genous 850 feet above and north of
Lake Ontario.

Mr. A. Blue, of the Department of
Agriculture, Toronto, will probably be
present and give an a'ldress on " The
Trade in Fruit and Fruit Trees between
Canada and the United States."

Mr. Patterson, of Grimsby, will
speak on " Farm Mortgages in Canada."

APPLE GROWERS

and shippers are particularly urged to
attend this meeting, as their interests
will form a prominent to])ic of discussion
on Thursday.

The subject of the Grape will also be
taken up if time permits.

The meeting of Wednesday evening
and of Thursday are quite open to the
general public, both ladies and gentle-
men.

American Pomological Society. —
As has been already stated the twenty-
first session of this Society will
convene on the 1 4th of Sept. next in

the city of Boston. Such subjects as
the following have ' een chosen for dis-
cussion, viz. : Climate as Affecting
Color in Fruits ; Cross Fertilization of
Grapes ; Relation of Forest Destruc-
tion to Fruit Deterioration ; The
Apple Scab ; Some of our most Prom-
ising Wild Fruits ; Hardiness of
Fruits, Causes and Experience ; New
Vai'ieties of Fruits. The headquar-
ters for those attending will be at the
United States Hotel. Commvmica-
tions for the Convention should be
addressed, Chas. W. Garfield, care of
Secretary R. Manning, Horticultural
Hall, Boston, Mass.

Circulars have been sent out to all
unpaid subscribers to this .J( urnal.
Should any person receive one who has
j)aid, he will please notify us of the
fact. A revision of the mailing list
will be made this month, and all names
not marked paid '87 will be dropped.

Industrial Exhibition. — We have
just received from Mr. H. J. Hill,
Sec. Industrial Exhibition Association,
Toronto, a full programme of this ex-
cellent show, which begins on the 5th of
Sept. and closes on the 17th. It con-
tains a full list of the numerous special
attractions to be presented.

Western Fair. — We have also re-
ceived from Mr. Geo. McBroom, Sec.
of the Western Fair Association, Lon-
don, Ont., a Prize List of the Exhibi-
tion which takes place Sept. 19-23.
The arrangements are most creditable
to the Committee.

P. Curry, of Keokuk, la., claims the
championship for the biggest yield of
strawberries. He has a plantation of
Crescent, fertilized by Captain Jack,
which is 10 by 13 rods, and fiom which
he picked in 1886, 5,060 quarts, and in
1887, 5,100 quarts. The secret of the
yield is deep ploughing and heavy ma-
nurinj; and mulchinsr.

216

THE CANADIAN HOBTICDLTURI8T.

^ebtelD.

We will gladly give our candid ojnnion of any books,
magazines or catalogues received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but will not insert cut and dried reading
notices in fav^r of any publication whatever.

The Bee-Keepers Guide, or Manual of the
Apiary. By A. J. Cook, Prof, of Ento-
mology in the Michigan State Agricultu-
ral College. 12th edition. Price, $1.25.

We have no hesitation in giving this
book the highest commendation as a
complete manual for the use of apiarists.
It is the work of years. The first edi-
tion was published in 1876, and con-
tained the substance of the author's
lectures to his students ; but such has
been the demand that it has gone
through twelve editions, each time be-
ing enlarged and more and more fully
illustrated, until it is now the leading
treatise on apiculture, both from a prac-
tical and from a scientific standpoint.
After an interesting introduction, the
book is divided into two parts, the first
of which deals with the natural history
of the Honey-Bee ; and the second,
which occupies the greater part of the
book, takes up the apiary, its care and
management. We hope soon to tind
room for some extracts from this work.

Twelfth Annual Report of the Montreal
Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers'
Association of the Province of Quebec. E.
J. Maxwell, Montreal, Secretary.

A most valuable Eeport. Among
the subjects discussed at the Winter
Meeting were the following, viz. : Best
varieties of Russian apple introduced
by C. Gibb ; Tlie Spot Disease of the
Fameuse, introduced by Prof. Penhal-
low ; and some New and Useful Fruits
adapted to the colder sections of Canada,
by P. E. Bucke ; Grape Culture, by
Wm. Pattison ; Fuchsias, how to grow,
by S. S. Bain, &c., &c. It also con-
tains a paper on "The Fruits of Tuik-
estan," by A. Kegel, St. Petersburg!! ;

and one on "Swedish Fruits," by C.
Gibb, of Abbotsford, Que.

Night and Day. A Record of Christian
Philanthrophy. Edited by Dr. Barnardo,
18 Stepney Causeway, London, Eng.

International Exhibition of Industry,
Science and Art, Glasgow, 1888. Pros-
pectus and Regulations. Patron — Her Most
Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria. Secre-
tary— Wm. M. Cunningham, 27 St. Vincent
Place, Glasgow.

HORTICJJLTURAL ArT JOURNAL.

The August number, like all the issues
of this beautiful magazine, is a gem for
the parlor table of any gentleman of
taste, whether he be gardener, fruit
grower or florist. The four colored
plates in this number are (1) Rose,
Paul Neyron ; (2) Chickasaw Plum,
Quaker ; (3) Chickasaw Plum, Forest
Garden ; (4) Red Cheek Melicoton
Peach. The Journal is ably edited by
Mr. .T B. Jenkins, Horticulturist, of
Rochester. N".Y., and published by the
Stecher Lithographic Co. of the same
city.

irurrouB.

" Every tree is subject to a disease,"
said a speaker in a fruit-growers' con-
vention. " What ailment can you find
on an oak V asked the chairman, "A-
coru," was the triumphant reply. —
Boston Globe.

" My dear," why are the eggs always
hard at breakfast now 1" asked Mi".
Snaggs. " They must be eggs of the
new hens," replied Mrs, Snaggs,
thoughtfully. " The new hens ! Why
sliould their eggs be hard V " They are
Plymouth Rocks, you know." — Pitts-
burg Chronicle.

He — They have dropped their an-
chor. She (on her first) — Serves thein
right. It has been hanging over the
side all day long.

PRINTBD AT THR STEAM PRESS BSTABLISHMKNT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (lIMITED), TORONTO.

AMPELOPSIS VEITCHII.

JLhc

anabian

IDorticulturiet

Published at Toi\onto and Gi^imsby, Qnt.
OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

OCTOBER, 1887.

[No. 10.

OCTOBER.

How time is flyin^^ I We October meet

Flinging around briglit leaves of gold and red ;

Pausing to make a crown of bitter-sweet
And immortelles, to place upon her head I

AVhile nuts from opening burrs fall thick and fast,

As gay October brushes swiftly past I

The gardens still look splen'lid. Dahlias rear
Their stately heads around, while sahnas spread

Their scarlet petals, and while often near
AVe mark the queenly cardinal's bright red.

All blossoms, now, look gorgeous in the sun,

Earth's "melancholy days " have not j-et come.

The very skies are glowing 1 Cloud on cloud

Piles up, of silver shot with rays of gold.
Then crimson veils fall o'er them, veils to shroud

Scenes brighter far than earth-eyes could behold.
We look around, above, below, then sigh
Alas I October, too, must soon pass by.

Sophie L. Schenck, in Brooklyn Magazine.

THE JA

fANADIAN scenery is at its very
height of beauty in the month
of October. The foreign tourist
could not visit our country at a more
favorable time. No one, who has any
eye for the charms of nature, can look
upon the varied hues and gorgeous
tints of our shrubs and trees in autumn,
without exclamations of admiration.
The endless variety of shades assumed
by the Maple, the Oak, the Sumach, the

PAN IVY.

Virginia Creeper, and the numerous
wild shrubs, afford a constant succes-
sion of surprises.

It seems therefore quite appropi-iate,
at this time, to present our readers
with a painting of the Japan Ivy, one
of the most ornamental of climbers,
on account of the brilliance of its
foliage. Neither this, nor the American
Ivy, as the Virginia Creeper is some-
times called, belongs to the Ivy genus,

218

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

which is included in the Ginseng
family, but both are members of the Vine
family. The name Ampelopsis Veitchii
is given it in honor of Mr. Veitch,
the English nurseryman who intro-
duced it from Japan into England.

This beautiful creeper is quite inde-
pendent of trellises or strings for its
support. Indeed, it will climb a stone
wall, and cling so tenaciously that it
can only be removed with the greatest
difficulty. Plainly, therefore, it should
not be ti-ained upon any surface that
needs painting or renewing.

The foliage during tne s-ummer is
vigorous, and of a dark rich green,
but in the autumn, if on dry soil and
in a sunny location, it assumes brilliant
tints of scarlet, crimson, and orange.
Some magnificent vines may be seen
at Boston, New York, Geneva (N.Y.),
where it is consideretl perfectly hardy.
A few have been planted at London,
Ont., and other places in Canada, and
we hope it ma,y endure our climate,
and be one more addition to the charms
of our autumnal scenery.

AMONG THE MU
C^FTER parting with our friends, at
M^ the Collingwood meeting, the
temptation to visit Muskoka
was too great to be resisted. "What a
pity that the great forest fires have so
stripped ofi' from the rocky shores and
islands of these lakes, nature's cover-
ing ; and has exposed to view the
barren rocks, and the charred trunks of
what once constituted a most valuable
forest of pines.

Notwithstanding this, a series of
some eight hundred lakes, dotted with
islands of every size and shape, with
rock-bound coast, and ever varying
scenery, still makes the Muskoka Dis-
' trict one of the most attractive regions
in the world to summer tourists.
Bundles of camping outfits are daily
transferred at Muskoka wharf from
the railway cars to the steamers, which
await their loads of pleasure seekers,
eager to carry them up the lake
toward Bala, Lake Joseph, or Lake

rSKOKA LAKES.

Rosseau. At Gravenhui-st, we had th^
pleasure of meeting Mr. J. P. Cock-
burn, an active member of our Associa-
tion, who has done much toward
encouraging fruit culture around Mus-
koka lake. Although fully occupied
with official duties in connection wit'i
a busy post office and express office, he
found time to drive out with us to a
bog, where the interesting Canadian
pitcher plant {Sarracenia Purpurea}
grew in gi'eat abundance. He also
took the writer through his greeri
house, and made him accept a beautiful
specimen plant of Begonia rubra. la
his garden we found a seedling black
raspberry, perfectly hardy, and as pro-
ductive as any of our cultivated va-
rieties.

Our sail up Muskoka lake was
charming. Nor was it uninteresting
to be informed that this lake was once,
in the days of the Huron Indians,
called " Petit Lac dea Hurons," and

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTDRIST.

219

MUSKOK.

latei', Musk oka, from the .Missasaga
chief, whose name was sometimes
spelled " Mesqua-Okee." Farmers and
fruit growers surely need recreation, as
well as merchants and professional
men ; and a week spent in such a
region as this, with every care and
thought of work or business wholly
erased fx-om the mind by the charming
surroundings, and by the enchaning
amusements of boating, fishing, bathing
or roaming the woods, will rejuvenate
the jaded and worn spirits, and refresh
the v/hole physical system.

It will be a mistake to suppose the
Muskoka district wholly unadapted to
the cultivation of fruit. We have many
intelligent and prosperous members of
our Association living at Gravenhurst,
Bracebridge, Bala, Glen Orchard, etc,,
who have learned, through the reading

A LAKE.

of the Canadian Horticulturist, and
the Annual Repoi'ts, the varieties of
fruits best adapted to these colder sec-
tions of Ontario. In apples they are
growing the Haas, Tetofsky, Wealthy,
Duchess, etc. Most varieties of plums
grow well and bear abundant crops.
Strawberries succeed exceedingly well,
and although our finer varieties of rasp-
berries and blackberries are too tender,
yet the woods abound in hardy natives
of fine size and flavor, which yield such
quantities of fruit as to render the
garden cultivation of them quite un-
called for. Being unavoidably detained
near one of the islands near Bala, the
captain gave us all permission to land
for a couple of hours. Everyone en-
joyed the ramble among the rocks and
bushes, and not less, the feast upon the
huckleberries which grow in great pro-

220

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

I

fusion on the dvy sand, in no way-
affected by the awful drouth of this
memorable summer.

Froai all this it appears that, although
the Muskoka District is adapted chiefly
to cattle and sheep raising, yet there
may always be a sufficient quantity of
fruits grown for home uses, and for the
supply of the near markets, an object
worthy of the consideration of those
who reside in that district.

FRUIT GROWING IN MUSKOKA.
A LETTER FROM BRACEBRIDGE.

Sir, — I am but a beginner in small
fruit growing, and climbing the hill
very slowly, as I have to learn as I go,
and having very slender means at my
command, I find it indeed a very slow
job ; but both my wife and I are great
lovers of horticulture, so we stick to it.

Now I find the strawberry wonder-
fully adapted to this country, I have
the Crescent, Wilson and Sharpless,
and they all produce bountifully. In
its wild state, I have picked straw-
berries in the bush this summer fully
as large as moderate Wilsons, much
more handsome and better flavored, but
somewhat late. Currants of all kinds
do well ; the red and white seem to suf-
fer most, as they are attacked in the
spring with a little green worm or
caterpillar, but one or two applica-
tions of white hellebore is sufficient to
fi-ee them. That is all they suffer with
that I can see, and they also give us lots
of fruit. I have a few gooseberries,
" Houghton Seedling ; " they are also
attacked by the same worm as currants,
and same treatment lieljis them. They
were loaded this year. T have picked
wild gooseberries also in the bush this
year, fully an inch long, dark red to
purple and of splendid flavor, the only
objection is the long tough prickly

hairs. Raspberries, red, black and
white, glow in abundance on all burnt
places, and around meadows and roads,
free to all, and in fact are sometimes
woise than weeds. The ])lum is
successfully grown, I can't tell you the
species, there are several kinds and all
make splendid preserves. Blackberries
and cranljerries also grow wild, as does
the liuckleberry. The crab apple seems
to be at home here ; it is a splendid
sight to see the ti'ees with tlieir beauti-
ful fruit, and in such immense quanti-
ties, loaded year after year. Rhubarb
is grown largely, and in fact at the height
of the season it becomns so plentiful
that there is actually no sale for it here.

I have made enquiries, and find that
there are certain apples which seem to
thrive well here, amongst them are the
Wealthy and Tetolsky am! some others,
of which I do not know the names.
Thei'e are some grapes grown in and
around Bracebridge. I have a Niagara
planted this spring, it has grown thi'ee
feet ; got it as premium with Horticul-
turst ; hope it will succeed. We also
have wild black cherries, but am told
that tame ones do not do well.
Yours trulv,

J. COVILL THOMPSON.

Bracebridge, Muskoka.

A LETTER FROM BALA.

Sir, — In answer to yours asking
what fruits we can grow at Bala, and
what wild fruits grow here, I beg to
say that the ibllowing varieties of
a])ples are fruiting here : Tetofsky,
Early Harvest, Haas, and Oldenburg
(Red Astrachan and Wealthv have not,
yet fruited). Pears will not grow
here. I do not know anyone who has
])lums, except wild ones. Raspberries :
Turner, Cuthbert, Niagara, Gregg and
Shaffer's Colossal, but I don't know if the
lattei- has borne yet. All kinds of cur-
rants and American gooseberries suc-
ceed.

Wild fruits here are raspberries,

THE CANADIAN HCilTICULTURIST.

221

blackberries, tliimbleberries, red plums,
hucklebex-ries, and cranberries ; also
hazelnuts, when the bears will let them
alone.

I forgot to say that some kinds of
grapes grow well here. Concords gen-
erally ripen, but I do not know of any
other kind fruiting, though the vines
are looking well. Trusting the above
will be acceptable, I am, sir,

Yours re.spectfuUy,

Aug. 30, 1887. H. C. GUY.

Duchess, and the Whitney's No, 20,
are also quite hardy.

FRUITS IN MANITOBA.

Sir, — I find that in Manitoba there
is very little fruit gi'own — no apples,
no pears or plums, scarcely any cur-
rants or gooseberries. Some have cul-
tivated a few black currants, plants
taken from the woods, and the crop
has generally been good.

If you could I'ecommend a good
apple that would stand our climate, I
could get it planted in a highly culti-
vated piece of land, and could report
progress.

If fruits could be introduced more
quickly into this province than is now
the case, and articles or paragraphs
dealing with this province could be
introduced into your publication, there
might be many who would be glad to
pay the trifling subscription.
I am, yours truly,

A. G. HEPWORTH.

St. Laurent, Man.

Note. — We shall be glad to intro-
duce from time to time notes upon
hardy fruits for the benefit of our
Manitoba friends, and shall be pleased
at any time to receive items of experi-
ence from them.

One of the best of the hardy apples
in northern Ontario is the Wealthy,
and we should be glad to know whether
it would endure the neighborhood of
St. Laurent. It is a late fall, or early
winter apple. The Haas, the Tetofsky,

DIRECTIONS FOR PACKING
APPLES.

Two barrels of apples of the tirst
grade sell quicker, and for more money
than a three barrel mixture of these
two ban-els with another barrel of the
second grade. It pays better to market
only the finest fruit in the best possible
shape.

Apples for marketing should be
picked from the ti-ee by hand, and
handled gently ; all that fall should be
discarded, even if they do not show any
bruise at the time. Discard everything
specked, or in any way faulty or imper-
fect. Pack in the best new barrels ;
dont use poor barrels. Marketable
apples will bring higher price enough
in neat first-class barrels to more than
pay the difference in cost. See that
the barrels are made, of well seasoned
wood, both heads and staves, so that
they will not warp and the beads come
out in transportation.

Remove one head of the barrel ;
select uniform, fair average apples (not
the largest) and iiand pack them, stem
down, around the edge of the barrel ;
then another row inside the first, and
so on until the head is nicley covered
close and tight, so they will not shift ;
then put in about a half bushel more,
and shake the barrel carefully, so as
not to disturb the facing ; then add
another half bushel and shake as before,
and so on until the barrel is filled. It
is importajit to shake the barrel Jive or
six times while being filled, to settle
the apples into the closest space, to
prevent further settling in shipment.
Let the apples come up to the top of
the chime, la}' the head on, lean over
the ban-el, bear your weight on the
head and shake until every apple is
fixed into a shiftless place ; then use

222

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the press to gently crowd the head
down to its place, and nail securely.

Turn the barrel over and mark the
kind of a^jples, the growers name or
initials, and Extra, Choice, Prime or
Xs, to suit the grade.

Yours &c.,
PANCOAST & GRIFFITHS.
Philadelphia, 14 Sept., 1887.

THE APPLE HARVEST.

The best time lo pick is when the
Apples have coloured up to show well.
Never pick red varieties till they get
red. But do not wait till all the orchard
or even all on one tree get thus into
the proper condition to pick.

The best plan is to make two pickings
from each tree. That is, pick all that
have colored enough to insure their
ripening up properly, and only show
the least sign of shriveling, as at that
stage they keep the best. Some soils,
or situations will ripen up trees ahead
of others ; look out and pick these first.
In ten to fifteen days all that have been
left will ripen and redden so you would
hardly know your own orchard. They
will grow enough at this time to pay
for all the extra work, and the last
picking will give the most solid and
best keej)ers.

To take care of the Apples as they
are picked through the hot days of
autumn till put into winter quarters or
market, I have practiced two ways.
The first is to haul the apples in bai-rels
into the barn or other house, where the
sun is completely shut out, but so
arranged that the air will circulate
freely. Pour them out on the floor not
more than four feet deep and they keep
that way very well till winter. The
other way is to pack the apples in
barrels as they are picked. Put in no
rotten or speckled ones ; fill the barrels
as full as you can, put in the heads well
without using the press. Haul in and
store in a barn or apple house con-

structed without floor, on rolling
ground, where it will never get wet.
Permit free circulation through it, but
no sun. Such a barn gives entire
satisfaction.

Apples thus handled are worth 25
cents per barrel more than if left out
till final packing time. Never put in
piles in the orchard, to take sun, rain,
and every kind of weather. Never
cover with straw ; I think it about
the worst material one could use, as it
heats in the sun, and makes a harbor
for mice. It is also difficult to keep
the straw and chafi" out of the barrels.
Corn-fodder is much better to cover
with, if you use anything.

To put up the apples for market,
have a table about three feet wide, ten
feet long, and with side boards about
six inches high. Empty two or three
barrels on the table, and pick oflT the
rotten or speckled ones before they get
mashed. If they get the skin broken
the cider will stick to the others, mak-
ing them look badly.

Pick out a basketful of medium
size, not the biggest apples, smooth
and well colored, and set two layers in
the head of the barrels, stems down,
and fit them in tight. When there
are larger apples in the body of the
barrel than there are in the head, they
sell the moi'e readily.

Make at least two grades, and mark
them as such. As there must not be
a specked, bruised, or rough apple in
the two grades, that will leave out
some for the third, and they can be
sold in a near market, or for apple
butter.

When you have filled the barrels
shake them to settle the apples into
place. Level ofl" the head apples above
the ends of the staves, and press the
he td down with as little hammering as
possible. Nail the hoops, driving the
nails as straight down into the staves as
you can. Then when the merchant

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

223

opens the barrel the nails will draw out
as the hoop is knocked off. Mark the
grade, name and your name on the
other end and they are ready for market.

N. COX

QUERIES AND NOTES.

PRUNING.

Dear Sir : I have somewhere read
that apple tree pruning should be
carried out in April ; having performed
the operation in that month, I was
much disappointed on finding that
every branch cut from the tree was
replaced by three or four ; would it be
better to defer the operation till the sap
has risen ]

ASPARAGUS.

My asparagus beds (planted twenty
yeai's since) have failed for the first
time, this season. The mode of treat-
ment adopted is to cut and burn the
healm on the beds early in November,
then dress with well-rotted manure,
afterwards a good sprinkling of salt is
applied, washed in with liquid manure ;
can you or any of your nvimerous read-
ers recommend a diSerent treatment]

WHITE CEDAR AS WINDBREAK.

After an ex[)erience of thirty-one
years, I can recommend the white
cedar as a wind break ; with us, open
as we are to the gales from the
Georgian Bay, they sow themselves and
thrive wonderfully, the only fault is
that if not thinned in time they die
out. I have upwards of a mile and a
half of cedar hedges which, when
clipped, grow as thick as the yew in
England.

PIGS IN ORCHARDS.

Would it not be advisable to plant
our orchards with artichokes for pigs 1
The animals when rooting them would
loosen the soil without damaging the
trees, the orchard being dressed every
third year. I found when trying the
experiment in England that sufficient

tubei's remained for next year's crop.
The artichoke would be ready for the
pigs when the stubbles had been fed ofi*,
and the pork is very firm. What
artificial dressing for the orchard would,
be a substitute for fai-m yard manure,
which I have diflSculty in procuring 1
THOMAS SIBBALD.
Sutton West, Ont., Uth Sept., 1887.

With regard to the season of prun-
ing there is little to choose between the
months of March or April, and June
or July, providing it is done annually
and judiciously. It is thought, how-
ever, that wounds made in June heal
more readily than those made in the
spi'ing.

Severe pruning, or sawing off large
limbs should always be avoided by
training each tree in the way it should
go from the first. Some people persist
in sawing out the leading limbs to let
in the light. This always induces the
growth of sprouts, at whatever season
it is done, and is injurious to the tree.

As for growing artichokes in an
orchard, and keeping pigs in it, the
plan is a good one ; but if the trees are
grown up so as to be safe from their
gnawing the trunk, we would prefer
making the orchard a sheep pasture,
for the sake of tidiness.

The best substitute we know of as a
fertilizer for an orchard is the common
unleached wood ashes.

A COLD STORAGE HOUSE.

I am much interested in a cold
storage room which I am building above
ground, and expect it will be frost-proof.
It is 80 by 40 ft. in size. It will be
cheaply built, the sides are lined with,
paper, and there are 18 inches of saw-
dust between the two walls. The first
floor will be 8 ft. high with sawdust or
leaves overhead. With the ventilation,
and temperature under control, I can

224

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

begin gathering apples a week earlier
— that is, late in September, and can
preserve the freshness and aroma of the
fruit for several weeks later than in
the cellar. If the slight moisture upon
the apples can be prevented in the fall,
and a low and even temperature can
be kept, one can secure a finer flavor
and keep apples for weeks longer than
by the ordinary careless way. — W. H.
Hart, in Farm and Home.

PRUNUS SIMONI.

Sir : In looking over the August
number of the Horticulturist, Prof
Budd is quoted as saying of the Pruniis
Simoni or Simon's Plum : " It will be
the king of fruits — better than any
apricot," &c. From my own know-
ledge of Prof. Budd's opinion of this
ti'ee and fruit, as expressed publicly
and in private, the article referred to
seems to flavor of the nurseryman's
catalogue rather than of the cautiously
expressed opinion of the careful ex-
perimenter.

In reply to recent query about this
fruit by the Rural Neiv-Yorker, Prof.
Budd says : " I first inet with it in
bearing in the Valley of the Moselle,
in Eastern France, where it was in-
troduced from North-east China by
Simon Louis, of Metz, through his
brother-in-law, Eugene Simon, when
he was French Minister at Pekin. Mr.
Louis seemed to place quite a high
estimate on its fruit for culinary use,
especially for growing in sections where
the peach failed to .do well. After
ascertaining that the tree endured the
summers and winters of Iowa as well
as the Chickasaw plums, and after
tasting its peach-flavored sauce, I nat-
urally recommended it for trial. But
this was followed by the positive
assurance that it would not be apt to
be worth growing in sections where
the peach, nectarine, or the best apri-
cots succeed moderately well. I said i

then, and believe now, that on the
northern borders of the peach belt it
is worthy of trial, as it comes nearer to
the peach and nectarine in fl.ivor, when
cooked, than any variety of the plum
I ever met with.

"Some good botanists of Europe agree
with the writer in the opinion that in
tree, flower, and fruit it comes nearer
to the almond and peach than to the
plum family, and that crosses with it
of both peach and plum may bring
interesting and valuable results. Aside
from its possible value for fruit, I may
add that it makes a neat-foliaged, pyra-
midal tree for lawn or walk border."
Yours truly,

JOHN CRAIG'.

FALL PLANTING.

Sir, — The experience of Mr. T. H.
Bice with fall planting given in -Sep-
tember Number is the experience of
thousands, but I really wish the gentle-
man had gone farther and given his
opinion as to the cause of the loss sus-
tained. To my mind, the fact that a
great many fall planted trees are lost
throughout the country every year, is
not proof that this season is objection-
able. I do nearly all my transplanting
with the best success in the fall, always
being particularly careful to set the tree
firmly in the soil, compacting tlie earth
closely to every root, and if large, stak-
ing to prevent swaying by the wind.

Frost will have no more effect for
injury, on a tree thus planted than it
would in the nursery row, provided the
soil is dry, and where the benefit over
spring planting comes in, is that during
the winter the roots heal and callous,
the trees get an eai'lier start in spring
with the result of 6 to 12 inches better
growth the following season.

I do not wish to be understootl as
depreciating spring planting, not at all,
but my experience leads me to favor
fall planting, properly done. If

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

225

planters would observe the following
details, 1 think there could be no
fault-finding with fall planting.

1st. Get your trees dii-ect from the
nursery, iind don't allow someone else
to do it for you, and leave them on the
road or railway station for two or three
weeks to freeze and thaw.

2nd. Never " heel in " but plant at
once with care and without undue
exposure ; stake them.

3i'd. Plant nothing too tender for
the climate of your locality (except for
experiment) because if it does not dis-
appoint you the first year it is sure to
do so some day. J. H. WISMER.

Port Elgin.

Pruning the Quince. — Mr. W. W.
Meech, who has achieved signal success
in quince culture, leports the following
system of pruning in the Farm Journal:

"After the leaves fall in Autum-U
and before they start in Spi'ing I go
over every trfe and cut back every
shoot. If a foot growth was made the
year before, cut off half of it; if two
feet, a little more than half, and if three
feet grew, it will pay to cut off nearly
tv/o-tliiids of it. A judicious thinning
out of older wood will also l)e found
desirable. Then when the new growth
starts, rub off the weaker buds so as to
let but one shoot remain at each. As
generally grown, the quince is too weak
to have more than one shoot at a bud,
but as I handle my trees, two, three
and even four shoots often seek to grow
from the same place. This method of
severe pruning has been condemned as
being unnatural. But experience
proves the wisdom of this severe pruning
of the wood and of an equally severe
pruning of the fruit."

I think the Horticulturist is gaining
in value, giving with each number, a
cheap fund of knowleilge for fruit
growers. A SUBSCUIBER.

ASHES AS A FERTILIZER.

For vineyards, all things considered,
I i-egard unleached ashes the best fer-
tilizer known. A ton of hardwood
ashes contains 320 pounds of potash,
worth $1G, 105 pounds of phos[)horic
acid (insoluble) worth ^5.25. Omit-
ting all the other ash constituents,
which have some value of themselves,
the potash and phosphoric acid of a ton
of such ashes are worth $21.25, or
nearly six times the value of a ton of
fresh horse dung. — President Fhillips,
West Mich Hart. Sac.

SHIPPING UNRIPE GRAPES.

I wish to say, and also to impress
it upon the mind and memory of
every gmpe grower present, that there
is nothing so disastrous to the grape '
market as the shipping of green grapes
eai-ly in the season. It is suie to bring
prices down to a low point, and once
down it is hard to bring them up
again. The consumer who has been
waiting patiently for the gra{)e season
to open, buys them with the expecta-
tion of finding them I'ipe and delicious ;
but instead tinds them sour and unfit
to eat. The consequence is it will be
some time before he will try his chance
again. Thus the market becomes
seriously damaged at the outset. —
President Phillips.

Artificial clouds were recently
made for the protection of vines from
frosts at Pagny, on the Franco- German
Frontier. Liquid tar was ignited in
tin boxes, and pieces of solid tar on the
ground near the vines. Large clouds
of smoke arose and protected the vine-
yard for two hours. Although vines
in the neighborhood were injured by
the frost, all that remained under the
clouds were left uninjured. Of course

226

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

this contrivance can succeed only in
calm weather, but it is only in calm
weather that white frosts occur.

(Small JfruitB.

THE NEWER STRAWBERRIES.
( M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, 0.)

Jessie. — This A'ariety fi-uited with me
this year for the third time, and after
watching it carefully, I am still of the
opinion that it is, all things considered,
the best ever introduced. While it is
not pei'fect in every respect it combines
all the desirable qualities in a higher
degree than any other yet offered. It
has no defects worth naming, and those
who have a stock of it may congratu-
late themselves on their good fortune.

Itasca. — This is all that was ever
claimed for it. For vigorous growth
and productiveness, it is one of the
best. It has shown no rust thus far.
The fruit is neai-ly round, about the
size of the Crescent, and of very good
quality.

Bubach's No. 5. — This is, with me, next
in value to the Jessie ; and some even
prefer it to that variety. The plant
is all right and is a great bearer.
Blossom, pistillate. The fruit is very
large, a little irregular in form, ripens
all over, and is a very attractive
variety.

Jewell. — This is, with me, one of the
valuable varieties. The plant is free
from rust, of large size, and an abun-
dant bearer. Blossom, pistillate. It
makes few runners. In some localities
it is a poor grower. The fruit is very
large, of good form and color, and al-
together a very attractive berry. It
seems to do better in the east than in
the west.

Belmont. — This is a good grower and
is free from iiist. With me it fails in

productiveness, and the fruit is far less
perfect in form than I was led to
expect.

(From John Little Granton, Ont.J

Among the new varieties fruited
here this season they stand in value in
the order named for size, productive-
ne.ss, and length of bearing time :

1st. Mrs. Cleveland and Buhach No.
5. 2nd. Summit. 3rd. Ontario, -ith.
Henderson. 5th. Jeivdl. 6th. Ohio,
a wonderful bearer. 7th. Anna For-
est ; if it was as pi'oductive as it is for
size it would be a valuable market
berry. 8t.h. Lida, a good grower and
fairly productive. 9th. Gold. I should
have numbered it fourth, it is such a
healthy, beautiful plant, it glistens in
the sun as if varnished, fruit good,
wonderfully productive.

I will merely notice the Jessie again.
Having seen the Jessie fruiting on
the originator's grounds, and at Mr.
Crawford's, and on my own place, and
on none of these places having any
extra care, I freely say it is the best
berry offered the public yet.

"THE MARLBORO RASPBERRY."

Marlboro. — Large as Cuthbert, firm
and very handsome — does not taste so
good, but is better than Philadelphia
and Franconia — nearly as early as
Hansell. I found this variety almost
worthless on sandy land without
manure : it will not endure neglect and
grow big enough to bear a crop like
Hansell and Cuthbert. But a planta-
tion we made last year on fair garden
land, which contains a fair percentage
of clay, has made a fine lu.xuriant
growth. Persons who have good clay
loam may find this the most profitable
beri-y for market which can be grown,
as it fills the demand for large berries
nearly a week before Cuthbert appears
on the scene. — T. C. Robinson, Owen
Sound.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

227

^ampks of Jjruit$.

GRAPES.

Clinton. — Sir, — I send bj' to-day's mail a
sample of grapes grown by myself in this
district. They were bought for Clinton.
Would you please tell me if they are true to
name, and your opinion of their quality.
Yours truly,

PHILIP JAMES.
Glen Orchard, Muskoka, Aug. 25, 1887.

The bunch of grapes you send is cor-
rectly named, and is well coloured,
considering the date of gathering.
Though it colours in September it im-
proves in quality if allowed to hang
until frost. At best, however, it is
vei-y poor in quality when considered
as a table grape, and its small size and
tough pulp make it still less desirable.
But as a wine gi'ape it is highly valued
because of its brisk vinous flavor, and
its great productiveness. It is also
very hardy and in this respect well
suited to your section. Botanically
speaking the Clinton is a hybrid
between the Riparian or Riverside
group of American grapes, and the
Labruscan or wooly leaved group, such
as Concord, Ives &C.

Wyoming Red and Lady. — On the
the tii-st of September, Mr. Ambrose
Pettit, Grimsby, sent us in some beauti-
ful samples of these grapes which he
was just shipping. The bunches of
the former are large and close, the
berries much larger than the Delaware,
and covered with a very evident bloom,
but it is in quality inferior to the high
standard of that variety, and it has a
somewhat pulpy centre.

PLUMS.
Berlin, 22nd August, 1887.
Dear Sir, — I have sent you to-day
per express a small box containing
samples of four varieties of plums

grown from seeds on my gi'ounds, three
of which I think will bear favorable
comparison with any of foreign impor-
tation. All the trees ai-e perfectly
healthy, and have as yet not exhibited
the least tendency to the black-knot
plague. One of the varieties is about
the size of a damson, thus showing the
tendency to run back to original condi-
tions. No. 3 has the same flavor of
the McLaughlan but not the shape, and
possibly may be a seedling of that
variety. I have another equal in
quality to the Bradshaw but larger ;
however it is not in fruit this season.
My object in sending you these samples
is merely to show you that we Cana-
dians can originate as good fruit as
foreigners can, and possessing degrees of
acclimatization more to be relied on,
and so ultimately we may de[jei d upon
our own energies. All we want is the
diff"usion of a little more knowledge on
the subject which we will eventually
acquire.

I am, yoars truly,

SIMON ROY.

Note. — These seedlings of Mr. Roy's are
certainly valuable as indicating the possibili-
ties before us in Canada in the way of ob-
taining new and improved varieties of fruits
by careful experiments in growing seedlings
and in hybridizing with existing varieties.
Two of these seedlings are purple, one is
green and one yellow, and three of them
appear to be worthy of cultivation.

Sir, — At the request of Mr. Wm. Cruse I
send you a small box of plums, the product
of a tree which sprang up spontaneously in
the garden. I'o you recognize the variety,
or if not would y(iu give it an appropriate
name? Yours, &c.,

THOS. GORDON.

Owen Sound, 3rd Sept., 1887.

These plums resemble the Imperial
Gage in appearance but the stem is
longer. If hardy and prolific the seed-
ling may be worthy of general cultiva-
tion and should be submitted to the

228

THK CA.NADfAN HORriOULTDRIST.

fruit committee at one of the meetings
of our Association for name.

Moyer's New Early Red Grape. — On the
8th of September, Mr. Mover called at
our office, leaving some samples of this
new grape. In quality it is excellent,
as sweet as the Delaware, devoid of
the pulpy centre of Wyoming Red and
many other early grapes, but not quite
as sprightly as the former. The bunch
is usually shouldered and fairly close,
while the berry is of medium size.
The color is a much darker red than
either Delaware or Wyoming Red.
One great point claimed for it by its
introducer is its earliness, in which
respect is is claimed to precede Wyom-
ing Red. Mr. Moyer thinks it could
be marketed about the 15th of August,
fully two weeks ahead of the Delaware.
He also claims that it is a stronger
grower and has a better leaf than the
latter, besides being remarkably free
from mildew and rot.

The grfipe is a hybrid, produced by
Mr. W. H. Read, of Port Dalhousie,
by fertilizing Delaware with Miller's
Burgundy.

The Northern Light.— Mr. P. E. Bucke,
of Ottawa, writes in glowing terms
about this new white gra[ e, which
originated on the banks of the Ottawa.
He says it is the best white grape in
cultivation — indeed, a perfect gem.
The color is greenish-white, with pink
fruit stem. The leaf resembles the
Concord both in size and texture, but
is more leathery ; there is no foxiness
about the fruit, either in smell or taste,
and it is very sweet when fully ripe,
with a slight sub-acid. It ripens with
the Moore's Early. The vine is a
tremendous grower, and hardy. It has
borne fruit four yeai's : the tirst year,
two bunches ; second year, 20 pounds ;
third year, 25 pounds ; and this year,
about 20 pounds.

Next ill importance to the best modes of cullivation
and the selection of the choicest varieties, comes the
moxt approved methods of prepat inr/ fruits for use.
We ivnuld be glad therefure if the ladies, who read
this Journal, would nwke free use of this column.
for an interchange of ideas on this subject.

THE GIRL'S BEST COOKING-
SCHOOL.

^^HE mother's kitchen is the girl's
1^™ best cooking-.school. The same
hands that make crazy quilts for
amusement can make rag carpets to
cover home floors. Rag carpets are
just as festhetic as craz}'^ quilts. The
wash tub is an excellent gymnasium.
Were it only a ci-aze every girl in the
land would be taking lessons on the
washboard. If these are menial occu-
pations we have made them so. They
hurt the pride more than they do the
physical powers. These duties distri-
buted in a family would not fall hard
upon any one member. It will be
remembei'ed that Mrs. Whitney, in
" We Girls," makes one of them say
of their neat housekeeping : — " We
could not tell whether we dined in the
kitchen or kitched in the dining-room. "^
— Detroit Free Press.

USES OF APPLES.

Apples vs. Roots. — Nothing else
will so help the flowing milk of the
cows for winter feed as a pailful of ripe
apples chopped into slices and sprinkled
with the meal. It pays as well to
grow apples for the stock, if not better,
as to grow roots in the field.

Apples as Medicine. — Apples stew-
ed and sweetened are pleasant to the
taste, cooling, nourishing and laxative,
far superior in many cases to the
abominable doses of salts and oil usually
given in fever and other diseases. Raw
apples, and dried apples stewed, are bet-
ter for constipation than liver pills.

Fried Apples. — Wipe a few nice,
smooth-skinned apples, have ready a

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

229

spider witli a little butter and lard in
it, let it get hot, and slice the apples 1
into it, spi-iukle a little sugar over i
1-hem, and fiy slow" to a nice brown,
1:aking great cure not to let it burn.

FRUIT SYRUPS.

By Miss J. Power.
What a pity that the medicinal
virtues of grajie syrup are not pro-
perly known. Grape syi-up, or Iruit
syrup of <iny kind, is not jelly, but the
pure juice boiled down without sugar
till it thickens like syinij). All fruits
have their own sugar, which may be
condensed Ijy long evaporation, making
the most delicious and healthy form of
preserves. Pick over the gi-apes, re-
jecting all unsound ones, and pi'ess in
a cloth in any convenient way, the old
wooden sci-ew press being much better
than anything with metal about it,
"which gives a hai-sh flavor. Strain the
juice into a porcelain kettle, or, what is
better, a thick, shallow stoneware jug,
holding four gallons or more ; heat
quickly and boil hour after hour stead-
ily, without scoi'ching. Stoneware
holds the heat and is less apt to bui'n
juice or jelly than any stoveware. The
juice cooks best set in the oven, out of
dust, where no draft can check its boil-
ing. All syrups evaporate faster in
certain states of the atmosi)here than
others, and a clear, drying day, or one
just before rain, when the water boils
away fast in the tea-kettle, is the chosen
time for all preserving. Making syrup
is an all-day affair, and a good plan is
to set the jars of juice in the oven at
evening and keep a low fire all night,
finishing off" next forenoon. Six quarts
of grape-juice should make one of
syru]), \vinecoloured, lucent, of delicious,
refreshing })erfume taid flavor. One
tablespoonful in a glass of water gives
a delightful drink, like fresh gr.ipe-
juice, the true substitute for wine with
all temperate people, and the finest

medicine for correcting a feverish,
bilious state ever known. The Syrup
itself is valuable for restoring strength,
and consumptive persons should take it
by the tamV)ler daily, sipping it leisurely
with sugar, if too tart for the taste. It
makes new, lich blood, it cleanses the
system, cleai-s brain and feeds starved
nerves. It has the hypophosphites
which doctors prescribe for wastes of
tissue, and taken freely will arrest even
critical stages of disease. People fed
on pure food, with abundance of fruit,
need never dread cancer, Bright's
disease, gout, neuralgia, dropsy, or a
dozen other of the worst scourges of
the race. — Hort. Times.

Maxy artificial flavouring ex-
tracts are used in foods and drinks,
such as amylic valerianate, amylic
butyrate, propylic ether and caprylic
alcohol, which imitate the cdour and
flavour of the apple, the pear, the
pineapple, the strawberry and the
raspberry. These substances have
been tested by two French chemists,
who find them poisonous in considerable
quantities, but harmless in the usual
small doses.

Jjruit ^t^jorts.

FROM SCOTLAND.

Sir, — The crop of apples this year in
England and Scotland will be very
small, owing to the severe drought, and
our reports from the Continent indi-
cate they are in a similar position to
ourselves.

Under these circumstances we shall
have to rely mainly upon supplies
drawn fi'om your country and Canada.
Therefore the prospects that good
steady prices will be made during the
season is assui-ed.

The qualities most in demand here
are Newtown Pippins, Kings, Bald-

230

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUKI8T.

wins, Greenings, Spys and Spitzen-
burghs if the size, color and condition
are right, we have no hesitation in stat-
ing, that we shall realize in Glasgow
higher prices than is usually obtained in
other markets. Yours respectfully,
BOYD, BARROW & CO.
04 South Albion Street,
Glasgow, Aug. 27th, 1887.

FROM LONDON, ENG.

By Cable to the " Canadian HorticxMurist."

Messrs. Pitt Bros., Grocers, Hall
Court, London, Eng., cable us as fol-
lows, under date 17th ult. : —

" No Canadian apples arived. Sound
American, 17 to 21 shillings. We
recommend shipments of the very best
selected apples, free from spots. Mar-
ket high — sound fruit inquired for."

FROM LIVERPOOL, ENG.

J. C. Houghton & Co., of Liverpool,
under date of 30th August, ls87,
state : — " We have delayed until the
present, issuing our annual report on
the prosj)ects of the English apple
crop, in consequence of having been
unable sooner to obtain authentic
information.

Advices received up to the present
from 79 different parts of the country,
report the crop

in 23 districts to be "average,"
in 24 " " "plentiful,"

in 9 " " "medium,"

in 23 " " "very light" or

"under average."

From this information we may rea-
sonably draw the conclusion that the
crop is below an average one.

Owing to the very severe drought
that prevailed in this country during
the mouths of June and July, there is
no doubt but the fruit suffered severely,
as in 23 districts it is reported to be
very small ; in 24 districts the reports
say that it is still falling from the trees ;
and in many districts a large proportion
is suffering from maggots. From only

three or four disti-icts is the fruit re-
ferred to as being of even fair or good
size.

We may therefore safely assume
that not only will the crop be under
average, but that the fruit generally
speaking will l)e very small and poor.
This being the case we look forward to
a good demand during the season for
American and Canadian fruit of good
size and quality. We would however
advise our friends most strongly, to
avoid shipping small or common fruit,
for it is quite evident that with this
class the home crop will most strongly
compete, and for such, poor results are
almost certain. — Trade Bulletin.

THE <' SNOW APPLE" (FAMEUSE)
IN PHILADELPHIA.

Sir, — There are no snow apples on
the market yet, but such as Graven-
steins, Kings, &c., sell now at $2.50
per barrel, for best fruit. Choice Snow
apples always sell higher, and if fancy
would now command $3.00 per barrel.
But it is likely prices may rule up ere
you can put the fruit here.
Yours truly,
PANCOAST & GRIFFITHS.

FROM LONDON, ENG.
Sir, — We are looking forward to a
eood demand here for Nova Scotian
and Canadian fruit, as our own crops is
suffering veiy much through the dry
season and the maggot.

Yours truly, G. R. HILL.
Borough Market, London, Eng.

A SHIPMENT OF PLUMS TO

MONTREAL.
A lot of 21 baskets of plums was
shipped from the vicinity oT Owen
Sound to a firm in this city recently
which sold at 50c. per basket, and was
considered a good sale. The express
charges, however, were $8.00, which
left $2.50 for the 21 baskets or not

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTUEI8T.

231

quite 12c. per basket. By the time the
shipper receives his account sales, he
would be apt to conckxde that there
was no profit in expressing fruit to this
market.

FRUIT EXPORTS.

Statistics Furnished bv Wm. J. Fletcher, Ottawa.

Eruit of all kinds (green) produced
-in and ex[)orted from Canada : —

Value.
Fiscal year ending June 30, 1877, $194,942

1878, 149,33.3

1879, 157,618

1880, 347,166

1881, 645,658

For 5 years; 1877-81 $1,494,717

Fiscal year ending June 30, 1882, $540,464

1883, 499,185

1884, 173,048

1885, 635,240
•' " " 1886, 499,598

For 10 years, 1877-86 $3,842,252

i^.B.—Of course the heavy crop of
1886 does not show in this table.

APPLE CROP OUTLOOK IN U. S.
FALL OF 1887.

In many fruit growing sections the
apple crop will be almost a failure, and
nowhere is there a fair prospect of an
average crop. In New England, where
earlier reports were most promising, we
now hear of marked declines in the
prospects, and though present indica-
tions are more favorable there than
anj'where else the crop can average
only medium. A few localities in New
York and the New England States
promise good quality fruit, but the
general tenor is to the contrary. Pres-
ent approximate averages of the princi-
pal States are : — New York, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, 86;
Maine, Vermont, Michigan, 74 ; Penn-
sylvania, New Jersey, Virginia, Kan-
sas, Missouri, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
53 ; Ohio, Illinois, 30. Taken as a
whole the prospect is for a crop below

medium quality and one of the shortest
on record. Yours, etc.,

PANCOAST & GRIFFITHS,
Sept. 20, 1897. 122 Dock St., Philadelphia.

Jloreiitrg

SOME OF THE NEWER ORNA-
MENTAL TREES.
By favor of Mr. Thomas C. Meehan,
of Germantown, Philadelphia, we are
able to show our readers the excellent
illusti'ations of some of the newer ever-
green and deciduous trees used under
the above heading, in this, and in the
succeeding number of the Canadian
Hortictdturist.

If there is one point, more than
another, to be aimed at in the laying out
and planting of pleasure grounds, it is
to secure a pleasing variety. Mono-
tony tii'es the eye, and shows a lack of
taste. Many of our public parks,
school grounds and private lawns are
sadly at fault in this respect. It would
almost seem as if there were no decidu-
ous trees in existence, except the hard
and soft maples, and no evergreens
with which to cheer the barren land-
scape in winter except the Norway
spruce.

And in the planting of evergreens
how little judgment is shown in select-
ing kinds suitable to the size of a lawn !
A Norway spruce is often planted in a
little door yard twenty feet square.
At thirty years of age its branches
extend from ten to fifteen feet in every
direction, and rob the owner of every
foot of his lawn, unless prevented by
the most vigorous pruning.

Among the pines, the Scotch and the
Austrian have been considei-ably plant-
ed in Ontario, and although these are
slow growers and dwarfish, when com-
pared with our Canadian natives, they
are coarser in foliage, and hence less
ornamental. In the

232

THE CANADIAN H0RTICDLTDK18T.

#

w

-!^

iiw

^m

^

1

W^g

/^H

K^

^Sr

^^^H

M iV^

i^M^Mr J^

^^K

Ss^^^'l

^^

nH(J'^

SWISS PINE (Finns Cemhra)

we have one which combines, in an
unique manner, small statui'e with
great beauty of appearance. Tliough
in high elevations of the European
Alps, where it is indigenous, it some-
times attains a height of one hundred
feet, we have read of no specimens in
American gai-dens reaching more than
twenty-five feet, and that with very
slow growth. The tree is pyramidal
in outline, and tlie color is silveiy
green. The seed is edible, and that
collected from a variety in Russia (var.
S(birica) is sold in the groceries, and
much relished by the peasants.

THE UMBRELLA PINE

is a novelty from Japan, and is known
botanically as Sciadopitys Verticillaia.
As it has only been in cultivation for
abjut twenty-five years, and is very
difficult of propagation, and slow in

leiisgr!^ ■5" I

WSS. fill

THE UMBRELLA PINE.

growth, it is as yet very rare and
costly.

A valuable addition to the already
large number of kinds of maples culti-
vated for ornament in America, has
been made by the introduction of a
dwarf sppcies from Japan, some twenty-
seven years ago. Its technical name is
Acer fohjmorphnm, and from it many
beautiful varieties have arisen. Prob-
ably the best of all is

THE BLOOD-LEAVED JAPAN MAPLE

(acer ])olymorphum atropiirpurea ). The
foliage, early in th*^ season, is light
red, later it becomes darker, while
the second growth bears leaves resem-
bling the earlier ones. Another inter-
esting Japanese vai'iety is A. Japonicum
aureum, with rich yellow foliage, form-
a fine contrast to the former. Besides
these there are three or four other

U

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

233

BLOOD-LEAVVED JAPAN MAPLE.

varieties. Mi-. Meehan says, "There
is no prettier sight than a large bed
made up of the different varieties of
Japanese maples. They will set off and
contrast with surrounding plants better
than any other class grown, having at
the same time richness possessed by no
other tree. Several large plants of the
Blood-leaved Japan Maple, growing
around Germantown attract wide atten-
tion, being the admiration of all who
see them."

TREES AND RAINFALL,
Scarcity of rain, which was the cause
of so much loss to the agriculturists in
some parts of the North-West last year,
is a phenomenon not peculiar to Can-
ada. President Adams, of Cornell
University, in a recent address, points
out that the removal of the ti-ees, cen-
turies ago, reduced the fields about the
Mediterranean to sterile deserts. The
same process is going on across the line.
President Adams says : "The trees ai'e
being swept away, and what is the

result? The rainfall has been dimin-
ished, the showers which heaven may
still bounteously fui-nish, instead of
being welcomed by the soft verdure of
forests and cultivated fields and lo%-ingly
kept in the soil for the good of all
animal and plant life, is repelled by
parched hillsides, so that it shoots off in
angry torrents and is soon once more in
the lakes and the great rivers and the
oceans beyond. Thus, by a perfectly
explicable method our climate is under-
going a certain change, and it is the
change which, in some of the regions of
the Old World, has caused the sand to
drift over regions that were once the
homes of a prosperous peo])le." He
adds : " And yet there is no tendency
of nature that is more amenable to the
influence of man's appreciative intelli-
gence. Everybody remembers Emer-
son's allusion to the ability of the
English, by the planting of trees on the
borders of Egypt, to bring rain again
after a drouth of 3,000 years. We
have been doing the same thing in the
West ; for they tell us that the plant-
ing of trees and cornfields in Kansas
and Nebraska, up to the very frontier,
has already pushed the rain line further
West by moi'e than a hundred miles."
— Mail.

Co-operative fruit and vegetable
evaporating and preserving establish-
ments are bound to be a feature of our
farming in the future. This industry
is particularly adapted to sections not
convenient to good markets. There is
money in it for the ])roprietors of evap-
orators, and there must l)e still more
for the patrons when the business is
run on the co-operative system. Read
ail that is said upon this subject and
act upon it. The co-0]>erative fruit and
vegetable utilizing factory is a very
simple affair compared to the creamery
system, which has proved so successful.
—F. & 11.

234

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

JjlotDcrB.

CULTIVATION OF THE NAR-
CISSUS.

BY H. SIMMERS, TORONTO, ONT.

(Continued from the last number.)

fHE next most useful variety for
forcing is the Polyanthus Nar-
cissus, or Many-flowered Nar-
cissus. This species is the one best
adapted for house culture, and for the

THE NARCISSUS.

amateur to have blooming during the
winter months. The flowers ai'e beau-
tifully scented, and remain in bloom
from four to six weeks. The house
culture is exactly the same as that
under the heading of hyacinth. The
varieties that give most satisfaction are
Grand Monarque, white, with yellow
cu}) ; Staten General, yellow, with
white cup ; Bazelman Minor, yellow,
gradually shading to white ; Grand
Soleil D'Or, golden yellow, exceedingly
handsome. These are probabl}' the
varieties the most used, the world over,
for forcing. Many other varieties are
generally listed in the bulb catalogues,
but I do not claim they will produce

such handsome spikes. If any person
requires a larger selection, try an
assorted lot intermixed with the others
for winter bloom. Planting Polyanthus
Narcissus this month, you cannot ex-
pect them to flower until February or
March ; but in spite of the time it
takes them to flower, do not delay in
starting the bulb, for, as I have previ-
ously advised, the longer they remain
in the dark the better rooted, and as a
result the flower spikes will be lai'ger.
Jonquils, double and single, are
allied to the Narcissi, and are natives
of the south of Europe. Perfumed
waters are made from Jonquil flowers,
giving the impression to the reader that
they must be very fragrant. Either
the double or single Jonquil is well
adapted to open-air culture, and may
be treated in the same manner as the
Narcissus, except that the bulbs being
smaller they are only planted three
inches below the surface of the ground.
They are easily forced, and if planted
this month they will flower by Chi-ist-
mas. Being cheaper, they should be
tried by every amateur. The Chinese
Narcissus is a variety I overlooked to
mention under head of Polyanthus
Narcissus. This is the sacred flower
of China : nearly every shop in the
Chinese cities has these bulbs growing
in a saucer of water and pebbles. They
throw i;p several flower stalks, thickly
studded with bloom, white, with yellow
centre. The bulbs are of a whitish
ajipearance, thus differing from Poly-
anthus Narcissus in that they have a
dark brown skin. Many charitable
ladies around Toronto have sometimes
received presents of this variety from
the Chinese located here, for chatitable
services rendered to them ; and they
have frequently wondered what the
name was, the Chinaman being able to
explain the culture, but not the name.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

235

This is, then, the variety generally
received. I would here remind the
readers that may have followed some
of the descrijjtions I have written, that
this is the proper month for starting
the various kinds of bulbs I have
written about, both outdoors and in-
doors, and that they should not wait
until November and December, with
the usual result, viz., disappointment
in not getting any bloom for all their
ti'ouble. The reason is frequently
attributed to the bulb beitig poor, but
the correct reason is that the tender
flower stock, encased in the centre of
the bulb, has been so dried up that it
comes up along with foliages and gradu-
ally withers away ; or perhaps the side
shoots only may have grown, thus
frequently disappointing the most care-
ful cultivator.

THE VIRGINIA CREEPER.

BY J. P. COCKBURN, ORAVENHURST, ONT.

<^N our later years we are carried back
(gl in thought to our early days, and
reflect with pleasure on the many plea-
sant moments of rest and recreation we
liave had, under the vine-covered bower.
No villa, or rural house, can be complete
without the wondrous charms of the
trellis or arbor, so suggestive of taste
and comfort, yet one may travel many
miles through some of the finest agri-
cultural districts in Canada, without
seeing the slightest attempt at decorat-
ing the house of even the wealthy occu-
pant. The great bare pillars of a
verandah stand up in the glare of the
sun, or seem to shrink before the blast
as it drives along the floor of the naked
porch, seldom trod by occupants of
the dwelling becau.se there ai-e no at-
tractions to visit the bleak and dreary
waste. The work of the farm and the
busin(!ss of the estate is arranged in the
" back parlor." Farmers frequently
say they have no time to waste in
planting trees or decorating their

grounds, and many do not assist their
wives to make even a sort of excuse for
a kitchen gai'den. To such people as I
have in my mind I say, take at least
one or two days with the boys and
team, secure any sort of forest trees,
let them be small with plenty of fibrous
roots, and plant them carefidly, and fill
up the odd ])laces about your house
with them. If you have no design, put
them in clumps in the corners, and
along the lane. They will soon grow,
and nature will adjust them to the situa-
tion, hut let us have the trees.

Dig large and deep holes about your
verandah in which plant Vii-ginia
creepers ; the holes should be partly
filled with a mixture of decaying chips
from the woodshed, and filled with good
earth. The woodshed should be partly
covered with the same vines. Nothing
has a finer effect than a few well-grown
Virginia creepers trained to the veran-
dah and side of the house, and all un-
sightly buildings are soon ti'ansformed
to a thing of beauty. Vines seem to
thrive best when they can get hold of
some decaying substance, and they take
up much of the miasmatic vapours
about outhouses. I need not say how
much this will in a short time add to
the beauty and comforts of home, and
the joy of our children, the envy of our
dilatory neioflibor, and the delight of
every |)asser by. There is no outlay of
capital, if you can find the vines grow-
ing wild in some low rich bottom land
on your own, or on your neighbor's
farm. If not, you can obtain them for
a nominal sum from any nurseryman.
They jjropagate as easily as currants.
For small villas and city residences,
where the grounds are limited, the
Ampelopsis Veitchii is preferable, hav-
ing much smaller foliage and does not
require the space which the Ampelop-
sis Quinquefolia does.

Remember that a ten-year-old vine,
well grown, will cover 1,000 square

236

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0ULTDRI8T.

feet, and that you may mistake
Poison-Ivy for the Virginia Creeper,
which has five leaves, while the Poison-
Ivy has only three. They are generally
found in the same locality. This dis-
covery cost the writer two weeks of
almost total blindness, and sleepless
nights of pain, as well as several dollars
for doctor's medicine. Five leaves,
remember, and you are safe. October
is the best month to plant.

By Francis Mason, Peterborough, Ost.
BULB PLANTING IN THE FALL.

It is not yet too late to prepare a
bed and put in hyacinths, tulips, crocus
and other hardy bulbs for spring flower-
ing. Even if the ground has ft-ozen
over a hole, may be forced with an iron
bar large enough to admit the bulb.
After putting in, cover with coarse
manure, leaves, or rubbish of some kind,
which may be raked off early in the
spring.

IRIS.

Do not forget to plant a few bulbs of
the English and Spanish irises. They
ai'e beautiful, cheap and easily obtained.
They flower early in the following sum-
mer.

HARDY LILIES,

such as L. Candidum, L. Aui'atura,
L. Rubrum and all this class of hardy
lilies, may still be moved, and i)lanted
in good rich soil in permanent place.
It is not well to disturb too often. On
the approach of winter, cover with
coarse manure or some other suitable
material.

OUT-DOOR ROSES,

such as Hybrid perpetuals, climbing or
moss roses should be laid down and

covered over with moss, leaves or earth.
Tliey will well repay all the trouble
next June.

CHRYSAKTHEMUMS

if planted and not yet taken up should
at once be taken up, jjotted in good
rich soil, and kept out doors ivs long as
possible, covering on frosty nights. Do
not allow them to flag for want of
water.

CARNATIONS

make fine flowering plants fur the house
if taken in now. Cut notliing ofl' unless
the old flower pods are still on.

WINDOW GARDEN.

Under this head all flowering plants,
vines or foliage plants are einln-aced,
Overcrowding should be avoided,
though many more may be kept in a
window at the start. Later on, as
they grow and expand, more room must
be given. Watch for the first approach
of the mealy-bug and aphides, and if
atmosphere is too dry the little red
spider will appear on the under part of
fuchsia and rose leaves, but a good
syringing of parts afiected will have the
effect of dislodging those troublesome
guests. Nearly all flowering plants
thrive best exposed in a south or east
window. Some will do with little or
no sun, such as Begonia rex, English
and German ivies and others, which a
little experience will soon find out. It
is not necessary to repot plants often-
times, for instead, a regular coui-se of
feeding them with some good plant-
food prepared for that purpose, or if
nothing better is to be had take a tea-
spoonful of spirits of ammonia, dilute
in a pint of water and give a little
twice a week. Temperature sliould be
about 50 or 55 at night and 60 or 70
during the day. Greater heat will
have a tendency to make a weak sickly
growth that will produce little or no
flowers.

PANSIES

require a different kind of protection
from many other plants. The covering

THE CANADIAN HOBTICDLTDRI8T.

237

placed on bulbs oi* roses would smother
these comical-faced fellows right out.
A slight covering of leaves with a few
branches to keep the wind from blow-
ing them away, will be best. Branches
of hemlock or spruce are about the best
unless they may be in a cold frame, in
which case the sash may be over them
and a few boards over that again.

GLADOLI AND DAHLIAS.

If not already lioused attend to them
at once. They should be. well dried ;
the first-named may be placed in paper
bags, and hung u]) in frost-proof closet
or cellar. The dahlias will do wherever
potatoes will keep nicely.

' PETUNIAS, STOCKS, &C.

For flowering in the house during
winter take up a few old plants of
Petunias, ten week or Crompton stocks ;
cut away a good quantity of the old
wood, especially the petunia, and pot
in nice rich soil and place in a sunny
window.

OLD GERANIUM PLANTS

that have been flowering during the
summer will now, if taken in, cutting
away some of the old gi-owth according
to the size, flower nicely during the
winter.

HURRY IN THE SPRING

may be avoided to a great extent by
preparing the beds in the fall by digging
in a liberal quantity of well-rotted
manure, spent hops or leaves. Beds
thus treated are much better than if
left till spring.

A CARD.

To the Subscribers of The Canadian Florist and
Cottage Gardener.

For more than a year past I have
found that my business as Seedsman
and Fl (rist was increasing so rapidh'
that to make it a complete success I
must devote my whole time to it, and
I have therefore made arrangements
that the Gamtdian Horticulturist
should be sent for unexpired term to

the subscribers of the Canadian Florist
and Cottage Gardener. I trust that at
the end of the year, or before, all the
friends and subscribers of the Canadian
Florist will become permanent sub-
scribers to the Canadian Hortictdturist,
for which magazine I will, under the
heading of " Floral Notes," contribute
monthly such matter as will, I trust,
be helpful to its readers. Any ques-
tions that may be asked or information
wanted in the care or treatment of
planis will be gladly answei'ed by me
in this department, and I intend to do
all in my po\ver to make the Hortical-
turist the best magazine of its class in
America. FKANCIS MASON.

Peterborough, Uth Sept., 1887.

TO THE SUBSCRIBERS OF THE
"CANADIAN FLORIST."

It is with pleasure that we greet the
friends of the Canadian Florist. In
sending you the Canadian Horticul-
turist for the balance of the year we
hope to amply fill up the contract you
have made with the former paper. In
the meantime we hope to so merit your
good will, and to be so useful to you
all, that whether you grow fruit or
flowers, you will wish to have this
journal continue as a monthly visitor to
your homes.

Another Noted Pomologist has passed
away. On Thursday the 8th of Sep-
tember, Chai-les M. Hovey, died at his
home, at Cambridge, Mass., at the age
of seventy-seven. Hybridization of
flowers and fruits was a favorite occupa-
tion of his, of which the Boston Pine,
and Hovey's seedling strawberries are
instances. He is also well known as
editor of the Magazine of Horticulture,
which he founded in 1835 and conducted
for a period of thirty four years. He
was President of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society from 1863 to
1866 inclusive.

k

238

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

^hc danaiiian portirultorist.

)N Illus-
trated
! Monthly Journal, de-
I voted to the interests
of Fruit Growers,
Gardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burljan homes,

Subscription price $1.00
per year, entitling the subscri-
ber to membership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Report, and a share in its
annual distribution of plants and trees.

This Journal is not published in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniaiy advantage of
any one, but its pages are devoted wholly to
the progress of Horticultural Science and
Art in Canada.

The Horticultural Show at the Industrial
Exhibition, Toronto, was in some
respects most creditaVjle. The Floral
Hall was lighted with electric lights in
the evening, and the display of green-
house plants was profuse and ari'anged in
good taste. But the fruits, especially
the apples and pears, were put aside in
canvas tents, which wex'e miserably
lighted in the evening.

One great fault in this de])artment
was the lack of proper labels for the
different varieties of fruits] and flowers
shown. To make a show of fruits pro-
fitable to the visitor it is all-important
that the names should be clearly seen,
and thus a knowledge of excellent varie-
ties widely diffused thi'oiighout the
country. A few plates of fruits were

properly labelled by means of the wire
support which lifted the label above the
fruit so that it could be easily seen, and
where printed in large typs the name was
easily rea<l, without stooping. But, in
most cases, the labels were either pasted
on the fruit, or written ina most illegible
style, on a sli[) which was di-op])ed on
the plate, and hidden beneath the speci-
mens.

The same defect was observable in
the exhibit of flowers. It was only by
searcliing that the amateur could suc-
ceed in finding the specific names, nor
would the search be in every case suc-
cessful. Now it is surely not too high
an aim for such exhibitions to endeavor
to educate the public concerning the
names and groupings of choice plants,
and we would suggf-st the use of plainly
printed labels of the varieties shown,
and these conspicuously placed for the
benefit of all. These should be pro-
vided by the Directors, all uniform in
style, and each exhibitor obliged to use
them.

Prof. C. H. Bessy, in American Agri-
c'dturlst, says we should put the study
of soils, plants, animals, air and clouds,
&c., into our schools. The farmer's
profession is about the only one for
which the man is not specially prepared
by study or training ; hence when he
meets with grasses, poisonous weeds,
smuts, rusts, insect foes, &c., &c., he is
wholly ignorant of the objects before
him. Certainly the Professor has the
right of it, and we are glad to notice
that Prof. Mills, of Guelph Agricul-
tural College, advocates an improve-
ment in this particular in our Canadian
schools.

Don't allow the weeds to ripen their
seeds. Just now the ugly ragweed
(Ambrosia bidentata) and the Common
Burdock (Lappa major) arc maturing

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTtJRlST.

239

their seeds for another year of mischief.
And, of all weeds, these two are among
the most unsightly. We hate the
latter worse even than we do the
Canada Thistle, and think it almost as
persistent in self-propagation. Most
people cut it when it is in bloom, but
in our experience it pays best to wait
until September, when the seeds are
nearly matured, for then it may be cut
and pilr d for burning, and so destroyed.
If cut too early it throws up numerous
sprouts, which are more difficult to cut
than the original stem.

Protecting Crops in time of Drouth. — A
writer in the Horticultural Times
makes some sensible remarks under
this head. He gives four available
means for accomplishing this end which
is so desii-able in such a season as the
one just past, viz.: (1) thorough under-
draining — which encourages the roots
of plants to push down deep in the
soil below the dry surface soil j ( 2 )
deep floughing, and thorough cultiva-
tion ; (3) application of wood ashes at
rate of fifty to one hundred bushels per
acre; (4l extra cultivation during the
hot weather.

Transplanting Large Trees. — Mr. Thos.
Meehan, of the Gardeners Monthly, says
it is not at all necessary to remove a
large ball of earth, in ti'ansplanting
large trees. His plan is to " dig out
far enough from the trunk to get the
feeding roots, and go deep enough so as
to get under with forks, so that the
ti'ee can be easily drawn over by its
own weight. A two wheeled cart is
then backed up to the tree, the trunk
lashed to the shafts to be used as a
lever, and the job is soon done." By
this means a tree 20 feet in height, and
a foot or more thick can be moved
several miles for a few dollars.

The Decease of John B. Moore the well
known Massachusetts horticulturis.t, is
announced in the September number

of the American Florist. He died at
his home, in Concord, on the 21st of
August last, at the age of seventy.
Hardy roses and grapes received special
attention from him, and his Moore's
Early grape has made his name famous
far and wide.

Mr. Moore has been a prominent
member of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society since 1849, and was Presi-
dent of that Society for the year 1885.

This department is intended as an open one to every
reader of the ^^Horticulturist" to send in either
questions or answers. Often a reader will be able to
aiiswer a question which has been left unansivered,
or only partially answered by us. For convenience
of reference the questions are numbered, and any
one. replying or referring to any qxiestion ivill
please mention the number of it.

68. Empire State Grape. — Can you give
me any points on the Empire State
Grape ? J. H. MORRISON, Hamilton.

A colored frontispiece of this grape,
with a description, may be found in
this Journal, Vol. YIII., p. 97. It is
a hybrid of Hartford Prolific and Clin-
ton. The bunches are large, shouldered ;
'■erry smaller than Niagara, but by
many considered better in quality. The
vine is vigorous and hardy, so far as
tested.

69. The Currant Borer. — Is there any
remedy for the grub that eais the pith
of the red currant bush ? How does
the varmint get there, and ivhat is its
origin ?

See the Canadian Horticidturist ior
January last, p. 15, for full description,
with remedy.

70. Oyster Shells as a Fertilizer. — / have
quite a quantity of ground oyster .shells,
more than I can tcse for fowls ; woidd
grapes, currants, (tc, be benefited by
its application ; soil, a sandy loam on
top of a clay subsoil ?

STANLEY SPILLETT, Nantye.

240

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

REPLY BY J. H. MORTON, WINGHAM.

No appreciable benefit, unless first
calcined, as the lime contained in the
shells is their chief value, the very
small proportion of phosphoric acid is
not in a condition immediately availa-
ble as plant food. Being powdered,
calcining will be difficult, and if any
other economic purpose can l)e foun 1
for them, we would not advise their
use as a fertilizer, as the same quantity
of available plant food can be supplied
at less trouble and expense.

^^bkii)

We loill gladly give our candid opinion of any books,
magazines or catalngiies received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but will not insert cut and dried reading
noting in favur of any publication whatever.

A. B. C OF Bee Culture. A Cyclopsedia
of everything pertaining to the care of the
honey-bee. By A. I. Root. Medina,
Ohio, 1887. Price, $1.25.
A book of over 300 folio pages, and
containing about the same number of
excellent illustrations. The subjects
are all treated in a complete and sys-
tematic manner, and are arranged alpha-
betically, so that a person needing infor-
mation on any subject connected with
bee culture, can immediately turn it up,
without the loss of time which is in-
curred in looking through various
books and papers.

Smithsonian Report. 1885. Part I.
Being the Annual Report of the Board of
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution,
showing the operations, expenditures and
condition of the Institution to July, 1885.
Also,

The Transactions of ihe New York
State Agricultural Society. 1882 to
1887.
Both these volumes caine through

the Smithsonian Institution.

GuKLPH Scientific Societv. Report of the
Secretary for the first year (1886), with an •

abstract of papers read at the regular
meetings. James Goldie, President; Robt.
Gausby, Corresponding Secretary.

CATALOGUES.

Fall Catalogue of Rare Bulbs, Plants and
Fruits. 1887. John Lewis Childs. i^loral
Park, Queen's Co., N.Y.

Descriptive Catalogue of Northern Grown
Fruit and Ornamental Trees grown by J.
H. Wismer, at his nurseries, in Port
Elgin, Ont.

pumorouB.

Guest (rising excitedly from the
table, after tasting an olive for the
fii-st time), " It's sorry I'd be to dis-
turb the hilarity of the meeting, but I
believe some joker's been salting the
gooseberries ! " — Judy.

" Speaking about the artist who
painted fruit so naturally that the birds
came and pecked at it," said the fat re-
porter, " I drew a hen that was so true
to life, that after the sage threw it into
the waste basket, it laid there." — Pea-
hody Reporter.

A Washington lady, was can-
ning and pickling peaches, and her
little two-and-a-half-year-old daughter
was endeavoring to assist her in every
available way. Finally a package of
whole cloves was produced, which were
to be inserted in the fruit for spice,
when the little one suddenly exclaimed :
" O mamma, let me put in the tacks ! "
— Farm and Fireside.

"Sam, you are not honest. Why do
you put all the good peaches on the top
of the measure and the little ones
below 1" "Same reason, sah, dat
makes de front of your house all marble
and de back gate chiefly slop Viar'l, sah."

o

This the apple, large and round,
That always on the top is found.

O This is the apple, small and mean.
That's often at the liottom seen !

PRINTED AT THK 3TF.4M PRESS KsrABI.ISHMF.NT OF THE OOPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

GRIMES' GOLDEN.

XLbe

Canabian

Dorticulturiet

Published at Toi\onto and Grimsby, Ont.
OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

NOVEMBER, 1887.

[No. 11.

NOVEMBER.

The year is waning ! Solemn sounds are heard
Among: the branches of each wind-toss'd tree ;
Brown looks the grass ; no floral gems we see ;
Forsaken nests by winds alone are stirr'd,
And not by wing of bird.

The skies look cold — wind-driven clouds scud by.
While fitful gales whirl sere, dry lea\es away ;
Fair once, like friends who come to us one day.
Creep to the heart, bring love-light to the e.i, e.
Then droop and fade and die.

Yet, while winds chill and summer joys depart,
A host of other pleasures now doth come :
Brothers and sisters scattered, all come home,
Thanksgiving cheer abounds, while fond smiles start.
As heart responds to heart.

Then curtains down, around the fire we press.
To sing and jest, to romp and laugh, and play ;
But while the fun goes round, each heart can say,
" November brings Thanksgiving. Lord, we bless

Thee for our happiness !"
Brooklyn Magazine.

THE GRIMES GOLDEN.

®UR FRONTISPIECE this month
represents that excellent win-
ter apple sent out some years
ago by the Fruit Grower's Association
of Ontario, the Grimes Golden Pippin.
Several samples of this variety were on
exhibition at the Industrial Exhibition,
but none of them as large as the one
shown in our illustration ; indeed we
question if any of our readers have
succeeded in growing it much above
a medium size.

Grimes Golden is no novelty. It
has been known for many years, liav-
ing originated on the farm of Thomas
Grimes, near Kempsville, Virginia. It.
is highly esteemed for its excellence of
quality, in which respect is is compareil
in value with the Newtown Pipjnn,
an apple that always commands the
highest price in the English market
on account of its delicious flavour.
The tree is vigorous and productive,
especially in alternate years, and the

24:2

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

rich golden yellow of the fruit, renders
it peculiarly attractive.

Notwithstanding all its excellences,
however, it is not [considered a very
profitable apple in Canada, neither can
we recommend it for the more north-
erly sections, as its hardiness is in
question, and it is classed by Dr. Hos-
KiNs among the vaineties that will not
endure the climate of Vermont.

Two yeai's ago, Mr. McD. Allan
said of it, at one of our meetings : " It
is a magnificent apple for the dessert
table, and there is nothing prettier

when arranged in a dish than they are ;
they are gold just now. Nevertheless
they are not profitable to grow,"

Profit however is not the only con-
sideration in growing apples. Very
many of our readers want a selection
of kinds solely for home uses, and
with them quality and general excel-
lence is the test. Such persons will be
much pleased with Grimes Golden. It
will contrast beautifully in the dessert
dish with other varieties, as for
instance with the deep red of the
Fameuse.

THE ANNUAL MEETING.

'HE recent meeting at Grimsby
was one of the most interesting
ever held. The members of the
Fruit Growers' Association at Grimsby
turned out in full force to welcome
their visitors, and did everything in
their power to make the meeting suc-
ce.ssful.

They had arranged tables across the
hall, in front of the platform, for the
display of new and choice varieties of
fruits ; and these were loaded with the
finest possible display of apples, pears,
and grapes, a full report of which will
appear in the next Annual Report of
the Association.

The result of the

ELECTION OF OFFICERS

was as follows : — President : A. McD.
Allan ; Vice-President : A. M. Smith ;
Directors : Agricultural Division No.
1, John Groil; No. 2, A. A. Wright;
No. 3, Rev. Geo. Bell, LL.D.; No. 4,
P. C. Dempsey ; No. 5, Thos. Beall ;
No. 6, W. E. Wellington ; No. 7, M.

Pettit; No. 8, A. H. Pettit ; No. 9,
Fred. Mitchell ; No. 10, J. A. Morton ;
No. 11, J. M. Denton; No. 12, Albert
Hill; No. 13, G. Gaston. Auditors:
Jas. Goldie and Chas. Drury, M.P.P.
The Treasurer's Report was read,
which showed a balance in the bank
to the credit of the Association of
nearly $500 ; thus showing that not-
withstanding some unavoidable losses,
the finances are now in a prosperous
and hopeful condition, making it pos-
sible to carry out in the near future
many plans for the improvement of our
monthly journal, and the increased
usefulness of our Association.

THE EXCURSION AMONG THE FRUIT FARMS

was highly enjoyed by all, notwith-
standing the dust and the smoky
atmosphere which circumscribed the
many beautiful and picturesque views
here obtainable. The first orchard and
fruit farm visited was that of the Sec-
retary, of which it becomes others,
rather than the writer, to speak, except

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

243

to say that hencefoi'th it will be used
largely as a source of experience in
practical horticultui'e, for the benefit
of the readers of the Canadian Hor-
ticulturist.

The magnificent Pocklington grapes
on Mr. E. J. Woolverton's fruit farm,
were much admired. Grown on a x'ich
sandy loam, well di'ained, they ripen
heie to perfection, about a week later
than the Niagara. His beautiful or-
chard of dwarf pears, chiefly Duchess,
with some trees beai'ing superb looking
B. de Beaufort, was also much admired.
As with the rest of us at Grimsby, his
large peach orchard has been sadly
thinned out by the yellows, the pres-
ence of which disease he still deplores.

At Mr. Murray Pettit's vineyard,
near Winona, the whole party alighted,
and were refreshed at his packing house
with a taste of his pure home-made
grape wine, which was not the less
ap])reciated, after being half choked
with clouds of dust upon the way. This
vineyard is one of the largest in this
section, and is situated close under the
mountain, where it is sheltered from
early frosts, and where the soil is a
rich sandy loam, gathered during past
centuries by the washings from the
mountain side. Although the Dela-
ware has alw^ays received special atten-
tion frd'fn Mr. Pettit, L|^tfitas some sixty
or seventy other varieties under cul-
tivation, with a view of testing their
merits. With many others, however,
he has come to the conclusion that the
number of varieties which are really
worthy of a place in a vineyard which
is i)lanted for market, are very few,

as for instance (white) Niagara, (black)
Concord,and Rogers' 4 and44,(red)Lin-
dley, Worden, Delaware and Agawam.

Returning along the mountain brow,
Mr. A. G. Muir's vineyard of Niagara
grapes was much admired. His suc-
cess proves that not all the most favor-
able locations for vineyards are to be
found below the mountain, as many
would afiirm.

The drive east of the village two
miles to the Park, was also full of
interest. Fine houses, and well kept
gardens, line the road, and betray the
good taste of their occupants. The
Park, too, is growing in attractiveness ;
how could it be otherwise, situated as
it is on the bank of such a beautiful
lake, and in such a delightful section
of country,

THE PUBLIC MEETING

of Wednesday evening was a grand
success. The Town Hall was packed.
The address of Mr. A. McD. Allan
was full of special interest to fruit
growers ; while that of Prof. Brown,
on "Trees and our Every-day Life,"
clearly showed the gi'eat importance
of forests to the prosperity of any
country.

The music, contributed b\' Miss
Katie Nelles and others, of Grimsby,
was excellent, and added very much
to the enjoyment of the evening's pro-
gramme.

The full text of the President's ad-
dress will appear in our next Annual
Report, together with a report of the
iniportant discussions of Thui-sday,
taken down verbatim by an able ste-
nographer. Suflice it therefore to say

244

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEI8T.

that this meeting at Grimsby was ac-
knowledged to be of interest and profit
to all, and was the means of increasing

the fraternal feeling between the Onta-
rio Association and a strong local organ-
ization of fruit growers.

SELECTIONS FROM THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS

Delivered at Orimsby, Wednesday Evening, 28th Septembei:

HONEST PACKING.

Our apples have taken the British
buyers by storm, and consumers there
will not purchase any others so long
as they can obtain a suitable article
from us. Britain wants the best and
the best only. There is no better mar-
ket for a choice article, nor so poor a
one for an inferior article. Canada
has gained a good name for general
honest culling and packing, and it is
absolutely necessary that we do not
allow a spot to tarnish our character.
I would entreat every orchardist and
shipper, not only for his own best
interests but also for the sake of the
fair fame of our country, to exercise
the greatest care in the cultivation,
selection and packing of our fruits. Let
the grower leave nothing undone to
excel in the production of the choicest
fruits, and when he ships allow nothing
to pass to the shipper but the best.
Above all things teach your children
to be scrupulously honest in picking
and culling out the apples ready for
packing. Never encourage a child to
think it smart to get a spotted or
wormy apple off on the buyer by hid-
ing it in the middle of the basket or
barrel. Let the shipper see to it also
that he acts in strictest honesty with
his customers. Let the brand always
truly indicate the contents of the barrel.
Let every specimen be sound and clean

for a good brand of fruit. Choice lots
should be made of even size and good
colour in the barrel. Under no cii--
cumstances let the brand indicate any-
thing better than the fruit in the barrel
fairly demands.

SHIPPING.

Generally speaking, it is a mistake
to ship on consignment to any but the
three great distributing centi'es, Lon-
don, Liverpool and Glasgow. Ex-
perience has shown that fruit shijiped
to London direct by water has received
much more damage in transit than
when shipped via Liverpool and thence
by rail to London. It is a very com-
mon thing to find in cargoes shipped
direct to London by water, bai-rels with
only a few pecks in them, and as these
few left are clean, fine samples, it is
natural to conclude that they have been
tampered with either when passing up
the Thames, or when in charge of the
dock companies. I have often visited
the docks to see cargoes dischai-ged,
and almost always remarked an amount
of careless handling that was startling
— barrels of apples standing in the
storage sheds open, and passers-by hav-
ing every chance to pilfer that could
be desii'ed. I would therefore advise
shippers to .shij) to London always via
Liverpool.

MARKET FOR FALL APPLES.

Thei-e is still another market nearer

THE CANADIA.N HORTICULTDRWT.

245

home that will prove one the most
important to Ontario growers, viz.,
our own great North-West. Even
now, with population small and scat-
tered, the trade has assumed wonderful
proportions, with this very desirable
feature, that it is a market for our
early and fall apples, that would other-
wise be of comparatively little value.
Of coui'se, there are some fall apples
that we can ship to Britain profitably
under some circumstances. Of fall
varieties we have one that is sure of
ready sale at high prices — the Grav-
enstein — even this season it has sold
as high as $6 per barrel. St. Lawrence
has made $4.20 and Colvert 84.05 for
good samples.

ORDER OF SHIPPING- WINTER APPLES.

It is folly to send a mixed cargo at
an eai-ly season, as there is then no
proper demand for a long-keeping kind.
Shipments should continue through
winter until early spring. In such a
season as the present the order in which
special kinds should be shipped would
be thus : — In SeptemVjer and first week
in October, ship all 20-Ounce and
Ribstons and Blenheims ; follow this
with Kings. Send some Baldwins and
Greenings through November and
December, finishing shipments of these
kinds in January. The first Spies
should be sent forward in December,
and continued on through January into
FeVjruary. Ontario and Wagner will
also cover the same season. Hold the
Eussets until March if possible, along
with Mann, and send them forward
then as the demand arises, taking care
to examine everv barrel before leaving

the storehouse to see that there is no
decay or shrinkage.

SHIPPING GRAPES.

The large grape crops of the present
season, and the exceedingly low prices
causes the growers to ask what are the
prospects of obtaining markets for an
increasing supply] If pi-oper cold
storage can be secured on the steam-
ships, Britain will soon prove to be a
good market for our open-air grapes.
But as the taste for them must be
acquired, largely, such a trade must be
appi'oached with care. The only class
of grape consumers in Britain are those
who can afibrd to pay very high prices
for hothouse varieties, and those who
are satisfied with the poor quality of
the ordinary Spanish white grape of
commei-ce. I have no doubt at all
but our grapes would find a ready class
of consumers if once introduced in com-
petition with the Spanish grape. Var-
ious ways of packing must be tested.
Those packed in berry boxes, tightly
enclosed in a case containing ten or
twelve such boxes, carried better than in
any other way to the Colonial at Lon-
don last year.

CAUTION.

It is for the exporter to quickly
decide the market to which he will
consign. Caution should be used in
accepting market reports mailed from
broking firms, which are so worded as
to induce shippers to consign to Liver-
pool when they should take London
or Glasgow, or vice versa. The necessity
of making arrangements well in advance
with steamship agents, to avoid being
shut out, must also be borne in mind.

246

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Influence should also be brought to
bear on agents in regard to storage.
Apples should never be stowed under

or mixed with general or any other
cargo, and they should always be stowed
away from all heating influences.

KEEPING
At the Grimsby meeting this subject
was briefly discussed. Mr. M. Pettit,
of Winona, said that last year, he had
tried setting away Niagaras until De-
cember, but he found that by that time
grapes seemed out of season on the
mai'ket, and the demand was over.

Mr. J. B. Osborne, of Beamsville,
had been successful in keeping grapes.
He had filled cheeseboxes with them —
buried the boxes in earth so as to
totally exclude the air. In this way
he had kept them till the month of
February, and exhibited them at one of
the winter meetings of the Association
at Hamilton. The variety was the
Isabella, and they were in a fine state
of preservation.

Mr. A. M. Smith said he had showed

GRAPES.

some Salem grapes at Collingwood
meeting last June, that had been kept
by Mr. Kerman.

Mi\ D. Kermax, Grimsby, said his
plan was to take grapes when perfectly
dry, seal the stems with sealing wax,
pack them in ten gallon casks, placing
in layers of fine, diy hardwood saw-
dust, and then layers of grapes alter,
nately. He would give the cask fre-
quent gentle taps on the side to settle
the sawdust closely among the grapes.
When full, he glues stout paper over
the top, and hangs up the casks in the
cellar. In this way he had kept the
Salem grape in fine condition until
gi'apes came again the following year.

The Salem, Vergennes and Pockling-
ton were spoken of as good varieties to
put away for winter use.

•*

THE CURL OF THE PEACH LEAVES.

Miss Etta L. Knowles writes in the
Botanical Gazette for September the
result of some investigations into the
cause of this disease. It is the result
of the gi'owth of a fungus called by
Botanists Exoascus deformans. The
observations were made upon samples
of the leaves gathered about first week
in June, and the drawings were by the
aid of the camera.

In order better to understand the
effect of the fungus upon the leaves a
drawing of a cross section of a healthy
leaf is fii-st shown as in Fig. 1, in
which a represents the upper and h the

under sui-face.

Of course it is onl}^ by

T

Fig. 1.
the aid of a powerful magnifying glass
that anv such distinction of cells can be

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

24T

seen. The part marked c represents
the thin walled elongated cells near the
upper surface, and d the irregularly
arranged cells near the lower surface,
-with large spaces between them.

The fungus begins as a small swell-
ing on the tissue of the upper half of
the leaf and spreads until it effects

^n^

S33X

Fig. 2.
nearly the whole surface. The leaf
becomes nearly doubled in width, and
greatly increases in thickness, and soon
after the fungus is matured the leaf
shrivels and drops.

Fig. 2 shows a vertical section of a
leaf thus affected and swollen out of its

normal thickness. In this a is the
upper, h the under surface as in Fig. 1 .
The cellular structure in the under
portion of the leaf is very little changed
but that in the upper part has changed
materially. The walls between the row
of cells under the upper skin or epider-
mis, have become much thickened ; the
long narrow cells have become swollen
and divided, and have become nearly
empty, and hence the tendency in the
leaf to curl underwax'd.

The dark lines represent the vege-
tative portion of the fungus, coiTeapond-
ing to roots. This penetrates the sur-
face of the leaf and there forms
numerous branches, each of which en-

sw3P

Fig. 9.
larges and forms the fruiting portion
or ascus, shown at a in Fig. 9. In these
asci the spores (or seeds) are produced,
from six to seven in each, and these
are the source of the constant spread
of the disease.

As fruit growers we are pleased to
know the cause of such a wide spread
evil as the curl of the peach leaf, an
evil which has been gaining ground
upon us of late, and in wet seasons
stripping our trees almost bare of leaves,
and lessening the yield of fruit very
materially. But if some one could
tind a remedy for us, we will be
still more grateful. ^

24:8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

NEW PACKAGES FOR PEACHES.

Sir, — ^The peach basket you repre-
sent, in the September issue of your
interesting and instructive journal of
horticulture, as being used in New
Jersey and Delaware, we beg to advise
you have been almost entirely super-
ceded by modern, cheaper slat baskets
and crates ; for peaches it has been
altogether abandoned and replaced by
a similarly shaped slat basket, which
costs 4c. to 5c. each.

For choice peaches, etc., the 4-quart
basket crate has become very popular
as a " gift package." But for uni-

formly large, fancy peaches the paper
cell crate is growing into popular use.

The truck basket is too deep
for shipping peaches in ; the peaches
below the third peach from the
top are under too heavy pressure and
become more or less bruised and
mashed. The basket crate is better
ventilated, and the peaches are only
two to three deep, according to size of
the fruit. The paper cell packages
ventilates and holds separate each
individual peach, which makes it most
suitable for fancy delicate fruit.
Yours respectfully,
Pancoast & Griffiths.

Philadelphia, Sept. 21, 1887.

WINTER PROTECTION.

By p. E. BucKi, Ottawa.

As the time is fast approaching when
tlie rigors of winter will again be upon
us it is well to look ahead and profit by
past experience. The px'actice of pro-
tection even where the winters are
much milder than in the Ottawa Val-
ley is becoming more genei'al every
year. A prominent fruit grower in
Michigan says that he considers the
time he spent, covering his vines in the
.autumn, paid him at the rate of one
hundred dollars per day whilst he was
so employed, in his next year's crop ;
and there is no doubt in my own mind
he was perfectly correct in his state-
ment. If in Michigan the best culti-
vators protect grapes, raspberries and
blackberries, and the labor thus ex-
pended yields the amount per day as
stated above, it will surely pay the
fruit growers of Ontario to follow suit.
I am informed that an individual who
has several acres of a plum orchard in
Nova Sdfetia lays down his trees regu-

larly every winter. This he does by
cutting the roots on one side, throwing
the trees over and placing a few sods on
the top branches to keep them in a
recumbent position.

There is no doubt the high breeding
of our edible fruits has a tendency to
weaken the plant on which they are
produced. That is to say, the further
we depart in the excellence of the fruit
from the native wild type, the less is
the vine, tree or shrub able to with-
stand the cold of our climate. Why
this should be so I am unable to define,
except that highly cultivated plants
produce larger sap-vessels, which, when
fi'eezing and thawing, expand and con-
tract to a greater degree than those of
smaller size which are produced by wild
plants, the result of the swelling and
shrinking being that the sap-vessels are
impaired or destroyed. But it is prac-
tice not theory the ordinary fruit
grower wants. I say, therefore, that

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

249

the protection of our raspberries, black-
beriies and gi-ape-vines alone may cost
hundreds of dollars, but it will yield
thousands, and the man who says it
pays him one hundred dollars a day is
quite under the mark. For protection
there is nothing better or handier than
earth. A four-tined digging fork will
hold almost any plant in position whilst
soil is being placed upon it. Two men,
or man and a boy, can perhaps work to
better advantage than one. One will
hold the plant down with a fork whilst
the other puts on the earth. Many
persons use boards, straw, manure, »fcc.,
&c., but there is nothing so good as
earth for protection. This is exempli-
fied every year by die potatoes which
come up in the spring in a field which
has produced a crop the previous year.
This tuber is very tender, and if left on
the ground exposed to the sun will not
stand i"^ of frost, but if protected with
four inches of soil will grow in spring
after a hard winter. Altliough it
freezes as hard as a brick, the frost is
drawn so gently from it that the sap-
vessels assume their normal condition
and the tuber springs into life. From
three to four inches of soil is quite
sufficient to protect any plant or vine.
Care should be taken not to dig too
close to the roots ; the earth should be
taken from three to four feet away from
the stem of the grape or two feet from
berry plants.

Pruning should always be done be-
fore the soil is applied, that is the old
canes should be removed and the vines
neatly trimmed. For raspberries I
generally have a wheel i 'arrow-load of

sods, cut 4x6 inches square and two
inches thick ; press the canes down
with the fork, placing the sod on the
tips. A few shovel-fuls of earth may
be added. Grape vines are often put
down when there is two inches of frost
in the ground, as the hard surface holds
the fork whilst the soil is being applied.
It is hardly worth stating that the grape
should not be buried until the leaves
have fallen and the wood is thoroughly
brown and ripe. Two men could easily
cover two acres of vines in a day, if they
have been previously cut loose from the
trellises. With regard to raspberries
they may be laid down as described,
with a sod and manure thrown on them.
This keeps them from the sun, and acts
as an excellent mulch for next season.
The plants protected may be lifted in
the spring, when the frost is out of the
ground, and danger of hard weather is
over. For vines a cloudy day is )ire-
ferred, as the sun cracks and dries them
if it strikes too hot when they are first
exposed. A three-tined hay-fork is the
correct thing to i*aise the plants with in
the spring. New plants of grapes, rasp-
berries or blackbeiries should always be
set in fall, and mounded over with earth
which should be carefully removed in
spring, a stake being set by each plant
to show its position.

The Gold Strawberry. — Nearly every con-
temporary just now has an engraving
of this berry. li is one of P. M.
Augur's seedlings, and is named in
honor of the Hon. T. S. Gold of Con-
necticut. Mr. Augur claims that this
plant is hardy, vigoi'ous, and quite pi'o-
ductive, and preserves at the same time
high quality.

250

THE CANADIAN HORTICU LTD HIST.

^tograpktml.

T. H. HOSKINS, M.D.

fHOSE who were present at our
Summer Meeting at Collingwcod
will remember a paper on the
subject of " Fertilizers for the Or-
chard," contributed by Dr. Hoskins,
of Newport, Vt. As this gentleman
is a personal friend and acquaintance
of some of our Canadian fruit growers,
and well known by othei-s through his
frequent communications to the public
l»ress, which are especially valuable to
Canadians because so often treating of
hardy varieties of fruits, we take
pleasure in presenting his likeness to
the numerous readers of the Canadian

Horticulturist. We are indebted to
Our Country Home, Greenfield, ]\Iass.,
for the cut, and for the following brief
sketch of his life : —

Dr. Thomas H. Hoskins — son of
Henry B. and Mary G. (Jewett) Hos-
kins— was born in Gardiner, Kennebec
county, Maine, May 14, 1828. His
father, of the firm of Richards ifc
Hoskins, paper manufacturers, was,
during a long life, one of the chief
business men of that city ; representing
it in the legislature, and repeatedly
city treasurer, alderman, and mayor.
His maternal grandfather, Jesse Jew-

THE CANADIAN HC«TICULTURI6T.

251

ett, was one of the leading and most
progi'essive farmers of the Kennebec
valley, and among the first to introduce
foreign breeds of farm stock into that
state. His father was all his life much
interested in horticulture; and between
the two the bent was given to the boy's
mind which has been subsequently
illustrated in his life. Educated in the
local schools and academy, he in his
16th year entered his father's counting-
room. In 1844 he took a situation as
book-keeper for a wholesale drug house
on India street, Boston. In 1849 he
emigi'ated westward to the city of
Louisville, Ky., whei'e he became a
partner in the jobbing drug establish-
ment of B. R. Clark & Co. His fond-
ness for " digging in the dirt," as some
of his friends phrased it, led to his
purchase of a farm near the city, in
which he became daily more and more
absorbed. His business in town brought
him into acquaintance with many of its
leading physicians ; and his taste for
scientific studies, which had chai'actei--
ized him since boyhood, caused, in
1854, his withdrawal from trade, and
his entrance upon the study of medi-
cine, in which science he graduated
from the medical department of the
University of Louisville, at the head
of his class, in 1860. Shortly after-
wards he retui-ned to New England,
and entered upon the practice of medi-
cine in the city of Boston, making a
specialty of the diseases of children.
He contributed frequently to the press
of that city, on sanitary and other
scientific subjects, and received appoint-
ments as one of the physicians of the
Boston Dispensary, and as a city Health
Warden. In the spring of 1865 he
suffered so severe an injuiy from a
fall on the sti-eet that he found himself
compelled to abandon his pi-actice. His
previous marriage with a Vermont
lady determined his choice in seeking
a home upon a farm in that state, near

the village of Newport, the present
country-seat of Orleans county, situi^t-
ed near the head of Lake Memphrem-
agog, where he has since resided. The
extreme severity of the winter climate
in this elevated locality led him into
an ardent study of the " iron-clad "
tree fruits, which he has now pursued
for over 20 yeai's. His orchard con-
tains some 1,200 fruit trees, embracing
every variety capable of enduring the
climate, collected from our northern
border, Canada, and Russia ; and he
has solved the problem of tree fruits —
apples, pears, cherries, and plitms— for
all of northern New England and
lower Canada. As an ardent gardener
and hybridist, he has also produced a
considerable number of valuable new
varieties of garden vegetables, particu-
larly in the class- of early peas, sweet
corn, and beans. His grounds have
become a sort of horticultural Mecca
for those seeking an example of success
in these specialties, and he is sought as
a contributor by leading agricultural
and horticultural publications througb-
out the country.

Wat Binejpari).

KEEPING QUALITIES AND USE
OF GRAPES DURING WINTER.

BY WM. 5iBAD PATTISON, CLAREXCEVILLE, P.4.

The cultivation of out-door grapes
for domestic use has become so general
of late years that the subject of keep-
ing them for winter use. and the best
method to attain that object may profit-
ably claim attention. The varieties
intended to be laid up for winter use
should be those only which adhere well
to the stem and are not inclined to
shrivel. These should be allowed to
remain on the vines as long as they are
safe from frost. A clear dry day is
necessary for picking, and careful hand-
ling and shallow baskets are important.

252

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTUBI8T.

The room selected for the drying pro-
cess should be well ventilated, and the
fruit laid out in single layers on tables
or in baskets where the air circulates
freely, the windows being closed at
night and in damp weather. In about
ten days, the stems will be dried out
sutiicieutly to pi-event moulding when
laid away. When danger from this is
over, and the stems resemble those of
raisins, the time for packing has
arrived. In this, the point to be
observed is to exclude air consistently
with their tendency to mould. I have
used baskets for permanent packing,
but much pi'efer shallow trays or boxes
of a uniform size to be packed on each
other, so that each box forms a cover
for the lower, the uppermost only need-
ing one. Until very cold weather, tlie
boxes can be piled so as to allow the
remaining moisture to escape through
a crevice about the width of a knife-
blade. Before packing, each bundle
should be examined, and all injured,
ci'acked and rotten berries removed
with suitable scissors. If two layers
are packed in a box, a sheet of paper
should intervene, the boxes must be
ke[)t in a dry, cool room, or passage, at
an even temperature. If the ther-
mometer goes much below freezing
point, a blanket or newspapers can be
thrown over them, to be removed in
mild weather. Looking them over
once in the winter and removing defec-
tive berries will suffice, the poorest
keepers being placed accessible. Under
this treatment the best keepers will be
in good eatable order as late as Febru-
ary, after which, they deteriorate.
Before proceeding further I can say,
from a basis of long observation, that
no fruit is of greater benefit as an
article of diet than the grape, and if it
were more generally used, dyspepsia,
and other disorders of the digestive
orgaiis, and consumption would be less
known.

The following is a list of the grapes
worth noticing that have been tested
for keeping : —

Description'.

( Nov. 1st.

Dec. 1st.

List of Grapes to be Recommknobd.

Lady, Antoinette, Carlotta, Belinda.

Lad}- Washington, Peter Wiley,
;Mason's Seedling, Wordeii, Sen-
asqua, Romell's Superior, Rick-
ett's Xo. 546, Concord, Delaware.

Duchess, Essex, Barry, Rockland
Favorite, Aminia, Garber's New
Seedling, Massasoit, Dempsey's
No. 5, Burnett, Undine, Allen's
Hybrid, Agawaiu, Gen. Pope,
Francis Scott.

Jan. 15th. Salem, Vergennea, El Dorado.

Feb. 1st. Wilder, Herbert, Peabody, Rogers
No. 30, Gaertner, Mary & Owasso.

The new varieties, Empire State and
Norwood, have not been tested here. —
Report Montreal Hort. Society.

Evaporating Fruit. — Prof. Ai-nold,
in the New York Tribune, says evapo-
rating tVuit has been a God-send to
horticulture and to the human race, by
converting thousands upon thousands
of bushels of fruit every year into
wholesome and delicious food which
would otherwise have been lost. Far-
mers all through western New York
find that evaporators suited to their
needs pay better than selling the green
fruit, and far better than making it into
cider to prove a curse to the consumer.
An evaporater will cost about $5 for
each bushel of apples it will dry per
day. The " running expense " in labor
and fuel for evaporating apples at Ro-
chester, N. Y., is 10 to 12 cents a
bushel ; raspberries, 4 to 5 mills per
quart ; peaches, 25 to 35 cents a bushel.
In a large way it costs less than in a
small one.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

253

J^lolnerB.

CULTIVATION OF THE AMARYLLIS.

BY HER1IA^'^ SIMMERS, TOROSTO.

I

fHIS vai-iety of bulbous-rooted
plants, is not as common as the
merit of the flowers should cause
it to be, mainly because the subject has
not been given that prominence which
it should have considering the rather
easy culture with which they may be
reared. Therefore with the hope that
the result may be different, I will give
a few practical suggestions for their
successful culture.

Amaryllis formosissima is a variety
which, though not the most beautiful
in flower, has nevertheless the advan-
tage of giving the successful amateur a
taste for growing the more beautiful,
as well as the more expensive varieties.
A. formosissima is treated in precisely
the same manner as that described
under the heading of Hyacinth, with
this difference, that a somewhat freer
application of liquid manure is re-

quired, on account of the bulb being
larger, and of the number of flower
stems which are thrown up from a
single bulb. Its flowers are of a
beautiful red, exhibiting a play of
golden gleams in the sunshine. They
ai'e scentless.

Amaryllis vallotta purpurea is the
common dark red Amaryllis usually
seen in the amateurs collection, and
growing with a vigour from year to
year, which, with the careful amateur,
may be made to bloom with a lai-ger
amount of success than the pi'ofessional
is able to bring them to. Some speci-
mens I have seen have as many as five
to eight flower stems, and the bulb,
having been grown from year to year,
has been fully nine to twelve inches in
in circumference. They are easily
propagated by the side shoots being
broken off, and planted separately in a

254

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUKI8T.

pot, together, when in the course of
three years' individual handling they
attain sufficient size to bloom. The
success of this variety has caused many
to ti-y the more difficult task of grow-
ing the hybrid seedlings. The cultiva-
tion is the same as described under the
heading of A. formosissima.

Amaryllis Hybrid seedlings cover a
larger number of varieties. Suffice it
to say, if the amateur has made them a
specialty he will attain the climax of
perfection. There are European cata-
logues which list as many as a hundi'ed
varieties of this genus, varying in pi'ice
from one to twelve dollars per bulb,
but I have seen splendid results with
parties who have purchased bulbs of
hybi-id seedlings at, say, one dollar to
one dollar and fifty cents each. The
flowers range in colour from dark red
gi'ound sti-ii)ed with white and yellow
to pure white ground striped with dai"k
red. Tlie individual flower is from two
to three times lai'ger than the A. vail,
purpurea, which is in itself an advan-
tage that excites the curiosity of the
ambitious amateur. The cultivation of
A. hybrid seedlings is perhaps a trifle
more difficult, because if planted now
they sometimes take from four to five
months to root properly, and they
should not be brought to the light luitil
the pot is well filled with roots, which
is natu^ ; for having to throw out a
heavier stem, they must necessarily
require more roots to snppoi-t their
handsome flowers, therefore- let ^e
amateur not despair, but wait patiently
for the sufficient amount of roots re-
quired. A frequent application of
liquid manure after being brought to
the light is necessaiy. The bulbs when
bought should be from five to nine
inches in circumference, otherwise they
will not be strong enough to flowei-.

Many other varieties I might class
separately, but the foregoing are par-
ticularly Avorthy of special mention and

can be easily grown. The cultivation
of the other varieties is the same as
that of the Hyacinth, with the addi-
tion of the special instructions given
above.

• r.V FRANX'IS MASO.N", rETKRBOROrGII, OST.

GOSSIP.

How much we do feel like scolding
and complaining ! Just as our garden
was beginning to look its best, that
hoary-headed monster. Jack Frost, one
night came near, jumped the fence, and
breathed his icy breath all over our
beds of flowers ; and next morning,
when the sun arose, blackness and
destruction met us at every turn.

" Fled are the roses, dead are the roses,
The fflow and the g^Iory done,
And down the hollow the steel winy'd swallow
Flying' the way of the sun.

In place of summer a dread new-comer

His solemn state renews ;
His frosts so hoar^- touch'^ith glory

Maple and oak and thorn ;
And rising and falling his winds are calling,

Like a hunter through his horn."

The gorgeous apparel autumn ap^ared
in a short time ago is laid aside, and,
as Longfellow has put it.

Within the solemn woods of ash deep-crimsoned,
And silvery lieech, and maple yellow -leaved.
There autumn, like a faint old man, sits down
By the wayside a-weary.

And we might say, from all appear-
ances, the weariness has ended in
death : for, although the ash, beech,
and maple were a short time ago
clothed in a coat of many colors^ now
the fi'osts and cold winds have removed
this last vestige of autumn's reign.
And now, though our work in the
garden must for a while be laid aside,
yet we may plan and arrange for
another season's work, taking a back-

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTUKI8T.

255

ward glance at our successes and fail-
ures, which will help us to make
success more certain in all departments
when again the icy bands are loosed,
and mother earth is free once more.
But, as we gather around our firesides,
let us enjoy the consolation that all of
our floral pets were not outside when
that midnight assassin, Jack Frost,
paid us a visit. These will now be-
come more dear to us, and we will
watch them with pleasure as the dreary
days of winter pass by. Let us see
that comfortable quarters are given
them, that their insect enemies do not
increase and prey upon them, that food
is given and water is not withheld
when required by them.

As a mother watches her child that
cannot tell its wants, and supplies
them, so must we watch our dumb
pets ; and as a child needs sleep, so
must our plants have rest. A cooler
atmosphere at night will give ifiis, but
sometimes the house is warmer at night
than in the day ; and, if they are kept
up at fever heat day and night, sick-
ness and de.th must follow. Many
times I am asked, " "What is the mat-
ter with my geraniums : I cannot get
them to flower ;" or, " I cannot succeed
with fuschias ; I wish you would tell
me what is wrong." Well, as I do
not know all the circumstances, I tell
them there is something materially
astray in the home treatment ; it is
nothing outside of nature — it can all be
accounted for ; and he who has plants,
and I'eally loves them, will have healthy
plants. I want to say something about
a few plants that nearly all can succeed
with in the house duiing winter. I
would place foremost on this list

PRIMULAS,

better known as Chinese Primroses.
They need liardly ever to be out of
bloom, except for a short time during
the hot summer weather. They must
be kept in a cool room or window ;

they will do little or no good in a hot
dry atmosphere.

CYCLAMEN'.

Another pretty winter blooming
plant, requiring a rest dui-ing the
summer. By this I mean the bulb
may be dried off" altogether, or only
l)artially so, and repotted early in Se]>-
tember. Most varieties have not only
a peculiar flower, but also a pretty
marked leaf

BEGONIA REX

makes a grand plant for the table, if
nicely grown, as it does not require any
sun. It is very suitable for a north
window. Two things are requisite to
bring this plant to perfection, viz :
large pots with good soil, and plenty of
water in the growing season, or duiing
the summer. Not s < much is required
in the winter.

BEGONIAS FLOWERING,

such as Rubfa, Metallica, Nigricans,
Schmidtii, and many others, are beau-
tiful for the window garden, but we
would not leave out our old standby
friends, the Geraniums, which can be
had single and double, all shades, and
may be had in bloom nearly all winter ;
there is the Paris Daisy, in shades of
yellow and white, nearly a constant
bloomer ; then there are the monthly
rd^es, stocks, svjeet allyssiim, and many
others. But I want to tell yjm

HOW TO MAKE A FERNERY

in an hour, that will give more pleasure
an^reqaire less care than will any
plants that I know of. These home-
made ferneries may be made square
or octagonal, high or low, rustic or
plain, small or large ; but so as to be
easily understood, let us describe a
plain square one. Make or procure a
small box, 12i x 12^ inches, and six
or eight inches deep. This is the case
to hold the earth and ferns. Now
take four lights of glass, 12 x 16 in.,
and i)ut strips of glazed cambric about

256

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

three-quarters of an inch wide, or cot-
ton tape the same width will do, to
connect the joints, or edges, of glass,
using good glue to cause them to ad-
here. When dry, place a piece of tape
around the bottom and top, using
sealing wax at the four corners to make
it adhere to the glass, which will bind
all together. And now, three or four
ferns may be procured from the florist,
or from the woods, using leaf mould
similar to that which they grow in
when found in their natural home.
When this is all complete, place the

glass framework on top of the box,
putting a few tacks around the glass
on the outside, to keep it in position.
Give a good watering, which will be
sufficient for three or four weeks, or
more ; then place a square of glass on
top to retain the moisture. A fernery
does not require any sun, but some
warmth. Soon the beautiful green
fronds will begin to unfold. Any time
before the ground in the woods is
frozen i;p, the ferns may be procured.
Dig them up carefully, so that an
abundance of roots may be retained.

JfoustrjD

FALLEN LEAVES.

A carpet is laid, -but not by hand,
'Tis woven with skill,— but not by man ;
Its colors are crimson and brown and gold,
More curiously wrought than the webs of old.*
And who is its niaker, I ask you to say ?
You answer, 'tis nature, and truly you may.
But what is nature to work out her laws
Without a controlling, presiding " First Cause?"
That power is in nature, in all of her works,
A secret power that subtlely works.
Infinitely great, though not seen at all.
We know it in everjthing both great and small.

We call metaphysics and reason to aid,

Which sometimes confound and often mislead

From question to question, each still asking, why ?

Till all our conclusions unsatisfied lie.

The Word of God's truth it is can reveal.

Unravel our doubts, hypotheses clear ;

And this Book alone affords the true Light

To guide our opinions and judgment aright.

Ou'en Soimd. M. W. Manley.

• The cloth of gold belonging to the great Mogul dynasty is
Talued at SKIO rupees, or 450 dollars the square yard, and even
heyond price.

SOME OF THE NEWER ORNAMENTAL TREES.

(Concluded.)

THE KATSURA

is another of the new importations,
and comes from Northern Japan. It is
supposed to belong to the magnolia
family, and possesses a botanical name
which will by no means increase its
popularity, and therefore we prefer to
call it by its Japanese name, the Kat-
sura, instead of Cercidiphyllum Jaf-
onicum.

Our illustration shows one of these
trees at the age of five years, and the
fact of its having reached eight feet in
height in that tim- is a proof of its

extremely rapid growth. The leaf is
heart-shaped, as shown in the right-
hand corner of the engraving, and in
color is dark green above, and silvery
green beneath. The leaf stocks and
the veins of the leaves are dark red,
and contrast prettily with the dark
brown of the young bark, and make
the tree quite attractive.

At Boston, this tree is reported to
be perfectly hardy, and therefore it
would no doubt succeed in southern
Ontario, but more than this we cannot
say at present.

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTDKI8T.

257

)

THE K

The Rural Xetv- Yorker says this new
tree has been tried on the Rural
Grounds, and objects to it on the
ground that it loses its leaves quite
early in the autumn.

THE PIN OAK.

No lawn or park of any size is com-
plete without one or more specimens of
the oak — the king of forest trees. Nor
need there be any lack of variety in
2

ATSLILV.

kind, when we find as many as forty
varieties offered for sale for ornamental
planting in the catalogue of a .single
nursery.

The Pin Oak, or Quercus pcdustris,
is one of peculiar beauty for lawn or
park planting. The foliage is a deep
green, and finely divided. Its habit
of growth is very striking, for as the
tree advances in age, the branches

258

THB CANADIAN HORTI0DLTDRI8T.

THE PIN

assume a drooping habit, and tlie lower
ones sweep the gi'ound.

Our illustration shows one of these
trees at the age of ten years, with a
height of twenty feet, and a girth of
twenty inches.

VARIEGATED SHRUBS.

Many shrubs, with variegated and
colored leaves, are very beautiful in
their early spring foliage, but when
the summer heat comes on, the varie-

gation is lost, and the shrubs present
only green leaves, and in colored leaved
kinds, of a dull, muddy green, less
pleasing than in the normal form of the
plant. There are two shrubs, howevei",
that have pi-oved thoroughly satisfac-
tory in all seasons. One of these is
the " Purple-leaved Barberry," a form
of the common Bai-berry (Berberis vul-
garis), the leaves of which are of a rich
maroon-purple color, and remain so.
The flowers of this variety are very
pretty, being of a darker yellow than

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

259

in the ordinary kind, with the calyx
purple, and the petals tipped here and
there with the same color. Another
of our favorites is the Variegated Rose
of Sharon {Hjjbiscus Syriatus). There
are several forms of this with varie-
gated leaves, but the one referred to
originated with, or at least was sent
out by, the late Robert Buist. The
leaves are broadly and distinctly mar-
gined with creamy white, which re-
mains in perfection until the end of
the season. This attempts to flower,
but makes a comjjlete failure of it.

The flowers are excessively double,
open about half way, and dry up. It
would improve the appearance of the
shrub to remove the flower buds as
soon as they appear. This shrub is
readily propagated by cuttings, and is
altogether the most satisfactory of any
with vai'iegated foliage, that we have
tried. The variegated Box-Elder, or
Ash-leaved Maple {Negundo aceroides),
sometimes so beautiful, is an utter
failure with us. Variegated shrubs,
generally, succeed better in a rather
poor soil than in a rich one. — Am. Ag.

%\u dianatiian ^orticultarist.

ODN Ilhis-
trated
Monthly Journal, de-
j voted to the interests
of Fruit Growers,
Gardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burban homes.

Subscription price $1.00
per year, entitling the subscri-
to mem))ership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Report, and a share in its
annual distribution of plants and trees.

This Journal is not published in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniary advantage of
any one, but its pages are devoted wholly to
the progress of Horticultural Science and
Art in Canada.

The writer, in accepting the appoint-
ment of Secretary-Tniasurer of the F.
G. A. of Ont., and Editor of the Cana-
dian Horticulturist for another year,

desires to express his appreciation of
the many kind words concerning his
work, spoken during the past year;
and of the hearty co-operation on the
part of the officers and members, which
has so materially aided him in his re-
sponsible position.

And now that the time is approach-
ing for the enlargement of our journal,
he would I'espectfully solicit the hearty
assistance of all friends of horticulture,
not merely in enlarging our sphere of
usefulness by sending the names of new
members, but in contributing items of
personal exjierience which may serve
to advance the interests of our favorite
science.

Our proper sphere of work as an associa-
tion is not the advancement of personal
interests, nor financial gains, excejit so
far as these results may grow out of
the study of horticulture as a science
and as an art. We aim at the im-
provement of our country as a whole,
the adoi-nment of its parks aiid pleasure
grounds, and the wise direction of the
efforts of the cultivator of the gardeii
and orchard, in such a manner as shall
most increase the happiness and the
comfort of our people.

Enlargement of the Canadian Horticulturist.
— Our readers will be pleased to learn

260

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

that plans are in progress for the en-
largement and inprovement of this
Journal. It is found that the present
size is too small for the amount of
valuable matter which comes to hand
each month, and in consequence a great
deal has to be held over from month to
month. Besides this, it is the desire
of the Directors, and of the Editor, that
the Horticulturist should grow in value
every year, until no fruit grower, gar-
dener, farmer, or gentleman owning a
subui'ban or country home can afford
to be without it. We aim not at pro-
fit, but to confer benefit upon our
readers, and every dollar of our income
above the necessary expenses, will be
spent in their interests. We ask
our friends to speak a word in our
favor on eveiy opportunit}^ and aid us
in doubling the membership of our
Association for the coming year.

Owing to some irregularity in the mail-
ing department, at Toronto, we find a
good many complaints of not I'eceiving
the copies of this Journal. We shall
be glad to receive a list of missing num-
bers, from any one who has this com-
plaint to make, and will at once forward
them from this office.

We have also a good many Reports
of past years, which are of great value.
One of these we shall have pleasure in
sending out to each of those who failed
to receive the Report of 1886, on receipt
of a post card saying what Re[)orts they
have already. Others may have these
Reports for 25c each.

Members who have received no share
in the plant distribution, of last year,
may select the package of fall bulbs ;
or may make two selections from our
list for next spring, when sending in
their member's fee for the new year.

Where shall we meet next ? — We are not
by this begging an invitation. Plenty
of places a]ipreciate the great impulses
given to tlie study of horticulture, and

to better cultivation of orchards and
gardens, by the presence of so many
enthusiastic horticulturists, and fruit-
growers, and by hearing them discuss
the subjects of flowers, fruits and
forestry. But wherever the Winter
Meeting, which is fixed for the second
Wednesday in February,is most wanted,
there the executive committee will
arrange to hold the meeting. Some of
our members in the eastern part of the
Province complain that we seldom hold
meetings within their i-each. Well,
then, now is the time to speak for the
meeting to be held in one of the cities
in that direction.

Careful Transportation of Fruit. — A re-
solution was passed at the Annual
Meeting that the President, Vice-
President, Secretary, and Mr. P. C.
Dempsey be a Committee from the
Fruit Growers Association of Ontario,
to correspond with the steamship
companies, with reference to the care-
ful transportation of our fruits to
England.

This is an important point, and upon
it largely hangs the development of our
future export trade. In his annual ad-
dress Mr. M. Allan said — "If our steam-
ship companies would provide cold blast
for the compartment where fruit is
stored, so that damage by heating would
be avoided, we could successfully ship
such apples as the Duchess of Olden-
burg and realize high prices ; and if the
market demand would permit, even such
pears as Clapp's Favourite, Bartlett,
Flemish Beauty and Boussock could be
shipped. Our shippers would find it
greatly to their advantage to provide
good storage, so that varieties could be
sent forward in proper season when the
market demand is best for each par-
ticular variety.

Mr. G. W. Cline, of Winona, sends us
a collection of varieties of plums, of
which he makes a specialty. Among
them we notice Gen. Hand, Golden

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

261

Gage, Reine claude de Bavay, Coe's
Golden Drop, German Prune, Pond's
Seedling, Columbia, Duane's Purple,
and Lombard. Mr. Cline has satis-
factorily demonstrated the advantage
of using Paris green in lighting the cur-
culio. By applying it each year about
the time of the fall of the petals, he
has succeeded in raising abundant crops
during the ])ast two or three years in a
section where plum growing had long
ago been totally abandoned, on account
of this pest.

Winter Protection of Blackberries. — W.
A. B. writes to the Rural Nein Yorker,
from the east shore of Lake Michigan,
strongly advocating winter protection
of the blackberry, and thus growing
the better kinds, as he considers the
Taylor, Snyder, and Stone's Hardy
inferior to the wild varieties growing
thei-e. His method of covei'ing " re-
quires two men, one of whom removes
a spadeful of earth from one side of the
base of the canes, while the other
grasps, with a pair of leather mit'ens,
the top of the canes and brings the tops
to the earth, laying the canes as near
the ground as practicable without
breaking, when a few spades of earth
are thrown upon the toj)s to keep them
in a horizontal position." A covering
of hay or straw completes the work.
This plan is quite pi'acticable with the
Wilson, but is a little more trouble-
some with such stout growing kinds as
the Lawton or Kittatinny.

Ferrous Sulphate. — Dr. A. B. Griffiths,
F.R.S., finds that ferrous sulphate will
destroy parasitic fungi ; and the same
article, according to the Scientific Am-
erican, is under test as a S2)ecial
manure foi- the vineyard.

Industry Gooseberry. — Mr. M. H. Beck-
with, of Geneva, N.Y., says this berry
mildewed with him, last year worse
than any other variety. The fruit was
affected so badly that it nearly all

dropped off before being fully ripe.
What is the experience of our readers'?

The Northern Light was shown at the
American Poiuological Society's Meet-
ing at Boston. The Rural says of it :
" A very showy white grape, with im-
mense clusters." It was also shown at
Grimsby, and Avas the object of much
attention, owing to the great length of
the clusters.

New Strawberries. — A writer in the
Rural Neio Yorker has fruited Itasca,
Logan and Bubach this year with great
satisfaction. He finds the Itasca larger
and more productive than the Crescent,
about as firm as the Wilson, and of the
best flavor. The Logan, he thinks,
may prove the most productive large
berry yet offered, surpassing even the
Bulbach in uniformity and in size and
in flavor.

Prunus hssardi. — The Gardener s
Monthlif thinks it would be much bet-
ter to call this plant the blood-leaved
cherry plum, instead of the Latin name,
which would give the impi-ession that
it is a distinct species when it is only a
purple-leaved vai-iety of the Myrobalan
plum. It was named after Mr. Pi-ssard,
gardener to the Shah of Persia, who
discovered it.

American Apricot Peach. — The Gardener's
Monthly, for October, describes a new
peach upon which it has bestowed the
above name.

Like the Delawai'e grape, the Lady
apple, and the Seckel pear, this peach
is supposed to be desirable as a desert
fruit, notwithstanding its small size, on
account of its delicious flavor.

It is medium in size, of a golden
apricot color, with rich i-ed shading on
the sunny side. It is a free stone, and
the flesh is sweet and melting. It
originates in South Carolina, and the
time of ripening is with that of the
Pine Apple j)each.

In one day last summer, one hundred
and ninety-live car loads of straw! )er-

262

THE CANAHIAN HORTICULTOR18T.

ries were shipped over the Delaware
Railroad.

Thit department if intended as an open one to enerii
reader of the "Horticulturist" to send in either
question's or answers. Often a reader will be able to
ansnrr a question which, has been left unanswered,
or only partially answered by us. For convenience
of reference the questions are nunib»red, and any
one replying or referring to any question will
please mention the number of it.

71. Bliss' Triumph Potato. — JDo you
know anything of Bliss' IViumph po-
tato ? Is it earlier or later than the
Early Rose? L. F. S.

REPLY BY J. A. BRUCE.

Bliss' Triumph may be thus des-
cribed : tubers of medium size, round
and uniform in shape, with but very
few small ones ; eyes slightly depressed ;
color a beautiful light red ; flesh fine
gi-ain and of excellent flavor. Messrs.
Bliss & Sons described and recom-
mended it as eai-lier than the Early
Rose, but the public preferred the Early
Rose. We observe by United States
catalogues that it is better adapted for
a southern latitude than most other
varieties.

72. Bursting Bark. — For bursting of
the bark on apple trees, some grotvers
recommend slitting the bark from top
to bottom of trunk with a sharj) knife.
Is this advisable 1 If so, on which
side of the tree should it be done ? And
at what season ? G. J. K,., Penetang.

The bursting of the bark of apple
trees is caused by excessive cold in
winter. The freezing of the sa{) cau.ses
a sudden expansion of the cells which
contain it, rupturing their walls, and
destroying the bark. Some varieties
called " ii'on-clads " withstand a greater
amount of cold than others. Slitting
the bark would neither prevent nor
cure this evil.

73. Budding and Grafting. — What is the

best practical work on budding and
grafting? G. .j. R.

Either " Thomas' Fruit Culturist " or
"Barry's Fruit Garden"' would probably
give you all the information you re-
quire, and very much beside.

74. Clay Loam. — What chemical con-
stituents does clay loam, possess tohich
are lacking in sandy loam ? G. J. R.

ANSWER BY J. A. MORTON, WINGHAM.

Loams are soils, mixtui'es of clay,
sand, carbonate of lime and animal or
vegetable matter in decay, which derive
their distinctive names from the pre-
ponderating ingredient — clay loam,
when the greater projiortion is clay,
calcareous loam, when lime is the chief
ingredient and sandy loam, if a greater
admixture of sand than either of the
ethers. Speaking genei'ally, all loams
contain the same elements ; ths differ-
ence being one of pi'0])ortion in the
elementary constituents. The chemical
constituents in fei-tile soils are: Oxygen,
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phos})horus,
sulphur, silica, alumina, soda, potash,
irod, magnesia, calcium (lime), chlorine,
and perhaps iodine, bi-omine, lithia,
and fluorine, with maybe other ele-
ments, according to the composition of
the rocks of which the soil is dis-
integrate.

75. Rogers' Grapes, 9, 15, and 22. — Does
the Lindley, the Agawam, and the Salem
grape ripen with the Concord, or is each
earlier or later, respectively ? Which
of the three is the better grape ? Will
they ripen in this district before the

frost comes ? L. F. Selleck,

^lorrisburg, Ont.

The Salem and the Agawam ripen
very soon after the Concord, and the
Lindley a little before it. In quality,
the Salem is preferred by many. It is
large, show\% rich, and excellent ; but
it is vex'y subject to mildew, for which
reason it is now seldom planted, except
l)y the amateur. The Agawam is also

THE CANADIAN HORTICDLTDRI8T.

263.

a very fine large grape, witli tender
juicy flesh, but is subject to rot in un-
favorable seasons. On the whole, the
Lindley is the best grape of the three
for genera] planting in Canada, as it is
more certain to mature, and the vine
is very vigorous and productive.

76. Grafting Grapes. — Is vioist sand in
the cellar the best receptacle for tJie
cuttings for spring grafting ? L. F. S.

Yes, it is the best, generally speak-
ing ; although the writer usually ber-
ries the cuttings in the earth outside,
in the dry sandy loam. They will not
be needed for grafting until INlay or
June.

77. Spirea Japonica. — Will the roots be
best set in the ground this fall, or put
in moist sand in the cellar ? L. F. S.

Probably in your district the}- would
be safer kept in the cellar until spring.

78. Asparagus Culture. — (1) When is
the best time to traus/ilant asparagus
roots, seeds soirn last spring ?

J. R., Berlin.
REPLIES BY J. A. BRUCE.

As the plants are only five months
old, would advise spring planting. It
should not be done whilst the ground
is too cold, or, in other words, not
before the plants begin to push. If
possible, advantage should be taken of
mild, cloudy weather. When the air
is moist they should be carefully taken
up with a fork, and the roots preserved
as entii'e as possible. They should not
by any means be allowed to get dry ;
as soon as the roots are in proper posi-
tion, they should instantly be covered
with the soil.

(2) What kind of soil is best ?

A rich sandy alluvial soil is naturally
best adapted for the growth of aspara-
gus, and in such soil its cultivation is
an easy matter. In preparing the
ground for a plantation attention should
be directed to the texture of the soil ;
and if this is too close, as is generally

the case, such means should be adopted
as will efiectually reduce it to a suffi-
ciently light and porous style. The
application of large quantities of man-
ui'e has this tendency.

(3) Hoio icoidd black muck do ?

Black muck, when largely mixed
with silver or other sands, and the sub-
soil made porous and thoroughly drain-
ed, will grow fine succuhmt stalks,
always keeping in view that large
quantities of manure are essential in the
formation of an asparagus bed. The
aiitumn is the proper season to prepare
the ground for spring planting, as it
allows time for the beds to get settled,
and the winter frosts mellow the .soil,
which teiuls to vigorous growth, the
great desideratum in asparagus cultui'e.

79. Japan Ivy. — In the October num-
ber of the Ilorticidturist is a picture of
and an article on, Japan Ivy. ■ Cotdd
you kindly inform where it can be pro-
cured— and price.

C. Greexaway, Strathroy.

Note. — Wiite to Mr. James Vick,
Florist, Rochester, N. Y.

Jfruit Reports.

APPLES.

Rejiorts from all sides are encourag-
ing. Chicago and INFontreal men are
competing at Sl.75 to Sl.So, fo.b.,
west of Hamilton. The Montreal mar-
ket ranges from S2.25 to ^3.00 for
prime winter fruits, with an upward
tendency. The returns from shipments
to England are encouraging, prices run-
ning from $3.00 to 84.00 for such kinds
as Gi'eenings, Baldwins, etc., and from
84.00 to 85.00 for such fancy kinds as
King of Tompkin's Co. The supply of
apples in the United States is very
light, and prices are steadily advancing
in Philadelphia. Advices from there
on the 13th October quote choice full
apples at $2.75 to 83.00.

264

THE CANADIAN HORTI0ULTIIRI8T.

A REPLY TO INQUIRERS.

In reply to a large number of en-
quiries, which I cannot lind time to
answer personally by letter, I can coii-
tidently recomniend tlie following firms
to our Canadian shippers. In London,
Eng.— Mr. J. B. Tliomas, Covent Gar-
den Market ; Messrs. Williams, Thomas
& Co., Liverpool ; Messrs. L. & H.
Williams & Co., Clasgovv. These firms
have veiy large storage capacity. Their
method of liandling is this : When a
cargo arrives it is transported to the
storehouse and every barrel oi)ened and
examined. Those that are decaying
are sold at once. Those loosened
slightly by the voyage and not shewing
signs of decay, are tightened thorough-
ly. Then in selling they offer in the
auction mart, but do not sell unless a
bid is made up to what they consider
the fruit fairly worth. They sell
lai'gely in lots in the warehouses. A
grower can ship direct to these firms,
and get returns promptly. They will
pay drafts for a proportion at time of
shipping, say from $1 to $1.75 per
barrel, according to brand. The freight
rates vary from 80c. to $1.15 per bar-
I'el througli the season. At present the
rate is 90c. average. Fruit shipped
this season has carried best via New
York, owing to the fact that the Am-
erican roads handle with less shunting,
and steamships will give special apart-
ments and cold blast.

Alex. McD. Allan,

President F. (x. A.

Eebkto

The Illustrated Londox News. Ameii-
cau edition. Published at No. 237 Potter
Building, New York.

The number for Oct. 15 contains an

We will gladly give our candid opinion of any hooks,
magazines or catalogues received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but will not insert cut and dried reading
notices in fav^r of any publication whatever.

article of two and a half pages about
the "Green Lanes" of England. The
writer claims that the beauty of tlie
country cannot be seen or appreciated
in a hasty ride through it in a phaeton,
a four-horse drag, or, much le.ss, "on
that abominable piece of mechanism, a
bicycle. Patient and persistent way-
faring through its green lanes — -by no
other means can you get at the secret
of its beauty, and undiirstand why it
is, and how it is, that Englishmen, who
thoroughly know their country, love it
with so deep and passionate an affec-
tion." A series of pictures illustrating
the scenery in the Atlas Mountains in
connection with an account of the
British Mission to Morocco is also
highly interesting.

Report of the Botanist to the New York
Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. By
J. C. Arthur.

The Report treats of Pear Blight,
Rotting of Tomatoes, Strawberry Mil-
dew, Plum-Leaf Fungus, Smut in
Oats, etc.

CATALOGUES.

Simmers' Illustrated and Descriptive
Catalogue of Flowering Bulbs. J. A.
Simmers, 147 King St. E., Toronto, Out.

LovETr's Illustrated Catalogue of Trees
AND Plants. Autumn, 1S87. Choice
small fruits a specialty. J. T. Lovett,
Little Silver, N..J.

The Grehnwoot) Nurseries, Como, Que-
Hardy apple trees for sale, suitable for the
Province of Quebec. R. W. Shephei'd,
jun., Montreal, Que., proprietor.

Catalogue D'Ognons a Fleuks, graines et
plantes d'antomne, divers objets et usten-
siles horticoles de H. Schmitz, 20 Rue de
Brabant, Gand., Belgique.

Bees and Honey. Illustrated Catalogue
and Price List. A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

" Ah ! what's this '!" exclaims the intel-
ligent compositor. ' Sermons in stones,
books in the running brooks ?' That can't
be right. I have it ! He means ' Sermons
in books, stones in the running brooks.'
That's sense." And that is how the writer
found it. And yet he was not happy. —
Bo>itoti Traiiscrlpi.

PBINTBD AT THE STEAM PRESS KSTABLISHMRNT OF THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY (LIMITED), TORONTO.

I

TTbe

Canadian

Dorticulturiet

Published at Toi\onto and Grimsby, Ont.
OFFICE ADDRESS— GRIMSBY, ONT.

VOL. X.]

DECEMBER, 1887.

[No. 12.

THE NEW WEEPING DOGWOOD.

fOO MANY weeping trees would
be out of place in a pleasure
ground. They give a stiflP and
sombre appearance to a place, and are
suggestive of grief rather than of good
cheer. Yet an occasional weeping tree
in a group of other trees, or standing
alone in the rear of a yard, is a grace-
ful object. One old Weepirg Willow
(Salix Babylonica), standing for a hun-
dred years or so on the roadside near
Grimsby, is most conspicuous for the
beauty of its long, slender drooping
branches, and we never pass it without
looking upon it with admiration. But
this is a tree of colossal proportions,
and one that would be out of place in
a lawn of limited extent. For such a
place there are several suitable weepers,
as for instance the Cut-leaf Weeping
Birch, the Kilmarnock Weeping Wil-
low, the Weeping Mountain Ash, and
the new Weeping Dogwood.

The latter, known technically as
Cornus Florida Pendula, shown in our
colored picture for this month, belongs
to the Dogwood Family or Cornaceae,
a name derived from the Latin word
cornu, a horn, alluding to the hardness
of the wood. The bark is bitter, and
by some considered medicinal. It is
a variety of the White Cornus (C.
Florida), which is common in rocky
woods southward — a tree which only
attains a height of twenty or thirty
feet, and which is also a very attrac-
tive ornamental tree, with showy
white flowers in spring and clusters of
red berries in autumn. The Weeping
Cornus is similar in flower and fruit,
as is well shown in the upper part of
the painting. The so called flowers
are in reality close heads of flowers
surrounded by a foui'-leaved corolla-
like involucre, the whole somewhat
resemblinof a clematis flower.

266

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

The tree is unique among weepers in
one respect, that is in having a per-
fectly upright leader, from which the
opposite pendulous branches curve
downward most gracefully of their own
accord ; this charactei'istic is shown in
the illustration, which was drawn from
a three-year old tree, grafted near the
gi'ound, and allowed to follow its own
habit, without any aid whatever from
string or pruning knife.

The Red-osier Dogwood (C. Stoloni-
fera) is quite common in the Niagara
district growing wild in damp places,

and forming dense clumps. It is only a
shrub, growing from three to six feet
high, and very ornamental even when
stripped of its foliage, on account of its
smooth, bright red-purple branches,
the annual shoots of which are like
the osier or basket willow in habit of
growth. Its berries are white and
fewer in number than those of the tree
above described. It is easily propa-
gated by layers, and we see no reason
why this shrub should not have a place
among our ornamentals, especially
where hardiness is a virtue.

THE JEWEL.

On page 127 Mr. Wm. Mead Pattison
wrote of the persistent and successful
labors of Mr. John Burr, of Leaven-
worth, Kansas, U.S., in producing
varieties of grapes of superior quality
and earliness, capable of resisting the
severe climatic changes of northern
sections. Three of his new varieties
of black grapes are there commended
as giving great promise, viz., the Stand-
ard, the Ideal, and the Jewel. Of the
latter, by favor of Messrs. Stayman &
Black, of Leavenworth, we are able
this month to give our readers an en-
graving said to be made from a photo-

graph of a medium sized bunch and
berry.

It is claimed for this grape that it is
an extra early black grape of superior
excellence ; that it colors quite as early
if not earlier than the Champion, and
that it is ripe soon after commencing to
color ; that in quality it is nearly equal
to the Delaware, and in appeai'ance
very attractive, being jet black with a
handsome delicate bloom. It is also
claimed to be quite hardy.

From all that we can learn of this
grape we believe we are justified in re-
commending it for trial in Canada.

FRUIT IN NORTH SIMCOE.

By G. C. Gaston, Craigiiurst, Director for Agricultural Diviginn No. IJ.

*^VOW that the fruit season is over, I
JlSf herewith send you a short report on
" thefruits in this locality during the
season of 1887. Strawberries showed
a profusion of bloom and encountered
no frosts, but we had a very dry spell

of weather in May that retarded the
growth. Still there was a fair average
crop ; I think in most places rather
more than an average. But the hot,
sultry weather of July caused the latest
berries to ripen prematurely, and ren-

TFTK CANADIAN' H' 'K HCCLTURIdT.

267

THE JEWEL.

268

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

dered the last two or three pickings
rather hard to save. The

OLD RELIABLE WILSON

is still the best all round berry here,
although we have several other varie-
ties, viz.. Crescent, Sharpless, Man-
chester, Triomphe de Gand, etc. I
have also the Jessie, Jewel, Daniel
Boone, and Belmont; but have not
had them long enough to report as to
their good or bad qualities.

RASPBERRIES

were very fine the first of the season,
but were much injured t&ward the last,
by the continued hot, dry, weather of
July and August. I grow the Cuth-
bert red, and Gregg Black cap. The
Cuthbort is a fine berry, but just a
little too tender for our winters. We
want something a litcle hardier, as it
should be well sheltered and grown in a
place where the snow lies deep in winter,

APPLES

were not as good a crop as usual.
Though showing an abundance of blos-
soms, they yet failed to set much fruit.
This was more especially true of the
winter varieties (for the Astrachan
was better than it had been for
several years). The Duchess, though
the fruit was very fine, did not bear as
well as usual. Golden Russets, and in
fact all winter apples, are likely to be
scarce. There is one thing remarkable
about this season, and that is that,
although the crop was small and the
weather unusually dry, the apples
were the finest I have seen for sev-
eral years, and not a sign of the fun-
gus or scab on any of them, which
proves that the extent of this fungus

growth is some way connected with the-
season, as iu the case of the rust in
wheat, but in what way I leave to-
scientific men to explain. The Codlin
Moth is getting worse with us every
year, causing a premature ripening and
dropping of the fruit. I think we
shall have to give them Paris green if
we are going to stop their ravages.
The varieties of apples most suitable to
our climate are, for summer : Duchess,
Astrachan and Yellow Transparent ;.
and for winter : Wealthy, Mann,
Golden Russet, Red Pound or Simcoe,
Pewaukee, and Spitzenburg. It is only
the hardy kinds that will succeed here.
But those that do succeed bear very
very tine specimens of fruit, and I be-
lieve that the farther north you can
succeed in growing them the finer the
fruit, and this applies to other fruits as
well as apples. I have been very
much interested in the reports of Mr.
A. A. Wright, of Renfrew. He seems
to have a pretty cold climate to con-
tend with, colder even than ours, and
his experience is valuable to us, for
any variety that Mr. Wright succeeds-
with will be sure to succeed with us in
Simcoe. This wa.s the best season for

GRAPES

I have yet experienced. I never saw
finer Concords than I had this year
of course my vines are young, well
manured, and pruned ; all the varieties-
I have ripened perfectly. I have
Moore's Early, Rodger's No. 3 and 19,
Worden, Early Victor, Vergennes,.
Prentiss, Champion, and Brighton. I
have also the famous Niagara, but fail
to see wherein it excels the Prentiss in

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUKI8T.

269

quality. Among the red grapes I pi-e-
fer the Brighton. It is far the best
with me. And among the black
varieties, take it all round, the old
Concord beats them all. The Concord

seems at home here. It has ripened
now two seasons in succession perfectly,
and hope it will continue to do so, for
it is unsurpassed. Mildew is a thing
unknown here so far.

LESSONS OF THE DROUTH AND ITS EFFECT ON GRAPE VINES.

THE DELAWARE, CLIXTON

BY A. IIOOD,

r&> ITTLE as we may desire at any

'^ '' time to be visited by such a
prolonged drouth as the one we
have just passed through, and dearly
bought as we consider any lessons it
inculcates, still there is something to
be learned even from misfortunes ;
something which it is frequently pos-
sible to turn to good account.

The first thing that stiikes me on j
looking back is a feeling of surprise j
that vegetation has not suffered more
than it has ; with the thermometer day
after dav, and week after week in the
neighbourhood of the nineties, and with
soil as dry as dust, it is surprising to
nie that some of my plants continue to
live ; and that they have lived and in
some cases flourished, would seem to
indicate that they must draw their
supplies from other sources than rain-
fall. When considering this subject I
have sometimes supposed that as the
simple elements of which Avater is com-
posed are found in abundance in the
soil, and in the atmosphere, that roots
of plants might possess the power of so
uniting those elements as to furnish
themselves with the needed supply ;
be that as it may, if they have no such
power, then the moisture tliey require
must be drawn largely from the sub-
soil by capillar}- attraction ; not in
sufficient quantities, however, under a
scorching sun ^— especially if accom-
panied by wind — to answer the re-
quirements of vegetation.

I noticed during the very hottest

, BRANT AND CONCORD.

BARRIE.

weathei", and when we were longing
for those showers which we knew fell
to the south, while we only got a few
drops that would scarcely wet a leaf,
that plum trees and grape vines were
suftering severely ; the latter losing a
great many leaves and threatening to
dry up the whole of the fruits ; a week
or two later, although no I'ain had
fallen, both ap])eai'ed to revive quite
perceptibly ; the cause being I pi-esume
that as the weather had become much
cooler, and the evaporation from leaves
so much less, that the moisture brought
from the sub-soil by capillary attrac-
tion was sufficient for ordinary require-
ments.

As therefore we had more of the
drouth than our neighbours to the
south, we have had better opportunities
of observing its effects, and as regards
grapes I find that the Delaware has
suffered less than any other kind. on
my grounds ; having i-ipened perfectly
the whole of its fruit ; which is more
than can be said of any of the others ;
Clinton and Concord lost so many
leaves that part of the fruit shrivelled
up and was worthless ; part of it filled
out but never perfectly ripened, and
was worthless also, and scarcely half
was fit for sale or use. Roger's No. 9,
15, and Salem, wei'e nearly as bad, and
might have been worse if the crop had
been as heavy.

With the excejition of the time when
the grape vine leaf hopper attacked my
Dela\vai-e I have always raised as

270

THE CANADIAN HOBTICULTtJKIST.

many pounds on a vine of that vai'iety
as of Concord ; I obtain from one to
two cents per pound more for them;
they ripen earlier ; the vine is quite as
hardy, and, which is far from being the
case with Concord, every bunch is fit
to sell ; if therefore it paid to raise
grapes in this locality for market,
which at this season's prices it certainly
does not, I would grow nothing but
Delaware.

I have a few vines of the Brant —
Arnold's No. 8 — a variety that origin
ated with the late Chas. Arnold, an
which deserves, I think, more att'
tion, especially in the north, tha' .t
has received ; it has stood next to the
Delaware with us this year in with-
standing the effects of the drouth,
having ripened nearly all its fruit. It
is a rampant grower, and runs so much
to wood when young that it bears but
little fruit ; quite as much, however,
as the Clinton, but both improve in
this respect by age. The vine is ex-
ceptionally hardy, its vitality being so
great that I have never known a vine
to die or fail to grow, when first
planted ; the berries run a little larger
than Clinton, are not quite so acid,
have smaller seeds, and ripen a week
or ten days earlier, coming in about
with Moore's Eai-ly, and a week earlier-
than Concord. The bunches are long —
double or treble the size of Clinton — and
the bexTies packed so close on them that.

in a wet season, they are apt to squeeze
each other to bursting ; this is a fault,
a well filled bunch is a good thing,
but a bunch filled to bursting is not
desirable, but it is certainly the case
with Brant : the flavour is vinous, less
acid than Clinton, and should I think
be equal, if not superior, to that old
standard as a mne grape ; it cannot be
called a table grape, neither is the
'in ton ; but the late Editor of the
lorticulturist has frequently said that
he prefers a perfectly ripe bunch of the
latter, to any other grape for his own
eating, and in some seasons 1 think he
is right, but I believe Brant is better ;
I certainly prefer it as grown this year
to any other grape on my grounds, not
excepting even the Delaware, but it
must be thoroughly ripe, and so must
the Ciinton, and so must the Concord,
before their good qualities can be
palatably experienced, or their value
,as table grapes properly appreciated.

I can imagine a person growing any
or all of these three varieties for years
— in fact I have done it myself — with-
out being aware of the perfection they
will attain when really ripe ; they are
generally plucked, for fear they may
be stolen, as soon as coloured ; when
they are certainly far from being ripe.
Is it too much to say that half the fruit
grown by private individuals is plucked
in an imperfect state from a fear of
this kind ?

NOTES FROM
EXPORTATION OF APPLES.

C. P. Dewey, in the American
Agriculturist, says that the plan of
sending American apples to Europe,
was first devised by a Scotchman, named
Buchanan, who, in 1845, sent five
barrels from Boston to Glasgow. The
venture being successful, he repeated it
year after year, until he had established

EXCHANGES.

a regular trade. The business has now
become general, and instead of five
barrels, seven or eight hundred thou-
sand are shipped annually.

During ten years, from 1876 to 1886,
Canada alone has shipped to England
721,813 barrels of apples, and the
prospect is that the business will reach
gigantic pi'oportions in time to come.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIBT.

271

PROMISING NATIVE CHERRIES.

In the same journal, Prof. C. H.
Bespet, of Nebraska, writes a descrip-
tion of two native cherries, he has
discovered in Northern and North-
western Nebraska, and which are
worthy of cultivation, with a view of
furnishing new and useful varieties for
the West. One was the Sand Cherry
(Prunus Pumila), a very small shrub,
with slender trailing stems, which ci'eep
over the soil and strike roots here and
there. The cherries ripen in July, and
closely resemble the common garden
cherry in size and shape. The color
is a deep black-red, which changes to
black when fully ripe. The bushes
bear profusely.

The other was the Rocky Mountain
Cherry (Prunus Demissa), is a shrub
from three to eight or more feet in
height. The cherries are borne in long
racemes, like those of the wild black
cherry, but are a little larger. When
ripe they are black, and very agreeable
in taste, and are much used for pies.
sharpless and cumberiand ahead.

Mr. D. M. Dunning, of Albany, a
careful cultivator, says in the Country
(Tentlem'xn, that he has tried Jewell,
Parry, Ontario, May King, Bubach,
3Ianchester, Bidwell and many other
strawberries, and does not find any of
them equal to Sharpless and Cumber-
land. The Cumberland is a strong
grower, free bearer, and extra good
in quality, though lacking in color and
a little soft for shipping to distant
jnarkets. With proper cultivation, he
prefers the Sharpless for all purposes.

Next to these two varieties he would

choose the Wilson. He believes that if
it wei'e sent out now-a-days as a new
variety, it would " take the strawberry
world by storm, and create a tre-
mendous excitement. "

THE JESSICA GRAPE.

The Jessica out-does in flavor any
garden grape known, and it is a wonder
that no more is said of it. The little
white gi'ape, with its small clusters, is
not over attractive, but once between
your lips, you will avow it has all the
good qualities a grape can have in one.
Sweet, with a honeyed touch, at first
taste, succeeded by a freshness of mild
acid, and a bouquet' that lingers on the
sense, it is a grape for connoisseurs to
linger over and praise. — .S'. Poioer, in
Vick's Magazine for October.

HARDY FRUITS— VARIETIES RE-
COMMENDED FOR THE
COLD NORTH.

Apples for Quebec. — In the re-
port of the Fruit Growers' Association,
for the Province of Quebec, Mr. R.
W. Shepherd, jun., recommends the fol-
lowing varieties for profit, in the order
named: (1) Wealthy, (2) Fameuse, (3)
Duchess, (4) Canada Baldwin, (5)
Winter St. Lawrence. He says
further :

I hope to increase the list of my com-
mercial apples by adding Yellow
Transparent (Russian) and Brockville
Beauty. These two apples have not yet
been put on this market. Being hardy
and pi-oduetive, and ripening, respec-
tively, just before and after Duchess,
they till a gap in my list of marketable
varieties. The Brockville Beauty is
one of the most attractive looking
apples, and its quality is very good ;
marketed in baskets, it ought to com-
mand high prices. I have not culti-
vated the Montreal Peach or Montreal
Strawberry to any extent, because,
Montreal being my principal market,

272

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

these varieties seem to be too plentiful
and too cheap.

Mr. John M. Fisk recommended the
following as the five best varieties for
table use : Summer — 1. Yellow Trans-
parent, or Charlottenhaler, equal ; 2.
Duchess of Oldenburg. Fall — 3. St.
Lawrence. Early Winter — 4. Fameuse.
Late Winter — 5. Golden Russet.

Mr. C. Gibb of Abbotsford, Quebec,
says that the five best varieties of
apples for |)rofit in that province ai-e in
his opinion, (1) Duchess, (2) Alexan-
der, (3) Wealthy, (4) Yellow Trans-
pai'ent, (5) Haas.

Plums for Quebec. — Mr. Shepherd
says, " Last year Mj. Wm. Evans asked
me to visit his nursery, I think in the
month of September, and I was very
much struck with the Moore's Arctic
Plum. The trees were '• earing, and he
allowed them to grow and bear in the
nursery rows, and certainly the crop
was the most extraordinary I ever saw.
The trees were bent to the ground with
the weight of fruit. It is a very dark
blue plum, very fair size, as large as
the Lombaixl."

Mr. Gibb says : " Mj^ special hopes
now are turned toward the improved
varieties of the North- Western States.
I fruited De Soto and found it an
advance on any I have tried. Anothei;
I think a good deal of is the Wolf, a
large plum of but fairly good quality,
and one of those hardy and vigorous
trees with rough, coarse leaves, that
look as if they could stand any amount
of summer heat. I have more hopes of
North-West plums from my own
experience, and from what I have seen
in the West, than I have of even the
Russian plums.

NEW FRUITS.

During the discussions on this sub-
ject at the meeting of the Am. Pom.
Society at Boston, the De Soto plum

was spoken of by many as a special
favorite, Mr. Brackett of Iowa placing
it at the head of the list for Iowa. The
Stevenson's Rareripe peach was stated
by Mr. Caywood to be the leading sort
on the Hudson ; being " larger than
the E. Crawford, better in quality,
twice as good a grower, and quite
as healthy." The Moore's Early
grape was considered valuable only
because of its earliness ; otherwise in-
ferior to the Concord. The Empire
State was jjut do'wai as less productive
than the Niagara, the clusters small,
and in some places subject to mildew
• — but in quality it was acknowledged
to be better in quality than any white
gi'ape yet introduced.

THE BALDWIN APPLE FAILING.

Until the last few years the Baldwin
has held tlie first place among market
apples. The increased severity of the
winters, resulting from the destruction
of timber, has caused the Baldwin to
suffer above most other popular A'arie-
ties. During the winter of 1884-5 50
old trees were killed in the college or-
chard at Lansing (latitude 40 degrees)
of which over 40 were Baldwins, the
remainder being mostly Rhode Island
Greenings. In fact, there is not a
vigorous ti-eee of these varieties left in
the orchard. All others among the
market sorts wei-e not injured. It is
more and more evident that the Golden
Russet is one of the best mai'ket apples
for this region. The ti-ee is remarkably
hardy and vigorous, and a good bearer.
The apples are uniform in size and color,
very firm, fair, and good keepers. In
market they bring 20 per cent less than
Baldwins, but this difference is over-
balanced by their productiveness and
hardiness. Russets should be barreled
in the fall to prevent withei-ing. The
Spy is a tardy and unreliable bearer ;
the apples are often imperfect, and they-
are too tender for distant markets. I

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

273

should not recommend it here for the
flatter lands. Fameuse is one of the
best when the fruit fair, but it is un-
reliable. Canada Red, top-grafted, is
one of the veiy best, and in this vicinity
undoubtedly ranks next to the Russet,
or perhai)s superior to it. The St
Lawrence, Oldenburg, and Twenty
Ounce appear to be among the best
fall ap])les for this vicinity. The Olden-
burg demands a close market, however,
as it decays soon. The Russian a pies
of recent introduction ai-e not yet sufii-
ciently known to be recommended for
profit. — Prof. L. H. Bailey, Michigan
Agricultural College.

SCOTT'S WINTER APPLE.
Scott's winter is an apple which is
coming strongly to the f; ont as an iron-
clad long-keeper of merit Our local
paper, the Newpoi-t Express, of August
10th, says : — "Last Tuesday Cushman
Gilbert brought in the ])roof that we
can have good fruit the year round in
thijS country. He had some fine Yellow
Transparent apples just ripe and also
Scott's Winter of last season's growth,
which wei-e still sound and of good
flavour. With the apple season con-
tinuing the year round we ought to
be well content." Prof. Budd, of Iowa,
speaks highly of it, while at the winter
meeting in Moiatreal, above referred to,
in reply to the question, " What about
Scott's Winter ?" Mr. Shepherd said,
" I suppose my trees are about ten years
old. So far they have been veiy satis-
factory : the tree is very hardy ; its
quality is very good. It is a little acid,
but it tones down about tlie middle of
January and gets to be a very good
quality. It keeps until spring with-
out any difliculty." Mr. Gibb added :
" I would like to endorse what Mr.
Shepherd says about Scott's Winter.
Its keeping qualities are good ; it is a
little under size, but I have nothing
better of its kind." I may add that

Scott's Winter is the only keeping
apple that is carrying a full crop with
me this year I think it is quite as
hardy as the Wealthy and as produc-
tive. In good land, especially if thinned,
it is a full medium in size, but when
not properly cared for, and allowed to
over-bear, small. — VicKs Magazine.

PEAR TREES IN SOD.

BT W. F. MASSET.

My experience is that pear blight is
much less destructive where the trees
are kept in sod, and the fertility of the
soil maintained by annual top-dressings.
While I would not assert that cultiva-
tion is the cause of blight, I have
no doubt that the tearing of the roots
during the season of rapid growth leaves
the tree in a weakened condition, favor-
able to the spread of fungoid growth.
Years ago I grew pears in a piece of
land which was annually heavily ma-
nured and cultivated in vegetables. I
noticed that blight almost always
followed to some extent the deep plow-
ing in midsummer, made necessaiy
by second crops following the early
vegetables. I have never known pear
trees grown in properly kept sod to be
seriously injured by blight. My ex-
perience is confirmed by a brother
orchardist, who states that his pears in
cultivated land were larger and better
looking than those in sod, but that those
grown in sod were finer flavored, and
that when the blight swept through his
cultivated trees, those in the sod escaped
altogether.

But it will not do that fruit trees in
sod shoitld be neglected. Tlieir projjer
treatment will probably be more ex-
pensive than cultivating them. They
should have the grass mown as regu-
larly as a lawn, but never removed, and
should have an annual dressing of bone
dust and kainit. In other words the
fruit crop must be the only crop taken
from the land. Treated in this wav

274

I'HE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the feeding I'oots will be found near the
surface and within reach of all the
favorable influences of air, moisture
and fertilizers, and will not be driven
by the plough to seek sustenance from
the cold subsoil. Even the peach is no
exception to the rule. The oldest, best
and most pi'oductive peach tree I ever
knew stood in a tough blue grass sod on
a lawn. It survived for ten years all
its companions planted at the same time
in a piece of cultivated land adjoining,
and for aught that 1 know may still be
thriving. — Phil. Weehly Press.

HOW TO MAKE VINEGAR.

A correspondent wants to know how
make merchandise vinegar from

pies.

ASj ordinarily made the juice of the
apple or cider, is put into barrels and
then placed in the sun, or where the
temperature is high and the contents
allowed to ferment and " work " into
vinegar. Whiskey, molasses or old
vinegar barrels are the best to use, as
what little is left of the former contents
of the barrels will assist in the forma-
tion of vinegar. New oak barrels
should not be used, as the tannin in
the oak will injuriously affect the
vinegar. If the barrels are to be
placed out of doors in the sun and air
it is quite essential that they be thor-
oughly painted, hoops and all, to pre-
vent shrinking, and keep borers, etc.,
from working through the wood and
thus cause serious loss.

As the oxygen of the air plays a very
important part in the process of fermen-
tation, it is necessary that means of
access be provided for this ; hence the
bung hole is left open, though covered
with a piece of mosquito netting or
similar material to keep out the insects.

In vinegar factories vats are pro-
vided and the liquid is some times
passed from one to another, and to still
more bring every portion into contact

with the air it is made to run through
beechwood shavings. These shavings
also collect many of the impui-ities.
Shavings from other wood are some-
times used but are generally objection-
able, as they may impart unpleasant
tastes to the vinegar. We have heard
of corn cobs being used iis a substitute
for the shavings, with good results.
The practice is too prevalent of work-
ing up the poorest apples into vinegar.
The better the apples and the less water
is used the better will be the product.
Many formulae exist for making
vinegar by the use of chemicals, but
the best article is made out of the pure
juice of fruit. Manipulation may vary,
but we have given the essential points.
— Rural World.

BETTER SYSTEM IN MARKET-
ING FRUITS NEEDED.
I wish to say, in a cautionary way,
that a man who goes into truit gi'owing
should have some definite plans about
reaching his markets. The weakness
of our whole fruit growing system,
next to slovenly cultivation and hand-
ling, is found in a lack of a good system
of distribution of our products. There
are many sections of the country, north
and south, where fruit growing has be-
come unprofitable, largely on this ac-
count. We do not reach out widely
enough, or our fruit does not bear carry-
ing far enough. Our limited markets
break down under the supply, and we
lose money from over-production. —
Hon. Parker Earle.

PRESERVATION OF FRUITS.

Marshall P. Wilder has said that to
preserve fruit we must have perfect con-
trol of temperature, light and moisture.
The apartments where it Ls expected to
keep fruit must be so arranged that the
temperature within may be kept cool.
If warmth enters the conditions of fer-
mentation are present. Mr. Wilder

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

275

did not use ice. He had thoroughly
expei'imeuted both with and without it.
He built his fruit house in a coo), shady
place, with the door on the north, and
with a thoroughly drained and cemented
cellar, with small double windows which
he could open and close at pleasure.
In such a house he kept fall and winter
pears in good condition until March.
Apples can be kept at a lower tempera-
ture than pears — say thirty-four to forty
degi'ees. J. J. Thomas has said that
in such a room as this, and by admit-
ting air on cold nights, and closing the
entrances when the air is warm, he has
kept some yarieties of pears until
April, and Baldwin apples into June.

THE VALUE OF FORESTS.
The importance of forestry manage-
ment in the estimation of older nations,
better skilled than we are in economic
administration, appears in a volume of
Consular Reports extending to 315
pages, lately published by the Depart-
ment of State. The reports coyer the
particulars of government control and
management of forests in Austria-Hun-
gary, Germany, France, Italy and
Switzerland, and aie full of matters of
great use to students of the subject in
this country. Consul-General Jussen
reports that no proper returns are pub-
lished in Austria-Hungary of the profits
of Government forests for the whole
empire, but for Bohemia alone the clear
annual profit is about 14,000,000
florins. The net income from the
Prussian State forests, Consul-General
Raine reports, stands at about 24,000,-
000 marks annually. The French net
annual income is about 16,000,000
francs, as reported by Consul Roose-
velt. Consul-General Alden reports
that it is impossible to give trustworthy
figures of the revenue and cost of for-
estry in Italy. According to Consul-
Genei-al Winchester, the Swiss Con-
federation derives no revenue from

forests. The total value of yield froni
cantonal forests, however, is about
33,000,000 francs, and the i-etui-ns from
the forests of the Canton of Zurich
show a nearly three-fold increase of
profit yielded during a period of fifty
years of cultivation — from 31-28 francs
per hectare (nearly two and a half
acres) in 1830-40 to 90.58 francs in
1870-78. Returns in money, however,
ai-e the lightest evidences of the true
value of the forests. Their influence
upon the climate and rainfall, and the
consequent benefit to agricultural land
and to the public health, are considera-
tions of far gi-eater importance, besides
which is the provision of useful and
wholesome employment for numbers
of the population. — X. Y. Eveniny Post.

Hscs of J:nut0.

Next in importance to the bett modes of cultivation
and the selection of the choicest varieties, comes the
most approved methods of prepaiing fruits for use.
We would be ff lad therefore if the ladies, who read
this Journal, would make free use of this column.
for an interchange of ideas on this stibject.

APPLES FOR ANIMALS.

Prof. L. B. Arnold writes the fol-
lowing to the New York Tribune :

The feeding value of apples is not
large; they rank with mangels, turnips,
cabbage, and the like. Their food
properties are mostly carbo-hydrates,
or heat producing, their protein being
only about one-half of one per cent.,
and their nutritive ratio about one to
thirty, and hence are most eflective
when fed in connection with more
nitrogenous food, like clover, but may
be fed sparingly with grass. They have
a higher value than the weight of their
food constituents indicates, on account
of condimental qualities, and from hav-
ing a large per cent, of those constitu-
ents in a condition to be at once
absorbed and appropriated without
waiting for any special action of the
stomach. Using hay as the unit of

276

THE CANADIAN HORTICnLTURIST.

measure, apples compare with it and
other common feeding stuffs as follows,
per 100 pounds of each :

Hay $0 50 Cabbage

Corn meal 112 Apples, ripe ....

Oat meal, bran, and Turnips

middlings 1 00 Rutabagas

Potatoes 29 Mangels

Sugar beets 10 Pears

Parsnips & carrots. IS

Good ripe apples have a feeding
value of not less than eight cents per
bushel of 50 lbs., and are as good for
other stock as for milch cows. For
any one who has stock to consume
them, it is as much of a loss to waste
good apples as to waste good roots.
When fed with reason and appropriate
food they are health-inspiring as well
as nutritious, and are only injurious
when fed immoderately. An experi-
ment in feeding three cows with
moderately sour apples, ripe and mel-
low, for several weeks, at the rate of
12 to 20 lbs. to each cow daily, gave
me a finer flavored butter than I ever
saw from grain or grass. I have known
others to feed them in larger quantity
and for a longer time Avith satisfactory
result, and their butter to be not only
fine flavored, but to have remarkable
keeping quality, and the stock to re-
main perfectly healthy. I have also
proved them to make excellent milk
for cheese. The managers of cheese
factories have noticed an improvement
and increase of milk when th-'ir pat-
ron's cows have been fed moderately
with apples.

QUINCE PRESERVES.
Pare, core and quai'ter a peck of
quinces, then weigh them ; put the
parings, cores and seeds into a preserv-
ing kettle, cover them with water, and
boil slowly for twenty minutes ; then
strain them, put the water back in the
kettle and put in the quinces a few at
a time, and simmer gently until tender,
say five or ten minutes ; lay them on
«, dish ; when all are done add the sugar

and a little warm water. Let this boil
for a few minutes until clear, then put
in all the quinces and boil them without
stirring until they become a cleargarnet,
which will be about one hour. Have
ready two lemons sliced thin and seeds
taken out ; put them in a few minutes
before taking from the fire.

EVERYTHING IN ONE ROSE.

An old German florist relating his
tribulations on this subject to me a few
years ago, said : "I have so much
trouble with the ladies when they come
to buy mine Rose, they all wants him
hardy, they wants him dooble, they
wants him nice gooler, they wants him
nice shaps, they wants him fragrant,
they wants him moondly, they wants
him eveiy dings in one rose, now I
have to say to dem ladies, though not
what you call an ungallant man, I says,
that I sees not that lady that is rich,
that is young, that is good demper, that
is beautiful, that is healdy, that is smart,
that is everydings in one lady, I see her
not much."

This was true of the roses when my
old German friend told me of his
troubles, but since then we have been
fortunate enough in getting a new class
of roses known as the

HYBRID TEAS.

all of which, by covering with four
inches of leaves, put on in December
around the roots prove perfectly hardy
in most of the l^orthern States. These
now compose many fine kinds, among
which are : Dinsmore, bright scarlet
crimson, si)lendid form ; Ball of Snow,
pure snow white, fragrant ; La France,
deep pink shading to light rose, splen-
did ; American Beauty, rich, light crim-
son, grand form, large size, and exceed-
ing all other roses in its delightful odor ;
Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, rosy blu.sh,
globular, large ; Pierre Guillot. These
are all " monthly," all "fragrant," all
" double " and of fine " form," and are

THE CANADIAN HCitTICCLTURIST.

27T

all particularly rich in color. In fact,
they are all that the good old German's
cubtomers wanted : they are " every-
dings " in one rose, and besides are all
" moondly,"' " nice gooler ," " fragrant
and ever-blooming." — Peter Henderson.

CAN WE IMPROVE OUR PRESENT
VARIETIES OF ROSES.

K. MITCHELL, IN.NERKIP, O.VT.

I am at present engaged in an experi-
ment which will take me some years
yet to fully prove the value of, by which
I am in hopes that varieties of Roses
and other plants, which we now possess,
may be vastly impi'oved. I find that
in our Hybrid Perpetual roses, (with
their intermixed and diverse ancestry)
certain plants will show characteristics
varying from the ordinai-y type of the
variety to which it belongs. As ex-
amjiles, among others in my own gar-
den, I may mention the case of a plant
of Prince Camille de Rohan, which has
for years proved itself a true ever-bloom-
ing rose, although this variety is gen-
erally known as rather a shy bloomer,
except at the ordinary blooming season.
Again on the other hand I notice a
Marguerite de St. Amande, which year
after year ignores the fact that this
variety is noted as a prolific autumn
bloomer, and has never given me one
bloom after the first blooming season is
over. I might go on and give many
other examples where certain indivi-
dual plants have their own marked
variations from the ordinary tyjje of the
variety, but these are enough to illus-
trate the principle upon which my
present experiments are based. I have
propagated from those plants where I
have noted a desirable departure fi'om
the original type, and from these I will
again select and propagate, until I have
fully tested my theory. I would be
very glad to hear from anyone who has
any knowledge of what it is possible to
do in this direction.

CHRISTMAS DECORATIONS.

Very pretty decorations can be made
for Christmas by using heads of wheat
and oats. They can be mixed with ever-
greens with good effect. Dried grasses
can be made useful in working out some
of the smaller designs. Mountain Ash
and Bittersweet berries are charming
when used in evergreen wreathing:. If
they ai-e not to be obtained, the seed
clusters of the Sumach make good sub-
stitutes. If you have autumn leaves in
considerable quantities, they will work
in charmingly with whatever may be
used as the foundation of your decora-
tive work. To use nothing but ever-
greens gives the place you use them in
a somewhat sombre look, and touches
of bright color are needed to produce a
more cheerful tone, and one more fittins
to the season. If clusters of leaves or
berries are placed Avherever festoons of
evergreens are fastened against the
walls, the general eflect will be vastly
more pleasing than it would be if they
were not used.

For the altar nothing is prettier, es-
pecially by lamplight, than crystallized
grasses used liberally against a back-
ground of evergreen. They sparkle like
gems, and suggest natural frostwork. A
most beautiful effect can be produced by
Hiaking the words, " A Merry Christ-
mas," with letters formed of these
grasses against evergreen. The back-
ground can be made on a strip of cloth
of whatever width is thought desir-
able, covered with ground pine or
hemlock. These are better for such
pui'poses than ordiiaary pine or cedar.
This cloth can be suspended back of
the pulpit or stage, and when the light
falls on the letters they will seem to be
formed from bits of icicles. As the
grasses are brittle and easily broken
after being crystallized, it is well to
make each letter on a foundation of
pasteboard and put it in place aiter the
evergreen background has been hung
up. — Vick's Magazine for December.

278

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

JioreBirg.

THE SCOTCH AND THE AUS-
TRIAN PINES.

^^R LOUDON speaks of the Scotch
^il^ Pine (Finns syhestris) as being
one of the fastest growing species of the
Pine genus, and speaks of one having at-
tained the height of fifty feet in. twenty
years. Surely this rapidity of growth
which characterizes it in the old coun-
try, cannot belong to it here in Canada.
The Austrian Pine too ( Pinus Aus-
triaca), which in Lower Austria grows
to a height of 120 feet, and is consider-
ed a rapid grower, seems to us to
" make haste moi-e slowly " in our
country. We have here at Maplehurst
^near Grimsby) several specimens of
these two pines growing on our
grounds, which are about thirty years
of age, and neither variety has reached
a height of over twenty-fi%'e or thirty
feet. Norway Spruces of the same age
are from fifty to sixty feet in height,
and have left them far behind.

We write in explanation of a refer-
ence to these pines on p. 231, -where they
are compared with our native white
pine (Pinus Strobus) as being of slower
gi'owth, and less handsome in foliage.
Probably the statement should be
somewhat modified with respect to
ultimate size, and no doubt in a large
lawn or park a rich efi'ect could be pro-
duced by using the dark-green of the
Austrian, and Scotch pines to vary
the prospect. But if we could only
have one, and wanted it near our
home, we would choose our own White
Pine, with its slender, and gracefully
waving foliage.

INFLUENCE OF FORESTS.

The annual address of Hon. Warren
Higley, of New York, at the Denver
meeting of the American Forestry Con- '
,gress last year is full of practical

and helpful suggestions to all foresters,
He gives the following as some of the
most important conclusions regarding
the influence of forests.

1. The forests exercise an influence
upon the climate of the country ; they
modify the extremes of temperature.

2. They have a decided influence
upon the water supply of a country.
Clear the foi-ests from the valleys and
headwaters of streams and rivei's, and
these water courses, perennial before,
become dry in summer and raging tor-
rents in spring time.

3. Forests exert a beneficial influ-
ence upon agriculture by forming a
wall of protection to the growing crops
when most needed.

4. Growing forests on mountain sides
and steep declivities hold the loose soil
and accumulating humus in place.

5. Forests in adequate areas tend to
preserve the healthfulness of a country
or district by their influence on the
surrounding atmosphere.

6. Forest products afford the most
indispensable and necessary economic
element in the industries and prosperity
of a nation. The total value of the
forest pz-oducts of the United States for
1880 exceeded 8700,000,000. — The
Farmer.

THE ASH-LEAVED MAPLE.

The best tree to plant for quick shel-
ter, shade and fuel, is the Ash-leaved
Maple {Negundo aceroides). It is ex-
tremely hardy, as Ls proved by its being
found in river and creek bottoms, and
on hill-sides which have been protected
from the prairie fires ; it is sometimes
frozen back slightly the first year after
starting from seed, but will make a
steady rapid growth thereafter.

The tree attains a height of from
fifty to sixty feet, with a diameter of
eighteen or twenty inches; and although

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

279

it cannot be recommended for timber,
it is of great value for fuel and shelter.
It grows very rapidly, can be trimmed
to any shape desired, and will stand
the roughest treatment. A syrup and

sugar is also made from the sap, ap-
proaching the maple syrup in its rich-
ness and whiteness ; a pailful of sap is
said to make half a gallon of syrup. —
American Agricv.lturist.

J|loU3er5.

CULTIVATION OF ANEMONES.

BT UKRMASX SIMMBRS, TORONTO.

'HE ANEMONE is a genius of
plants of the natui'al order Ranun-
culaceae. The name is derived
from the Greek word, aneinos wind,
because many of the species prefer very
exposed situations to flower properly.
The species are numerous and generally
beautiful. Most of them iiower early
in spring. They are natives of tem-
perate and cold climates, chiefly of the
northern hemisphei-e. Anemone nem-
orosa, or the Wood Anemone, is a
common native of all parts of Great
Britain, and its white flowers, ex-
ternally tinged with purple, are an
ornament of many a woodland scene
and mountain pasture in the months of
April and May. Another species, A.
Pulsatilla, the Pasque Flower, adorns
chalky pastures in some parts of Eng-
land at the same season ; its flowers
are purple and externally silky. The
garden Anemone is a favorite florists
flower ; the varieties are very numer-
ous, and whole works have been pub-
lished on them, and their cultivation,
which is most extensively carried on in
Holland, and has prevailed for a very
long period.*

It is generally supposed that all these
varieties have originated from two
species, A. coronaria and A. hortensis

or stellata. Both are natives of the
Levant ; the latter is found also in
Italy and the so;ith of France. By
cultivation the size of the flower is
increased, its form and coloure ai-e
modified, and many of the stamens are
often changed into small petals, forming
a sort of heart of the flower. The
cultivation of the Anemone requires
great attention in order to develop the
perfection it has now attained. To
grow them most successfully, secure a
light sandy soil, plant the bulbs two
inches below the surface of the ground,
and cover for the winter with a
light litter of leaves. Growing them
in the house has not proved successful,
therefore, I would suggest that the
amateur confine himself to growing in
the open air altogether. The root con-
sists of clustered tubers, which are
taken up after flowering ; the plant is
propagated by parting the roots or by
sowing the seed. In the latter way
new varieties are obtained, but the
seedlings do not flower untU the second
or third year. Besides the species
which have been named, others occa-
sionally appear as ornaments of our
flower garden, such as Anemone Japo-
nica, a most beautiful species, which
has only recently been introduced from

280

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTUKI8T.

Japan. The species of this variety are
characterized by the acridity prevalent
in the natural order to which they
belong, and the rhizomes have been
recommended in obstinate cases of
rheumatism. Anemone Hepatica, with
three lobed leaves, grows wild in most
parts of Germany, but is not a native
of Britain. Varieties of different
colours, and both single and double,
shoiild be among the finest ornaments
of our flower borders early in spring.

My practical experience in growing
Anemones successfully in the open air,
has been to plant the bulbs in a box
during winter, occasionally watering to
prevent the bulbs from drying up, then
planting out as soon as the frost is
out of the ground, when they are pretty
certain to flower, and may remain per.
manently in the place they ai'e planted.

By Francis Mason, PaTBRBOROUGH, Ost.
WINTER.

" What is Winter ? Why, just the ghost
Of the dear old Summer we've loved and lost;
The white reflection of all things sweet,
All the most perfect, most complete ;
AH that the heart goes out to meet
Lies under the snow and frost."

Yes, we are right into winter ; and
I often think if we had no winter, but
were all summer, we would not be able
to appreciate rightly the beauty, gran-
deur, and rein vigora ting process of na-
ture. So it is in our eveiyday life ;
without losses and crosses we would
not be able to appreciate the sunshine

that comes into our lives after the
storm has past. The great fault with
most of us is that we live too much in
the future, instead of making the
most of every day, enjoying the
streaks of sunshine that slant across
our pathway. Come, let us enjoy this
fine winter weather, not waiting for
the seasons to change. Once more, I
wish all my old i-eaders of the Florist,
as well as the whole family of sub-
scribers to the Canadia'ii Horticulturist,
A Merry Christmas.

CHRISTMAS CHIMES.
Chime, chime, sweet Christmas bells,

Tidings glad your music tells.
Merry Christmas rings for all

From the snow- wreathed steeples tall ;
Children's eyes shine bright as stars

Through the cloud-tipped azure bars.
Merry, merry Christmas day,

Holy, happy holiday.

I want in this number to say some-
thing about some plants that have a
charm for me above many others. Why
I do not know, only that I love them,
and think there is nothing so enchant-
ing as the I'ambling, climbing, running
vines for the window, or manteil dur-
ing the winter. I will just name a
few that may be easily grown.

ENGLISH IVY,

though slow at first to make much
growth, yet, after it is established and
growing a year or two, it makes great
progress. It may be trained around
windows, pictures, brackets, or clocks ;
and anything else that may be fancied
can be done with those branches of the
vine, even to forming letters and words
on the wall. It will help and give
vitality to the ivy to place it outside
under the verandah, or in some shady
place, during the summer ; as the
plant gi'ows increase the size of the
pot or vessel it may be in ; occasionally
wash both sides of leaves, stems and
body, as the scale insect troubles this
plant badly is it becomes once infested
with it.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTDRIST.

281

GERMAN OR PARLOR IVY

is much quicker in growth than the
above, but is not so easily managed :
still it is beautiful when given strings
to run on, and will make itself at
home anywhere in the light.

SMILAX

is the most graceful of climbers, and
cannot be equalled for its beautiful
gi*een foliage and peculiar waxy for-
mation. Though of a slender growth
it is strong and wiry, and is much used

in the formation of wreaths and other
floral work : it is even used for the
trimming of dresses at parties ; indeed
I do not know what florists would do
without smilax. The plants may be
purchased from any floi-ist at a very
reasonable price, or seed may be pur-
chased and sown at any time ; but
plants are preferable for the amateur.
Give them long strings to run on.

"Vines for the window, and for the
hanging basket, will be continued in
the Jaunary number of this magazine.

Wctt Canabian horticulturist.

S'

N Illus-
trated
Monthly Journal, de-
voted to the interests
of Fruit Growers,
Gardeners, and Gentle-
men owning rural or su-
burban homes.

Subscription price §1.00
per year, entitling the subscri-
ber to membership of the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association of Ontario and all its
privileges, including a copy of its
valuable Annual Eeport, and a share in its
annual distribution of plants and trees.

This Journal is not published in the in-
terests, or for the pecuniary advantage of
any one, but its pages are devoted wholly to
the progress of Horticultural Science and
Art in Canada.

Time to Renew. — It will greatly favor
the Editor if all subscriptions for ISS."^
could be sent in this month, so that he
may know how many copies to print

for the new year. Remittances should
always be sent by registered letter.

Baskets for Peaches. — Cuts represent-
ing the packages for peaches referred
to on page 248, and kindly furnished
by the writers of that article, came to
hand just too late for use in November

Fig. 1.
Number. The slat or truck basket,
that is now commonly used in New
Jersey and Delaware, is shown in Fig.
'' We have tried this basket in ship.

ping peaches by the car load to Toronto

282

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

and Montreal, but we found that ex-
press men \\ ould not handle it as cai-e-
fully as they would the 12 qt. basket
with a handle, shown on p. 152; and
in packing them on platforms, or in
unshelved cai-s. they would set one on
another, to the great damage of the
fruit. The flat handle basket may be
piled several deep without bruising the
fruit, if care is taken to set every alter-
nate ])air at right angles' with the foi*-
mer two. This latter basket is univer-
sally used by our Canadian peach
growers, costs no moi-e than the truck
basket referred to, and is in our opinion
the most useful basket.

For very choice samples of early
Crawfords, no doubt the four-quart-
basket crate, as shown in Fig. 2 is most
desirable. Indeed it or a very similar

Fm. 2.

crate has been used by some of our
peach growers at Grimsby, and they
speak well of it for fancy fruit, but even
these growers use the 12 qt. basket for
their main crop.

The paper cell crate is a very ingeni-
ous contrivance for carrying extra choice
peaches, of uniform size, carrying each
one in a sepai-ate cell just as eggs are
sometimes packed for shipment. Our
plan with such fruit is to row them in
the 12 qt. basket, three layers of four
peaches wide and eight long, thus gett-
ing about one hundred extra choice
samples in a basket. Such fruit netted
us from $1 to $1.50 per basket during
the past season.

Baxter's Red, or the Pound Apple. — A
sample of this beautiful apple was re-
ceived from Mr. Geo. Leslie, of Toronto,
It is a very large apple, about the size
of the King, and much the same in
general appearance. The calyx is closed
in a deep basin ; the color deep red with
yellow specks ; the stem, shoi't slender
and deep set, in a slightly russeted cavity.
From its large size this ai)j)le has been
called the " Pound " apple, but the name
Baxter after its originator, seems to be
its proper one.

The tree is said to be perfectly hardy
about Ottawa, and if it is an abundant
bearer, may prove a most valuable apple
for export.

Macklim's Seedling Pear also sent in by
Ml". Geo. Leslie, has every appearance
of being a valuable winter Pear. It is
too early to test its quality, but its ap-
pearance is in its favor. The fruit is
large, pyrifoi'm, having some resem-
blance to the Vicar, about four inches
long, besides a stout stem of two inches
obliquely inserted without depression.
Skin yellowish green with small brown
dots. Calyx large, closed, in a shallow
coiTUgated basin. Said to have origi-
nated near Markham, Ontario.

The Kieffer. — A dwarf tree of this var-
iety at Maplehurst, the home of the
Secretary, has borne this season several
beautiful samples. In point of appear-
ance it is everything that can be desired,
and the tree is a fine grower. But alas !
the disappointment with which one
attempts to enjoy the eating !

The merits of this pear were discuissed
at the meeting of the American Pomo-
logical Society, at Boston. It was main-
tained that it was valuable in the
Southern States at least for cooking ;
but it was acknowledged to be of little
value at the north. It was agreed that
the name should be pronounced as if
spelt Keffer, with e short.

THE CANADIAN HORTICCLTCRIST.

283

Best table Pears. — The Country GentJe-
maa gives the following list of pears
selected with i-egard to flavoi*, and re-
gardless of productiveness or market
value : Seckel, Bosc, Belle, Lucrative,
Sheldon, Josephine de Malines, Dana's
Hovey and Grey Doyenne. The Eos-
tiezer is classed as almost equal to the
above list, a pear which in our opinion
is fully equal in quality to any one of
them .

Peaches for Succession. — The same Jour-
nal gives the following list of peaches
which were grown at Albany, and gave
a constant succession of ripe fruit each
day from the 25th of July until the
middle of October : Waterloo, Alexan-
der, Briggs Red, Early Beatrice, Early
Elvers, Hales Early, Early York, Coo-
ledge, Troth, Morris White, Crawford's
Enrly, Foster, Old Mixon Free, Stump,
Crawford's Late, Ward's Late, Smock,
Salwav.

HORTICULTURE FOR WOMEN.

Miss Sara Smith read a paper on
this subject before the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society on the 29th of
January last. She said among other
things : —

"Do we think, when walking in our
beautiful gardens, of the many New Eng-
land farms and homes without gardens ?
Do we think that there are daughters to
inherit these places who are not taught as
we are every day by the beauties around
us, and who do not learn to know and love
them ?

"School days over, the excitement of
graduation, the crowded house, the ap-
plause, all are ended, never to return.
No more city life, no more railroad rides,
no more excitement. A quiet coming
home, and to a home which perchance
may not be the home of beauty, of luxury,
of comfort, or pleasure, that many can
welcome their daughters to, but a home
such as we know hundreds of our brothers
have on these bleak though beautiful hills,
and damp yet smiling valleys of New Eng-

land. Totally ignorant of what might
make such homes abodes of pleasure, it
seems a coming to a round of cooking and
cleaning and small economies that fret
day by day. What a dull routine ! Sel-
dom company to enliven, no monej' except
for the most essential needs — a weary,
dreary home — a tired mother, a silent
father, an absent, or worse, an indifferent
brother, work that crowds, no luxuries,
no garden, even the songs of the birds re-
call the songsters of the city parks and
have a homesick sound to her, and so
comes the sad, final break with home.

In all the culture of soil and fruit and
flower and flocks, is there no pleasant
place, no welcome duty for these daughters
hands ? Is there no way that they may
be taught that they, too, have a mission
— a heaven-given mission — on a farm I

What we want now is not this higher
education ; it is a neAv one ; an education
in horticidture and home culture that
shall make a happier girlhood ; happier
because hands are full and bodies healthy,
and brains less strained for book lore ;
more alive to Nature's truths and vivified
with a pi'actical knowledge of Avhat goes
to make health, hai)pine3S, home and
wealth. Among all the schools of our
land there is not one to offer our girls
this."

The tendency of our age is toward
extremes ; and every girl in our land
is expected to go through the same
round of French, Music, etc., whether
fitted by taste for these studies or not.

No doubt very many of these would
be happier and more useful if a portion
of the time spent in the study of ac-
complishments for which they have no
taste, were devoted to the pi-actical
study of the care and culture of flow-
ers and trees, and to the kindred
science of Botany.

Scott's Winter.— Mr. Charles Gibb, of
Abbotsford, sends a sample of this veiy
])romising winter apple for the North.
It is a veiy handsome apple, and a
native of Newport, Yt. Dr. Hoskins
of that place says of it : " The value of

284

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

this apple grows upon me every year.
With the exception of Bethel, it is the
only true " iron-clad " that is a long
keeper, while it is au early and prolific
bearer. It surpasses the Wealthy in
the same orchard in vigor, and in
endurance of climate vicissitudes, and
produces about as much marketable
iruit, which keeps well into June, and
sometimes through July. It is medium
in size (small on poor land), round,
very brilliant red in color, keeping
until June, without difficulty, and after
March very good in quality, being crisp
and spicy, but too tart for some people."

HAT-BIRDS
"One London dealer in birds received,
while the fashion was at its height, a
single consignment of thirty-two thou-

sand dead humming-birds, and another
received at one time thirty thousand
aquatic birds and three thousand pairs
of wint'S."

I Think what a price to pay,

Faces so bright and gay,
Just for a hat !
Flowers unvisited, mornings unsung,
Sea- Ranges bare of the wings that o'er swung,
Bared just for that !

Think of the others, too,
Others and mothers, too,

Bright eyes in hats !
Hear yoii no mother groans floating in air.
Hear you no little moan — birdling's despair
Som-^where — for that !

Oh, but the shame of it.
Oh, but the blame of it —
Price of a h ft !
Just for a jauntiness, brightening the s reet.
This is your halo, 0 faces so sweet —
Death, and for that !

Faith and Works.

®:fizn fetters.

THE BROCKVILLE BEAUTY AND
THE WINTER ST. LAWRENCE.
Montreal, Oct. 17, 1887.

Sir, — I procured my original trees
of the JBrockville Beauty, twelve or
fourteen years ago, from James Gum-
ming, of Lyn, (near Brockville, Ont.)
I regret that I cannot send you any
sample of this apple. It is a Septem-
ber apple, and comes in directly be-
tween Duchess and St. Lawrence,
hence I prize it as filling a gap. It is a
vei'y handsome apple, above medium in
size, and the quality is better than
Duchess. The tree ajjpears to be quite
hardy here.

I mail you to-day three samples of
the Winter' St. Laiorence. They are
scarcely fair samples, as the fruit avei--
ages larger, but it was all I had left.
I have no ti-ouble to get $3.50 per
barrel for Wiyiter St. Lawrence, and
I have shipped several cases to Eng-
land this season. Yours truly,

R. W. Shepherd, Jr.

FRUITS TESTED IN LAMBTON
Mandaumin, Oct. 17, 1887.
Sir, — The first plant I received from
the Association was the Eumelan Grape,
which was hardy, easily propagated,
and produced plenty of grapes good to
eat, but for three years in succession,
beginning with 1882, the fruit mil-
dewed and the leaves rusted and
dropped prematurely, as did also those
of the Salem : some of the plants
nearly dying out. My other vines, of
which I have a number of kinds, were
not affected in that way. Last year
both these kinds bore some good fruit,
and this year there was a full crop of
excellent fruit and no sign of mildew.
The Prentiss had grown well, and had
some beautiful light green fruit that
tasted to me much like the Delaware,
but was much more showy. The
Niagara received this spring has grown
44 inches. The Flemish Beauty is
healthy, and has been much slower to
bear than Clapp's Favourite, Anjou,

i

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

285

and other kinds. I have Souvenir de
Congress, that has borne four times as
much in the third of the time. The
Ontario and Grimes Golden are both
what I call good a])ples. We have
found Saunders' Raspherry much more
prolific than the Cuthbert, and other
famous kinds, and does not run all
over the garden like them. We do not
reckon the Gregg any improvement on
Mammoth Cluster, but the reverse,
AVe have not many kinds of straw-
berries, but the Arnold seems to me as
sood as the best we have, and iust as
good a cropper. The Fay is a good
currant, and the bushes do not break
down with storms like the Versailles.
Yours respectfully,

David Nisbet.

FRUITS AT THE NORTH.

Brantford, Out., Nov. 3rd, 1SS7.
Sir, — I have lately returned from an
extended trip to the south shore of
Lake Superior, and I fouud the Du-
chess of Oldenburg thriving the best
of any apple in that region. I gath-
ered one from a tree grown by Mr.
Gattis, an old friend, as tine as I over
saw, at Eagle River, Canton Mines,
where you can see across the lake on a
clear day to Thunder Bay on the north
shore. Cherries also do well, although
I was too late to see them. Mr. G.
told me he had a good crop of pears
also, but could not find the names. I
also saw the same apples at different
points. The Siberian crabs are the
most grown. I saw the question,
What are the best and most likely
sorts to stand the climate of Mani-
toba ? — a very pertinent question for
that northern clime. I have no doubt
but tlie kinds grown in northern
Russia, or some of them, would
stand the test. The black knot in
my plums and cherries was very bad
this season ; have cut it all off, not
knowing any other remedy. There

has been a complete absence of the
black aphis so bad last year on black
cui-rant and cherry ti-ees, and which
killed one of the latter for me, a fine
}'Ourig tree, with cherries half grown.
I discovered say forty borei's in a large
English cherry tree, which very nearly
girdled it just below the surface. This
is singular, as I never saw one before
in a cherry tree, nor ever heard of it.
Yours truly, C. Jarvis.

THE VIRGINIA CREEPER
USEFUL AS WELL AS ORN'AMENTAL.

A Letter from Mr. Cockburn, since the
Gravenhurst Fire.

Gravenhurst, Ont., Oct. 15, 1887.
Dear Sir, — I write to compliment
you on what I call your " Muskoka "
number of the Horticulturist, and
thank you for your kindly mention of
my name. Of course I have lost every
flower and plant I had gathered by
fifteen years' very close collecting of
what I thought the best to be had for
money ; all went to smoke in less than
five minutes. It was simply indescrib-
able. The Virginia Creeper on my
old wood shed saved the oflice in which
I am now writing. The thick mat of
vine and foliage on the roof held the
water, and prevented the roof from
igniting.. All my back volumes of the
Horticulturist are burned, and I wish
you would let me know how many
years' bound volumes you have, so that
I can send to you for them, as I do
not like to be without them.
Yours respectfully,

J. P. Cockburn.

GRIMES GOLDEN.

Trentou, Oct. 17, 1887.
Sir, — Respecting Grimes Golden as a
dessert apple, it is one of the best
trees, a good grower and hardy. The
fruit is not sufficiently attractive for
market, and often spots badly.
I am, very trulj' yours,

P. C. Dempsey.

286

THE OANA.DrA.N HORnOULTDKTBT.

Lindsay, Oct. 18, 1887.

Sir, — Grimes Golden Apple grew
well with me for severMl years. It
bore fruit early, and continued to pro-
duce a moderate crop every yeai'. In
addition to its good beai'ing qualities, I
was much pleased with the excellent
quality of its fruit, especially abou'
Christmas, when it seemed to be at its
best. The colors, too, at that time, is
very beautiful.

Two years ago the tree commenced
to fail. Last year it gave symptoms
of early death. This year will be its
last. But little fruit this year.

I have made enquiries of other
growers in this vicinity. Tlieir ex-
perience is about the same as mine.
All agree that the tree is not suitable
for this climate.

Yours very truly,

Thomas Beall.

FLOWERING OF TUBEROSE
BULBS.

Sir, — I have noticed at different
times in Horticultui-al and Agricul-
tural publications, Florists Catalogues
included, a statement concerning the
flowering of tuberoses, that after they
have flowered once, the old bulb may
be thrown away, as they will never
flower again, but if desired the offshoots
may be planted, and may make flower-
ing bulbs in two or tliree years. Being
a little skeptical about the matter, and
wondering who had given them a trial,
I purposed to test the question for
myself. So last fall I had a few bulbs
that flowered, and when taking them
up I allowed a little piece of the old
flower stem to remain attached to each
bulb, as a mark to guard against mis-
take. I planted them in a bed by
themselves, and labeled them. The
old stem by this time was crowded
to one side just like that of most
lilies, or even that of an onion after
going to seed, and a new centre is

formed. I removed the offshoots before
planting, several of which flowered
the present year. My old buHis flowered
beautifully, continuing in bloom for
about six weeks, until the frost cut
them down the other night. In fnct,
neither myselr nor my friends could .see
any difference between the old bed and
the new one, growing but a little way
off". Such has been my experience
with old tuberose bulbs, and I intend
still further trying them another year.
Samuel Huntkr,
Hartly, D.C., U.S.A., Oct. 19, 1887.

This department is intended as an open one to every
reader of the "Horticulturist" to send in either
questions or answers. Often a reader ivill be able to
answer a question which has been left unanswered,
or only partially answered by us. For convenience
of reference the questions are numbered, and any
one replying or referring to any question will
please mention the number of it.

80. The Quince. — Can the Quince be
successfally b added on apple seedlings ?

F. G. H.
We have never tried the experiment,
and know of no one who iias. The
Quince is propagated so readily either
by making cuttings this fall, and bury-
ing them until spring planting time,
or by planting the suckers, that we
see no reason for budding it upon the
apple.

81. Gooseberries, — What is the matter
ivith m>f Goos'^berries ? The leaves on
the tips of the branches are curled up
into tight little bunches. It affects the
Houghton most. A. J. Wright,

Laketiekl, Out.

We cannot answer without seeing
samples of the leaves. • Probably an
insect is at the Vjottom of the trouble.
If you observe the same thing again,
please enclose us some samples.

QUESTIONS answered BY MR. F. MASON.

Mrs. B., Stratford, asks how to tvpat

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

287

Wallflowers so that tliey will bloom this
winter.

What is the Easter Lily ? Is it the
Calla ?

In answer to the first I would say
that walltiower phints grown from seed
last spring, planted out during the sum-
mer and taken in in the fall, should
flower without fail in February. The
most simple treatment is all that is
necessary to ensure flowers ; they re-
quire no pinching back, in fact only to
be left alone all suuuner, with the ex-
ception of giving water.

The Calla is not what is called the
Easter Lily, but Lilium Harrisii and
Lilium Candidum ai-e both known by
that name. The Calla is not, properly
speaking, a lily at all.

JlebutD.

We will gladly give our candid opinion of any books,
magazines or catalogues received, especially if they
are likely to interest or benefit Canadian fruit
growers, but will not insert cut and dried reading
notices in fav^r of any publication whatever.

Report of thk Ohio State Forestry
Bureau 1886.

We have received through the polite-
ness of Mr. Adolph Ijeue, Secretary to
the Ohio State Forestry Bureau, the
second Annual Report to the Gov-
ernor of Ohio. It is an octavo volume
of 222 pages treating largely of the
forest trees growing in that State, shew-
ing their distribution, usual size, and
the purposes to which the wood is ap-
plied. It contains also many valuable
papers relating to different matters per-
taining to the subject, such as Profits of
Forest Culture, Joint Stock Forestry
Associations, Raising Forest Trees from
Seeds, Groupings in Forest Plantations,
Preservation of Woodlands, Roadside
Planting, Arbor Day, Forests and
Floods. The Relation of Forests to Agri-
culture, ikc. "&c.

It is a most valuable Report, full of

practical mattei" to us as well as to the
citizens of the State of Ohio and Mr.
Leue will please to accept our most
sincere thanks for his kind remem-
brance.

From this report we learn that the
State of Ohio has a State Forestry
Bureau, composed of three commis-
sioners, who hold office for six years,
their terms so arranged that one expires
every two years. This Bureau is
charged with the duty, among others, of
making an annual report to the Gover-
nor of the State, which shall contain
the results of such investigations as
they have made, and such other infor-
mation as the Board may deem neces-
sary for the promotion of forestiy in the
State. The Bure.tu has commenced an
investigation into the subject of forest
fires in the State, the results thereof
are promised in the next report.

When will sufficient regard be had
to the preservation of our forests by
our legislators to take similar steps
to preserve our valuable forests from
destruction 1 Forest tires are of annual
occurrence in Canada, laying waste
lai'ge quantities of valuable timber
land. It is high time energetic mea-
sures were taken to stay this loss.

Transactions of the Wisconsin State
Horticultural Society includes ad-
dresses and papers presented, and proceed-
ings at the Summer and Winter Meetings
for year 1886-7. H. C. Adams, Madison,
Wis., Secretary.

This Seventeenth Annual Report is
a tine volume of 279 pages, bound in
cloth, unifoimly with its predecessors.
It contains interesting papers and dis-
cussions upon such subjects as the fol-
lowing : — History of some of our Cul-
tivated Fruits, the Maple Bark Louse,
Ornamental Trees, Beautifying our
Homes, Injurious Insects, Teaching
Horticulture, Forestry, Life of Women
on Farms, Handling and Marketing
our Fruit, etc.

288

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

I

The Summer meeting was held at
Janesville, where an interesting diver-
sion was made in a visit to the fruit of
farm of Mr. F. W. Loudon, the home
of the Jessie Strawberry. Mr. Loudon
gave an interesting account of his
method of raising seedling strawberries,
and reaffirmed his statement that the
Jessie had yielded at the rate of four
hundred bushels per acre.

The report contains a great deal that
is atti'active to the popular reader, as
well as to the professional horticultur-
ist, and the meetings appear to partake
more of that character than do our own.

It is an unfortunate feature of the
book that so many typographical errors
should have crept into the text un-
corrected.

Biennial Ueport of the State Boari) of
Horticulture of the State of California,
for 1885 and 1886. B. M. Lelong, Secre-
tary, 220 Sutter St., San Francisco.

A closely printed -volume, botmd in
cloth, containing 583 pages. It is full
of matter of the greatest interest to
fruit growers on the Pacitic coast, treat-
ing in a scientific as well as a practical
manner of the cultivation, marketing,
insect enemies, and diseases of the
orange, fig, olive in particular, and
also to some extent the peach, grape,
pear and other fruits grown by us.

The benefits of organization are
clearly shown in the successful efforts
of the California Fruit Union in
securing favorable contracts for special
fruit trains to deliver their fruit in
eastern cities. These trains run on
passenger time, and the rate is $300
per car.

Wisconsin Farmers Institutes, 1887.

Bulletin No. 1. W. H. Morrison, Supt.,

11 Capitol, Madison, Wis. Cloth, 230

pages.

The wisdom and energy with which
the Farmei's' Institutes in the State of
"Wisconsin are conducted, is well evi-
denced by the production of such a I

volume as this, containing the cream
of the papers that were read at the
meetings during winter of 1886-1887,
with some of the discussions thereon.
The culture of fruits is one of the topics
of discussion, and some fourteen pages
are given to ij. All the discussions
are purely of a scientific and practically
useful character, and nothing in the
way of ])olitical discussions are allowed,
which we consider a commendable
feature.

Circular and Programme of the Joint
Annual meetiug of the Michigan Horticul-
tural Society, and the Michigan Bee-
keepers' Association, at East Saginaw,
December, 6. 7, 8, 9, and 10, 1887. C.
W. Garfield, Grand Rapids, Mich., Sec.
of the Michigan Horticultural Society.

Prize List Massachusetts Horticultural
Society. Spring Fowering Bulbs and
Forced Vegetables, Jan., Feb. and March
1886. Boston.

T. Takenaka & Co.'s Price List of the Jap-
anese Vegetable, Flower, Fruit, and Tree
Seeds, and Plants, Flowering Bulbs &c.
The Mita Seed Eaising establishment, No.
1 Shikokumachi, Mita, Tokio, Japan.

Circular Warfield No. 2 Strawberry.
B. C. Warfield. Sandoval. Illinois.

A gardener who recently receiv^ed a
sound rating from his master, a land-
owner of Normandy, turned indignantly
upon him with the remark, " You need
not treat me like a common fellow. I'd
have you to know I am the nephew of
Louvel, who assassinated the Due de
Berry."

The strawberry does its work on
business principles. It sends out run-
ners this year to work up business for
next. — Western Ploivman.

She : Have you seen the Chimpan-
zees up at the Park ? He : No, are
they in bloom now ] She : Are what
in bloom 1 He : Whv the Jim Pansies.

INDEX TO VOLUME X.

Paqe. I

Acclimation 38 |

Alder, Cut-Leaved 12

Alexander Apple 58 '

Alicante Grape 7 ;

Amaryllis, The Cultivation of the 258

Anemone, The Cultivation of the 279 I

Ants, Trapping 167 |

Annual Meeting 214, 242 \

Aphides 19, 89, 138

Apple, Baldwin 272

Butter 70 t

" Gathering 222 '

" Hardy 101 |

Kesvrick Codlin 197;

Scott's Winter 273 \

" Winter St. Lavrrence 284

" Spot 1, 5, 103, 134, 200

" Orchard, Treatment of 21 i

" Orchard, Cultivation of 195

Trade, New Era 7

Apples, Baked 70

" as Medicine 228

vs. Roots 228

" Fried 228 ,

" for Stock 70, 275, 210 |

Apples in Britain 2 '<

' ' in Napanee 21

" in Michigan 31

" in Nova Scotia 210

' ' Half Standard 68

Spot Free 68 !

Ash, Cut-Leaved 12

Ashes 88

Arbor Day 141

Asparagus 223, 263

Australian Fruit 5 \

1

Baxter's Red Apple 173, 282

Balsam Fir 140 ;

Baldwin 272 [

Beet Leaf Miuer 208

Begonias, Flowering 110

Beginners, Notes for 8

Bees and Fruit 16 |

Bell Flowers 11 I

Belmont 201, 226

Berry Picker 119 j

Bietigheimer, Red 198

Birds, Protection of 19

Birch, Cut-Leaved 13 j

' ' How to Propagate 89 I

Blackberries, New and Old 73

White 211

Black Knot 165

Bones, To Compost 88

Brant Grape •_ ■ 269

Brighton Grape 56, 83

Brockville Beauty Apple 271, 284, 173

Buback's No. 5 Strawberry 202, 226

Buckthorn Hedge 21

Budding 188

Bulbs, Winter Flowering 9, 34, 60

Bursting Bark 262

4,

Canadian Apples

Trophy

" vs. British Apples

" Fruits at the Colonial

Catalpa Speciosa 37, 38,

Caroline

Care of an Apple Orchard

Cats in the Garden

Celery, How to Grow in the North ....

" Leaf-Blight

Christmas Decorations

" Chimes

Champion Grape

Charles Downing, Mr

Chestnut, American

" Japanese

Cherries, Promising

" Native

Chrysanthemum, The 62, 86,

Cider in Variety

Clay loam. Constituents of

Clematis

' ' la France

Codlin Moth

Cockscomb, The

Cold Storage ". 211,

Conn Gooseberry

Colonial and Indian Exhibition . . 3, 80,

Concord Grape 176,

Cortland Seedling Grape

Crescent Strawberry

Cranberries, Growing

To Cook

Cumberland Strawberry

Cucumbers

Cucumber Beetle

Currant Borer

" Span Worm

169

78

4

81

39

198

6

6

64

131

277

280

28

HI

37

37

54

271

125

164

262

145

147

32

206

223

204

81

269

212

176

45

71

271

131

160

14

118

290

Cultivator, Hand 1 59

Dahlia, Cultivation of the 85

Dafify Dil (Poem) 8G

Delaware Grape 269

Delaware Red Winter Apple 269

De Soto Plum 272

Dorchester Blackberry 73

Dogwood, New Weeping 266

Downy Mildew 178

Draining, Subsoil Plow for 92

Drainage Water 1 35

Duchess of Oldenburgh Apple 56

Early Richmond Cherry 54

" Harvest Blackberry 75, 198

" Victor Grape 128

Elliot's Early Pear 33, 59

Empire State Grape 98

English Morello 54

" Sparrow 142

Enemy of 183

" Goosebei-ries in Canada 203

Erie Blackberry 76, 102

Evaj^orators 119

Exhibition, Fruit at 56

Exportation of Fruit 270

Fallen Leaves (Poem) 208, 224

Fall Planting 208, 224

Fay's Currant 29, 94

Farmers' Institutes 115, 137

Fernery, How to make 255

Fertilizers for Grapes 28

Fertilizers 88, 91, 95, 100, 136, 138, 161, 225

Floral Notes 280, 236, 254

Flowers, Money in 124

Forget-me-not, The 11

Forests, Value of 275

" Influence of 278

Forestry Report 287

Frederick Clapp 5

Fruit as Food 7

' ' Eaters and Doctors 95

" Juices Medicinal 184

" Stains, To remove 184

" vs. Pills 209

" as Food 7

" for Breakfast 209 !

" at the Colonial 81

" King 43

" on Commission 154

'• Exports 231

" Packages 124, 152

" in North Simcoe 266

' ' Lambton 284

" at the North 285

" in Muskoka 220

" in Manitoba 221

" Cars 188

Fruits, New 18

Fusicladium 1,5,103, 134

Fungi, Useful 95

Fungicides 105

Fuchsia 182

(iainor 77

Gladiolus, The 106, 190

Gold Strawberry, The 249

Golden Queen, The 52

Gooseberries 67, 189

Grafting 67, 91, 98

Wax 166

Grape Cure 8

Grape Vine Grafting, The ... 263

Manuring, The 83

" Market 6

Hidden 178, 190, 200

Pruning of the . . .6, 27, 83, 176

Thinning of the 27

Ringing the 27, 75, 77

" Leaf Hopper 214

Grapes for Orillia 21

•' Varieties of 28

" in New Brunswick 46

' ' near Guelph ... 84

" Black, at Clarenceville 127

" Experience 99

" Bagging of 157

" Shipping of 225, 245

" Protection from Frost 225

" Keeping " " 25, 246

" Rogers, 9, 15, 22, Comjjared. ... 262
Greenhouse and Heating " ... 47

Grimes Golden 241, 285, 286

Gypsum . ■ ■ 161

Hatch Bill 87

Hardy Apples 101, 137, 189

Hat Birds 284

Hedge 21, 138

Henderson 202

Hillborn Raspberry 32

Horticulture for Women 283

Hoskins, T. H 250

Hot-Beds 292

Hovey, CM 237

Hyacinth, The 9, 111

Hyposulphite of Soda 134

Industry, Gooseberry 29, 203, 261

Infusorial Earth 214

Insecticides 105, 159

Itasca Strawberry 49, 226

Ivy, English 280

" Parlor 281

" Japan .... 218

Jardin Anglais 148

Jessie Strawberry 26, 50, 185, 226

Jessica Grajje 98, 271

INDEX,

291

Jewel Grape 128, 212, 266

Jewel Strawberry 29, 94, 102, 201, 226

Johnston s Sweet Raspberry 52, 84

Judging Fruits 174

Kainit 100

Katsura 256

Keswick Codlin Apple 197

Kieffer Pear 5, 78, 282

Kittatinuy 74

Ladders

Lady Grape, The 83,

Lady Washington Grape

Lawns 108,

Lawton Blackberry

Leading Varieties of White Grapes ...

Leconte Pear

Lessons of the Drouth

Life's Poetry, (Poem)

Linden, The

Lilies, ( Poem)

Lilies, Japan

" Cultivation of 147,

Lilium Longiflorum

Logan Strawberry

London Purple

Lucretia Dewberry 32, 46, 171, 198,

Macklim's Seedling Pear

Manure, Liquid

Maple, Weir's

' ' Ash Leaves 12,

' ' Note on

" Japan

Marianna Plum

Marlboro Raspberry 29, 32, 211,

Marketing Fruit 94,

Mildew, Sulphur for . .

Minnivvaski B'ackberry 76,

Montmorency Cherry

Moore's Early Grape 28, 56, 100,

' ' Diamond Grape

' ' Arctic Plum

Meyer's Early Grapes

Mulberry, The

' ' Dioecious Character of

Muskoka Lakes

213

97

100

150

73

98

82

269

35

37

122

122

181

190

102

119

209

211

282

136

12

278

14

232

194

226

274

28

94

77

128

98

272

228

38

90

218

Narcissus, The Cultivation of .... 206, 234

Niagara Grape 32, 97, 1 1 5

Seedlings of 129

Nitrate of Soda 91,100, 161

North windows for Plants 11

Notes to New Beginners 8, 33

" from Exchanges 270

Norway Spruce 140

Northern Light Grape, The 228, 261

November (Poem) 241

Paob.

Oak, The Pin 257

October (Poem) 218

Ohio Strawberry 51

Onion, The (Poem) 65

" Maggot 84

" How to Grow 132

Ontario Apple . . 82

" Strawberry 202

Orchard, Timely Hints 59

Oanamental Planting 110

Trees, New ^ 231, 256

Ottawa Gooseberry . . 204

Oyster Shell Bark Louse 133

Packages for Fruit 124, 127, 281

Packing and Shioping Fruit . . 55, 221, 244

Pansies . . T 18, 106

Paeony, Chinese 33

" The 125

Paris Green . 39, 58, 89, 117, 133, 136, 180,

213

Parry Strawberry 176

Peach, in Canada 193

" Baskets 281

" Leaves, The Curl in 246

" Trees in Boxes 166

" Under Glass 214

" Seedling Trees of 56

Pears, Macklim's Seedling 282

" for Table Use 283

" " Succession 283

" Packing 127

" Trees in Sod 273

Pitcher Plant, Asiatic 36

Pine, Austrian 278

" Swiss 232

" Umbrella 232

Pine-Apple Water 184

Plums 272

" Raising from Seeds 82

" For the North 89

" Marianna 194

Pocklington Grape 97

Potato Culture 77

" Bliss Triumph 262

Pond Lilies 122, 124

Prentiss Grape 28, 33, 99, 268

Primroses 10

Prospective Benefits of the Colinderies. 80

Preservation of Fruits 274

Privet 138

Pruning, Summer 186, 224

" Grapes 6, 28

" Pear Trees 44

Pruuus Pissardii 261

" Simoni 53, 187 198

Pyrethrum 160

Quart Boxes 102, 119

Quinces, Sale for 54

292

INDEX,

Paqe.

Quinces, Pruning 225

" Preserve 276

Rambles among Fruit Growers .

Rasberry, Training the

' ' Vinegar

Rebecca

Red Spider

Reply to luquirei'S

Robert N. Ball

Roger's 43 Grape

Rosary

Roses

" New

Rose Mildew . .

" M P. Wilder

' ' Aphis

" Everything in one..

" How to Improve the

" of England, The

Leaf Hopper

26, 53,

■Salt

Scott's "Winter 273,

Scotch Fir

Sea Kale 119,

Seed Sowing . .

" " of Forest Trees

Sharpless Strawberry

Short Hand Wreckers

Shrubs for Side of a House

' ' Variegated

Small Fruits, Profits of

" " High Culture of

" " Success with

" " in Brant and Oxford

" " in Varieties for Market . .

in Notes 94,

Smilax

Snyder Blackberry

Spiraea Japonica

Squash Bug

Stock and Scion 31,

Strawberry 18, 22, 26,

" Correction

Big Yield of 29,

' ' Short Cake

Strawberries, Most Profitable Early.. . .

' ' Rust on Leaves

Big

Weevil 162,

Styrax Japonica

77

101

184

97

13 s

264

212

28

67

77

123

166

128

138

276

277

148

166

138

283

278

167

63

89

271

140

18

258

28

30

55

57

93

102

281

75

263

160

47

50

21

93

163

44

47

103

177

206

Paoe.

Summer Pruning 186

Summer Meeting 115, 142, 171

Sun Flowers 182

Sweet Corn Tested 129

Tartarian Maple 12

Thorn, The 37

Thrips 106

Timely Hints for Orchard 59

Top Grafting Old Trees 98

Tomatoes 1 89

Toronto Flower Show, The 207

Transplanting Trees 196

Transportation of Fruit 260

Trees for lja%vn 12, 37

" girdled 91

" and Rainfall 233

Tuberose 34, 286

Tulips 10

Up with the Breeze, (Poem) . 169

Vinegar 274

Virginia Creeper 235, 285

Vineyard, Plaster for 28

Vladimir Cherry 46, 55

Walnut, The 38

Watering Plants 138

Wall Flowers 287

Water and Bog Plants 123

Water Lily 124, 161

Wealthy Apple, The 67, 174

" " Dropping of the 156

Weather and Crops in Stormont 198

Weeds 151

Western New York Hort. Society .... 53

Wier's Cut-Leaved Maple 12

Wilson Strawberry 18, 58, 201

Wilder, Hon. M.P 41

Window Gardening 18, 236

Windbreaks 44, 59, 68, 223

Winter 280

Winter Protection 148, 261

Winter Meeting 67

Wiuter St. Lawrence 284

Wire Fences 183

Worden Grape 7, 28, 56, 83, 128

Wylie's Seedling Plum 136, 212

Yellow Transparent, The.. 1, 58, 82, 176, 271
Yellows, The 95, 101

ILLUSTRATIONS.

293

ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME X.

Page.

Amaryllis 253

Barklice 133

Black Walnut 38

Baskets 152

Berry Crates 126

Birch, Weeping 13

Budding 189

Canadian Trophy 4, 76

Celery 65

Chrysanthemums 61, 62, 86

Clematis 146

" (colored plate) 145

Conservatory 48

CroAvn Grafting 99

Crystal White 311

Cultivator 159

Curl of Peach Leaves 246

Currant Borer 15

Dahlias 85

Delaware Red Winter (colored) plate). 169

Downing, Chas Ill

Early Harvest 75

Erie (colored plate) 73

Exhibition Buildings 172

Flowering Bulbs 60

Fruit Car 188

Force Pump 134

Fusicladium . 104

Grimes Golden (colored plate) 241

Gladiolus 107

Great Ontario 202

Hoskins, Dr 250

Itasca (colored plate) 49

Japan Ivy " 217

Jessie Strawberry (colored plate) 25

Page.
Jessie Loudon 26

Katsura 257

Kittatinnj' 74

Lawn, Well Kept 109

Lilium Auratum 147

Colored Plates 122

" Tenuifolium 181

Loudon, Mr 185

Lucretia Dewberry 171

Maple, Hard 13

" Soft 14

•' Blood Leaved 232

Marianna Plum, (Colored Plate) 193

Minnewaski 76

Moore's Diamond, (Colored Plate) 97

Muskoka Lake 219

Narcissus 234

Pansies 106

Pitcher Plant 36

Pin Oak 255

Primrose, Chinese 10

Prunus Simoni 187

Red Bietigheimer 197

Sweet Black Cap 51

Swiss Pine 232

Thomas, J. J 53

Draining the Grape 27

Tulips 10

Tuberose 35

Umbrella Pine 232

Vick Strawberry 50

Waterlilies 1 24

Wilder, M.P 41

Yellow Transparent, (Colored Plate) ... 1

294

CONTRIBUTORS.

CO^^TRIBUTORS TO VOLUME X.

Allan, A. McD., Goderich, Ont.
Arthur, J. C, Geneva, N.Y.
Beadle, D. W., St. Catharines, Out.
Beall, Thomas, Lindsay, Out.
Beall, W. J., Agricultural College,

Michigan.
Bruce, J. A., Hamilton, Ont.
Bucke, P. E., Ottawa, Ont.
Cockburn, J. P., Gravenhurst, Ont.
Crawford, M., Cuyhoga Falls, Ohio.
Croil, John, AultsviUe, Ont.
Croil, James, Montreal, P. Q.
Fletcher, Jas. , Entomologist, Ottawa,

Ont.
Gott, B., Arkona, Out.
Hood, A., Barrie, Ont.

Lawson, B., Toronto, Ont.
Little, John, Granton, Ont.
Mauley, W. M., Owen Sound, Ont.
Mason, Francis, Peterborough, Ont.
Mitchell, F,. Innerkip, Ont.
Morden, E,, Niagara Falls South.
Patterson, W. Mead, Clarenceville, P. Q.
Eobinson, T. C, Owen Sound, Ont.
Robson, W, M., Lindsay, Ont.
Roy, Simon, Berlin, Ont.
Simmers, Hermann, Toronto, Ont.
Smith, A. M., St. Catharines, Ont.
Tweedle, J., Stoney Creek, Ont.
Wright, A. A., Renfrew, Ont.
Woolverton, Linus, Grimsbj', Ont.

(

PRINTED AT THB STBAM PRH8S B STABLISHM8NT OF OOPP, CLARK CO., COLBORNB STREET, TORONTO.

29

OCT i 3 1965